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Bajaj Life Insurance

2026-05-06T18:38:01Z

Naveed Aslam: Created Details.

{{Infobox company
| name = Bajaj Life Insurance Limited
| logo =
| type = Private
| traded_as = Bajaj Life Insurance Company Ltd.
| slogan =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2001|03|12}}
| founder =
| location = [[Pune]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| key_people = Tarun Chugh (MD & CEO)
| owner =
| num_employees = 28,000
| products =
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.bajajlifeinsurance.com}}
| parent = [[Bajaj Group]]
| subsid =
| footnotes= <ref>{{cite web |title=A STUDY ON CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT AT BAJAJ ALLIANZ LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY |url=https://ijesat.com/ijesat/files/V25I6064_1750407156.pdf |website=Ijesat.com}}</ref>, <ref>{{cite web |title=Analysis of Life Insurance Industry in India |url=https://www.canarahsbclife.com/content/dam/chli/pdfs/investor-relations/industry-report.pdf |website=Canarahsbclife.com |publisher=[[Canara HSBC Life Insurance]]}}</ref>, <ref>{{cite web |title=A STUDY ON WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF BAJAJ ALLIANZ LIFE INSURANCE CO., LTD, VIJAYAWADA |url=https://www.ijprems.com/uploadedfiles/paper/issue_12_december_2024/37619/final/fin_ijprems1733584393.pdf |website=Ijprems.com}}</ref>
}}
'''Bajaj Life Insurance''' (formerly known as '''Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Limited''') is an Indian [[Life insurance in India|life insurance]] company headquartered at [[Pune]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web |title=From Bajaj Allianz Life to Bajaj Life Insurance – Evolving for India's Financial Future |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/genesis/from-bajaj-allianz-life-to-bajaj-life-insurance-evolving-for-india-s-financial-future-101760002236770.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bajaj Group get CCI's nod to acquire Allianz's 26 pc stake in insurance JVs for Rs 24,180 cr |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/bajaj-group-get-ccis-nod-to-acquire-allianzs-26-pc-stake-in-insurance-jvs-for-rs-24180-cr/articleshow/121296443.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

The company is 100% owned by the [[Bajaj Group]], an Indian multinational conglomerate founded by [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] in Mumbai in 1926.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bajaj Finserv rebrands insurance arms after Allianz exit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bajaj-finserv-rebrands-insurance-arms-after-allianz-exit/articleshow/124377747.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kochuveedan |first1=Benn |title=Bajaj group pays Allianz Rs 21,390 crore for buying back 23% stakes in insurance JVs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2026/Jan/08/bajaj-group-pays-allianz-rs-21390-crore-for-buying-back-23-stakes-in-insurance-jvs |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=8 January 2026}}</ref>

==History==
Bajaj Life Insurance was incorporated on 12 March 2001 under the [[Companies Act, 1956]], after the liberalization of the [[Insurance in India|insurance sector in India]]. It obtained a license from the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] for carrying on the business of life insurance on 3 August 2001. It is a joint venture between Bajaj Finserv Ltd. owned by the [[Bajaj Group]] and [[Allianz SE]], a German financial services company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evaluating the Growth and Performance of Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Ltd since Privatization |url=https://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJEMS/2017/Volume4-Issue4/IJEMS-V4I4P106.pdf |website=www.internationaljournalssrg.org}}</ref>

In March 2025, [[Bajaj Finserv]] announced plans to acquire Allianz SE's 26% stake in the insurance joint ventures for approximately ₹24,180 crore, marking a significant shift in ownership.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=N. Ravi |title=Bajaj to acquire Allianz's 26% stake in life, general insurance JVs for ₹24,000 cr |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/bajaj-to-acquire-allianzs-26-stake-in-life-general-insurance-jvs-for-24000-cr/article69342881.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

In January 2026, Bajaj Finserv and its promoter group completed the acquisition of a 23% stake from Allianz, increasing their combined ownership to about 97% and effectively ending the 24-year joint venture.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bajaj Group completes 23% stake acquisition in its insurance units from Allianz |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/bajaj-group-completes-23-stake-acquisition-in-its-insurance-units-from-allianz/articleshow/126416620.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=8 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bajaj deal with Allianz values insurance arms at Rs 93000 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bajaj-deal-with-allianz-values-insurance-arms-at-rs-93000-crore/articleshow/126417636.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 January 2026}}</ref>

==Footnotes==
*[https://www.internationaljournalssrg.org/IJEMS/2017/Volume4-Issue4/IJEMS-V4I4P106.pdf Evaluating the Growth and Performance of Bajaj Allianz Life Insurance Company Ltd since Privatization]
*[https://www.reportlinker.com/article/8938 Bajaj Allianz Life’s Premium Growth and Market Expansion: A Strategic Analysis]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bajaj Group}}
{{Insurance in India}}

[[Category:General insurance companies of India]]
[[Category:Bajaj Group]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 2001]]

Vipin Kumar David

2026-04-27T03:53:03Z

Naveed Aslam:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vipin Kumar David
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Etah Assembly constituency|Etah]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Etah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| father = Ganga Prasad
| spouse = Premlata
}}
'''Vipin Kumar David''' (born 20 April 1970) is an Indian [[politician]] and social worker from Uttar Pradesh. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="on">{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/vipin-kumar-david/ |title=Vipin Kumar David, BJP MLA from Etah |publisher=ourneta.com |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="upla">{{cite web |url=https://upvidhansabhaproceedings.gov.in/member?memberId=19720 |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (UPLA): Member info |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|UPLA]] |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> serving as a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from [[Etah Assembly constituency]].<ref name="on"></ref><ref name="upla"></ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/vipin-kumar-david-46727 |title=Vipin Kumar David |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]] |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
David was born in [[Etah]] to a Lodhi [[Rajput|Rajpoot]] family of Ganga Prasad.<ref name="on"></ref><ref name="upla"></ref> He married Premlata on 5 January 1995.<ref name="upla"></ref> He completed his [[Bachelor of Arts]] at a college affiliated with the [[Delhi University]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=1619 |title=Vipin Kumar David(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ETAH(ETAH) |publisher=myneta.info |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
David won from [[Etah Assembly constituency]] representing Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 97,539 votes and defeated his nearest rival, jugendra singh yadav of the [[Samajwadi Party]], by a margin of 4,767 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Etah Election Result : एटा सदर सीट पर भाजपा के विनोद कुमार इतने मार्जिन से जीते, सपा को हराया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/etah-etah-sadar-assembly-seat-result-live-update-bjp-vipin-kumar-david-sp-jugendra-singh-yadav-bsp-ajay-singh-yadav-4036462.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Etah Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/etah-uttar-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Uttar Pradesh Election Results 2022: Full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-polls-2022/story/uttar-pradesh-election-2022-latest-result-full-list-leading-trailing-candidates-winners-party-wise-1922724-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Position held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portalbar|India|Politics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:David, Vipin Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Etah]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Social workers from Uttar Pradesh]]

Mamta Sodha

2026-04-25T10:57:31Z

Naveed Aslam: starting article...

{{Short description|Indian mountaineer}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Mamta Sodha
| image =
| birth_name =
| occupation = [[Mountaineer]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1979|11|01}}
| birth_place = [[Kaithal]], [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| majorascents = [[Mount Everest]] in 2010 [[Mount Elbrus]] in 2012
| spouse =
| children =
| Website =
}}

'''Mamta Sodha''' is an Indian sportsperson, known for her successful 2010 attempt to scale [[Mount Everest]].<ref name="Web India news">{{cite web | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100616/1528182.html | title=Everester Mamta Sodha to be appointed DSP in Haryana Police | publisher=Web India | date=16 June 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-date=21 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121100103/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20100616/1528182.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> She was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2014, by bestowing on her the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for her services to the field of [[mountaineering]] sport.<ref name="Padma">{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |title=Padma Awards Announced |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |work=Circular |date=25 January 2014 |access-date=23 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222101141/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 |archive-date=22 February 2014 }}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Everest North Face toward Base Camp Tibet Luca Galuzzi 2006]]
Mamta Sodha was born on 1 November 1979,<ref name="Haryana Police profile">{{cite web | url=http://haryanapolice.nic.in/dsp_Mamta_Sodha.asp | title=Haryana Police profile | publisher=Haryana Police Department | date=2014 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209042609/http://haryanapolice.nic.in/dsp_Mamta_Sodha.asp | archive-date=9 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> at [[Kaithal]], in the state of [[Haryana]], in India, in a family with poor financial resources, as the eldest of three girls and two boys.<ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest" /><ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha" /><ref name="A dream come true for Kaithal girl" /> She lost her father, Laxman Dass Sodha, who worked as an inspector with the Haryana Food and Supplies Department, in 2004,<ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest">{{cite web | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100523/main7.htm | title=Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest | work=The Tribune | date=22 May 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014 | author=Satish Seth}}</ref><ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha" /> and her mother, Mewa Devi,<ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha" /> had to support the family with the help of her brothers.<ref name="A dream come true for Kaithal girl">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/a-dream-come-true-for-kaithal-girl/article776753.ece | title=A dream come true for Kaithal girl | work=The Hindu | date=31 May 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref>

Mamta did her schooling at a local school in Kaithal and college studies at the RKSD College, Kaithal from where she secured her graduate degree, getting high grades.<ref name="A dream come true for Kaithal girl" /> Subsequently, she earned her master's degree in [[Physical Education]] (MPhEd) from [[Kurukshetra University]], in 2005<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /><ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest" /> and joined the same university at the Shaheed Baba Deep Singh College of Physical Education, Haryana, as a lecturer.<ref name="Haryana teacher Mamta scales Mt Everest">{{cite web | url=http://www.allindianewssite.com/7432/haryana-teacher-mamta-scales-mt-everest/ | title=Haryana teacher Mamta scales Mt Everest | publisher=All India News Site | date=22 May 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014 | author=Sumit Sehgal | archive-date=2 September 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140902044312/http://www.allindianewssite.com/7432/haryana-teacher-mamta-scales-mt-everest/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha" />

After the successful Everest climb, the Government of Haryana absorbed her into the [[Haryana Police|Haryana Police Force]]. Mamta Sodha is now a [[Deputy superintendent of police|Deputy Superintendent of Police]] with Haryana Police since 11 August 2010.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" />

==Sporting achievements==
Mamta had a passion for rock climbing early on,<ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest" /><ref name="A dream come true for Kaithal girl" /> a trait encouraged by her father.<ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest" /> Soon, she made up her mind to climb Mount Everest one day for which she joined the [[Nehru Institute of Mountaineering]], in the state of Uttarakhand.<ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha">{{cite web | url=http://diplomatictitbits.blogspot.in/2010/05/contemporary-dalit-heroes-ms-mamta.html | title=The Contemporary Dalit Heroes – Ms. Mamta Sodha | publisher=diplomatic titbits | date=23 May 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Prior to embarking on the project, she scaled a few other peaks. She was a member of the IMF Golden Jubilee expedition team that scaled Phawararang Peak in July 2008.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /><ref name="Tenzing Norgay Award" /> Two months later, in October, she climbed the Mun Peak with another team, while on an expedition at [[McLeod Ganj]].<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /><ref name="Tenzing Norgay Award" /> In August 2009, she summited Shri Kanth Peak with an all-women team.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /><ref name="Tenzing Norgay Award" />

She has also scaled other peaks of varying heights such as Morni Peak, [[Khüiten Peak]], Inderhara Pass<ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest" /> and [[Island Peak]]<ref name="Tenzing Norgay Award" /> on various occasions. This was followed by an attempt on [[Imja Tse|Island (Imja-tse) Peak]] which she successfully accomplished in April 2010, just prior to the Mount Everest expedition.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" />

The total financial outlay for the Everest project was around {{INR}}1.8 million.<ref name="A dream come true for Kaithal girl" /> Mamta collected the money by way of contributions from several agencies and individuals such as Haryana state government ({{INR}}300,000), PWD Minister, Randeep Singh Surjewala ({{INR}}51,000), Kurukshetra member of parliament, [[Navin Jindal]] ({{INR}}500,000}, District Police Commissioner Amneet P Kumar ({{INR}}250,000) and various others<ref name="Kaithal girl scales Mt Everest" /><ref name="A dream come true for Kaithal girl" /> and the project started in April 2010, with the encouragement of previous Everest climbers [[Bachendri Pal]] and [[Santosh Yadav]].<ref name="Haryana teacher Mamta scales Mt Everest" /> The expedition team consisted of 13 members, of which nine mountaineers were from United States, Denmark, Switzerland and Australia and the remaining four from India, including 16-year-old [[Arjun Vajpai]].<ref name="Delhi boy becomes youngest Indian to climb Mt Everest">{{cite web | url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2010/may/22/delhi-boy-becomes-youngest-indian-to-climb-mt-everest.htm | title=Delhi boy becomes youngest Indian to climb Mt Everest | work=Rediff.com | date=22 May 2010 | access-date=3 September 2014 | author=Shirish B Pradhan}}</ref> The team was led by the legendary [[Apa Sherpa]], who held the world record of 19 successful climbs of<ref name="Apa Sherpa">{{cite web | url=http://www.apasherpa.com/ | title=Apa Sherpa | publisher=Apa Sherpa Foundation | date=2014 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727171603/http://www.apasherpa.com/ | archive-date=27 July 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Mount Everest. The team spent 40 days at [[Khumbu Glacier]], where the team had set up their base camp, for acclimatisation. The route was the traditional [[South Col]] route in [[Nepal]]. The team, after periodic stop overs at three or four camps en route, finally reached the top around 20 May 2010. At 10.24 am, on 22 May, 2010, Mamta Sodha summited Mount Everest.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /><ref name="Delhi boy becomes youngest Indian to climb Mt Everest" />

After the Everest triumph, Mamta scaled the highest peak in Europe, [[Mount Elbrus]], in 2012.<ref name="Mt. Elbrus">{{cite web | url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=421611194564068&set=a.170392296352627.42060.100001455741901&type=1&theater | title=Mt. Elbrus | publisher=facebook page | date=18 September 2012 | access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref>

Apart from being a mountaineer, Mamta Sodha excelled in [[handball]], too.<ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha" /> She was a member of the Haryana state girls team which secured runner up position at the 21st Junior Girls' National Handball Championship, held at Agra in November 1998.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /> As a member of the [[Kurukshetra University]] team, she was a winner at the All India Inter-University Handball tournament in December 1998.<ref name="Haryana Police profile" /> In 2003, she was selected as a ''B1'' grade sportsperson in [[Handball]] by the Sports and Youth Welfare department of [[Haryana Government]].

Mamta Sodha is also a member of National Adventure Club.<ref name="The Contemporary Dalit Heroes - Ms. Mamta Sodha" /><ref name="Young woman from Haryana scales Mt Everest">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/young-woman-from-haryana-scales-mt-everest_628550.html | title=Young woman from Haryana scales Mt Everest | publisher=Zee News | date=22 May 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[Padma Shri]] – [[Government of India]] – 2014<ref name="Padma" />
* [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]] – [[Government of India]] – 2010<ref name="Tenzing Norgay Award">{{cite web | url=http://haryanapolice.gov.in/Awards_in_sports.asp | title=Tenzing Norgay Award | publisher=Haryana Police | date=29 August 2011 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228060636/http://www.haryanapolice.gov.in/Awards_in_sports.asp | archive-date=28 December 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Tensing Norgay Adventure Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.leadthecompetition.in/CA/awards/t_norgay_awds10.html | title=Tensing Norgay Adventure Award | publisher=Lead the Competition.in | date=2011 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813044741/http://www.leadthecompetition.in/CA/awards/t_norgay_awds10.html | archive-date=13 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Cash Award {{INR}} 2.1 million – [[Government of Haryana]] – 2010<ref name="Hooda announce Rs 21 lakh to Mamta Sodha">{{cite web | url=http://www.theindiapost.com/sports/hooda-announce-rs-21-lakh-to-mamta-sodha/ | title=Hooda announce Rs 21 lakh to Mamta Sodha | publisher=The India Post | date=3 June 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014 | archive-date=11 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411144339/http://www.theindiapost.com/sports/hooda-announce-rs-21-lakh-to-mamta-sodha/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Certificate of successful Ascent on [[Imja Tse|Idland (Imja-tse) Peak]] – Nepal Mountaineering Association – 2010<ref name="Haryana Police profile" />

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Apa Sherpa]]
* [[Tenzing Norgay]]
* [[Edmund Hillary]]
* [[Bachendri Pal]]
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=50em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://dsclimited.com/dev/index.php?modepage=news&pages=43 | title=DSC Limited honors Mamta Sodha | publisher=DSC Limited | date=7 June 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sports-brief/634954/ | title=Surinder Kaur, Mamta Sodha appointed DSP | publisher=The New Indian Express | date=17 June 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014 | author=EXpress News Service}}
* {{cite web | url=http://titoju.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/mamta-sodha-willpower-personified/ | title=Mamta Sodha – Willpower Personified | publisher=Blog report | date=8 June 2010 | access-date=2 September 2014}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/World%20Media%20News.htm | title=Tenzing Norgay Award Winner Mamta Sodha, Everester (India) | publisher=Ambedkar Times | date=1 September 2011 | access-date=2 September 2014}}
{{Indian mountaineers}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sodha, Mamta}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Indian female mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women's handball players]]
[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian women police officers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Mountain climbers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]

1993 Bijbehara massacre

2026-04-23T14:06:00Z

Naveed Aslam: Created A Article.

{{Short description|Incident involving Hazratbal shrine siege}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1993 Bijbehara massacre
| location = [[Bijbehara]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]
| date = 22 October 1993
| partof = [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir]]
| target = [[Civilians]], [[Protestors]]
| type = [[Massacre]], [[Mass shooting]]
| fatalities = <ul>
<li>51 killed (per [[Amnesty International]])</li>
<li>35 killed (per [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]])</li>
<li>37 killed (per [[The Times of India]])</li>
</ul>
| injuries = <ul>
<li>200 wounded (per [[Amnesty International]])</li>
<li>76 wounded (per [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]])</li>
</ul>
| perpetrators = {{army|india}}
| convicted = 13 Indian officers
}}
{{Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
The '''Bijbehara Massacre'''<ref>
{{cite journal|last1=Gossman|first1=Patricia|title=An International Human Rights Perspective|journal=Asian Affairs: An American Review|volume=22|issue=1|year=1995|pages=65–70|doi=10.1080/00927678.1995.9933697}} : "For example, [the National Human Rights Commission] report on the October 1993 '''massacre''' of forty-three civilians in '''Bijbehara''', Kashmir, called for the prosecution of fourteen members of the BSF."
</ref><ref>
[http://kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=84092 25 Years of Bijbehara Massacre: A Tale of Bloodbath], ''Kashmir Times'', 23 October 2018: "The brutal killing of 51 civilians in the massacre is referred to as Bijbehara massacre."
</ref> took place when 74th Battalion [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) fired upon protesters in the [[Anantnag district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India on 22 October 1993, killing 51 civilians. In the official version of events, BSF had only acted in self-defense when fired upon by militants; however, this narrative was rejected by [[Human Rights Watch]] citing the 1993 [[U.S. Department of State]] country report on [[human rights in India]] which said, "Despite government claims that the security forces were ambushed by militants, only one BSF sub inspector was injured."<ref name="Everyone Lives in Fear - Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir HRW ">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/india0906web.pdf|title=''Everyone Lives in Fear - Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir''|date=1 September 2006|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref>

The protests had erupted over the siege of the mosque in [[Hazratbal]].<ref name="Amnesty International Report 2004">{{cite web|date=1 January 1994|title=''Amnesty International Report 1994 - India''|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a9f56e.html|access-date=10 April 2009|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rising Kashmir|url=http://www.risingkashmir.com/1993-bijbehara-massacre-when-playground-turned-into-graveyard/|access-date=2019-07-25|website=www.risingkashmir.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-24|title=October 22 1993 Bijbehara bloodbath Lastupdate:- Wed, 22 Oct 2008 18:...|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2008/Oct/22/october-22-1993-bijbehara-bloodbath-70.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141024011021/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2008/Oct/22/october-22-1993-bijbehara-bloodbath-70.asp|archive-date=2014-10-24|access-date=2019-12-28|website=archive.is}}</ref> The number of reported dead and wounded vary by source. [[Amnesty International]] reported that at least 51 people died and 200 were wounded on that day, which included incidents in [[Srinagar]] and Bijbehara. The UN Refugee Agency reported 35 dead and about 76 wounded, citing news reports in ''[[The Times]]''. ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported 37 dead.<ref name="BSF record: Guilty are seldom punished" />

The Indian government conducted two official enquiries and the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]] (NHRC) conducted a third. In March 1994 the government indicted the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) for firing into the crowd "without provocation" and charged 13 BSF officers with murder. A nonpublic General Security Force Court trial conducted in 1996 led to their acquittal.<ref name="BSF record: Guilty are seldom punished" /><ref name="Chronology of Event: February 1991 - November1994">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6a8244.html|title=Chronology of Event: February 1991 - November1994|date=1 March 1995|publisher=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|access-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>

When the NHRC sought to examine the transcripts of the trials in order to satisfy itself that the BSF had made a genuine attempt to secure convictions, the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Vajpayee]] government refused. The NHRC then moved the Supreme Court for a review.<ref name="NHRC, Annual Report 1999-2000">{{cite web|url=http://nhrc.nic.in/ar99_00.htm|title=NHRC, Annual Report 1999-2000|publisher=National Human Rights Commission of India|access-date=2009-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910181959/http://nhrc.nic.in/ar99_00.htm|archive-date=10 September 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Faced with the Government's non-cooperation, the NHRC finally dismissed the case.<ref name="Bijbehara Massacre: 22 October 1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmiraffairs.org/bijbehara%20massacre%20all.html|title=13th Anniversary of Bijbehara Massacre: 22 October 1993|last=Shibli|first=Murtaza|publisher=Kashmir Affairs|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509020443/http://www.kashmiraffairs.org/bijbehara%20massacre%20all.html|archive-date=9 May 2008|df=dmy-all|access-date=13 April 2009}}</ref>

On 10 September 2007, the [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] ordered the state government to pay restitution to the victims' families.<ref name="HC directs govt to pay relief to Bijbehara massacre victims' kins">{{cite news|url=http://www.kashmirtimes.com/archive/0709/070922/news6.htm |title=HC directs govt to pay relief to Bijbehara massacre victim's kins |last=Syed |first=Basharat |date=22 September 2007 |publisher=Kashmir Times |access-date=2009-04-11 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[File:List of the Martyrs of Bijbehara town buried in Mazar-e-Shuhada, Bijbehara, on 22nd of October 1993.jpg|alt= List of the Martyrs of Bijbehara town (only), buried in Mazar-e-Shuhada, Bijbehara, on the 22nd of October 1993, when the Bijbehara Massacre occurred. Out of 22 Martyrs buried, 16 are below 20 years of age, out of which a 12-year-old, a 14-year-old, three are 15 years old, five are 17 years old, and six are 18 years old.|thumb|List of the Martyrs of Bijbehara town buried in Mazar-e-Shuhada, Bijbehara, on 22 October 1993. Out of 22 Martyrs, 16 are below 20 years of age.]]

==Background==
In October, 1993, the [[Indian army]] stated they surrounded the [[Hazratbal Shrine]] after they were reported that armed rebels had occupied the shrine complex and had changed the locks. For the preceding three years, insurgents in the Kashmir Valley had waged a rebellion against Indian rule. The Indian Army's siege of the holiest [[Muslim]] shrine in the Kashmir Valley reignited anger at India.<ref name="Bijbehara Massacre: 22 October 1993" /> As the mosque crisis deepened, there were sporadic public demonstrations. Indian authorities imposed a curfew and positioned hundreds of troopers along the town's main streets.<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/23/world/kashmir-clashes-kill-at-least-25.html?n=Top/News/World/Countries%20and%20Territories/India|title=KASHMIR CLASHES KILL AT LEAST 25|last=Gargan |first=Edward A.|date=23 October 1993|work=New York Times|access-date=2009-04-10}}</ref>

==The shooting incident==
On 22 October 1993, the eighth day of the siege, around 10,000 to 15,000 protesters gathered in the courtyard of the Jamia Masjid of Bijbehara after finishing [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayers]]. The protesters marched through the streets shouting pro-independence slogans, demanding an end to the Hazratbal siege and demonstrating against an earlier incident of firing on protesters near the Hazratbal shrine .<ref name="Bijbehara Massacre: 22 October 1993" />

When the procession reached the main road (the Srinagar–[[Jammu]] National Highway), that divides the town, they were confronted by a large contingent of the BSF. As the procession reached the top of the road in the Gooriwan area of bijbehara, the BSF allegedly blocked the street<ref name="Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 - India">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/467fca85c.html|title=Human Rights Watch World Report 1994 - India|date=1 January 1994|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=11 April 2009}}</ref> and started firing indiscriminately, killing at least 48 people on the spot and injuring more than 200 others. The firing continued for nearly ten minutes.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Human Rights Watch reported an eyewitness to the incident recalled: "The people had gathered on the National Highway which passes through Beijbehara town. It was like this even then, narrow, with shops on both sides of the road. There were thousands of people shouting slogans. But it was peaceful.... The BSF just opened fire without any warning. It was terrible. There were so many people lying on the ground. Others were running in panic.... This road, this very road, was full of blood."<ref name="Everyone Lives in Fear - Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir HRW "/>

==Media blackout==
The Indian government was accused of a [[media blackout]] in Kashmir.<ref name="Kashmir Perspective: Media in Conflict Zones">{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmiraffairs.org/sajjadhaider_kashmiri%20media%20conflict%20zone.html |title=Kashmir Perspective: Media in Conflict Zones |last=Haider |first=Sajjad |publisher=Kashmir Affairs |access-date=2009-04-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121053224/http://www.kashmiraffairs.org/sajjadhaider_kashmiri%20media%20conflict%20zone.html |archive-date=2010-01-21 }}</ref> A local news outlet, ''Kashmir Affairs'', reported that soon after news of the massacre went out, the Indian government barred independent local and international media from entering the town. On 23 October 1993, when a large number of local and foreign media people converged on the town, the army used violence and fired into the air to stop them from visiting the old side of the town, ''Kashmir Affairs'' also reported.<ref name="Bijbehara Massacre: 22 October 1993" />

==Human Rights Act==
The Bijbehara massacre followed the September 1993 passage of the Human Rights Act <ref>National Human Rights Commission [http://nhrc.nic.in/HRAct.htm Text of Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125031917/http://nhrc.nic.in/HRAct.htm |date=25 January 2010 }} 1993, retrieved 3 March 2010</ref> by the [[Indian Parliament]], adopted under the pressure of persistent allegations of [[human rights]] abuses in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], as well as in other areas of armed conflict in [[India]]. {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} The law established the NHRC, which began operations in October 1993 and promptly took up the Bijbehara massacre. However, it soon became apparent that the Commission would not be able to challenge the armed forces' effective immunity from prosecution under Indian law.<ref name="Everyone Lives in Fear">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/en/node/11179/section/6|title=Everyone Lives in Fear|date=11 September 2006|publisher=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2009-04-10| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090420152136/http://www.hrw.org/en/node/11179/section/6| archive-date= 20 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

==Enquiry Commission indicts BSF==
The [[government of India]] ordered a magisterial inquiry into the killings and withdrew the BSF unit stationed in Bijbehara. {{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} Director General Prakash Singh, at the time the BSF Director General, ordered a commissioner to investigate the massacre.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}} The local media, including KashmirWatch.com, reported that Kashmiris saw such inquiries as escapism, an 'eyewash'. Numerous enquiries in the past did not produce results that pleased local people.<ref name="Probes an eye wash">{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmirwatch.com/showhumanrights.php?subaction=showfull&id=1237448439&archive=&start_from=&ucat=2&var0news=value0news |title=Probes on HR abuse eyewash, say kins of victims |last=Syed |first=Yasir |date=19 March 2009 |publisher=Kashmir Times/Kashmir Watch |access-date=2009-04-11 }}{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} KashmirWatch.com</ref>

The Enquiry Magistrate's report was submitted to the government on 13 November 1993. It concluded that "firing upon the procession was absolutely unprovoked and the claim made by the security forces that they were forced to retaliate against the firing of militants for self-defence is baseless and concocted". The Enquiry Magistrate's report further stated that "The security personnel have committed [the] offence out of vengeance and their barbarous act was deliberate and well planned". The report indicted the Deputy Commandant of the BSF, JK Radola, for "tacit approval given by him to the indiscriminate and un-provoked firing".<ref name="ReferenceA">Enquiry Magistrate report, number EN/BFC/93/23-24, unable to locate online reference</ref>

The report recommended "the immediate dismissal of the accused persons who committed this dastardly act". It further recommended that "this should be further followed up with the initiation of criminal proceedings against them and every effort should be made to ensure that justice is done and [the] maximum possible punishment under the law of the land is awarded to such malignant and sick minded individuals."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Recommendations by National Human Rights Commission==
On 1 November 1993, the Commission, called for reports on the incident from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]] and [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home]] affairs ministries and the Government of J&K.<ref name="National Human Rights Commission Of India">{{cite web|url=http://nhrc.nic.in/ArmedForcesCases.htm|title=Firing by Security Forces in Bijbehara, Jammu & Kashmir|date=1993–94|publisher=National Human Rights Commission Of India|access-date=2009-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410001259/http://nhrc.nic.in/ArmedForcesCases.htm|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Ministry of Defence denied that the army was involved. The Minister for Home Affairs sent a report to the commission based on the Magisterial Inquiry. The commission asked for copies of the testimony given by six witnesses. On 17 January 1994, the commission concluded "...that disciplinary proceedings had been initiated under the Border Security Force Act against 14 members of the Force, and further that, on the basis of a Magisterial Inquiry, steps may be initiated to launch prosecutions...". The commission also recommended that "immediate interim compensation" be paid to the victims' families and "a thorough review should be undertaken by government of the circumstances and conditions in which Units of the Border Security Force are deployed and expected to operate in situations involving only civilian population[s]".{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}

==Acquittals==
By 1996, the General Security Force Court had conducted a nonpublic trial which acquitted the accused men.<ref name="BSF record: Guilty are seldom punished">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7503214.cms|title=BSF record: Guilty are seldom punished|first1=Siddharth | last1=Varadarajan | first2=Manoj | last2=Joshi|date=21 April 2002|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=11 March 2018}}</ref> The NHRC attempted to review the court files, but was refused access.

On 12 November 1996, three years after the NHRC issued its recommendations, A.K. Tandon, then director general of the BSF, told the NHRC that "a General Security Force Court trial was conducted in respect of the twelve BSF personnel involved in the said incident," but that results of the trial were "being withheld for the time being". The BSF had initially claimed that it had taken action against the responsible officials, but the only information available about this concerns one sub-inspector, who had been found not guilty.<ref name="BSF record: Guilty are seldom punished"/>

On 16 March 1998, the NHRC, while acknowledging the BSF report, said that it wanted to review the proceedings of the General Security Force Court before taking any final position in the matter. The NHRC has the right to examine transcripts of trials to ensure that genuine attempts have been made to secure convictions. The Ministry of Home Affairs refused to supply the trial records, stating in a letter on 5 May 1998, the "inability of the government of India to show records of the GSFC to any authority other than those provided under the Border Security Force Act".<ref name="Everyone Lives in Fear" />

The NHRC subsequently tried several times to examine the proceedings of the trial. In its annual report in 1998–99, the NHRC noted that it was "deeply disturbed":
{{blockquote|"The Commission is yet to satisfy itself that justice has fully been done in regard to the tragic loss of life that occurred in Bijbehara, in respect of which incident it had made specific recommendations. The Commission is determined to see this case through to its logical conclusion. At the end of the year, it was awaiting the records of those proceedings and was contemplating moving a Writ Petition before the Supreme Court if it were denied full access to the records that it had sought".<ref name="National Human Rights Commission, Annual Report, 1998-1999">{{cite web|url=http://nhrc.nic.in/|title=Section 3.6, Annual Report, 1998-1999|publisher=National Human Rights Commission|access-date=2009-04-19| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090426010611/http://nhrc.nic.in/| archive-date= 26 April 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>}}

On 8 February 1999, the NHRC told the government to preserve all related documents and then appealed to the Supreme Court "to issue a writ to make available to the petitioner the relevant records of the courts martial conducted in respect of the armed forces personnel involved in the said incident". The writ petition was later withdrawn by the NHRC, observers said this was probably because the verdict would have gone against the commission due to the restrictions imposed under Section 19 of the Human Rights Protection Act, 1993.<ref name="Holy Cows, Chained Watchdog and a Banana Republic">{{cite web|url=http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2004/0504PF.htm |title=Holy Cows, Chained Watchdog and a Banana Republic |date=28 January 2004 |publisher=AsianCenter for Human Rights |access-date=2009-04-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050319035238/http://www.achrweb.org/Review/2004/0504PF.htm |archive-date=19 March 2005 }}</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of massacres in Jammu and Kashmir|List of Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Gawakadal massacre|Gawakadal Massacre, 1990]]
*[[Zakoora and Tengpora massacre|Zakoora And Tengpora Massacre, 1990]]
*[[Sopore massacre]]
*[[Handwara massacre]]

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{coord missing|Jammu and Kashmir}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bijbehara massacre, 1993}}
[[Category:1990s in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of protesters in India]]
[[Category:Indian war crimes in the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Indian military scandals]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1993]]
[[Category:Massacres in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:October 1993 in India]]
[[Category:1993 murders in India]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by India]]
[[Category:October 1993 crimes]]
[[Category:Anantnag district]]
[[Category:1993 mass shootings in Asia]]
[[Category:Mass shootings in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims]]

Tamkuhi Raj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:35Z

Naveed Aslam: started first stub more to come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tamkuhi Raj
| map_image = 331-Tamkuhi Raj.svg
| mla = Asim Kumar
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kushinagar district|Kushinagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,78,534 (2017)
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 331
}}

'''Tamkuhi Raj''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Tamkuhi Raj in the [[Kushinagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Tamkuhi Raj is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Deoria Lok Sabha constituency|Kushinagar Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 331 amongst 403 constituencies.

This seat belongs to Asim Kumar, who won in last Assembly election of [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Congress party]] candidate by a margin of 66000 votes.<ref name="election2022">{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/tamkuhi-raj-assembly-elections-up-331/. | title=Tamkuhi Raj Election Result 2022 LIVE: Tamkuhi Raj MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia }}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Tamkuhi RajElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/tamkuhi-raj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajay Kumar Lallu]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|Asim Kumar
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamkuhi Raj<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asim Kumar Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:115123}}
|percentage = 50.81
|change = {{increase}}30.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Uday Narayan
|votes = {{formatnum:48651}}
|percentage = 21.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Lallu
|votes = {{formatnum:33496}}
|percentage = 14.78
|change = {{decrease}}13.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjay
|votes = {{formatnum:16854}}
|percentage = 7.44
|change = {{decrease}}11.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Matiullah
|votes = {{formatnum:2263}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2485}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change = {{decrease}}0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:66472}}
|percentage = 29.34
|change = {{increase}}20.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:226581}}
|percentage = 56.6
|change = {{decrease}}0.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamkuhi Raj<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Lallu]]
|votes = {{formatnum:61211}}
|percentage = 28.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jagdish Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:43097}}
|percentage = 20.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bijay Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:41685}}
|percentage = 19.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NISHAD Party
|candidate = Dr P K Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:29759}}
|percentage = 13.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nandkishor Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:23423}}
|percentage = 10.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shrikant Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:3210}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishnu Prabhakar
|votes = {{formatnum:2858}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3305}}
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:18114}}
|percentage = 8.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215288}}
|percentage = 56.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|loser =
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +1.85
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tamkuhi Raj }}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Lallu]]
|votes = 53,121
|percentage = 27.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nand Kishor Mishra
|votes = 47,261
|percentage = 24.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Dr P K Rai
|votes = 39,759
|percentage = 20.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Manish Kumar Jaiswal]]
|votes = 26,153
|percentage = 13.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Surendra Prasad Gupta
|votes = 17,295
|percentage = 8.80
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,860
|percentage = 2.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,96,516
|percentage = 56.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.73|84.18|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kushinagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Karjat Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:42Z

Naveed Aslam: Creating new pg - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karjat
| constituency_no = 189
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 189-Karjat.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| division = Karjat
| district = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| assembly_cons = Karjat
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Mahendra Thorve]]
| incumbent_image = Mahendra-Thorave.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors = 318,810
}}
'''Karjat Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency is located in the [[Raigad district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=11 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010
}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan=2 | Eknath Buwasaheb Nimbalkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Rao Saheb Nimbalkar
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bajirao Dashrath Kamble || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2| Dagadu Sakharam Nikalji (Guruji)|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Vittal Sahadu Bhailume
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3| [[Sadashiv Lokhande]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Suresh Narayan Lad]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Mahendra Thorve|Mahendra Sadashiv Thorve]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Karjat">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Karjat |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13189.htm |access-date=31 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231172801/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13189.htm |archive-date=31 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Assembly polls: Independents finish second in 19 constituencies">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Maharashtra Assembly polls: Independents finish second in 19 constituencies |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/24/maharashtra-assembly-polls-independents-finish-second-in-19-constituencies |access-date=27 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127053518/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Nov/24/maharashtra-assembly-polls-independents-finish-second-in-19-constituencies |archive-date=27 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahendra Thorve|Mahendra Sadashiv Thorve]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 94,871 |percentage = 39.85% |change={{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Parshuram Ghare |party=Independent politician |votes = 89,177 |percentage = 37.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nitin Nandkumar Sawant |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 48,929 |percentage = 20.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Yadavrao Ghare |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,361 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,956 |percentage = 0.82% |change={{decrease}}0.74 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,694 |percentage = 2.39% |change= {{decrease}}6.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 239,999 |percentage = 75.28% |change= {{increase}}4.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 238,043}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 318,810|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Shiv Sena |swing= {{decrease}}11.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahendra Thorve|Mahendra Sadashiv Thorve]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 102,208 |percentage = 51.84% |change={{increase}}29.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Narayan Lad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 84,162 |percentage = 42.68% |change={{increase}}11.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Akram Mohammed Islam Khan |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 4,214 |percentage = 2.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,072 |percentage = 1.56% |change={{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Chintaman Gaikwad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,493 |percentage = 0.76% |change={{decrease}}0.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Gopal Gunja Shelake |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaitu Kanu Pirkad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,216 |percentage = 0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,046 |percentage = 9.15% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,278 |percentage = 70.94% |change= {{decrease}}4.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,171}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282,310|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}20.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Narayan Lad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 57,013 |percentage = 31.55% |change={{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Mahendra Thorve|Mahendra Sadashiv Thorve]] |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 55,113 |percentage = 30.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pingle Hanumant Yashwant |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 40,721 |percentage = 22.53% |change={{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yerunkar Rajendra Eknath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,990 |percentage = 7.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharik Shivaji Babu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,939 |percentage = 3.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=J. P. Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,746 |percentage = 2.63% |change={{decrease}}8.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dolas Rupesh Pandurang |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,922 |percentage = 1.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,521 |percentage = 1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,900 |percentage = 1.05% |change= {{decrease}}9.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 183,287 |percentage = 75.40% |change= {{increase}}5.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,702}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,076|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Suresh Narayan Lad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,727 |percentage = 28.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devendra Satam |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 25,917 |percentage = 17.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hanumant Yashwant Pingale |party=Independent politician |votes = 24,987 |percentage = 17.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Pandurang Pingale |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 16,876 |percentage = 11.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Savalaram Hiraji Jadhav |party=Independent politician |votes = 12,749 |percentage = 8.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Uttam Maya Jadhav |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 6,441 |percentage = 4.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pundlik (Bandhu) Tukaram Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,092 |percentage = 3.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,810 |percentage = 10.86% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,552 |percentage = 68.81% |change= {{increase}}9.15 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 211,523|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Kisan Lokhande |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,524 |percentage = 47.76% |change={{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arvind Shahurao Kalookhe |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 50,051 |percentage = 42.29% |change={{increase}}26.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meghadamber Ashok Kanhuji |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 4,098 |percentage = 3.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhakar Rupawate |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,096 |percentage = 1.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Ajinath Salave |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,981 |percentage = 1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Misal Baban Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,446 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rakshe Rajendra Madhukar |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 787 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,473 |percentage = 5.47% |change= {{decrease}}33.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,348 |percentage = 59.66% |change= {{increase}}2.47 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,344}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,363|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,440 |percentage = 56.32% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalokhe Shahurao Bhaurao |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,203 |percentage = 17.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kusalkar Rajaram Laxman |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,703 |percentage = 15.95% |change={{decrease}}17.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdule Janardhan Yadav |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,408 |percentage = 5.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Kisan Bhimaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,108 |percentage = 1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghodake Jaising Tukaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 722 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 38,237 |percentage = 38.84% |change= {{increase}}17.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,122 |percentage = 63.40% |change= {{decrease}}13.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,121|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 64,269 |percentage = 54.58% |change={{increase}}28.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Premanand Dadasaheb Rupwate |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,834 |percentage = 32.98% |change={{decrease}}15.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalokhe Shahurao Bhaurao |party=Janata Dal |votes = 4,333 |percentage = 3.68% |change={{decrease}}16.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Balasaheb Manohar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,911 |percentage = 2.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kale Radhakrushna Machchindra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,359 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adhav Sopan Nana |party=Hindustan Janta Party |votes = 1,180 |percentage = 1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghaytadak Siddharth Maruti |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,112 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,435 |percentage = 21.60% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,423 |percentage = 73.11% |change= {{increase}}15.70 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,762}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,453|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}5.86 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Bhailume Vittal Sahadu |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,764 |percentage = 48.72% |change={{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lokhande Sadashiv Kisan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,015 |percentage = 26.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Ranjana Onkar |party=Janata Dal |votes = 16,961 |percentage = 20.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Waghmare Madan Janu |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 2,198 |percentage = 2.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Laxman Tryambake |party=Independent politician |votes = 654 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,749 |percentage = 22.41% |change= {{increase}}16.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,199 |percentage = 56.27% |change= {{increase}}3.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 83,676}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,176|ref = |change= {{increase}}22.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dagadu Sakharam Nikalji (Guruji) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,668 |percentage = 34.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prabhakarao Rupawate |party=Independent politician |votes = 18,116 |percentage = 28.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjana Onkar Patil |party=Janata Party |votes = 16,900 |percentage = 26.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Siddharth Maruti Ghaitadak |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,298 |percentage = 3.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Bapuji Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,535 |percentage = 2.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Pratap Shankarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 819 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kanta Ramchandra Borade |party=Independent politician |votes = 705 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,552 |percentage = 5.60% |change= {{decrease}}7.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,333 |percentage = 52.34% |change= {{increase}}5.45 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,432}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,835|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing= {{decrease}}17.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nikalje Dagadu Sakharam |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 26,031 |percentage = 51.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Budhhivant Tukaram Kashinath |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,463 |percentage = 38.69% |change={{increase}}31.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pawar Subhash Yashwant |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,916 |percentage = 5.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajbhiv Bhanudas Honaji |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 898 |percentage = 1.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Ramesh Bhimarao |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 885 |percentage = 1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,568 |percentage = 13.06% |change= {{increase}}13.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,143 |percentage = 47.03% |change= {{decrease}}11.25 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,301}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,882|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}10.34 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Kamble Bajirao Dashrath |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 23,157 |percentage = 41.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharaskar Baburao Madhadev |party=Janata Party |votes = 23,133 |percentage = 41.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Vijay Prabhakar |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 4,089 |percentage = 7.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Ganpat Govind |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,856 |percentage = 3.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rokade Balkrishna Ramchandra |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,752 |percentage = 3.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Eknath Bapuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,468 |percentage = 2.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Avhad Kisan Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes = 459 |percentage = 0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24 |percentage = 0.04% |change= {{decrease}}61.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,286 |percentage = 59.02% |change= {{increase}}6.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,914}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,760|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}39.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Nimbalkar Rao Saheb |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,146 |percentage = 80.52% |change={{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Zarakar Rajaram Murlidhar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,502 |percentage = 19.48% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,644 |percentage = 61.04% |change= {{increase}}18.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,504 |percentage = 51.99% |change= {{decrease}}7.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,648}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,530|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}18.04 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=E. B. Nimbalkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 27,142 |percentage = 62.48% |change={{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. M. Zarkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,519 |percentage = 19.61% |change={{increase}}11.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. E. Nikam |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 7,780 |percentage = 17.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,623 |percentage = 42.87% |change= {{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,813 |percentage = 61.71% |change= {{increase}}7.95 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,855|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.09 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Karjat<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Eknath Buwasaheb Nimbalkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 21,381 |percentage = 61.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hirabai Prabhakar Bhapkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,230 |percentage = 26.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajaram Murlidhar Zarkar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,958 |percentage = 8.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kalyanrao Raosaheb Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,259 |percentage = 3.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,151 |percentage = 34.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,574 |percentage = 53.21% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,828}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,615|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Karjat]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.91|73.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy

2026-04-18T23:22:38Z

Naveed Aslam: Created Stub.

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy
| image = Beeram.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|08|31|df=y}}<ref name="MLA Beeram Harsha Vardhan celebrates birthday in Kollapur">{{cite news |last1=The Hans India |title=MLA Beeram Harsha Vardhan celebrates birthday in Kollapur |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/mla-beeram-harsha-vardhan-celebrates-birthday-in-kollapur-560003 |accessdate=23 June 2021 |work=www.thehansindia.com |date=31 August 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623080559/https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/mla-beeram-harsha-vardhan-celebrates-birthday-in-kollapur-560003 |archivedate=23 June 2021 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_place = Singotam, [[Kollapur]], [[Nagarkurnool district]], [[Telangana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency = [[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| salary =
| term = 2018 - 2023
| predecessor = [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| successor = [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| spouse = Vijaya
| parents = Beeram Lakshma Reddy, Buchamma
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy''' (born 31 August 1978) is an Indian politician and Ex legislator of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]. He won as MLA from [[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]] in [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Telangana Elections]]

==Early life==
Harshavardhan Reddy was born on 31 August 1978 to Lakshma Reddy, Buchamma. He has completed his LLB from PRR Law College, Osmania University in 2001 and worked as an Advocate for 10 years.

==Political career==
Harshavardhan Reddy started his political journey with Telugu Desam Party(TDP) and later in YSRCP party for some days. He joined the Congress party in 2014. He contested [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 Telangana Assembly elections]] from Congress and lost to TRS Candidate [[Jupally Krishna Rao]]. Beeram Harshavardhan Reddy won [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018 Elections]] from Kollapur Assembly seat on Congress ticket later joined [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] in 2020.<ref name="Another Telangana Cong MLA to join ruling TRS">{{cite news |last1= |title=Another Telangana Cong MLA to join ruling TRS |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/another-telangana-cong-mla-to-join-ruling-trs-119032000554_1.html |access-date=30 August 2025 |work= |publisher=Business Standard |date=20 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830143021/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/another-telangana-cong-mla-to-join-ruling-trs-119032000554_1.html |archive-date=30 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="TRS to rely on ex officio members in Kollapur">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=TRS to rely on ex officio members in Kollapur |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/Jan/27/trs-to-rely-on-ex-officio-members-in-kollapur-2095040.html |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=27 January 2020 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana: Ahead of civic polls, infighting plagues TRS">{{cite news |title=Telangana: Ahead of civic polls, infighting plagues TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ahead-of-civic-polls-infighting-plagues-trs/articleshow/73145734.cms |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830143445/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ahead-of-civic-polls-infighting-plagues-trs/articleshow/73145734.cms |archive-date=30 August 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
Year
!Office for
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Party Affiliation
! Result
!colspan=4|Nearest Rival & Party
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| style="background:#00FF80"|Won
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]<ref name="Four TRS ministers including Assembly Speaker lose their seats in Telangana">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Four TRS ministers including Assembly Speaker lose their seats in Telangana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/four-trs-ministers-including-assembly-speaker-lose-their-seats-telangana-93241 |access-date=30 August 2025 |publisher=The News Minute |date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250830143646/https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/four-trs-ministers-including-assembly-speaker-lose-their-seats-telangana-93241 |archive-date=30 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Rashtra Samithi}}
|-
|[[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Member of the legislative assembly|MLA]]
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|style="background:#FF6666"|Lost
|[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beeram, Harshavardhan Reddy}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]

Mummidivaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T00:47:25Z

Naveed Aslam: starting new page...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mummidivaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (43-Mummidivaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Mummidivaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Datla Subbaraju | Datla Subba Raju (Buchi Babu)]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1978
| constituency_no = 43
| electors = 229,431
| type = SLA
}}

'''Mummidivaram Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 229,431 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1978)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Island Polavaram]]
|-
| [[Mummidivaram]]
|-
| [[Thallarevu]]
|-
| [[Katrenikona]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Moka Sri Vishnu Prasada Rao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Valtati Rajaskkubai
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Pandu Krishna Murty
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2 |Battina Subbarao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| 1996 by-election
| [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1998 by-election
| rowspan=2 |Chelli Vivekananda
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Pinipe Viswarup]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Datla Subbaraju]] (Buchi Babu)
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Datla Subbaraju]] (Buchi Babu)
| {{ Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Datla Subbaraju]]
|votes = 1,18,687
|percentage = 57.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
|votes = 79,951
|percentage = 38.56
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 38,736
|percentage = 18.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,07,321
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
|votes = 78,522
|percentage = 40.89
|change = +1.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Datla Subbaraju | Datla Subba Raju (Bucchi raju)]]|votes=72,975|percentage=38.00|change=-15.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Pithani Balakrishna|votes=33,334|percentage=17.36|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,547|percentage=2.89|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,92,043|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Datla Subbaraju |Datla Subba Raju (Buchi babu)]]
|votes = 99,274
|percentage = 56.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Guthula Venkata Sai Srinivasa Rao|votes=68,736|percentage=39.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=29,538|percentage=17.03|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173,378|percentage=83.28|change=+3.54}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ponnada Venkata Satish Kumar]]
|votes = 51,087
|percentage = 33.33
|change = -20.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Srinivasa Raju Nadimpalli]|votes=49,162|percentage=32.08|change=-6.60}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Suryanarayana Kudupudi|votes=31,400|percentage=20.49|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,925|percentage=1.25|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=153,269|percentage=79.74|change=+6.18}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pinipe Viswarup]]
|votes = 53,759
|percentage = 54.15
|change = +11.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Chelli Seshakumari|votes=38,402|percentage=38.68|change=-15.65}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,357|percentage=15.47|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=99,282|percentage=73.56|change=+2.39}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Chelli Vivekananda
|votes = 52,215
|percentage = 54.3
|change = {{decrease}}6.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Viswarupu Penipe]|votes=41,473|percentage=43.2|change={{increase}}4.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pedapudi Rao|votes=1,050|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Bandili Raju|votes=725|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Ajeya Bharat Party|candidate=Savarapu Krupanandam|votes=595|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bhyravamurthy Yelepe|votes=51|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,742|percentage=10.9|change={{decrease}}10.76}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=98,373|percentage=72.9|change={{increase}}11.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=1998 Andhra Pradesh state assembly 1998 by-election: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Chelli Vivekananda
|votes = 49,852
|percentage = 60.73
|change = {{increase}}14.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Viswarupu Pinipe]|votes=32,074|percentage=39.07|change={{increase}}7.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=M. M. Ananda Sagar|votes=168|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,778|percentage=21.66|change={{increase}}7.19}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=82,805|percentage=61.4|change={{decrease}}12.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 by-election ===
{{Election box begin | title=1996 Andhra Pradesh state assembly by-election: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[G. M. C. Balayogi]]
|votes = 46,562
|percentage = 46.48
|change = {{increase}}4.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gollapallil Rao]|votes=32,066|percentage=32.01|change={{increase}}20.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|candidate=Babumohan Palli|votes=15,309|percentage=15.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Ratnam Lanka|votes=5,316|percentage=5.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Pulagala Rao|votes=656|percentage=0.65|change={{decrease}}1.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=P V Chakravarthi|votes=274|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=14,496|percentage=14.47|change={{increase}}4.47}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=101,674 |percentage=74.3|change={{increase}}0.2}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Battina Subbarao
|votes = 49,090
|percentage = 52.2
|change = {{increase}}0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party |candidate=Anand Sagar Moka|votes=39,525|percentage=42|change={{decrease}}2.6}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=N.M. Rushi|votes=2,503|percentage=2.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=T. Kamala|votes=1,567|percentage=1.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Revu Prasad|votes=1,035|percentage=1.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kannedi Rao|votes=196|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gurrala Veeraraghavalu|votes=170|percentage=0.2|change={{decrease}}0.8}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,565|percentage=10.0|change={{increase}}2.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,975|percentage=74.1|change={{increase}}0.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Battina Subbarao
|votes = 47,989
|percentage = 51.9
|change = {{increase}}33.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Pandu Krishnamurty (incumbent)|votes=41,240|percentage=44.6|change={{decrease}}19.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Neelam Apparao|votes=2,345|percentage=2.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gurrala Veerraghavulu|votes=936|percentage=1.0|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,749|percentage=7.1|change={{decrease}}37.5}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,640|percentage=73.2|change={{increase}}6.7}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Pandu Krishna Murty
|votes = 46,779
|percentage = 63.8
|change = {{decrease}}5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kurm Geddam]|votes=13,655|percentage=18.6|change={{decrease}}1.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=N. M. Rushi|votes=9,855|percentage=13.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Yarlagedda Ratnam|votes=2,528|percentage=3.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Badugu William|votes=505|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,124|percentage=44.6|change={{decrease}}3.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=74,225|percentage=66.5|change={{decrease}}4}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh state assembly elections]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Valtati Rajaskkubai
|votes = 51,366
|percentage = 68.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sri Moka|votes=15,167|percentage=20.3|change={{decrease}}31.7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Giddi Vankataratanma|votes=5,183|percentage=6.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pedapuri Rao|votes=1,924|percentage=2.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (J)|candidate=Kamidi Satyam|votes=626|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Narasimha Komki|votes=431|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=36,199|percentage=47.7|change={{increase}}29.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=75,818|percentage=70.5|change={{decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Mummidivaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Moka Rao
|votes = 37,919
|percentage = 52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Appalaswamy Bojja]|votes=24,691|percentage=33.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kasi Rao|votes=7,788|percentage=10.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kasi Sumangali|votes=1,635|percentage=2.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chuttugulla Swami|votes=908|percentage=1.2|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,228|percentage=17.8|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=74,221|percentage=70.9|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.64|82.10|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Konaseema district]]

Vinukonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:38:36Z

Naveed Aslam: started first entry more to come!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vinukonda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (99- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Vinukonda Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[G. V. Anjaneyulu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency|Narasaraopet]]
| constituency_no = 99
| reservation = None
| electors = 260,516
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
}}

'''Vinukonda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Palnadu district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasaraopet Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[G. V. Anjaneyulu]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2024|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 260,516 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=13 May 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandals
|-
| Ipur
|-
| Vinukonda
|-
| Nuzendla
|-
| Savalyapuram
|-
| Bollapalle
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Pulapula Venkata Sivaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Nalabolu Govindarajulu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Pulapula Venkata Sivaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|Bhavanam Jayaprada
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Avudari Venkateswarlu
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2|Gangineni Venkateswara Rao
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Nannapaneni Rajakumari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2|[[Yallamanda Rao Veerapaneni|Veerapaneni Yallamanda Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Makkena Mallikarjuna Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|[[G. V. Anjaneyulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan =2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[G. V. Anjaneyulu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pulupula Venkatasivaiah |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,354 |percentage=47.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Paladugu Nagaiah Chowdhary|party=Independent politician|votes=4,997|percentage=15.58%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Guntur Anantharamakotaiah|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,332|percentage=13.50%|change=13.50%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vajrala Venkatareddi|party=Krishikar Lok Party|votes=3,659|percentage=11.41%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Paladugu Adinarayana|party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party|votes=1,946|percentage=6.07%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Devarakonda Hanumantha Rao|party=Independent politician|votes=1,791|percentage=5.58%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,357 |percentage=32.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=32,079|percentage=49.21%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,185 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1955 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= [[Nalabolu Govindrajulu]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=20,525 |percentage=51.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pulapula Venkatasivaiah]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=19,336|percentage=48.51%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,189 |percentage=2.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=39,861|percentage=55.56%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,749 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1962 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pulapula Venkatasivaiah]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=17,051 |percentage=37.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhavanam Jayaprada]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=12,987|percentage=28.71%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,064 |percentage=8.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=47,293|percentage=58.34%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,069 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1967 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhavanam Jayaprada]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=27,975 |percentage=50.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Avudari Venkateswarlu]]|party=Swatantra Party|votes=17,748|percentage=31.87%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,227 |percentage=18.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=58,104|percentage=68.05%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,381 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1972 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Bhavanam Jayaprada]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,968 |percentage=44.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pulapula Venkatasivaiah]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=18,192|percentage=33.96%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,776 |percentage=10.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,904|percentage=56.46%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,250 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1978 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Avudari Venkateswarlu]]|party= Independent (politician) |votes=21,781 |percentage=29.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gangineni Venkateswara Rao]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=19,762|percentage=27.19%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,019 |percentage=2.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=74,483|percentage=66.92%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,306 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Independent (politician) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1983 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate = [[Gangineni Venkateswara Rao]]|party= Independent (politician) |votes=27,754 |percentage=32.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Avudari Venkateswarlu]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,339|percentage=32.26%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=415 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=80,187|percentage=66.66%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,301 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Independent (politician) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1985 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Gangineni Venkateswara Rao]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=46,994 |percentage=55.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Venkata Narayana Rao Chandra]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=35,118|percentage=41.20%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,876|percentage=13.93% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=86,394|percentage=67.30%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,651 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1989 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nannapaneni Rajakumari]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=47,431 |percentage=44.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yallamanda Rao Veerapaneni ]]|party=Independent (politician)|votes=46,301|percentage=42.95%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,130 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=112,277|percentage=66.83%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168,005|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1994 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yallamanda Rao Veerapaneni ]]|party= Independent (politician) |votes=57,660 |percentage=48.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nannapaneni Rajakumari ]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=54,356|percentage=46.10%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,304 |percentage=2.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=120,273|percentage=68.23%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,286 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Independent (politician) |loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref>{{Cite web | title= 1999 AP Assembly Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher= Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yallamanda Rao Veerapaneni ]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=61,939|percentage=48.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Makkena Mallikarjuna Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=61,098|percentage=47.88%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=841 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=131,493|percentage=68.57%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,760|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= Independent (politician) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Makkena Mallikarjuna Rao]]|votes=71,979|percentage=51.40|change=+3.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gonuguntla Leelavathi]]|votes=64,230|percentage=45.86|change=-3.68}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,749|percentage=5.54|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=140,044|percentage=72.51|change=+5.96}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,150|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gonuguntla Venkata Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu]]|votes=89,961|percentage=51.90|change=+6.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Chebrolu Narendra Nath]]|votes=65,858|percentage=37.99|change=-13.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Bolla Brahma Naidu|votes=11,159|percentage=6.44}}
{{Election box majority||votes=24,103|percentage=13.91|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=173,342|percentage=81.42|change=+8.91}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,950|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gonuguntla Venkata Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu]]|votes=104,321|percentage=52.77|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Dr.Nannapaneni Sudha]]|votes=82,914|percentage=41.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=21,407|percentage=10.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=197,689|percentage=85.91|change=+4.49}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 230,210|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]
|votes = 1,20,703
|percentage = 54.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Gonuguntla Venkata Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu]]
|votes = 92,075
|percentage = 41.52
|change = -11.61
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,628
|percentage = 12.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,23,859
|percentage = 88.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,847|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vinukonda<ref name="Andhrapradesh Assembly Elections 2024 - Vinukonda">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Andhrapradesh Assembly Elections 2024 - Vinukonda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0199.htm |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113171251/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0199.htm |archive-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gonuguntla Venkata Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu]]|votes=131438|percentage=55.06|change={{increase}}13.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bolla Brahma Naidu]]
|votes = 101,171
|percentage = 42.38
|change = {{decrease}}12.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Chenna Srinivas Rao|votes=1,902|percentage=0.8|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30,267|percentage=12.68|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=235,995|percentage=89.22|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 260,516|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Coord|16.06|79.74|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Palnadu district}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Palnadu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Fighter Shiva

2026-04-06T13:48:48Z

Naveed Aslam:

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu film by Prabhas Nimmala}}

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Fighter Shiva
| image = Fighter Shiva poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Prabhas Nimmala
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Narsimha Goud
* Unnam Ramesh
}}
| writer =
| screenplay = Prabhas Nimmala
| starring = {{plain list|
* Manikanth Kota
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
*Ayra Bansal
*Kajal Tiwari
*Vikas Vasistha
}}
| music = Gowtham Raviram
| cinematography = Surendra Reddy
| editing = RM Vishwanadh Kunchanapally
| studio = {{plain list|
* Koundinya Productions
* Arunagiri Arts
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|12|19}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Fighter Shiva''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action-thriller]] film written and directed by Prabhas Nimmala. The film stars Manikanth Kota, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], Ayra Bansal, Kajal Tiwari, Vikas Vasistha and others. The film is produced by Narasimha Goud and Unnam Ramesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/director-sampath-nandi-launched-first-look-poster-fighter-shiva-movie-2517518|title=Fighter Shiva : ఇన్విస్టిగేషన్‌ ఆఫీసర్‌గా సునీల్‌ | language=Telugu | trans-title=Director Sampath Nandi Launched First Look Poster Of Fighter Shiva Movie; Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/fighter-shiva-teaser-released-by-prorducer-aswani-dutt-slb-ws-l-2876476.html|title=Fighter Shiva: నిర్మాత అశ్వనీదత్ చేతుల మీదుగా ‘ఫైటర్ శివ’ టీజర్ రిలీజ్| language=Telugu | trans-title=Producer Ashwini Dutt launched Fighter Shiva Teaser|website=telugu.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/young-hero-manikanth-comments-on-fighter-shiva-and-director-prabhas-nimmala-in-teaser-launch-event-121755403306940.html| title= Hero Manikanth comments on fighter shiva and director prabhas nimmala in teaserv launch event|language=Telugu | trans-title=Producer Ashwini Dutt launched Fighter Shiva Teaser|website=Hindustantimes.com}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
</ref>

The film was released on 19 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzIzMDUyMDI1MDAwMzA=|title=Fighter Shiva CBFC Certificate|website=cbfcindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shiva, an aspiring filmmaker, creates a demo film to establish himself in the industry. Unintentionally, the footage records vital clues connected to a drug trafficking case under police investigation. When the demo is identified as evidence, Shiva becomes a suspect despite having no involvement in the crime. The story follows his efforts to prove his innocence while continuing to chase his filmmaking ambitions.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*Manikantha Kota as Shiva
*[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Umesh Chandra
*Ayra Bansal as Kavya
*Kajal Tiwari as Kajal
*Vikas Vasistha as Vikram
*Madhusudhan Rao as Basha
*Laxman Meesala as Chinna
*Abhay Bethiganti as Shyam
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]]
*Surendra as a duplicate of [[Jr. NTR]]<ref>https://www.threads.com/@nsr_offcial/post/DSq19bHif_w</ref>
}}

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by Gowtham Raviram.

==Release and reception==
''Fighter Shiva'' was released on 19 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/fighter-shiva/movieshow/126003688.cms |title=Fighter Shiva Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-12-27 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu from ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and said, "Fighter Shiva is a neatly packaged crime thriller with an emotional core, offering clean, family-friendly entertainment backed by solid production values and sustained suspense throughout."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/fighter-shiva-blends-dreams-suspense-and-clean-entertainment-1032543|title=Fighter Shiva: Blends dreams, suspense, and clean entertainment|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=20 December 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

Sunil Boddula of ''[[News18 Telugu]]'' "Fighter Shiva delivers a steady flow of suspense without obscenity, offering an engaging experience for both regular and family audiences."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/fighter-shiva-movie-review-and-rating-slb-ws-l-2990868.html|title=Fighter shiva movie Review|website=news18.com}}</ref>

Ramu Chinthakindhi of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.75 out of 5 stars and appreciated the Direction, screenplay, Gowtham Raviram mjusic, and the lead cast performances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/fighter-shiva-movie-review-starrer-sunil-manikanta-kota-released-on-december-19th-article-153322545|title=Fighter Shiva movie Review|website=timesnow.com}}</ref>

[[NTV (India)]] stated Fighter Shiva is a clean crime thriller that maintains suspense and keeps the audience engaged until the end."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/fighter-shiva-movie-review-911700.html|title=Review : ఫైటర్ శివ మూవీ రివ్యూ|first=ntv|last=Telugu|date=19 December 2025|language=Telugu | trans-title=Fighter Shiva movie Review|website=NTV Telugu}}</ref> and [[Sakshi Post]] appreciated screenplay, execution and cast performances in their review.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/fighter-shiva-movie-review-and-rating-475841|title=Fighter Shiva Movie Review and Rating|date=20 December 2025|website=Sakshi Post}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt39172356}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]

Magorra, Uttar Pradesh

2026-03-28T11:52:39Z

Naveed Aslam: starting article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Magorra
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.5|N|77.47|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 179
| population_total = 13690
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-uttarpradesh.php?cityid=0941410000|title=Magorra (Mathura in Uttar Pradesh)|website=City Population|access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|demographics1_title3=Native
|demographics1_info3=[[Braj Bhasha|Braj Bhasha dialect]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 281502<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/UTTAR_PRADESH/MATHURA/A/Ading |title=Magorra, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh |website=pincode.net.in |access-date=7 April 2017}}</ref>
| registration_plate = UP-85
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Magorra''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in the [[Mathura district]] of the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==
Magorra in present is a historical village (presently a town) near Saunkh. Magorra has been recorded in Hindi literature by Dr Varun Kumar Chaudhary, popularly known by his pen name Antriksh, in his book "Kumbh Mela: Ek Doctor Ki Yatra" (ISBN 978 - 93 - 82937 - 11 - 1). This travelogue is published by Nikhil Publishers and Distributors, Agra. The name of village 'Magorra' is mentioned in a section on page number 149 of the first edition of this book.
<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pG2yMEauKZUC&dq=Magorra+jat&pg=PA379|title=Mathura - A District Memoir|last=Growse|first=F. S.|date=December 1993|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120602281|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mathura district]]

{{UttarPradesh-geo-stub}}

Neeke Manasichaanu

2026-03-26T12:35:52Z

Naveed Aslam: starting page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neeke Manasichaanu
| image = Neeke Manasichaanu.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Surya Teja
| producer = M.S. Kumar Koduri Rammurthy
| writer = [[Chintapally Ramana]] (dialogues)
| story = Ram Prasad
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]
* [[Charmy Kaur|Charmi]]
}}
| music = [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]]
| cinematography = Jayaram
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = GSK Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2003|12|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Neeke Manasichaanu''''' ({{translation|I've given my heart to you alone}}) is a 2003 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by Surya Teja. It stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] and [[Charmy Kaur|Charmi]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Vivek
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as Sridevi
*Anvita as Priya
* [[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Vasundhara Varma, Vivek's mother
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Bhuvana, Sridevi's mother
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Panduranga Rao, Vivek's father
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanti]] as Janaki, Sridevi's grandmother
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Raghavaiah, Sridevi's grandfather
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Pandu, Sridevi's father
* [[Brahmanandam]] as The man obsessed with Namaskaram
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Savitri
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Sattibabu
* [[Sivaji Raja]] as Gangaraju
* [[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]] as Priest
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Kondababu
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Parking Attendant
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Vaddi Narayana
* Prabhu as Prabhu
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
The film's director, Surya Teja, worked as an assistant under [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] in ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'', before directing this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news239.html|title=27th August 2003 - Srikanth film named as 'Neeke Manasichanu'|work=Idlebrain|date=27 August 2003}}</ref> In June 2003, shooting took place in a house in [[Shamshabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news237.html|title=Charmi paired up with Srikanth|website=Idlebrain|date=27 June 2003}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Sri Kommineni|Sri]], who composes after a four-year break.<ref name="I"/> The lyrics are written by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] (except where noted).<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/chords-notes/article28458941.ece|title=Chords & Notes|date=15 December 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The song "Mehbooba Mehbooba" is based on the song [[Kucch To Hai|Dil ding-dong ding dole]].<ref name="H"/> The audio rights are owned by Supreme Music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-neekemanasichanu.html|title= Audio release - Neeke Manasichaanu|date=11 November 2003|work=Idlebrain}}</ref>
*"Tholichoope Edo Chitram Chesinda"
*"Andi Andaka"
*"Aakupachchani Siri"
*"Maaghamasam Manchi Muhurtam Kudirinde Enchakka"
*"Mehbooba Mehbooba" (lyrics by [[Bhuvana Chandra]])

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "Director Surya Teja has done a neat job with ''Neeke Manasichaanu''. The movie is hilarious with a routine story and is presented well".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/neeke-manasichaanu-review-telugu-pclvychbadbjb.html. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421010246/https://www.sify.com/movies/neeke-manasichaanu-review-telugu-pclvychbadbjb.html. |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2022 |title=Neeke Manasichaanu|work=Sify|date=15 December 2003}}</ref> Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "A BIT away from the usual comedy mode of films in which Srikanth plays lead, this film presents serious drama and leaves comedy for branded comedians".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lessons-on-values/article28458949.ece|title=Lessons on values|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|date=15 December 2003|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain]]'' stated that "It's not a bad film and you may watch it once for the comedy".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-neekemanasichanu.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Neeke Manasichanu - Srikanth, Charmi, Anvita|date=12 December 2003|work=Idlebrain}}</ref> Mithun Verma of ''Full Hyderabad'' was not impressed, writing: "The concept of the movie is pretty good, but the execution makes you wonder which planet the filmmakers hail from".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/neeke-manasichchanu/telugu/neeke-manasichchanu-movie-reviews-993-2.html|title=Neeke Manasichchanu Review|work=Full Hyderabad|last=Verma|first=Mithun}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1579818}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]

Cyril Desbruslais

2026-03-26T07:17:08Z

Naveed Aslam: added new article more to come

{{Short description|Indian Jesuit priest}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Cyril Desbruslais
| honorific_suffix = [[Society of Jesus|SJ]]
| image = Cyril desbruslais.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1940|12|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Calcutta
| death_date = {{death date |2025|09|08|df=no}}
| death_place = Pune, Maharashtra (India)
}}

'''Cyril Desbruslais''' {{post-nominals|post-noms=[[Society of Jesus|SJ]]}} (b. 21 December 1940, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]) was an Indian [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Catholic priest|priest]], a [[playwright]] and Professor of Philosophy at [[Jnana-Deepa]], [[Pune]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Cyril-Desbruslais|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215143407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/cyril-desbruslais|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2023|title=Cyril Desbruslais
|publisher=Times of India.indiatimes.com|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref> He died in Pune, India, on September 8, 2025, of pneumonia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fr. Cyril Desbruslais SJ, Jesuit Mentor and Philosopher, Passes Away at 84 |url=https://catholicconnect.in/news/fr-cyril-desbruslais-sj-jesuit-mentor-and-philosopher-passes-away-at-84 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Catholic Connnect |language=en}}</ref>

==Family Background and Early Life==

Desbruslais was born in [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]], on 21 December 1940. He was born to Cyril and Maisie Desbruslais. He has a sister named after his mother. Another sister, Marina, was born two years later but she died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of eighteen months. Desbruslais has stated, "She has always been my little baby intercessor in heaven. Mum and Dad died, also of TB, in the early 1950s (it was a fatal illness, in those days). We were brought up by a very loving uncle (my Mum's brother)."

Desbruslais was schooled in Calcutta with the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] ([[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St Xavier's]]), then with the Irish Christian brothers in a boarding school in [[Asansol]]. He gained his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] at St Xavier's College (Calcutta) and worked for a year at [[Remington Rand]] of India, before joining the Society of Jesus. His uncle Vernon Desbruslais was also a Jesuit.<ref>http://www.cyclopaedia.de/wiki/Cyril_Desbruslais {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092950/http://www.cyclopaedia.de/wiki/Cyril_Desbruslais |date=22 December 2015}} {{Circular reference|date=December 2015}}</ref> He died on September 8, 2025, of pneumonia.

== Searching in Service and Unity (SSU) ==
While studying theology at De Nobili College, [[Pune|Pune, India]] in 1971, he started a youth group, "Searching in Service and Unity", (SSU).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ssu-pune.blogspot.in/|title=SSU - Pune|author=Searching and Service in Unity (SSU) - Pune|publisher=Ssu-pune.blogspot.in|accessdate=30 October 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Cyril 50 years.png|thumbnail|Celebrating 50 years of his Jesuit life at De Nobili College, Pune, India, one of the largest Jesuit communities in the world]]

== From Liberation Theology to Philosophy of Liberation==

=== Introduction to Liberation Theology ===
During his theology studies (1971–1974) at {{abbr|JDV|Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth}}, Pune, Desbruslais was introduced to the principles of [[liberation theology]], a movement within the Catholic Church that connects faith with the pursuit of social justice, especially in [[Latin America]]. He was deeply moved by its call to interpret scripture and Christian doctrine from the perspective of the oppressed and marginalised. In particular, Desbruslais drew inspiration from the Nicaraguan poet-priest [[Ernesto Cardenal]], who combined artistic creativity with radical commitments to the poor and to social transformation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UCA News |title=Indian Jesuit who pioneered liberation philosophy dies at 84 |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-jesuit-who-pioneered-liberation-philosophy-dies/110222 |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

As [[Gustavo Gutiérrez]] argued, liberation theology was not simply a re-statement of traditional doctrine with a few social emphases, as in [[Jürgen Moltmann]]’s ''Theology of Hope''. Rather, it represented a new theological method, what Gutiérrez called “a theologising from the underside of history.” Desbruslais encountered these ideas while studying in Pune, where he began to reflect on how theology could engage with India's complex religious and social context.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Pandikattu |editor-first=Kuruvila |title=Dancing to Diversity: Science-religion Dialogue in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Serials Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788183871945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTP5JcHCBDIC |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Philosophy of Liberation in the Indian Context ===
Desbruslais observed that India was 98.5% non-Christian, and thus concluded that liberation theology could at best mobilise only a small minority of the population for faith-based social action. Instead, he argued that what was needed was a united commitment to justice and liberation that could involve Indians of all religions, rooted in a shared vision of human dignity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandikattu, K. |title=Cyril Desbruslais SJ – Jesuit priest, philosopher and playwright |url=https://www.kuru.in/cyril |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

Building on the 1975 [[Synod of Bishops (Catholic)|Synod of Bishops]], which affirmed the “inseparable link between authentic faith and action for justice,” and on the deliberations of General Congregation XXXII of the [[Society of Jesus]], Desbruslais developed a distinctive approach he called a “philosophy of liberation.”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indian Catholic Matters |title=Fr. Cyril Desbruslais: Still, 'Fully Young! Fully Alive' |url=https://www.indiancatholicmatters.org/fr-cyril-desbruslais-still-fully-young-fully-alive/ |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

Drawing from the scholastic philosopher [[Francisco Suárez]] SJ's idea of “common human nature, adequately understood,” he articulated four constitutive dimensions of being human: (1) embodiedness, (2) social relatedness, (3) rootedness in the world, and (4) capacity for transcendence. For Desbruslais, it was not strictly necessary to profess belief in God to be fully human. Rather, what mattered was openness to transcendence and a willingness to work for justice and community across religious and cultural boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desbrulais |first=Cyril |title=Towards a Philosophy of Liberation |publisher=Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth Publications |year=1997 |isbn= }}</ref>

In lectures and publications such as ''Dancing to Diversity: Science, Religion, Dialogue in India'' (2013), he consistently highlighted the intersection of faith and reason, arguing for a philosophy that serves the marginalised and fosters dialogue among different traditions.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Pandikattu |editor-first=Kuruvila |title=Dancing to Diversity: Science-religion Dialogue in India |location=New Delhi |publisher=Serials Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9788183871945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTP5JcHCBDIC |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

His thinking left an indelible mark on both religious and secular leaders in India. [[Shashi Tharoor]], a former [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]], recalled Desbruslais as an inspiring teacher at St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversation with Shashi Tharoor, p. 1 of 5|url=http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people/Tharoor/tharoor-con1.html|access-date=2025-09-11|website=globetrotter.berkeley.edu}}</ref> Retired General [[Shankar Roychowdhury]], former [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]], also acknowledged Desbruslais's formative influence on his intellectual and moral outlook.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090122/jsp/calcutta/story_104264521.jsp |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) : Xaviers 150 |date=22 January 2009 |access-date=2025-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210223700/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090122/jsp/calcutta/story_104264521.jsp |archive-date=2009-02-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Plays==
Desbruslais has written and directed yearly plays with current social themes since 1972. Believing that theatre can change mindsets and attitudes, his plays tackle subjects including nuclear disarmament, globalisation, terrorism, consumerism and religious dogma. "Through the messages embedded in our plays, SSU is promoting out-of-the-box thinking among the young and is abating - if not removing - hatred that's making us all such violent beings," he says<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-2298|title=Educationworldonline.net|publisher=Educationworldonline.net|accessdate=30 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030232217/http://www.educationworldonline.net/index.php/page-article-choice-more-id-2298|archive-date=30 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/47-years-of-searching-and-service-in-unity-this-youth-chaplain-carries-on-the-mission-two-by-two-in-pune/story-ObBAiTpQR9kj9orJVfdj3M.html Hindustan Times website]</ref> Some of his plays include:
* The Impossible Dream (1972)
* Pilgrim of the Future (1973)
* Eschaton (1974)
* No plays (1974 - 1977)
* The Promised Land (1978)
* Boy and Girl (1978)
* Two By Two (1979)
* No. No, Jeremiah (1981)
* The Prince of Whales (1983)
* Dateline Jerusalem (1987)
* Inigo (1990)
* Even to the Indies (1993)
* Pedro (1995)
* Camillo (1997)
* The Ballad of Nestor and Cecy (1997)
* Excelsior (2000)
* Carry on Boy and Girl (2002)
* Boy and Girl Forever (2004)
* It's Great to Be Young (2006)
* Change your Habit (2008)
* Against the Tide (2010)
* The White Rose (2012)
* A. T. (2014)
* Adam and Eve (2015)
* Esperanza (2016)
* Roses in the Sea (2017)
* Giddyap Gideon (2018)
* Two By Two (2019: Revised, repeat performance!)

==Books==
*{{cite book|last=Desbruslais|first=Cyril|year=1989|title=Interpretations of transcendence|location=Pune|publisher=Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth|oclc=34670453}}
*{{cite book|last=Desbruslais|first=Cyril|year=1997|editor-last=Pandikattu|editor-first=Kuruvilla|title=The philosophy of the human person: an introduction to philosophical anthropology|series=JDV text book series|volume=2|edition=2nd|location=Pune|publisher=Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth|oclc=65417894}}
*{{cite book|last=Desbruslais|first=Cyril|year=1997|editor-last=Pandikattu|editor-first=Kuruvilla|title=The philosophy of be-ing: introduction to a metaphysics for today|series=JDV text book series|volume=3|edition=2nd|location=Pune|publisher=Jnana Deepa Vidyapeeth|oclc=65417895}}
*{{cite book|last=Desbruslais|first=Cyril|year=2012|editor-last=Röttig|editor-first=Paul F.|title=Unser Vater: Gespräche mit Gott im Osten und Westen|language=de|trans-title=Daddy darling: talks with God in East and West|location=Perchtoldsdorf, DE|publisher=Plattform|isbn=978-3-9503295-0-6}}
*Desbruslais, Cyril (2015). ''Business Advice from an Artist: 1.'' (with Aaron Brachfeld ''et al'')
*Desbruslais, Cyril (2016). ''The Philosophy of Liberation:: Revisiting Genuine Religious Experiences with Special Reference to Christianity.''
*Desbruslais, Cyril (2017). ''Collected Deepak Morris: Business Advice from an Artist AND I have to Eat and Sleep.'' (with Aaron Brachfeld ''et al'')
*Desbruslais, Cyril (2019). ''The Philosophy of God:: Faith and Traditions.''
*Desbruslais, Cyril (2019). ''Postmodernity:: An Indian Christian Philosophical Appraisal.''<ref>{{cite book |last=Desbruslais |first=Cyril |title=Postmodernity: An Indian Christian Philosophical Appraisal |publisher=JD-Textbook Series |year=2017 |isbn= |id={{ASIN|9351483614|country=in}} }}</ref>
*Desbruslais, Cyril (2021). ''Ancient, Medieval and Modern Philosophy: A Historical Introduction (500 BC-1800 AD).''

==Tributes/Obitury==
On his 80th birthday, his colleagues and well-wishers brought out a festschrift in his honour.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Pandikattu |editor-first=Kuruvilla |title=Fully Human and Fully Alive: Essays on Being Human Today in Honour of Dr Cyril Desbruslais SJ |location=New Delhi |publisher=Christian World Imprints |year=2020 |isbn=9789351484165 |url=https://www.christianworldimprints.com/index.php?p=sr&Uc=8205499148291292311 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> Its title represent's Desbruslais' life-long dream of enabling a world where everyone, including the marginalised and exploited, can lead a life "fully human and full alive."
[[File:Fully-Human Desbruslais Festschrift.png|thumb|Book Cover in Honour of Prof Cyril Desbruslais]]
On his death on September 8, 2025, many have paid him rich tribute.<ref>{{cite web |last=UCANews |title=Cyril Desbruslais SJ, Jesuit Mentor and Philosopher, Passes Away at 84 |date=9 September 2025 |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/cyril-desbruslais-sj-jesuit-mentor-and-philosopher-passes-away-at-84/110222 |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> They see him as a mentor and role model. Honorable Shashi Tharoor recalls how young Desbruslais influenced him at St. Xavier's College, Kolkata and how he continued to influence many young men at Jnana Deepa, Pune.<ref>{{cite web |last=Times of India |title=Shashi Tharoor recalls Fr. Cyril Desbruslais' impact at Jnana Deepa Institute |website= [[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/shashi-tharoor-recalls-fr-cyril-desbruslais-impact-at-jnana-deepa-institute/articleshow/XXXXXX.cms |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desbruslais, Cyril}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Philosophers of religion]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Indian Jesuits]]
[[Category:Jesuit philosophers]]

Harbhajan Singh

2026-03-24T07:29:29Z

Naveed Aslam: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian cricketer and politician (born 1980)}}
{{For|other people named Harbhajan Singh|Harbhajan (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Overly detailed|date=December 2023}}
{{POV|date=December 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Harbhajan Singh
| image = Shri Harbhajan Singh 2015.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|07|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, India
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Geeta Basra]]|29 October 2015}}
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|Cricketer|commentator|actor|politician}}
| residence = [[New Delhi|32, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road, Delhi]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| predecessor = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab]]
| termstart = 9 April 2022
| module = {{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off-spin]]
| role = Bowler

| international = true
| internationalspan = 1998–2016
| country = India

| testcap = 220
| testdebutagainst = Australia
| testdebutdate = 25 March
| testdebutyear = 1998
| lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka
| lasttestdate = 12 August
| lasttestyear = 2015

| odicap = 113
| odidebutagainst = New Zealand
| odidebutdate = 17 April
| odidebutyear = 1998
| lastodiagainst = South Africa
| lastodidate = 25 October
| lastodiyear = 2015
| odishirt = 3

| T20Icap = 3
| T20Idebutagainst = South Africa
| T20Idebutdate = 1 December
| T20Idebutyear = 2006
| lastT20Iagainst = UAE
| lastT20Idate = 4 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2016
| T20Ishirt = 3

| club1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1997/98–2018/19}}
| club2 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year2 = {{nowrap|2005–2007}}
| club3 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year3 = {{nowrap|2008–2017}}
| clubnumber3 = 3
| club4 = [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]]
| year4 = 2012
| club5 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year5 = {{nowrap|2018–2020}}
| clubnumber5 = 27
| club6 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| year6 = 2021
| clubnumber6 = 27

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty 20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 103
| matches2 = 236
| matches3 = 28
| matches4 = 198
| runs1 = 2,224
| runs2 = 1,237
| runs3 = 108
| runs4 = 4,255
| bat avg1 = 18.23
| bat avg2 = 13.30
| bat avg3 = 13.50
| bat avg4 = 19.16
| 100s/50s1 = 2/9
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 2/15
| top score1 = 115
| top score2 = 49
| top score3 = 21
| top score4 = 115
| deliveries1 = 28,580
| deliveries2 = 12,479
| deliveries3 = 612
| deliveries4 = 48,055
| wickets1 = 417
| wickets2 = 269
| wickets3 = 25
| wickets4 = 780
| bowl avg1 = 32.46
| bowl avg2 = 33.35
| bowl avg3 = 25.32
| bowl avg4 = 29.04
| fivefor1 = 25
| fivefor2 = 3
| fivefor3 = 0
| fivefor4 = 41
| tenfor1 = 5
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 8
| best bowling1 = 8/84
| best bowling2 = 5/31
| best bowling3 = 4/12
| best bowling4 = 8/84
| catches/stumpings1 = 42/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 71/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 7/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 100/–

| date = 17 April
| year = 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/29264.html ESPNcricinfo
|medaltemplates= 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 South Africa-Zimbabwe-Kenya]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011 India-Bangladesh-Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002 Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 South Africa]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asia Cup]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2004 Asia Cup|2004 Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2010 Asia Cup|2010 Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|W|[[2016 Asia Cup|2016 Bangladesh]]|}}
}}
}}

'''Harbhajan Singh''' (born 3 July 1980), also known by the nickname '''Bhajji''', is a former Indian [[cricket]]er. He later became a [[politics|politician]], serving as a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in [[Rajya Sabha]]. He is also a film actor, a television celebrity, and a [[Sports commentator|cricket commentator]].

Harbhajan played for [[Indian national cricket team|India]] from 1998 to 2016 as an [[off break|off spin bowler]]. In domestic cricket, he played for the [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab cricket team]]; and in the [[Indian Premier League]] for the [[Mumbai Indians]], [[Chennai Super Kings]], and [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]. Considered one of the best Indian spin bowlers of his era, he was on the Indian teams that won the [[2007 T20 World Cup]] and the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], and also the team that were joint-winners with [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]]. He was also a lower-order batter, having two centuries in tests with a top score of 115.

==Early years and personal life==
Born to a [[Sikh]] [[Ramgarhia]] family,<ref>{{Cite video |title=Who's The Boss? Ep 2 - Jasprit Bumrah & Sanjana Ganesan |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaVBCdsYFGU&t=3048s |website=YouTube |publisher=VHSDevilsAdvocate |date=3 November 2024 |access-date=3 July 2025 |quote=at 50:48}}</ref> Harbhajan is the only son of Sardar Sardev Singh Plaha, a freedom fighter who owned a [[ball bearing]] and [[valve]] factory.<ref name="bbcfire">{{cite news |title=The renaissance of Harbhajan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1638947.stm |date=5 November 2001 |access-date=12 February 2007 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724031130/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1638947.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rediff">{{cite web |title=Bhajji and his papa's dream |url=http://clients.rediff.com/philipseyefi/bhaji.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203051602/http://clients.rediff.com/philipseyefi/bhaji.htm |archive-date=3 February 2007}}</ref> Growing up with five sisters, Harbhajan was in line to inherit the family business, but his father insisted that he concentrate on his cricket career and represent India.<ref name="rediff"/>

Harbhajan was trained as a [[batsman]] by his first coach, Charanjit Singh Bhullar, but converted to spin bowling after his coach's untimely death saw him under the tutelage of Davinder Arora. Arora credits Harbhajan's success to a work ethic that included a three-hour training session in the morning, followed by an afternoon session lasting from 3 pm until after sunset.<ref name="rediff"/>

Following the death of his father in 2000, Harbhajan became the family head, and by 2001 he had arranged marriages for three of his sisters.<ref name="bbcfire"/> In 2002 he ruled out his own marriage until at least 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=I'll eat anything |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/224663.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |year=2002 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=13 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113150609/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/224663.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005 he again fended off marriage rumours linking him to a [[Bangalore]]-based bride, stating that he would only make a decision "after a couple of years", and that he would be seeking a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] bride selected by his family.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan denies marriage reports |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/cricket/Features/2005/01news12.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112164249/http://chennaionline.com/cricket/Features/2005/01news12.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2007 |publisher=Chennai Online |date=6 January 2005 |access-date=2 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan-Basra to tie the knot in September |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Harbhajan-Basra-to-tie-the-knot-in-September/articleshow/13406052.cms |access-date=23 May 2012 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=24 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524181125/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Harbhajan-Basra-to-tie-the-knot-in-September/articleshow/13406052.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In a country where cricketers are idolised, Harbhajan's performances have brought him government accolades and lucrative sponsorships. Following his performance against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] in 2001, the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] awarded him {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=on}}, a plot of land, and an offer to become a Deputy Superintendent of Police in Punjab, which he did not accept until later.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/punjab-govt-withdraws-dsp-job-offer-given-to-harbhajan-10-years-6761.html |title=Punjab govt withdraws DSP job offer given to Harbhajan 10 years ago |date=30 October 2012 |access-date=22 April 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422094026/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/punjab-govt-withdraws-dsp-job-offer-given-to-harbhajan-10-years-6761.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Despite having a job offer with the constabulary, Harbhajan sustained minor injuries in March 2002 in an altercation with police outside the team hotel in [[Guwahati]]. The scuffle broke out when Harbhajan remonstrated with officers after they refused to allow a photographer into the hotel. Harbhajan's bowling arm was cut and his elbow injured when he was struck by the police. Extensive negotiations involving local officials and organisers were required to dissuade Harbhajan and captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] from leaving the area after Ganguly said that the Indian team would abandon the scheduled match against [[Zimbabwean cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref name="cops"/>

Harbhajan was detained at [[Auckland airport]] for failing to declare that he had filthy boots in his luggage. His only excuse was that he "couldn't be bothered" complying with [[New Zealand]] quarantine laws. He was fined $200.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/dec/02foot.htm |title=Indians fined for entering NZ with dirty shoes |work=[[Rediff]] |access-date=16 April 2016 |archive-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506072048/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2002/dec/02foot.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

One of his common nicknames, outside India, is ''The Turbanator'', deriving from his skill as a bowler in terminating the innings of the opposing team, and the fact that, as a [[Sikh]], he always wore a [[patka]] whenever he played. He later replaced the traditional patka with a head covering resembling a bandana when playing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chloe |last=Saltau |title="I'll be back", says the Turbanator |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/09/1070732211286.html |work=The Age |location=Melbourne |date=10 December 2003 |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=15 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115090950/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/09/1070732211286.html? |url-status=live }}</ref> Among Indians, Harbhajan is more commonly known as ''Bhajji''.<ref name="rediff"/> It was estimated in 2005 that Harbhajan was the most recognised and commercially viable Indian cricketer after [[Sachin Tendulkar]], due to his colourful personality and iconic turban, and as well as his reputation for enjoying the celebrity social scene.<ref name="es"/> His signing for English [[county cricket|county team]] [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] in 2005, based at [[The Oval]] in [[London]], was partly attributed to his marketability. Harbhajan had generated a large personal following in the western London suburb of [[Southall]], which boasts a majority [[Punjabi Sikh |Punjabi Sikh population]], when he lived there in 1998 while training under [[Fred Titmus]].<ref name="es">{{cite news |first=Vivek |last=Chaudhary |title=Bank on Turbanator |url=https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1G1-129902969/bank-on-turbanator-harbhajan-singh-is-an-icon-in |work=[[Evening Standard]] |date=8 March 2005 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=12 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812142425/https://www.questia.com/newspaper/1G1-129902969/bank-on-turbanator-harbhajan-singh-is-an-icon-in |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Harbhajan Singh & Geeta Basra at Rakesh Roshan’s birthday bash.jpg |thumb |200px |Singh with wife [[Geeta Basra]] at [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s birthday bash in 2017]]

In 2006, Harbhajan's endorsements generated controversy when he appeared without his [[Turban (Sikhism)|turban]] in an advertisement for [[Royal Stag]] [[whisky]]. This angered many orthodox Sikhs, leading to anti-Harbhajan protests in the Sikh holy city of [[Amritsar]], with [[effigy|effigies]] of Harbhajan being burnt.<ref>{{cite news |title=Strictures for Harbhajan over commercial |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/261738.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=7 October 2006 |archive-date=12 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712000325/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/261738.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Sikh clergy and [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]] demanded an apology from him and asked Seagram's to withdraw the advert, on the basis that it had "hurt the feelings of Sikhs". Harbhajan quickly issued an apology, but he was also unhappy at the clergy's interference, stating "If they were unhappy, they should have called me and talked to me like a son".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhajji can't let hair down: SGPC |work=Sunday Times of India |publisher=Times News Network |page=7 |date=9 October 2006}}</ref> Harbhajan was also a brand ambassador for eBikeGo.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 August 2020 |title=eBikeGo appoints Harbhajan Singh as a brand ambassador |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/ebikego-appoints-harbhajan-singh-as-brand-ambassador-11597145873348.html |access-date=11 August 2020 |work=LiveMint |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307131801/https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/ebikego-appoints-harbhajan-singh-as-brand-ambassador-11597145873348.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbhajan married his longtime girlfriend, actress [[Geeta Basra]], on 29 October 2015 in Jalandhar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Harbhajan-Singh-Geeta-Basra-tie-the-knot/articleshow/49579495.cms |title=Harbhajan Singh-Geeta Basra tie the knot |newspaper=Times of India |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=1 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101015439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Harbhajan-Singh-Geeta-Basra-tie-the-knot/articleshow/49579495.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/harbhajan-singh-ties-the-knot-with-geeta-basra-jalandhar-wedding-pictures-270396-2015-10-29 |title=Harbhajan Singh ties the knot with Geeta Basra, Sachin-Anjali bless the newlyweds |magazine=India Today |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029194516/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/harbhajan-singh-ties-the-knot-with-geeta-basra-jalandhar-wedding-pictures/1/510066.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They have a daughter, born on 27 July 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-pregnant-baby-girl-child-london-331917-2016-07-28 |title=Harbhajan Singh and Geeta Basra welcome baby girl in London |agency=Ist |newspaper=India Today |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506013931/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-pregnant-baby-girl-child-london-331917-2016-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a son, born on 10 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-baby-boy-pregnancy-journey-prenatal-yoga-maternity-fashion-7398261/lite/ |title=Harbhajan Singh, Geeta Basra welcome a baby boy: A look at the new mom's pregnancy journey |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 July 2021 |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711203300/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/harbhajan-singh-geeta-basra-baby-boy-pregnancy-journey-prenatal-yoga-maternity-fashion-7398261/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Harbhajan played for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] Under-16s at the age of 15 years and 4 months in November of the 1995–96 season, and took 7/46 and 5/138 in his debut, against [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]], setting up a nine-wicket win. He scored 56 in his next match against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] and then took 11/79 in his third match against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]], orchestrating an innings win. He ended with 32 wickets at 15.15 and 96 runs at 48.00 in four matches. He was rewarded with being selected for [[North Zone cricket team|North Zone]] Under-16s, a team that represents all of northern India for a one-day series, in which he took two wickets at 43.50 in four matches and scored 18 runs.<ref name=o>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=7121&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Halcombe&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= | title=Player Oracle Harbhajan Singh | access-date=9 December 2008 | website=CricketArchive | archive-date=14 March 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314130034/http://www.cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=7121&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Halcombe&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| title =New Zealand in India, 1999/00 Test Series Averages| url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/NZ_IN_IND/STATS/NZ_IN_IND_SEP-NOV1999_TEST_AVS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> At the end of the season, he was called into the national Under-19 team at the age of 15 years and 9 months for a youth One Day International against [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]]. He took 1/19 from seven overs, with the [[Indian cricket team|Indian]] team winning.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Under‑19s v South Africa Under‑19s, 2nd Youth ODI, 1996 (Full Scorecard) |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-under-19s-tour-of-india-1995-96-326949/india-under-19s-vs-south-africa-under-19s-2nd-youth-odi-326956/full-scorecard |access-date=June 29, 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media}}</ref>

In 1996–97, Harbhajan was promoted to the Punjab Under-19s and he took 15 wickets at 20.20 in three matches, although he managed only two runs with the bat. This included match figures of 8/54 in an innings win over [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan made his [[first-class cricket]] debut in late 1997 against [[Services cricket team|Services]], during the 1997–98 [[Ranji Trophy]] season. He took a total of 3/35 in an innings win but was dropped back to the Under-19s the following week. He then took 5/75 and 7/44 in two matches to earn a recall to the senior team. He then took a total of 7/123 in the next two matches for Punjab to earn selection to the North Zone in the [[Duleep Trophy]] competition.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan's season was interrupted when he represented India at the Under-19 World Cup in January 1998. He played in six matches, taking eight wickets at 24.75 with a best of 3/5 against [[Kenya cricket team|Kenya]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

After returning to India, he played in three more Ranji Trophy matches, and from a total of six matches, he took 18 wickets at an [[bowling average|average]] of 22.50, ranking outside the top 20 in wicket taking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |access-date=17 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=12 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912163916/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He took a total of 5/131 as North lost to [[East Zone cricket team|East Zone]] by five wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=East Zone v North Zone at Hyderabad, Dec 1–5, 1997 |url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/EAST_NORTH_DULEEP_01-05DEC1997.html |access-date=17 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=24 April 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424151327/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/IND_LOCAL/DULEEP/EAST_NORTH_DULEEP_01-05DEC1997.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbhajan played the full [[2009 Indian Premier League]] season in South Africa, taking 12 wickets at 21.33 with an economy rate of 5.81 in 13 matches. He was one of the most economical bowlers in the competition, and took 1/9 in four overs against Punjab to win the man-of-the-match award. He ended the season with 4/17 against Delhi, but it was not enough to prevent a four-wicket defeat.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

During the [[2010 Indian Premier League|2010 IPL season]], he finished as the Mumbai Indian's leading wicket taker with 17 wickets with an average of 22.17, helping his team to reach the final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPLT20.com – Indian Premier League Official Website |url=https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2010/most-runs |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=Iplt20.com |language=en |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412074157/https://www.iplt20.com/stats/2010/most-runs |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan opened the bowling during [[2010 Indian Premier League final|the final]] vs the Chennai Super Kings but went wicketless. He was promoted as a pinch hitter to number 4 in the batting order but could only contribute 1 run in the defeat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Super Kings vs Mum Indians Final 2009/10 – Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-419165/full-scorecard |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410191130/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2009-10-418064/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-419165/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbhajan had a largely successful [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011 IPL]] as part of an effective Mumbai Indians bowling attack. He took 5 for 18, against the Chennai Super Kings during the round-robin part of the tournament, which are the best bowling figures of any player at the Wankhede Stadium in the IPL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Scorecard of Mum Indians vs Super Kings 25th match 2011 – Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-25th-match-501221/full-scorecard |access-date=6 April 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117130536/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2011-466304/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-25th-match-501221/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2021 |title=IPL records at the Wankhede Stadium |url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/ipl-records-at-the-wankhede-stadium/ |access-date=6 April 2021 |website=T20 Head to Head |language=en-GB |archive-date=22 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622230758/https://t20-head-to-head.com/ipl-records-at-the-wankhede-stadium/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the team faltered during the playoffs as they lost back-to-back matches to the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and [[Chennai Super Kings]], to miss out on the final.

After injuries, he returned to competitive cricket to lead the [[Mumbai Indians]] to the [[2011 Champions League Twenty20]] title, but fell out of favor with the national selectors. He was not chosen for the home series squad against England, in October, and West Indies, in November and December. The Mumbai Indians won their first ever championship under his captaincy, winning the Champions League by 31 runs. Harbhajan was man-of-the-match for his contribution.

He went on to play the 2012 IPL, which was not successful for him, but took his team to the semi-final while being captain. Harbhajan went to play for Essex in England but was not selected for the Sri Lankan tour before the [[2012 ICC World Twenty20]]. In his debut match for Essex against Gloucestershire, Harbhajan did not take any wicket on 12 July 2012, conceding 33 runs in his 12 overs. He was acquired by the Chennai Super Kings in 2018 after 10 years with Mumbai Indians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/CricketNews/Harbhajan-goes-wicketless-in-debut-match-for-Essex/Article1-887964.aspx |title=Harbhajan goes wicketless in debut match for Essex |date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713143439/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Cricket/CricketNews/Harbhajan-goes-wicketless-in-debut-match-for-Essex/Article1-887964.aspx |archive-date=13 July 2012}}</ref> On 20 January 2021, Harbajan announced the end of his contract with the Chennai Super Kings.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Harbhajan Singh Announces End Of CSK Contract. Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/harbhajan-singh-announces-end-csk-contract-2355244 |access-date=20 January 2021 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120074356/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/harbhajan-singh-announces-end-csk-contract-2355244 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was signed by the Kolkata Knight Riders during the 2021 IPL auction for a sum of 2 crore rupees.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2021 |title=IPL Auction 2021: Full List Of Sold Players At The Indian Premier League Auction |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/indian-premier-league-2021/cricket-news/ipl-2021-full-list-of-sold-players-at-the-indian-premier-league-auction |access-date=24 March 2025 |website=Wisden |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Harbhajan Singh is the captain of the Manipal Tigers in Legends League Cricket, who won the 2023 title.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan Singh's Manipal Tigers clinch LLC t20 2023 title after beating Suresh Raina's team |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/harbhajan-singhs-manipal-tigers-clinch-llc-t20-2023-title-after-beating-suresh-rainas-side/articleshow/105868140.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 December 2023 |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213090136/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/harbhajan-singhs-manipal-tigers-clinch-llc-t20-2023-title-after-beating-suresh-rainas-side/articleshow/105868140.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Doorstep to the international arena===
After taking eight wickets in his next two Ranji matches, Harbhajan [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1999-2000|was selected to tour Australia in 1999–2000]], as the second spinner. He did not play in the Tests, with India opting to field only [[Anil Kumble]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Partab |last=Ramchand |title=Faulty team selection may prove to be a handicap |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/82999.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 November 1999 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708080853/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/82999.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India in Australia, 1999/00 Test Series Averages |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_IN_AUS/STATS/IND_IN_AUS_NOV1999-FEB2000_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> Australia whitewashed India 3–0, and Harbhajan struggled in his only first-class outing against [[Tasmanian Tigers|Tasmania]], taking 0/141, a portent of future unsuccessful tours to Australia.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan was not part of the [[One Day International|ODI]] squad for the Australian tour and upon returning to India in early 2000 needed strong first-class results to maintain his Test position. He went wicketless against Hyderabad, and was selected for the Board President's XI match against the touring South Africans. He took 2/88 and 2/59 and scored 38 and 39 to prevent the hosts being bowled out and defeated, but was dropped as the second slow bowler, as [[Murali Kartik]] became Kumble's spinning partner.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa in India, 1999/00 Test Series Averages |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/RSA_IN_IND/STATS/RSA_IN_IND_1999-2000_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007}}</ref> Harbhajan returned to domestic action, taking 24 wickets in Punjab's remaining four first-class matches.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He ended the Indian season with 46 first-class wickets at 26.23.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In mid-2000 an opportunity arose when Harbhajan was selected to be in the first group of trainees sent to the [[National Cricket Academy]] to study under [[Erapalli Prasanna]] and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]], two off-spin bowlers from the [[Indian spin quartet]] of the 1970s. However, his behaviour did not conform to requirements, and he was expelled on disciplinary grounds.<ref name="bbcfire"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Woorkheri |last=Raman |title=Harbhajan has overcome problems and succeeded |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/103827.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 June 2001 |access-date=7 February 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710144721/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/103827.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His sponsorship job with [[Indian Airlines]] was also reviewed as a result of his indiscipline.<ref name="bbcfire"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vasu |title=Harbhajan Singh:Succeeding in trying circumstances |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105432.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=23 March 2001 |access-date=7 February 2007 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731103348/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/105432.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan later admitted that he had been at fault at this point in his career.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rahul |last=Bhattacharya |title=I'll eat anything |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/224663.html |date=January 2002 |access-date=7 February 2007 |archive-date=13 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113150609/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/224663.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the start of 2000–01, following his run-ins with Indian cricket administrators, there was nothing to indicate that Harbhajan's chances of national selection had improved. Despite Kumble being injured, Harbhajan was again overlooked, as Kartik, [[Sunil Joshi]], and debutant [[Sarandeep Singh]] were entrusted with the spin bowling duties in Test matches against [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] and [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India in Bangladesh, 2000/01 Test Match Averages |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_IN_BDESH/IND_IN_BDESH_NOV2000_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=6 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040706100720/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/IND_IN_BDESH/IND_IN_BDESH_NOV2000_TEST_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zimbabwe in India, 2000/01 Test Series Averages |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/ZIM_IN_IND/STATS/ZIM_IN_IND_NOV-DEC2000_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701174426/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/ZIM_IN_IND/STATS/ZIM_IN_IND_NOV-DEC2000_TEST_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the first half of the season, still exiled from international play, Harbhajan continued to pick up wickets on the domestic circuit. In five [[Ranji Trophy]] matches, he claimed 28 wickets at 13.96. He scored 3/29 and 3/39 against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]], 2/53 and 5/88 against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]], 4/77 and 2/33 against [[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]], and 5/40 against Services in the first four matches, all of which ended in innings wins for Punjab. He then took a total of 4/32 in a 199-run win over Delhi. Harbhajan's batting, which had rarely been productive up to this point in his career, also improved. He scored a career-best 84 against Haryana and added 52 against Services, aggregating 207 runs at 51.75.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} After taking eight wickets at 21.12 in six one-dayers, Harbhajan was selected for North in the Duleep Trophy, but his early-season form deserted him. He took five wickets at 39.00 in two matches, although he did continue his productive run with the bat, scoring 130 runs at 32.50 with three scores above 35. In October 2019, Harbhajan allowed his name to be drafted into [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] at a base price of $100,000, risking his international standing.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==International career==

===Debut===
Despite the superior statistics of other bowlers in domestic cricket, Harbhajan was selected for the Indian Board President's XI to play the touring [[Australian cricket team]] ahead of the Tests. He managed only 1/127,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and was ignored for the first two Tests before being selected to make his Test debut in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 1997-98|Third Test against Australia]] in [[Bangalore]], where he scored 4 not-out and a duck, and recorded the modest match figures of 2/136 as Australia won the match by eight wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Test: India v Australia at Bangalore, Mar 25–28, 1998 |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/engine/match/63796.html |access-date=15 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=23 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223070912/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/engine/match/63796.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was subsequently overlooked for the triangular ODI tournament in India that followed the Tests, involving [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in addition to Australia, but was selected for all group matches in the triangular tournament that followed soon after in [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], where he made his ODI debut against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]]. He took 1/32 from ten overs on debut as India narrowly won by 15 runs. He then took 3/41 in the next match, a defeat against Australia, but then struggled in the second qualifying match against the same team, taking 1/63 in eight overs. He was subsequently dropped for the final against Australia, which India won, and ended the series with five wickets at 33.20 at an economy rate of 4.36.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Struggling===
Having made little success in this phase of his international career, averaging 37.75 per Test wicket to date, and overlooked by selectors, Harbhajan faced a difficult decision. His father had recently died; as the family's only son, Harbhajan was now obliged to support his mother and unmarried sisters. He contemplated quitting cricket and moving to the United States to drive trucks for a living.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rahul |last=Bhattacharya |title=The heart of the matter |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/cricinfomagazine/content/story/236016.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 February 2007 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711193213/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/cricinfomagazine/content/story/236016.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After being out of the team for more than 12 months, there was little overt indication of the sudden rise that would occur in his cricketing career only a few months later.<ref name="bbcfire"/>

Harbhajan was omitted from the team during a home triangular ODI tournament against [[Bangladesh cricket team|Bangladesh]] and [[Kenyan cricket team|Kenya]], after taking 0/18 from four overs in his only match of the tournament against the former opponent,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} but was recalled for the [[Singer Trophy]] in Sri Lanka, which also involved New Zealand. Playing in all five matches, Harbhajan claimed eight wickets with an average of 24.12 and economy of 4.38, taking at least one scalp in each match. Harbhajan was retained for the final and took 1/57, his worst return for the series, in an Indian win. After being omitted for the [[Sahara Cup]] series against [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] in Toronto, Harbhajan played on a weakened Indian team at the [[1998 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia. The matches were not given ODI status by the ICC, and India chose to send their better players to the Sahara Cup instead. India won their second match against [[Canada cricket team|Canada]] and had a no-result against [[Antigua cricket team|Antigua]]. Harbhajan managed only a total of 1/48 from 11 overs. The Indians then needed to beat a full-strength Australian outfit to win their group and progress to the semi-finals. Harbhajan was punished and went wicketless, conceding 50 runs in eight overs as Australia won by 146 runs, knocking India out of contention.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Recall to the team===
Harbhajan was then recalled to the first-choice team and took five wickets at an average of 22.60 at 3.89 runs an over from three matches on a [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 1998-99|tour to Zimbabwe]], in what would prove to be his last ODI appearances for India for more than two years. In all, he took 18 ODI wickets at an average of 27.2 during the 1998.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

After taking 2/38 and 3/60 in an innings win in a tour match, Harbhajan was retained in the Test team, taking 2/42 and 3/63 in the only Test on the Zimbabwe tour. He was unbeaten on 15 in the second innings as the final wicket fell and India succumbed to a 51-run defeat.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Returning to India, Harbhajan started the 1998–99 domestic season well, taking 3/54 and 5/39 in an innings win over Services, before following up with 6/69 and 1/93 in the next match against Delhi, claiming his first five-wicket innings haul. He then took 6/63 and scored 31 in the first innings of a match for the Board PResident's XI against a touring West Indies A, and was taken on the tour of New Zealand in December. In a tour match against [[Central Districts cricket team|Central Districts]], Harbhajan struggled, aggregating 2/112. He only played in one Test during the tour, and went wicketless, conceding 72 runs.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Upon returning to India, he took a total of 3/158 for India A in a match against the touring Pakistanis ahead of the Tests. After being omitted from the First Test loss in [[Chennai]], he was recalled for the latter two matches against Pakistan, and took five wickets at 34.60 as the matches were split.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He then took 3/127 in a high-scoring draw against Sri Lanka. In all, he claimed 13 wickets with an average of 36.8 in five Tests for the season. When he was free of international fixtures for the season, he played in the Ranji Trophy matches, claiming 27 wickets at an average of 24.59 in five matches, including his first five-wicket haul at the first-class level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |access-date=17 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042053/https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RANJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also registered his maiden first-class fifty, scoring an unbeaten 67 against [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Harbhajan took four wickets at 33.00 during the one-dayers during the season and was overlooked for the ODI team for the whole season and missed selection for the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title=India Squad for 1999 World Cup |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/SQUADS/WC99_IND-SQUAD.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042054/http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/SQUADS/WC99_IND-SQUAD.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2003, he played for India A in a one-day series against their Australian counterparts in Los Angeles. Harbhajan took eight wickets at 17.00 at 3.77 runs an over in the five matches, with a best of 3/38.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

After taking 4/91 against the touring team for the Board President's XI at the start of the season, Harbhajan managed to retain his Test position for the [[History of cricket in India from 1985–86 to 2000|late 1999 home series against New Zealand]], as India fielded a three-pronged spin attack  on dusty tracks, taking six wickets at an average of 32.66 as the hosts prevailed 1–0 in the two Tests.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===2001 Border-Gavaskar Trophy===
[[Image:Harbhajan Singh bowling.jpg |thumb|left |upright |Harbhajan practice-bowling in the nets |alt=Man with black beard in a black turban, wearing navy tracksuit pants, blue T-shirt, follows through after bowling a ball in the cricket nets. His left leg is perpendicular to the ground, and his right leg is raised and bent back at the knee. His right bowling arm has rotated down to his side after releasing the ball.]]

In March 2001, with Kumble injured before the home series against the visiting Australians,<ref name="lead">{{cite news |publisher=BBC |title=Learning from a master |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1234218.stm |date=21 March 2001 |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=2 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030902215751/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1234218.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan, whose previous best Test figures were only 3/30, was the only capped spinner on the Indian team for the First Test.<ref name="t1sc"/> He had been recalled after captain [[Sourav Ganguly]] publicly called for his inclusion on the team. He was to lead the spin attack against an Australian team which had set a world record with 16 consecutive Test victories, and was searching for its first series victory on Indian soil [[Australian cricket team in India in 1969-70|since 1969]].<ref name="lead"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Roland |author-link=Roland Perry |year=2000 |title=Captain Australia: A history of the celebrated captains of Australian Test cricket |location=Sydney |publisher=[[Random House |Random House Australia]] |isbn=1-74051-174-3 |pages=370–371}}</ref> In a warm-up match for India A, Harbhajan had taken 2/63 and 3/81 against the Australians.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan started well in the First Test in [[Mumbai]], taking three quick wickets in a spell of 3/8, to reduce Australia to 99/5 in response to India's first innings of 176. However, a counter-attacking 197-[[run (cricket)|run]] [[partnership (cricket)|partnership]] between [[Matthew Hayden]] and [[Adam Gilchrist]] in just 32 [[over (cricket)|overs]], saw Harbhajan concede 103 runs from his last 17 overs, to end with 4/121. Despite being struck for many [[six (cricket)|sixes]], it was still Harbhajan's best statistical analysis at Test level. Australia eventually proceeded to a crushing 10-wicket victory, their sixteenth consecutive Test victory in succession.<ref name="t1sc">{{cite news |title=1st Test: India v Australia at Mumbai, 27 Feb-3 Mar 2001 Ball-by-Ball commentary |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T1_27FEB-03MAR2001_BBB-COMMS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042054/https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T1_27FEB-03MAR2001_BBB-COMMS.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bose"/><ref name="t3d5">{{cite news |title=India triumph in tense finish |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1235045.stm |publisher=BBC |date=22 March 2001 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042053/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1235045.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> This test match has been called by many the greatest that has ever been played, in light of the nature of India's win under difficult circumstances.<ref>Sports Talk. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/1224298.stm The greatest test ever?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117005702/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/sports_talk/1224298.stm |date=17 November 2012 }} BBC.</ref>

With leading paceman [[Javagal Srinath]] ruled out of the series with a finger injury during the First Test,<ref>{{cite news |title=India make four changes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1207646.stm |publisher=BBC |date=7 March 2001 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102529/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1207646.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> the teams met for the Second Test in [[Kolkata]], with an even greater burden on Harbhajan. Public opinion was skeptical about India's chances of stopping Australia's winning streak, with former captain [[Bishan Bedi]] lamenting the demise of Indian cricket.<ref>{{cite news |title=India in downward spiral |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1211895.stm |publisher=BBC |date=10 March 2001 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724050825/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1211895.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia were again in control on the first day, having scored 193/1, with Hayden having struck Harbhajan out of the attack. Harbhajan fought back to reduce Australia to 252/7, taking five wickets in the final session, including [[Ricky Ponting]], Gilchrist, and [[Shane Warne]] in successive balls to become the first Indian to claim a [[Test hat-trick]].<ref name="profile">{{cite news |first=Sambit |last=Bal |author-link=Sambit Bal |title=Players and officials: Harbhajan Singh |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29264.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 February 2007 |archive-date=28 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228233405/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29264.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bose"/> After a prolonged wait for the [[third umpire]] to adjudicate whether [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] had managed to catch Warne before the ball hit the ground, the near-capacity crowd at [[Eden Gardens]] erupted when he was ruled out.<ref>{{cite news |title=Singh hat-trick stuns Aussies |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1214424.stm |publisher=BBC |date=11 March 2001 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=26 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090426205222/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1214424.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan eventually finished with 7/123 as Australia were bowled out for 445. India batted poorly and were forced to [[follow-on]], but a 376-run partnership between [[V. V. S. Laxman]] and [[Rahul Dravid]], who batted together for an entire day, allowed India to set Australia an imposing target of 384 to win on the final day. Australia appeared to be safely batting out the match for a draw, until losing 7/56 in the final session, collapsing from 166/3 to be bowled out for 212. Harbhajan claimed four of the wickets, to finish with 6/73 for the innings and a match tally of 13/196. India ended Australia's 16-match world record winning streak, and became only the third team to win a Test after being forced to follow on (Australia having lost all three of those matches).<ref name="Bose"/><ref>{{cite news |title=2nd Test: India v Australia at Calcutta 11–15 Mar 2001 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T2_11-15MAR2001.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=6 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206191053/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T2_11-15MAR2001.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Incredible India defeat Australia |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1221637.stm |publisher=BBC |date=15 March 2001 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=16 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916013255/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1221637.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283938.html |title=Tests – Victory after Following-On |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2007 |archive-date=16 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116105303/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283938.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The teams arrived in [[Chennai]] for the deciding Third Test, and Australia's batsmen again seized control after winning the toss, reaching 340/3 on the second morning. Then, Australian captain [[Steve Waugh]] padded away a delivery from Harbhajan. The ball spun back into Waugh's stumps, who pushed the ball away with his glove, becoming only the sixth batsman in Tests to be ruled out because he "[[handled the ball]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/275285.html |title=Tests – Unusual Dismissals |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 March 2007 |archive-date=15 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815062500/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/275285.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Waugh's dismissal instigated another Australian batting collapse, losing 6 wickets for 51 runs to be bowled out for 391, with Harbhajan taking all six in a spell of 6/26, to finish with 7/133.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian batsmen on top |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1229028.stm |publisher=BBC |date=19 March 2001 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=15 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040315074232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_v_australia/1229028.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> After India's batsmen gained a first-innings lead of 110, the Australian batsmen were again unable to cope with Harbhajan in the second innings, who took 8/84 to end with match figures of 15/217. India appeared to be heading for an easy victory at 101/2 chasing 155, before losing 6/50 to be at 151/8. Then, Harbhajan walked to the crease, and struck the winning runs.<ref name="t3d5"/><ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Test: India v Australia at Chennai, 18–22 Mar 2001 Ball-by-Ball Commentary |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T3_18-22MAR2001_BBB-COMMS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042105/https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T3_18-22MAR2001_BBB-COMMS.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was named [[man of the match]] and [[man of the series]], having taken 32 wickets at 17.03 for the series,<ref name="Bose"/> when none of his teammates managed more than three.<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Test: India v Australia at Chennai, 18–22 Mar 2001 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T3_18-22MAR2001.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=19 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219132241/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2000-01/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T3_18-22MAR2001.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Wisden 100]] study conducted by [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] in 2002 rated all four of Harbhajan's efforts in the Second and Third Tests as being in the top 100 bowling performances of all time, the most for any bowler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wisden 100: Top 100 Bowlers of all time |url=http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2001/jul/30bow100.htm |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220315/http://in.rediff.com/cricket/2001/jul/30bow100.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He paid tribute to his father, who had died just six months earlier.<ref name="cops">{{cite news |title=Harbhajan hurt in scuffle |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1878989.stm |date=18 March 2002 |access-date=20 February 2007 |publisher=BBC |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110102929/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1878989.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=My father would have been proud of my performance: Harbhajan |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/104929.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 March 2001 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710115300/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/104929.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His performance led to him usurping [[Anil Kumble]]'s position as India's first-choice spinner.<ref name="Bose"/>

===Poor form and returning===
Harbhajan's Test success saw him recalled to the ODI team after more than two years. He was unable to reproduce his Test form against Australia, managing only four wickets at an average of 59.25 and economy rate of 5.04. His best performance was a 3/37 in a 118-run win in the third match, and a cameo batting performance of 46 runs from 34 balls, including three sixes, in a losing run chase in the fourth fixture. He was dropped from the ODI team during a subsequent triangular tournament in [[Zimbabwe]] in 2001 after only managing two wickets at 69.00 in four matches although he had been economical at 3.63 runs an over.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan was also unable to maintain his form in the [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2001|Test series against Zimbabwe]]. Harbhajan began the tour well, with 13 wickets in two warm-up matches, including a match haul of 10/80 against the CFX Academy, but could not repeat such performances in the Tests. He took eight wickets at 29.12 in the two-Test series, which was drawn 1–1, but did manage to post his first Test half-century, reaching 66 in the First Test in [[Bulawayo]], before scoring 31 in the first innings of the Second Test as the Indian batsmen struggled and ceded their series lead. The Indians subsequently [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2001|toured Sri Lanka]] in mid-2001, enjoying spinning wickets similar to those in India. Harbhajan managed to establish himself in the ODI team with eleven wickets at 21.18 at the low economy rate of 3.42 in seven matches in the ODI tournament with the hosts and New Zealand. Ironically, his best performances, in which he conceded less than 30 runs in his ten overs three times, all ended in Indian defeats.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In contrast to his ODI improvement, Harbhajan's Test form deteriorated further, yielding only four wickets at 73.00 in three Tests, while Sri Lankan spinner [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] was named man of the series with 23 wickets, in what was billed as a contest between the world's two leading off-spinners.<ref name="bbcfire"/> With the Tests locked at 1–1 Harbhajan managed only 2/185 in the Third Test as the hosts accumulated 6/610 declared and won by an innings. He scored 79 runs at 15.80 for the series.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan was omitted from the Indian team in favour of Kumble as the first-choice spinner on the following [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2001-02|tour of South Africa]], only playing in the later matches when India fielded two spinners. Nevertheless, Harbhajan continued to do well in the ODIs, taking nine wickets at 20.44 in six matches at an economy rate of 3.53, winning his first man-of-the-match award in the ODI form, against South Africa in [[Bloemfontein]], after taking 3/27 from his ten overs. He scored 62 runs at 15.50, including a rearguard 37 that was not enough to prevent an embarrassing 70-run loss to Kenya.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} After being omitted from the First Test, which India lost, his disciplinary problems continued when he was one of four Indian players fined and given a suspended one-match suspension for dissent and attempting to intimidate the umpire by over-appealing in the Second Test.<ref>{{cite web |title=2001: Penalties imposed on players for breaches of ICC Code of Conduct |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2001.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224002402/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2001.html |archive-date=24 February 2007 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=30 January 2007}}</ref> India managed to draw the match, but Harbhajan struggled and took 1/89 and 2/79. The off spinner continued his poor overseas Test form in what would have been the Third Test. However, India defied the ICC by playing banned batsman [[Virender Sehwag]], while [[Mike Denness]], the match referee who handed down the penalties, was locked out of the stadium; so, the match was stripped of Test status. Harbhajan continued to be ineffective, taking only 1/104, although he showed resistance with the bat, scoring 29 and 30 when many specialist batsmen failed, as India slumped to an innings defeat.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan's Test fortunes improved immediately upon the start of the 2001–02 international season in India. Playing in his first international match at his home ground in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], Harbhajan scored match figures of 7/110, including 5/51 in the first innings, to help India win the First Test by ten wickets against the [[English cricket team in India in 2001–02|touring English team]]. He continued his steady form throughout the series with another five-wicket haul in the Second Test in [[Ahmedabad]], to end with thirteen wickets at 24.53 for the series, although he went wicketless in 27.1 overs in the Third and final Test. Harbhajan's good home form persisted in the [[Zimbabwean cricket team in India in 2001-02|Test matches against Zimbabwe]], taking twelve wickets at 19.66 in two games. In the First Test, he took 4/46 in the second innings to seal an innings victory after going wicketless in the second innings. His 2/70 and 6/62 in the Second Test in [[Delhi]] saw him named man-of-the-match in a Test for the second time in his career. As in the first instance, he hit the winning runs, a straight-driven six, after India had lost six wickets and threatened to collapse in pursuit of a modest 122 for victory.<ref>{{cite news |first=Santhosh |last=S |title=Doughty Harbhajan saves India's blushes |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/118523.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 March 2002 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708174026/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/118523.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He also performed strongly in the ODIs during the Indian season, taking twenty wickets at 19.75 in ten matches and taking his first five-wicket haul in ODIs.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In the five matches against England, he took ten wickets at 20.10 at an economy rate of 4.27. His best result was a 5/43 in the last of these matches, but a late collapse handed the visitors a five-run win.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He did better against the Zimbabweans, taking 10 wickets in five matches at an average of 19.40 and an economy rate of 4.06. This included a 4/33 in the final match. He also scored 39 runs without defeat for the series, including a 24 not-out as India were skittled for 191 in one match.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} As Harbhajan was ensconced in the Indian team for the first team, he only played in two Ranji Trophy matches for Punjab, taking 13 wickets at 20.01 and scoring 71 runs at 17.75.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan's overseas difficulties returned during the [[Indian cricket team in West Indies in 2001-02|tour]] of the [[West Indies]] in mid-2002. He injured his shoulder while fielding during a tour match, in which he started well with a total of 5/70,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and was forced to miss the First Test in [[Guyana]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan on the mend |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/specials/west_indies_v_india/1932305.stm |publisher=BBC |date=16 April 2002 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512052526/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/specials/west_indies_v_india/1932305.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> After taking only six wickets at 38 upon his return to the team for the Second and Third Tests, he was dropped for the Fourth Test, but was recalled again for the Fifth Test at [[Sabina Park]], after Kumble was injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan set for recall |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/west_indies_v_india/1991638.stm |publisher=BBC |date=16 May 2002 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724051805/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/specials/west_indies_v_india/1991638.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite taking improved match figures of 8/180, including 5/138 in the first innings, Harbhajan was unable to prevent an Indian defeat after the batting collapsed in the first innings. He claimed three wickets in the three match ODI series at 33.00, conceding 4.71 runs per over.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Despite his performance at Sabina Park, Harbhajan was dropped again when Kumble returned for the First Test on the [[Indian cricket team in England in 2002|tour]] to England at [[Lord's]], where the hosts prevailed. India's coach [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]] later admitted that Harbhajan's omission had been a mistake.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan waits on weather |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/2174337.stm |publisher=BBC |date=2 August 2002 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724033906/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/2174337.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan returned for the final three Tests with moderate success, taking 12 wickets at 34.16, improving as the English summer wore on. After claiming 3/175 in the drawn Second Test, he struck form in the tour match against [[Essex CCC|Essex]], taking 7/83 and 1/23. He then took 3/40 and 1/56 as India levelled the series in the Third Test at Headingley, before taking 5/115 in the first innings of the Fourth Test at [[The Oval]], as well as managing his second Test half-century of 54 at [[Trent Bridge]] in the Second Test.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He ended the series with 90 runs at 22.50. For the entire tour, Harbhajan aggregated 28 wickets at 27.60.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan had modest results in the Natwest Trophy. After being dropped after one wicketless match, he then took 4/46 against Sri Lanka in the last match before the final to ensure his retention, but went wicketless in the decider, which India won. He played in three ODIs and took four wickets at 37.25 at 4.96.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===2002 Champions Trophy===
The [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]] in Sri Lanka at the end of the tour brought moderate results with six wickets at 30.66 at an economy rate of only 3.68,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and a best of 3/27 from ten overs in the first-day, washed-out final against the host nation.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan helped restrict Sri Lanka to 5/244, but rain ended proceedings with India at 0/14. He then took 1/34 the next day during a replay of the final. This time the hosts made 7/222 and a downpour again thwarted the players, with India at 1/38 when play was called off and the trophy shared.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

As was the case in the previous season, Harbhajan's return to Indian soil coincided with an improvement in results. He took 1/37 and 7/48 in an innings victory at [[Mumbai]] in the First Test against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], and then contributed match figures of 3/56, 4/79 and 37 in an eight-wicket victory in [[Chennai]] which saw him named man-of-the-match.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} A haul of 5/115 in the Third Test at [[Calcutta]] was the best in a high scoring match, and with 20 wickets at 16.75 and 69 runs at 17.25, Harbhajan was named as the man-of-the-[[West Indian cricket team in India in 2002-03|series]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was unable to transfer his performances to the ODI format, taking only five wickets at 49.00 against the same team at an economy rate of 5.44.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan took only five wickets at 18.80 in the subsequent [[Indian cricket team in New Zealand in 2002-03|Test tour]] to New Zealand, in a series where five pace bowlers averaged less than 20 on green, seaming tracks.<ref>{{cite news |title=India in New Zealand, 2002–03 Test Series Averages |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_IN_NZ/STATS/IND_IN_NZ_DEC2002-JAN2003_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=15 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015163828/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2002-03/IND_IN_NZ/STATS/IND_IN_NZ_DEC2002-JAN2003_TEST_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=McConnell |title=Sideways movement taking batsmen out of the game – Fleming |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/113308.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 December 2002 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707064952/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/113308.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India lost the series 2–0 and Harbhajan's 20 and 18 in the Second Test amounted for more than 15% of India's match total.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan then took 1/56 in one ODI before heading for his World Cup debut in South Africa.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===2003 World Cup===
Harbhajan had a mixed tournament at the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], taking 11 wickets at 30.45 with an economy rate of 3.92 in ten matches. He was the first-choice spinner and played in all matches but one, being dropped for the victory against arch-rivals [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in the group phase. His counterpart, Kumble, played in only three matches.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Imran hits out at India |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/2892049.stm |publisher=BBC |date=27 March 2003 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226202710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/2892049.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan was steady throughout the tournament, never taking more than two wickets in a match, and never conceding more than 42 runs from his quota of ten overs, except in the two matches against Australia, who went through the tournament without defeat. In the group match, Harbhajan had the second highest score, with a counter-attacking 28, as India collapsed for 125; but when it was his turn to bowl, the Australians attacked him and scored 49 runs from his 44 balls without losing a wicket in a decisive nine-wicket win. In the final, Ganguly elected to field; and Harbhajan was the only Indian bowler to take a wicket, taking 2/49 from eight overs. In contrast, the Australians scored at 7.38 runs per over from the other bowlers to reach 2/359, the highest total in a World Cup final, and win by 125 runs.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was the fourth leading wicket taker for India overall and his tournament bowling average was worse than those of [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Ashish Nehra]], and [[Javagal Srinath]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 2002/03 Bowling – Most Wickets |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/STATS/WC2003_ODI_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=14 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314020952/http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC2003/STATS/WC2003_ODI_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He finished the season with six wickets at 14.00 at 3.65 runs per over in three matches in an ODI tournament in [[Bangladesh]], where he was fined for abusing an umpire.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |title=2003: Penalties imposed on players for breaches of ICC Code of Conduct |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2003.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224002422/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2003.html |archive-date=24 February 2007 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=30 January 2007}}</ref>

===Finger injury===
After experiencing pains in his spinning finger during the World Cup, Harbhajan was scheduled to undergo surgery in mid-2003 in Australia,<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan needs surgery |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/2993938.stm |publisher=BBC |date=16 June 2003 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=20 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030620052305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/2993938.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan heads to Australia for operation |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/129867.html |date=23 June 2003 |access-date=24 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716201115/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/129867.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but the surgery was delayed as he sought to play through the pain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan returns home without undergoing surgery |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/128726.html |date=8 July 2003 |access-date=24 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=13 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713074118/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/128726.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He underwent physiotherapy in lieu of surgery and was declared fit for a two-match [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2003-04|Test series]] at home against New Zealand in late 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan fit for NZ series |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3181661.stm |publisher=BBC |date=26 August 2003 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=23 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223100118/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3181661.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> His performance was substantially worse than his previous displays on Indian soil, taking only six wickets at an average of 50.00 as both matches ended in high-scoring draws. Aside from his debut series, it was his worst series bowling average on Indian soil.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Despite a triangular ODI series against New Zealand and Australia in which he managed only four wickets at 40.50 in four matches and spent time in the sidelines, the Indian team attempted to manage his injury rather than have his finger operated on, and took him on the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2003-04|2003–04 tour of Australia]]. As with his previous visit four years earlier, Harbhajan had an unhappy time, taking 2/159 in a tour match against [[Victorian Bushrangers|Victoria]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} After an ineffective 1/169 in the First Test at [[Brisbane]], his injury worsened, and he underwent major finger surgery, which was predicted to sideline him for five months.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan 'out for five months' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3333817.stm |publisher=BBC |date=20 December 2003 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=5 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040605111459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3333817.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Confusion over Harbhajan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3318403.stm |publisher=BBC |date=14 December 2003 |access-date=28 February 2007 |first=Manak |last=Gupta |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724065513/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3318403.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan out of tour |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3312267.stm |publisher=BBC |date=12 December 2003 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=13 July 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040713121107/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3312267.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumble replaced him and took 24 wickets in the remaining three Tests in stark contrast to Harbhajan's struggles in Australia. Kumble bowled India to victory in the following Test against Pakistan in [[Multan]], taking 6/71 to reclaim his position as the No. 1 spinner.<ref>{{cite news |first=Rahul |last=Bhattacharya |title=Players and Officials – Anil Kumble |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30176.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 February 2007 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312171852/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/30176.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After a seven-month layoff, Harbhajan returned to represent India in ODIs in the [[Asia Cup]] in July 2004, where he took four wickets at 39.75 in four matches at 3.97 runs per over. His performance improved on the tour to England for an ODI series against [[English cricket team|England]] and the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]], taking eight wickets at 14.00, conceding only 2.80 runs an over, including 3/28 against England and 3/33 against Kenya and hitting an unbeaten 41 against England at [[The Oval]] as India's batting collapsed to a substantial defeat.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan made his Test return against Australia, who were again seeking their first series win on Indian soil since 1969 in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2004-05|late-2004 home series]].<ref name="bg2004">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=English |title=The reward of painstaking preparation |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/142901.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119185721/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/142901.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan took 5/146 in the first innings and 6/78 in the second innings in addition to making a [[run out]]  to reduce Australia from 103/3 to 228 all out. Despite this, India required 457 in their second innings to win, slumping to 125/8 before Harbhajan (with 42) and [[Irfan Pathan]] helped India to reach 239 after a rearguard counter-attack, still a 217-run loss.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test: India v Australia at Bangalore, 6–10 Oct 2004 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T1_06-10OCT2004.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=15 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315014456/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T1_06-10OCT2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan was less effective in the drawn Second Test in [[Chennai]], with match figures of 5/198, which was washed out with India still needing 210 more runs on the last day with all ten wickets in hand.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan then withdrew from the Third Test in [[Nagpur]], due to illness.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vasu |title=The 'Satisfying to get runs in tough conditions' – Martyn |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/142792.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 October 2004 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707075151/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/142792.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Australia won the match easily, clinching the series.<ref name="bg2004"/> Harbhajan returned for the final Test in Mumbai. After failing to take a wicket in the first innings, he claimed 5/29 in the second to help India bowl Australia out for 93 and claim a dramatic 14-run victory.<ref>{{cite news |title=4th Test: India v Australia at Mumbai, 3–7 Nov 2004 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T4_03-07NOV2004.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=24 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224234626/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/AUS_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/AUS_IND_T4_03-07NOV2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan ended the series with 21 wickets at 24.00 and 69 runs at 13.80.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

A [[South African cricket team in India in 2004-05|Test series in India]] against [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] followed, with Harbhajan taking match figures of 4/166 in the drawn First Test in [[Kanpur]], before producing a man-of-the-match performance in the Second Test in [[Calcutta]] to lead India to a 1–0 series win. After taking 2/54 in the first innings, he took 6/78 in the second, including South Africa's first five batsman to help dismiss the visitors for 222. This set up a run-chase of 117, which India reached with eight wickets in hand.<ref>{{cite news |title=2nd Test:India vs South Africa at Kolkata, 28 Nov – 2 Dec 2004 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/RSA_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/RSA_IND_T2_28NOV-02DEC2004.html |access-date=24 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=9 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209104400/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/RSA_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/RSA_IND_T2_28NOV-02DEC2004.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan was the leading wicket-taker for the series, with 13 victims at an average of 23.61.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa in India, 2004–05 Test Series Averages |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/RSA_IN_IND/STATS/RSA_IN_IND_NOV-DEC2004_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=20 September 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050920113805/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/RSA_IN_IND/STATS/RSA_IN_IND_NOV-DEC2004_TEST_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He ended 2004 with a quiet [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2004-05|tour]] of [[Bangladesh]], scoring a 47 in the Second Test and taking four wickets at 41.75 in two Tests and one wicket at 94 at an economy rate of 5.22 in two ODIs.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He had a relatively light workload, bowling only 47.4 overs in the Tests, as [[Irfan Pathan]] frequently scythed through the Bangladeshi batsmen with the new ball, taking three five-wicket hauls.<ref>{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vasu |title=Blossom in a bed of weeds |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/136055.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 December 2004 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014065434/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/136055.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan then returned to India and took a total of 6/172 in North Zone's seven-wicket win over South.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

His performance in Bangladesh saw him dropped for the First Test in the early [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2004-05|2005 series]] against Pakistan on his home ground in [[Mohali]], with Kumble being the only spinner selected on the pace-friendly surface.<ref>{{cite news |title=Balaji gives India edge in Mohali |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4325119.stm |publisher=BBC |date=29 March 2005 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724043841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4325119.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> India were in control of the match for four days, and needed only four wickets on day five, but were unable to break the Pakistani lower-order until play was almost over and the visitors had taken a lead, and the match ended in a draw. Harbhajan was recalled for the Second Test in [[Calcutta]] and took match figures of 4/145 in an Indian victory. Despite taking 6/152 in a marathon 51-over spell in the first innings of the Third Test in [[Bangalore]], Pakistan won the match to level the series after India collapsed on the final day. Harbhajan finished the series with 10 wickets at 33.20.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} His performance in the subsequent ODI series was even worse, managing only three wickets at 73.66 in five matches at an economy rate of 4.80.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In spite of the poor end to the season, his performance in the year since finger surgery, in the long form of the game, saw him nominated for the 2005 [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] Test Player of the Year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Player of the Year nominees announced |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/219236.html |date=14 September 2005 |access-date=24 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=6 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070206211041/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/219236.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan spent the international off-season playing for [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] in English county cricket, citing the improvement that other international players had gained from such an experience. It was his first stint in county cricket, after a planned season at [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] in 2003 was cancelled due to injury.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan Singh Q&A |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/surrey/4596853.stm |publisher=BBC |date=31 May 2005 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724033459/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/surrey/4596853.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> After taking six wickets in his opening two first-class fixtures, he struck form against [[Hampshire CCC|Hampshire]], taking 6/36 and 2/47 in an innings triumph. In his fourth and final first-class match, against [[Gloucestershire CCC|Gloucestershire]], Harbhajan took a total of 6/193 and equalled his previous first-class best of 84. He ended with 20 wickets at 25.85 and 124 runs at 31.00.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In the [[Twenty20]] competition, he had less success in the new format, taking four wickets at 38.00 at an economy rate of 6.60 in eight matches. In all he spent six weeks with the county.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Chappell era===
Harbhajan's first outings under newly appointed coach [[Greg Chappell]] came at the [[2005 Indian Oil Cup|Indian Oil Cup]] in Sri Lanka in August 2005. He took five wickets at 31.40, conceding 4.02 runs per over in four matches, but was wicketless in the final, which was won by the host nation.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} This was followed by a tour of Zimbabwe, which was marred by tension between the new coach and Indian captain Ganguly. This became public when Ganguly claimed that he was asked to resign as captain.<ref>{{cite news |title='I was asked to step down as captain' – Ganguly |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/zimvind/content/story/219375.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 September 2005 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710104105/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/zimvind/content/story/219375.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan played in all five matches in the [[Videocon Tri-Series 2005-06|Videocon Tri-Series]], involving Zimbabwe and New Zealand, with little success, managing only two wickets at 99.00 at an economy rate of 4.77,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} both of them against an inexperienced Zimbabwe team crippled by a mass exodus of white players from the [[Robert Mugabe|Mugabe]] regime. Harbhajan had a quiet Test [[Indian cricket team in Zimbabwe in 2005-06|series]] against Zimbabwe, taking six wickets at 31.00.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was only required to bowl 58 overs,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} as the majority of the Zimbabwean batsmen were removed after being unable to cope with Pathan's swing bowling, which was likened to "Frisbees at high speed", leaving little work for the spinners.<ref name="frisbee"/> He managed to claim his 200th Test wicket in the First Test, and in doing so became the second youngest player to reach the mark, after [[Kapil Dev]].<ref name="frisbee">{{cite news |first=Siddhartha |last=Vaidyanathan |title=Zimbabwe reel after Ganguly's ton |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/zimvind/content/story/219325.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 September 2005 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120043754/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/zimvind/content/story/219325.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan's batting was notable for an exceptionally aggressive 18-ball innings in the First Test in Bulawayo, where he hit four fours and three sixes in a cameo innings of 37.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test:Zimbabwe v India at Bulawayo, 13–17 Sep 2005 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_ZIM/SCORECARDS/IND_ZIM_T1_13-17SEP2005.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=8 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208221257/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_ZIM/SCORECARDS/IND_ZIM_T1_13-17SEP2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbhajan's difficulties were compounded when he earned the ire of cricket authorities by publicly attacking Chappell and defending Ganguly after the team returned to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan comes to Ganguly's defense |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/220115.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=25 September 2005 |archive-date=6 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070506221854/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/220115.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He claimed that Chappell had used "double standards" and instilled "fear and insecurity" in the team. The Punjab Cricket Association called him to explain his actions,<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan asked to appear before Punjab board |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/220271.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=27 September 2005 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708064901/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/220271.html |url-status=live }}</ref> but he was not punished after offering an apology.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan escapes rap for comments |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/220503.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=29 September 2005 |archive-date=16 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216145628/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/220503.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 2006, Harbhajan changed his stance publicly, praising Chappell for the team's improved form, stating "He has great knowledge about the game and it has been a very successful year for us under him. He has lifted our team to great heights".<ref>{{cite news |title=I enjoy playing under Chappell – Harbhajan |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/245793.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=30 April 2006 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710073121/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/245793.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbhajan was under pressure to perform when [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2005-06|Sri Lanka toured India]] in late 2005, following the replacement of Ganguly, who had frequently supported him during previous career difficulties, with new captain [[Rahul Dravid]]. In addition, Harbhajan's home ODI form had been poor in the previous three years, managing only 12 wickets at 56 in 16 matches, with an [[Cricket statistics|economy rate]] of 4.8.<ref name="sl2005"/> In the three Challenger Trophy matches at the start of the season, he took five wickets at 24.20 at an economy rate of 4.25.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He responded by claiming 3/35 in the first ODI in [[Nagpur]] after Sri Lanka had raced to 50 in just 6.3 overs. The Sri Lankan batsmen hit the Indian fast bowlers out of the attack, scoring 74 runs in the first 10 overs and forcing Dravid to delay the [[powerplay (cricket)|Power Play]] and introduce Harbhajan. This sparked a Sri Lankan collapse, with 4 wickets taken for 14 runs, resulting in a 152-run Indian victory.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st ODI:India v Sri Lanka at Nagpur 25 Oct 2005 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL_IND_ODI1_25OCT2005.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=27 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227033732/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL_IND_ODI1_25OCT2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan took 2/19 in the next match,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and aggregated six wickets at 26 in the first four matches, at a low economy rate of 3.43, with a series of performances noted for skilful variations in pace and flight, helping India gain an unassailable 4–0 series lead.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref name="sl2005">{{cite news |first=S |last=Rajesh |title=The extras factor, and Harbhajan's return |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/225362.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=11 November 2005 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119220842/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/225362.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was subsequently rested for the fifth ODI, and ended the series as the most economical bowler, conceding only 3.62 runs per over.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka in India, 2005–06 One-Day Series Averages |url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/STATS/SL_IN_IND_OCT-DEC2005_ODI_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=2 November 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102052028/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/STATS/SL_IN_IND_OCT-DEC2005_ODI_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He put on another strong personal performance in the first ODI of the following [[South African cricket team in India in 2005-06|series]] against South Africa in [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], where he struck an aggressive, unbeaten 37 from 17 balls, including two sixes, to help India recover to 249/9, before taking 1/35 from his 10 overs.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st ODI:India v South Africa at Hyderabad 16 Nov 2005 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/RSA_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/RSA_IND_ODI1_16NOV2005.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=21 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221022006/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/RSA_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/RSA_IND_ODI1_16NOV2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was unable to prevent an Indian loss, and was fined after pointing [[Ashwell Prince]] to the pavilion after dismissing him.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan fined for celebration |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4442596.stm |publisher=BBC |date=16 November 2005 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=30 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530045644/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/4442596.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2005: Penalties imposed on players for breaches of ICC Code of Conduct |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2005.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224002442/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/2005.html |archive-date=24 February 2007 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=30 January 2007}}</ref> Harbhajan ended the series with five wickets at 27.40,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} and was again India's most economical bowler, conceding 3.92 runs per over.<ref>{{cite news |title=South Africa in India, 2005–06 One-Day Series Averages |url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/RSA_IN_IND/STATS/RSA_IN_IND_NOV2005_ODI_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=1 December 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201013924/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/RSA_IN_IND/STATS/RSA_IN_IND_NOV2005_ODI_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The year ended with a three [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2005-06|Test series]] against Sri Lanka. After the first match in [[Chennai]] was washed out by monsoonal rains,<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test:India v Sri Lanka at Chennai 2–6 Dec 2005 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL_IND_T1_02-06DEC2005.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=12 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212174332/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL_IND_T1_02-06DEC2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan took match figures of 4/137 as India took a 1–0 series lead in Delhi.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He finished the calendar year with a man-of-the-match performance in [[Ahmedabad]], which saw India seal a 2–0 series victory with a 259 run victory. He took 7/62 in the first innings, including six of Sri Lanka's top eight batsmen. He precipitated a middle-order batting collapse, with 6 wickets falling for 82 runs, which allowed India to take a 193-run first innings lead. Harbhajan later contributed an aggressive innings of 40 not-out from 51 balls, in an unbroken 49-run final-wicket partnership with Kumble in the second innings, their display of unorthodox hitting stretching India's lead to 508 runs.<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Test:India v Sri Lanka at Ahmedabad 18–22 Dec 2005 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL_IND_T3_18-22DEC2005.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=17 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217090336/http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/SL_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/SL_IND_T3_18-22DEC2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His prospects of a half century were cut short by a declaration from acting captain [[Virender Sehwag]], but he was compensated with opening the bowling, as Sehwag employed a novel tactic of assigning the new ball to a spinner.<ref name="tail">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Miller |title=Long live the tail |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/276556.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 January 2006 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=10 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310031252/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/276556.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He took 3/79 to finish with match figures of 10/141, ending the year on a high note after he had been embroiled in the leadership struggle only three months earlier.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===Test decline===
[[Image:Harbhajan Singh.jpg |thumb|left |upright |Harbhajan Singh arrives at training. |alt=Man with black beard in a turban, wearing a white broad brimmed sunhat, is wearing navy tracksuit pants, blue T-shirt, and carrying light blue batting pads, a cricket bat and a helmet. Spectator seats can be seen in the background.]]

2006 began with Harbhajan's first [[Indian cricket team in Pakistan in 2005-06|tour]] to arch-rivals Pakistan. The First Test was a high-scoring draw held in [[Lahore]], where Harbhajan recorded his worst ever Test figures of 0/176, conceding more than five runs an over in a match where 1,089 runs were scored for the loss of just eight wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test:Pakistan v India at Lahore 13–17 Jan 2006 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/IND_PAK_T1_13-17JAN2006.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=25 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125143936/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/IND_PAK_T1_13-17JAN2006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a match in which many batting records fell, Harbhajan was hit for 27 runs in one over by [[Shahid Afridi]], just one short of the world record.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kanishkaa |last=Balachandran |title=Boundary avalanches and scoring rates |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/232916.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=17 January 2006 |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=26 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060126210428/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/232916.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The second Test in [[Faisalabad]] was another high-scoring draw, with the aggregate runs being the fourth highest in Test history. Harbhajan took 0/101 and 0/78. His 81 overs in the series were the fourth highest number of overs in any Test series without taking a wicket.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kanishkaa |last=Balachandran |title=Harbhajan's nightmare, and a deluge of runs |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/233948.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=25 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325072446/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/233948.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When he was given the opportunity to make use of the batting surface in India's only innings in Faisalabad, he managed a brisk 38, including two sixes.<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test:Pakistan v India at Faisalabad 21–25 Jan 2006 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/IND_PAK_T2_21-25JAN2006.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=10 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210103441/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/IND_IN_PAK/SCORECARDS/IND_PAK_T2_21-25JAN2006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan was dropped for the Third Test in [[Karachi]], where a green pitch promised to favour seam bowling, and Kumble was the only spinner used.<ref>{{cite news |first=Dileep |last=Premachandran |title=Pakistan rattle India after Akmal special |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/234818.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 January 2006 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708135201/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/pakvind/content/story/234818.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After sustaining an injury, Harbhajan was sent home during the subsequent ODI series without playing a match, ending his tour without taking a wicket.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Siddhartha |last=Vaidyanathan |title=Sehwag and Harbhajan to return home |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/236855.html |date=13 February 2006 |access-date=24 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=25 March 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325073633/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/236855.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:Bhajji.jpg |thumb|right |Harbhajan with India in 2006]]

A return to India for the [[English cricket team in India in 2005-06|Test series]] against England failed to ease Harbhajan's wicket-taking difficulties. He managed match figures of 2/172 in the drawn First Test in [[Nagpur]], and 1/83 in the Second Test in [[Mohali]], where his main contribution was to hit 36 runs, helping India to a first innings lead.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test:India v England at Chandigarh 9–13 Mar 2006 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T2_09-13MAR2006.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=13 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213045540/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_T2_09-13MAR2006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite taking 3/89 and 2/40 in the Third Test in [[Mumbai]], Harbhajan ended the series with eight wickets with an average of 48.00,{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} nearly twice his career average on Indian soil.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Despite his difficulties in Test cricket, Harbhajan's ODI form remained strong, as he top-scored with a rearguard 37 out of 203 and then took 5/31 in a man-of-the-match performance in the first ODI against England in [[Delhi]], sparking a collapse of 7/47 which secured a 39-run victory.<ref>{{cite news |first=Siddhartha |last=Vaidyanathan |title=Harbhajan relieved as confidence finally returns |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/242565.html |date=28 March 2006 |access-date=24 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708094351/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/242565.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1st Test:India v England at Delhi 28 Mar 2006 |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_ODI1_28MAR2006.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=15 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215001053/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/ENG_IND_ODI1_28MAR2006.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He ended the series with 12 wickets at 15.58 with an economy rate of 3.74 from five matches, and topped the wicket-taking list despite being rested for the last match, as well as having the best bowling average and economy rate.<ref>{{cite news |title=England in India, 2005–06 One-Day Series Averages |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/STATS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_ODI_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=10 April 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410205035/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2005-06/ENG_IN_IND/STATS/ENG_IN_IND_FEB-APR2006_ODI_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India took the series 5–1, Harbhajan taking 3/30 in their only loss.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan was unable to maintain his ODI form during the [[Indian cricket team in West Indies in 2006|tour]] to the [[West Indies]], where he managed three wickets at 64 in five matches, although he continued to be economical, conceding 3.91 runs per over.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was omitted from the Test team for the opening two Tests as India opted to use three pace bowlers and [[Anil Kumble]], scrapping the five bowler strategy used since early 2006.<ref>{{cite news |title='Harbhajan would have been a luxury' – Chappell |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/249453.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 June 2006 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707055753/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/249453.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The reasons for the return to the four-man attack were unclear, with performance, fatigue, and injury variously offered as explanations.<ref>{{cite news |first=Siddhartha |last=Vaidyanathan |title='The pitch reminded me of Lahore' – Harbhajan |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/251365.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=25 June 2006 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=31 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731022019/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/251365.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan was recalled for the Third Test in [[St Kitts]] after the pace attack was unable to dismiss the West Indian batsmen, with local captain [[Brian Lara]] stating that his team, who had three wickets in hand at the end of play, would have been lucky to draw the Second Test had Harbhajan been playing.<ref>{{cite news |first=Siddhartha |last=Vaidyanathan |title=I've been sort of censored..' – Lara |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/251034.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=21 June 2006 |access-date=2 March 2007 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707091639/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/251034.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a drawn match, Harbhajan claimed the leading match figures of 6/186, as well as contributing an unbeaten 38 in the first innings.<ref>{{cite news |title=3rd Test:West Indies v India at Basseterre Jun 22–26 2006 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/engine/match/239922.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=10 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510181008/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/engine/match/239922.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan's 5/13 in 27 balls in the first innings in the Fourth Test saw the hosts lose their last six wickets for 23, to give India a 97-run first innings lead. India went on to secure a victory in a low-scoring match and win the series 1–0, although Harbhajan was punished in the second innings, conceding 65 runs in 16 overs without taking a wicket.<ref>{{cite news |title=4th Test:West Indies v India at Kingston Jun 30 – Jul 2 2006 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/engine/match/239923.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=13 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213180504/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/engine/match/239923.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was India's first series victory in the Caribbean in 35 years,<ref>{{cite news |first=Dileep |last=Premachandran |title=Kumble bowls India to historic win |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/252126.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 July 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=30 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070130052211/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wivind/content/story/252126.html |url-status=live }}</ref> with Harbhajan contributing 11 wickets at 24.00.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

The 2006–07 season began with the [[DLF Cup 2006-07|DLF Cup]] in Malaysia, where Harbhajan made a good start, taking six wickets at 19.16 at an economy rate of 3.59 in four matches.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was man-of-the-match against the West Indies, scoring 37 in a 78-run partnership to push India to 162, before taking 3/35 to secure a 16-run victory.<ref>{{cite news |title=5th Match: India vs West Indies at Kuala Lumpur, Sep 20, 2006 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/dlfcup/engine/match/256612.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 February 2007 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709065230/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/dlfcup/engine/match/256612.html |url-status=live }}</ref> India failed to reach the final, which was contested by Australia and the West Indies. Harbhajan was unable to maintain his form for the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] held in India, managing only two wickets at 51.50 and saving his worst performance of 0/49 in the final group match against Australia on his home ground in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} India won only one of their three matches and were eliminated, although Harbhajan continued to be tidy, conceding 3.67 runs per over.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2006-07|tour of South Africa]] in late 2006 saw even less success, with Harbhajan taking only one wicket in three ODI matches while conceding 161 runs at the expensive economy rate of 5.75.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He finished the year watching from the sidelines as India fielded Kumble as the only spinner in the three-Test series, which India lost 2–1.<ref>{{cite news |title=India in South Africa, 2006–07 Test Series Averages |url=http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/IND_IN_RSA/STATS/IND_IN_RSA_NOV-DEC2006_TEST_AVS.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=25 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125183320/http://aus.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006-07/IND_IN_RSA/STATS/IND_IN_RSA_NOV-DEC2006_TEST_AVS.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from the injury-prone 2003, it was Harbhajan's least productive year in Test cricket since he became a regular team member in 2001, with his managing only 19 wickets at 52.78.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan returned for the early 2007 ODI series against the [[West Indies cricket team in India in 2006-07|West Indies]] and [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2006-07|Sri Lanka]] in India, taking seven wickets at 36.00 in seven matches at an economy rate of 4.27.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Despite criticism that he was afraid to toss the ball up, and was concentrating on bowling flat in a defensive run-saving style,<ref name="loop3">{{cite news |title=India embark on a rocky road to ODI renewal |first=Dileep |last=Premachandran |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/299254.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 May 2008 |date=22 June 2007 |archive-date=12 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812084436/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/299254.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan was selected as the off-spin bowler in the Indian squad for the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], while [[Ramesh Powar]], who had been more expensive but had taken more wickets in recent times, was omitted.<ref name="loop">{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Miller |title=They dumped me |url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/281201.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 February 2007 |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119195627/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/281201.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="loop2">{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vasu |title=Too many holes |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/297827.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=12 June 2007 |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120002222/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/297827.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A statistical study showed that since the start of 2006, Harbhajan has been the second most economical bowler in the final 10 overs of ODIs.<ref>{{cite news |first=Robert |last=Craddock |title=Aussie bowlers no good at death |url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0,8659,21287369-23212,00.html |work=[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]] |access-date=28 February 2007 |date=26 February 2007 |archive-date=27 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070227155127/http://www.foxsports.com.au/story/0%2C8659%2C21287369-23212%2C00.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]], Harbhajan started as India's first-choice spinner and played in their first match against Bangladesh. He took 0/30 from his ten overs, but India lost the match as their batsmen collapsed and Bangladesh had no need to take risks against the bowling.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan was dropped in favour of Kumble for the second match against [[Bermuda cricket team|Bermuda]], which India won easily. Harbhajan was recalled for the final group match against Sri Lanka, and had little effect, taking 0/53 from his ten overs as India were set 255 for victory. Harbhajan made an unbeaten 17 although India collapsed to 185 to lose the match and be eliminated in the group phase.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<ref>{{cite news |title='We picked the best possible team' – Vengsarkar |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/287563.html |date=27 March 2008 |access-date=26 May 2008 |archive-date=9 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709033420/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/287563.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the failed campaign, the Indian selectors made multiple changes to the national team, and Harbhajan was dropped for the tours of Bangladesh and England. [[Rajesh Pawar]], [[Piyush Chawla]], and Powar were the spinners selected to partner with Kumble.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tendulkar and Ganguly rested for Bangladesh one-dayers |first=Anand |last=Vasu |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/291603.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 May 2008 |date=20 April 2007 |archive-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711213749/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/291603.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harbhajan's waning wicket-taking and his lack of flight were again perceived to be the cause of his problems.<ref name="loop3"/><ref name="loop2"/>

In the meantime, Harbhajan played in two ODIs for the [[Asian Cricket Council#Afro-Asia Cup|Asian Cricket Council]] against a combined African team, taking 1/53 and 3/48 as the Asians won both matches.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He then returned to Surrey for a second season of county cricket in an attempt to rediscover his form, while his compatriots were touring England, staying throughout July and August. After easing into the season with six wickets in the first two first-class matches, Harbhajan found a rich vein of form, taking 4/64 and 5/64 against [[Worcestershire CCC|Worcestershire]], before following up with 5/34 and 6/57 against [[Kent CCC|Kent]], and finishing off by scoring 29 to help guide Surrey home by four wickets after they had stumbled in pursuit of 107.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He ended the first-class campaign with five and six wickets against [[Durham CCC|Durham]] and [[Hampshire CCC|Hampshire]], respectively, and totalled 37 wickets at 18.54 in only six outings.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was not so successful in the one-dayers, taking six wickets at 29.50 and an economy rate of 4.65 in five matches.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

===2007 recall to the team===
Harbhajan returned to international cricket as part of India's squad for the [[ICC World Twenty20]] tournament in South Africa in September 2007, which India won, having been rank outsiders at the start of the tournament with many senior players opting out of the competition.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dileep |last=Premachandran |title=India hold their nerve to win thriller |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/content/current/story/312320.html |date=27 September 2007 |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010224556/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/twenty20wc/content/current/story/312320.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He played in all six of India's matches and totalled seven wickets at 26.00 and an economy rate of 7.91. In the opening pool match against Pakistan, Harbhajan hit the stumps in a bowl-out after scores were tied; India won 3–0 after three rounds. In the semi-final against Australia, Harbhajan bowled [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] and conceded only three runs in his final over, the 18th of the match, to turn the match towards India. The final against Pakistan was the only match in which Harbhajan did not bowl his full quota of four overs, after being struck for three sixes in his third over by [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], who led a late charge towards the target. India prevailed by five runs in the final over, Misbah being the last man to fall.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

Harbhajan was recalled to the ODI squad during India's home season in 2006–07, which comprised series against Australia and Pakistan. In ten ODIs, he took seven wickets at 61.71, 125, and an economy rate of 4.59, much higher than his career average.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He scored 101 runs at 33.66 in these matches, including an unbeaten 38 in one match against Pakistan.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was then recalled to the Test squad, and with India fielding two spinners in its home series against Pakistan, Harbhajan accompanied Kumble in all three Tests.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Playing in Tests for the first time in 16 months, he took 10 wickets at 44.10, much higher than his career average in India.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} His best result was 5/122 in the first innings of the Second Test at Eden Gardens.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

He toured Australia and played in three of the four Tests—India persisted with two spinners in all venues except for the Third Test at the pace-friendly [[WACA Ground]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He was at the centre of the controversy in the [[Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]], being accused of calling [[Andrew Symonds]] a monkey. As he was during his previous visits to Australia, Harbhajan was ineffective with the ball. In the First Test in Melbourne, he took match figures of 3/162, before taking 4/200 in the Second Test in Sydney. Upon his recall in Adelaide, he took 1/128 in Australia's only innings on a placid surface, ending the series with eight wickets at 61.25. However, he did manage to take Ponting's wicket for three consecutive innings in the first two Tests, leading to much speculation about the Australian captain's difficulties against the off spinner. After the third dismissal in the Sydney Test, Harbhajan celebrated by running a distance before twice rolling over on the ground. Harbhajan's most noted contribution with the bat came in the Second Test when he came to the crease with India at 345/7, still 118 runs behind Australia, after a middle-order collapse of 4/52. He made 63 runs in a 129-run partnership with Tendulkar, which enabled India to gain a first-innings lead. In the Fourth Test, he came to the crease at 7/359 and scored 63 in a 107-run rearguard partnership with captain Kumble, allowing India to reach 529. He failed to reach double figures in his four other innings and ended with 142 runs at 23.66.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===Revival===
Harbhajan returned to international cricket for the tour of Sri Lanka in July and August. In the First Test at Colombo, he took 2/149 as Sri Lanka amassed 600/6 and won by an innings. In the Second Test in Galle, he took 6/102 to help India take a first innings lead of 37 and then took 4/51 in the second innings to help India level the series with a 170-run win. It was his fifth ten-wicket match haul and his first outside India. He was again India's leading wicket-taker in the Third Test defeat, with 3/104 and 1/44. He was India's leading wicket-taker with 16 at 28.12, twice as many the second-most-prolific Indian. In the subsequent ODI series, he played in the first four matches, taking six wickets at 18.83 at an economy rate of 3.80, including 3/40 in the win in the fourth match, which sealed the series. He was rested from the final [[dead rubber]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

At the start of the Indian season, Harbhajan took 2/32 and 4/31 as the Rest of India defeated Delhi in the [[Irani Trophy]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} This was followed by the First Test against Australia in Bangalore. Harbhajan took Ponting's wicket in taking 1/103 in the first innings, but not before the Australian captain had scored 123. In reply to Australia's 430, India were in trouble at 195/6 when Harbhajan came in to bat. He scored a rearguard 54, putting on 80 with fellow bowler [[Zaheer Khan]], to reduce India's deficit to 70. He then took 2/76 in the second innings as the match ended in a draw.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Ponting later cited Harbhajan's and Zaheer's partnership as the passage of play that prevented an Australian win. In the Second Test, at his home ground in Mohali, Harbhajan took 2/60 in the first innings as India took a 201-run first innings lead.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In the second innings Australia were chasing 516 for victory and had started aggressively, reaching 49/0 after seven overs. Harbhajan was introduced into the attack and removed Hayden and [[Simon Katich]] in his first over and then [[Mike Hussey]] in his next. This triggered Australia's collapse to 58/5 and their eventual defeat by 320 runs. Harbhajan was unable to find a fourth wicket, which would have seen him reach 300 Test wickets on his home ground, and ended with 3/36. He was then ruled out of the drawn Third Test because of a toe injury. Harbhajan returned for the Fourth Test in Nagpur and dismissed Ponting in the first innings for the tenth time in Tests to register his 300th wicket. He ended with 3/94 as India took an 86-run lead. However, a batting collapse meant that India were 6/166 at tea time on day four, only 252 runs ahead and facing possible defeat if Australia could clean up the tail quickly. Harbhajan then scored 52, combining in a 107-run partnership with captain [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] to guide India out of trouble. India then successfully defended the target of 380 to win by 172 runs, with Harbhajan taking 4/64 including top-scorer Hayden and the final wicket.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Harbhajan was the equal-leading wicket-taker for the series, along with [[Ishant Sharma]], taking 15 wickets at 28.86. He also scored 125 runs at 41.66, helping to prevent two defeats.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} The series also saw the end of Harbhajan's partnership with Kumble, who missed the Second Test due to injury and then retired after suffering another injury in the next match. As a result, Harbhajan started a new pairing with leg spinner [[Amit Mishra]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In the five-match home ODI series against England, Harbhajan took seven wickets at 30.29 and an economy rate of 5.04 as India won 5–0. He took one wicket in each of the matches, except the third match in Kanpur. In that match, he took 3/31, registered his 200th ODI wicket and was named man-of-the-match. During the two Tests, Harbhajan was the equal-leading wicket-taker with eight wickets at 35.00, and he also scored 69 runs at 34.50. This included a 40 in the first innings of the First Test to help India reach 241 after a top-order collapse, keeping India's deficit to 75, with India winning the match.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan ended the year as the third-highest wicket-taker in the world, and the highest among Indian players. He was named by ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' in their selection of the Test team of the year.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Harbhajan then missed the ODI tour of Sri Lanka at the beginning of the year with a hamstring injury. He recovered in time to be recalled for the tour of New Zealand. Harbhajan was the leading wicket-taker from both teams in both ODIs and Tests. Harbhajan was India's most economical bowler in the two T20 internationals at the start of the tour, taking a total of 2/34 from eight overs and scoring 21 in the first match; the hosts prevailed in both games. In series that saw four of the five ODIs truncated by rain, Harbhajan took five wickets at 29.60 at an economy rate of 5.69. He took 3/27 in the opening match, and then took 2/56 from ten overs in the third game, in which both teams passed 330, helping India to wins in both matches.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In the First Test, Harbhajan took 1/57 and 6/63 to help set up a ten-wicket win. It was only the second time that he had taken [[five wickets in an innings]] outside the subcontinent. However, he was disappointing in a high-scoring draw in the Second Test, taking 2/120 as the hosts amassed 9/619. In the Third Test, India suffered a middle-order collapse on the first afternoon, and a counter-attacking 60 by Harbhajan helped them to 379. He then took 3/43 and 4/59; New Zealand had only two wickets in hand when rain caused the match to end in a draw with more than a day's playing time lost. Harbhajan ended with 16 wickets at 21.37 and 94 runs at 23.50.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} India won both series, their first series win in New Zealand since 1981 and 1968 for ODIs and Tests, respectively.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===2009 ICC tournaments===
Harbhajan was part of the Indian team that attempted to defend their crown at the [[2009 World Twenty20]]. However, they lost all three of their matches in the Super 8s round and were eliminated. Harbhajan took 3/30 in one of those matches against England, and ended the tournament with five wickets at 26.20 and an economy rate of 6.55.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} During the tour of the West Indies that followed, Harbhajan took three wickets at 45.33, conceding almost a run a ball in three ODIs as India prevailed 2–1.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In September, Harbhajan took 5/56 in the final of the Compaq Cup to help secure a 46-run Indian win over the hosts, Sri Lanka. It was his first five-wicket haul in three years and capped off a tournament in which he took six wickets at 22.00 in three matches. He then struggled at the [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy]] in South Africa, taking 1/71 from ten overs against Pakistan and 0/54 from nine overs against Australia. India lost to Pakistan, and the latter match was washed out. He then took 2/14 from eight overs against the West Indies, but it was not enough to prevent India from being eliminated in the first round, despite winning the match.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

[[File:Harbhajan Singh bowling against Australia, October 2010.jpg |thumb|left |Harbhajan bowling during India's two-match Test series against Australia in October 2010]]

===2010 season===
After his travails in South Africa, Harbhajan started the Indian season with eight wickets at 12.87 in three Challenger Trophy one-dayers for India Blue.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} He then played in a home ODI series against Australia, taking eight wickets at 33.87 at an economy rate of 4.51 in six games. This included a best of 2/23 in the sixth match. He made a more influential contribution in the first match with the bat, striking out 49 as India came within striking distance of their target before he fell in the last over and the hosts ended up five runs adrift of the target. He scored a similarly rapid 31 in the fourth match, but India fell 24 runs short. Harbhajan ended the series with 81 runs at 20.25.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In the three home Tests against Sri Lanka, Harbhajan was the highest wicket-taker with 13, but these came at an average cost of 41.00. After taking 2/189 in the drawn First Test, he aggregated 5/152 and 6/192 as India took the next two fixtures by an innings.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} In the subsequent ODI series, he took six wickets at 35.00 at an economy rate of 4.88 as India won 3–1. He took 2/58 from his ten overs in the first match, which proved to be tidy in the context of a match in which both teams passed 410 and India prevailed by three runs.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

During the tri-series in Bangladesh in January 2010, Harbhajan took six wickets at 24.00 in three matches. He missed the First Test due to neck pain but returned to take a total of 2/123 as India completed a clean sweep with a ten-wicket win in the Second Test.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

During New Zealand's tour of India in November 2010, Harbhajan scored his maiden Test century during the First Test in Ahmedabad. This was the 100th century by an Indian in the second innings and he reached triple figures with a six. His 115, along with Laxman's 91 saved the game for India after they had collapsed to 5/15. Harbhajan was named man-of-the-match. He followed in the next test with 111* in India's first innings, becoming the first number-8 batsman to score back-to-back test centuries.<ref>{{cite web |title=McCullum leads New Zealand's quest for safety |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-india-nov-2010-2010-11-464517/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-464532/match-report-4 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221071226/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-tour-of-india-nov-2010-2010-11-464517/india-vs-new-zealand-2nd-test-464532/match-report-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After an ordinary performance with the ball in the 5-match ODI series in West Indies in June 2011 (where he was the [[captain (cricket)|vice captain]] to skipper [[Suresh Raina]]), taking 4 wickets from 3 matches, best of 3/32, Harbhajan helped his team revive from dire straits in the 1st Test in [[Sabina Park]] at [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]], Jamaica. With India struggling at 85/6, he, along with [[Suresh Raina]], initiated a counter-attack to string an aggressive 146-run partnership with [[Suresh Raina]](82 from 115 balls, 15 fours) to help India reach 246. Harbhajan scored 70 from 74 balls (10 fours, 1 six).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

===2011 removal from squad===
Following a few poor performances, Harbhajan was injured in India's [[Indian cricket team in England in 2011|tour of England]] in the summer of 2011 and was ruled out of the rest of the series. Harbhajan was also not selected for the [[English cricket team in India in 2011–12|home ODI series against England]] in October 2011,<ref>{{cite news|title=Harbhajan dropped for first two ODIs|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-in-india-2011-12-harbhajan-singh-dropped-for-first-two-odis-534294|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=29 September 2011|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2011–12|Australian tour]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Harbhajan left out of Australia tour|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-in-australia-2011-12-harbhajan-singh-left-out-of-australia-tour-542171|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 November 2011|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> and the [[2012 Asia Cup]] in Bangladesh. He was, however, included in 30 probables for the [[2012 World Twenty20|World T20 tournament]] held in Sri Lanka in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/2012-world-twenty20/Yuvraj-Singh-named-in-Indias-World-T20-preliminary-squad/articleshow/15028027.cms |title=Yuvraj Singh named in India's World T20 preliminary squad |date=18 July 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718125206/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/2012-world-twenty20/Yuvraj-Singh-named-in-Indias-World-T20-preliminary-squad/articleshow/15028027.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/yuvraj-harbhajan-among-probables-for-world-t20-wc/20120718.htm |title=Yuvraj named in India's World T20 preliminary squa |website=Rediff.comd |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=18 July 2012 |archive-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720223146/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/yuvraj-harbhajan-among-probables-for-world-t20-wc/20120718.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He was recalled to the Test squad, after a gap of more than a year, against New Zealand at the end of [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2012|August 2012]], but didn't play.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-have-to-start-afresh-harbhajan/987368/ |title=I have to start afresh: Harbhajan |website=Indianexpress.com |date=12 August 2012 |access-date=12 August 2012 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042054/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/i-have-to-start-afresh-harbhajan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was named in the Test squad for the home series against England in [[English cricket team in India in 2012–13|November 2012]]<ref>{{cite news|title=India v England: Yuvraj Singh included in hosts' Test squad|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/20203260|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=5 November 2012|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> and played in the [[English cricket team in India in 2012–13#2nd Test|second Test]], taking two wickets which England won by 10 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|title=India vs England, 2nd Test at Mumbai, Nov 23 2012|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-2012-13-565792/india-vs-england-2nd-test-565807/full-scorecard|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> He was replaced in the squad by [[Piyush Chawla]] ahead of the final Test.<ref>{{cite news|title=India v England: Zaheer and Yuvraj dropped for Nagpur Test|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/20656857|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=9 December 2012|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> Harbhajan regained his Test squad spot from Chawla for the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2012–13|homes series against Australia]] in February 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=India squad, team players for Australia tour of India 2013|url=https://www.cricwaves.com/cricket/news/articles/83LeJsdn3D_drh-sevawcirc/india-squad-team-players-for-australia-tour-of-india-2013.html|work=cricwaves.com|date=12 February 2013|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gambhir given axe, Harbhajan recalled; Dhawan, Bhuvneshwar get maiden call-up for Australia Tests|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/india-vs-australia-2013/bcci-announces-squad-for-australia-series-harbhajan-back-gambhir-out-1541146|work=[[NDTV]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|date=10 February 2013|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> He played his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]] in the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2012–13#1st Test|first match]] at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Harbhajan Singh set to play 100th Test|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/harbhajan-singh-set-to-play-100th-test-605773|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 February 2013|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Greg|last=Buckle|title=Controverisal India spinner Harbhajan Singh set to play 100th Test against Australia in Chennai|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/controverisal-india-spinner-harbhajan-singh-set-to-play-100th-test-against-australia-in-chennai/news-story/5a53105598745600d86963119364df5f|work=[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports Australia]]|agency=[[Australian Associated Press|AAP]]|date=21 February 2013|access-date=1 January 2026|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101021558/https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/controverisal-india-spinner-harbhajan-singh-set-to-play-100th-test-against-australia-in-chennai/news-story/5a53105598745600d86963119364df5f|archive-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Pragyan Ojha]] after the [[Australian cricket team in India in 2012–13#2nd Test|second Test]] due to his five wickets taken in the series had cost over 40 runs each.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Australia v India, 2012-13|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-v-india-2012-13-748275|magazine=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]|date=15 April 2014|access-date=1 January 2026|via=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===2015–2016 inclusion===
Following performances in IPL for the Mumbai Indians in 2014 and 2015, he was included in the test team captained by [[Virat Kohli]] against Bangladesh for the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015#Only Test|one-off Test match]] in Fatullah.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sam|last=Ferris|title=India recall veteran for Bangladesh Test|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3262859/india-recall-veteran-for-bangladesh-test|work=Cricket Network|date=21 May 2015|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> He took 3 wickets in that test to overtake Wasim Akram, in the list of most test match wickets, to become the ninth highest wicket-taker in Tests.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/harbhajan-singh-goes-past-akram-to-become-ninth-highest-wicket-taker-in-tests-2295284.html |title=Harbhajan Singh goes past Akram to become ninth highest wicket-taker in Tests |website=Firstpost.com |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=15 June 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617032353/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/harbhajan-singh-goes-past-akram-to-become-ninth-highest-wicket-taker-in-tests-2295284.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was then called up for the ODI and T20I teams when a second-string Indian team toured Zimbabwe to play three One-day and two Twenty-20 matches. Though he did not take many wickets in that tour, he was impressive in maintaining a tight line and stopping the flow of runs.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

Harbhajan returned with figures of 2/29 in his first T20 international in over two-and-a-half years. He was on the squad for the 3 test away series against Sri Lanka led by Virat Kohli. He replaced injured Ashwin in a series against South Africa. He was also part of the team that played 3 T20I matches against Australia,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hiremath |first1=Vinay |title=India Twenty-20 Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2015-16/content/squad/953671.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-date=24 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424090318/http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-india-2015-16/content/squad/953671.html |url-status=live }}</ref> home series against Sri Lanka, and the Asia Cup in Bangladesh. He played only one match in the Asia Cup, against UAE.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hiremath |first1=Vinay |date=3 March 2016 |title=India crush UAE for their biggest T20I win |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/978087.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221071352/https://www.espncricinfo.com/asia-cup-2015-16/content/story/978087.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also part of the T20 World Cup that took place in India but did not play in any of the matches.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hiremath |first1=Vinay |title=Mohammed Shami back for World T20 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mohammed-shami-back-for-world-t20-969185 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=5 February 2016 |access-date=21 February 2023 |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221071532/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/mohammed-shami-back-for-world-t20-969185 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2017 Champions Trophy exclusion===
Harbhajan was again excluded from the Indian squad for the 2017 Champions Trophy in England. After hearing of his exclusion, Harbhajan claimed he did not receive the same "privileges" that other veteran cricketers, namely [[MS Dhoni]], were afforded by the national selectors.<ref>Amitoj Singh. [https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/harbhajan-singh-says-he-doesnt-get-same-privileges-as-ms-dhoni-in-selection-matters-1703810 Harbhajan Singh Says He Doesn't Get Same 'Privileges' As MS Dhoni In Selection Matters.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527105023/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/harbhajan-singh-says-he-doesnt-get-same-privileges-as-ms-dhoni-in-selection-matters-1703810 |date=27 May 2017 }} NDTV.</ref> After the media pounced on this comment, Harbhajan claimed the media frenzy was out of proportion to what he had actually said.<ref>DNA Web Team. [http://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-harbhajan-singh-blames-media-after-privilege-statement-against-ms-dhoni-goes-viral-2452711 Harbhajan Singh blames media after 'privilege' statement against MS Dhoni goes viral.] DNA India.</ref>

==Playing style==
Harbhajan was an attacking bowler who was well regarded for his ball control and ability to vary the ball's length of travel and pace,<ref name="profile"/><ref name="bbcfire"/><ref name="attack"/> although he was often criticised for his flat trajectory.<ref name="loop3"/><ref name="loop"/><ref name="loop2"/><ref name="attack">{{cite news |title=I bowl to take wickets, not to contain batsmen:Harbhajan |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/103649.html |date=25 June 2001 |access-date=15 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=20 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120015225/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/103649.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His main wicket-taking ball climbs wickedly on the unsuspecting batsman from a good length away, forcing him to alter his stroke at the last second.<ref name="profile"/> With a whippy bowling action, he was reported for [[throwing (cricket)|throwing]] in November 1998. Although forced to travel to England for tests, he was cleared by former [[English cricket team|English]] player [[Fred Titmus]].<ref name="Bose">{{cite book |first=Mihir |last=Bose |author-link=Mihir Bose |title=A History of Indian cricket |year=2002 |publisher=André Deutsch |pages=472–473 |isbn=0-233-05040-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Anand |last=Vasu |title=Harbhajan Singh:Succeeding in trying circumstances |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/105432.html |date=23 April 2001 |access-date=15 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717205729/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/105432.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has developed an ability to bowl a [[doosra]], which was the subject of an official report by [[match referee]] [[Chris Broad (cricketer)|Chris Broad]], on-field umpires [[Aleem Dar]] and [[Mark Benson]], and TV umpire [[Mahbubur Rahman (umpire)|Mahbubur Rahman]] after the Second Test between India and [[Bangladeshi cricket team|Bangladesh]] at [[Chittagong]], Bangladesh in December 2004.<ref name="report">{{cite news |title=Harbhajan Singh's action reported |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/136089.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=20 December 2004 |archive-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130119203236/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/136089.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ICC cleared him in May 2005, saying that the straightening of his elbow fell within the permitted limits.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan cleared to bowl |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/210120.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 February 2007 |date=28 May 2005 |archive-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708141706/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/210120.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Image:Anil Kumble.jpg |right |upright |thumb |[[Anil Kumble]] (pictured), Harbhajan's former Test captain and long-time bowling partner |alt=Brown skinned man with black, combed back hair, wearing rimless glasses and an open-necked lavender shirt with rolled up sleeves.]]
[[File:Ricky Ponting YM.jpg |thumb |left |[[Ricky Ponting]] (pictured) has been dismissed by Harbhajan ten times in Tests. |alt=A man stands in front of a brick wall; he is wearing a dark blue cap with matching stripes, and a matching T-shirt. He is cleanshaven bar some stubble and has brown hair.]]

Among off spinners, Harbhajan is the third highest wicket-taker in Test history, behind only [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]. He is the third-highest Test wicket-taker among all Indians.<ref name="report"/> Harbhajan's [[bowling average|average]] with the ball in home Test matches hovers in the mid-20s. All five of his man-of-the-match awards and both of his man of the series awards, have been obtained in India. Outside India, his bowling average climbs to around 40. Statistically, his bowling in Test matches is most effective against the West Indies and Australia. As of May 2008, his most productive hunting grounds have been [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Calcutta]], where he has taken 38 wickets at 23.10 in six Tests, while the [[Chepauk]] in [[Chennai]], where he has claimed two man-of-the-match awards, has yield 34 wickets at 24.25 in five Tests.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} Harbhajan has claimed his wickets most cheaply at [[Wankhede Stadium]] in [[Mumbai]], where he has taken 22 wickets at 19.45. Compared to Muralitharan, Harbhajan is less reliant on targeting the stumps for his dismissals; he captures more than 60% of his wickets via catches and less than 25% by [[bowled|bowling]] or trapping batsmen with [[leg before wicket]], whereas the corresponding figures for Muralitharan are in the 40s. Harbhajan's off-spin complements Kumble's leg spin. While Harbhajan is known for his emotional and extroverted celebrations, which are part of a deliberate strategy of aggression, Kumble is known for his undemonstrative and composed approach.<ref>{{cite news |first=Vijay |last=Lokapally |title=Contrasting styles of the spin masters |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/19/stories/2004111904521700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001064503/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/19/stories/2004111904521700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2007 |location=India |date=18 November 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=1 March 2007}}</ref> Both spinners have opined that they bowl more effectively in tandem via persistent application of pressure on batsmen, but statistics have shown that while Kumble has performed better when paired with Harbhajan, Harbhajan has been more effective in Kumble's absence.<ref>{{cite news |first=S |last=Rajesh |title=Indian spin twins in tandem, and Murali magic in England |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/249982.html |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=9 June 2006 |access-date=1 March 2007 |archive-date=30 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630060507/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/columns/content/story/249982.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harbhajan has been particularly successful against Australian batsman [[Ricky Ponting]], taking his wicket on ten occasions in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Krejza's eight and Harbhajan's 300 |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/indvaus2008/content/story/377345.html |date=7 November 2008 |access-date=12 November 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717101833/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/indvaus2008/content/story/377345.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview in 2001, Harbhajan stated his ambition to become an [[all-rounder]].<ref name="allround">{{cite news |title=Harbhajan aims to be an all-rounder |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/103792.html |date=28 June 2001 |access-date=15 January 2007 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121051029/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/103792.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Although he had recorded a few half-centuries at Test level, his [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] hovered around 15 in both Tests and ODIs. However, in the span of four years, starting from 2003, he has shown improved performance, averaging around 20 with the bat.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} His style is frequently described as unorthodox, with pundits agreeing with his self-assessment of attributing his batting achievements to his hand-eye coordination, rather than his footwork or technique.<ref name="tail"/><ref name="allround"/><ref>{{cite news |title=India Squad Profiles – Harbhajan Singh |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_in_south_africa/india_squad_profiles/1569256.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 February 2007 |date=28 September 2001 |archive-date=24 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724051409/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/in_depth/2001/india_in_south_africa/india_squad_profiles/1569256.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> The aggression in Harbhajan's bowling also extends to his batting, with a Test [[strike rate]] in the 60s, placing his among the ten highest strike rates among players who have scored more than 1000 runs in Test cricket.<ref name="profile"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Best batting strike rate |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/test/stats/bat_best_strike_rate.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220113218/http://www.icc-cricket.com/test/stats/bat_best_strike_rate.html |archive-date=20 February 2007 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=1 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Players with Best Scoring Rate (Min 1000 Runs) |url=http://howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Batting/BattingAverages.asp?Stat=3 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=29 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729084248/http://howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/Batting/BattingAverages.asp?Stat=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Controversies==

===1998 suspension===
Harbhajan was fined and suspended for one ODI by the [[Panel of ICC Referees|match referee]] in his first international series, when his on-field behaviour was adjudged to violate the [[ICC Code of Conduct]]. The incident in question was his altercation with [[Ricky Ponting]] after dismissing him.<ref name="bbcfire"/><ref>{{cite web |title=1998: Penalties imposed on players for breaches of ICC Code of Conduct |url=http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/1998.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224002342/http://www.icc-cricket.com/icc/rules/penalties/1998.html |archive-date=24 February 2007 |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=30 January 2007}}</ref>

===Altercations with Andrew Symonds and Sreesanth===
{{see also|Second Test, 2007–08 Border–Gavaskar Trophy}}

While Harbhajan was batting during his 63 on the third day of the Second Test at the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], he became involved in an altercation with Australia's [[Andrew Symonds]]. As a result of this, he was charged with the Level-3 offence of racially abusing Symonds by calling the Australian—of Afro-Caribbean descent—a "monkey". Harbhajan and Tendulkar, his batting partner at the time of the incident, denied this.<ref name="ban">{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23020332-661,00.html |title=Bucknor dumped from India Test series |first=Adam |last=Cooper |date=8 January 2008 |work=Herald Sun |location=Australia |access-date=8 January 2008 |archive-date=8 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108101852/http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23020332-661,00.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At a hearing after the conclusion of the Test, match referee [[Mike Procter]] found Harbhajan guilty and banned him for three Tests. This decision generated controversy because no audio or video evidence was available, and the conviction relied on the testimony of the Australian players.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Siddhartha |title=Harbhajan gets three-match ban |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=6 January 2008 |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/329440.html |access-date=6 January 2008 |archive-date=9 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109165832/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/current/story/329440.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Indian team initially threatened to withdraw from the series pending an appeal against Harbhajan's suspension, however BCCI president [[Sharad Pawar]] later claimed that the tour would proceed even if the second hearing was unsuccessful.<ref name="ban"/><ref name="nopullout">{{cite news |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330433.html |title='No question of a pullout' – Pawar |date=12 January 2008 |access-date=12 January 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=16 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116011328/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/330433.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Cricket Partnership.jpg |thumb|left |Harbhajan (left), batting with Tendulkar during the Second Test at the SCG. The altercation with Symonds occurred during their partnership. |alt=Two men wearing white uniforms shirts and trousers, blue helmets, gloves, pads and holding cricket bats meet one another on a cricket pitch to touch gloves. A crowd can be seen in the distance.]]

On 29 January, following the Fourth Test, the appeal hearing was conducted in [[Adelaide]] by ICC Appeals Commissioner Justice [[John William Hansen|John Hansen]]. The result was that the racism charge was not proved, resulting in the revocation of the three-Test ban imposed by Procter. However, Harbhajan was found guilty of using abusive language and fined 50% of his match fee. Hansen later admitted he "could have imposed a more serious penalty if he was made aware by the ICC of the bowler's previous transgressions"—including a suspended one-Test ban.<ref>{{cite news |title=ICC accepts blame for 'human and database errors' |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=31 January 2008 |url=http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/334306.html |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-date=2 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202012853/http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/story/334306.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that senior players from both teams had written a letter to Hansen requesting that the charge be downgraded. According to this report, the letter was signed by Tendulkar and Ponting and counter-signed by [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]], Hayden, and Symonds himself.<ref>{{cite web |last=Doshi |first=Anjali |title=Racism charge against Harbhajan dropped |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=29 January 2008 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtvcricket/cricketstory.aspx?id=SPOEN20080039729&site=ndtv |access-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201064853/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtvcricket/cricketstory.aspx?id=SPOEN20080039729&site=ndtv |archive-date=1 February 2008
}}</ref><ref name="cleared">{{cite press release |title=Harbhajan Singh cleared of racism charges |publisher=ICC |date=29 January 2008 |url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/333986.html |access-date=29 January 2008 |archive-date=30 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130082450/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ausvind/content/current/story/333986.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the aftermath of the hearing, Hayden called Harbhajan an "obnoxious weed" during a radio interview, which earned him a code-of-conduct violation charge from [[Cricket Australia]].<ref name="charge">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/hayden-charged-for-obnoxious-weed-comments-788156.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/hayden-charged-for-obnoxious-weed-comments-788156.html |archive-date=9 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent |location=UK |title=Hayden charged for 'obnoxious weed' comments |first=Julian |last=Linden |date=27 February 2008 |access-date=27 February 2008}}</ref>

[[Image:Sreesanth.jpg |thumb |right |upright |[[Sreesanth]] (pictured), who was slapped by Harbhajan |alt=Young man wearing glasses and a white broad brimmed hat. He is wearing a black string necklace, blue T-shirt, and has a thin sideburn that links to a narrow beard, and a small thin moustache. He is wearing a light layer of white zinc cream on his face. A brick stand for spectators is in the background.]]

Harbhajan was involved in further controversy after a [[2008 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) match between the [[Mumbai Indians]] and [[Kings XI Punjab]] at [[Mohali]] in April 2008. While the teams were shaking hands, he slapped Kerala paceman and Indian teammate [[Sreesanth]] in the face.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhajji slaps, Sree sobs |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080426/jsp/frontpage/story_9191426.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080429221046/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080426/jsp/frontpage/story_9191426.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 April 2008 |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=24 April 2008 |access-date=25 April 2008 |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Harbhajan, who had stood in as the Mumbai captain for the first three matches of the tournament to that point, all of which were lost, had apparently been angered by Sreesanth's aggressive sending-off of his batsmen as Punjab coasted to a decisive victory. Kings XI Punjab lodged an official complaint with the IPL. The match referee [[Farokh Engineer]] found Harbhajan guilty of a level 4.2 offence, banning him from the remainder of the IPL and preventing him from claiming his entire season's salary. Harbhajan made up with Sreesanth, and said that "I have been punished for the wrong I did".<ref>{{cite news |first=Subhash |last=Rajta |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/29/stories/2008042952831800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501160822/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/29/stories/2008042952831800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2008 |title=Harbhajan banned from ongoing IPL |location=India |date=29 April 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 April 2008}}</ref> Harbhajan had taken five wickets at 16.40 at an economy rate of 8.20 and scored 30 runs at 15.00 in the three matches before his ban.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} On 14 May, the BCCI disciplinary committee found Harbhajan guilty under Rule 3.2.1 of their regulations and handed down the maximum punishment of a five-match ban from ODIs. Harbhajan faces the prospect of a life ban if he commits significant disciplinary breaches in the future.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ajay S. |last=Shankar |access-date=28 May 2008 |date=14 May 2008 |work=ESPNcricinfo |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/350990.html |title=BCCI bans Harbhajan for five ODIs |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707202803/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/350990.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As a result, Harbhajan missed the tri-series in Bangladesh and the [[2008 Asia Cup]] in Pakistan, and India went down in the final of both tournaments after qualifying first on both occasions. He would have been eligible for selection after the first two matches of the Asia Cup, but the selectors omitted him entirely.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

In 2021, he tendered an unconditional apology for sharing a social media post that had a picture of [[Khalistani]] militant [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] to pay homage to those who died in [[Operation Blue Star]] of 1984. Facing backlash from all quarters, Harbhajan said he posted a WhatsApp forward on the 37th anniversary of the operation without realizing that the man in the picture was Bhindranwale.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harbhajan Singh apologises for Instagram post on Bhindranwale |url=https://sixsports.in/harbhajan-singh-apologises-for-instagram-post-on-bhindranwale/ |access-date=9 June 2021 |website=Six Sports |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609041747/https://sixsports.in/harbhajan-singh-apologises-for-instagram-post-on-bhindranwale/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Twitter fight with Mohammad Amir===
On 27 October 2021, Harbhajan was involved in an ugly spat with Pakistani cricketer [[Mohammad Amir]] on [[Twitter]] following [[India national cricket team|India's]] loss to Pakistan in the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harbhajan Singh on Twitter fight with Mohammad Amir: He's a disgrace who didn't play this game fairly |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/t20-world-cup-2021/video/exclusive-harbhajan-singh-calls-mohammad-amir-a-disgrace-india-vs-pakistan-t20-wc-1870253-2021-10-27 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=India Today |date=27 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029154525/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/t20-world-cup-2021/video/exclusive-harbhajan-singh-calls-mohammad-amir-a-disgrace-india-vs-pakistan-t20-wc-1870253-2021-10-27 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Harbhajan Singh lashes out at Mohammad Amir in latest video |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/378548-harbhajan-singh-lashes-out-at-mohammad-amir-in-latest-video |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Geo.tv |date=28 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042053/https://www.geo.tv/latest/378548-harbhajan-singh-lashes-out-at-mohammad-amir-in-latest-video |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=Harbhajan Singh, Mohammad Amir involved in ugly slugfest on Twitter over India-Pakistan matches |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/harbhajan-singh-mohammad-amir-involved-in-ugly-slugfest-on-twitter-over-past-india-pakistan-matches-101635299530546.html |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115759/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/harbhajan-singh-mohammad-amir-involved-in-ugly-slugfest-on-twitter-over-past-india-pakistan-matches-101635299530546.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Political career==
In March 2022, Singh was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] as one of their five candidates from the state of [[Punjab]]. He won unopposed and was officially elected as [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 March 2022 |title=All five AAP nominees from Punjab elected to Rajya Sabha unopposed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/all-five-aap-nominees-from-punjab-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed/article65256339.ece |access-date=27 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327125038/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/all-five-aap-nominees-from-punjab-elected-to-rajya-sabha-unopposed/article65256339.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="elected">{{cite news |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/punjab-from-raghav-chadha-to-harbhajan-singh-aap-s-all-5-candidates-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-2447661.html |title=From Raghav Chadha to Harbhajan Singh, AAP's all 5 candidates elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha from Punjab |publisher=Zee News |date=24 March 2022 |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327010552/https://zeenews.india.com/india/punjab-from-raghav-chadha-to-harbhajan-singh-aap-s-all-5-candidates-elected-unopposed-to-rajya-sabha-2447661.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 18 July 2022, Harbhajan took oath as a member of the Rajya Sabha from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on the first day of the Monsoon session of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Harbhajan Singh takes oath as Rajya Sabha member, shares video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliament-monsoon-session-2022-harbhajan-singh-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-shares-video-101658139076374.html |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721081330/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/parliament-monsoon-session-2022-harbhajan-singh-takes-oath-as-rajya-sabha-member-shares-video-101658139076374.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Film
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col"| Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' || Himself || [[Hindi]] || Special appearance
|-
|2009 || ''[[Victory (2009 film)|Victory]]'' || Himself || Hindi || Special appearance<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |date=31 January 2009 |title=Victory |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/victory/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |quote=A fleet of international cricketers have quite a lot of screen time. They include Harbhajan Singh and Jayasuriya and the dishy Brett Lee: their job is to stand around and applaud while our hero wins the matches. |access-date=6 July 2024 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204105349/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/victory/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bhaji in Problem]]'' || Harbhajan || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || Special appearance
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Second Hand Husband]]'' || Police Officer || Hindi || Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Dikkiloona]]'' || Sardesh Singh || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Special appearance
|-
| [[Friendship (2021 film)|''Friendship'']] || Bhagat Singh || Tamil || Lead role <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/harbhajan-singh-to-star-in-friendship-film-announced-on-veteran-spinners-41st-birthday/ |title=Harbhajan Singh to star in 'Friendship', film announced on veteran spinner's 41st birthday |work=SportsTiger |date=3 July 2021 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (TV series)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]''
| Contestant
| Hindi
| Winner
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/harbhajan-mona-singh-winners-of-ek-khiladi-ek-haseena-300347.html |title=Harbhajan, Mona Singh; winners of Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena |date=26 October 2008 |work=News18 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124043412/https://www.news18.com/news/india/harbhajan-mona-singh-winners-of-ek-khiladi-ek-haseena-300347.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Ring Ka King]]''
| Himself
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20120123-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-in-verbal-duels-756994-2012-01-14 |title=Harbhajan Singh to host 'Ring Ka King-Wrestling Ka Mahayudh' |publisher=India Today |access-date=10 October 2023 |archive-date=6 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706042602/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20120123-cricketer-harbhajan-singh-in-verbal-duels-756994-2012-01-14 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Mazaak Mazaak Mein]]''
| Judge
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shoaib-Akhtar-and-Harbhajan-Singh-to-judge-a-TV-show/articleshow/53058623.cms |title=Shoaib Akhtar and Harbhajan Singh to judge a TV show |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 July 2016 |access-date=10 July 2016 |archive-date=8 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708124805/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shoaib-Akhtar-and-Harbhajan-Singh-to-judge-a-TV-show/articleshow/53058623.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[MTV Roadies Rising]]''
| Himself
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhajji-shakes-a-leg-during-mtv-roadies-rising-auditions/articleshow/57448857.cms |title=Bhajji shakes a leg during MTV Roadies Rising auditions |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2017 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124043358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bhajji-shakes-a-leg-during-mtv-roadies-rising-auditions/articleshow/57448857.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Punjabiyan Di Dadagiri With Bhajji]]''
|Host/presenter
|Punjabi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=Dadagiri, Bhajji style |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/dadagiri-bhajji-style-307031 |access-date=12 December 2021 |publisher=Tribune India |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029164258/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/dadagiri-bhajji-style-307031 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Harbhajan Singh}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Cricinfo|id=29264}}
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/india-in-west-indies/top-stories/Harbhajan-Singh-takes-400th-Test-wicket/articleshow/9142557.cms Harbhajan Singh takes 400th Test wicket]
* [https://twitter.com/harbhajan_singh?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Harbhajan Singh] on [[Twitter]]
* {{IMDb name|id=2217770}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-par|in-rs}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harbhajan}}
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Rajpora Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T11:11:29Z

Naveed Aslam: clean up

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Rajpora]]
| mla = [[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 35
}}

'''Rajpora Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Rajpora is also part of [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Rajpora Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/rajpora.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[Ghulam Mohammad Rajpori]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Ghulam Mohammad Rajpori]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Bashir Ahmed Magrey]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Gulam Mohi-Ud-Din Mir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Syed Bashir Ahmad Shah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Syed Bashir Ahmad Shah]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Haseeb Drabu]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Rajpora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0835.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709153822/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0835.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,627 |percentage=47.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Bashir Ahmad |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=11,314 |percentage=21.16% |change={{decrease}}15.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arsheed Ahmad Bhat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,584 |percentage=10.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Altaf Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=3,273 |percentage=6.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muddasir Hassan |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,827 |percentage=5.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hasan Malik |party=Independent politician |votes=1,357 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Wani Niloora |party=Democratic Progressive Azad Party |votes=1,354 |percentage=2.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,248 |percentage=2.33% |change={{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,313 |percentage=26.77% |change= {{increase}}18.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,467 |percentage=60.01% |change= {{increase}}5.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,102 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Haseeb Drabu]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=18,103 |percentage=36.95% |change={{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,830 |percentage=28.23% |change={{increase}}10.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Wani |party=Independent politician |votes=6,477 |percentage=13.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peerzada Syed Bashir Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=5,133 |percentage=10.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,923 |percentage=3.92% |change={{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayed Riyaz Ahmad Riyaz Khawar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,565 |percentage=3.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Dar |party=Republican Party of India (Athawale) |votes=571 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=840 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,273 |percentage=8.72% |change= {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,997 |percentage=54.09% |change= {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,581 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Bashir Ahmad Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,177 |percentage=25.12% |change={{decrease}}33.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,230 |percentage=22.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gh Nabi Wani |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,222 |percentage=17.83% |change={{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,371 |percentage=10.79% |change={{increase}}4.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Jan Para |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=1,300 |percentage=3.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajad Ahmad Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=1,186 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayaz Ahmad Dar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,070 |percentage=2.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=947 |percentage=2.34% |change= {{decrease}}31.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,508 |percentage=50.61% |change= {{increase}}13.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,044 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}33.48 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Bashir Ahmad |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=13,946 |percentage=58.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,860 |percentage=24.62% |change={{decrease}}36.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Yousf Dar |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=1,641 |percentage=6.90% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mir Ghulam Nabi Patail |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,458 |percentage=6.13% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Shah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=457 |percentage=1.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=437 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,086 |percentage=33.98% |change= {{decrease}}3.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,799 |percentage=36.71% |change= {{decrease}}10.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}2.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,455 |percentage=61.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naba Mir |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,083 |percentage=24.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=1,866 |percentage=7.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,849 |percentage=7.32% |change={{decrease}}35.89 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,372 |percentage=37.11% |change= {{increase}}33.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,253 |percentage=51.63% |change= {{decrease}}18.35 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,993 |ref = |change= {{increase}}66.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}17.99 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Magrey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,079 |percentage=43.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Qadir Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=8,248 |percentage=39.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,340 |percentage=6.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Master Sonaullah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,217 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdul Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,126 |percentage=5.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=831 |percentage=3.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,010 |percentage=72.39% |change= {{increase}}66.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,832 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=G. M. Rajpori |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,190 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,190 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Rajpora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Rajpori |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,196 |percentage=98.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Abdul Sattar Ranjoor]] |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=181 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,015 |percentage=97.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,499 |percentage=86.51% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,220 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Rajpora]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.82|74.82|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Calamur Mahadevan

2026-03-16T22:15:20Z

Naveed Aslam: Created redirect page

{{Short description|Indian specialist in economic geology, marine geology, and nuclear geology}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Calamur Mahadevan
| occupation = Geologist, Principal of Andhra University
| discipline = [[Geology]]
| sub_discipline = [[Economic geology]] [[Marine geology]] Nuclear geology [[Ore dressing]]
| notable_students = [[U. Aswathanarayana]] [[Bunyan Edmund Vijayam]] [[T. C. Rao]] [[Bangalore Puttaiya Radhakrishna|B. P. Radhakrishna]] [[K. Padmanabhaiah]], Home Secretary
| image =
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] ([[M.A.]]) [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] ([[D.Sc]])
| workplaces = [[Andhra University]] 
[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] 
[[UNESCO]] 
[[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) 
[[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Committee]]
| academic_advisors = Sir [[K.S. Krishnan]] [[M.O.P. Iyengar|M. O. Parathasarathy Iyengar]]
| relatives = Sir [[C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri]] Sir [[C.P. Ramaswami Iyer]]
| doctoral_advisor = Sir [[C.V. Raman]]
| awards = Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] (FASc) 
Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (FNASc) 
Fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (FNI) 
Fellow of the [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (FISC) 
Fellow of the [[Geological Society of India]] (FGS) 
Fellow of the [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences]] (F.Pb.S) 
Fellow of the [[Paleontological Society|Palaeontological Society of India]] (FPSI) 
President and Fellow of the Geological, Mining, Metallurgical Society of India (F.G.M.M.S.I.)
}}

'''Calamur Mahadevan''' [[Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy|FNA]] {{Post-nominals|country=||list=[[Indian Academy of Sciences|FASc]]
[[National Academy of Sciences, India|FNASc]]
[[Indian National Science Academy|FNI]]
[[Indian Science Congress Association|FISC]]
[[Geological Society of India|FGS]]
[[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences|F.Pb.S]]
[[Paleontological Society|FPSI]]
[[American Institute of Mining Engineers|MAIME]]}} FGMMSI (6 May 1901 – 8 April 1962), sometimes known as '''C. Mahadevan''', was an Indian specialist in [[economic geology]], [[marine geology]], and nuclear geology,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Calamur Mahadevan FNA |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1934048 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences' Fellows Portal}}</ref> and 1934 Founding Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name=":0" /> elected for [[Earth and Planetary Science Letters|Earth and Planetary Sciences]]. He served on the [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Council of the Indian Academy of Sciences]] from 1948 until his death in 1962. Chosen as a [[Fulbright scholar]], with aid from the [[National Research Council (United States)|United States National Research Council]], he taught at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snQ7AQAAIAAJ |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=1976 |language=en}}</ref> Appointed to the first [[Professor|Professorship of Geology]] at [[Andhra University]] after fourteen years as Superintendent Geologist at the [https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Views/Index.aspx Geological Survey of Hyderabad], he was known as a doyen or foundational figure in the field of [[Indian geology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCS: Geology |url=https://www.osmania.ac.in/sciencecollege/geolog.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=www.osmania.ac.in}}</ref>

At [[Andhra University]], where he was further appointed Principal, he introduced the subjects of [[Oceanography]], [[Marine geology]], [[Marine biology]], [[Mineral processing]], and Nuclear geology as firsts in India, which some scholars trace to his time at [[MIT]].<ref name=":1" />

He was a major contributor to the Geological and Mineralogical Research Committee of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail |url=https://insaindia.res.in/old_website/detail.php?id=N45-0420 |access-date=2024-03-23 |website=insaindia.res.in}}</ref> and to the Nuclear Research Board of the [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Committee]], of which his cousin-in-law, [[M. R. Srinivasan]] was Chairman.<ref name=":1" /> He was additionally [[UNESCO]]'s designated Expert in Geology, in relation to which he spent 1956-7 in [[Brazil]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kothari |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lc0EAAAQBAJ |title=Who is Who in Indian Science 1969 |date=1969-01-01 |publisher=Alexander Doweld |language=en}}</ref> The [[U. Aswathanarayana|Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management]] was named in his honour, as was the [https://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/gsi/pages/view/EL_cmel Calamur Mahadevan Endowment Lecture] of the [[Geological Society of India]].

== Early life ==
He was born to Calamur Subrahmanya and C. Janaki, into the Calamur family, renowned for its scholarship,<ref name=":1" /> especially in [[Classics|Indian classics]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishnan |first=Maharajapuram Sitaram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOQJAQAAIAAJ |title=Mahadevan Volume: A Collection of Geological Papers in Commemoration of the Sixty-first Birthday of Prof. C. Mahadevan |date=1961 |publisher=Publication Committee; [copies can be had from S. Balakrishna, Geology Department, Osmania University] |language=en}}</ref> and attended primary school in [[Buchireddypalem]] and in [[Madras]], where he enrolled at [[Muthialpet|Muthialpet High School.]] He earnt his M.A. in geology from the [[University of Madras]] in 1927 under [[K. S. Krishnan|Sir K. S. Krishnan]], where his other teachers included [[T. Muthuswamy Iyer|T. N. Muthuswamy Iyer]] and [[M. O. P. Iyengar]], and obtained his [[D.Sc.]] at the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] under [[C. V. Raman|Sir C. V. Raman]].{{fact|date=March 2025}}

== Hyderabad Geological Survey ==
Mahadevan joined the [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad State Geological Survey]] in 1931 as Assistant Superintendent, where he became a protege of [[Alexander Heron|Dr. Alexander M. Heron]], recently retired as the [[Geological Survey of India|Director of the Geological Survey of India]].{{fact|date=March 2025}}

== Family ==
As a Calamur, he was closely related to [[C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri|Sir C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri]] and [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer|Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]], among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calamur Mahadevan – Humane professor {{!}} Brahmin For Society |url=https://brahminsforsociety.com/tamil/2016/06/27/calamur-mahadevan-humane-professor/ |access-date=2024-03-19 |website=brahminsforsociety.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Academy |first=Indian National Science |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUAFAAAAIAAJ |title=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |date=1976 |language=en}}</ref> His sister Kanthammal Calamur married Dr. Cpt. Pennathur Krishnaswamy; their two daughters Saraswati and Kamakshi married Sir C.P.’s sons [[C. R. Pattabhiraman]] and C.R. Sundaram,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishna |first=P.C. |date=16–31 July 2008 |title=The Captain of Cathedral Road |url=https://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%2018/Vol%20XVIII%20-%20No%2007.pdf |work=Madras Musings Vol. XVIII No. 7 |pages=6–8}}</ref> whose respective granddaughter and son are [[Nanditha Krishna]] and [[C. Aryama Sundaram]].

Mahadevan himself married Satyavati Rao, niece of [[V. N. Viswanatha Rao]] and Lakshmi Calamur Viravalli, daughter of [[C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri|Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri]]. Satyavati's sister Lalitha and brother V. N. Krishna Rao both married Calamurs. Mahadevan's son Calamur Subrahmanyam, meanwhile married Lakshmi, daughter of [[C. R. Pattabhiraman]] and his first cousin Saraswati.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:Economic geologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Marine geologists]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]

Harvard College

2026-03-14T20:28:48Z

Naveed Aslam: updated

{{Short description|Undergraduate college of Harvard University in Massachusetts}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| image_name = Shield of Harvard College.svg
| image_upright = 0.7
| established = {{start date and age|1636}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]] [[college]]
| parent = [[Harvard University]]
| dean = [[David Deming (economist)|David Deming]]
| city = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
| state = [[Massachusetts]]
| country = United States
| coordinates = {{Coord|42.374|-71.117|scale:10000_region:US-MA|display=title,inline}}
| students = 6,755<ref name=CDS-B>{{cite web |title=Common Data Set 2019–2020 |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/files/huoir/files/harvard_cds_2019-2020.pdf |department=Office of Institutional Research |publisher=Harvard University |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626231608/https://oir.harvard.edu/files/huoir/files/harvard_cds_2019-2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| campus = Urban
| website = {{URL|https://college.harvard.edu}}
}}

'''Harvard College''' is the [[undergraduate education|undergraduate]] [[college]] within the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] at [[Harvard University]].

The college offers [[Bachelor of Arts]] and [[Bachelor of Science]] degree programs. It is highly selective, with 3.5 percent of applicants being offered admission as of 2023.<ref>{{cite news|title=Record-Low 4.59 Percent of Applicants Accepted to Harvard Class of 2022|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/3/29/harvard-regular-admissions-2022////|access-date=16 September 2019|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=29 March 2018|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109012050/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2018/3/29/harvard-regular-admissions-2022/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Record-Low 4.5 Percent of Harvard College Applicants Accepted to Class of 2023|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/3/29/2023-admit-numbers/|access-date=16 September 2019|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=29 March 2019|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021052/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/3/29/2023-admit-numbers/|url-status=live}}</ref> Harvard College students participate in over 450 extracurricular organizations and nearly all live on campus.<ref name="organization">{{cite web |title=Student Activities |url=https://college.harvard.edu/life-at-harvard/student-activities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024061830/https://college.harvard.edu/life-at-harvard/student-activities |archive-date=24 October 2020 |access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref> First-year students reside in or near [[Harvard Yard]] while upperclass students reside in other on-campus housing.{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Harvard University}}
[[File:Harvard_Old_College.jpg|thumb|Harvard College's first building, as imagined by historian [[Samuel Eliot Morison]]<ref>[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/4/archival_objects/1178880 Clipping from The Harvard Bulletin, on discovery of southeast corner of original Harvard College building during subway excavations], 1910. Records of early Harvard buildings, 1710-1969, UAI 15.10.5, Box: 1, Folder: 8. Harvard University Archives</ref>]]
[[File:View of the ancient buildings belonging to Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass (NYPL b12349145-422857).jpg|thumb|Harvard during the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial era]]]]

Harvard College was founded in 1636 by vote of the [[Massachusetts General Court|Great and General Court]] of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. Two years later, the college became home to North America's first known [[printing press]], carried by the ship {{ship||John of London|ship|2}}.<ref name="FirstPrintingPress">{{cite web|title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering|date=8 March 2012 |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard’s-first-impressions/|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=2014-01-18|archive-date=2016-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711053519/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%E2%80%99s-first-impressions/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="UHullMHSC">{{cite web|title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press|url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf|publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull|access-date=2014-01-18|archive-date=2013-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1639 the college (heretofore unnamed){{refn|{{cite web|archive-date=2007-02-05|url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205041058/http://www.news.harvard.edu/guide/commu/index.html|title=The Harvard Guide. The Harvard Community. Cambridge. |quote=Cambridge was founded in 1630 as Newtowne. In 1637, the tiny village was designated as the location of the then-unnamed college, which would be named Harvard the following year.}} }} was named Harvard College in honor of deceased [[Charlestown, Massachusetts|Charlestown]] minister [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]] (1607–1638) who had bequeathed to the school his entire library and half of his monetary estate.

Harvard's first [[President_of_Harvard_University#Presidents_of_Harvard|Headmaster]] was [[Nathaniel Eaton]] (1610–1674); in 1639, he also became its first instructor to be dismissed, for overstrict discipline.<ref name="Samuel Eliot Morison 1986">Samuel Eliot Morison, ''Three Centuries of Harvard, 1636–1936'' (1986)</ref> The school's first students were graduated in 1642.

The [[Harvard Indian College]] was established, with the capacity for four or five Native Americans, and in 1665 [[Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck]] ({{circa|1643}}–1666) "from the [[Wampanoag]] … did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period."<ref>Monaghan, E. J., 2005, p. 55, 59</ref>

The [[University of Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge]], two of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the [[English language|English-speaking world]], have long been structured with individual colleges as part of the larger university and with each college including an association of scholars that shared room and board. Harvard's founders may have envisioned it as the first in a series of sibling colleges replicating the Oxford and Cambridge model, which would eventually constitute a university, though no further colleges materialized in the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]] era. The [[Indian College]] was active from 1640 to no later than 1693, but it was a minor addition not operated in federation with Harvard according to the English model. Harvard began granting higher degrees in the late eighteenth century, and it was increasingly styled Harvard University, even as Harvard College was increasingly thought of as the university's undergraduate division in particular.

Harvard College is currently responsible for undergraduate admissions, advising, housing, student life, athletics, and other undergraduate matters except instruction, which is the purview of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]]. The body known as the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] retains its traditional name despite having governance of the entire university. [[Radcliffe College]], established in 1879, originally paid Harvard faculty to repeat their lectures for women.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sally |last=Schwager |chapter=Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe |title=Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History |editor=Laurel Thatcher Ulrich|location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=1403960984 |pages=87–115}}</ref>
Since the 1970s, Harvard has been responsible for undergraduate matters for women, though women's Harvard diplomas were countersigned by the President of Radcliffe until a final merger in 1999.<ref>{{cite report |title=Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard |work=The Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard |access-date=May 6, 2016 |date= |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031437/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Admissions ==
[[File:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|[[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]], built in 1720, is the oldest surviving building on the Harvard campus.]]

Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. For the undergraduate class of 2025, Harvard had 57,435 applications and accepted 1,968 (3.4% acceptance rate). For the undergraduate class of 2023, the middle 50% range of [[SAT]] scores of enrolled freshmen was 710–770 for reading and writing and 750–800 for math, while the middle 50% range of the [[ACT (test)|ACT]] composite score was 33–35. The average high school [[Academic grading in the United States|grade point average (GPA)]] was 4.18.<ref name=CDS-B/> The acceptance rate for transfer students has been approximately 1%.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Menz |first1=Petey |title=The Real 1%: Harvard Admits 15 Transfer Students |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/6/21/transfer-admissions-one-percent/ |website=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409190443/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/6/21/transfer-admissions-one-percent/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Harvard consistently ranks first in the enrollment of recipients of the [[National Merit Scholarship Program|National Merit $2,500 Scholarship]]; it enrolled 207 such scholars in the Class of 2022.<ref>{{cite web|title=NMSC 2018–2019 Annual Report|url=https://www.nationalmerit.org/s/1758/images/gid2/editor_documents/annual_report.pdf?gid=2&pgid=61|publisher=National Merit Scholarship Corporation}}</ref>

Harvard College ended its [[early admission]]s program in 2007, but for the class of 2016 and beyond, an early action program was reintroduced.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/education/12harvard.html|title=Harvard Ends Early Admission|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first1=Alan|last1=Finder|first2=Karen W.|last2=Arenson|date=September 12, 2006|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121084219/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/12/education/12harvard.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The freshman class that entered in the fall of 2017 was the first to be majority (50.8%) nonwhite.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Deirdre |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/02/harvard-incoming-class-majority-nonwhite/5yOoqrsQ4SePRRNFemuQ2M/story.html |title=The majority of Harvard's incoming class is nonwhite |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=August 3, 2017 |access-date=August 4, 2017 |archive-date=November 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111234150/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/02/harvard-incoming-class-majority-nonwhite/5yOoqrsQ4SePRRNFemuQ2M/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

A federal lawsuit alleges that Harvard's admissions policies discriminate against Asian Americans, who tend to be overrepresented among students with high academic achievement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harvard's Ongoing Anti-Asian-American Micro-Aggression |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/06/harvard-admissions-policies-unfair-to-asian-americans/ |access-date=2018-07-17 |work=National Review |date=2018-06-19 |archive-date=2019-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323102430/https://www.nationalreview.com/2018/06/harvard-admissions-policies-unfair-to-asian-americans/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A lawsuit reveals how peculiar Harvard's definition of merit is |url=https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21744884-universitys-reputation-fairness-and-impartiality-emerges-bruised-lawsuit-reveals |access-date=2018-07-17 |newspaper=The Economist |archive-date=2018-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717124757/https://www.economist.com/news/united-states/21744884-universitys-reputation-fairness-and-impartiality-emerges-bruised-lawsuit-reveals |url-status=live }}</ref>

A 2019 district court decision in the case (which has since been appealed) found no evidence of explicit racial bias but did not rule out a small amount of [[implicit bias]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Harvard Won a Key Affirmative Action Battle. But the War's Not Over. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/us/harvard-admissions-lawsuit.html |access-date=December 14, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 2, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214213823/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/02/us/harvard-admissions-lawsuit.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Harvard has implemented more implicit bias training for its admissions staff in accordance with the court's recommendations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2019/10/02/harvard-case-reactions |title=Local Reaction To The Ruling In The Harvard Admission's Case |date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=2020-08-01 |archive-date=2019-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229221404/https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2019/10/02/harvard-case-reactions |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Wake of Admissions Lawsuit Decision, Khurana Agrees Harvard Must Become Aware of Biases |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/23/khurana-admissions-decision/ |access-date=29 December 2019 |newspaper=The Crimson |date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801123811/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/23/khurana-admissions-decision/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In addition, Harvard's [[legacy preferences|admissions preference for children of alumni]], employees, and donors has been criticized as favoring white and wealthy candidates.<ref name="The Wall Street Journal">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm|title=Admissions Preferences Given to Alumni Children Draws Fire|last=Golden|first=Daniel|date=January 15, 2003|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=August 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812112300/https://www.wsj.com/public/resources/documents/golden3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Price of Admission: How America's Ruling Class Buys Its Way into Elite Colleges—and Who Gets Left Outside the Gates|last=Golden|first=Daniel|year=2006|publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=1-4000-9796-7|url=https://archive.org/details/priceofadmission00gold_0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Todd |first1=Sarah |title=A new statistic reveals the startling privilege of white kids admitted to Harvard |url=https://qz.com/1713033/at-harvard-43-percent-of-white-students-are-legacies-or-athletes/ |website=Quartz |date=24 September 2019 |access-date=19 June 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015718/https://qz.com/1713033/at-harvard-43-percent-of-white-students-are-legacies-or-athletes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The median family income of Harvard students is $168,800, with 53% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 20% from the bottom 60%.<ref name="NYT mobility index">{{cite news |last1=Aisch |first1=Gregor |last2=Buchanan |first2=Larry |last3=Cox |first3=Amanda |last4=Quealy |first4=Kevin |title=Economic diversity and student outcomes at Harvard |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/college-mobility/harvard-university |access-date=9 August 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 January 2017 |archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209172714/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/college-mobility/harvard-university |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 2024, Harvard College tuition was about $57,000 and total costs about $83,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuition and Fees |url=https://registrar.fas.harvard.edu/tuition-and-fees |access-date=2024-08-31 |website=registrar.fas.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> However, Harvard offers one of the most generous financial aid programs in the United States, with [[need-blind admission]] and 100% of financial need met for all students. Families with incomes below $85,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, while families earning up to $150,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes. Financial aid is solely based on need; no merit or athletic scholarships are offered.<ref name="Costs and Tuition">{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/financial-aid/how-aid-works|title=How Aid Works|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-date=December 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212024808/https://college.harvard.edu/financial-aid/how-aid-works|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Academics==
The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a [[liberal arts education|liberal arts and sciences]] focus.<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web|url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027|title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University|publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|access-date=August 28, 2010|archive-date=August 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "liberal"/> To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees|title=The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 8, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214304/https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees|url-status=live}}</ref>

Midway through the second year, most undergraduates join one of fifty [[academic major]]s; many also declare a [[academic minor|minor]] (secondary field). Joint majors (combining the requirements of two majors) and special majors (of the student's own design) are also possible.<ref name = liberal>{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences|title=Liberal Arts & Sciences|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=October 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences|url-status=live}}</ref>
Most majors lead to the ''Artium Baccalaureus'' (AB). Some award the ''Scientiae Baccalaureus'' (SB). There are also dual degree programs permitting students to earn both a Harvard AB and a Master of Music (MM) from either the [[New England Conservatory of Music]] or the [[Berklee College of Music]] over five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences/dual-degree-music-programs|title=Dual Degree Music Programs|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=December 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214311/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences/dual-degree-music-programs|url-status=live}}</ref>

In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and/or a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Harvard College students must take a course in each of four General Education categories (Aesthetics and Culture; Ethics and Civics; Histories, Societies, Individuals; Science and Technology in Society)<ref name = "req">{{cite web|url=https://gened.fas.harvard.edu/requirements|title=Requirements|access-date=November 22, 2019|archive-date=December 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213174126/https://gened.fas.harvard.edu/requirements|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as a course in each of three academic divisions (Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences; Science and Engineering and Applied Science). They must also fulfill foreign language, expository writing, and quantitative reasoning with data requirements.<ref name = "req"/> Exposure to a range of intellectual areas in parallel with pursuit of a chosen major in depth fulfills the injunction of former Harvard president [[Abbott Lawrence Lowell]] that liberal education should produce "men who know a little of everything and something well".{{refn|{{cite book|first=Harry R.|last=Lewis|title=Excellence Without a Soul: Does Liberal Education Have a Future?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4vnSP2RMjMgC&pg=PA48|year=2007 |publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=9781586485375|page=48}}}}

Some introductory courses have large enrollments, but most courses are small: the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes|title=How large are classes?|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=December 16, 2019|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes|url-status=live}}</ref> Funding and faculty mentorship for research is available in all disciplines for undergraduates at all levels.<ref name = undergrad>{{cite web | url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/research | title=Research | publisher=Harvard College | access-date=December 16, 2019 | archive-date=December 7, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214303/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/research | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Student life ==
===House system===

[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|alt=grass under trees with some buildings in the background|Harvard College's freshman dormitories in [[Harvard Yard]]]]
[[File:Lowell House belltower.JPG|thumb|[[Lowell House]]]]

Nearly all undergraduates live on campus, for the first year in dormitories in or near [[Harvard Yard]] and later in the upperclass houses—administrative subdivisions of the college as well as living quarters, providing a sense of community in what might otherwise be a socially incohesive and administratively daunting university environment.{{cn|date=May 2025}} Each house is presided over by two faculty deans, while its Allston Burr Resident Dean — an Assistant Dean of the college who is usually an appointed lecturer or a junior faculty member in the Faculty of Arts and Sciences — supervises undergraduates' day-to-day academic and disciplinary well-being.

The faculty deans and resident dean are assisted by other members of the Senior [[Common Room (university)#United States|Common Room]]—select graduate students (tutors), faculty, and university officials brought into voluntary association with each house. The faculty deans and resident dean reside in the house, as do resident tutors. Terms like tutor, Senior Common Room, and Junior Common Room reflect a debt to the [[residential college|constituent college]] systems at Oxford and Cambridge from which Harvard's system took inspiration.<ref name="Harvard College ResLife 2008">{{cite web| author = Harvard College Office of Residential Life| title = History of the House System| year = 2008| url = http://www.orl.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k11447&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup17718| access-date = 2008-04-20}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The houses were created by President Lowell in the 1930s to combat what he saw as pernicious social stratification engendered by the private, off-campus living arrangements of many undergraduates at that time. Lowell's solution was to provide every man—Harvard was male-only at the time—with on-campus accommodations throughout his time at the college; Lowell also saw great benefits in other features of the house system, such as the relaxed discussions—academic or otherwise—which he hoped would take place among undergraduates and members of the Senior Common Room over meals in each house's dining hall.<ref>{{cite book | author = Morison, Samuel Eliot |title = Three Centuries of Harvard: 1636–1936 | url = https://archive.org/details/threecenturiesof00mori | url-access = registration | year = 1936 |pages = [https://archive.org/details/threecenturiesof00mori/page/476 476–478]|publisher = Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press }}</ref>

How students come to live in particular houses has changed greatly over time. Under the original "draft" system, masters (now called "faculty deans") negotiated privately over the assignment of students.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} From the 1960s to the mid-1990s, each student ranked the houses according to personal preference, with a lottery resolving the oversubscription of more popular houses. Today, groups of one to eight freshmen form a block which is then assigned, essentially at random, to an upperclass house.

The nine "River Houses" are south of Harvard Yard, near the [[Charles River]]: [[Adams House (Harvard University)|Adams]], [[Dunster House|Dunster]], [[Eliot House|Eliot]], [[Kirkland House|Kirkland]], [[Leverett House|Leverett]], [[Lowell House|Lowell]], [[Mather House (Harvard University)|Mather]], [[Quincy House (Harvard)|Quincy]], and [[Winthrop House|Winthrop]]. Their construction was financed largely by a 1928 gift from [[Yale]] alumnus [[Edward Harkness]], who, frustrated in his attempts to initiate a similar project at his alma mater, eventually offered $11 million to Harvard.{{efn|<ref name="bethell" /><ref name="gifts28-29">"Gifts – 1928–1929" (Press release). Harvard University News Office. June 20, 1929. HU 37.5, Harvard University Archives, Cambridge, Massachusetts "This figure [of gifts and legacies received during the year] includes $5,444,000 received from E. S. Harkness to defray the expenses of constructing the first Harvard houses."</ref>

Harkness' gift was anonymous, at least at first. "I have forgotten the gentleman's name", Harvard's President Lowell told the faculty in making the initial announcement. "I told him I would."{{refn|{{cite book|title=The Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Harvard University, 1686–1933|author=John B. Fox Jr.|year=2007|page=142|publisher=President and Fellows of Harvard College}} }} }}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Harkness and History |magazine=Harvard Magazine |date=November 2013 |url=http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/11/harkness-and-history |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527210112/http://harvardmagazine.com/2013/11/harkness-and-history |url-status=live }}</ref>

Construction of the first houses began in 1929,<ref name="bethell">{{cite book | title=Harvard Observed: An Illustrated History of the University in the Twentieth Century | publisher=Harvard University Press | author=Bethell, John | year=1998 | location=Cambridge | pages=[https://archive.org/details/harvardobservedi00beth/page/102 102–103] | isbn=9780674377332 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/harvardobservedi00beth/page/102 }}</ref> but the land on which they were built had been assembled decades before. After graduating from Harvard in 1895, [[Edward W. Forbes]] found himself inspired by the Oxford and Cambridge systems during two years of study in England; on returning to the United States he set out to acquire the land between Harvard Yard and the Charles River that was not already owned by Harvard or an associated entity. By 1918, that ambition had been largely fulfilled and the assembled land transferred to Harvard.<ref>Lowe, Charles U. "The Forbes Story of the Harvard Riverside Associates: How Harvard Acquired the Land on which Lowell House was Built", February 20, 2002.[http://lowell.harvard.edu/house/Forbes/new_forbes.shtml lowell.harvard.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409220638/http://lowell.harvard.edu/house/Forbes/new_forbes.shtml |date=2010-04-09 }}</ref><ref>Sacks, Benjamin J. "Harvard's 'Constructed Utopia' and the Culture of Deception: the Expansion toward the Charles River, 1902–1932", ''The New England Quarterly'' 84.2 (June 2011): 286–317.[http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00090] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418074458/https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/TNEQ_a_00090|date=2019-04-18}}</ref>

The three [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Quad Houses]], [[Cabot House|Cabot]], [[Currier House (Harvard College)|Currier]], and [[Pforzheimer House]], enjoy a residential setting half a mile northwest of Harvard Yard. These were built by [[Radcliffe College]] and housed [[Radcliffe College]] students until the Harvard and Radcliffe residential systems merged in 1977.<ref>Sofen, Adam A. "Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard, April 21, 1999.[http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717064757/http://www.thecrimson.harvard.edu/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/|date=2011-07-17}}</ref> A thirteenth house, Dudley Community, formerly called [[Dudley House (Harvard College)|Dudley House]], is nonresidential but fulfills the administrative and social functions provided to on-campus residents by the other twelve houses for undergraduate students living in the Dudley Co-op, many of the undergraduate students living off-campus (which are small in number), and the Visiting Undergraduate Students who study at Harvard for a term or year. Harvard's residential houses are paired with Yale's residential colleges in sister relationships.

=== Student government ===
{{Main|Harvard Undergraduate Council}}

The Harvard Undergraduate Council (UC) was the student government of Harvard College until it was abolished by a student referendum in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Students Vote Overwhelmingly to Dissolve Undergraduate Council in Favor of New Student Government {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/4/1/uc-referendum-results-yes-wins/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> It was replaced by the Harvard Undergraduate Association (HUA).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Estabine and Johnson Elected as First Co-Presidents of the Harvard Undergraduate Association {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/5/1/hua-election-results-2022/ |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>

=== Athletics ===
{{Main|Harvard Crimson}}
[[File:Bright Hockey Center, Harvard.JPG|thumb|The [[Cornell–Harvard hockey rivalry]] match in 2006]]
[[File:Harvard stadium 2009h.JPG|thumb|[[Harvard Stadium]], home of [[Harvard Crimson]] and the [[Boston Cannons]]]]

The [[Harvard Crimson]] fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]], more than any other [[Division I (NCAA)|NCAA Division I]] college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard : Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |url-status=dead }}</ref> Every two years, the Harvard and Yale [[track and field]] teams come together to compete against a combined [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer [[athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref>

Harvard's athletic rivalry with [[Yale Bulldogs|Yale]] is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual [[American football|football]] meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "[[Harvard–Yale football rivalry|The Game]]". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the best as it was in football's early days, both Harvard and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, [[Harvard Stadium]] introduced a new era into football with the first permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsdial.com/sports/football/football-history.html|title=History of American Football|publisher=Newsdial.com|access-date=August 29, 2010|archive-date=September 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925234346/http://newsdial.com/sports/football/football-history.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Nelson, David M., ''Anatomy of a Game: Football, the Rules, and the Men Who Made the Game'', 1994, pp. 127–128</ref>

Even older than Harvard{{ndash}}Yale football rivalry, the Harvard–Yale Regatta is held each June on the [[Thames River (Connecticut)|Thames River]] in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in [[rowing (sport)|rowing]]. Other sports in which Harvard teams are particularly strong are [[Harvard Crimson men's ice hockey|men's ice hockey]], [[squash (sport)|squash]], and men's and women's [[fencing]]. Harvard's men's ice hockey team won the school's first NCAA Championship in any team sport in 1989, and Harvard also won the [[Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships]] in 2003. Harvard was the first Ivy League school to win an NCAA Championship in a women's sport when its women's lacrosse team won in 1990.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://harvardmagazine.com/2015/06/25-year-anniversary-womens-lacrosse-national-championship|title=Teammates for Life|magazine=Harvard Magazine|date=June 5, 2015|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=December 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215173700/https://harvardmagazine.com/2015/06/25-year-anniversary-womens-lacrosse-national-championship|url-status=live}}</ref>

The school color is [[crimson]], which is also the name of Harvard's sports teams and the student newspaper, ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''. The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to [[magenta]]) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when [[Charles William Eliot]], a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2002/4/11/harvard-explained-why-is-crimson-harvards/|title=Harvard Explained}}</ref>

==== Fight songs ====
[[File:Harvard Rowing Crew at Henley 2004 -2.JPG|thumb|Harvard men's eight crew at [[Henley Royal Regatta|Henley]] in 2004; founded in 1852, the [[Harvard–Yale Regatta]] is the oldest intercollegiate athletic rivalry in the United States.]]

Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football, are "[[Ten Thousand Men of Harvard]]" and "[[Harvardiana (song)|Harvardiana]]". While "[[Fair Harvard]]" is actually the [[alma mater (song)|alma mater]], "Ten Thousand Men" is better known outside the university. The [[Harvard University Band]] performs these fight songs and other cheers at football and hockey games. These were parodied by Harvard alumnus [[Tom Lehrer]] in his song "[[Fight Fiercely, Harvard]]", which he composed while an undergraduate.

====Athletics history====
By the late 19th century, critics of intercollegiate athletics, including Harvard president [[Charles William Eliot]], believed that sports had become over-commercialized and took students away from their studies. They called for limitations on all sports. This opposition prompted Harvard's athletic committee to target "minor" sports—basketball and hockey—for reform in order to deflect attention from the major sports: football, baseball, track, and crew. The committee made it difficult for the basketball team to operate by denying financial assistance and limiting the number of overnight away games in which the team could participate.

=== Student organizations ===
{{main|List of Harvard College undergraduate organizations}}
Harvard has more than 450 undergraduate student organizations.<ref name = organization/><ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Student Organizations |url=http://osl.fas.harvard.edu/student-organizations |publisher=Harvard College |access-date=13 January 2016 |work=[[The President and Fellows of Harvard College]] |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112221123/http://osl.fas.harvard.edu/student-organizations |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Phillips Brooks House Association]] acts as an umbrella service organization.

==Notable alumni==
{{See also|List of Harvard University people}}

<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable alumni include:">
Cotton Mather by Peter Pelham.jpg|Minister, author, and pamphleteer [[Cotton Mather]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1678)
John Adams Portrait.jpg|US president [[John Adams]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barzilay |first1=Karen N. |title=The Education of John Adams |url=https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/the-education-of-john-adams-2007-06-01 |publisher=Massachusetts Historical Society |access-date=20 September 2020 |archive-date=2021-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726202845/https://www.masshist.org/object-of-the-month/objects/the-education-of-john-adams-2007-06-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> (AB,{{nbsp}}1755)
John Quincy Adams.jpg|US president [[John Quincy Adams]]<ref>{{cite web |title=John Quincy Adams |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-quincy-adams/ |publisher=The White House |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005104815/https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/presidents/john-quincy-adams/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hogan |first1=Margaret A. |title=John Quincy Adams: Life Before the Presidency |date=4 October 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812123606/https://millercenter.org/president/jqadams/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref> (AB,{{nbsp}}1787)
Ralph Waldo Emerson ca1857 retouched.jpg |Philosopher and poet [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1821)
Benjamin D. Maxham - Henry David Thoreau - Restored - greyscale - straightened.jpg |Naturalist, poet and philosopher [[Henry David Thoreau]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1837)
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr circa 1930-edit.jpg|US supreme court justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1861)
Charles Sanders Peirce.jpg |Philosopher and mathematician [[Charles Sanders Peirce]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1862)
President Theodore Roosevelt, 1904.jpg|US president and Nobel laureate in peace [[Theodore Roosevelt]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Theodore Roosevelt - Biographical |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=5 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905033556/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1906/roosevelt/biographical/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (AB,{{nbsp}}1880)
Franklin D. Roosevelt - Portrait by Jacob H. Perskie.png|US president [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leuchtenburg |first1=William E. |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Life Before the Presidency |date=4 October 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=13 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813025557/https://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref> (AB,{{nbsp}}1903)
Helen Keller circa 1920 - restored.jpg|Author, political activist, and lecturer [[Helen Keller]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1904, Radcliffe College)
Thomas Stearns Eliot by Lady Ottoline Morrell (1934).jpg|Poet and Nobel laureate in literature [[T. S. Eliot]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1909)
JROppenheimer-LosAlamos.jpg|Physicist [[J. Robert Oppenheimer]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1925)
Leonard Bernstein by Jack Mitchell (high quality).jpg|Composer [[Leonard Bernstein]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1939)
John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|US president [[John F. Kennedy]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=J. Selverstone |first1=Marc |title=John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency |date=4 October 2016 |url=https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/life-before-the-presidency |publisher=Miller Center |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812190501/https://millercenter.org/president/kennedy/life-before-the-presidency |url-status=live }}</ref> (AB,{{nbsp}}1940)
Henry Kissinger Shankbone Metropolitan Opera 2009.jpg|US secretary of state and Nobel laureate in peace [[Henry Kissinger]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1950)
Al Gore, Vice President of the United States, official portrait 1994.jpg|US vice president and Nobel laureate in peace [[Al Gore]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1969)
Chuck Schumer official photo.jpg|US senate majority leader [[Chuck Schumer]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1971)
Benazir Bhutto.jpg|11th and 13th Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Benazir Bhutto]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1973, Radcliffe College)
Cornel West by Gage Skidmore.jpg|Philosopher, political activist, and social critic [[Cornel West]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1973)
Merrick Garland.jpg|US attorney general [[Merrick Garland]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1974)
Ben Bernanke official portrait.jpg|Federal Reserve chair [[Ben Bernanke]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1975)
Official roberts CJ.jpg|US supreme court chief justice [[John Roberts]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1976)
Bill Gates June 2015.jpg|Microsoft founder [[Bill Gates]] (1977){{efn|name="nodegree"|Harvard College "social" class year: did not graduate.}}
Secretary Blinken's Official Department Photo.jpg|US secretary of state [[Antony Blinken]] (AB,{{nbsp}}1984)
Mark Zuckerberg F8 2019 Keynote (32830578717) (cropped).jpg|Facebook co-founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]] (2006){{efn|name="nodegree"}}
Jeremy Lin 2012 Shankbone (cropped).JPG|Basketball player [[Jeremy Lin]] (AB,{{nbsp}}2010)
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=King|first=M. |author-link=Moses King |date=1884 |title=Harvard and Its Surroundings |url={{google books|xAhwXaU5nwoC|plainurl=y}} |location=Cambridge, MA |publisher=Moses King |oclc=1425462364}}
* {{Cite book |last=Monaghan |first=E. Jennifer |date=2005 |title=Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America |url=https://archive.org/details/learningtoreadwr0000mona/page |url-access=subscription |series=Studies in Print Culture and the History of the Book |location=Amherst, MA and Boston; Worcester |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press; American Antiquarian Society |isbn=9781558494862 |oclc=1409464395}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Harvard College|short=x}}

{{Harvard}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1636 establishments in the Massachusetts Bay Colony]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in the 1630s]]
[[Category:Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Harvard Square]]
[[Category:Harvard University|College]]

Lakkundi

2026-03-13T22:56:49Z

Naveed Aslam: minor changes

{{short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lakkundi
| other_name = Lokkigundi
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = 11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 03.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Historic temples at Lakkundi
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15|23|23|N|75|43|06|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| established_title = | established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = | postal_code = 582115
| registration_plate = KA-26
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Gadag
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Lakkundi''', also referred to as '''Lokkugundi''', was a major city before the 14th century and is now a village in the [[Gadag District]] of [[Karnataka]], India. By the 10th century, it was already a major economic and commercial centre, hosting [[Mint (facility)|mint]] operations for [[South India]]. It was mentioned in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]] inscriptions and texts. By the 12th century, many [[Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[Jainism|Jain]] temples had been [[Consecration|consecrated]] here, along with [[public infrastructure]] such as [[stepwell]]s and [[water reservoir]]s. Among the major temples are the [[Brahma Jinalaya]] (the oldest), Mallikarjuna, Lakshminarayana, Manikeshwara, Naganatha, Kumbheshvara, Nanneshwara, Someshwara, Narayana, Nilakanteshwara, Kasivisesvara (the most sophisticated and ornate), Virabhadra, [[Virupaksha Temple, Hampi|Virupaksha]], and others. As its importance and wealth grew, Lakkundi became one of the capitals of the [[Hoysala Empire]].<ref name="Tomory1982">{{cite book|author=Edith Tomory|title=A History of Fine Arts in India and the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RTqAAAAMAAJ |year=1982|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-0-86131-321-1|pages=119–120}}</ref><ref name=karhandbook>{{cite web |url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf |access-date=3 March 2009 |title=Chapter XIV, Karnataka, The Tourist Paradise |url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232130/http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf }}</ref><ref name="Hardy1995">{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C |year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0|pages=157–160, 335–337}}</ref>

In the 14th century, the city was targeted by Islamic [[Sultanates]] as they sought to plunder and establish political dominance over the South Indian Hindu kingdoms. The village of Lakkundi contains over 50 temple ruins, many of which are in poor condition and inhabited by bats. However, the major temples have been restored and are now maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). Lakkundi is an important centre for the study of [[Kalyani Chalukya|Kalyana Chalukya era]] Hindu architecture, known as the "Lakkundi school" of architects and craftsmen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India |url=https://asi.nic.in/ |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=asi.nic.in}}</ref>

[[British Empire|British]] [[archaeologists]] of the 19th century played a significant role in rediscovering Lakkundi and its significance in [[Indian art]] history. The ruins of Lakkundi are now a highlight of Indian art history in museums, with some ruins displayed in a local sculpture gallery and sheds near the temples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eb |first=Pranav |date=10 April 2018 |title=A Guide To Nelliyampathy: Nature At Its Best |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/guide-nelliyampathy-nature-at-its-best-003295.html |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=www.nativeplanet.com |language=en}}</ref>

Aside from Hindu and Jain monuments, a [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[dargah]] dedicated to Zindeshah Wali is also found in Lakkundi. The site attracts visitors from all over the world due to its rich historical and [[cultural heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakkundi {{!}} India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lakkundi |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

As of January 2026, excavation at the Kote Veerabhadraswamy Temple in Lakkundi has revealed [[Neolithic|Neolithic-era]] artefacts including a broken gray clay pot, cowrie shells, a stone axe, a cross-shaped pedestal, and a stone pedestal carved with a [[Tirthankara|Jina]] figure, during an ASI-supervised dig that began on January 16 and involves 34 workers excavating up to five feet deep, while authorities are also engaging residents living on temple land to relocate for restoration, with families expressing willingness to move if provided alternative housing and land.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-20 |title=Neolithic relics found during excavation at Lakkundi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/neolithic-relics-found-during-excavation-at-lakkundi/article70530313.ece |access-date=2026-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Location==
[[File:Western Chalukya Monuments.svg|thumb|left|200px|Core area of Western Chalukya architectural activity in modern [[Karnataka]] state, India]]
Lakkundi is about 12 kilometers from the twin city of Gadag-Betageri, between [[Hampi]] and [[Goa]], connected by India's National Highway 67. Home to numerous ruins of historic Hindu and Jain temples, Lakkundi is located in a region with many major temple groups from the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]], [[Chalukyas]], [[Seuna|Yadavas-Seunas]], [[Hoysalas]], and [[Vijayanagara]] eras. For example, it is close to historic temples found in [[Dambal]], [[Kukkanur]], Gadag, Annigeri, Mulgund, Harti, Laksmesvara, Kalkeri, Savadi, Hooli, Rona, Sudi, Koppal, and [[Itagi]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=3–4, Chapter 33}}</ref> The nearest railway station is in Gadag city.

==History==
{{main|Western Chalukya architecture |Western Chalukya temples}}
Lakkundi is the phonetically shortened form of the historic name ''Lokkigundi'', a name found in inscriptions in the village and others found in southern Karnataka and Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/pdf/gazeetter_reprint/History-I/chapter_9.pdf|title= CHAPTER 9. THE CALUKYAS AND THE KALACURYAS OF KALYANI. HISTORY–ANCIENT PERIOD, Chalukya|access-date=10 March 2009}}</ref> The earliest surviving inscription was discovered by British archaeologists on a stone slab near Kanner Bhanvi—a stepwell in Lakkundi. The inscribed stone slab was being used by local ''dhobis'' (washermen) to wash clothes at the stepwell.<ref name="Burgess1885"/> The inscription on it dates to 790 CE. This inscription confirms that Lakkundi was already in existence and significant enough for an inscription by the 8th century. James Fergusson—the 19th-century Scottish historian known for his archaeological and architectural studies in India—reported over 30 more inscriptions from Lakkundi, in Kannada and Sanskrit, most of which range between the 11th and 12th centuries. Some of these were foundation inscriptions of Jain and Hindu temples; others were gifts to different temples, to ''Maha-agrahara'', to monasteries such as ''Hiree Matha'' (now lost), to donate stepwells for the public and pilgrims, and for other purposes. Though damaged, many of them include the ''Saka'' year of the inscription. The profusion of these inscriptions attests to the importance of Lakkundi as a historic city to both Hindu and Jain traditions.<ref name="Burgess1885">{{cite book|author=James Burgess|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Bombay Presidency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xScXAAAAYAAJ |year=1885|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=37–39}}</ref>

[[File:11th century Hindu temple stambha, Kasivisvesvara, Lakkundi, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|A decorated pillar at the Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi]]
Many more inscriptions on stone and copper plates mentioning Lokkugundi have been discovered far from Lakkundi. However, in this part of ancient and medieval Karnataka, Lokkugundi is among the most mentioned cities. By 1884, some 35 Hindu and Jain inscriptions dated to between the 9th and 13th centuries CE had been found that mention Lokkugundi.<ref name="Campbell1884">{{cite book|author=J.M. Campbell|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Dháwár |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxlBAQAAMAAJ |year=1884|publisher=Government Central Press|pages=389–390}}</ref> Though Lakkundi was an established town in the second half of the 1st millennium, its growth and wealth came after 973 CE when Taila II, a Chalukya of Vatapi descendant and chieftain appointed in 965 CE, organized a successful revolt against Karkka II of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. In regional texts, the reign that followed is called ''Cālukya'' (Later Chalukyas, Kalyani Chalukyas, or Chalukyas of Kalyana) to distinguish them from the ''Calukya'' (Early Chalukyas). Lakkundi flowered and grew with the Shaiva-tradition Hindu monarch Satyasraya Irivabedanga—the successor and son of Taila II who came to power in 997 or 998 CE. This is attested by both Jain and Hindu inscriptions of the early 11th century, particularly of a woman named Attimabbe who obtained permission from Satyasraya to build her Jaina temple; the result is the oldest surviving Brahma Jinalaya temple in Lakkundi.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=3–7}}</ref><ref>G. S. Dikshit (1947), ''Satyasraya Chalukya'', Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 10, pp. 241-244, {{JSTOR|44137139}}</ref>

Lakkundi grew to be a major city, prosperous and one with a mint. Lakkundi and several historic towns to its north—such as Rona, Sudi, Kradugu (now known as Gadag), Hooli and others—attracted a burst of religious, cultural, and literary flowering from the 11th to 13th centuries, with ever more sophisticated temple architecture, Vidyadana (charity-supported schools), and public works such as stepwells. These are largely in the context of Shaivism and Jainism, though a few major temples of Vaishnavism here are also from this period.<ref name="AlberyHartmann2021">{{cite book|author=Nupur Dasgupta|editor1=Henry Albery|editor2=Jens-Uwe Hartmann|editor3=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Power, Presence and Space: South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWHwDwAAQBAJ |year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-016880-8|pages=260–272}}</ref>

Smaller Lakkundi monuments can be traced to the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]], the short rule here of the [[Seuna]]s, and the longer rule of the [[Hoysalas]]. In 1192 CE, after many of the remarkable temples of Lakkundi were already standing, a Sanskrit inscription of the Hoysala king Ballala II re-affirms the continued importance of Lakkundi and it becoming his capital.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nupur Dasgupta|editor1=Henry Albery|editor2=Jens-Uwe Hartmann|editor3=Himanshu Prabha Ray|title=Power, Presence and Space: South Asian Rituals in Archaeological Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWHwDwAAQBAJ |year=2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-00-016880-8|pages=279–280}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Edith Tomory|title=A History of Fine Arts in India and the West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7RTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-0-86131-321-1|page=120}}</ref> After the 13th century, there is an abrupt end to all evidence of new public works, temples, inscriptions, and other indirect signs of economic prosperity in Lakkundi.

===Temples===
Lakkundi has about 50 temples and temple ruins of different sizes and sophistication, all dated to pre-14th century. They are of Shaivism, Jainism, and Vaishnavism, though most temples include diverse iconography such as Surya and Vedic deities such as Brahma. For example, the oldest Jaina temple—Brahma Jinalaya—includes Hindu statues and artworks such as that of the four-headed Brahma, Saraswati, and Lakshmi, along with Mahavira, Parsvanatha, and other Tirthankaras. The major surviving temples in Lakkundi include:<ref name="Burgess1885"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Lakkundi temples
!Temple
!Year/Century
!Image
!Notes
|-
|[[Brahma Jinalaya]]
|1007 CE<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=89–91}}</ref>
|[[File:11th century Brahma Jinalaya temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg|100px]]
|The largest Jain temple in Lakkundi and the oldest of the large temples (1007 CE).
|-
|[[Naganatha Temple, Lakkundi]]
|Early 11th century<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=83–84, 87}}</ref>
|[[File:12th century Naganatha temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg|100px]]
|Another Jain temple, dedicated to Parsvanatha and Naga (serpent deity).
|-
|[[Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi]]
|1030 CE<ref name=dhaky95/>
|[[File:11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 06.jpg|100px]]
|Also known as the Kavatalesvara temple in historic texts, it is a Hindu twin temple—one for Shiva and the other for Surya. It is highly ornate and the most sophisticated among the Lakkundi temples. According to Burgess, it has "one of the finest surviving illustration[s] of Hindu decorative artwork in India". It is one of the best illustrations of the Kalyana Chalukya style of Hindu architecture.<ref name=dhaky95>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=95–100}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malikarjuna Temple, Lakkundi]]
|11th century<ref name="books.google.com"/>
|
|A Hindu temple.
|-
|[[Halagund Basavanna Temple, Lakkundi]]
|
|
|A Shaiva Lingayat temple.
|-
|[[Virupaksha Temple, Lakkundi]]
|1010 CE<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=88–89}}</ref>
|[[File:11th 12th century Virupaksha temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg|100px]]
|An active and most-attended village temple, featuring Rashtrakuta-style Hindu architecture.
|-
|[[Lakshminarayana Temple, Lakkundi]]
|11th century<ref name="books.google.com"/>
|
|A Vishnu temple.
|-
|[[Manikesvar Temple, Lakkundi]]
|1160 CE<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|page=102}}</ref>
|[[File:11th 12th century Manikeshwara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg|100px]]
|A trikuta temple with one of the many historic stepwells in Lakkundi.
|-
|[[Virabhadra Temple, Lakkundi]]
|11th century<ref name="books.google.com"/>
|
|A Hindu temple.
|-
|[[Nanesvara Temple, Lakkundi]]
|1020–30 CE<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=92–94}}</ref>
|[[File:11th century Nannesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg|100px]]
|A Hindu temple with innovations in mandapa and pillar architecture, one of the earliest examples of the fully developed Kalyana Chalukya style.
|-
|[[Somesvara Temple, Lakkundi]]
|11th-century<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=87–88}}</ref>
|
|A Shiva temple closer to the historic fort walls; parts of the temple have influences from the Sudi–Aihole school of Hindu architecture.
|-
|[[Nilakanthesvara Temple, Lakkundi]]
|11th century<ref name="books.google.com"/>
|
|A Shiva temple with notable artwork on the outer walls.
|-
|[[Kumbheshvara Temple, Lakkundi]]
|Late 11th or early 12th century<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=100–102}}</ref>
|[[File:11th 12th century Kumbhareshwara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 01.jpg|100px]]
|Another trikuta Hindu temple with one section better preserved, now surrounded by private homes; the symmetric gudhamandapa is brilliantly structured and constructed.
|-
|Other Hindu and Jaina temple ruins
|8th to 13th-century
|
|The Siddharamesvara temple, for example, is a small Karnata-Chalukya style temple from the early 11th century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India, Text & Plates|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ |year=1996|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|page=87}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Stepwells===
{{expand section|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Stepped Well at ManikesvaraTemple in Lakkundi.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Stepwell near the Manikesvara Temple in Lakkundi]]

Lakkundi has a number of stepwells, some functioning as water tanks for the temples. These are artistically built with small canopied niches enshrining [[linga]]s. The Chateer Bavi, Kanne Bavi, and Musukina Bavi are architecturally significant and popular for their artwork and carvings.

===Inscriptions===
{{expand section|date=August 2021}}

Over two dozen Kannada and Sanskrit inscriptions from different Hindu dynasties have been found at Lakkundi. These describe gifts and donations, the names of donors and the social classes they came from, the ritual and cultural aspects of their times, and the socio-political context of medieval Karnataka. Some of these are important for establishing the history of Jain heritage in Karnataka during the rule of these dynasties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/karnataka/lakkundi.htm |title=LAKKUNDI |publisher=By Dr. A. V. Narasimha Murthy |access-date=3 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124225/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/karnataka/lakkundi.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009}}</ref> Key inscriptions include:
* The inscriptions of the [[Kalyani Chalukyas|Kalyani Chalukya]] king Satyasraya Irivabedanga (reigned 997–1008 CE), which narrate in the ''Ajithanatha Purana'' the details of the construction of the Brahma Jinalaya by Attimabbe and the associated donations.
* An inscription of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] king Sovideva (1173 CE), which records the donation of gold to a [[Basadi (temple)|Basadi]] by Gunanidi Keshava.
* Important inscriptions of the Kalyani Chalukya king Somashevara IV (1185 CE), which record a donation for conducting ''Ashtavidharchana''. Another 12th-century inscription mentions the donation of land to Tribhuvana Tilaka Shantinatha. Another inscription mentions the existence of the Jain saint Mulasangha Devanga.

==Tourism==
Lakkundi is a significant site for tourists interested in [[Western Chalukya architecture|Chalukya-style temples]], stepwells, and historic inscriptions. Although less visited than nearby Hampi, it contains some of the finest examples of architecture from the Kalyana Chalukya period (c. 10th century CE).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf |title=Handbook of Karnataka, Lakkundi |access-date=20 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216065838/http://www.gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/Kar_Handbook_2005_Chapter14.Pdf |archive-date=16 February 2012 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="135px" heights="115px">
File:11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 22.jpg|A relief on the outer wall, Kasivisvesvara Temple
File:11th century Kasivisvesvara temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 46.jpg|A relief on the inner wall, Kasivisvesvara Temple
File:Pierced Window Screen at Manikesvara Temple at Lakkundi.JPG|A pierced window screen brings light into the ''[[mantapa]]'' at Manikesvara Temple
File:Kirtimukha decoration on sikhara at Kasivisvesvara temple at Lakkundi.jpg|Nanneshwara Temple at Lakkundi
File:11th century Brahma Jinalaya temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 85.jpg|Tirthankara image in the sanctum
File:12th century Naganatha temple, Lakkundi, Karnataka India - 07.jpg|Tirthankara in the ''gavaska'', Naganatha Jain temple
File:Chaturmukha (four faced) Brahma image in the mantapa in the Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|Chaturmukha [[Brahma]] image at Jain Temple
File:Open mantapa with sikhara in the background in Nanesvara temple at Lakkundi.jpg|Nanneshwara Temple at Lakkundi
File:Open mantapa of Jain temple at Lakkundi.jpg|Nanneshwara Temple at Lakkundi
File:Muskin Bhanvi in Lakkundi - 2.jpg|One of many stepwells (''pushkarni'', ''vav'') in Lakkundi
File:Lakkundi_tableau_at_Vishwa_Kannada_sammelana_Belgaum.jpg|Lakkundi tableau at Vishwa Kannada Sammelana, Belgaum
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Commons category|Lakkundi}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Western Chalukya temples]]
* [[Western Chalukya architecture]]
* [[Western Chalukya Empire]]
* [[Annigeri]]
* [[Dambal]]
* [[Gadag]]
* [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)]]
* [[Kuknur]]
* [[Lakshmeshwar]]
* [[Kundgol]]
* [[Haveri]]
* [[Sudi, India|Sudi]]
* [[Kamthana]]
* [[North Karnataka]]
* [[Tourism in North Karnataka]]
* [[Temples of North Karnataka]]
* [[Hindu temple architecture]]
* [[Hoysala architecture]]
* [[Vijayanagara architecture]]
* [[Badami Chalukya Architecture]]
* [[Dravidian architecture]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Hanje, Dr. Appanna N. (2014). ''Lakkundiy Bramajinalay: Vastu-Shilp-Shasan''. Alagawadi: Vidyashre Prakashan.
* Hanje, Dr. Appanna N. (2015). ''Lakkundiy Basadigalu''. Alagawadi: Vidyashre Prakashan.
* Hanje, Dr. Appanna N. (2015). ''Samavasaran'' (Research Articles). Alagawadi: Vidyashre Prakashan.

==External links==
* [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247599/marvels-lakkundi.html Marvels of Lakkundi]
* [http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html Kalyani Chalukya Architecture]

{{Historical Places in Karnataka}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Historical Places in North Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Gadag}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Villages in Gadag district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Tourism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Gadag district]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]

Yogesh (actor)

2026-03-11T09:35:46Z

Naveed Aslam: small added lead as per guidelines also and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Other uses|Yogesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yogesh
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1990|7|6}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], India
| other_names = Loose Maada, Yogi
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer|playback singer}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for = ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' (2007) ''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]'' (2009)
| parents =
| relatives = [[Duniya Vijay]] (uncle)
| spouse = {{marriage |Sahithya|2017}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Yogesh''' (born 6 July 1990; sometimes billed as '''Yogi''' and '''Yogish'''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-starrer-lanke-is-a-modern-day-adaptation-of-the-ramayana/articleshow/80247078.cms |title=Yogi-starrer Lanke is a modern-day adaptation of the Ramayana |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |author=TNN |date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129144119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-starrer-lanke-is-a-modern-day-adaptation-of-the-ramayana/articleshow/80247078.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>) is an [[Cinema of India|Indian actor]] and [[Singing|singer]] who appears in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] films. He stepped into the limelight with his debut in the 2007 blockbuster ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'', where his portrayal of the quirky and memorable character '''Loose Maada''' earned him instant fame and a lasting nickname among fans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Aug/03/kannadanews2025jul30yogis-nickname-loose-maada-is-now-a-film-title|title=Yogi’s nickname ‘Loose Maada’ is now a film title|work=The New Indian Express|date=3 August 2025}}</ref> This role not only marked his entry into Sandalwood but also set the stage for a career filled with versatility and acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/Dec/16/duniya-loose-maada...when-movies-lend-names-551795.html|title=Duniya, Loose Maada...when movies lend names|work=The New Indian Express|date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

After his impactful debut, Yogesh transitioned into lead roles with ''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]'' (2008), a romantic drama that became a massive hit across Karnataka. His career-defining moment came with ''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]''(2009), directed by [[A. P. Arjun]], where his heartfelt performance as Dhanush won critical and commercial success. This film earned him [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]], cementing his position as a leading star. His other notable films include, ''[[Hudugaru]]'' (2011), ''[[Sidlingu]]'' (2012), ''[[Alemari]]'' (2012), ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' (2012), ''[[Bangari (2013 film)|Bangari]]'' (2013) and ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' (2013).

== Early life ==
Yogesh was born on 6 July 1990 in [[Bangalore, Karnataka]]. He grew up in a family deeply connected to the Kannada film industry — his father T.P. Siddaraju is a well-known producer, and his uncle is actor [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/producer-tp-siddaraju-says-his-son-yogish-doesnt-do-drugs/articleshow/78290765.cms|title=Producer TP Siddaraju says his son, Yogish, doesn't do drugs|work=The Times of India|date=24 September 2020}}</ref> His mother’s name is Ambuja, and he has a brother named Mahesh.

Yogesh completed his schooling in Bangalore, though specific school names are not widely documented. After finishing his pre-university education (PUC), he reportedly focused on pursuing a career in films rather than continuing formal higher education. His passion for acting and the opportunity provided by his father’s production ventures led him to enter the Kannada film industry at the age of 17 with the movie ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'' (2007).

== Career ==
=== 2007-2010: Debut and breakthrough ===
Yogesh made his debut in 2007 film ''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]'', directed by Soori, playing the iconic supporting role Loose Maada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://celebritykick.com/kannada-actor/yogesh-family|title=Family|work=CelebrityKick.com|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-date=16 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016051947/http://celebritykick.com/kannada-actor/yogesh-family|url-status=live}}</ref> His quirky dialogue delivery and raw energy struck a chord with audiences, making him an overnight sensation. Critics praised his natural performance, calling him “a scene-stealer despite limited screen time.” He transitioned to lead roles with ''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]'' (2008), a romantic drama that became a box-office hit. Reviewers noted his “intense portrayal of a passionate lover,” and the film’s music and emotional depth helped cement his image as a romantic hero.

This year 2009 proved to be pivotal to Yogesh with multiple releases. The [[A. P. Arjun]] directorial ''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]'' proved to be a turning point in his career. His performance as Dhanush earned him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/117899/yogesh-radhika-actors.html|title=Yogesh, Radhika best actors|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 December 2010|archive-date=30 September 2023|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930180641/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/117899/yogesh-radhika-actors.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Critics hailed it as “a mature, heartfelt act that elevated the film.” Other releases such as ''[[Preethse Preethse]]'', ''[[Ravana (film)|Ravana]]'', and ''[[Yogi (2009 Kannada film)|Yogi]]'' showcased his versatility, though ''Ambari'' overshadowed the rest.

In 2010, films like ''[[Punda (film)|Punda]]'', ''[[Yaksha (film)|Yaksha]]'', and cameo in ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' kept him in the spotlight. While these were moderate successes, reviewers observed that Yogesh was “trying to balance mass appeal with performance-driven roles.”

=== 2011-2020: Varied roles and Critical acclaim ===
In 2011, Yogesh played Siddesh in ''[[Hudugaru]]'', a remake of Tamil film ''[[Naadodigal]]'', alongside [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], earning the [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Award for Best Supporting Actor]]. Critics appreciated his “effortless chemistry with the ensemble cast” and called him “a strong pillar in the narrative.” The year 2012 saw him in ''[[Sidlingu]]'' with [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] – a critically acclaimed role that fetched him a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare nomination]]. Reviews described his performance as “nuanced and deeply rooted in rural sensibilities.” Other films such as ''[[Alemari]]'', ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' (yet again with Puneeth Rajkumar), and ''[[Kalaya Tasmai Namaha]]'' showcased his ability to handle diverse genres. The latter film featured his debut playback song "Khali Roadu Onti Girlu". Films like ''[[Bangari (2013 film)|Bangari]]'', ''[[Ambara]]'', and cameo in ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' kept him relevant in the mass circuit. Critics noted that while scripts were formulaic, Yogesh’s “energetic screen presence” remained a highlight.

In 2014, he debuted as a producer in the film ''[[Darling (2014 film)|Darling]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/loose-maada-yogi-turns-producer-will-star-in-the-very-first-production/articleshow/79656428.cms|title='Loose Maada' Yogi turns producer, will star in the very first production|work=TimesofIndia|date=10 December 2020}}</ref> Later, he featured in few offbeat films such as ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]'' and ''Kala Bhairava'' earned him praise for “choosing offbeat narratives.” However, some projects like ''Bhagyaraj'' and ''[[Parapancha]]'' received lukewarm responses. He was part of the ensemble cast in films such as ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]'' (2016) and ''[[Mass Leader]]'' (2017), where he teamed up with [[Shiva Rajkumar]]. His titular roles in the gangster drama ''[[Yogi Duniya]]'' (2018) and the comedy, ''[[Lambodara (film)|Lambodara]]'' (2019) earned him critical appraise.

=== 2021-present: New collaborations ===
The recent works of Yogesh include ''[[Lanke (film)|Lanke]]'' (2021), ''[[Ombattane Dikku]]'' (2022), and ''[[Head Bush]]'' (2022), where he collaborated with new-age directors and experimented with gangster and thriller genres. Critics observed that Yogesh is “evolving with changing trends while retaining his mass appeal.”

Yogesh is making his debut in [[Tamil cinema]] portraying the role of an antagonist in the film ''[[Retta Thala]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-04 |title=Arun Vijay and Tanya to play leads in a high-octane thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-and-tanya-to-play-leads-in-a-high-octane-thriller/articleshow/109025171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409123631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-and-tanya-to-play-leads-in-a-high-octane-thriller/articleshow/109025171.cms |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Besides films, he has appeared in the television dance talent show ''[[Thaka Dhimi Tha Dancing star]]'' as a judge. He also participated in [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 11|Bigg Boss Kannada Season 1]], a reality show on [[Colors Kannada]] channel.

== Personal life ==
Yogesh is the son of producer TP Siddaraju.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kannada-actor-loose-maadha-yogesh-gets-engaged-his-girlfriend-photo-730467|title=Kannada actor 'Loose Maadha' Yogesh gets engaged to his girlfriend [Photo]|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=12 June 2017}}</ref> He married his longtime girlfriend Sahitya on November 2, 2017, in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kannada-actor-yogesh-sahitya-wedding-4921262/|title = Kannada actor Yogesh ties the knot with longtime girlfriend Sahitya|date = 3 November 2017}}</ref> They have a daughter Shrinika.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/dec/10/actor-yogesh-launches-first-production-venture-kamsa-2234038.html|title = Actor Yogesh launches first production venture 'Kamsa'}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2007 ||''[[Duniya (2007 film)|Duniya]]''|| Loose Maada || Supporting role
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008 ||''[[Nanda Loves Nanditha]]'' || Nanda ||Debut as lead actor
|-
| ''Hrudaya I Miss You'' || Poorni's lover || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="5"|2009||''[[Ambari (film)|Ambari]]'' || Dhanush || '''Won''', [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| ''[[Preethse Preethse]]''|| Mada / Akash ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Painter]]''|| Anil || Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Yogi (2009 Kannada film)|Yogi]]'' || Yogi || Also playback singer for the songs "Ae Maga" and "Brucelee Vamsha"
|-
|''[[Ravana (film)|Ravana]]''|| Vinod ||
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2010 || ''[[Punda (film)|Punda]]''|| Yogi ||
|-
| ''[[Krishnan Love Story]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance in the song "Mosa Madalendu Neenu"
|-
| ''[[Yaksha (film)|Yaksha]]'' || Yaksha Raj Pulikeshi ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 ||''[[Dhool (2011 film)|Dhool]]''|| Guru ||
|-
|''[[Hudugaru]]'' || Siddesh || '''Won''', [[Suvarna Film Awards|Suvarna Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|''[[Devadas (2011 film)|Devadas]]''|| Devadas ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2012 ||''[[Sidlingu]]''|| Sidlingu || Nominated — [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada]]
|-
| ''[[Alemari]]'' || Mohan / Paradeshi ||
|-
| ''[[Kalaya Tasmai Namaha]]'' || Ten || Also playback singer for the song "Khali Roadu Onti Girlu"
|-
| ''[[Yaare Koogadali]]'' || Natesha ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2013 || ''[[Bangari (2013 film)|Bangari]]'' || Bangari || Also playback singer for the song "Chang Changlu Hudgeeru"
|-
| ''[[Jinke Mari]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Ambara]]'' || Ajay ||
|-
| ''[[Bhajarangi]]'' || Himself || Special appearance in a song
|-
| ''Kariya Kan Bitta'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"| 2014 || ''[[Darling (2014 film)|Darling]]'' || Sathya ||also producer
|-
| ''Snake Naga'' || Naga ||
|-
| ''Matte Satyagraha'' || Sathya ||
|-
| 2015 ||''BhagyaRaj''||Raj||Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2016 ||''[[Parapancha]]''|| Himself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Kiragoorina Gayyaligalu]]'' ||Sones||Special appearance
|-
| ''Kala Bhairava'' ||Baira||
|-
| ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]'' || Jani ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017 ||''Kolar''|| Thangam ||
|-
| ''[[Mass Leader]]''|| Azim ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018 ||''[[Yogi Duniya]]'' || Yogi ||
|-
|''Dhoolipata'' || Yogi ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2019 || ''[[Lambodara (film)|Lambodara]]'' || Lambodara ||
|-
|''[[Kempe Gowda 2]]''|| ||
|-
| ''Muttu Love Paaru'' || Muttu ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Lanke (film)|Lanke]]'' || Raam ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Release date of Yogi's Lanke out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/19/release-date-of-yogis-lanke-out-25569.html|website=Cinema Express|language=en|access-date=2021-07-19|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528073658/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/19/release-date-of-yogis-lanke-out-25569.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="4"|2022 || ''[[Ombattane Dikku]]'' || Channakeshava ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yogi and Aditi Prabhudeva unite for a crime thriller|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-and-aditi-prabhudeva-unite-for-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/70857684.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05|archive-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917112149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-and-aditi-prabhudeva-unite-for-a-crime-thriller/articleshow/70857684.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Head Bush]]'' || Ganga || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/aug/23/sidlingu-fameyogesh-joins-cast-ofdhananjay-starrerhead-bush-2348335.html|title=Sidlingu-fame Yogesh joins cast of Dhananjay-starrer Head Bush|access-date=1 November 2021|archive-date=1 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101072438/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/aug/23/sidlingu-fameyogesh-joins-cast-ofdhananjay-starrerhead-bush-2348335.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''Kirik Shankar'' || Shankar ||
|-
| ''Naanu Adu Mattu Saroja'' || Gopi ||
|-
|2023 || ''Lankasura'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Bachelor Party (2024 film)|Bachelor Party]]'' || Madhav "Maddy" ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=M.V. |first1=Vivek |title=Abhijit Mahesh on ‘Bachelor Party’: My film’s comedy has the flavour of ‘Kirik Party’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/abhijit-mahesh-on-bachelor-party-my-films-comedy-has-the-flavour-of-kirik-party/article67768810.ece |access-date=30 March 2024 |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 January 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330224434/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/abhijit-mahesh-on-bachelor-party-my-films-comedy-has-the-flavour-of-kirik-party/article67768810.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gowri (2024 film)|Gowri]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance<ref>{{Cite news|title=Samarjit impresses with dance moves and action stunts|language=en-IN|work=Deccan Herald|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/samarjit-impresses-with-dance-moves-and-action-stunts-3153856|archive-date=28 August 2024|access-date=21 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828022757/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/samarjit-impresses-with-dance-moves-and-action-stunts-3153856|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Sidlingu 2]]'' || Sidlingu ||
|-
| ''[[Retta Thala]]'' || Malli || Tamil film<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-04 |title=Arun Vijay and Tanya to play leads in a high-octane thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-and-tanya-to-play-leads-in-a-high-octane-thriller/articleshow/109025171.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409123631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijay-and-tanya-to-play-leads-in-a-high-octane-thriller/articleshow/109025171.cms |archive-date=9 April 2024 |access-date=2024-10-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6 {{TBA}}
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Parimala Lodge''{{Dagger|alt=Films that has not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yogi and Sathish to play homosexual characters in 'Parimala Lodge'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-and-sathish-to-play-homosexual-characters-in-parimala-lodge/articleshow/70894607.cms|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-05-05|archive-date=27 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527222502/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/yogi-and-sathish-to-play-homosexual-characters-in-parimala-lodge/articleshow/70894607.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The bold and the dutiful|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/040919/the-bold-and-the-dutiful.html|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref>
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Bail'' {{Dagger|alt=films that has not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"| ''Gramayana '' {{Dagger|alt=films that has not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|
''Lankasura '' {{Dagger|alt=films
that has not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|
''Loose Mada '' {{Dagger|alt=films
that has not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|Filming
|-
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|
''King '' {{Dagger|alt=films
that has not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
|50th Film
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada 1|Bigg Boss]]'' || Guest appearance || [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Thaka Dhimi Tha Dancing star]]'' || Judge || [[Colors Kannada|ETV Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Life Super Guru'' || Judge || [[Zee Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Gaana Bajaana'' || Anchor || [[Star Suvarna]] ||
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5705319|Yogesh}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yogesh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Shastri (2005 film)

2026-03-04T07:31:45Z

Naveed Aslam: started first article nd citations

{{Short description|2005 Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shastri
| image = Shastri-2005.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[P. N. Sathya]]
| producer = Anaji Nagaraj
| writer = P. N. Sathya
| screenplay = P. N. Sathya
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = Venus Moorthy
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Namana Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2005|6|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shastri''''' (also known as ''Darshan Shastri'') is a 2005 [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[P. N. Sathya]] and produced by Anaji Nagaraj for Namana films. The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Manya (actress)|Manya]]. The musical score is by [[Sadhu Kokila]].

==Synopsis==
''Shastri'' tells of the downfall of impulsive medical student Shastri. After facing betrayal in love he journeys through crime after convincing his family that he is dead. He becomes a victim of circumstances and joins the underworld. However, he is a Good Samaritan don who helps the poor and depressed. In the bargain, he antagonizes many cruel dons who have scores to settle with him.

He meets Manya, an arrogant rich girl whom he first spurns. Manya takes revenge on Shastri and is indirectly responsible for his entry into the underworld. Shastri tries to turn a new leaf, but is not successful. Finally, he is stabbed by an adversary in a fight, but he survives and is later reunited with his lover.

==Cast==
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Rama Shastri (''Shastri'')
*[[Manya (actress)|Manya]] as Kanakambari (''Kanaka'')
*[[Chitra Shenoy]] as Kanaka's mother
*[[Bullet Prakash]] as Shastri's friend
*Hanumanthe Gowda as Kanaka's father
*[[G. K. Govinda Rao]] as Shastri's father
*[[Satyajit (Kannada Actor)|Sathyajith]] as mobster

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack was composed by Sadhu Kokila.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/shastri/38-G97dwNWA_|title=Shastri Songs, Download Shastri Movie Songs For Free Online at Saavn.com|date=13 May 2005|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref> The song "Sumne Sumne" was loosely based on the Malay song "Hati Kama" by Pak Ngah.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2018 |title=Anirudh's Kalyana Vayasu song is not plagiarised, but these tracks are |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-copied-songs-tamil-music-copy-cats-1238775-2018-05-22 |website=India Today |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719165516/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamil-copied-songs-tamil-music-copy-cats-1238775-2018-05-22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*"Sumne Sumne" - [[Udit Narayan]], Madhuvati
*"Style Varevaa" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
*"O hrudaya" - [[Hemanth Kumar]]

==Release==
The movie was inspired by the 1995 classic ''[[Om (1995 film)|Om]]''. ''Shastri'' premiered on [[Udaya TV]] Channel. The film was dubbed in Hindi as ''Main Hoon Yoddha.'' The digital version was released in June 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14754-darshan-s-shastri-re-releasing-on-june-9th.html |title=Darshan's Shastri Re Releasing On June 9th |publisher=chitraloka.com |date= |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=7 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607162751/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/14754-darshan-s-shastri-re-releasing-on-june-9th.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
The film received extremely negative reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/jun122005/movies1728122005611.asp|title=Shastri Review}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' wrote "''Shastri'' is a badly made, poorly directed film. Its music by Sadhu Kokila is also poor and even the photography can not be spoken about in an appreciative measure. Vigilant fans will find the film just a hotch potch of many non Kannada films."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/shastri-kannada-movie-review-7859.html|title=Another Gangster flick}}</ref> ''Rediff'' called it "badly made and poorly directed".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/14shas.htm|title=Shashtri: Badly made, poorly directed|date=14 June 2005|work=[[Rediff.com]]|author=R G Vijayasarathy}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Akkare Akkare Akkare

2026-03-03T21:24:12Z

Naveed Aslam: brief enhance formatting as per guidelines and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akkare Akkare Akkare
| image = Akkare Akkare Akkare.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| producer = [[G.P. Vijayakumar]]
| writer = [[Sreenivasan]]
| starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Sreenivasan]]
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[S. Kumar (cinematographer)|S. Kumar]]
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = G. P. Films
| distributor = Seven Arts Release
| released = {{Film date|1990}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Akkareyakkareyakkare''''', also known '''''Akkare Akkare Akkare''''' ({{Translation|Over there, Over there, Over there}}) is a 1990 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[buddy cop]] [[comedy film|comedy]] film directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and written by [[Sreenivasan]]. It stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[M. G. Soman]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]] in major roles. It is a sequel to 1987's ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' and 1988's ''[[Pattanapravesham]]''; [[Mohanlal]] and Sreenivasan reprises their roles. However, [[Thilakan]], [[Mamukkoya]] and [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], who have appeared in the previous films, do not appear in this film. Also, a new cast of [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sukumari]], [[Parvathy Jayaram]], [[Jagadish Kumar|Jagadish]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] appears. [[M. G. Soman]] plays a character role, having appeared as himself in ''[[Nadodikkattu]]''. The story follows [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|C.I.D]]s [[Dasan and Vijayan]] on an investigation for a gold crown
stolen to the [[United States]].<ref name=toi>{{cite news|author=Aishwarya Vasudevan|title=Priyadarshan – Mohanlal: Best films of the duo - The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Priyadarshan-Mohanlal-Best-films-of-the-duo/photostory/48783906.cms|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film was produced by G. P. Vijayakumar and distributed by Seven Arts Release. It was filmed in [[Houston]], [[Texas]] and the [[Greater Los Angeles Area]], [[California]], and Brooklyn, New York.<ref name=toi/> The film did good business in the box office and was a profitable venture even though it had high production costs.

==Plot==

When a priceless gold crown is stolen from India, Ramdas and Vijayan are sent to the United States to retrieve it. The only clue they have is the pseudonym "Paul Barber" and a piece of torn black shirt. With these couple of clues, the comic duo embark on the adventure. They arrive in [[Los Angeles]] and are mistaken to be smugglers and are taken by two gangsters to a building where other gang members try to murder them but they beat them up and escape. They are welcomed by Sivadasa Menon, an official of the Indian Embassy and a friend of the Police Commissioner Krishnan Nair. The investigation is funded by the Tamil Government with funds being periodically released by Sivadasan Menon.

Meantime a thief, Peter ([[Jagadish]]) is shown to have the crown in his custody which he quietly hides in the tank of an Indian Nurse Sethulakshmy ([[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]). Peter is immediately killed by Paul Barber but the crown is missing as Peter had stashed it in Sethulakshmy's house.

Dasan and Vijayan suspect Sivadasa Menon to be the thief and the real Paul Barber when he refuses to give them money for their investigation and also refuses to help Vijayan who was arrested by the police due to a misunderstanding caused by the shopkeepers who understand only English. Their suspicion grows when they hear him talking to his wife about selling their Crown TV and buying a new one, but believe he was talking about selling the stolen crown to erase evidence. They overhear him at night commanding his wife to tailor clothes, but they believe he is murdering someone by forcing them to cut their hands, neck and ribs. They tell him they have withdrawn from the investigation and spent all the money he gave for enjoying themselves so that Sivadasan Menon does not hurt them. They believe that the piece of black shirt with them is his. They decide to get the rest of the shirt. Sivadasa Menon who is furious reports the same to the HQ which results in Commissioner Krishnan Nair getting suspended.

They disguise themselves as black laundry men to find the remnant of the black cloth from Menon's home, but their attempts fail when Vijayan talks Malayalam. Vijayan gets a job in the nearby laundry shop to search for the torn shirt but ends up getting beaten up at the laundry shop and ends up in the hospital. Both Dasan and Vijayan are attracted and try to seduce a nurse Sethulakshmy who is working in the same hospital and tending to Dasan's injury. The real criminal, an American gangster Paul Barber "Wilfred" believes two innocent men Surendran and Gopi are Dasan and Vijayan, they are forced out of their paying guest accommodation and all their acquaintances avoid them. Commissioner Krishnan Nair arrives in the United States after getting suspended. He plans to kill Dasan and Vijayan so that he state they were killed during the investigation and get back in the force. Surendran and Gopi become very desperate after their bank accounts are frozen and decide to steal to live. Krishnan Nair enters a hotel disguised as a Filipino man Akira Kurosawa. Surendran and Gopi steal his suitcase and he follows them, but he is misidentified by the hotel staff and they force him out. He catches them and they reveal how they have been treated. The trio decide to kill Dasan and Vijayan, but all their attempts fail.

Surendran and Gopi while being chased by Barbers gang inadvertently finds the crown hidden in Sethulakshmy's house. They unknowingly drop the crown while being chased which is found by Vijayan. Vijayan apparently furious with Dasan for trying to woo Sethulakshmy whom he met in the hospital wants to get even by claiming the glory singlehandedly by leaving Vijayan. He hides the crown and leaves the house under a false pretext. Surendran and Gopi make their way to Dasan and narrate him the whole story and Dasan discovers that Vijayan has found the crown and plans to singlehandedly claim credit. Dasan follows Vijayan who is unknowingly being followed By Krishnan Nair and Paul Barber. The whole situation culminates into a hilarious chase with Barber's gang attacking Dasan, Vijayan, Menon and Nair at an airstrip where Nair ends up decimating Barber and his gang totally but fearing punishment sneaks out before the American Police arrives.

Dasan and Vijayan manage to show their identity to the American Police and the retrieve the crown. Dasan and Vijayan are then felicitated by the Indian govt for once again cracking another case successfully.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Dasan and Vijayan|Ramdas / Dasan]]
* [[Sreenivasan]] as [[Dasan and Vijayan|Vijayan]]
* [[M. G. Soman]] as City Police Commissioner Krishnan Nair IPS / Akira Kurosawa
* [[Mukesh (Malayalam actor)|Mukesh]] as Surendran
* [[Maniyanpilla Raju]] as Gopi
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Sivadasa Menon
* [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]] as Sethulakshmi
* [[Sukumari]] as House Owner
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Sivadasa Menon's Wife
* [[Jagadish]] as Peter
* [[Prameela]] as Krishnan Nair's Wife
* Anil Pillai as Kuriakose
}}

==Production==
''Akkare Akkare Akkare'' is one of the first [[Malayalam]] films to be shot in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Mollywood-goes-to-America/articleshow/12651112.cms | title=Mollywood goes to America | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=14 April 2012 | access-date=8 May 2016 | author=Sanjith Sidhardhan}}</ref> The various filming locations were in,

*[[O'Hare International Airport]], [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
*Bellaire Hospital, [[Houston]], [[Texas]]
*[[Port of Long Beach]], [[Long Beach, California]]
*[[Disneyland]], [[Anaheim, California]]
*[[Six Flags Magic Mountain]], [[Valencia, Santa Clarita, California]]
*Foreign consulate in New York City, New York

The film was also shot in the city of [[Burbank, California]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Once-the-fate-of-a-film-is-decided-my-entire-focus-is-on-the-next-film-Mohanlal/articleshow/35952172.cms | title=Once the fate of a film is decided, my entire focus is on the next film: Mohanlal | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=3 June 2014 | access-date=8 May 2016 | author=Asha Prakash}}</ref>

==Music==
The music composition was done by [[Ouseppachan]]. Background music [[Shyam (composer)]]. The audio songs were released by the [[Record label|label]] J. S. Audio.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hungama.com/music/album-akkare-akkare-akkare-songs/1511633 | title=Akkare Akkare Akkare Songs | publisher=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]] | access-date=8 May 2016}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics = [[Sreekumaran Thampi]]
| title1 = Kannukannil
| extra1 = [[M. G. Sreekumar]], [[Unni Menon]], Jojo
| length1 =
| title2 = Swargathilo
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar, Unni Menon, Jojo
| length2 =
}}

==Cultural references==
"[[Don't Let It End]]" by [[Styx (band)|Styx]] plays in the backdrop when Dasan and Vijayan come down the escalator at the Chicago Ohare International Airport

==Legacy==
The dialogue "Sadhanam Kayyilundo" from the film came as a popular [[catchphrase]] in Malayalam.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nita Sathyendran|title=Rock on Avial|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rock-on-avial/article2087326.ece|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 June 2011}}</ref> As well as "Meenaviyal Enthayo Entho", the popular one-liner delivered by Sreenivasan found place in [[Printed T-shirt]]s.<ref>{{cite news|author=Shibu B. S.|title=Packing a punch|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article354381.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603000551/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article354381.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|access-date=8 May 2016|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 October 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0254942}}

{{DV film series}}
{{Priyadarshan}}

[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Houston]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films about Indian Americans]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Sreenivasan]]
[[Category:1990s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Priyadarshan]]
[[Category:Malayalam films in series|DasanVijayan3]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]
[[Category:1990 comedy films]]

St. Joseph's Convent Girls' Senior Secondary School

2026-02-21T09:48:24Z

Naveed Aslam: started basic data nd citations!

{{More citations needed | date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph's Convent Girls' Senior Secondary School
| logo = St. Joseph's Convent School Emblem.jpg
| image = St. Joseph's Convent School, Jabalpur.jpg
| motto = Virtue Alone Ennobles
| location = Cantonment
| address = Ahilyabai Marg, Pentinaka
| region =
| city = [[Jabalpur]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| zipcode = 482001
| country = [[India]]
| schooltype = Privately funded
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]
| patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
| established = 1873
| locale = Sadar Cantonment
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|C.B.S.E., New Delhi]]
| principal = Sr. Navya Mathew
| gender = Female
| avg_class_size = 60
| language = [[British English|English]]
| hours_in_day = 6
| colours = Blue, green, red and gold
| song =
| yearbook = The Josephite
| website = {{Official website}}
}}
'''St. Joseph's Convent Girls' Senior Secondary School''' is a girls' [[convent]] school located in the city of [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh, India. It is an English Medium Senior Secondary School for girls affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|C.B.S.E]], New Delhi. It conducts classes from kindergarten to the senior secondary level.<ref name="auto">{{Official website}}</ref>

== History ==

The school was founded in 1873 by the Indian Province of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Chambéry. It is administered by the Sisters of St. Joseph's Convent, Jabalpur in accordance to the general rules governing the above congregation. [[Saint Joseph]] is the patron Saint of the school. Currently, Sr. Navya is the Principal of the school.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Madhya Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Convent Girls' Senior Secondary School}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Jabalpur]]

Margoschis Higher Secondary School

2026-02-21T09:10:27Z

Naveed Aslam: starting article...

{{More citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Margoschis Higher Secondary School
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| address = SH 93
| location = Nazareth, Tamil Nadu
| city =
| state = Tamil Nadu
| postal_code = 628617
| country = India
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| motto = Learn, labour and be lighted
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| founder = John Ludovick Irion
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'''Margoschis Higher Secondary School''' is located in [[Nazareth]] [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== History ==
In 1839, Rev. John Ludovick Irion, the first evangelist to do missionary work at [[Nazareth, Tamil Nadu]], a small village to the eastern part of the [[Tirunelveli]] district, started a primary school with the aim of imparting education to the native children. In 1880, this Boys’ Primary School became a Higher Grade Middle School. And later, this school grew into an Anglo-Vernacular Middle School. In 1882, Rev. [[Arthur Margoschis|Margoschis]] started this Anglo-Vernacular Middle School. This school functioned in the Industrial school compound and became very popular among the villages around Nazareth. The boarding section attached to the primary school now known as Kasba Primary school founded by the famous Chaplain, Rev. James Hough in 1820 and was used as the centre for boys.

Margoschis started a non-vegetarian boarding section in 1884 in order to attract the caste Hindus. Fifteen Hindu boys joined the school immediately. The students taught Tamil, English, Hebrew and other subjects. In 1885, this school was awarded "The Best School" title in the Presidency of Madras. The school was upgraded to the status of a high school in 1889 by Margoschis.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Diocese of Tirunelveli|first1=Missionaries|title=SPG (1829 – 1896)|url=http://csitirunelveli.org/profile/history/missionaries/|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=28 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228211946/http://csitirunelveli.org/profile/history/missionaries/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Margoschis HSS Nazareth 1995.jpg|thumb|Margoschis HSS Nazareth]]
[[Robert Caldwell]] who had already started a high school at [[Sawyerpuram]] in 1862, considered the high school started by Margoschis, a rival school. Besides, the Madras Diocesan Committee of the S.P.G. had given permission to Margoschis to start the school ignoring Caldwell‟s protest and opposition. But Caldwell was very stubborn and he managed to get the school closed in 1892, leaving behind the Middle School for boys.

In 1929, new buildings were constructed and the classes were shifted from the industrial school premises. The people of Nazareth wanted a high school in their area. The Mission Circle Committee, Nazareth, took steps and sanctioned a good amount for this purpose. A committee appointed for the purpose was able to collect only Rs 4500/-. At this time Mr. M.S.Appadurai of Nazareth, almost gagged his own property and advanced the necessary amount as loan. After the payment of the required amount, the Boys Middle School was raised to the status of a high school in 1930.

The old boys of the school, as a tribute to the beloved visionary of the school, Rev. [[Arthur Margoschis]], called the school after him. From 1941, Nazareth Boys High School was known as Margoschis Boys High School. Scouting, First Aid, Study Tours, Music Band, Folklore Dance, English and Tamil choir, and Literary and Debating Society were the extra-curricular activities of the school.

The school scored cent percent passes in S.S.L.C. examination of 1947. The average percentage of passes during the period 1938-1947 in the S.S.L.C. Examination was 74.3. When the new educational pattern of 10 +2 was introduced in Tamil Nadu, the school was upgraded into a Higher Secondary School in the year 1978.

Those days, Margoschis High School was one of the early schools for boys in East Tirunelveli serving the children of a very low socio-economic status. Most of the parents were illiterate. Nevertheless, the students were able to secure high ranks in the S.S.L.C. Examination. There are now more than 5000 teachers in the Diocesan Education of institutions. Many of them hail from [[Tirunelveli]] and [[Thoothukudi]].

Nowadays, Nazareth Margoschis School is familiar in this area for its footballing prowess. It has nurtured and produced many India national team footballers line [[Samson Gunapandian]], and I.Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sport|first1=The Hindu|title=Margoschis HSS (Nazareth) wins title|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Margoschis-HSS-Nazareth-wins-title/article14813480.ece}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Metro Plus Chennai|first1=The Hindu|title=Memories of a different era|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600150400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030914020823/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/26/stories/2002092600150400.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2002-09-26|archive-date=2003-09-14}}</ref>

==Notable people==
=== Alumni ===

* [[A. D. K. Jayaseelan]] (1945-)- former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] from [[Tiruchendur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchendur]].
* R. Stanley - Founder, Blessing Youth Mission<ref>{{cite web|last1=Stanley|first1=Rajamani|title=Blessing Youth Mission|url=http://www.stanleyonbible.com/stanley.htm}}</ref>
* [[Nirmal Selvamony]] (1953-), [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Academic staff|academic]] and [[ecocriticism]].
* Dr. A. Jefferson Christopher - Former Headmaster (1992 - 2006) - M. C. C. Higher Secondary School, Chennai
* Dr. Immanuel Vincent (1992- 1999) - scientist, [[Inje University]], [[South Korea]].
* Dr. Samuel JK. Abraham (1983- 1986) - Physician-scientist, [[University of Yamanashi]], [[Japan]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|8.559452|77.971317|display=title}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1882]]

Neil Primrose (musician)

2026-02-19T09:44:41Z

Naveed Aslam: quick cleanup intro after review also and added references for consistency

{{short description|Scottish musician}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2014}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist| 
| name = Neil Primrose
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| image = Neil Primrose 2014 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Primrose performing with Travis in [[Singapore]], 2014
| birth_name = Neil Primrose
| birth_date ={{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|2|20}}
| birth_place = [[Cumbernauld]], [[Dunbartonshire]], Scotland
| origin = [[Glasgow]], Scotland
| instrument = Drums, percussion
| genre = Rock, [[Britpop]], [[Alternative rock]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 1989–present
| label =
| current_member_of = [[Travis (band)|Travis]]}}

'''Neil Primrose''' (born 20 February 1972) is the drummer of the Scottish rock band [[Travis (band)|Travis]].<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p132643/biography|pure_url=yes}}|title=Biography: Travis|last=Phares|first=Heather|publisher=[[Allmusic]]|accessdate=7 June 2010}}</ref>

==Early life==

Primrose was born in [[Cumbernauld]]. His father, a power station engineer, was posted to [[Middlesbrough]], and this was followed by a series of moves across the northeast of England during the first ten years of Primrose's life. At the age of 15 at high school in Glasgow he was playing drums with friends in local bands.

==Career==
===Travis (1989–present)===
{{Main|Travis (band)}}

In 1989 at the age of 17, Primrose started his drumming career when he was going for as many auditions as possible and looking for like-minded players to form a group.

This led to him joining the band ''Glass Onion'' with [[Andy Dunlop]] along with brothers Chris and Geoff Martyn in 1990. After a while of looking for success, the line-up changed with [[Fran Healy (musician)|Fran Healy]] joining the line-up in 1991 and the group then splitting with the Martyn brothers and [[Dougie Payne]] soon joining the band as the bassist in 1994. Eventually, the name of the band was changed to [[Travis (band)|Travis]].

Unlike the other three members of the band, Primrose was not a student at the [[Glasgow School of Art]], instead working various jobs and studying computer science for a pre-degree course. Initially, Travis rehearsed in [[The Horse Shoe Bar]] where Primrose and Healy had met for the first time. The material for their first two albums was, in part, written and refined here. Travis moved to London in late spring 1996 and lived, rehearsed and toured from their North London base for many years.

Travis' début album [[Good Feeling (Travis album)|''Good Feeling'']] was released in 1997 with positive review, but lukewarm performance in the charts. Their 1999 follow-up, ''[[The Man Who]]'', proved to be far more successful, selling millions of copies worldwide, shortly followed by [[The Invisible Band]] in 2001. During this period, Travis had several UK hit singles, including "[[Sing (Travis song)|Sing]]" and "[[Why Does It Always Rain on Me?]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=TRAVIS|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/2170/travis|website=officialcharts.com|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=1 June 2016}}</ref>

Before the recording of Travis' fourth album, ''[[12 Memories]]'', Primrose suffered a life-threatening spine injury while he was swimming on holiday in France. This led to the cancellation of several subsequent tour dates – most significantly a headline slot at [[V Festival]]. Primrose made a full recovery and was back on stage and [[sound recording and reproduction|recording]] with the band within months – including [[Isle of Wight Festival 2005|Isle of Wight Festival]] and [[Live 8]] in 2005. In 2024, Travis released their 10th studio album.

==Other projects==

Primrose has played drums on the Canadian musician [[Ron Sexsmith]]'s seventh album [[Retriever (album)|''Retriever'']] and other individual album tracks, along with albums by Jamie Scott, [[Cat Stevens|Yusuf Islam]], Magne F and Cyril Paulus. In Scotland, Primrose plays with the MOVE Project along with various artists on the Wild Biscuit label.

==Personal life==
Primrose is married to Esther, and has two daughters.

In 2007, Primrose gained his first racing licence and has since driven in many racing events including the Le Mans Classic and the SPA 25Hr FunCup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.saxon-motorsport.co.uk/saxon-drivers-neil-primrose.html|title=Saxon Motorsport Driver Profile Neil Primrose|journal=Saxon Motorsport|date= 3 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Travis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Primrose, Neil}}
[[Category:Travis (band) members]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Scottish rock drummers]]
[[Category:Scottish male drummers]]
[[Category:Scottish alternative rock musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Cumbernauld]]
[[Category:21st-century British drummers]]
[[Category:Britcar drivers]]

Government of Odisha

2026-02-04T16:43:19Z

Naveed Aslam:

{{Short description|Indian State Government}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox government
| government_name = Government of Odisha
| image = [[File:Seal of Odisha.png|frameless|upright]]
| division_type = [[Seat of government|Seat of Government]]
| division = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| leader_type = [[List of governors of Odisha|Governor]]
| leader_title = [[Kambhampati Hari Babu|Dr. Kambhampati Hari Babu]]
| leader_type2 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]
| leader_title2 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| leader_type3 = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
| leader_title3 = Anu Garg, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]
| legislature_label = [[State legislative assemblies of India|Assembly]]
| legislature = {{ubl|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]|}}
| speaker_label = [[List of speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| speaker = [[Surama Padhy]]
| members_in_assembly_label = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members in Assembly]]
| members_in_assembly = 147
| branch4 = [[Judiciary of India|Judiciary]]
| court_name = [[High courts of India|High Court]]
| court = [[Orissa High Court]]
| chief_justice_label = [[List of current Indian chief justices|Chief Justice]]
| chief_justice = [[Harish Tandon]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.odisha.gov.in}}
}}
[[File:ORISSA SECRETARIAT.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Secretariat of Odisha, Bhubaneswar]] [[File:p5kS-Odp_400x400.jpg||thumb|250px]]
The '''Government of Odisha''' and its [[Districts of Odisha|30 districts]] consists of an [[executive branch|executive]], led by the [[List of Governors of Odisha|Governor of Odisha]], a [[judiciary]], and a [[legislative]] branch.

Like other states in India, the head of state of Odisha is the [[Governors of states of India|Governor]], appointed by the [[President of India]] on the advice of the Central government, and their post is largely ceremonial. The [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. [[Bhubaneswar]] is the capital of Odisha, and houses the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and the secretariat. The [[Orissa High Court]], located in [[Cuttack]], has jurisdiction over the whole state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/hcourts.htm |title=Jurisdiction and Seats of Indian High Courts |access-date=2008-05-12 |publisher=Eastern Book Company}}</ref>

The present Legislative Assembly of Odisha is [[unicameral]], consisting of [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|147]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (M.L.A). Its term is 5 years, unless sooner dissolved.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/ORISSA.htm |title=Orissa Legislative Assembly |access-date=2008-05-12 |work=Legislative Bodies in India |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516065835/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/ORISSA.htm |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The state of Odisha is represented at the centre by its 21 Member of Parliaments in the Lok Sabha and 10 Member of Parliaments in Rajya Sabha. There are 21 Lok Sabha constituencies from which candidates gets elected in the General Election to the Lok Sabha. The Members of Rajya Sabha were elected and / or nominated by the Member of Legislative Assembly through their parent political parties..

==Council of Ministers==
{{transcluded section|Mohan Charan Majhi ministry#Council of Ministers}}
{{trim|{{#section-h: Mohan Charan Majhi ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}

== See also ==
* [[Green card scheme in Odisha]]
* [[Invest Odisha]]
* [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha]]
* [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Make in Odisha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.odisha.gov.in}}

{{Government of India by state or territory}}
{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Government of Odisha| ]]

Kapotex Industries

2026-01-29T21:18:04Z

Naveed Aslam: Creating a article

{{Short description|Indian Textile company}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2018}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Kapotex Industries Private Limited
| logo =
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = 2008
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| key_people = [[Varun Kapur]], [[Rajeev Kapur]]
| industry = [[Textile industry|Textile]]s
| products = Natural & Blended Yarns
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| homepage = [https://www.kapotex.com/ www.kapotex.com]
}}

'''Kapotex Industries''' is a manufacturer of woolen & other blends of carpet yarns used in the production of machine-made and hand-made rugs & broadloom wall-to-wall carpets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kapotex.com/aboutus.html|title=KAPOTEX Industries - About us|work=kapotex.com|access-date=2014-03-24|archive-date=2013-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106205311/http://kapotex.com/aboutus.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamart.com/kapotex/|title=Yarn Spinning Systems Manufacturer by Kapotex Industries Private Limited, Mumbai|work=indiamart.com}}</ref> it specializes in manufacturing yarns for Axminster Weaving, Face-to-Face Weaving, Wilton Jacquard Weaving, and Tufting Broadloom Carpets & Rugs including mechanized hand tufted & pass tufted carpets and rugs.

Kapotex is currently trading with over 36 countries. Preceded by four generations of wool textile manufacturers, the current management team is one of the only two associated Wools of New Zealand brand partners listed in the Spinner Category in India.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The Management Team and Directors of the company include Rajeev Kapur, Varun Kapur, and Vadlamannati Subba Rao.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/KAPOTEX-INDUSTRIES-PRIVATE-LIMITED-U17200MH2008PTC182799 |title=KAPOTEX INDUSTRIES PRIVATE LIMITED |work=zauba.com|access-date=2026-01-29}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian companies established in 2008]]
[[Category:Textile companies of India]]

Govinda IV

2026-01-28T16:06:18Z

Naveed Aslam: basic added formatting for accuracy additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description| Rashtrakuta Emperor from 930 to 936}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = {{circa|930|936 CE}}
| succession = [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakuta Emperor]]
| predecessor = [[Amoghavarsha II]]
| successor = [[Amoghavarsha III]]
| dynasty = [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rāshṭrakūṭa]]
| father = [[Indra III]]
| religion = [[Jainism]] 
}}
{{Rashtrakuta Manyakheta Kings Infobox}}

'''Govinda IV''' (reigned {{circa}} 930–936 CE) was the younger brother of [[Amoghavarsha II]]. He became the [[Rashtrakuta]] emperor in 930 as described in the Kalasa record of [[Chikmagalur]]. He was a very unpopular ruler who indulged in licentious acts. Control over [[Kannauj]] was lost during his rule. The [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukyas of Vengi]] defeated him and much territory was lost. Finally, his own vassals including King [[Arikesari II|Arikesari]] of [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada]] revolted against him and placed [[Amoghavarsha III]] on the throne in 935. This is known from the records of [[Kannada]] poet [[Adikavi Pampa]], who was patronised by King Arikesari.<ref name="matri">Kamath 2001, p. 82</ref> Govinda IV patronised [[Kannada]] poet Ravinagabhatta.

== Name and Attestations ==
A [[Kannada]] form of his name, ''Gojjiga'', is attested in contemporary epigraphy. At least two inscriptions and two copper plate grants of Govinda IV have been found. The first inscription, found at [[Dharwad|Ḍanḍapur]] in present-day [[Dharwad district]], is dated to 918; the second is dated to 930. The first copper plate grant is dated to 930; and the second, found at [[Sangli|Sānglī]], is dated to 933.<ref>Reu 1933, p. 80</ref>

== Family ==
Govinda was the son of [[Indra III]] and the younger brother of [[Amoghavarsha II]].<ref>Reu 1933, p. 80</ref>

== Reign ==
Based on inscriptions of the [[Eastern Chalukyas|Eastern Chalukya]] kings [[Amma I]] and [[Bhima III]], it seems that there was a war between the Rashtrakutas and Chalukyas during Govinda's reign. One inscription specifies that Bhima had "repulsed" the armies of Govinda, implying that Govinda was the attacker in this conflict.<ref>Reu 1933, p. 80</ref>

The Sānglī copper plate grant of 933 says that Govinda "did not wrong his elder brother, nor was he guilty of incest, nor of cruelty". Reu interprets this as meaning that Govinda was accused of these misdeeds during his lifetime, hence why he felt the need to refute these claims in the plate.<ref>Reu 1933, p. 81</ref>

== Death ==
According to Reu, Govinda IV appears to have had a short reign and died prematurely.<ref>Reu 1933, pp. 80–1</ref>

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-date=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn=80905179}}
*{{cite book |last=Reu|first= Pandit Bisheshwar Nath |title=History of The Rashtrakutas (Rathodas)|orig-date=1933|year=1997|publisher= Publication scheme|location= Jaipur|isbn= 81-86782-12-5|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215812}}

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm History of Karnataka, Mr. Arthikaje]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box |
before= [[Amoghavarsha II]] |
title= [[Rashtrakuta|Rashtrakuta Emperor]] |
years= 930–935 |
after= [[Amoghavarsha III]]
}}
{{S-end}}

[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta emperors]]
[[Category:935 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Kadamakkudy Islands

2026-01-27T16:32:04Z

Naveed Aslam: Creating new article - done

{{Short description|Island group in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadamakkudy Islands
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Kadamakkudy Islands
| image_skyline = Kadamakudy Syrian Catholic Church.jpg
| image_caption = Kadamakkudy Islands
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.06519|N|76.2451386|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 15823
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 682027
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kadamakkudy Islands''' is an island suburb of the city of [[Kochi]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]]. It is situated around 8 km (5 mi) north of the city centre.

== Geography ==
Kadamakkudy Islands is a cluster of fourteen islands: Valiya Kadamakudy (the main island), Murikkal, Palyam Thuruth, [[Pizhala]], Cheriya Kadamakudy, Pulikkapuram, [[Moolampilly]], Puthussery, Chariyam Thuruth, Chennur, [[Kothad]], Korambadam, Kandanad and Karikkad Thuruthu.

The Grama panchayth is administered under the kerala Panchayth Raj system and the present administrators are The President Smt Shalini Babu and The Panchayth Secretary Sri Dylan Tom

==Demographics==

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kadamakkudy islands had a population of 15,823. Males constitute 49% of the population and females 51%. Kadamakkudy has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 82%. In Kadamakkudy islands, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Religion ==
Kadamakkudy islands have 9 Catholic Churches.

[[Venerable]] [[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[Varghese Payyappilly Palakkappilly]] had served as the parish priest of Valiya Kadamakkudy Syrian Catholic Church (1909–11).<ref>[http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/payyappilly.pdf Payyappilly Palakkappilly] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717044310/http://www.ernakulamarchdiocese.org/payyappilly.pdf |date=17 July 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Suburbs of Kochi}}
{{Ernakulam district}}

{{commons category|Kadamakkudy Islands}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kochi]]

{{Ernakulam-geo-stub}}

Nirmal Kumar Verma

2026-01-24T19:36:44Z

Naveed Aslam: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Naval Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{about|the Chief of the Indian Navy|the Hindi author|Nirmal Verma}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| name = Nirmal Kumar Verma
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|11|14}}
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| image = Admiral Verma.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Admiral Verma as CNS 2009.
| nickname =
| office = 24th [[High Commissioner]] of [[India]] to [[Canada]]
| term_start = November 2012
| term_end = November 2014
| appointer = [[President of India]] {{small|(then, [[Pranab Mukherjee]])}}
| predecessor = Shashishekhar M. Gavai
| successor = Vishnu Prakash
| office1 = 51st [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
| term_start1 = 30 July 2011
| term_end1 = 31 August 2012
| president1 = [[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]
| successor1 = [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne|N. A. K. Browne]]
| office2 = 20th [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)]]
| term_start2 = 31 August 2009
| term_end2 = 31 August 2012
| president2 = [[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| primeminister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Sureesh Mehta]]
| successor2 = [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]
| alma_mater = [[Royal Naval Staff College]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1970 – 2012
| rank = [[File:IN_Admiral_Shoulder_curl.png|23px]] [[File:14-Indian Navy-ADM.svg|23px]] [[Admiral (India)|Admiral]]
| commands = [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Eastern Naval Command]] [[INS Viraat]] [[INS Ranvir]] {{ship|INS|Udaygiri|F35|6}}
| unit =
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[Operation Lal Dora]]
| military_blank1 = Award(s)
| military_data1 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishist Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishist Seva Medal]]
* [[File:IND_Sangram_Medal_Ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sangram Medal]]
}}
| relations = [[Vice Admiral]] [[Bimal Verma]] (brother)
| military_blank2 = Later work(s)
| military_data2 = ''CNO'', [[Naval War College|US Naval War College]]
}}

[[Admiral (India)|Admiral]] '''Nirmal Kumar Verma''' (born 14 November 1950)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nirmal-kumar-verma-named-navy-chief-395706|title=Nirmal Kumar Verma named Navy chief|work=NDTV.com|date=6 June 2009|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=19 January 2020}}</ref> is a former senior [[Naval Officer|naval officer]] who served as the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] of [[Indian Navy]], from 31 August 2009 to 31 August 2012. In November 2012, he was appointed the [[High Commissioner|High Commissioner to Canada]].

==Early life==
Born on 14 November 1950, he joined the [[Indian Navy]] at the age of 19.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/nirmal_verma_named_navy_chief.php |title=Nirmal Kumar Verma named Navy chief |publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref> He studied at [[Goethals Memorial School]] [[Kurseong]], [[Royal Naval Staff College]] in the United Kingdom, and the [[Naval War College]] in 1993 in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|author=hameed farista |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/govt-names-vice-admiral-nirmal-verma-as-the/472441/ |title=Govt names Vice Admiral Nirmal Verma as the next Navy chief |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-12-03 |access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>

==Military career==
[[File:US Navy 100924-N-8273J-101 Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) Adm. Gary Roughead tour various aircraft and facilities at Naval Air Station Paxtuxent R.jpg|200px|thumbnail|left|[[Chief of Naval Operations|Chief of Naval Operations (CNO)]] [[Gary Roughead|Adm. Gary Roughead]], right, and Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy Adm. Nirmal Verma, middle left, tour various aircraft and facilities at [[Naval Air Station Paxtuxent River]]]]
Verma took charge of the Naval Academy in [[Goa]], and subsequently became commander of a series of Indian Navy ships, including [[INS Ranvir (D54)]] and [[INS Viraat]], at that time India's only [[aircraft carrier]]. He then took over as the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief (FOC-in-C) of the [[Eastern Naval Command]], and was appointed Chief of the Indian Navy upon the retirement of [[Sureesh Mehta]] on 31 August 2009. During his career he has been awarded several decorations, including the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] and the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news537319.html |title=Vice Admiral NK Verma named next Navy Chief |publisher=Zeenews.com |date=2009-06-06 |access-date=2012-04-26}}</ref>
He took over as the Chairman, Chief's of Staff Committee on 30 July 2011 from the then outgoing [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]] [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pradeep Vasant Naik|P V Naik]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1165_Admiral_Nirmal_Verma.htm |title=Admiral Nirmal Verma takes over as Chairman, Chiefs of Staff Committee |publisher=India strategic |date=2011-06-21 |access-date=2013-12-07 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212025926/http://www.indiastrategic.in/topstories1165_Admiral_Nirmal_Verma.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards==

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Poorvi_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND_Paschimi_Star_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:IND_Sangram_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105x105px]]
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan="4"| [[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|100px]] [[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|100px]] [[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|100px]]
|-
|
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Poorvi Star]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|Paschimi Star]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Awards and Decorations of the Indian Armed Forces|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
| colspan="2"|[[Indian military decorations|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Post Retirement==
Adm Verma was appointed High Commissioner of India to Canada in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/20747/Admiral+Nirmal+Kumar+Verma+appointed+as+High+Commissioner+of+India+to+Canada|title=Admiral Nirmal Kumar Verma appointed as High Commissioner of India to Canada}}</ref> He is currently a CNO Distinguished International Fellow at the US [[Naval War College]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/usnavalwarcollegeri/29774068131/|title=160922-N-RX668-008|website=Flickr|date=22 September 2016|language=en-us|access-date=2017-06-24}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pradeep Vasant Naik]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]|years=2011 - 2012}}
{{s-aft | after =[[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sureesh Mehta]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]|years=2009–2012}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Admiral Devendra Kumar Joshi|Devendra Kumar Joshi]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Prem Suthan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]]|years=2008-2009}}
{{s-aft|after=Anup Singh}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=R. C. Kochhar}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]|years=2002-2003}}
{{s-aft|after=M. P. Taneja}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Vijay Shankar (admiral)|Vijay Shankar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] [[INS Viraat]]|years=1996-1997}}
{{s-aft|after=S. K. Damle}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief of Defence Staff (India)}}
{{Chief_of_the_Naval_Staff_(India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Nirmal Kumar}}
[[Category:Chiefs of the Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Naval Staff (India)]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Canada]]
[[Category:Naval War College alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Commandants of the Indian Naval Academy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National Defence College, India]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Maharashtra Naval Area]]

Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-21T20:47:24Z

Naveed Aslam:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagaur
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Rajasthan/Nagaur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nagaur Lok Sabha Constituency
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mp = [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| assembly_cons = [[Ladnun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladnun]] [[Deedwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deedwana]] [[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]] [[Nagaur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagaur]] [[Khinwsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khinwsar]] [[Makrana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Makrana]] [[Parbatsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Parbatsar]] [[Nawan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawan]]
}}
'''Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{IPA|hi|n̪aːgɔːɾ}}) is one of the 25 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> [[Hanuman Beniwal]] is incumbent member of the Lok Sabha from Nagaur.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|title=Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies wise Polling Stations & Electors|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Rajasthan website|access-date=14 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726003649/http://ceorajasthan.nic.in/PC-ACWISE-ELECTORS.pdf|archive-date=26 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|106
|[[Ladnun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladnun]]
| rowspan="8" |[[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
|[[Mukesh Bhakar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| 107
|[[Deedwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deedwana]]
|[[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yoonus Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|{{party name with color|Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|108
|[[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]] (SC)
|[[Manju Baghmar]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|109
|[[Nagaur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagaur]]
|[[Harendra Mirdha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|110
|[[Khinwsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khinwsar]]
|[[Rewant Ram Danga]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|113
|[[Makrana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Makrana]]
|[[Zakir Hussain Gesawat]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|114
|[[Parbatsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Parbatsar]]
|[[Ramniwas Gawriya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|115
|[[Nawan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawan]]
|Vijay Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|}
[[Degana]] and [[Merta City|Merta]] are the other tehsils (Vidhansabha Constituency) of [[Nagaur district]] which are not part of Nagaur Lok Sabha Constituency. Constituency delimitation commission before 2009 General Election, Separated Degana and Merta from Nagaur Loksabha Constituency and made them part of [[Rajsamand (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]|| [[G. D. Somani]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]|| [[Mathuradas Mathur]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]|| [[S. K. Dey]]
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]|| N. K. Somani
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]|| rowspan="3" | [[Nathuram Mirdha]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]|| [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]|| rowspan="3" | [[Nathuram Mirdha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|1997^|| [[Bhanu Prakash Mirdha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]|| rowspan="2" | Ram Raghunath Choudhary
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]|| [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]|| [[Jyoti Mirdha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]|| [[C. R. Chaudhary]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|BJP}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan =2|[[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|{{Full party name with color |Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Nagaur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Hanuman Beniwal]]|party=Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|votes=596955|percentage=48.20|change={{decrease}}6.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jyoti Mirdha]]|party=Bharatiya Janta Party |votes=554,730|percentage=44.79|change={{increase}}3.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Gajendra singh Rathore|votes=24,008|percentage=1.94|change={{decrease}}''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=NOTA|votes=8771|percentage=0.71|change={{decrease}}0.37}}
{{Election box majority||votes=42,225|percentage=3.41|change={{decrease}}11.65}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,238,473|percentage=57.69|change={{decrease}}4.55}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner =Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|loser =BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Nagaur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|votes = 6,60,051
|percentage = 54.79
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jyoti Mirdha]]
|votes = 4,78,791
|percentage = 39.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 13,049
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Saroj Prajapat
|votes = 12,785
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,81,260
|percentage = 15.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,03,124
|percentage = 62.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Nagaur]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = BJP
|candidate = [[C. R. Chaudhary]]
|votes = 4,14,791
|percentage = 41.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Jyoti Mirdha]]|votes=3,39,573|percentage=33.82|change=}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = [[Hanuman Beniwal]]
|votes = 1,59,980
|percentage = 15.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=12,185|percentage=1.21|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=75,218|percentage=7.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,05,523|percentage=59.81|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner =Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Nagaur]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jyoti Mirdha]]
|votes = 3,33,261
|percentage = 54.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bindu Chaudhary
|votes = 1,78,124
|percentage = 29.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Abdul Aziz
|votes = 68,434
|percentage = 11.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Pitti
|votes = 8,892
|percentage = 1.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,55,137
|percentage = 25.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,09,879
|percentage = 41.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner=Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Nagaur]]<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/4126-general-election-2004-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Bhanwar Singh Dangawas]]
|votes = 4,56,789
|percentage = 45.08
|change = +13.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ram Raghunath Choudhary
|votes = 2,14,006
|percentage = 33.89
|change = -4.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mool Chand
|votes = 1,07,757
|percentage = 17.06
|change = -12.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhanwar Singh Rathore
|votes = 9,888
|percentage = 1.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = National Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Nawab Khan
|votes = 7,677
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Kailash
|votes = 3,842
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bhanu Prakash
|votes = 3,620
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 70,627
|percentage = 11.19
|change = +4.31
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,31,471
|percentage = 44.02
|change = -13.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +13.94
}}
{{Election box end}}<ref name="election19512">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1951 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4111-general-election-1951-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1957">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1957 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1962">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1967">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1971">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1977">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="election1999">{{cite web |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |access-date=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nagaur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/rajasthan/nagaur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Nagaur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.2|73.7|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagaur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Nagaur district]]

Hiya Diya Niya

2025-12-29T03:43:48Z

Naveed Aslam: Updated formatting and sections

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hiya Diya Niya
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Munin Barua]]
| producer = [[Merry Laskar]] (Pooja Motion Pictures)
| writer =
| screenplay = Munin Barua
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jatin Bora]] Luna Lahkar [[Ravi Sarma]] Geetawali Rajkumari
| music = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| cinematography = Mrinal Kanti Das
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|02|25|df=yes}}
| runtime = 165 min
| country = India
| language = Assamese
| budget = 10 lakhs
| gross = 1.1 crore
}}

'''''Hiya Diya Niya''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]] [[romantic drama]] movie directed by [[Munin Barua]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=2018-04-08 |title=National award-winning Assamese director Munin Barua passes away |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/national-award-winning-assamese-director-munin-barua-passes-away-766098 |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in }}</ref> and produced under Pooja Motion Pictures. The music was composed by [[Zubeen Garg]]. It was released on 25 February 2000. This film marked Assamese's first film to be shot outside India.

''Hiya Diya Niya'' by Munin Barua was a blockbuster that became almost every household's choice to watch on the big screen and gave a fresh wave to revive the [[Assamese film industry]] with its commercial success.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barman Deka |first=Violet |date=2021 |title=The world of Assamese celluloid: 'yesterday and today' |url=http://cinej.pitt.edu |journal=Cinema Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=411}}</ref><ref name="NL">{{cite web|url=http://www.nelive.in/assam/entertainment/acclaimed-films-munin-barua|title=Acclaimed Films of Munin Barua |date=11 September 2016|publisher=[[North East Live|NELive]]|accessdate=11 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918181702/http://www.nelive.in/assam/entertainment/acclaimed-films-munin-barua|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/life/romancing-the-silver-screen-638458| title=Romancing the Silver Screen| publisher=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] | date=21 February 2023| accessdate=18 July 2023}}</ref> It became the highest grossing Assamese film of 2000 and is currently the [[Assamese cinema#List of highest-grossing Assamese films|14th highest grossing Assamese film]].

==Synopsis==
A rich family searches for a husband for their daughter. The father wants his daughter to marry his friend's son who lives in a village, but the mother and daughter prefer an NRI boy.

==Cast==
*[[Jatin Bora]] as Dipu/Dulal
*Luna Lahkar as Momi
*[[Ravi Sarma]] as Abinash
*Geetawali Rajkumari as Sunita
*Pranjal Saikia as Niren
*Mridula Baruah as Runu
*Hiranya Das as Sunny
*[[Chetana Das]]
*[[Nipon Goswami]]
*Rina Bora
*Jayanta Bhagawati

== Production ==
The cinematography was the work of Mrinal Kanti Das.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Dipankar |date=2016-04-30 |title=The untold story of maverick cinematographer Mrinal Kanti Das |url=https://scroll.in/reel/807404/the-untold-story-of-maverick-cinematographer-mrinal-kanti-das |access-date=2023-07-16 |website=Scroll.in }}</ref> (not to be confused with the Bengali [[Mrinal Kanti Das|politician of the same name]]) The film production started on 7 September 1999 and wrapped up on 14 October 1999.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Hiya Diya Niya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt = Hiya Diya Niya Audio CD cover
| released = October 1999 {{small|(Audio Cassette)}} January 2000 {{small|(Audio CD)}}
| recorded = 1999
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 35:28 {{small|(Audio Cassette)}} 41:29 {{small|(Audio CD)}}
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| label = Pooja Motion Pictures NK Production Vee Gee Audio (Wave Music) Music Makers [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus]] JG Cassette RDC Media Pvt. Ltd
| producer = Merry Laskar
| prev_title = '''[[Tumi Mur Mathu Mur]]'''
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = '''Morome Morom Jaane'''
| next_year = 2000
}}

The music of ''Hiya Diya Niya'' was composed by [[Zubeen Garg]]. It was his first film as a music director along with his other movie [[Tumi Mur Mathu Mur]]. The soundtrack was released in October 1999 on Audio Cassette format and in January 2000 on Audio CD format. Lyrics were written by [[Hemanta Dutta]], [[Diganta Bharati]] and Jimoni Choudhury. The singers who lent their voices in this film are Zubeen Garg, [[Queen Hazarika]], Malobika Bora, [[Tarali Sarma]], Shanta Uzir, [[Chetana Das]], [[Hiranya Deka]], Diganta Bharati <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/life/diganta-bharati-a-musical-sojourn-623532|title=Diganta Bharati: A musical sojourn|work=The Sentinel|date=15 November 2022|access-date=18 July 2023}}</ref> and Debojit Choudhury. The album contains 8 total tracks on Audio Cassette and 9 total tracks (8 main tracks + 1 hidden track) on Audio CD. All the songs were very much popular among the masses.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Nohole Porisoi
| note1 = Male
| extra1 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hemanta Dutta]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = Buku Bhora
| extra2 = Malobika Bora
| lyrics2 = [[Jimoni Choudhury]]
| length2 = 4:00
| title3 = Moloyar Dupakhit
| extra3 = [[Tarali Sarma]], [[Zubeen Garg]]
| lyrics3 = Diganta Bharati
| length3 = 5:38
| title4 = Kothati Bujilu
| extra4 = [[Tarali Sarma]], [[Zubeen Garg]]
| lyrics4 = Diganta Bharati
| length4 = 6:17
| title5 = Nohole Porisoi
| note5 = Female
| extra5 = Shanta Uzir
| lyrics5 = [[Hemanta Dutta]]
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Misate Misate
| extra6 = Zubeen Garg, Diganta Bharati, [[Chetana Das]], [[Hiranya Deka]]
| lyrics6 = Diganta Bharati
| length6 = 3:51
| title7 = Hiya Diya Niya - Theme
| extra7 = Zubeen Garg
| lyrics7 = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length7 = 3:41
| title8 = Mitha Mitha
| extra8 = Zubeen Garg, Debojit Choudhury, Shanta Uzir, Malobika Bora
| lyrics8 = [[Jimoni Choudhury]]
| length8 = 4:40
| title9 = Untitled Background Score
| note9 = Hidden Track
| extra9 = [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sagarika]]
| lyrics9 =
| length9 = 1:00
}}

;Notes
* After the final listed track (i.e., Track 8 or "Mitha Mitha"), there are approximately 5 minutes of silence, then the Untitled Background Score (Hidden Track) appears which was sung by [[Zubeen Garg]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and [[Sagarika]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|8180726}}

[[Category:2000s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Munin Barua]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]

{{Assamese-film-stub}}

Vanaprastha

2025-12-07T21:37:41Z

Naveed Aslam: general correct references as per guidelines and corrected details

{{short description|One of the ashramas}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Vānaprastha, a painting by Niharranjan Sen Gupta.jpg|thumb|Vānaprastha, a painting by Niharranjan Sen Gupta]]
'''''Vānaprastha''''' ({{langx|sa|वानप्रस्थ}}) literally meaning 'way of the forest' or 'forest road', is the third stage in the 'Chaturasrama'<ref name=sgc>{{cite journal |title=Chaturasrama — A Composite Feature of Life in Pre-Buddhist India |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |author=Sanjib K. Ghosh Chaudhury |volume=27 |year=1965 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44140605 |issn=2249-1937 |pages=130–133 |jstor=44140605 }}</ref> system of Hinduism. It represents the third of the four ''ashramas'' (stages) of human life, the other three being [[Brahmacharya]] (bachelor student, 1st stage), [[Grihastha]] (married householder, 2nd stage) and [[Sannyasa]] (renunciation ascetic, 4th stage).<ref name=rks>RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change, {{ISBN|978-8171566655}}, pages 28, 38–39</ref>

''Vānaprastha'' is part of the [[Ashrama (stage)|Vedic ashrama system]], which starts when a person hands over household responsibilities to the next generation, takes an advisory role, and gradually withdraws from the world.<ref>Ralph Tench and William Sun (2014), Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives and Practice, {{ISBN|978-1783507955}}, page 346</ref><ref name=alnu/> This stage typically follows ''Grihastha'' (householder), but a man or woman may choose to skip householder stage, and enter ''Vānaprastha'' directly after Brahmacharya (student) stage, as a prelude to Sannyasa (ascetic) and spiritual pursuits.<ref>{{cite book |title=Axiological approach to the Vedas|author=Sahebrao Genu Nigal|year=1986 |publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=81-85119-18-X|page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMZzmB4duPoC&q=vanaprastha&pg=PA112 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Social and cultural history of ancient India|author=Manilal Bose|chapter=5. Grihastha Ashrama, Vanprastha and Sanyasa|year=1998|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn= 81-7022-598-1|page= 68|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_PpdZosif4C&q=vanaprastha&pg=PA68 }}</ref>

Vānaprastha stage is considered as a transition phase from a householder's life with greater emphasis on [[Artha]] and [[Kama]] (pursuits related to wealth and pleasures) to one with greater emphasis on [[Moksha]] (spiritual liberation).<ref name=alnu>Albertina Nugteren (2005), Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004146013}}, pages 13–21</ref>

==Etymology==
{{Hinduism}}
''Vānaprastha'' (वानप्रस्थ) is a composite word with the roots ''vana'' (वन) meaning "forest, distant land",<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=vana&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 vana] Koeln University, Germany</ref> and ''prastha'' (प्रस्थ) meaning "going to, abiding in, journey to".<ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=prastha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 prastha] Koeln University, Germany</ref> The composite word literally means "retiring to forest".<ref name=kuger>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=vanaprastha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 vanapastha] Koeln University, Germany</ref>

Widgery<ref>Alban G. Widgery (1930), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2377977 The Principles of Hindu Ethics], International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 232–245</ref> states that ''Vānaprastha'' is synonymous with [[Aranyaka]] (Sanskrit: आरण्यक) in historic Indian literature discussing four stages of human life.

==Discussion==
''Vānaprastha'' is part of the ancient Indian concept called [[Chaturashrama]], which identified four stages of a human life, with distinct differences based on natural human needs and drives. The first stage of life was [[Brahmacharya]] (bachelor student) lasting through about 25 years of life, the second stage was [[Grihastha]] (married householder) and lasted through about 50 year age.<ref name=sgn>{{cite book |title=Axiological approach to the Vedas|author=Sahebrao Genu Nigal|year=1986 |publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=81-85119-18-X|pages=110–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mMZzmB4duPoC&q=vanaprastha&pg=PA112 }}</ref> Vānaprastha represented the third stage and typically marked with birth of grandchildren, gradual transition of householder responsibilities to the next generation, increasingly hermit-like lifestyle, and greater emphasis on community services and spiritual pursuit.<ref name=sgn/><ref name=wih>What is Hinduism? (Editors of Hinduism Today), {{Google books|9XC9bwMMPcwC|Two noble paths of Dharma|page=101}}, Family Life and Monastic Life, Chapter 10 with page 101, in particular,</ref> The Vānaprastha stage ultimately transitioned into [[Sannyasa]], a stage of complete renunciation and dedication to spiritual questions.

Vānaprastha, according to [[Ashrama (stage)|Vedic ashrama system]], lasted between the ages of 50 and 74.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

Nugteren<ref name=alnu/> states that ''Vānaprastha'' was, in practice, a metaphor and guideline. It encouraged gradual transition of social responsibility, economic roles, personal focus towards spirituality, from being center of the action to a more advisory peripheral role, without actually requiring someone to actually moving into a forest with or without one's partner.<ref name=alnu/> While some literally gave up their property and possessions to move into distant lands, most stayed with their families and communities but assumed a transitioning role and gracefully accept an evolving role with age.<ref name=alnu/> Dhavamony<ref>Mariasusai Dhavamony (1982), Classical Hinduism, {{ISBN|978-8876524820}}, page 355</ref> identifies Vānaprastha stage as one of "detachment and increasing seclusion" but usually serving as a counselor, peace-maker, judge, teacher to young and advisor to the middle-aged.

While ''Grihastha'' and ''Vānaprastha'' stages of life were recommended, they were not a requirement. Any ''Brahmacharya'' may, if he or she wants, skip householder and retirement stage, go straight to Sannyasa stage of life, thereby renouncing worldly and materialistic pursuits and dedicating their lives to spiritual pursuits.<ref name="wih"/>

==Literature==
;History
Jamison and [[Michael Witzel|Witzel]] state<ref name=jamwitz>Jamison and Witzel (1992), [http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf Vedic Hinduism], Harvard University Archives, page 47</ref> early Vedic texts make no mention of life in retirement, or ''Vānaprastha'', or ''Ashrama system'', unlike the concepts of [[Brahmacharya|Brahmacharin]] and [[Grihastha|Grihasthi]] which can be distinguished.<ref>JF Sprockhoff (1981), Aranyaka und Vanaprastha in der vedischen Literatur, Neue Erwägungen zu einer alten Legende und ihren Problemen. Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Südasiens und Archiv für Indische Philosophie Wien, 25, pages 19–90</ref> The earliest mention of a related concept in [[Rigveda|Rig Veda]] is of ''Antigriha'' (अन्तिगृह, like a neighbor) in hymn 10.95.4, where the context and content suggests the elders did not go into forest, but continued to live as part of extended family, with outwardly role, in ancient India.<ref name=jamwitz/> In later Vedic era and over time, ''Vānaprastha'' and other new concepts emerged, while older ideas evolved and expanded. The concept of ''Vānaprastha'', and [[Sannyasa]], emerged about or after 7th century BCE, when sages such as [[Yajnavalkya|Yājñavalkya]] left their homes and roamed around as spiritual recluses and pursued their ''Pravrajika'' (homeless) lifestyle.<ref>JF Sprockhoff (1976), Sannyāsa, Quellenstudien zur Askese im Hinduismus I: Untersuchungen über die Sannyåsa-Upanishads, Wiesbaden, {{oclc|644380709}}</ref>

The [[Dharmaśāstra#Principal Root Texts|Dharmasūtra]]s and [[Dharmaśāstra#The Dharma.C5.9B.C4.81stras|Dharmaśāstra]]s, composed about mid 1st millennium BCE and later, place increasing emphasis on all four stages of ''Ashrama system'', including ''Vānaprastha''.<ref name=bhold/> The [[Baudhayana Dharmasūtra]], in verses 2.11.9 to 2.11.12, describes the four Ashramas including ''Vānaprastha'' as "a fourfold division of [[Dharma]]". The older Dharmasūtras, however, are significantly different in their treatment of ''Ashramas'' system from the more modern Dharmaśāstras, because they do not limit some of their Ashrama rituals to the three ''varnas'' – Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishyas.<ref name=bhold>Barbara Holdrege (2004), Dharma, in The Hindu World (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-21527-7}}, page 231</ref> The newer Dharmaśāstra vary widely in their discussion of ''Ashrama'' system including ''Vānaprastha'' in the context of classes (castes),<ref>Olivelle translates them as classes over pages 25–34, e.g. see footnote 70; while other authors translate them as castes</ref> with some mentioning it for three, while others such as ''Vaikhānasa Dharmasūtra'' including all four.<ref name=paol/>

Olivelle<ref name=paol>[[Patrick Olivelle]] (1993), The Ashrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195344783}}</ref> posits that the older Dharmasūtras present the ''Ashramas'' as four alternative ways of life and options available, but not as sequential stage that any individual must follow.<ref name=bhold/> Olivelle also states that ''Vānaprastha'' along with the Ashrama system gained mainstream scholarly acceptance about 2nd century BCE.<ref>Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Ashrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195344783}}, page 94</ref>

;Spectrum of views
Numerous ancient and medieval texts of India discuss the four stages of a human being. Each offers different perspective. Some are strict and literal, while others discuss the concept in contextual and metaphorical terms. For example, Manusmriti offers elaborate prescriptions for drastic kind of renunciation, describing in verse 6.21 what the retiree in the forest should eat.<ref name=alnu/> In contrast, the [[Mahabharata]] suggests Vānaprastha is a symbolic metaphor and declares that a king may achieve the "object of Vānaprastha" by certain actions, without retiring into the forest. For example, [[Shanti Parva]] (the Book of Peace) of the Hindu Epic, states,<ref name=kmg/>

{{quote|
That king, O [[Yudhishthira]], who rescues from distress, to the best of his power, his kinsmen and relatives and friends, attains to the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life. That king who on every occasion honours those that are foremost among men attains the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life. That king, O Partha, who daily makes offerings unto all living creatures including men, attains to the object of the same mode of life. That king, who grinds the kingdoms of others for protecting the righteous, attains to the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life. That king who engages in battle with the resolve of protecting his kingdom or meeting with death, attains to the object of the Vanaprastha mode of life.|The Mahabharata|Shanti Parva, Section LXVI <ref name=kmg>KM Ganguli (Translator), [https://archive.org/stream/mahabharataofkri06royp#page/210/mode/2up Santi Parva] The Mahabharata, Section LXVI, pages 211–214</ref>}}

[[Markandeya Purana]] suggests that a householder, after he has taken care of his progeny, his parents, his traditions and cleansed his mind is ready to enter the third stage of life, or Vānaprastha. He must lead a frugal life during this stage, sleeping on floor, eating only fruits and bulbs. The more he gives up the worldly delights, the closer he gets to the knowledge of his spirit, and more ready he is for the last stage – the Sannyasa asrama, where he renounces everything and focuses entirely on spiritual pursuits.<ref>{{cite book |title=Markandeya Purana |author=B.K. Chaturvedi |year=2004 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |isbn=81-288-0577-0 |page=55 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KxuerJwnuKsC&q=vanaprastha+ashram&pg=PA55}}</ref>

''Vānaprastha'' appears in many major literary works from ancient India. For example, many chapters of the Hindu Epic [[Ramayana]], just like the [[Mahabharata]], build around hermit-style life in a forest (Vānaprastha).<ref>M Chatterjee (1986), The Concept of Dharma, in Facts and Values (Editors: Doeser and Kraay), Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-8482-6}}, pages 177–187</ref> Similarly, the [[Abhijñānaśākuntalam]] (Shakuntala play by [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]) revolves around hermit lifestyle in a forest. Many of the legendary forest hermitages, mentioned in various Sanskrit works, later became sites for major temples and Hindu pilgrimage.<ref>NL Dey, {{Google books|wyErlJ0SfggC|The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India}}, W Newman & Co, pages 2, 7, 9, 15, 18, 20, 30, 52, etc</ref>

Narada Parivrajaka Upanishad identifies four characteristics of a ''Vānaprastha'' stage of life as ''Audumbara'' (threshold of house, woods), ''Vaikhanasa'' (anchorite), ''Samprakshali'' (cleansing rituals) and ''Purnamanasa'' (contented mind).<ref>KN Aiyar (1914), Thirty Minor Upanishad, Madras, page 135, {{oclc| 23013613}}</ref>

Nigal<ref name=sgn/> states Vānaprastha stage to be a gradual evolution of a "family man" to a "society man", from one seeking "personal gain" to one seeking a "better world, welfare of his community, agapistic altruism".

==See also==
*[[Ashrama (stage)]]
*[[Brahmacharya]]
*[[Grihastha]]
*[[Sannyasa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Walter Kaelber (2004), Āśrama, in The Hindu World (Eds: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772273}}, Chapter 17
* Patrick Olivelle (1993), The Ashrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution, Oxford University Press, {{oclc|466428084}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.yogabasics.com/learn/the-four-ashramas-of-yoga.html Four ashrama of yoga]

[[Category:Ashramas]]

List of Odia films of the 2000s

2025-11-30T21:06:35Z

Naveed Aslam: starting article...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Cuttack]] in the 2000s:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=2025-05-20 |title=Odia film fraternity seeks new film policy for development of Ollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2025/May/20/odia-film-fraternity-seeks-new-film-policy-for-development-of-ollywood |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahu |first=Diana |date=2023-11-12 |title=Hall of worry for Ollywood |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2023/Nov/12/hall-of-worry-for-ollywood-2632366.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:21%;" | Title
! style="width:16%;" | Director
! style="width:22%;" | Cast
! style="width:13%;" | Genre
! style="width:28%;" | Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2000 in film|2000]]'''
|-
|[['Mana Rahigala Tumari Thare]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Jyoti Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Tu Mo Akhira Tara]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Nikita (actress)|Nikita]] [[Barsa Priyadarshini]]|| ||
|-
|[[Sagar Ganga]]||[[Raju Misra]] || [[Anoop Misra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
|[[Pritsodha Apradha Nuhe]]||[[Binod Nanda]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Kashia Kapila]]||[[Jitendra Mohapatra]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Ashrumochan Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Dharam Sahile Hela]]||[[Mohammad Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|[[Laxmi Pratima]]||[[Mohammad Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|[[Raja (2000 film)|Raja]]|| [[Snehasis Chakraborty]] ||[[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] || ||
|-
|Cooli|| [[Swapan Saha]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Abhishek Chattopadhyay]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|[[Suna Harini]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2019-06-30 |title=Odia cine producer Kesab Rout passes away at 68 - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/odia-cine-producer-kesab-rout-passes-away-at-68/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref>||[[Himanshu Parija]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|[[Kandhei Akhire Luha]]||[[Ravi Kinagi]]|| [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
|[[Bou (1998 film)|Bou]]||[[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Maheswata Roy]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Usasi Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Ama Ghar Ama Sansar]]||[[Mohammad Mohsin]] ||[[Prajukta Kulkarni]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Hari Bhai Harena]]||[[Raju Mishra]] ||Sunil Kumar, [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|[[Suhaga Sindura]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2001 in film|2001]]'''
|-
|[[Magunira Sagada]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search on Cinema |url=http://nfaipune.nic.in/asp_files/searchLang&titledet.asp?srno=741 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213154921/http://nfaipune.nic.in/asp_files/searchLang&titledet.asp?srno=741 |archive-date=2012-02-13 |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=nfaipune.nic.in}}</ref>||[[Prafulla Mohanty]] ||[[Ashru Mochan Mohanty]], [[Jaya Seal]] ||Social||National Award for Best Oriya Film (2002).
|-
|[[Nari Nuhen Tu Narayani]]||[[Himanshu Parija]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Diptirekha Panda]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
|[[Pari Mahal (film)|Pari Mahal]]||[[Bikash Das]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Maiphus]]Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Mo Kola To Jhulana]]''|| [[Himansu Parijaa]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Hara Patnaik]] || ||
|-
|[[Call Waiting (film)|Call Waiting]]|| ||[[Abhaya Kumar]], [[Leslie Tripathy]] || ||
|-
|[[Singha Bahini]]||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Anushree (Kannada actress)|Anushree]] || ||
|-
|[[Dharma Debata]]|| [[Bijay Bhaskar]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-

|[[Sata Micha]]||[[Raju Misra]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]][[Sweta Mallik]] || ||
|-
|[[Baazi (2001 Oriya film)|Baazi]]||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-

|[[Katha Rahithiba Kal Kalku]]||[[Asit Pati]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Bapa (film)|Bapa]]||[[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mama Mishra]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2002 in film|2002]]'''
|-
|[[Gare Sindura Dhare Luha]]||[[Gobind Tej]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|[[Maa Pari Kie Heba]]||[[Sisir Mohan Pati]] ||[[Mihir Das]], [[Rekha Jain]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Maa Mangala]]''||[[Surya Misra]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Maa O Mamata]]|| ||[[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Katha Deithili Maa Ku]]||[[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|[[Kalki Abatar]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Baruda]]|| [[T. L. V. Prasad]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rajatava Dutta]] || [[Romance film|Romance]] ||
|-
|[[Baaja]]|| [[A.K Bir]] ||Ram Awana, [[Saroj Bhagwar]], [[Chitra Pandey]] || ||A.K.Bir got best Children filmaward in National Film award 2003

|-
|[[Gopare Badhuchu Kala Kanhei]]||[[Asit Pati]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Ziddi (2002 film)|Ziddi]]|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Samay Chaka Re Sansaar Rath]]||[[Jitendra Mohapatra]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Wrong Number (2002 film)|Wrong Number]]||[[Bobby Islam]] || [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Pradyumna Lenka]], [[Pintu Nanda]]|| ||
|-
|[[Tu Eka Am Saha Bharasa]]||[[Shakti Baral]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Rakhile Jadi Se Mariba Kiye]]||[[Ritesh Nayak]] ||[[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] || ||
|-
|[[Maa kande puate pain]]||[[Asit Pati]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-

|-
|[[Muhurta (film)|Muhurta]]||[[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
|[[Sei Jhiati]]|| [[Sanjay Pathak (director)|Sanjay Pathak]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2003 in film|2003]]'''
|-
|[[Aw Aaakare Aa]]||[[Subash Das]] ||[[Dipti Panda]], [[Adyasa Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Tu Mo Manara Mita]]||[[Harnath Chakarbarty]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Sarapanch Babu]]||[[Chakrapani (actor)|Chakrapani]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|''[[Je Panche Para Manda]]''||[[Himanshu Parija]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Pinki Pradhan]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|[[Rakta Sindur]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Suna Sankhali]]||[[Ravi Kinnagi]] ||[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[To akhi Mo aina]]|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Hara Patnaik]] || ||
|-
|[[Sola Shukrabaar]]||[[Gopal Kumar Yogesh]] ||[[Anita Das]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Vidhata]]||[[Bishnu Datta]]|| [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Tate Mo Rana]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|[[Nayaka Nuhain Khala Nayaka]]||[[Ratan Adikari]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Rachana Banerjee]]|| ||
|-
|[[Soubhagyabati]]|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2004 in film|2004]]'''
|-
| [[Saathire]] ||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Sritam Das]], [[Madhumita Basu]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||
|-
|[[Barsa My Darling]]||[[Hara Patnaik]]||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Ankita Banerjee]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||
|-
|[[Rahichi rahibi tohri pain]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||best music director pravanshu samantaray and Malay mishra
|-
|[[Surya (2004 film)|Surya]]||[[Haranath Chakraborty]] ||[[Prosenjit Chatterjee|Prasenjit]], [[Ranjit Mallick]] || ||
|-
|[[Agni Parikshya]]||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|[[Sasu Hathakadi Bhauja Bedi]]||[[Vijay Bhaskar]]|| [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Braja singh]]|| ||
|-
|[[Join Ra Chauka Ku Sasurara Chhaka]]||[[Baby Islam]] ||[[Hari (actor)|Hari]] || ||
|-
| [[I Love You (2005 Odia film)|I Love You]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Namrata Thapa]] || || Best actor award Anubhav mohanty
|-
|[[Kotire Gotiye]]|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Samay Hatare Dori]]||[[Nimai Ojha]], [[Jaya Sudha|Sudha]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Pheria Mo Suna Bhauni]]||[[Ranjita Mohanty]] ||[[Mihir Das]], [[Jeena (actress)|Jina]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2005 in film|2005]]'''
|-
|[[Priya Mo Priya]]||[[Gudia Mohapatra]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Namrata Thapa]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Om Shanti Om (Oriya film)|Om Shanti Om]]||[[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Lipi (actor)|Lipi]] || ||
|-
|[[Agnee (Oriya film)|Agnee]]||[[Swapna Shah]] ||[[Prasonjeet]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|[[Tu Mo Akhira Tara]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]], [[Kuna Tripathy]] || ||
|-
|[[Prathama Prema]] ||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Sugena Choudhry]], [[Meghna Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Rakhi Bhijigala Aakhi Luha Re]] || ||[[Siddhant Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Mihir Das]]|| ||
|-
|[[O My Love]] ||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Rajdip]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Hari (actor)|Hari]] || || The Best Newcomer Award to Archita in 2005
|-
|[[Babu I Love You]] || [[Sanjay Nayak]]|| [[Chandan Kar]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||The Best Actress Award to Archita in 2006
|-
|[[Topae Sindura Di Topa Luha]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Barsa Priyadarshini]]|| ||
|-
|[[Babu Parsuram]]||[[Sudhanshu Sahu]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Sritam Das]], [[Rekha Rao]] || ||
|-
|[[Eithhi Swarga Eithhi Narka]]|| ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|[[Premi No.1]]||[[Debu Patnaik]] || [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Chandini]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]||Drama||
|-
|Bhagya Chakra||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || || the film got best music director (Om Prakash Mohanty), best background male singer (Ratikant Satpathy) and best lyricist (Rajani Ranjan) in the state film award 2005-2006
|-
|[[Kathantara]]|| [[Himanshu Khatua]] ||[[Anu Choudhary]], [[Bhaswati Basu]], [[Rasesh Mohanty]], [[Mamuni Mishra]] || ||Best Oriya Film in the 44th National Film Festival, India, 8 state film awards (best film, best director, best story, best cinematography, best supporting actress, best music, best audiography, best supporting actor), participated in panorama section of Kolkata international film festival, Asian film festival, Kerala international film festival, Hyderabad international film festival. Anu choudhury won best actress award in cineindia international film festival.....
|-
|[[Arjun (Oriya film)|Arjun]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]]|| [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Rameswari]], [[Gargi Mohanty]], [[Hara Patnaik]]|| ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2006 in film|2006]]'''
|-
|[[De Maa Shakti De]] ||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Archita Sahu]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|[[Thank You Bhagban]]||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Hara Patnaik]] || ||
|-
|[[Babu I Love You]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Archita Sahu]], [[Chandan Kar]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|[[Puja Pain Phulatie]]||[[Gadadhar Puttty]] ||[[Sarat Pujari]], [[Adyasha Mohapatra]], [[Naina Das]] || ||Adyasha Mohapatra got best child artist for this film in the State Film Award and Best [[Oriya language|Oriya]] film in 54th National film award
|-
|[[Rakhi Bandhili Mo Rakhiba Mana]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|[[Hasila Sansara Bhangila Kie]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]]'[[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
|[[Rakate Lekhichi Naa]]||[[Himanshu Parija]]|| [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Priya Mo Asiba Pheri]]||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Rajdeep]], [[Pintu Nanda]], [[Meghna Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Shasu Ghara Chalijibi]]|| [[Basanta Sahu]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Muna Khan]], Aparajita Mohanty|| ||This film got Best Film, Best Director, Best Writer, Best Lyricist, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Female Singer, and Best Cinematographer award in Chitrapuri Golden Jubilee Awards
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2007 in film|2007]]'''
|-
|[[Kalishankar (Oriya film)|Kalisankar]]||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Basanta Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Arindam]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || ||
|-
|[[Mahanayak (2007 film)|Mahanayak]]||[[Debu Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Koel Mallick]], [[Rahul Dev]] || ||
|-
|[[E Jugara Krushna Sudama]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mithun Chakraborty]] || ||
|-
|[[I Love My India]]||[[Sangam Biswal]] || [[Budhaditya]], [[Namrata Thapa]] || ||
|-
|[[Prema Rutu Aslilare]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || Arindam Roy, [[Namrata Thapa]] || ||
|-
|''[[Mo SunaPua]]''||[[Jyotiprakash Das]] ||, [[Mahashweta Roy]], [[Samaresh Routray]][[Jyoti Mishra]]|| ||
|-
|[[Jiwan Mrityu]]||[[Raju Misra]] ||[[Amelie Panda]], [[Mihir Das]], Sunil Kumar, [[Lipsa Satpathy]] || ||
|-
|[[To Pain Nebi Mu Sahe Janama]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] & [[Malay Misra]]|| [[Archita Sahu]] || || The Best Actress Award to Archita in 2007
|-
|[[Chaka Chaka Bhaurin]]|| [[Subhendu Swain]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Kajol Mishra]] || ||
|-
|[[Jai Jagannatha]]|| [[Sabyasachi Mahapatra]] ||[[Sadhu Meher]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Sreethan Das]], [[Sarat Pujari]] || ||
|-
|[[To Bina Mo Kahani Adha]]|| [[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu|Archita]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Anita Das]], [[Rai Mohan]], [[Debajani]], [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] || ||
|-
|Lal Tuku Tuku Sadhaba Bahu|| [[Sangram Biswal]] ||Arindam Roy, [[Anu Chowdhury]]|| ||
|-
|[[Rasika Nagar]]||[[Dilipa Panda]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Namrata Thapa]] || ||
|-
|[[Lakhmi Pratima]]||[[Mohammad Mohsin]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Rachana Banerjee]], [[Sritam Das]] || ||
|-
|[[Tumaku Paruni Ta Bhuli]]|| [[Chakradhar Sahu]] ||[[Manoj Misra]], Sunil Kumar, [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Amelie Panda]]|| ||
|-
|[[Mu Tate Love Karuchi]]|| [[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Arindam]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Namrata Thapa]], [[Mamuni Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[Monika O My Darling]]|| [[Nilamani Sahu]] ||[[Rabi Misra]], [[Mamuni Misra]], [[Hari (actor)|Hari]] || ||
|-
|[[Samaya Hathare Dori]]|| [[Amulya Das]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu choudhary]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Meghna Misra]] || ||
|-
|[[E Mana Manena]]|| [[N. Padhi]] ||[[Arindam]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Kajal]]{{dn|date=October 2025}}, [[Barsha Priyadarshini|Barsha]], [[Dushmant]] || ||
|-
|[[Paagal Premi]]|| [[Hara Patnaik]] ||Sabyasachi, [[Arpita Mukherjee|Arpita]], [[Saroj Das]], [[Debjani]] || ||
|-
|[[Dhauli Express (film)|Dhauli Express]] ||[[Chitta Ranjan Tripathi]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], [[Anu Choudhary]], [[Kajal]]{{dn|date=October 2025}} ||A National Award winning film. ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2008 in film|2008]]'''
|-
|[[Dhanare Rakhibu Sapatha Mora]]|| [[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu|Archita]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Aparajita]], [[Priyanka Mohapatra]], [[Jayeeram Samal]] || ||
|-
|[[Mu Sapanara Soudagar]] ||[[Sanjaya Nayak]]||Sabyasachi, [[Arindam]], [[Archita Sahu|Archita]], [[Ajit Das|Ajit]] || ||
|-
|[[Chaati Chiri Dele Tu..]]||[[S. K. Muralidharan]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], Mitti, [[Hara Patnaik]], [[Bijay Mohanty]] || ||
|-
|[[Satya Meba Jayate]]||[[Basant Sahu]] ||[[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Sonali Chakrabarti|Sonali]], [[Hadu]] || ||
|-
|[[Nandini I Love U]]||[[Ashok Pati]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Budhaditya]]|| ||
|-
|[[Mate Ta Love Helare]] ||[[Ashok Pati]]||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Bijaya]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Subhashree Ganguly]]|| ||
|-
|[[Hasiba Puni Mo Suna Sansar]]||[[Ranjan Misra]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Choudhary]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Mamuni Misra]]|| ||
|-
|[[Munna-A Love Story]] ||[[N. Padhi]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Dushmant]], [[Romi (actress)|Romi]], [[Naina Dash]], [[Mihir Das]] || ||
|-
|[[To Bina Bhala Lagena]]||[[Jyoti Das]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Pupinder]], Rupali || ||
|-
|[[Bande Utkala Janani]] ||[[Suvendu Swain]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Hara Patnaik]], [[Minaketan]], [[Smita]]||Drama||
|-
|[[Kalinga Putra]]|| [[Barada Prasana Tripathy]] ||[[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Akash Das Nayak]], [[Rachita (actress)|Rachita]] || ||
|-
|[[Nei Jaa Re Megha Mate]] ||[[S.K Murallidharan]]|| [[Anubhav Mohanty]], Barsha, [[Kajal]]{{dn|date=October 2025}} [[Siddhant Mohapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Mate Ani Dela Lakhye Faguna]]||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Archita Sahu]] || ||
|-
| {{Year header}} colspan="7" style="text-align:left; background:#e9e9e9" | '''[[2009 in film|2009]]'''
|-
|Aila Re Odia Pua||[[Ranjan Mishra]], [[Biswajit Mohanty]] ||[[Tanmay Mishra]], Sunil Kumar, [[Rali Nanda]], [[Kajal Misra]], [[Uttam Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
|[[Dhire Dhire Prema Hela]]||[[Dilipa Panda]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], Barsa Priyadarshini, || ||
|-
|[[Kurukshetra (2009 film)|Kurukshetra]]||[[Haranath Chakraborty]] || [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Rachana Banerjee]] || ||
|-
|[[Suna Chadhei Mo Rupa Chadhei]] ||[[Chandi Parija]]||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]] || ||
|-
|[[Pagala Karichi Paunji Tora]] ||[[Sanjay Nayak]]||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Budhaditya]] || ||
|-
|[[Shatru Sanghar]]||[[Sudhansu Sekhar Sahu]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Akash (actor)|Akash]], [[Rahul Dev]]|| ||
|-
|[[Aaa Re Saathi Aa]] ||[[N. Padhi]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Dushmant]], [[Sonali Mahapatra]], [[Payal (actress)|Payal]] || ||
|-
|[[Tu mori paeen-The Last Love Story]] ||[[Jay Prakash Mohanty]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Lipi (actor)|Lipi]] || ||
|-
|[[Dream Girl (2009 film)|Dream Girl]] ||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Priya Choudhary]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty, [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Mukhya Mantri]] ||[[Chita Ranjan Tripathy]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Samaresh Routray|Samaresh]], [[Sonali Mahapatra]], [[Bijay Mohanty]], [[Ajit Das]], [[Sabrina (Ollywood actress)|Sabrina]]|| ||
|-
|[[Aakashe Ki Ranga Lagila]] ||Muralidharan ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Archita Sahu]], [[Rali Nanda]], [[Anita Das]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|[[Love Dot Com]] ||[[Raqhat Quddusi]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]], [[Pupinder]], [[Megha Ghosh]], [[Bijay Mohanty]]|| ||
|-
|[[Abhimanyu (2009 film)|Abhimanyu]] ||[[Sushant Mani]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Priya (actress)|Priya]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Aparajita]]|| ||
|-
|[[Prem Rogi]] ||[[Ashok Pati]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Budhaditya]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], Arpita Mukherjee|| ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|2000s]]
[[Category:Lists of 2000s films|Odia]]
[[Category:2000s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]

Siri Chand Ram

2025-10-18T06:16:44Z

Naveed Aslam: started new info added tags!

{{Short description|Indian racewalker (born 1958)}}
{{distinguish|text=the Indian hurdler [[Sri Chand Ram]]}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Chand Ram
| image =
| imagesize = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Siri Chand Ram
| nickname =
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|01|26}}
| birth_place = Rajana Khurd, Jind, [[Haryana]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m}}
| weight = {{convert|68|kg|lb}}
| website =
| country =
| sport = [[Racewalking|20 kilometre road walk]]
| event =
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics = [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Summer Olympics, LA]] (Participated)
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1982 Asian Games|1982 Delhi]]|[[Athletics at the 1982 Asian Games#Men.27s events|20 km walk]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1981 Asian Athletics Championships|1981 Tokyo]]|20 km walk}}
{{MedalGold|[[1983 Asian Athletics Championships|1983 Kuwait City]]|20 km walk}}
{{MedalSilver|[[1985 Asian Athletics Championships|1985 Jakarta]]|20 km walk}}
| show-medals =
}}

'''Siri Chand Ram''' (born 26 January 1958) is a former [[India]]n athlete who won [[Athletics at the 1982 Asian Games#Men.27s events|gold medal]] at [[1982 Asian Games]] at [[Delhi]] in [[Racewalking|20 kilometre road walk]] event. He also represented India at the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Olympics]]. He was presented the [[Arjuna Award]] and the [[Padma Shri]].

==Awards==
* 1982: [[Arjuna Award#Arjun Awardees in Athletics|Arjuna Award in Athletics]]
* 1983: [[Padma Shri Awards (1980–1989)|Padma Shri]]

==References==
* {{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/siri-chand-ram-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418090942/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ra/siri-chand-ram-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-18 |title=Siri Chand Ram}}
* {{IAAF |name=Chand Ram}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Asian Games Champions Athletics 20 km Walk Men}}
{{Footer Asian Champions men's 20 kilometres walk}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Chand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1982 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1986 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Sion Hillock Fort

2025-09-18T12:45:31Z

Naveed Aslam: added intro per sources and added references for accuracy

{{Short description|Hill fort in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Sion Fort
| partof =
| location = [[Sion, Mumbai|Sion]], [[Mumbai]], India
| image = Sion Fort, Mumbai.png
| caption = View of Sion Fort from the base of the hillock
| map_type =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|02|48|N|72|52|03|E|type:landmark_region:IN_scale:100|display=inline}}
| type = [[Hillfort|Hill Fort]]
| code =
| height =
| architect =
| ownership = *[[East India Company]] (1677–1947)
*[[Government of India]] (1947–Present)
| open_to_public = Yes
| condition = Dilapidated
| built = 1669–1677
| builder = [[Gerald Aungier]]
| used =
| materials = [[Basalt]] and [[Lime mortar]]
| demolished =
| battles =
| current_commander =
| past_commanders =
| occupants =
| events =
| embedded = {{designation list | embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI
| designation1_offname = {{ubl|Whole hill fort of Sion together with all ancient Portuguese remains of buildings situated to the north, east and south-east sides of the hill at its toe}}
| designation1_date =
| designation1_number = N-MH-M6 }}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Bombay map 18c.jpg|thumb|Old map of the region (post 1805).]]
[[File:External Wall of Sion Fort.jpg|upright|thumb|The outer wall of the fort]]

The '''Sion Hillock Fort''' is a [[fort]] in [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), [[India]]. It was built under the regime of the English [[East India Company]], between 1669 and 1677, atop a conical hillock when [[Gerard Aungier]] was the Governor of Bombay. It was notified in 1925 as a Grade I Heritage structure.<ref>{{cite book|title=Documentation Update: April 2005 to March 2006|publisher=Equitable Tourism Options (Equations)|year=2006|pages=136 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-hav3ybwDsC&dq=Sion+fort&pg=PT136}}</ref> When it was built, the fort marked the boundary between British-held Parel island and the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] held [[Salsette Island]] that lay to the north across the creek.<ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/plan-to-beautify-sion-fort-hits-roadblock/article1-726412.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930161449/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Mumbai/Plan-to-beautify-Sion-Fort-hits-roadblock/Article1-726412.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2013 |title=Plan to beautify Sion Fort hits roadblock |work= [[Hindustan Times]]|date=28 July 2011|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>

The hillock is situated 500 metres from the [[Sion railway station (India)|Sion railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA4LzAyLzI3I0FyMDA3MDE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911003342/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDA4LzAyLzI3I0FyMDA3MDE |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2014 |title= Sion fort to get back old glory |work= [[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2008 |access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> At the base of the hill is the Mumbai Circle office of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_aboutus_organization_circle_mumbai.asp |title=Mumbai Circle |work= [[Archeological Survey of India]]|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref> and a garden – the [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] Udyan. Nearby forts include the [[Riwa Fort]] and [[Sewri Fort]].

The fort is dilapidated and a collection of broken stone steps, scattered walls and ruins, overrun by trees and ground cover. The fort wall has a small room on top. A series of pathways lead to it. The fort offers a panoramic view, overlooking the salt pans in the [[Thane Creek]]. However vandalism and apathy have taken their toll on the structure. Restoration of the fort had begun in 2009 but was stopped mid-way due to paucity of funds.<ref name="HT"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sion_Fort_Panorama_view.jpg|The fort together with all ancient Portuguese remains of buildings situated to the north, east and south-east sides of the hill
File:Sion_Fort_-_structure.jpg|[[Sion Fort|Fort walls]]
File:Sion_Fort_-_remains.jpg|Fort walls
File:Sion_Fort_Structure.jpg|Fort walls
File:Structure_at_Sion_Fort.jpg|[[Sion Fort|fort of Sion]] ancient Portuguese remains at Sion Fort
File:DSCN9277c.jpg|The fort
File:Canon_at_Sion_Fort.jpg|A Canon at the Fort
File:Sion_Fort.jpg|The fort on the hill
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[History of Bombay under British rule]]
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Sion Fort}}

{{Forts around Mumbai}}
{{Forts in India}}

{{coord|19.0467|N|72.8677|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:History of Mumbai]]
[[Category:1670s establishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Maharashtra]]

{{maharashtra-stub}}
{{fort-stub}}

Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha

2025-09-16T22:35:10Z

Naveed Aslam: started the stub w/ infobox!

{{moresources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}The modern religious philosophy of [[Brahmoism]] is based in part on the foundations of reformer Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]]'s humanitarian philosophy, as exemplified by the '''Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha''', known to [[Brahmo]]s as the ''1830 Brahmo Trust Deed''.

==Brief history==
On 20 August 1828 the first assembly of the [[Brahmo Sabha]] was held at [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), [[India]]. This Sabha was convened by religious reformer Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] for his family and friends settled there. These were essentially informal meetings of [[Bengali Brahmin]]s, open to all [[Brahmins]], and there was no formal organisation or theology as such. On 8 January 1830 influential members of the closely related Kulin clan of [[Tagore family|Tagore]] (Thakur) and Roy (Vandopādhyāya) ''Zumeendar'' family mutually executed the ''Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha'' for the first [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]] place of worship on Chitpore Road (now Rabindra Sarani), Kolkata, India with [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]] as first resident superintendent. In November 1830, Ram Mohan Roy left for England, leaving the Trust Deed as legacy for his successors.

In addition to being a legal document, the (Banian) Trust Deed of 1830 settles some basic principles of [[Brahmo Samaj]]<ref>http://brahmosamaj.org.googlepages.com/trustdeed.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119092423/http://brahmosamaj.org.googlepages.com/trustdeed.html|date=19 November 2009}} Trust Deed.</ref>

* a place of public meeting of all sorts and descriptions of people without distinction as shall behave and conduct themselves in an orderly sober religious and devout manner,
or,
* the worship and adoration of the Eternal Unsearchable and Immutable Being who is the Author and Preserver of the Universe, but not under or by any other name designation or title peculiarly used for and applied, to any particular being or beings by any man or set of men whatsoever,
and,
* that no graven image statue or sculpture, carving, painting, picture, portrait or the likeness of anything shall be admitted within the said messages building, land, tenements, hereditaments and premise,
and,
* that no sacrifice, offering, oblation of any kind or thing shall ever be permitted therein, and that no animal or living creature shall within or on the said message building, land, tenements, hereditaments and premises be deprived of life either for religious purposes or for food,
and,
* that no eating or drinking (except such as shall be necessary by any accident for the preservation of life) feasting or rioting be permitted therein, or thereon,
and,
* that in conducting the said worship and adoration, no object, animate or inanimate, that has been, or is, or shall hereafter become or be recognised as an object of worship by any man or set of men shall be reviled or slightingly or contemptuously spoken of or alluded to, either in preaching, prayer or in the hymns or other mode of worship that may be delivered or used in the said message or building,
and,
* that no sermon, preaching, discourse, prayer or hymn be delivered, made or used in such worship but such as have a tendency to the promotion of the contemplation of the Author and Preserver of the Universe, to the promotion of charity, morality, piety, benevolence, virtue and the strengthening the bonds of union between men of all religious persuasions and creeds,
and,
* also that a person of good repute and well known for his knowledge, piety and morality be employed by the said Trustees or the survivors or survivors of them or the heirs of such survivor or their or his assigns as a resident superintendent and for the purpose of superintending the worship so to be performed as in hereinbefore stated and expressed,
and,
* that such worship be performed daily or least as often as once in seven days.<ref>http://brahmosamaj.org.googlepages.com/trustdeed.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091119092423/http://brahmosamaj.org.googlepages.com/trustdeed.html|date=19 November 2009}} and also in physical form at Appendix A at pages 549–557 in ''History of Brahmo Samaj'' by [[Sivanath Sastri]], 1911/1912, August 1993. Reprint of second edition published by the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]].</ref>

==Analysis==
The ''Trust Deed of 1830'' is a complex legal document in archaic legal drafting for transfer of the property at Chitpur Road to the Trustees. This section will guide you through it.

===Trustors===
* [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] of Jorasankoe in the Town of Calcutta, Zumeendar,
* [[Kalleenath Roy]] Choudhury of Burranugar in the Zillah of Havelly in the suburbs of Calcutta, Zumeendar
* [[Prasanna Coomar Tagore]] of Pattoriaghatta in Calcutta, Zumeendar,
* [[Ram Chandra Vidyabagish]] of Simlah in Calcutta, Pundit, and
* [[Ram Mohan Roy]] of Manicktullah in Calcutta, aforesaid Zumeendar.

===Trustees===
* [[Boykontonath Roy]] of Burranugur in the Zillah of Havelly in the Suburbs of the Town of Calcutta, Zumeendar,
* [[Radapersaud Roy]] of Manicktullah in Calcutta, Zumeendar and
* [[Ramnath Tagore]] of Jorasankoe Calcutta.

===Explanation of the parties===
* Zumendeer – Zamindar – Large Landlords
* Names are listed in alphabetical order in the Deed so that there is no "distinction" between them.

==See also==
* [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]]
* [[Bengali Renaissance]]
* [[Brahmo]] – for adherents
* [[Brahmoism]] – for Brahmo religion
* [[Brahmo Samaj]] – for community of Brahmoism
* [[History of Bengal]]
* [[Prarthana Samaj]]
* [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]]
* [[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.brahmosamaj.org/ Brahmosamaj.org]
* [http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/ TheBrahmosamaj.net]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trust Deed Of Brahmo Sabha}}
[[Category:Brahmoism]]
[[Category:Defunct Hindu organizations]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1830]]
[[Category:1830 establishments in British India]]

Thani Oruvan (soundtrack)

2025-08-15T23:40:42Z

Naveed Aslam: started some pg v1

{{Short description|2015 soundtrack album by Hiphop Tamizha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Thani Oruvan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| cover = Thani Oruvan soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| released = 25 July 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:04
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| prev_title = [[Indru Netru Naalai]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Kathakali]]
| next_year = 2016
}}

'''''Thani Oruvan''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2015 Tamil film [[Thani Oruvan|of the same name]] directed by [[Mohan Raja]] and starring [[Jayam Ravi]] and [[Arvind Swamy]]. The album has five songs in total, all of them being composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]], and also wrote four out of five tracks, with Mohan Raja penning one of the tracks from the album. It is Hiphop Tamizha's third feature film as a composer, after ''[[Aambala]]'' and ''[[Indru Netru Naalai]]''. The soundtrack album was unveiled by [[Sony Music India]] on 25 July 2015, and received positive response from critics and audiences. ''Thani Oruvan'' was listed as the most streamed Tamil album and the second best Tamil album of [[iTunes]] of the year 2015, followed by ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title=Ok Kanmani, Thani Oruvan feature in iTunes Best 2015|url=https://www.sify.com/ok-kanmani-thani-oruvan-feature-in-itunes-best-2015/|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Sify|language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Development ==
Initially the team approached [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[S. Thaman]] to be the music composers of the film, with the latter revealing that he had been in talks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jayam Ravi-Nayanthara film titled Thani Oruvan|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-nayanthara-film-titled-thani-oruvan-news-tamil-ognlm7jhfdgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616032219/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-ravi-nayanthara-film-titled-thani-oruvan-news-tamil-ognlm7jhfdgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2014|work=Sify}}</ref> However, [[Hiphop Tamizha]] was finalised as the music director in March 2015.<ref name="cast">{{cite web|title=Hip Hop Tamizha's music for Thani Oruvan|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Hip-Hop-Tamizhas-music-for-Thani-Oruvan/articleshow/46661996.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Adhi, a member of the composer duo stated in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'', that:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A return to indie roots for Adhi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/A-return-to-indie-roots-for-Adhi/articleshow/48667899.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Director [[Mohan Raja|[Mohan] Raja]] wanted the essence of his [[independent music]] projects. He wanted social message-driven music that I am known for. So, this film was a return to my indie roots. Even the two romantic numbers ("Kannala Kannala" and "Kadhal Cricket") that I had to compose are not in the usual film-song format.<ref name=":0" />}}

Raja organised a special preview for one of the scenes, so that Adhi could get an idea of how to approach the songs and the background score. During one recording session, the idea of themes for the hero and the villain struck him, and then suggested it to the director, which resulted in the songs "Theemai Dhaan Vellum" and "Aasai Peraasai". Arvind Swamy recorded the former, which marked his return to playback singing, after he previously recorded two songs for the film ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997).<ref name=":0" />

The song "Theemai Dhan Vellum", was used for promotional purposes and was not featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title='Theemai Dhaan Vellum' song promo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/Thani-Oruvan-Theemai-Dhaan-Vellum-song-promo/videoshow/53665871.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref> This was later reused as "Manishi Musugulo Mrugam Neney Ra" in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Dhruva (2016 film)|Dhruva]]'' (2016), which is a remake of the same film and also retaining the same composer.

== Release ==
The audio rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan audio release date|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/8807/thani-oruvan-audio-release-date|access-date=2020-07-06|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> Initially the album was scheduled to release on 17 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Thani Oruvan audio on July 17? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Thani-Oruvan-audio-on-July-15/articleshow/47945863.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> But, the makers stated that the release was postponed on 25 July 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Thani Oruvan audio launch postponed to July 25|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan-audio-launch-postponed-to-july-22-news-tamil-phnjlGaieffhe.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716023734/http://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan-audio-launch-postponed-to-july-22-news-tamil-phnjlGaieffhe.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2015|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Sify}}</ref> which was confirmed by the Sony Music label.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan audio launch postponed - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Thani-Oruvan-audio-launch-postponed/articleshow/48050253.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The audio was launched at the [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM 93.5 Radio Station]], with the presence of the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=25 July 2015|title=Thani Oruvan Audio Launch|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/photos/thani-oruvan-audio-launch-3142-slide-23344|access-date=|work=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> Later on 15 August 2015, coinciding with [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]], the audio launch was telecasted on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan audio launch on Sun TV - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Thani-Oruvan-audio-launch-on-Sun-TV/articleshow/48468181.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The official tracklist of the film was released on 24 July 2015, a day before the audio launch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan track list is here - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Thani-Oruvan-track-list-is-here/articleshow/48141437.cms|access-date=2020-07-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline =
| lyrics5 =
| note3 = Love Not Out
| note2 = The Melting Point of Love
| note1 = The Power of One
| all_lyrics = [[Hiphop Tamizha]], except "Aasai Perasai" was written by [[Mohan Raja]]
| length10 =
| title10 =
| extra5 = [[Jayam Ravi]]
| length8 =
| length9 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| length6 =
| title6 =
| all_writing =
| length5 = 2:35
| note4 = Awakening the Monster
| title9 =
| title5 = Aasai Peraasai
| title3 = Kadhal Cricket
| title1 = Thani Oruvan
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Bobo Shashi]], Hiphop Tamizha
| length1 = 3:49
| title2 = Kannala Kannala
| lyrics2 =
| length2 = 3:35
| extra2 = Kaushik Krish, [[Padmalatha]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Kharesma Ravichandran]]
| length3 = 3:33
| title4 = Theemai Dhaan Vellum
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Arvind Swamy]], Hiphop Tamizha
| length4 = 3:32
| total_length = 17:04
| note5 = The Greedy Good
}}

== Reception ==
The album received positive response from both audiences and critics. ''Behindwoods'' gave the album 2.75 out of 5 stating "A finely crafted situational album!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2015-07-25|title=Thani Oruvan (aka) Thani Oruvan songs review|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/thani-oruvan/thani-oruvan-songs-review.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave the album 3 out of 5 stating "Hip Hop Tamizha consolidated his position in the industry with this vibrant and refreshing third album and the songs are engaging and script oriented."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan Songs - Music Review|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/8921/thani-oruvan-songs---music-review|access-date=2020-07-06|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave the album 3 out of 5 stating "''Thani Oruvan'' is an album that oozes style & texture unlike many staple commercial albums these days. The soundtrack is entirely script oriented & is good to see Hiphop Thamizha venturing out showing his versatility."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan- Audio Review|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan--audio-review-news-tamil-phykiLjaijaig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728045412/http://www.sify.com/movies/thani-oruvan--audio-review-news-tamil-phykiLjaijaig.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2015|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref>

''Ytalkies'' in turn stated "Overall, Hip Hop Tamizha consolidates his position in Kollywood by scoring a Hat-trick with Thani Oruvan".<ref>[http://www.ytalkies.com/kollywood-song-reviews/thanioruvan-music-review Thanioruvan Music Review]. Ytalkies.com (24 July 2015). Retrieved on 2018-01-22.</ref> ''Milliblog'' commented "In their third outing, Hiphop Tamizha regain some of <s>his</s> their debut form."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thani Oruvan (Music review), Tamil — Hiphop Tamizha by Milliblog!|date=22 July 2015 |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/07/22/thani-oruvan-music-review-tamil-hiphop-tamizha/|access-date=2020-07-06}}</ref> ''Desi Music Bazaar'' gave the album 3.5 out of 5 stating "Hiphop Tamizha gives an excellent genre specific album, in which the numbers in the soundtrack are perfect chartbuster material."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Janani|first=Kavya|date=2015-08-02|title=Desi Music Bazaar!: Thani Oruvan Music Review|url=https://musicalltheway-music.com/2015/08/thani-oruvan-music-review.html|access-date=2020-07-06|website=Desi Music Bazaar!}}</ref>

The theme song for Arvind Swamy's character Siddharth Abhimanyu, was listed in one of the ''Greatest Background Score for Villains in Tamil Cinema'' by ''Behindwoods''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-05|title=Siddharth Abhimanyu's theme in Thani Oruvan by Hiphop Thamizha {{!}} Greatest movie villain BGM scores of Tamil cinema|url=https://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/slideshow/awesome-movie-villain-bgm-of-tamil-cinema/siddharth-abhimanyus-theme-in-thani-oruvan-by-hiphop-thamizha.html|access-date=2021-03-13|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" |Chart (2015)
! scope="col" |Peak position
!Reference
|-
|[[ITunes|iTunes Music Charts]] (Most Streamed Tamil Album)
|1
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[ITunes|iTunes Music Charts]] (Best Tamil Album)
|2
|-
|''[[Sify]]'' (Best Tamil Music Album)
|4
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Music Albums of 2015|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/best-music-albums-of-2015-news-tamil-pm5rnbedjbeba.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101090626/http://www.sify.com/movies/best-music-albums-of-2015-news-tamil-pm5rnbedjbeba.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 January 2016|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Sify|language=en}}</ref>
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Singles Chart(s) (2015)
!Song title
!Peak position
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi South]]
|Kannala Kannala
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radio Mirchi - India's most authentic Weekly Music Countdown|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323011728/http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20|url-status=live|archive-date=2015-03-23}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[ITunes|iTunes Music Charts]]
|Kannala Kannala
|2
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sony Music leads Apple Music's Best of 2015 list|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/labels/151214-sony-music-leads-apple-music%C3%86s-best-2015-list|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Kadhal Cricket
|5
|-
|Theemai Dhan Vellum
|13
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best of Tamil Music 2015 ([[India Today]])
|Kadhal Cricket
|10
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 21, 2015 |title=Mental Manadhil to Donu Donu: Top 20 Tamil songs that rocked 2015|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mental-manadhil-to-donu-donu-top-20-tamil-songs-that-rocked-2015-278193-2015-12-21|access-date=2021-07-06|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Theemai Dhan Vellum
|14
|-
|Top 25 Songs 2015 (Music Aloud)
|Kannala Kannala
|21
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-26|title=Music Aloud Playback — Best of 2015!|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/12/25/music-aloud-playback-best-of-2015/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Music Aloud}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
'''[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite episode|title=9th Edison Awards|series=Edison Awards|network=[[Astro (television)|Astro]]|date=14 February 2016|location=[[Kuala Lumpur]]}}</ref>

* Best Background Score — [[Hiphop Tamizha]] (Nominated)
* Best Lyrics — Hiphop Tamizha for "Theemai Dhan Vellum" (Nominated)

'''[[Filmfare Awards South]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 June 2016|title=Nominations for the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080341/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13750.html|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 June 2016|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080550/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|website=Filmfare|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer — Tamil]] — [[Kharesma Ravichandran]] for "Kadhal Cricket" (Nominated)

'''[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2016|title=Mirchi Music Awards South Nominations 2015 — Tamil|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nomination-tamil-2015/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20171019181311/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/nomination-tamil-2015/|archive-date=19 October 2017|access-date=19 October 2017|publisher=[[Mirchi Music Awards South]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2016|title=Mirchi Music Awards South Winners 2015 — Tamil|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/winners-tamil-2015/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019181502/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/tamil-2014/winners-tamil-2015/|archive-date=19 October 2017|access-date=19 October 2017|publisher=Mirchi Music Awards South}}</ref>
* Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year — Kharesma Ravichandran for "Kadhal Cricket"
* Upcoming Music Composer of the Year — Hiphop Tamizha for "Kadhal Cricket" and "Kannala Kannala"

'''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners List — Tamil|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704085942/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2016|title=SIIMA 2016 nominations creates huge buzz!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090224/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|website=Sify}}</ref>
* Best Music Director — Tamil — Hiphop Tamizha
* Best Female Playback Singer — Tamil — Kharesma Ravichandran for "Kadhal Cricket"

'''Moviecrow Best of Tamil Music 2015'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Music Directors & Albums of Tamil Cinema in 2015|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/10716/best-music-directors--albums-of-tamil-cinema-in-2015|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
* Best Music Directors — Hiphop Tamizha (4th place)
* Best Albums — ''Thani Oruvan'' (8th place)
* Best Background Score — ''Thani Oruvan'' (2nd place)
* Best Lyrics — Hiphop Tamizha for "Theemai Dhan Vellum" (3rd place)
* Best Title/Introductory Song — "Thani Oruvan"

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Hiphop Tamizha}}
[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hiphop Tamizha albums]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]

P. Kilemsungla

2025-07-17T02:30:37Z

Naveed Aslam: new entry

{{short description|Indian educationist (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = P. Kilemsungla
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|3|01}}
|birth_place = [[Nagaland]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|fields =
|workplaces =
|education = M.A.(Education), Ph.D. (Teacher Education) NEHU 2002
|doctoral_advisor =
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards = [[Padma Shri]]
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}

'''P. Kilemsungla''' is an Indian educationist. She hails from [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]. She is the first woman from Nagaland to be appointed as member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-26/news/46636458_1_upsc-padma-shri-civil-services-examination | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413133640/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-26/news/46636458_1_upsc-padma-shri-civil-services-examination | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 April 2014 | title=Business News Today: Read Latest Business news, India Business News Live, Share Market & Economy News }}</ref> She has been selected for [[Padma Shri]] for her contribution in the field of literature and education.

Before being appointed as member of UPSC, she had served as a member of Nagaland Public Service Commission (NPSC) between 1 February 2007 and 12 September 2012 and also worked as acting chairperson of NPSC from 13 September 2012 till her retirement on 31 January. Kilemsungla, a noted educationist, has been a lecturer in Kohima Arts College and also taught at the Nagaland College of Teachers Education (NCTE). She was also Principal of District Institute of Educational Training, Government Polytechnic and then NCTE, Kohima.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.npsc.co.in/documents/3147.html | title=News Portal for Schemes and Counselling:- Latest News, Result, Govt. Jobs, Admit Card, News, Yojana - NPSC | access-date=10 April 2014 | archive-date=24 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124122440/http://www.npsc.co.in/documents/3147.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kilemsungla, P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:People from Kohima]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Women educators from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Educators from Nagaland]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]

Dennis Fitzpatrick (civil servant)

2025-07-17T01:53:49Z

Naveed Aslam: added basic entry from scratch - done

{{Short description|Administrator in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}

[[File:Dennis Fitzpatrick.jpg|thumb|Former Governor of Punjab]]

'''Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|size=100}} (26 August 1837 – 20 May 1920) was a British administrator in India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], he became [[Lieutenant-Governor]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] 1892–1897.

==Life and career==
Fitzpatrick was born in Dublin in 1837 the son of a physician, he was educated at [[Trinity College, Dublin]].<ref name="obit" /> In 1858 Fitzpatrick passed the Indian Civil Service examination and the following year joined the Punjab Commission.<ref name="obit" /> He worked in the Delhi territory as a magistrate until called for special duties related to the government defence of a case brought by the heirs of [[Begum Samru]] related to confiscation of estates and seizure of arms during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].<ref name="obit" /> As part of his special duties he returned to England in March 1869 and he was [[Call to the bar|called to the bar]] by the [[Inner Temple]].<ref name="obit" />

Returning to India, Fizpatrick became a deputy-secretary in the Legislative Department and in 1876 a Judge of the Chief Court in Lahore.<ref name="obit" /> He then became Secretary of the Legislative Department and acted as Secretary of the Home Department in early 1885.<ref name="obit" /> At the end of 1885 he became Resident in Mysore and for a few months Chief Commissioner of Coorg.<ref name="obit" /> In October 1887 he was Chief Commissioner in Assam before being transferred two years later to be Resident at Hyderabad.<ref name="obit" /> In the [[1890 Birthday Honours]] he was appointed Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]].

In March 1892 he returned to the Punjab as Lieutenant-Governor, a role he undertook until 1897 when he returned to the United Kingdom to join the London-based [[Council of India]].<ref name="obit" /> Fitzpatrick retired from the Council in 1907.<ref name="obit" /> He was upgraded to Knight Grand Commander (GCSI) in the [[1911 New Year Honours]].

==Family==
Fitzpatrick married Mary Buller in 1862, they had a large family, two daughters had died in India as well as a son who died in a railway accident, they had two further sons.<ref name="obit">"Death Of Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick." Times [London, England] 22 May 1920: 16. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 26 June 2015.</ref> Fitzpatrick died in London on 20 May 1920.<ref name="obit" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before= [[James Broadwood Lyall|Sir James Lyall]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of Governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab]] |years=1892–1897}}
{{s-aft |after=[[William Mackworth Young|Sir William Young]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Punjab (British India)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzpatrick, Dennis}}
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Dublin (city)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:Irish knights]]
[[Category:Irish colonial officials]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]

Meena Bazaar

2025-07-10T07:29:15Z

Naveed Aslam: brief expanded information as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Bazaars in Asia}}
{{for|the 1950 Bollywood film|Meena Bazaar (film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

'''Meenā Bāzār''' or '''Mina Bazaar''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|مینا بازار}}}}, {{langx|hi|मीना बाज़ार}}, {{langx|bn|মীনা বাজার}}) is a special [[bazaar]] to sell items to raise money for charity and non-profit organizations. It also refers to a number of modern-day shopping centres and retail stores.

==In the Mughal era in India==
During the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] era Meena Bazaars, also known as ''Kuhs Ruz'' ("Day of Joy") were exclusively held for women, while the king and a few princes were the only males allowed to be present in the Meena Bazaar.<ref>Mukherjee, Soma (2001). p. 80.</ref><ref>Eraly, Abraham (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zpa8gyGW_twC&q=Meena+Bazaar#v=snippet&q=Meena%20Bazaar&f=false ''The Mughal World: Life in India's Last Golden Age'' - (Meena Bazaar). Penguin Books India via Google Books website] {{ISBN|0143102621}}. p. 70, 137, 415</ref>

The Bazaars were open for business for 5 to 8 days during the [[Norouz]] (New Year) festival. King [[Humayun]] was the first to organize them, but [[Akbar]] and his successors made them more elaborate.

According to a major newspaper of Pakistan:

<blockquote>
"In the Mughal Era, during the ''Nauroze'', special bazaars would be set up only for women. These women came to prepare for the 5 to 8 day festivities and the Mughal Kings and Princes were the only men allowed. It was usually famous among the women of the Harem (Mughal Concubines) and the wives and daughters of Rajput noblemen who put up stalls to sell expensive items".<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1192708|title=Colours and conversation at Meena Bazaar, Karimabad, Karachi|first=Manal|last=Khan|date=9 July 2015|newspaper=Dawn newspaper|archive-date=8 July 2023|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708125619/https://www.dawn.com/news/1192708|access-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Later, after the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], the fair was closed for the public.<ref>Mukherjee, Soma (2001). pp. 102–103.</ref>

==In many countries==
In [[India]], Meena Bazar, refers to Meena Bazaar of [[Old Delhi]],<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/meena-bazaar/article4702841.ece|url-status=dead|newspaper=The Hindu newspaper|author=Monica Tiwari|date=11 May 2013|archive-date=2 January 2014|title=Meena Bazaar, Old Delhi|access-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102131143/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/meena-bazaar/article4702841.ece}}</ref> and to Meena Bazaars in other Indian cities including the Meena Bazaar of the famous [[Qaisarbagh]] in the city of [[Lucknow]] in the [[Awadh]] region of the country.<ref name=TravelersIndia>{{cite web|url = http://travelersindia.com/archive/v6n2/v6n2-walled_palaces.html|title =The Walled Palaces of Kaiserbagh (by Anil Mehrotra and Neeta Das) - (Meena Bazaar, Lucknow)|publisher= Travelers India website|access-date= 2024-11-30|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090129213636/http://travelersindia.com/archive/v6n2/v6n2-walled_palaces.html|archive-date = 29 January 2009|url-status = dead}}</ref> This bazaar was enjoyed by the royal ladies living in the Qaisarbagh complex of Nawab [[Wajid Ali Shah]].<ref name=TravelersIndia/>

In [[Pakistan]], in modern times, the Meena Bazaars are organized by [[student]]s of [[school]]s, [[college]]s, [[university|universities]], and other non-profit organizations to raise money for their activities.

In the [[United Arab Emirates]], Meena Bazaar is the name of a well-known shopping location in [[Bur Dubai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhal |first=Sharmila |date=2018-11-05 |title=How Bur Dubai’s bustling Meena Bazaar got its name |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/how-bur-dubais-bustling-meena-bazaar-got-its-name-1.2290866 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema |language=en}}</ref> Since 2000, Meena Bazaar is also becoming popular among tourists.

In [[Bangladesh]], Meena Bazar is a well-known chain super shop.

In [[Birgunj]], [[Nepal]], Meena Bazar is a well-known traditional grocery market that stretches from Maisthan Temple to Ghantaghar (Clock Tower). It is the central market of [[Parsa District]].

==See also==

{{Columns-list|* [[Arabber]]
* [[Bazaar]]
* [[Bazaari]]
* [[Hawker centre]] (Asia) a centre where street food is sold
* [[Market (place)]]
* [[Meena Bazaar (Karimabad)]]
* [[Pan Bazaar]]
* [[Peddler]]
* [[Retail]]
* [[Street vendor]]
* [[Street food]]
* [[Souk]]
* [[Wet market]]|colwidth=30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Bazaars in India]]
[[Category:Bazaars in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Retail markets in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Nepal]]
[[Category:Retail markets in Pakistan]]

{{Pakistan-stub}}
{{business-stub}}

Maalakkallu

2025-07-06T19:48:55Z

Naveed Aslam:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:Lourd Matha Church Malakkallu 02.jpg|thumb|Lourd Matha Church Malakkallu]]
'''Malakallu''' is an expanding town in [[Kasaragod district]], state of [[Kerala]].OLL knanaya Catholic church is situated in the centre of this town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kottayamad.org/our-lady-or-lourdes-knanaya-catholic-church-malakkallu-kasargod/|title=Our Lady or Lourde’s Knanaya Catholic Church, Malakkallu, Kasargod - Kottayamad|access-date=2024-09-15|date=2024-02-22|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Transportation ==
There is a 20 km road from [[Panathur]] (13 km from Mallakallu) to [[Sullia]] in [[Karnatak]]a from where [[Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]] can be easily accessed. The location in Kerala can be accessed by driving towards the western side. State Highway 56 (Kerala) connecting [[Kanhangad]] and Panathur passes through the heart of the town. The nearest railway station is Kanhangad Railway Station (29 km) on the [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] and Mangalore-[[Ernakulam]] lines. There are airports at Mangalore (98 km) and [[Calicut]](208).

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Kasaragod district}}
[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]

{{Kerala-stub}}

Kolanjiappar temple

2025-06-26T21:35:52Z

Naveed Aslam: Creating place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Kolanjiappar Temple
| image = Kolanjiappar temple (3).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11|31|19|N|79|17|59|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| location = [[Manavalanallur]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Kolanjiappar ([[Murugan]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamil architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{url|kolanjiapparthirukoil.com/site/index-1.html}}
}}

'''Kolanjiappar temple''' in [[Manavalanallur]], a village on the outskirts of [[Virudhachalam]] in [[Cuddalore district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Murugan]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture]], the temple is located in the Virudhachalam - Manavalanallur Road. The legend of the temple is associated with Saivite saint [[Sundarar]] and the [[Vriddhagiriswarar Temple, Vriddhachalam|Vriddhagiriswarar temple]] ad Virudhachalam.

The temple has a five-tiered gateway tower, the [[gopuram]], leading to a pillared hall and the sanctum. The temple is open from 6:30 am – 8:30 pm. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (March - April), ten day Vasantha Utsavam during ''Vaikasi'' (May- June) and Adi festival being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:Kolanjiappar temple safeguard god.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Image of the guardian deity Muniswarar]]
As per Hindu legend, [[Sundarar]], the famous [[Nayanmar]] saint in [[Saivism|Saivite]] tradition belonging to the 8th century, came to Virudhachalam (called Thirumudukundram) during his old age. He sang praise of the [[Vriddhagiriswarar Temple, Vriddhachalam|Vriddhagiriswarar]]. Shiva was much pleased with his rendition and wanted to have him sing a song again. He sent his son [[Muruga]] in the form of a hunter to the Kolanji forest through which Sundarar was traversing. The hunter took away the belongings of Sundarar. He demanded the hunter to return his belongings for which the hunter wanted him to be back at Virudhachalam. Understanding that it is a divine play, Sundarar returned to Virudhachalam temple and sang praise of Shiva again. ''Vrida'' means old age and hence the place was called Virudhachalam as Sundarar came to the place during his old age. Muruga subsequently set his abode in the Kolanji forest as Kolanjiappar.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

As per another legend, a cow was milking under a ''kolanji'' bush at this place. Since the cow was doing it daily, the people at this place were surprised and they found a form of stone under it. They identified later with the legend associated with Sundarar's travel from Vridhachaalam.<ref name=malai>{{cite web|title=கொளஞ்சியப்பர் திருக்கோவில்|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2018/03/09082513/1149810/kolanjiappar-temple-virudhachalam.vpf|language=Tamil|date=9 March 2018|accessdate=2 August 2020|publisher=Malaimalar}}</ref>

==Architecture==
The temple is located in [[Manavalanallur]], in the outskirts of [[Virudhachalam]] in [[Cuddalore district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] on the road from Virudhachalam to Manavalanallur.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1965}}</ref> The temple has a five tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower, which pierces the granite wall surrounding the temple. The sanctum faces East and the image of the presiding deity is a small altar {{convert|3|ft|abbr=on}}, unlike most temples in the state which have sculpted granite or stucco images. There are separate shrines for Idumban, Kadamban. There are two images of Muniappa facing the sanctum in the Mahamandapam. There is a shrine of Siddhi Vinayakar in the Mahamandapam.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

During the consecration in 2010, a newly built Northern temple tower, marriage hall, a shopping complex, Mani Mandap, Sidhar Mandap and a guesthouse for the devotees were added with the help of public contributions.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Yeddyurappa's offer to Cuddalore temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/yeddyurappas-offer-to-cuddalore-temple/article772920.ece|publisher=The Hindu|last=A.V.|first=Raghunathan|date=24 May 2010|accessdate=26 November 2015}}</ref> In modern times, the Cuddalore district administration has identified the temple as one of the prominent tourist attractions in the district.<ref>{{cite report|title=District Statistical handbook|url=http://cuddalore.tn.nic.in/dtprofile/DSH_Book2014_15.pdf|format=PDF|year=2011|accessdate=26 November 2015|publisher=Cuddalore district administration, Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-date=27 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127024348/http://cuddalore.tn.nic.in/dtprofile/DSH_Book2014_15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Festival and religious practises==
[[File:Kolanjiappar temple inside.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Stucco images indicating the legend of the temple]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasandhi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikala poojai'' at 12:00 p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Arthajama Pooja'' at 8:15 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for the presiding deities.<ref name=pooja>{{cite web|title=Pooja Timing|url=http://kolanjiapparthirukoil.com/site/pooja.html|publisher=Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|accessdate=4 November 2015|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104063909/http://kolanjiapparthirukoil.com/site/pooja.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6:30 am – 12:00 pm and 5 - 8:30 pm on all days except during festive occasions when it has extended timings. The major festivals of the temple include the Panguni Uthiram festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Panguni'' (March - April), ten day Vasantha Utsavam during ''Vaikasi'' (May- June) and Adi festival. During the Panguni Uthiram, the flag hoisting is done on the first day, while the presiding deities of the temple are taken in a chariot round the streets of the temple. During Adi festival, hundreds of devotees carry pots of milk and [[Kavadi]] around the streets of the temple, which is followed by a feast attended by close to 5,000 people.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kolanjiappar temple|publisher=Dinamalar |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=439|year=2011|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=festival>{{cite web|title=Festivals in the temple|url=http://kolanjiapparthirukoil.com/site/programmes.html|publisher=Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|accessdate=4 November 2015|archive-date=4 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104093619/http://kolanjiapparthirukoil.com/site/programmes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Devotees offer hen, cattle and sheep to the temple along with other offerings like facsimile or shapes of body parts in small shapes made of tin. Offering money or object equals to one's weight, tonsuring, carrying milk pots and piercing body parts with [[Vel]] are all other common forms of worship.<ref name="dinamalar"/> The temple also offers Annadanam scheme from 2002, where lunch is served to the devotees every day.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Annadhanam scheme withdrawn from dharmasala|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/09/23/stories/2002092305530400.htm|date=22 September 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=26 November 2015}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Varyavarati Gandh Pasarla

2025-05-24T22:43:28Z

Naveed Aslam: started some data nd citations!

{{short description|Marathi language song by Kunal Ganjawala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Varyavarati Gandh Pasarla
| type = song
| artist = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| album = [[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]
| language = Marathi
| released = 2004
| genre = [[Filmi]]<ref name=":0" />
| length = {{Duration|m=4|s=54}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varyavarti Gandh – Song by Kunal Ganjawala |url=https://music.apple.com/in/song/varyavarti-gandh/871953471 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910212149/https://music.apple.com/in/song/varyavarti-gandh/871953471 |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| label = Video Palace
| writer = Dasu Vaidya
| composer = [[Ajay-Atul]]<ref name=":0" />
| tracks = #"'''Varyavarati Gandh Pasarla'''"
#"Aai Bhavani Tuzya Krupene"
#"Hoshiyaar"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|zngnBBbJt3c|Varyavarati Gandh Pasarla Lyrical video}}|type=song}}
}}

"'''Varyavarati Gandh Pasarla'''" ({{Translation|The smell wafted on the wind}}) is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] song sung by [[Kunal Ganjawala]] and composed by [[Ajay-Atul]], with lyrics by Dasu Vaidya, for the soundtrack album of the film ''[[Savarkhed Ek Gaon]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=अजय, अतुल यांची गाजलेली गाणी ऐका, तुम्ही परत या जोडीच्या प्रेमात पडाल |url=https://www.mensxp.com/marathi/entertainment/bollywood/104862-ajay-atul-hit-songs-list-info-in-marathi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525194717/https://www.mensxp.com/marathi/entertainment/bollywood/104862-ajay-atul-hit-songs-list-info-in-marathi.html |archive-date=2022-05-25 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[MensXP]] |language=mr-IN}}</ref> It is picturized on [[Ankush Chaudhari]], [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Sonali Khare]], Sanjyot Hardikar, and [[Makarand Anaspure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=वाऱ्यावरती गंध पसरला नाते मनाचे..गाण्यातील हि अभिनेत्री आठवते.. वडील देखील होते प्रसिद्ध अभिनेते |url=https://bolkyaresha.in/sanjyot-hardikar-father-actor-jayram-hardikar-news/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910221203/https://bolkyaresha.in/sanjyot-hardikar-father-actor-jayram-hardikar-news/ |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Bolkya Resha |language=mr}}</ref>

== Credits ==

* [[Kunal Ganjawala]] – singer
* [[Ajay-Atul]] – music composer
* Dasu Vaidya – lyricist
* Video Palace – label<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vibhas |first=Alka |title=वार्‍यावरती गंध पसरला {{!}} Varyavarati Gandha {{!}} आठवणीतली गाणी {{!}} Aathavanitli Gani {{!}} Marathi songs lyrics online |url=https://www.aathavanitli-gani.com/Song/Varyavarati_Gandha |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=Aathavanitli Gani}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Vaibhav Joshi of ''[[Sakal]]'' is described that Ajay-Atul's intro piece has a captivating and invigorating effect. The music's rhythm and melody are so powerful that they make you feel uplifted and rejuvenated. Despite being caught up in the fast pace of city life or a busy mind, the song provides a refreshing escape, transporting you to a simpler, serene village setting with just a touch of its musical charm.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Vaibhav |date=2021-02-14 |title=वाऱ्यावरती गंध पसरला... |url=https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/vaibhav-joshi-writes-about-songs-409116 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910212548/https://www.esakal.com/saptarang/vaibhav-joshi-writes-about-songs-409116 |archive-date=2024-09-10 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=[[Sakal]] |series=Saptrang |publisher=Sakal Media Pvt Ltd |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:2004 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Ajay–Atul]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Marathi]]

Ganda Singh

2025-05-22T08:46:40Z

Naveed Aslam: improve section and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian activist}}
{{for|the Punjabi historian|Ganda Singh (historian)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{one source|date=May 2015}}
'''Ganda Singh''', whose home town was [[Ferozepur]] in India, was a prominent member of the [[Ghadar Party]]. He spent some time in [[Hankou]], China, where he met [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. in 1926, and [[M. N. Roy]], in 1927. On the occasion of the visit of the former, he was reported to have made an anti-British speech, whilst he participated in the reception for Roy's visit to the Sikh [[gurdwara]] that formed a hub for Ghadarite activity. Singh was then on the staff of the ''Hindustan Ghadar Dhandora''. He moved to [[Nanking]] in October 1927, where he worked as editor of the ''Hindustan Ghadar Dhandora'' and also managed a branch of the ''Eastern Oppressed Peoples Association''. He was joined in his 1927 move to Nanking by Arjun Singh and Udham Singh, and by others in 1929. Thereafter, he was among a group of Ghadar Party leaders who were deported from the country.<ref>{{cite book |title=India — China Relations in the First Half of the Twentieth Century |last=Deepak |first=B. R. |pages=76–80 |year=2001 |location=New Delhi |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788176482455 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUWL-2hiBTwC |accessdate=2012-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ganda}}
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:People from Firozpur]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]

Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Achievement Award

2025-05-21T11:19:55Z

Naveed Aslam: new new stub

{{Short description|Civil award of Maharashtra}}
'''Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Achievement Award''' ({{langx|mr|पंडित भीमसेन जोशी जीवनगौरव पुरस्कार}}) by the [[Government of Maharashtra]] since 2012. Award is given to artist who has been doing outstanding work in the field of classical singing and playing for a long time. The honour conveys the money prize of {{INRConvert|0.1|m}}, a citation and a memento.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra institutes award in memory of Pandit Bhimsen Joshi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Maharashtra-institutes-award-in-memory-of-Pandit-Bhimsen-Joshi/article15534143.ece |access-date=28 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=26 January 2011 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Recipients==
The recipients of the Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Achievement Award are as follows

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! Year
! Name
! Ref.
|-
| 1
| 2012
| [[Kishori Amonkar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2013 |title= Pt Bhimsen Joshi award for Kishori Amonkar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pt-bhimsen-joshi-award-for-kishori-amonkar-1800759/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201111624/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pt-bhimsen-joshi-award-for-kishori-amonkar-1800759/amp |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| 2
| 2013
| [[Jasraj]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2013 |title= Pandit Jasraj to get Maha govt's music award |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pandit-jasraj-to-get-maha-govt-s-music-award-113081400626_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201112617/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pandit-jasraj-to-get-maha-govt-s-music-award-113081400626_1.html |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[Business Standard]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| 3
| 2014
| [[Prabha Atre]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2015 |title= Prabha Atre gets Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Award |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prabha-atre-gets-pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-award/articleshow/46253185.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201113347/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prabha-atre-gets-pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-award/articleshow/46253185.cms |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[The Economic Times]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| 4
| 2015
| [[Ram Narayan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title= Pandit Bhimsen Joshi Lifetime Achievement Award for sarangi maestro Pandit Ram Narayan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-for-sarangi-maestro-pandit-ram-narayan/articleshow/50857032.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201113810/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-for-sarangi-maestro-pandit-ram-narayan/articleshow/50857032.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
|-
| 5
| 2016
| [[Parveen Sultana]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title= बेगम परवीन सुलताना यांना 'पं. भीमसेन जोशी शास्त्रीय संगीत जीवन गौरव' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/nashik/singer-begum-parveen-sultana-gets-pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-1433910/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201115416/https://www.loksatta.com/nashik/singer-begum-parveen-sultana-gets-pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-1433910/lite/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

|-
| 6
| 2017
| [[Manik Bhide]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2017 |title= माणिक भिडे यांना 'भीमसेन जोशी जीवनगौरव' |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-for-manik-bhide/articleshow/60842146.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201120021/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-for-manik-bhide/articleshow/60842146.cms |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|-
| 7
| 2018
| [[Keshav Ginde]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2018 |title= पं.भीमसेन जोशी जीवनगौरव पुरस्कार पं. केशव गिंडे यांना घोषित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-2018-announce-to-pandit-keshav-ginde-by-state-government-1796170/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201120524/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-lifetime-achievement-award-2018-announce-to-pandit-keshav-ginde-by-state-government-1796170/lite/ |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|-
| 8
| 2019
| [[Arvind Parikh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2019 |title= सतारवादक पारिख यांना पंडित भीमसेन जोशी पुरस्कार |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-award-for-sattarvad-parikh/articleshow/71236320.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201121042/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/pandit-bhimsen-joshi-award-for-sattarvad-parikh/articleshow/71236320.cms |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|-
| 9
| 2020
| [[N. Rajam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2021 |title= राज्य शासनाचा पं. भीमसेन जोशी पुरस्कार या व्हायोलिन वादक विदुषीला जाहीर |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/lifestyle/maharashtra-government-pt-bhimsen-joshi-award-to-violanist-n-rajam-mumbai-518937.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201121855/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://lokmat.news18.com/lifestyle/maharashtra-government-pt-bhimsen-joshi-award-to-violanist-n-rajam-mumbai-518937.html |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[News18 Lokmat]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| 2021
| [[Shivkumar Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title= राज्य सरकारचे सांस्कृतिक पुरस्कार जाहीर; दिवंगत शिवकुमार शर्मा ते हरिप्रसाद चौरसिया, पाहा विजेत्यांची यादी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/state-government-cultural-awards-have-been-announced-see-full-list-of-winners-1064910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201122709/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/state-government-cultural-awards-have-been-announced-see-full-list-of-winners-1064910 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |access-date=1 December 2022 |website= [[ABP Majha]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lifetime achievement awards]]

National Lawn Tennis Championships of India

2025-05-16T06:59:58Z

Naveed Aslam: starting details...

{{Infobox tennis tournament
| name = National Lawn Tennis Championships of India
| type = defunct
| founded = 1910
| ended = 1999
| editions =
| event name =
| city = Various
| country = India
| tour = [[Grand Prix tennis circuit|Grand Prix circuit]]
| surface = [[Clay court|Clay]], [[Grass court|Grass]], [[Hard court (tennis)|Hard]]
}}

The '''National Lawn Tennis Championships of India''',<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://aitatennis.com/history/ |website=aitatennis |publisher=All India Tennis Association |access-date=11 January 2023 |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> originally called the '''All India Championships''',<ref name=Managan&Majumdar>{{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Boria|last2=Mangan|first2=J. A.|title=Sport in South Asian Society: Past and Present|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317998945|pages=117–118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfdAAAAQBAJ&q=All+India+Championships+tennis&pg=PA118|language=en}}</ref> or the '''All India Lawn Tennis Championships'''<ref name=Managan&Majumdar/> and the '''Indian National Championships''', was a combined (men's and women's) [[tennis]] tournament. It was played from 1910 until 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=As the Road to Wimbledon India rolls into Kolkata, Wimbledon.com looks back at the history of the famous Calcutta South Club. |url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/news/articles/2016-04-05/road_to_wimbledon_an_introduction_to_the_calcutta_south_club.html |website=www.wimbledon.com |publisher=AELTC |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=5 April 2016}}</ref> It was held in various cities in, India and was played outdoor on multiple surfaces, but mainly [[grass court]]s.

[[Ramanathan Krishnan]] won most men's singles championships with eight titles overall,<ref name="All India Tennis Association">All India Tennis Association</ref> and, during the pre-[[Open era]] [[Jenny Sandison]] and [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] won the most women's singles championships with seven titles each, while [[Nirupama Mankad]] won the most titles during the open era with five titles.

==History==
Lawn tennis in India can be traced back within the first decade of the establishment of the Wimbledon championships with early local championships being established in places like [[Punjab]] (1885) and [[Calcutta]] (1887).<ref name=Managan&Majumdar/> However, there was no national championships, in 1910 colonial officers of the [[British Raj]] established the All India Lawn Tennis Championships in [[Allahabad]]<ref name="All India Tennis Association"/><ref name=Managan&Majumdar/> which was 10 years before the [[All India Tennis Association]] was founded. The championships staged both men's and women's singles play and also doubles.<ref name=Managan&Majumdar/> In 1946, the All-India Championships tournament was renamed the National Lawn Tennis Championships of India by the India Lawn Tennis Association.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://aitatennis.com/history/ |website=aitatennis |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> After World War 2 until the start of the open era, the event was often held over Christmas and new year and on a few occasions two events were held in a single year in January and December (sometimes winners are described as winning in a year in which an event started in late December, other times in the year the event finished in early January).

The tournament was hosted at different cities around India and was also played on different surfaces, such as grass courts (1910–59, 1964–66, 1969, 1970, 1973), hard courts (1967) and clay courts (1960–61, 1974–79). This tournament was also held in conjunction with the [[Northern India Championships]] for the years 1962 to 1967. In the open era the event became a minor event for Indian players.

==Finals==
:''Incomplete roll included'':<ref>{{cite web |title=Tournament – All India Championships |url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/tournament/?t=261&n=All%20India%20Championships |website=www.tennisarchives.com |publisher=Tennis Archives |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tournament – National and Northern India Championships |url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/tournament/?t=2192&n=National%20and%20Northern%20India%20Championships |website=www.tennisarchives.com |publisher=Tennis Archives |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tournament – India National Championships |url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/tournament/?t=2543&n=India%20National%20Championships |website=www.tennisarchives.com |publisher=Tennis Archives |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

===Men's singles===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="width:70px"|Year
!style="width:220px"|Champions
!style="width:200px"|Runners-up
!style="width:170px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''All India Championships''
|-
|1910<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1910|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=10673|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1910|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|GBR}} Edmund Atkinson || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Lewis Deane]] || 7–5, 7–5, 7–5
|-
|1911<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1911|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18006|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1911|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref> || {{flagicon|GBR}} H. W. Davies|| {{flagicon|GBR}} John Rendall || ?
|-
|1912<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1912|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18007|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1912|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|GBR}} H. W. Davies (2)|| {{flagicon|GBR}} H. Nelson-Wright || 6–0, 6–3, 2–6, 4–6, 6–1(2)
|-
|1913<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1913|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18008|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1913|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|GBR}} Edmund Atkinson || {{flagicon|India|British}} ? || ?
|-
|1914<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1914|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18009|via=www.tennisarchives.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|GBR}} Edmund Atkinson (2)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} ? || ?
|-
|1915|| {{flagicon|India|British}} ? || {{flagicon|India|British}} ? || ?
|-
|1916|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Mohammed Sleem]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Udupi Diggavi Ranga Rao]]|| 6–2, 6–1
|-
|1917–18 ||colspan=3 align=center | Not held
|-
|1919|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Mr.Nagu || {{flagicon|India|British}} ? || ?
|-
|1921<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1921|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18012|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1920|accessdate=16 October 2017|language=en}}</ref> ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Edward Vivian Bobb]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} ? || ?
|-
|1922<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1922|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=480|via=www.tennisarchives.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Mohammed Sleem]] (2) || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Harry Lewis-Barclay]] ||8–6, 6–1, 6–1
|-
|1923<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1923|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18010|via=www.tennisarchives.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} S.K. Mukerji ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Sandford Wilson Bobb || 6–3, 6–4, 3–6, 6–4
|-
|1924<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1924|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=2515|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Ayre's Lawn Tennis Almanack and Tournament Guide 1924|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Eric Burn Andreae]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Sri-Krishna Prasada]] || 8–6, 7–5, 7–5
|-
|1925<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1925|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=865|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Ayre's Lawn Tennis Almanack and Tournament Guide and Times of India 1925|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Eric Burn Andreae (2)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jagat Mohan Lal]] || 6–4, 6–3, 6–8, 6–4
|-
|1926<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1926|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=892|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Ayre's Lawn Tennis Almanack and Tournament Guide 1927|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Edward Vivian Bobb]] (2) || {{flagicon|India|British}} Sri-Krishna Prasada || 6–2, 4–6, 4–6, 6–2, 7–5
|-
|1927<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1927|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=935|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Ayre's Lawn Tennis Almanack and Tournament Guide 1928|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Edward Vivian Bobb]] (3)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Dip Narain Kapoor]] || 5–7, 7–5, 8–6, 6–3
|-
|1928–29 ||colspan=3 align=center | Not held
|-
|1930<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1930|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=760|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1930|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Edward Vivian Bobb (4)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Dip Narain Kapoor]] || 6–4, 5–7, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|1931<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1931|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=1062|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Ayre's Lawn Tennis Almanack and Tournament Guide 1932|accessdate=16 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Dip Narain Kapoor]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Ahad Hussain]] || 3–6, 7–5, 5–7, 6–2, 6–1
|-
|1932<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1932|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=2490|via=www.tennisarchives.com|publisher=American Lawn Tennis 1932|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Dip Narain Kapoor]] (2) || {{flagicon|India|British}} Ahad Hussain || 6–0, 6–2, 6–2
|-
|1933<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1933|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=699|via=www.tennisarchives.com|work=Times of India 1933|accessdate=16 October 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=LAWN TENNIS.|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/32795649?searchTerm=All%20India%20Championships%20tennis&searchLimits=|accessdate=16 October 2017|work=The West Australian|location=Perth|date=23 January 1934|pages=10}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Edward Vivian Bobb (5)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Sohan Lal || 5–7, 3–6, 6–3, 6–1, 10–8
|-
|1934<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1934|url=http://www.tennisarchives.com/voorloopfiche.php?wedstrijdvoorloopid=18014|via=www.tennisarchives.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Sohan Lal]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Edward Vivian Bobb]] || 6–2, 3–6, 6–1, 6–8, 6–2
|-
|1935<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1935|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=957|via=www.tennisarchives.com|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|YUG}} [[Josip Palada]] || {{flagicon|YUG}} [[Franjo Punčec]] || 4–6, 7–5, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|1936<ref>{{cite news|title=LAWN TENNIS ABROAD|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17336781?searchTerm=All%20India%20Tennis%20Championships&searchLimits=|accessdate=16 October 2017|work=Sydney Morning Herald|date=1 April 1936|pages=17}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|First Czechoslovak Republic}} [[Ladislav Hecht]] || {{flagicon|First Czechoslovak Republic}} [[Roderich Menzel]] || 2–6, 3–6, 6–4, 6–1, 5–5 ret.
|-
|1937<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1937|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=3303|via=www.tennisarchives.com|publisher=Lawn tennis and badminton 1937|accessdate=12 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Edward Vivian Bobb]] (6)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Dip Narain Kapoor || 6–4, 7–5, 6–3
|-
|1938<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1938|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=1697|via=www.tennisarchives.com|publisher=American Lawn Tennis 1938|accessdate=12 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Dip Narain Kapoor]] (3)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Islam Ahmad || 8–6, 6–4, 6–4
|-
|1939<ref>{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=Tennis|title=All India Championships 1939|url=https://www.tennisarchives.com/edition/?v=1994|via=www.tennisarchives.com|publisher=American Lawn Tennis 1939|accessdate=12 November 2024|language=en}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Ghaus Mohammad]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} Tenkasi K. Ramanathan || 6–1, 6–2
|-
|1940<ref>{{cite news|title=TENNIS.|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/42225822?searchTerm=All%20India%20Championships%20tennis&searchLimits=|accessdate=16 October 2017|work=Cairns Post|location=Qld.|date=19 February 1940|pages=4}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|YUG}} [[Franjo Punčec]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Yudishtra Singh]] || 11-9. 6–4, 7–5
|-
|1941<ref name=":ind1941">{{cite news|date=12 January 1941|title=Ghaus Mohamed Beats Iftikhar Ahmed|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TM0-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=3367,4837092|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Ghaus Mohammad]] (2)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Iftikhar Ahmed Khan]] || 6–0, 6–3, 7–5
|-
|1942<ref name=":ind1942">{{cite news|date=9 March 1942|title=Mrs. Massey Beats Leeia Row|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K0-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5&article_id=5124,5786833|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Subba L.R. Sawhney]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} Prem Lal Pandhi || 6–1, 6–1, 6–0
|-
|1943<ref name=":ind1943">{{cite news|date=17 January 1943|title=Ghaus to Meet Iftikhar In Indore Tennis Final|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Grw-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA18&article_id=2339,2659640|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Ghaus Mohammad]] (3)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} Iftikhar Ahmed Khan || 6–2, 7–5, 4–6, 6–3
|-
|1944<ref name=":ind1944">{{cite news|date=8 February 1944|title=Hal Surface Beats Ghaus Mohammad|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J74-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3&article_id=5022,1554808|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Hal Surface]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Ghaus Mohammad]] || 6–2, 6–4, 6–0
|-
|1945<ref name=":ind1945">{{cite news|date=May 1970|title=25 Years Ago|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1970-05_17_12/page/n77/mode/2up|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Sumant Misra]] || {{flagicon|India|British}} B.R. Kapinipathy || 9–7, 9–7, 5–7, 6–0
|-
|1946<ref name=":ind1946">{{cite news|date=2 January 1946|title=Gaus Mohamed Regains Title|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3k-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5&article_id=6012,151575|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Ghaus Mohammad]] (4)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Dilip Bose]] || 7–5, 3–6, 6–3, 6–3
|-
|1947<ref name=":ind1947">{{cite news|date=3 January 1947|title=Indian tennis champion|newspaper=The Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kb0UAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6&article_id=4913,185759|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Sumant Misra]] (2)|| {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Man-Mohan Bhandari]] || 4–6, 6–3, 6–2, 6–0
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''National Lawn Tennis Championships of India''
|-
|1948<ref name=":ind1948">{{cite news|date=2 January 1948|title=Bergelin beats Sumant Misra in singles final|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7&article_id=1241,188164|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Lennart Bergelin]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumant Misra]]||8–6, 6–1, 6–4
|-
|1949<ref name=":ind1949">{{cite news|date=3 January 1949|title=Dilip Bose becomes national tennis champion of India|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA6&article_id=3204,309373|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dilip Bose]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumant Misra]]||3–6, 6–3, 6–3, 8–6
|-
|1950<ref name=":ind1950">{{cite news|date=10 January 1950|title=Ampon annexes singles and doubles|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8c-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7&article_id=4615,1015012|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Felicisimo Ampon]]||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Masip]]||5–7, 8–6, 8–6, 6–1
|-
|1951<ref name=":ind1951">{{cite news|date=2 January 1951|title=Beat Drobny|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DxBVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=3278,153510|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sven Davidson]]||{{flagicon|TCH}} [[Jaroslav Drobný]]|| 6–3, 6–3 7–5
|-
|1952<ref name=":ind1952">{{cite news|date=30 December 1951|title=Davidsson retains singles title|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwRFAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA11&article_id=6755,7472405|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sven Davidson]] (2)||{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Khan-Iftikhar Ahmed]]|| 6–3, 6–4, 8–6
|-
|1953||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumant Misra]]<ref name=":Robertson1974">
{{cite book|last=Robertson|first=Max|author-link=Max Robertson|title=The Encyclopedia of Tennis|year=1974|publisher=Viking Press|location=New York|page=264}}</ref> (3)||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naresh Kumar (tennis)|Naresh Kumar]]|| 6–8, 2–6, 6–3, 9–7, 6–3
|-
|1954<ref name=":ind1954">{{cite news|date=5 January 1954|title=Krishnan Wins National Title in Straight Sets|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kYZlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8&article_id=838,3358638|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Arkinstall]]||6–2, 6–3, 7–5
|-
|1955<ref name=":ind1955">{{cite news|date=3 January 1955|title=Aussie Tops Indian|newspaper=[[The Spokesman Review]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NUjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA18&article_id=3254,964698|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Arkinstall]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]||3–6, 6–3, 3–6, 6–2, 6–3
|-
|1956<ref name=":ind1956">{{cite news|date=19 December 1955|title=Indian Tennis Titles|newspaper=[[The Glasgow Herald]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGhAAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA4&article_id=6562,5878197|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Sven Davidson]]||{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kurt Nielsen]]||6–4, 6–1, 15–17, 6–4
|-
|1957<ref name=":ind1957">{{cite news|date=2 January 1957|title=Krishan Beats Kumar In Straight Sets|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J49lAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8&article_id=138,249863|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (2)||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naresh Kumar (tennis)|Naresh Kumar]]|| 6–4, 6–0, 8–6
|-
|1958<ref name=":ind1958">{{cite news|date=2 January 1958|title=From Here And There|newspaper=[[The Calgary Herald]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QV9kAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA38&article_id=5663,212820|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ulf Schmidt]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]|| 6–2, 6–2, 4–6, 4–6, 6–3
|-
|1959<ref name=":ind1959">{{cite news|date=2 January 1959|title=Wins Indian Title|newspaper=[[Reading Eagle]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vA4rAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA14&article_id=5925,460552|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (3)||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Naresh Kumar (tennis)|Naresh Kumar]]||6–2, 6–2, 6–1
|-
|1960<ref name=":ind1960">{{cite news|date=11 January 1960|title=Ulf Schmidt Beaten|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdJaAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA10&article_id=7164,1526096|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (4)||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Ulf Schmidt]]|| 6–3, 6–3 6–1
|-
|1961<ref name=":ind1961">{{cite news|date=3 January 1961|title=Krishnan Keeps National Title|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jYtlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&article_id=282,832413|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (5)|| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Carlos Fernandes (tennis)|Carlos Fernandes]]|| 6–2, 6–2, 3–6, 7–5
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''India National and [[Northern India Championships]]''
|-
|1962<ref name=":ind1962">{{cite news|date=19 February 1962|title=Tennis|newspaper=Youngstown Vindicator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi9AAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA11&article_id=6266,898780|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Roy Emerson]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]||6–4, 6–4, 6–3
|-
|1963<ref name=":ind1963">{{cite news|date=25 February 1963|title=Krishnan Scores Another Facile Title Victory Over Mukherjea|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630225&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (6)|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaidip Mukerjea]]||6–4, 6–0, 6–3
|-
|1964<ref name=":ind1964">{{cite news|date=23 February 1964|title=Krishnan crushes Mills in 65 minutes|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4FlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8&article_id=2748,2351772|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (7)|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Alan Mills (tennis)|Alan Mills]]||6–1, 6–3, 6–4
|-
|1965<ref name=":ind1965">{{cite news|date=April 1965|title=Around the world|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1965-04_12_11/page/68/mode/2up|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (8)||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Martin Mulligan]]||w.o.
|-
|1966<ref name=":ind1966">{{cite news|date=March 1966|title=Results|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1966-03_13_10/page/82/mode/2up|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaidip Mukerjea]] || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]] ||4–6, 6–3, 6–4, 6–0
|-
|1967<ref name=":ind1967">{{cite news|date=9 January 1967|title=Injuries halt final|newspaper=The Leader Post|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cONUAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA26&article_id=4419,1203895|accessdate=10 November 2024}}</ref><ref name=":ind19672">{{cite news|date=March 1967|title=Results|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1967-03_14_10/page/86/mode/2up|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]||3–6, 7–5, 5–7, 2–1 rtd.
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''National Lawn Tennis Championships of India''
|-
|1968<ref name=":Robertson1974" />|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]] (2)|| ||
|-
|-style=background-color:#ffaa77
|colspan=10 align=center |''Open era''
|-
|1969<ref name=":ind1969">{{cite news|date=March 1969|title=Results|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1969-03_16_10/page/80/mode/2up|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|ROM}} [[Ilie Năstase]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]]|| 6–4, 6–2, 4–6, 6–4
|-
|1970<ref name=":ind1970">{{cite news|date=March 1970|title=Results|magazine=World Tennis|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_tennis-illustrated_1970-03_17_10/page/90/mode/2up|accessdate=12 November 2024}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]] (3)||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Alex Metreveli]]||9–7, 6–0, 5–7 6–3
|-
|1971<ref name=":Robertson1974" />|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jaidip Mukerjea]] (2)|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]] ||7-5, 6-3, 6-3
|-
|1972||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Misra]]<ref name=":Robertson1974" />||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]]||4–6, 6–4, 8–10, 7–5, 6–2
|-
|1973|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Amritraj]]<ref name=":Robertson1974" />|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] ||?
|-
|1974|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anand Amritraj]] || ? ||?
|-
|1975|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Amritraj]] (2)|| ? ||?
|-
|1976|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tom Gorman (tennis)|Tom Gorman]]|| ? ||?
|-
|1977|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramesh Krishnan]]|| ? ||?
|-
|1978|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramesh Krishnan]] (2)|| ? ||?
|-
|1979|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyut Goswami]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gani |first1=Abdul |title=Indian Tennis Players Need To Be Physically Stronger, Says Legendary Coach Bidyut Goswami |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-indian-tennis-players-need-to-be-physically-stronger-says-legendary-coach-bidyut-goswami/332214 |website=Outlook |publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=11 February 2023 |date=14 June 2019}}</ref>|| ? ||?
|-
|1980|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sashi Menon]]|| ?||?
|-
|1981|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sashi Menon]] (2)||?||?
|-
|1982|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinivasan Vasudevan]]|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jay Royappa]]||6-1, 6-1
|-
|1983<ref>{{cite news |title=Hold more tournaments: Nandan Bal |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hold-more-tournaments-nandan-bal-393673.html |access-date=11 February 2023 |work=News18 |date=20 August 2011 |language=en}}</ref>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandan Bal]]||{{flagicon|IND}} Enrico Piperno||4-6, 7-6, 7-6
|-
|1984<ref name="News18">News18.</ref>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandan Bal]] (2)|| {{flagicon|IND}} Enrico Piperno||4-6, 7-6, 7-6, 6-3
|-
|1985<ref name="News18"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nandan Bal]] (3)||{{flagicon|IND}} Enrico Piperno||6-4, 7-5
|-
|1986<ref name="AELTC">AELTC</ref>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeeshan Ali]] ||?||?
|-
|1987<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeeshan Ali]] (2)||?||?
|-
|1988<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeeshan Ali]] (3)||?||?
|-
|1989<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeeshan Ali]] (4)||?||?
|-
|1990<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leander Paes]]||?||?
|-
|1991<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeeshan Ali]] (5)||?||?
|-
|1992<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Natekar]] ||?||?
|-
|1993<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Asif Ismail]] ||?||?
|-
|1994<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] ||?||?
|-
|1995<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]] (2)||?||?
|-
|1996<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitin Kirtane]] ||?||?
|-
|1997<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marcus Hilpert]] ||?||?
|-
|1998<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marcus Hilpert]] (2)||?||?
|-
|1999<ref name="AELTC"/>|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Fazaluddin]] ||?||?
|-
|}

===Women's singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="width:90px"|Year
!style="width:200px"|Champion
!style="width:200px"|Runner up
!style="width:150px"|Score
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''All India Championships''
|-
| 1910 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Kendall ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Hutchinson || 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 1911 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Miss Warburton ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Miss Latham || (score?)
|-
| 1912 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Adams ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Leslie-Jones|| 6–0, 6–3
|-
| 1913||{{flagicon|India|British}} Miss Warburton ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Leslie-Jones ||6–4, 6–3
|-
| 1914 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Leslie-Jones ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Fremantle || 6–2, 6–0
|-
| style="background:#efefef" | 1915–18 || colspan=3 align=center style="background:#efefef" | ''No event WW1''
|-
| 1919 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Dickens ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Simpson || 6–1, 6–3
|-
| 1920 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Kellie <ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Championships.|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/40354038?searchTerm=Indian%20Tennis%20Championships%20ladies&searchLimits=|accessdate=17 October 2017|work=Cairns Post|location=Qld.|date=16 February 1920|pages=8}}</ref> || ? || 6–3, 9-11, 6–1
|-
| 1921 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs Kemble || ? || ?
|-
| 1922 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Phyllis Covell|Phyllis Howkins Covell]] ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Dorothy Shepherd-Barron]] || 6–3, 7–5 *
|-
| 1923 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Winifred MacClellan Keays ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs O'Neill || 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1924 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Yolande Mackinnon]] ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs T. Horn || 6–3, 6–3
|-
| 1925 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Lena McKenna]] ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Phyllis Cox Berthoud]] || 6–2, 6–4
|-
| 1926 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Lena McKenna (2)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Miss Holden || 6–3, 1–6, 6–1
|-
| 1927 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]]||{{flagicon|India|British}} Lena McKenna || 8–6, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#efefef" | 1928 || colspan=3 align=center style="background:#efefef" | ''Abandoned''
|-
| 1929 <ref>{{cite news|title=A MAID IN MAYFAIR|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/29636772?searchTerm=Indian%20Tennis%20Championships%20Jenny%20Sandison&searchLimits=l-title=34|accessdate=17 October 2017|work=Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=14 November 1929|pages=15}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} Jenny Sandison (2) ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Elizabeth Ryan]]|| ?
|-
| 1930 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]] (3)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Lena McKenna || 6–3, 6–0
|-
| 1931 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Lena McKenna ||6–1, 6–1
|-
| 1932 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]] (4)||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] || 7–5, 6–3
|-
| 1933 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]](5)||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] || 3–6, 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 1934||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]] (6)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Hyacinth Harvey-Johnston||6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1935||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]] (7)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Margaret Parrott||6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1936||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (2)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Rosie Gibson||6–1, 6–0
|-
| 1937||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (3)||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joan Fry|Joan Fry Lakeman]] || 2–6, 9–7, 6–2
|-
| 1938||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (4)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Meher Dubash || 6–1, 6–2
|-
| 1939 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Gaby Curtis ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Laura Woodbridge|| 6–2, 6–8, 9–7
|-
| 1940 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (5)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Laura Woodbridge ||6–3, 6–2
|-
| 1941 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (6)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Meher Dubash ||6–4, 6–1
|-
| 1942 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Mrs. Massey ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Leela Row ||2–6, 7–5, 6–2
|-
| 1943 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (7)||{{flagicon|India|British}} Meher Dubash ||
|-
| 1944 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Laura Woodbridge]]||{{flagicon|India|British}} Miss Maguire || 6–1, 6–1
|-
| 1945 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Laura Woodbridge (2)||{{flagicon|Ceylon|Colonial}} [[Doreen Sansoni]] ||3–6, 6–2, 6–0
|-
| 1946 ||{{flagicon|Ceylon|Colonial}} [[Doreen Sansoni]] ||{{flagicon|India|British}} Sarah Mody||6–1, 10–12, 6–0
|-
| 1947 ||{{flagicon|India|British}} [[Khanum Haji|Khanum Haji Singh]]<ref name="majumdar2005">{{Citation | title=Sport in South Asian Society: Past and Present | author=Boria Majumdar, J. A. Mangan | year=2005 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=0-415-35953-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBk2bV_EEK8C | quote=''... The first woman Champion was Khanum Singh (nee Haji) ...''}}</ref>||{{flagicon|India|British}} Laura Woodbridge|| w.o.
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |'' National Lawn Tennis Championships of India''
|-
| 1948 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khanum Haji|Khanum Haji Singh]] (2)||{{flagicon|IND}} Promilla Khanna|| 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1949 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khanum Haji|Khanum Haji Singh]] (3)||{{flagicon|IND}} Promilla Khanna ||3–6, 9–7, 6–3
|-
| 1950 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat Canning Todd]] ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Gussie Moran]] || 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1951 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Dorothy Head]] ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joy Mottram]] || 6–3, 4–6, 6–3
|-
| 1952 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Urmila Thapar]]||{{flagicon|IND}} Laura Woodbridge||6–0, 4–6, 7–5
|-
| 1953<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Dr Balraj |title=First Queens of Indian tennis and the reign of Rita Davar |url=https://thebridge.in/forgotten-heroes/first-queens-indian-tennis-reign-rita-davar/ |website=thebridge.in |publisher=The Bridge |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=en |date=10 January 2019}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rita Davar]]|| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Joy Mottram]]|| 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 1954<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Dr Balraj |title=First Queens of Indian tennis and the reign of Rita Davar |url=https://thebridge.in/forgotten-heroes/first-queens-indian-tennis-reign-rita-davar/ |website=thebridge.in |publisher=The Bridge |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=en |date=10 January 2019}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rita Davar]] (2)||{{flagicon|IND}} Urmila Thapar|| 0–6, 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1955 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rita Davar]] (3) ||{{flagicon|IND}} Urmila Thapar|| 6–4, 6–1
|-
| 1956 ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Althea Gibson]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Frances Clayton Gray, Yanick Rice Lamb ; foreword by Bill Cosby ; afterword by Venus|title=Born to win : the authorized biography of Althea Gibson|date=2004|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Hoboken, N.J.|isbn=9780471471653|page=219}}</ref> ||{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Saichiko Kamo]]|| 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1957 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khanum Haji|Khanum Haji Singh]] (4)||{{flagicon|IND}} Promilla Khanna Singh||7–5, 7–5
|-
| 1958 ||{{flagicon|IND}} Promilla Khanna Singh ||{{flagicon|IND}} Leela Panjabi|| 6–2, 6–3
|-
| 1959 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dechu Appaiah]]||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Khanum Haji Singh]]|| 2–6, 7–5, 6–2
|-
| 1960 ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Hellyer]] ||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mimi Arnold]] ||4–6, 7–5, 6–0
|-
| 1961 ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Margaret Hellyer]] (2)||{{flagicon|IND}} Dechu Appaiah ||6–4, 6–2
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''India National and [[Northern India Championships]]''
|-
| 1962 ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lesley Turner (tennis)|Lesley Turner]] ||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Madonna Schacht]] ||6–1, 6–3
|-
| 1963 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rattan Thadani]]||{{flagicon|IND}} Cherri Chettyanna|| 6–2, 6–2
|-
| 1964 ||{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jill Rook Mills]]||{{flagicon|IND}} Lakshmi Mahadevan ||6–3, 4–6, 6–4
|-
| 1965 ||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Marion Law]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad|Nirupama Vasant]]|| 6–4, 6–4
|-
| 1966 ||{{flagicon|EST }} [[Tiiu Soome]]||{{flagicon|NZL}} [[Marion Law]] || 6–2, 3–6, 6–4
|-
| 1967 ||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Rena Abzhandadze]] ||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Aleksandra Ivanova]]|| 6–4, 6–0
|-
|colspan=4 align=center |''National Lawn Tennis Championships of India''
|-
| 1968||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Aleksandra Ivanova]]||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Nina Turkheli]]|| 6–1, 6–2
|-
|-style=background-color:#ffaa77
|colspan=10 align=center |''Open era''
|-
| 1969||{{flagicon|Romania|1965}} [[Judith Dibar-Gohn|Judith Dibar]] || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alice Tym|Alice Luthy Tym]] || 6–2, 6–1
|-
| 1970 ||{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Aleksandra Ivanova]] (2)||{{flagicon|YUG}} [[Irena Škulj]]|| 6–1, 6–3
|-
| 1971 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran Peshawaria]]|| 4–6, 6–1, 6–1
|-
| 1972||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marilyn Tesch]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] ||6–4, 6–2
|-
| 1973 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Udaya Kumar (tennis)|Udaya Kumar]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} Kiran Peshawaria Bedi ||6–2, 7–5
|-
| 1974||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Susan Das]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Trade|first1=TI|title=The Assam Tribune Online|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jan1017/sports053|accessdate=17 October 2017|date=10 January 2017}}</ref>||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad|Nirupama Vasant Mankad]] || (score?)
|-
| 1975||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] (2)||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Susan Das]] || 7–5, 6–4
|-
| 1976 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] (3)||{{flagicon|IND}} Susan Das||6–4, 6–3
|-
| 1977 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] (4)||{{flagicon|IND}}Susan Das ||6–4, 6–3
|-
| 1978||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] (5)||{{flagicon|IND}} Amreeta Ahluwalia|| 3–6, 6–1, 8–6
|-
| 1979 ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amreeta Ahluwalia]]||{{flagicon|IND}} Anu Peshawaria ||6–4, 6–0
|-
| 1980 ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amreeta Ahluwalia (2)||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anu Peshawaria]]|| 6–0, 6–3
|-
| 1981 ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amreeta Ahluwalia (3)||{{flagicon|IND}} Anu Peshawaria|| 6–1, 6–4
|-
| 1982 ||{{flagicon|IND}} Anu Peshawaria (4)||{{flagicon|IND}} Namratha Appa Rao ||6–4, 6–3
|}

==Venues==
The tournament was staged in different cities for the duration of its run they included:<ref>{{cite web|title=All India Championships/Indian Open. Tournament Roll of Honour, Locations|url=https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=tournament&accion=honour&pais=IND&nomTorneo=ALL+INDIA+CH.&descPais=INDIA&codpais=IND&stats=ALL+INDIA+CH.#datosDraw|website=thetennisbase.com|publisher=The Tennis Base|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Host city !! years staged
|-
|[[Allahabad]]<ref>{{cite web|title=LAWN TENNIS|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/153080218?searchTerm=All%20Indian%20Championships%20tennis&searchLimits=|website=Daily Telegraph|location=Launceston, Tasmania|accessdate=16 October 2017|pages=7|date=21 February 1921}}</ref>||1910–1938, 1944, 1946–1949, 1950–1951
|-
|[[Bombay]] ||1939, 1974, 1977, 1979
|-
|[[Calcutta]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Tennis|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59538548?searchTerm=All%20Indian%20Championships%20tennis&searchLimits=|accessdate=16 October 2017|work=Sunday Times|location=Perth|date=30 December 1951|pages=20}}</ref>||1940, 1952–1953, 1955, 1957–1959, 1963 1964–1965, 1967, 1975, 1978
|-
|[[Baroda]] ||1941
|-
|[[Lahore]] ||1942
|-
|[[Indore]] ||1943
|-
|[[Madras]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Arkinstall Wins Indian Tennis|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/47583092?searchTerm=All%20Indian%20Championships%20tennis&searchLimits=|accessdate=16 October 2017|work=Advertiser|location=Adelaide|date=4 February 1954|pages=16}}</ref>||1944, 1945, 1954
|-
|[[New Delhi]]||1956, 1960–1962, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1980, 1982
|-
|[[Bangalore]]||1976
|-
|[[Pune]]||1981
|}

==Records==
Included:<ref>{{cite web|title=Tournament Records:All India Championships/Indian Open|url=https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=tournament&accion=tourneyRecords&cnt=&fase=&tipoTorneoTeam=&nomTorneo=ALL%20INDIA%20CH.#datosHonor|publisher=The Tennis Base|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

===Men's singles===
*Most titles: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (8 titles)<ref name="All India Tennis Association"/>
*Most finals: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] (10 finals)
*Most consecutive titles: {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Edward Vivian Bobb]] (3 titles) (1927–27, 1930)
*Most consecutive finals: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]], (4 finals) (1957–60)
*Most matches played: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Amritraj]] (26)
*Most matches won: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Amritraj]] (24)
*Most consecutive matches won: {{flagicon|India|British}} Edward Vivian Bobb (13)
*Most editions played: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Premjit Lall]] (11)
*Best match winning %: {{flagicon|India|British}} Edward Vivian Bobb, 92.8%, (pre-open era)
*Best match winning %: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Amritraj]], 92.3%, (open era)
*Oldest champion: {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jack Arkinstall]], 34y 7m & 26d (1954)
*Youngest champion: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramanathan Krishnan]], 16y 8m & 17d (1954)

===Women's singles===
*Most titles Pre Open era: {{flagicon|India|British}} [[Jenny Sandison]]/{{flagicon|India|1931}} [[Leela Row Dayal|Leela Row]] (7)
*Most titles Open era: {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirupama Mankad]] (5)

==See also==
* [[Indian Open (tennis)|Indian Open]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|last1=Majumdar|first1=Boria|last2=Mangan|first2=J. A.|title=Sport in South Asian Society: Past and Present|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317998945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sWfdAAAAQBAJ&q=All+India+Championships+tennis&pg=PA118|language=en}}
*[http://www.tennisarchives.com/wedstrijdfiche.php?wedstrijdid=261 http://www.tennisarchives.com/All India Championships 1910–1956]
*[https://app.thetennisbase.com/?enlace=tournament&accion=honour&pais=IND&nomTorneo=ALL+INDIA+CH.&descPais=INDIA&codpais=IND&stats=ALL+INDIA+CH.#datosDraw https://app.thetennisbase.com/All India Championships draws 1910–1979]

[[Category:Grand Prix tennis circuit]]
[[Category:Clay court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Grass court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct sports competitions in India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1910]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1982]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1982 disestablishments in India]]

Evolution of Pakistan Eastern Command plan

2025-02-25T19:56:37Z

Naveed Aslam: rework article

#REDIRECT [[Eastern Command (Pakistan)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Rajipur

2025-01-14T00:56:07Z

Naveed Aslam: new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rajipur
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 1,920
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_total_km2 = 1
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 209724
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code - 05692
| area_code = 209724
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] - Farrukhabad
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kamalganj (Vidhansabha constituency)|Farrukhabad]], Loksabha - Farrukhabad , State U.P.
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Bhojpur
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhojpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Farrukhabad]]
| website = {{URL|Farrukhabad.nic.in/}}
| elevation_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| other_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh# India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarpadesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| area_footnotes =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh ]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| footnotes =
| official_name = Rajipur
}}

'''Rajipur''' is a village in District Farrukhabad of Uttar Pradesh, Kamlagamj block, Tehail Sadar, Farrukhabad.

==Demographics==
The area of village is 152.93 hectares and the population is 1,920.<ref name="census3-2011">{{cite web|title=2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html|accessdate=26 February 2017|work=West Bengal – District-wise|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman|url=http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook|archive-date=21 January 2019|accessdate=25 January 2019|work=Table 2.2|publisher=Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Barddhaman, Series 20 Part XII A, Census of India 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1909_PART_A_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf|accessdate=21 January 2019|work=Page 637: Map of Bhatar CD Block|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://bardhaman.gov.in/blocks/blocks.htm Map]
* [[Ratanpur, West Bengal|Ratanpur]]

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

V.S. Yadav

2025-01-12T11:09:48Z

Naveed Aslam: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Tripura Police]]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, V.S.}}

Kadamba

2025-01-10T08:38:04Z

Naveed Aslam: Creating data

{{wikt}}
'''Kadamba''' is a Sanskrit word meaning ''dove'' and may refer to:
{{TOC right}}

==Dynasties==
*[[Kadamba dynasty (disambiguation)]]
**[[Kadamba dynasty]] (345–525 CE)
**[[Kadambas of Hangal]] (980–1031 CE); include the minor kingdoms of Bankapur, Bayalnad, Nagarkhanda and Uchchangi
**[[Kadambas of Goa]] (10th to the 14th century CE)
**[[Kadambas of Halasi]] (founded by Mayurasharma in about 4th century AD)
** Kadambas of Bayalnadu ([[Waynad|Vainadu]])
** Kadambas of [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]
** Kadambas of [[Bankapura]]
** Kadambas of [[Uchangidurga|Uchchangi]]
** Kadambas of Nagarkhanda
** Kadambas of [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]]

==Films==
*[[Kadamba (1983 film)|''Kadamba'' (1983 film)]]
*[[Kadamba (2004 film)|''Kadamba'' (2004 film)]]

==People==
* [[Kadamba Kanana Swami]], an ISKCON guru
* [[Kadamba Simmons]], a British actress and model

==Other==
*[[Kadamba architecture]]
*[[Kadamba script]]
*[[Kadamba tree]]
*[[Kadamba Transport Corporation]], a state owned transport company (Goa)
*[[INS Kadamba|INS ''Kadamba'']], a new base of the Indian Navy

==See also==
* [[Kadamban]]
* [[Kadambar]]
* [[Kadambari (disambiguation)]]
* [[Kadambas, Nepal]]

{{disambiguation}}