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List of Indian Bengali films of 1973

2026-05-08T09:56:24Z

NatishaMooring9: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Indian Bengali films of the 1970s]]{{Redirect category shell|{{R from merge}}{{R from history}}}}

N. S. Raja Subramani

2026-05-02T22:45:39Z

NatishaMooring9: starting basic post w/ sources

{{Short description|47th Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = N. S. Raja Subramani
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|AVSM|SM|VSM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Lt Gen NS Raja Subramani VCOAS.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = 47th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| president = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| term_start = 1 July 2024
| term_end = 31 July 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| predecessor = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| successor = [[Pushpendra Pal Singh (officer)|Pushpendra Pal Singh]]
| office1 = [[Central Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command]]
| term_start1 = 1 March 2023
| term_end1 = 30 June 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief of Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Manoj Pande]]
| predecessor1 = [[Yogendra Dimri]]
| successor1 = [[Anindya Sengupta]]
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 14 December 1985 – 31 July 2025
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-43245K<ref>https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669</ref>
| unit = [[File:Garhwal Rifles, Indian Army.svg|19px]] [[Garhwal Rifles|8 Garhwal Rifles]]
| commands = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Central Command, Indian Army.png|22px]] [[Central Command (India)|Central Command]]
* [[File:Kharga Corps, Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]]
* [[File:Formation badge of the 17th Mountain Division of the Indian Army.png|21px]] [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Mountain Division]]
* 168 Infantry Brigade
* [[File:Garhwal Rifles, Indian Army.svg|19px]] [[Garhwal Rifles|16 Garhwal Rifles]]
}}
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
* [[File:Sena Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
* [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
}}

[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''N. S. Raja Subramani,''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired [[general officer]] of the [[Indian Army]], who last served as the 47th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2024 |title=LIEUTENANT GENERAL NS RAJA SUBRAMANI, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM TAKES OVER AS VICE CHIEF OF ARMY STAFF |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2030012 |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> He previously served as the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-02 |title=Lieutenant General NS Raja Subramani takes charge as GOC-in-C of Central Command |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/lieutenant-general-ns-raja-subramani-takes-charge-as-goc-in-c-of-central-command/articleshow/98347520.cms |access-date=2024-03-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He earlier served as the Chief of Staff of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=Lt Gen NS Raja Subramani, AVSM, SM, VSM assumed the appointment of Chief Of Staff of Northern Command and laid Wreath at Dhruva War Memorial to pay homage to the Bravehearts. |url=https://x.com/NorthernComd_IA/status/1523894096376389632 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> prior to that he was [[II Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding II corps]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The |date=13 February 2021 |title=Lt Gen Subramani takes charge of Kharga Corps |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/lt-gen-subramani-takes-charge-of-kharga-corps-211494 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> and also as [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] Uttar Bharat Area.

==Early life and education==
The general officer is an alumnus of the 67th course of the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and the 77th course of the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name="Bio - Print" /> The General Officer also attended the Joint Services Command Staff College, Bracknell (UK) and [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]], New Delhi. He also holds a Master of Arts Degree from [[King's College London|King's College]], London and an M Phil in Defence Studies from [[University of Madras|Madras University]].

==Military career==
He was commissioned into the 8th battalion of the [[Garhwal Rifles]] (8 Garh RIF) in December 1985. Early in his career, he served as a Divisional officer at his alma-mater, the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]. He attended the [[Joint Services Command and Staff College]] in Bracknell, United Kingdom. After completing the course, he returned to India and was appointed [[Brigade major]] of a mountain brigade.<ref name="Bio - Print">{{cite web |title=Key appointments made in the Indian Army, here is all you want to know |url=https://theprint.in/defence/key-appointments-made-in-the-indian-army-here-is-all-you-want-to-know/1376499/ |website=theprint.in |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> He commanded the 16th battalion, the Garhwal Rifles (16 Garh RIF) in Assam. The battalion was deployed in a counter-insurgency role as part of Operation Rhino. For his command of 16 Garh Rif, he was awarded the [[Sena Medal]] for devotion to duty.<ref name="SM">{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=https://ia800102.us.archive.org/20/items/in.gazette.2005.138/W_15_2011_112_text.pdf |website=us.archive.org |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> He was subsequently appointed as the [[Defence attaché]] at the [[India–Kazakhstan relations|Embassy of India in Astana, Kazakhstan]]. In the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]], he also served as the Assistant Military Secretary in the MS branch at Army headquarters. He later served as the Colonel General Staff (Operations) at Headquarters [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]. In [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], he served as the Deputy Commander of a [[Rashtriya Rifles]] sector.<ref name="Bio - Print" />

On promotion to the rank of [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]], he commanded the 168 Infantry Brigade in [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]. On 26 January 2015, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref name="VSM">{{cite web |title=Ashok Chakra Awarded to NK Neeraj Kumar Singh of 13 Rajputana Rifles (Posthumous) 374 Republic Day Gallantry and Other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114924 |website=archive.pib.gov.in. |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> He was then selected to attend the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] in New Delhi, as part of the 55th course. After the course, he was appointed Deputy Director General Military Intelligence (DDGMI) at Army HQ. He subsequently served as the Brigadier General Staff (Operations) in the Eastern Command.<ref name="Bio - Print" />

===General officer===
He was promoted to the rank of [[Major general (India)|Major General]] and appointed [[General officer commanding]] [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Mountain Division]] in Sikkim.<ref name="GOC 17 Mtn Div">{{cite web |title=Major General NS Raja Subramani, SM, VSM GOC calls on Governor |url=http://www.uniindia.com/major-general-ns-raja-subramani-sm-vsm-goc-calls-on-governor/states/news/1337195.html |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> He then moved to the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]] as the Chief Instructor (Army).<ref name="CI (Army)">{{cite web |title=GSIS Celebrated its 43rd Founder's Day: A Platform for Intellectualism and Harmonious Eclecticism |url=https://gsis.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/THE-BLEAT-2019.pdf |website=gsis.ac.in |access-date=18 February 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 26 January 2020, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] for the command of [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Mountain Division]].<ref name="AVSM">{{cite web |title=President approves 409 Gallantry and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1600543 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> On 3 February 2020, he was promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] and appointed General officer commanding Uttar Bharat Area.<ref name="GOC UB Area">{{cite web |last1=Post |first1=Garhwal |title=GOC-in-C Lt General IS Ghuman on Doon visit {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/goc-in-c-lt-general-is-ghuman-on-doon-visit/ |website=garhwapost.in |access-date=18 February 2023}}</ref> On 12 February 2021, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] Raja Subramani took over as the General Officer Commanding [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Surinder Singh Mahal]].<ref name=":0" /> After a year-long tenure, he moved to the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] in [[Udhampur]] as the Chief of Staff,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Statesman News |date=17 June 2022 |title=Army's Northern Command celebrates 51st Raising Day |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/armys-northern-command-celebrates-51st-raising-day-1503081745.html |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=The Statesman}}</ref> taking over in May 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Pratik Sharma is GOC of Kharga Corps |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/lt-gen-pratik-sharma-is-goc-of-kharga-corps-101647889090448.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 February 2023 |language=en |date=22 March 2022}}</ref>

On 1 March 2023, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] N. S. Raja Subramani took over as [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command]] succeeding [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Yogendra Dimri]] who superannuated on 28 February 2023.<ref name="Bio - Print" />

On 1 July 2024, [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] N. S. Raja Subramani took over as the 47th [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]].<ref name=":2" /> He assumed the post from [[General (India)|General]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]] upon his elevation as the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-20 |title=Lt Gen NS Raja Subramani to be next Vice Chief of Army Staff |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/lt-gen-ns-raja-subramani-to-be-next-vice-chief-of-army-staff/articleshow/111146253.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-07-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Following his retirement from active military service, he was appointed as the Military Advisor to the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council Secretariat]] (NSCS).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-25 |title=Lt Gen N. S. Raja Subramani (Retd) Appointed as Military Advisor to NSCS |url=https://www.ssbcrack.com/2025/08/lt-gen-n-s-raja-subramani-retd-appointed-as-military-advisor-to-nscs.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
For his dedication, the General officer has been awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry and distinguished awards to Army |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/jan/doc2024125302501.pdf |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |title=President approves 409 Gallantry and other defence decorations to Armed Forces personnel on Republic Day (2020) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1600543#.Xi0Av-oZiss.twitter |work=PIB India}}</ref> the [[Sena Medal]] and the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_Siachen_Glacier_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND_High_Altitude_Medal_Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
| [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| [[Sena Medal]]
| [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|-
| [[Special Service Medal (India)|Special Service Medal]]
| [[Siachen Glacier Medal]]
| [[Operation Vijay Medal]]
| [[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|-
| [[Sainya Seva Medal]]
| [[High Altitude Medal]]
| [[Videsh Seva Medal]]
| [[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
| [[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
| [[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 14 December 1985
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 14 December 1987<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1000 |date=22 July 1989 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0593-1989-0029-25640.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 14 December 1990<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=203 |date=1 February 1992 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1992/O-0468-1992-0005-18740.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 14 December 1996<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=502 |date=29 March 1997 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1997/O-0205-1997-0013-7662.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1125 |date=16 July 2005 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_29_2012_110.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 15 August 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1383 |date=15 August 2009 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2009/W_33_2010_011.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 27 April 2012 (acting) 13 August 2012 (substantive, with seniority from 28 October 2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1623 |date=20 June 2015 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2015/164489.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 2 January 2018 (seniority from 1 June 2015)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2961 |date=25 December 2021 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2021/232121.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 3 February 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=736 |date=16 April 2022 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235171.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Army Staff]]
| years = 1 July 2024 – present
| before = [[Upendra Dwivedi]]
| after = [[Pushpendra Pal Singh (general)|Pushpendra Pal Singh]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Central Command (India)|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Command]]
| years = 1 March 2023 - 30 June 2024
| before = [[Yogendra Dimri]]
| after = [[Anindya Sengupta]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = Chief of Staff, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| years = 10 May 2022 - 28 February 2023
| before = S. Harimohan Iyer
| after = [[Anindya Sengupta]]
}}
{{succession box
| title = General Officer Commanding [[II Corps (India)|II Corps]]
| years = 12 February 2021 – 21 March 2022
| before = [[Surinder Singh Mahal]]
| after = Pratik Sharma
}}
{{succession box
| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] Uttar Bharat Area
| years = 2020 - 2021
| before = [[Chandi Prasad Mohanty]]
| after = [[Surinder Singh Mahal]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramani, N S Raja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of Joint Services Command and Staff College]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Military attachés for India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Defence Services Staff College]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Siddiqa Kidwai

2026-05-02T08:40:10Z

NatishaMooring9: put up a article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]
| name = Siddiqa Kidwai
| term_start = 24 November 1956
| term_end = 02 April 1958
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children = 3 sons and 1 daughter {{small|(including [[Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai]])}}
| spouse = Shafiq Ur Rahman Kidwai
| predecessor = [[Onkar Nath]]
| successor = [[Ahmed Ali Mirza]]
| birth_date = 24 March 1914
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| death_place = [[Delhi]]
| death_date = 18 August 1964 (age 50 years)
}}

'''Begam Siddiqa Kidwai''' (25 March 1914 – 19 August 1964<ref name="n127">{{cite web | title= KIDWAI, BEGUM SIDDIQA | url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf | website=cms.rajyasabha.nic.in | access-date=2026-05-02}}</ref>) was an Indian politician. She was a Member of the [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi|Rajya Sabha from Delhi]] since 25 November 1956 to 2 April 1964. She was elected in the by-election and again elected on 3 April 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tales from 20th century 'path-breaking' Muslim women on view |url=https://newsd.in/tales-from-20th-century-path-breaking-muslim-women-on-view/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Newsd.in |date=2 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2021-06-24 |title=Contribution of Muslim Women to Educational Institutions: The Case of Khwateen-E-Awwal of Jamia Millia Islamia |url=https://csss-isla.com/memorial-lectures/contribution-of-muslim-women-to-educational-institutions-the-case-of-khwateen-e-awwal-of-jamia-millia-islamia/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Centre for Study of Society and Secularism |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Begam Siddiqa Kidwai |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |website=cms.rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paying Tribute to Pathbreaking, and Forgotten, Muslim Women from the 20th Century |url=https://thewire.in/women/paying-tribute-to-pathbreaking-and-forgotten-muslim-women-from-the-20th-century |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajya Sabha Official Debates: Browsing RSdebate |url=https://rsdebate.nic.in/browse?type=author&value=BEGUM+SIDDIQA+KIDWAI&value_lang=en_US |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=rsdebate.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
She was born to Anwar Ur Rahman Kidwai and Wajih Un Nisa Kidwai on 25 March 1914 in Delhi, India.<ref name="n127"/>

== Personal life ==
She was married to Shafiq Ur Rahman Kidwai, then education minister of Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली चुनाव फ्लैश बैकः 39 सीटें जीतकर कांग्रेस सबसे बड़े दल की रूप में उभरी थी |url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/when-congress-emerged-as-the-largest-party-by-winning-39-seats |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Qadri |first=Syed Rahmat Kareem |date= 11 May 2023|title=बुर्के में रहकर भी राज्य सभा पहुंची थी शफीकुर रहमान किदवई की पत्नी |url=https://biharbandhu.in/history/shafiqur-rahman-kidwais-wife-reached-the-rajya-sabha-even-while-wearing-a-burqa/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=BiharBandhu.in |language=en-US}}</ref> and they had 3 sons including [[Sadiq-ur-Rahman Kidwai]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-28 |title=जामिया के 101वें स्थापना दिवस पर प्रदर्शनी और पुस्तकों का विमोचन |url=https://www.navodayatimes.in/news/delhi-ncr/exhibition-and-books-released-on-jamia-s-101st-foundation-day/184908/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=www.navodayatimes.in |language=hindi}}</ref> and 1 daughter.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hasan |first=Mushirul |date=2007-11-29 |title=7 In the Shadow of Partition |journal=From Pluralism to Separatism: Qasbas in Colonial Awadh |pages=245–278 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/27794/chapter/198054327 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195693232.003.0007|isbn=978-0-19-569323-2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2018-05-29 |title=Beyond purdah: 20th century Muslim women who broke societal barriers |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/beyond-purdah-20th-century-muslim-women-who-broke-societal-barriers |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Delhi]]

{{Delhi-INC-politician-stub}}

Jhareli

2026-05-01T20:02:50Z

NatishaMooring9: new the details w/ sources...

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jhareli
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Jhareli (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6616|N|73.7551|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 39.85
| population_total = 4962
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Jhareli''' is a village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consisting of irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 4,962, out of which 2,627 were males and 2,335 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Jhareli village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69651-jhareli-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 50.67%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Jhareli village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Jhareli Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Jhareli village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97|value2=2.5|value3=0.5|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Jhareli village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pin code of Jhareli village |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/jhadeli-pincode-334802.html |work=ABP Live |access-date=18 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jasrasar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Ramjagan

2026-04-29T00:58:33Z

NatishaMooring9: started data

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramjagan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ramjagan
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1988 – present
| spouse =
| height =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}
'''Ramjagan ''' is an Indian television, drama and film actor, who works in Telugu cinema.

==Filmography==
{{incomplete list|date=July 2017}}
{{Colbegin}}
# ''[[Maharshi (1988 film)|Maharshi]]'' (1988)
#''[[Siva (1989 Telugu film)|Siva]]'' (1989)
#''[[Shiva (1990 film)|Shiva]]'' (1990; Hindi)
# ''Patha Basti'' (1995)
# ''Ooriki Monagadu'' (1995)
# ''[[Srikaram]]'' (1996)
#''[[Deyyam (1996 film)|Deyyam]]'' (1996)
# ''[[Master (1997 film)|Master]]'' (1997)
#''[[Preyasi Rave]]'' (1999)
# ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' (2000)
# ''[[Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Sriramachandrulu]]'' (2003)
# ''[[Kaani (film)|Kaani]]'' (2004)
#''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]'' (2006)
# ''[[Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw]]'' (2006)
#''[[Nagaram (2008 film)|Nagaram]]'' (2008)
#''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' (2009)
# ''[[Money Money More Money]]'' (2011)
# ''[[Sukumarudu]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Masala (2013 film)|Masala]]'' (2013)
# ''[[Race Gurram]]'' (2014)
# ''Pratighatana'' (2014)
#''[[Next Nuvve]]'' (2017)
# ''[[Oppanda]]'' (2022; Kannada)
{{Colend}}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Channel
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995 || ''[[Lady Detective (TV series)|Lady Detective]]'' || || rowspan="2"|[[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
|-
| ''[[Sneha (TV series)|Sneha]]'' ||
|-
| 2012-2013 || ''Anubhandalu'' || Chitti Babu || [[Gemini TV]]
|-
| 2015-2017 || ''Iddaru Ammayilu'' || ||rowspan="2"|[[Zee Telugu]]
|-
| 2017-23 || ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam (TV series)|Kalyana Vaibhogam]]''
|-
| 2018- 2020 || ''[[Rendu Rellu Aaru (TV series)|Rendu Rellu Aaru]]''|| Siddharth Varma ||[[Gemini TV]]
|-
|2020–present
|''[[Prema Entha Madhuram]]''
|Jhende
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|}

==Awards==
*2009 : [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor]] - ''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]''<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaglitz.com/nandi-awards-2009-winners-list-telugu-news-60631| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808043054/http://www.indiaglitz.com/nandi-awards-2009-winners-list-telugu-news-60631| archive-date = 2014-08-08| title = Nandi Awards 2009 Winners List - Telugu Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2009.html|title = Nandi awards 2009 announced - Telugu cinema news}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|3807884}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bNOizARmlzw A Chitchat With Comedian and supporting Actor Ramjagan]
*[https://id.stafabands.co/download/lagu-interview-with-ramjagan-part-1 An Interview with Ramjagan - Part 1]
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actor}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Telangana]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Telugu comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

JSW MG Motor India

2026-04-26T11:23:54Z

NatishaMooring9: new a article from scratch...

{{Short description|Automotive company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = JSW MG Motor India Pvt Ltd
| logo = MG Motor India logo.jpg
| logo_size = 130px
| image = MG Motor India Administration Block at its manufacturing plant in Halol, Gujarat.png
| image_caption = MG Motor India facility in [[Halol]], [[Gujarat]]
| type = [[Joint venture]]
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| predecessor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2017||}}
| hq_location_city = [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]], [[Haryana]]
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = Rajeev Chaba {{small|([[President (corporate title)|President]] & [[Managing director|MD]])}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Modi |first1=Ajay |title=We believe in slow but sure growth in India: MG Motor India's Rajeev Chaba |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/we-believe-in-slow-but-sure-growth-in-india-mg-motor-india-s-rajeev-chaba-118031901154_1.html |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 March 2018 |access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>
| products = [[Car|Automobiles]]
| brands = [[MG Motor]]
| num_employees = 3,000+ (2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=MG Motor India Commences Production of Hector SUV From Gujarat Plant |url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/mg-motor-india-commences-production-of-hector-suv-from-gujarat-plant-2130153.html |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
| owner = [[JSW Group]] [[SAIC Motor]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.mgmotor.co.in}}
}}

'''JSW MG Motor India Pvt Ltd,''' previously '''MG Motor India Private Limited''' until 2024, is an automobile manufacturer in India, which was established in 2019. Since 2023, it is a [[joint venture]] between the [[Mumbai]]-based Indian multinational [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[JSW Group]] and [[Shanghai]]-based Chinese automotive manufacturer [[SAIC Motor]], a Chinese state owned automobile manufacturer which markets vehicles under the British [[MG Motor|MG]] marque.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-30 |title=Will create greener, smarter mobility products for India, says SAIC Motor's Wang Xiaoqiu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/will-create-greener-smarter-mobility-products-for-india-says-saic-motors-wang-xiaoqiu/article67591805.ece |access-date=2023-12-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohile |first=Shally |date=2024-03-20 |title=We will create a Maruti moment with MG: Sajjan Jindal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/auto-news/we-will-create-a-maruti-moment-with-mg-sajjan-jindal/articleshow/108640680.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== History ==
The whole subsidiary was setup in the year 2017 by SAIC Motor and began its sales and manufacturing operations in 2019 from an old [[General Motors]] facility in [[Halol|Halol, Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MG Motor India acquires Halol plant from GM, plans full revamp |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/mg-motor-india-acquires-halol-plant-gm-plans-revamp-26417 |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref> The company was intended to allocate $650 million for investment, however the [[Government of India]] aimed to restrict funding from Beijing following a [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|conflict]] in 2020 between troops of both nations along their disputed Himalayan boundary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSW to take stake in MG Motor India as China's SAIC dilutes holdings |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-deals/JSW-to-take-stake-in-MG-Motor-India-as-China-s-SAIC-dilutes-holdings |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Nikkei Asia |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In May 2023, due to market policy by the Indian government, SAIC was forced to reduce shareholding in the venture.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-10 |title=China's SAIC to dilute stake in MG Motor India, drive EV sales |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/chinas-saic-dilute-stake-mg-motor-india-drive-ev-sales-2023-05-10/ |access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Nilesh |date=2023-05-11 |title=MG Motor India's expansion strategy: Expert sees need to sync long-term commitment of potential stake buyers |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-mg-motor-indias-expansion-strategynbspexpert-sees-need-to-sync-long-termnbspcommitments-of-potential-stake-buyers-3083146/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> By November 2023, the company entered into a strategic joint venture with JSW Group, which allowed latter to acquire 35% in the company. Further, IndoEdge India Fund bought an 8% stake, while a dealer trust as well as an employee stock ownership plan, acquired 3% and 5% stakes, respectively, leaving SAIC with just 49% stake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Nilesh |date=2023-11-30 |title=JSW Group partners SAIC Motor to acquire 35% stake in MG Motor India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/express-mobility-jsw-group-partners-saic-motor-to-acquire-35-stake-in-mg-motor-india-3322254/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
JSW MG Motor India operates one manufacturing plant in the country, located in [[Halol]], Gujarat. The plant has a capacity of 80,000 units per year and was previously owned by [[General Motors India]], which halted its sales operations in India at the end of 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=MG Motor inaugurates first India facility in Gujarat, to roll out first product by 2019|url=http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/mg-motor-inaugurates-first-india-facility-in-gujarat-to-roll-out-first-product-by-2019/|access-date=2019-07-20|website=Overdrive|language=en|archive-date=20 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720105603/http://overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/mg-motor-inaugurates-first-india-facility-in-gujarat-to-roll-out-first-product-by-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> MG Motor India has invested more than {{currency|2000|INR}} crore in revamping the 178 acre facility after its takeover from General Motors.<ref name=":0" />

== Models ==
=== Current models ===
==== ICE vehicles ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="15%" |Model
! rowspan="2" width="15%" |Indian introduction
! colspan="2" |Current model
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! width="15%" |Introduction
! width="15%" |Update ([[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]])
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="6" |'''[[SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
|[[File:2021 MG Astor Sharp 220 Turbo (India) front view.png|alt=|200x200px]]
|'''[[MG Astor|Astor]]'''
|2021
|2021
|—
|
|-
|[[File:MG(Morris Garages) Hector SUV in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited)) 02.jpg|alt=|200x200px]]
|'''[[MG Hector|Hector]]'''
|2019
|2019
|2023
|Rebadged from [[Baojun 530]]
|-
|[[File:MG Hector Plus (India) front view (2).png|alt=|200x200px]]
|'''[[MG Hector#Hector Plus|Hector Plus]]'''
|2020
|2020
|2023
|7-seater variant of a rebadged [[Baojun 530]]
|-
|
|'''[[MG Majestor|Majestor]]'''
|2026
|2026
|—
|Rebadged from [[Maxus D90#Maxus Territory|Maxus Territory]]
|-
|}

==== Electric vehicles ====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 100%"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" width="15%" |Model
! rowspan="2" width="15%" |Indian introduction
! colspan="2" |Current model
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! width="15%" |Introduction
! width="15%" |Update ([[Facelift (automotive)|facelift]])
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="6" |'''[[Hatchback]]'''
|-
|[[File:2023 MG Comet EV Plush (India).png|alt=|199x199px]]
|'''[[MG Comet EV|Comet EV]]'''
|2023
|2023
| —
|Rebadged from [[Wuling Air EV]]
|-
|[[File:Baojun Yunduo 004.jpg|alt=|199x199px]]
|'''[[MG Windsor EV|Windsor EV]]'''
|2024
|2024
| —
|Rebadged from [[Baojun Yunduo]]
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="6" |'''[[Convertible]]'''
|-
|[[File:2024 MG Cyberster.jpg|alt=|199x199px]]
|'''[[MG Cyberster|Cyberster]]'''
|2025
|2025
| —
|Imported from China
|-
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="6" |'''[[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]/[[Crossover (automobile)|crossover]]'''
|-
|[[File:MG ZS EV SUV.jpg|alt=|199x199px]]
|'''[[MG ZS EV|ZS EV]]'''
|2020
|2020
|2022
|
|-
|[[File:MG IM6 Auto Zuerich 2025 DSC 3542.jpg|alt=|199x199px]]
|'''[[IM LS6|IM6]]'''
|2026 (planned)
|2026 (planned)
| —
|Rebadged from [[IM LS6]] Imported from China
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| colspan="7" |'''[[Multi Purpose Vehicle|MPV]]'''
|-
|[[File:2023 MG Maxus 9 V.jpg|alt=|199x199px]]
|'''[[Maxus Mifa 9|M9]]'''
|2025
|2025
| —
|Rebadged from [[Maxus Mifa 9]] Imported from China
|}

=== Discontinued models ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Model
! Released
! Discontinued
! Image
|-
|'''[[MG Gloster|Gloster]]'''
|2020
|2026
|[[File:2020 MG Gloster 2.0 Savvy (India) front view.png|alt=|200x200px]]
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies|India|Cars}}
* [[Automotive industry in India]]
* [[JSW Group]]
* [[MG Motor]]
* [[SAIC Motor]]
* [[SGMW Motor Indonesia]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://www.mgmotor.co.in}}

{{MG Motor}}
{{SAIC Motor}}
{{JSW Group}}
{{Automotive industry in India}}

[[Category:MG Motor|India]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies]]
[[Category:SAIC Motor joint ventures]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:JSW Group]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2017]]
[[Category:Multinational joint-venture companies]]

{{motorvehicle-company-stub}}
{{India-company-stub}}

Lavjibhai Parmar

2026-04-26T06:11:36Z

NatishaMooring9: starting new post w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian weaver artist}}
'''Lavjibhai Parmar''' is an Indian weaver artist who is a master of weaving called [[Tangaliya Shawl|Tanglia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Artisan Details on INDEXT-C, A Gujarat Government Organization |url=https://craftofgujarat.gujarat.gov.in/ArtisanDetails?id=177}}</ref> In 2025, the [[Government of India]] awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution in the field of arts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Home Affairs Press Note: Padma Awards |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126163202/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/notifications/PadmaAwards/2025.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-26 |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |title=102-year-old freedom fighter from Goa among 30 unsung Padma Shri award winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/102yearold-freedom-fighter-from-goa-among-30-unsung-padma-shri-award-winners-101737821211779.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He belongs to the Dangsia community.<ref name="GF">{{Cite web |title=Padma Awards-2025 : ગુજરાતનાં સુરેશ સોની, લવજીભાઈ પરમારને પદ્મશ્રી એવોર્ડ, જાણો તેમના વિશે |url=https://www.gujaratfirst.com/gandhinagar/padma-awards-2025-suresh-soni-lovejibhai-parmar-of-gujarat-awarded-padma-shri/194570/ |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=Gujarat First |language=gu}}</ref>

==Work==
Lavjibhai is recognized for their expertise of [[Tangaliya Shawl|Tanglia]] art. He has been awarded the Padma Shri for persevering, promoting, and mentoring the younger generations in the 700-year-old traditional art of weaving.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=2025 Padma Shri awards honour unsung heroes of Indian culture and social progress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2025-padma-shri-awards-honour-unsung-heroes-of-indian-culture-and-social-progress/articleshow/117561127.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> To ensure continuity onto this legacy, they established the Common Facility Centre, in which training is provided with technical and market support for trainees. 20-25 weavers are currently employed and opened livelihood avenues for others. To revive interest in this art form, they organized exhibitions and collaborated with vendors across India. <ref name="GF"/>

He is known as "Tangaliyano Tranhar (the savior of Tanglia). He has devoted more than 4 decades to this art.<ref name="GS">{{Cite web |title=ગુજરાતના લવજીભાઈ પરમાર અને સુરેશ સોનીને પદ્મ શ્રી એવોર્ડ એનાયત કરાશે, જાણો કયા ક્ષેત્રે આપ્યું યોગદાન |url=https://www.gujaratsamachar.com/news/gujarat/padma-awards-2025-sabarkantha-suresh-soni-and-surendranagar-parmar-lavjibhai |access-date=2025-01-27 |website=www.gujaratsamachar.com |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=લુપ્તપ્રાય ટાંગલિયા કળાને જીવતી રાખવા બદલ, વઢવાણના લવજીભાઈ પરમારને મળશે 'પદ્મશ્રી' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gu/!state/lavjibhai-parmar-of-dangshiya-community-to-receive-padma-shri-award-for-his-contribution-to-the-art-of-hand-weaving-tanglia-gujarat-news-gjs25012601413}}</ref>

In earlier times Tanglia was woven from sheep wool. As its consumption decreased, Lovejibhai's team made Tanglia in cotton. In which he made cushion covers, sarees, dresses.<ref name="GS"/>

==Tanglia weaving==
In earlier times Tangalia woven garments made from sheep wool were used by shepherds, [[Rabari]] and Ahir communities. A Scheduled Tribe called Dangsia of Gujarat weaves this cloth. This 700-year-old art belongs to [[Surendranagar district]] of Saurashtra. Handloom garments such as Ramraj, Charmalia, Dhunsla and Lobdi are produced in Dedadara, Vastdi and Vadla villages.<ref name="GS"/>

[[Tangaliya Shawl]] has also got a geo tag.<ref name=toi>{{cite web | title = Tangaliya gets GI status | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Tangaliya-gets-GI-status/articleshow/5234269.cms |date=November 16, 2009 |accessdate = 2014-04-12 | work = The Times of India }}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1990 - National Award for Contribution to the Arts <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=National Award Winners |url=https://craftofgujarat.gujarat.gov.in/AwardWinners?Name=National}}</ref>
* 2019 - Sant Kabir Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=State wise -Consolidated Handloom Awardee List upto 2019 |url=https://handlooms.nic.in/assets/img/award_details/State%20wise%20-Consolidated%20Handloom%20Awardee%20List%20upto%202019.pdf}}</ref>
* In 2025, the Government of India awarded him the [[Padma Shri]] for his contribution in the field of arts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=2025 Padma Shri awards honour unsung heroes of Indian culture and social progress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2025-padma-shri-awards-honour-unsung-heroes-of-indian-culture-and-social-progress/articleshow/117561127.cms |access-date=2025-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parmar, Lavjibhai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Padma Shri Award]]
[[Category:Indian artisans]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bhavani, Tamil Nadu

2026-04-25T13:45:20Z

NatishaMooring9:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhavani
| other_name = Thirunanaa
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Bhavani-Kaveri-Sangamam.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Confluence of Bhavani and Kaveri rivers
| nickname = Kooduthurai
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Bhavani, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.447100|N|77.684000|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Erode district|Erode]]
| subdivision_type4 = Metropolitan
| subdivision_name4 = [[Erode]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Bhavani Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.17
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 193
| population_total = 39,225
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638 301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04256
| registration_plate = TN 36
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhavani''' is a municipality in [[Erode District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located at the northern periphery of [[Erode City Municipal Corporation]] and is around {{convert|105|km|abbr=on}} from [[Coimbatore]] and {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} from [[Tiruppur]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. Bhavani is also known as "Carpet City" due to its [[carpet]] industry; blankets and carpets manufactured in the town are known as [[Bhavani Jamakkalam]]. As of 2011, the town covers an area of {{convert|2.17|sqkm}} and has a population of 39,225. It is a grade II municipality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/municipalities/municipalities_gradewise.html |title=Municipalities in Tamil Nadu |access-date=2016-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928202828/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/municipalities/municipalities_gradewise.html |archive-date=2012-09-28 }}</ref>

Bhavani is located 12 km from [[Erode Central]] and {{convert|14|km}} north of [[Erode Junction]]. The [[Mettur Dam]], which creates the [[Stanley Reservoir]], is {{convert|41|km}} from Bhavani. [[Sangameswarar Temple]], one of the seven holy [[Shiva]] shrines of the [[Kongu Nadu]], is located in Bhavani near the confluence of the rivers. The temple serves 18 villages surrounding the town. The [[Kooduthurai]] is the confluence of rivers Cauvery, Bhavani and invisible divine Amudha.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026|reason=Statements that are myths, legends should be mentioned as such so the reader knows what importance to attach to them.}} And near Urachikottai, Jeeva samadhi of vallalar follower "Arul annai" is present.

== History ==
Bhavani has a long historical significance as a sacred town at the confluence of the [[Kaveri]] and [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] rivers. The town was part of the ancient [[Kongu Nadu]] region and was ruled by the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], and later the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. The [[Sangameswarar Temple]], dedicated to [[Shiva]], has been a centre of worship for centuries. During the [[British Raj]], Bhavani was part of the [[Coimbatore district (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore District]] under the [[Madras Presidency]]. The town developed as a weaving centre, leading to the emergence of the [[Bhavani Jamakkalam]] carpet industry.

== Geography ==
[[File:Old-and-New-Kaveri-Bridge-at-Bhavani.JPG|right|thumb|250px|Bridges along the National Highway-544 across Kaveri river in the southern part of the town]]

Bhavani is located at {{Coord|11.45|N|77.68|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Bhavani.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. - Bhavani]</ref> It has an average elevation of 193 metres (633 feet).
It lies at the confluence of the rivers [[Kaveri]], the largest river in Tamil Nadu and [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], the second largest river in Tamil Nadu, with the invisible mystic [[Sarasvati River]]. Hence this place is known as the [[Triveni Sangam]] of South. The [[Sangameswarar Temple]] dedicated to Lord Shiva, built at the confluence of these rivers, is a sacred place for Hindus. The temple is located on the northern bank where the rivers meet. The five hill temples of this area such as Sankari, Tiruchengode, Padmagiri, Mangalagiri and Vedagiri are surrounding this Temple.<ref name="abt">{{cite web|title=About city|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/bhavani/abs_Municipality.htm|year=2011|publisher=Bhavani municipality|access-date=2013-08-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210215731/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/bhavani/abs_Municipality.htm|archive-date=2013-12-10}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Bhavani experiences a [[tropical climate]] with hot summers and moderate winters. The temperature ranges from 25 °C to 40 °C during summer (March–June) and 18 °C to 30 °C during winter (November–January). The town receives rainfall mainly during the [[northeast monsoon]] (October–December) and the [[southwest monsoon]] (June–September). The proximity to the [[Kaveri]] and [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] rivers contributes to the humidity levels in the region.

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|93.33}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|4.24}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|2.35}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.05}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Bhavani had a population of 39,225 with a sex-ratio of 1,005 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 3,519 were under the age of six, constituting 1,830 males and 1,689 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 8.29% and 0.1% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 77.12%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 11,147 households. There were a total of 17,664 workers, comprising 65 cultivators, 61 main agricultural labourers, 1,114 in household industries, 15,575 other workers, 849 marginal workers, 8 marginal cultivators, 45 marginal agricultural labourers, 146 marginal workers in household industries and 650 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Bhavani|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=688186|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Bhavani had 93.33% [[Hindus]], 4.24% [[Muslims]], 2.35% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.05% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The economy of Bhavani is primarily driven by the [[textile]] industry. The town is historically known for its [[Bhavani Jamakkalam]] (carpet and blanket) industry, which has received a [[Geographical indication]] tag from the [[Government of India]]. [[Handloom weaving|Handloom]] and [[powerloom]] units are widespread in the town. Agriculture is practised in the surrounding areas, benefiting from the irrigation provided by the [[Kaveri]] and [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] rivers. The town also has a weekly [[shandy]] (market) and several commercial establishments along the main roads.

== Education ==
Namakkal district has several educational institutions offering programmes in engineering, medicine, arts, and science. Notable institutions include:
* Mahendra Engineering College, Mahendhirapuri
* [[JKKN Institutions]], Komarapalayam
* K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode
* Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, Tiruchengode
* Government Arts College, Namakkal
* Namakkal Kavignar Ramalingam Government Arts College for Women

The district has a [[literacy rate]] of approximately 71.26% as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], which is slightly below the Tamil Nadu state average of 80.09%. Government and private schools affiliated with the [[Tamil Nadu State Board of Secondary Education|Tamil Nadu State Board]], [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], and matriculation boards operate across the district.

== Healthcare ==
Namakkal has a Government District Headquarters Hospital that provides medical services to the town and surrounding areas. The district also has government [[Taluk]] hospitals at [[Tiruchengode]], [[Rasipuram]], and other taluk headquarters. Several private hospitals and clinics operate in the town. [[Primary health centre]]s (PHCs) and health sub-centres serve the rural population across the district.

==Culture==
[[File:Sangameswarar2.jpg|250px|thumb|left|[[Sangameswarar Temple]] in Bhavani - the most prominent landmark]]{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
Sri Sellandiamman temple is the main temple for more than 18 villages surrounding Bhavani town. The mega-festival of Bhavani is celebrated during February and March (Masi in Tamil month). The festival has been celebrated for more than 45 days, and for over 100 years, every community in southern India has celebrated it as per the custom in Sri Sellandiamman temple during festival. Nearly 39 communities participate in this grand festival.

Kasi Vishalakshi Udanamar Kasi Viswanathar temple is located nearby Kududurai. This temple is fondly called Chinnakoil. Bairavasthami valipadu is famous in this temple. Navagrahas in this temple are with devi's, i.e. all navagrahas are with their wives in separate madapam. Treated only few temples navagrahas with wives. Brahmotsavam is celebrated in Panguni month. On the day of Panguni Uthiram, the Lord of Thiruvanaikaval is taken in procession, and then the temple car festival begins. During karthikai month 1008 sangabishekam is held in temple in grand manner.

The holy waters of Bhavani are known as Kaveri theertham, Bhavani and Amirtha River, Surya theertham and Gayatri theertham. People perform [[last rites]] here.

The temple is situated at the confluence spot of the Kaveri and Bhavani rivers, known as Kooduthurai. Of the seven holy Shiva centers of the Kongu Region, Bhavani is one. The scriptural name is Thirunana. The 13-day car festival in the Tamil Month Chithirai (April–May) is the most famous in the temple attracting lakhs of devotees.

Also on Adiperukku day, Ammavasyas, especially Thai Ammavasya, eclipse days are devotionally followed in the Bhavani temple by taking bath in the rivers and performing rites. Many devotees from other states also come during November and December months corresponding to Tamil Karthikai and Margazhi.

During the [[Sabari mala]] season, many devotees come and do pujas in this temple, on their way to [[Kerala]]. Special pujas are performed to the Lord and Goddess on English and Tamil New Year days, Pongal and Deepavali days. The annual Bhrammotsavam here is celebrated in the month of Aadi (Cancer).

== Tourism ==
Bhavani is a popular pilgrimage and tourist destination due to its location at the confluence of the [[Kaveri]] and [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]] rivers. Key attractions include:
* '''[[Sangameswarar Temple]]''' – An ancient [[Shiva]] temple at the river confluence, one of the seven holy shrines of [[Kongu Nadu]]
* '''Kooduthurai''' – The sacred confluence point ([[Triveni Sangam]]) where devotees perform rituals and [[last rites]]
* '''Sellandiamman Temple''' – A prominent [[Amman]] temple serving 18 surrounding villages
* '''Bhavani River Bridge''' – Offers scenic views of the [[Kaveri]] river
* '''Bhavani Island''' – A scenic spot near the river confluence

The town attracts pilgrims throughout the year, especially during the [[Pongal]] festival, [[Tamil New Year]], and the annual Brahmotsavam of the Sangameswarar Temple.

==Politics==
Bhavani is part of the [[Tiruppur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]] in Tamil Nadu. Earlier, before the rearrangement of constituencies in 2008, it was part of the Gobichettipalayam constituency.

==Bhavani Jamakkalam==
[[Bhavani Jamakkalam]] refers to [[blanket]]s and [[carpet]]s manufactured in Bhavani.<ref>{{cite book|title=The worlds of Indian industrial labour|author=Parry|author2=Breman|author3=Kapadia|page=380}}</ref><ref name="Jamakkalam">{{cite book|title=The Everyday Politics of Labour|author=de Neve|page=42}}</ref> It has been recognized as a [[Geographical indication]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2005–06.<ref name="GI">{{cite web|url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/|title=Geographical indications of India|publisher=Government of India|access-date=28 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826183844/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/|archive-date=26 August 2013}}</ref> In the late nineteenth century, competition from [[British East India Company|British]] made textiles led Indian weavers to invent new types of garments.<ref name="Jamakkalam1"/> In Bhavani, a community of weavers called ''Jangamars'' weaved a type of blanket using colored coarse threads called ''Jamakkalam''.<ref name="Jamakkalam1">{{cite book|title=The Everyday Politics of Labour|author=de Neve|page=43}}</ref> The popularity of the product led to the production of jamakkalams by other weavers replacing the production of traditional sarees and other cloths.<ref name="Jamakkalam1"/>

==Transport==
[[File:BBridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|View from NH-544 Bridge]]
Bhavani is connected with local buses to almost all parts of the district of Erode. The Bhavani bus station is located on the banks of Kaveri river at the northern end of the town. City buses connect major areas like [[Erode Junction]], Thindal, [[Erode Central Bus Terminus|Central BS]], Surampatti, Anthiyur, [[Komarapalayam]], [[Gobichettipalayam|Gobichettipalayam]], [[Mettur,]] etc.,. The town depends on two major National highways, NH-544 connecting [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]-[[Cochin]] and NH-544H connecting [[Thoppur]]-[[Erode]]. [[Erode]] is the major transportation hub for Bhavani.

==Neighborhoods==
*[[Komarapalayam]] (2 km)
*[[Pallipalayam]] (13 km)
*[[Erode]] (14 km)
*[[Lakshmi Nagar]] (2 km)
*Ooratchikottai (2 km)
*[[Anthiyur]] (18 km)
*Paruvatchi (11 km)
*[[Chithode]] (6 km)
*[[Nasiyanur]] (15 km)
*[[Texvalley]] (11 km)
*[[Attayampalayam]] (12 km)
*[[Kavindapadi]] (16 km)
*[[Sankagiri]] (22 km)
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Bhavani
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Erode district|Company=K L A Goat Farming|state=Tamilnadu}}
{{Kaveri River}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Erode district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]

Thuraiyur Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T16:58:35Z

NatishaMooring9: put up details

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 146
| map_image = Constitution-Thuraiyur.svg
| established = 1957
| district = [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Perambalur Lok Sabha constituency|Perambalur]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| reservation = SC
| name = Thuraiyur
| mla = [[S. Stalinkumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 210,685
}}
'''Thuraiyur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] newly formed after constituency delimitations in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archivedate=2012-05-15}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 146. It is included in [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[T. Indragandhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2"|[[S. Stalinkumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|42.17}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thuraiyur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Lenin Prasath
|party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Suroja|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kousalya Suresh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivakumar |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =209011 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thuraiyur<ref>{{cite web|title=Thuraiyur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a146|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Stalinkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,786 |percentage=50.37% |change=+2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Indragandhi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,715 |percentage=37.71% |change=-5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Tamilzhselvi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13,158 |percentage=7.55% |change=+6.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Yuvarajan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,528 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramanian |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,435 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,594 |percentage=0.91% |change=-0.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,071 |percentage=12.66% |change= 7.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=174,282 |percentage=77.06% |change= -3.39% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=101|percentage=0.06% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,152 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thuraiyur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Stalinkumar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=81,444 |percentage=48.10% |change=+4.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Maivizhi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=73,376 |percentage=43.33% |change=-7.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. R. Sujadevi |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=6,281 |percentage=3.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,441 |percentage=1.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sathya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,532 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,068 |percentage=4.76% |change= -2.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=169,329 |percentage=80.46% |change= -1.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 210,463 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thuraiyur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. Indragandhi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,228 |percentage=50.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Parimala Devi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,293 |percentage=43.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rengaraji |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,828 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,753 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Dharmalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,295 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arivalagan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,289 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sumathi |party=Independent politician |votes=945 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. K. Senthilkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=811 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,935 |percentage=7.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=148,452 |percentage=82.02% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,988 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]] : Thuraiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rangaswami Reddiar |party=Independent politician |votes=20,097 |percentage=42.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Rangaswami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,804 |percentage=41.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ramanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,104 |percentage=8.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annamalai |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=2,313 |percentage=4.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiruloga Sitharama |party=Independent politician |votes=1,336 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=293 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,654 |percentage=59.53% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,054 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|11.14|78.60|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sanjay Kumar Gupta (BJP politician)

2026-04-21T04:19:58Z

NatishaMooring9: put up bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sanjay Kumar Gupta
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency|Kumhrar]]
| predecessor = [[Arun Kumar Sinha (politician)|Arun Sinha]]
| successor =
| office1 = State Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 9 August 2023
| president1 = [[Samrat Choudhary]] [[Dilip Jaiswal]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sanjay Kumar Gupta''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He has been elected as a Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] from [[Kumhrar Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanjay Gupta, BJP's new pick for Kumhrar stronghold, carries weight of legacy as he takes the lead|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sanjay-gupta-bjp-s-new-pick-for-kumhrar-stronghold-carries-weight-of-legacy-as-he-takes-the-lead-101762862288260.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2025-11-14|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as State Secretary of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Bihar]] on 9 August 2023 under the Presidency of [[Samrat Choudhary]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar BJP: सम्राट चौधरी की नई टीम में यादव जाति से एक अधिकारी, भूमिहार-ब्राह्मण-राजपूत को भरपूर हिस्सेदारी|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-bjp-president-samrat-chaudhary-announced-his-team-know-everything/articleshow/102575365.cms|website=Navbharat Times|access-date=|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बिहार बीजेपी के नए प्रदेश पदाधिकारी हुए नियुक्त, दिलीप जायसवाल ने जारी की लिस्ट|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-bjp-president-dilip-jaiswal-releases-list-of-state-committee-new-officeers-2954264|website=ABP News|date=2025-05-31|access-date=|language=hi|first=|last=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar Gupta, Sanjay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:People from Patna district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Haritha (organisation)

2026-04-19T22:28:43Z

NatishaMooring9: new the data w/ sources...

{{Short description|Students wing of Union Muslim League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Haritha (Girl's wing of MSF)
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|2012|08|11}}
| logo = Msf haritha flag.png
| type = [[Student wing]]
| status = Active
| purpose =
| headquarters = [[Calicut]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| location =
| region_served = [[India]]
| language =
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Ayisha Mariyam
| leader_title2 = General Convenor
| leader_name2 = Fidha TP
| leader_title3 = Treasurer
| leader_name3 = Riswana Sherin
| parent_organization = [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)
| num_staff =
| membership =
| num_members_year =
| budget =
| website =
| remarks =
}}
'''MSF Haritha''' or '''Haritha'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/sep/10/born-in-2012-msfs-girl-wing-played-crucial-role-in-keralas-campus-politics-2356703.html|title=Born in 2012, MSF's girl wing played crucial role in Kerala's campus politics|website=The New Indian Express|date=10 September 2021 }}</ref> is a Girl's students wing of MSF - [[Indian Union Muslim League]] affiliated to the [[IUML]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iuml-reconstitutes-haritha-state-panel/article36415153.ece|title=IUML reconstitutes Haritha State panel|newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 September 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/jun/12/former-panels-dissolution-not-linked-to-abuse-plaints-says-haritha-general-secretary-2584152.html |title=Former panel's dissolution not linked to abuse plaints, says Haritha general secretary |date=12 June 2023 }}</ref>

==History==
MSF state conference of 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twocircles.net/2011feb16/apj_abdul_kalam_inaugurate_msf_campus_conference_feb_18.html|title=APJ Abdul Kalam to inaugurate MSF Campus Conference on Feb 18|date=16 February 2011}}</ref> triggered the birth of Haritha. Around 1,500 girls had registered online, then Haritha was officially founded in 2012 at Calicut, Kerala with [[Najma Thabsheera]] and Fathima Thahiliya as its main organiser and Fathima Thahiliya as the founding general secretary. The original group consisted of Najma Thabsheera and Shafeena Kannur. It functioned as the student wing of [[Indian Union Muslim League]]. While Shafeena Kannur was the President, HARITHA took a leading role in the Justice for women, Women empowerment and opposition campaign against the communist state government.
[[File:Fathima Thahiliya TOLERANCE & COEXISTENCE 2.0 FORUM 2019 Bangkok.jpg|thumb|228x228px|Fathima Thahiliya (founding general secretary of Haritha ]]
== Haritha State Office bearers ==
{| class=" wikitable"
|+Current office bearers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2021/09/12/iuml-haritha-state-committee-president-ayesha-banu.html |title=IUML appoints new state committee for Haritha, Ayesha Banu to be new president }}</ref>
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Name !! Designation !! District
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Ayisha Mariyam <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iuml-reconstitutes-haritha-state-panel/article36415153.ece |title=IUML reconstitutes Haritha State panel |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 September 2021 }}</ref>|| President || [[Palakkad]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Fidha TP|| General Secretary || [[Malappuram]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; t
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Riswana nasrin<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/iuml-reconstitutes-haritha-state-panel/article36415153.ece |title=IUML reconstitutes Haritha State panel |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 September 2021 }}</ref>|| Treasure|| [[Malappuram]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Najwa Haneena || Vice President || [[Malappuram]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Shahida Rasheed || Vice President || [[Kasargode]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Ayisha Mariyam || Vice President || [[Palakkad]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"
|Afshila || Secretary || [[Kozhikkode]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

| Fayisha|| Secretary || [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|Akheela Farshana || Secretary|| [[Ernakulam]]
|- style="vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"

|}

==Activities==
===Protest and demands===
Haritha has campus protested against the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] in The women of Shaheen Bagh <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianculturalforum.in/2021/09/29/understanding-the-haritha-moment-the-gender-ed-turn-in-kerala-muslim-politics/ |title=Understanding the 'Haritha Moment': The Gender-ed Turn in Kerala Muslim Politics |date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Union Muslim League}}

[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League]]
[[Category:Student organisations in India]]
[[Category:Student wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:Student politics in India]]
[[Category:Feminist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Women's wings of political parties in India| ]]
[[Category:Islamic women's organizations]]

B. N. Datar

2026-04-18T22:58:14Z

NatishaMooring9: New A Data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = B. N. Datar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = B. N. Datar Lok Sabha photo.jpg
| alt = B N Datar Loksabha Bioprofile
| office = [[Union Minister of State]], [[Home Affairs]]
| term_start = 14 February 1956
| term_end = 13 February 1963
| predecessor = Rustom Khurshedji Sidhwa
| successor = [[Ramchandra Martand Hajarnavis]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]]
| parliament1 =
| majority1 =
| predecessor1 = ''constituency created''
| successor1 = K. H. Veerabhadrappa
| term_start1 = 17 April 1952
| term_end1 = 13 February 1963
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|8|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tasgaon]], South Satara District, [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Sangli district|Sangli District]], [[Maharashtra]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|02|13|1894|08|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| spouse = Subhadrabai (m. 1918–his death)
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| relations =
| children = 4 sons, 4 daughters
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]
| occupation = Educationist, lawyer
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Balwantrao Nageshrao Datar''', known as '''B. N. Datar''' (13 August 1894 – 13 February 1963) was an Indian [[education]]ist, [[politician]] who served as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|State Minister of Home Affairs]].<ref name="Lok_Sabha">{{cite journal |author= |date=18 February 1963 |title=Lok Sabha Debates (Fourth Session, Third Lok Sabha)|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2844/1/lsd_03_04_18-02-1963.pdf |journal=Lok Sabha Debates |volume=13|issue=1 |pages=1–2 |doi= |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Datar was educated at [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute|Deccan College]], Baroda College (now the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]) and the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]], from which he qualified as a lawyer. From 1937 to 1942, he was a member of the Senate of the [[University of Bombay]] and a member of its Board of Studies in Kannada.<ref name="1962_Lok_Sabha">{{cite book |author= |date=1962 |title=Parliament of India, Third Lok Sabha: Who's Who 1962 |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/782452/1/publications_whoswho_english_03_1962.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |pages=106–107}}</ref> He served on the academic council of [[Karnatak University]] from 1950 to 1952.

== Political career ==
In 1952, he was elected to the [[1st Lok Sabha]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] from the constituency of [[Belgaum North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum North]],<ref name="1962_Lok_Sabha" /> holding this seat until the [[1957 Indian general election|1957 general election]], when he was elected to the newly created seat of Belgaum.<ref name="1962_Lok_Sabha" /> From August 1952 to February 1956, Datar was a deputy home minister in the Union government, with cabinet rank from February 1956 to April 1957.<ref name="Council">{{cite book |author= |date=2016 |title=Council of Ministers (1947–2015) |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/759802/1/Council_of_Ministers_English.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat}}</ref> He then served as Minister of State for Home affairs until his death in office in February 1963.<ref name="Council" /><ref name="Lok_Sabha" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Description
|-
|1952
|Elected to [[1st Lok Sabha]]
* Member of Parliament - Lok Sabha (1952–57)
|-
|1957
|Elected to [[2nd Lok Sabha]]
* Member of Parliament - Lok Sabha (1957–62)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=none}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Belgaum North (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum North]] |years=1952 – 1957}}
{{s-aft|after=Seat abolished}}
{{s-bef|before=Himself}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]] |years=1957 – 1963}}
{{s-aft|after=K. H. Veerabhadrappa}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datar, B. N.}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]

Arabhavi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:35Z

NatishaMooring9: New Post

{{short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Arabhavi
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 8
| map_image = 8-Arabhavi constituency.svg
| mla = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belgaum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belgaum]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:248632}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Arabhavi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is a segment of [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/arabhavi.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Arabhavi Assembly constituency]</ref><ref>[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008]</ref> It is in [[Belgaum district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. R. Panchaganvi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="3" | Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || R. M. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="3" | Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="6" | [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2008 elections in India#Karnataka|2008 By-election]] {{efn|Resigned on 05/07/2008}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results ==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 115,402 |percentage = 60.70% |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimappa Gundappa Gadad |party = Independent politician |votes = 43,862 |percentage = 23.07% |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arvind Mahadevarao Dalwai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,956 |percentage = 12.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Ramappa Kalashetti |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,217 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 930 |percentage = 0.49% |change = {{decrease}}0.30 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 71,540 |percentage = 37.63% |change = {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,530 |percentage = 77.03% |change = {{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,105}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 248,632 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 96,144 |percentage = 54.34% |change = {{decrease}}14.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimappa Gundappa Gadad |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 48,816 |percentage = 27.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arvind Mahadevrao Dalwai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,253 |percentage = 13.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chunappa Uddappa Pujeri |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,962 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Pandappa Hanaji |party = Sarva Janata Party |votes = 1,745 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimappa Siddappa Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,161 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,398 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 47,328 |percentage = 26.75% |change = {{decrease}}25.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 177,045 |percentage = 76.36% |change = {{increase}}2.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 176,936}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,864 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}14.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 99,283 |percentage = 68.42% |change = {{increase}}26.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Utagi Ramappa Kareppa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,062 |percentage = 16.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Latur Suresh Mahalingappa |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 11,445 |percentage = 7.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurappa Kallappa Hittanagi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,081 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guruputra Kempanna Kullur |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,012 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goudar Shivanagouda Ningappa |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 1,527 |percentage = 1.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahantappa Sabanna Goudar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,388 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavanth Irappa Vader |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 910 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 75,221 |percentage = 51.84% |change = {{increase}}47.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,121 |percentage = 73.87% |change = {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 145,099}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,454 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}26.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 elections in India#Karnataka|2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web |url=https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Thirteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[]] |archive-date= 6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163649/https://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/13assemblymemberslist.htm}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = |percentage = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 53,206 |percentage = 41.81% |change = {{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vivekrao Vasantrao Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 47,838 |percentage = 37.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,106 |percentage = 13.44% |change = {{decrease}}18.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Mahalingappa Lathur |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,735 |percentage = 2.94% |change = {{decrease}}13.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Pandappa Hanaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,944 |percentage = 2.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goudar Shivanagouda Ningappa |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 1,469 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Undri Gopal Bharamappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 954 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,368 |percentage = 4.22% |change = {{decrease}}10.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,292 |percentage = 74.12% |change = {{increase}}3.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,252}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,744 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 62,054 |percentage = 47.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 42,604 |percentage = 32.31% |change = {{decrease}}15.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Mahalingappa Lathur |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,362 |percentage = 16.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mathapathi Mahantesh Irayya |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,183 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanagoodar Shivagoudappa Balappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,607 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kittur Ramappa Veerappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Metagudda Jayadeva Nijalingappa |party = Uttarakhand Sanskriti Parishad |votes = 975 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,450 |percentage = 14.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,978 |percentage = 70.44% |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,859}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,369 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,094 |percentage = 47.52% |change = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tammanna Siddappa Parsi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,844 |percentage = 30.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prathibha Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,957 |percentage = 9.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Handigund Bhimappa Balappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 8,940 |percentage = 8.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Latur Suresh Mahalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,695 |percentage = 4.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,250 |percentage = 16.97% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 114,076 |percentage = 66.75% |change = {{decrease}}4.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 107,530}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,908 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,866 |percentage = 48.63% |change = {{increase}}14.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Pratibha Vasantarao |party = Janata Dal |votes = 32,686 |percentage = 31.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawalkar Krishnappa Hanamantappa |party = Karnataka Rajya Ryota Sangha |votes = 9,236 |percentage = 8.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jekabal Shivaputra Donkappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 4,893 |percentage = 4.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadari Irappa Bhimappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,806 |percentage = 4.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madennavar Shidaram Kenchappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 673 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,180 |percentage = 17.38% |change = {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,614 |percentage = 70.81% |change = {{increase}}3.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,608}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,978 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,009 |percentage = 34.34% |change = {{increase}}4.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parsi Tammanna Siddappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 24,389 |percentage = 27.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prathibha Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,976 |percentage = 18.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 12,356 |percentage = 13.68% |change = {{decrease}}25.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gotadki Shidlingappa Balappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,334 |percentage = 2.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj Dundappa Huddar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,018 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Imamsab Appala Kalloli |party = Independent politician |votes = 717 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tukaram Kallappa Bagai |party = Independent politician |votes = 658 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,620 |percentage = 7.33% |change = {{decrease}}1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 96,810 |percentage = 66.84% |change = {{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,304}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,844 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.48 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. M. Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 27,503 |percentage = 39.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,108 |percentage = 30.07% |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. J. Mangalekar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,042 |percentage = 24.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavali Bhimappa Yallappa |party = Lokdal |votes = 3,261 |percentage = 4.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,395 |percentage = 9.11% |change = {{decrease}}32.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,811 |percentage = 65.18% |change = {{increase}}3.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,192}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,167 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.36 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,974 |percentage = 57.61% |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gotadki Shidlingappa Balappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 9,125 |percentage = 15.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Maruti Vasudev |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,791 |percentage = 13.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Biraj Maruti Rangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,606 |percentage = 4.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Huddar Basavara Dundappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,140 |percentage = 3.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kambali Vittappa Giddaalakkappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 631 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belakud Irappa Ramappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 504 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,849 |percentage = 41.67% |change = {{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,341 |percentage = 62.14% |change = {{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,234}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,497 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,462 |percentage = 55.41% |change = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vasantrao Lakhagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,964 |percentage = 24.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujeri Ningayya Sangayya |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,213 |percentage = 17.99% |change = {{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosamath Panchaxari Shivabasayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 766 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunadholi Pralhad Madwacharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 372 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,498 |percentage = 30.82% |change = {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,213 |percentage = 70.34% |change = {{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,777}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,436 |percentage = 4.11% |change = {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,183 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.50 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Koujalgi Veeranna Shivalingappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,362 |percentage = 61.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujeri Ningayya Sangayya |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 8,934 |percentage = 25.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Yemanapa Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,360 |percentage = 6.83% |change = }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Bodhachary |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 2.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chimappa Yellappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 854 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,428 |percentage = 35.99% |change = {{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,009 |percentage = 51.97% |change = {{decrease}}2.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,536}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,285 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Arabhavi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = A. R. Panchaganvi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,584 |percentage = 63.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Yemanapa Siddappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,708 |percentage = 19.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. A. Gurlingappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,047 |percentage = 17.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,876 |percentage = 43.89% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,608 |percentage = 54.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,339}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,882 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Arabhavi]]
* [[Belagavi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|16.22|74.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]

Aadade Aadharam

2026-04-04T06:52:05Z

NatishaMooring9: New A Stub

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| creator =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 3,329
| list_episodes =
| network = [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|1|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2020|3|14|df=y}}
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| runtime = Approx. 22 minutes
| starring = [[Pallavi Ramisetty]]
}}
'''''Aadade Aadharam''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[soap opera]] that aired on [[E TV (India)|ETV]]. It aired from Monday to Saturday on afternoons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etv.co.in/showsentitys/home/48|title = Aadade Aadharam ( ఆడదే ఆధారం )}}</ref> It premiered on 26 January 2009 and is the third [[List of longest-running Indian television series|longest-running Indian television soap opera]] after ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'' and ''[[Abhishekam (TV series)|Abhishekam]]''. It had a total of 3329 episodes with last episode aired on 14 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/more-spellbinding-soap-gathas/300602|title=More-spellbinding-soap-gathas|website=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.ap7am.com/lv-300231-never-ending-longest-running-tv-serials-in-india-telugu-tops.html|title=never-ending-longest-running-tv-serials-in-india-telugu-tops.|website=ap7am|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328165018/https://m.ap7am.com/lv-300231-never-ending-longest-running-tv-serials-in-india-telugu-tops.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nettv4u.com/entertainment/telugu/article/top-10-longest-telugu-serials|title=Top 10 longest Telugu serials|website=nettv4u.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
The show is about a woman who goes on with her life despite facing several issues. The female lead is Amrita, who is a professional Lawyer.

Vikas, a criminal, plans to abduct a rich girl named Renuka but his plan is foiled when his friends abducts Amrita, mistaking her for Renuka.

Next day, when she returns to the hostal, she was questioned for spending night outside of the 'Lakshmana Rekha' drawn around her. She becomes victim of misunderstanding. Spunned by even her parents, her tale of misery begins.

Despite these circumstances, she continues to move forward in life. She demonstrates resilience and confronts criminal elements, including Vikas.

The story progresses through different characters with whom she interacts. She continues her fight against criminals by supporting her clients and seeking justice for them. Despite all the hurdles she faces she holds on to her morals and faces all the challenges and difficulties with courage.

The story then turns towards Archana, who's Amrita's lookalike, their rift and sacrifice Amrita did for Archana.

The story then revolves around Amrutha's daughter Amulya. Amrita gives birth to Amulya and dies leaving the new born alone in the village outskirts. Ramakrishna adopts her and raises her like his own dad. The story then revolves around her marriage.

The story then takes a leap and starts with Archana's daughter Arpita, who wanted to become an IAS officer and craving for her father's validation and acceptance. The story revolves around how Arpita fights with the society and the challenges she faces while fulfilling her duties.

==Cast==
* [[Pallavi Ramisetty]] as Lawyer Amrutha, Amulya's mother
** Archana, Amrutha's lookalike, wife of Rahul and mother of Arpita
** Amulya, Parthu's wife, daughter of Amrutha
** Arpita, a brave IAS officer, daughter of Archana and Rahul, wife of Phalgun IPS
* Madhulika
* Madhu
* Rajasri Reddy
* Sujatha Reddy
* Sadhana
* Sindhura
* Lakshmi Sri
* Sobha
* Amulya
* Deepti
* Aditya
* Sindhura Dharshanam
* Divya Deepika as Vaijayanthi

==See also==
*[[List of longest-running Indian television series]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8993360}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2010s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:ETV Telugu original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

{{drama-tv-prog-stub}}

Siju Wilson

2026-04-03T03:08:00Z

NatishaMooring9: put up entry

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Siju Wilson
| image = Siju Wilson IMG 20220907 211205 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Siju in 2022
| birth_name = Wilson Joseph
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|11|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sruthi|2017}}
| children = 1
| years_active = 2010{{Endash}}present
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
}}

'''Wilson Joseph''' (born 22 November 1981), professionally credited as '''Siju Wilson''', is an Indian actor and producer, who works in [[Malayalam film]]s. He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] for his debut production ''[[Vasanthi (2020 film)|Vasanthi]]'' (2019).<ref>{{cite news |title=Siju Wilson celebrates with Vasanthi directors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/siju-wilson-celebrates-with-vasanthi-directors/videoshow/78705144.cms |accessdate=19 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anjana |title=Kerala State Film Awards: Vasanthi directors say, 'We began this film from the funds of our debut movie' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/kerala-state-film-awards-vasanthi-directors-say-we-began-this-film-from-the-funds-of-our-debut-movie/articleshow/78639641.cms |accessdate=19 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

==Career==
He completed BSc Nursing.
Siju attained recognition through his role as Roy Issac (Royichan) in the show ''Just fun Chumma'' telecast on [[Amrita TV]]. Later, he appeared in films, of which notable of them are ''[[Neram]]'' (2013), ''[[Premam]]'' (2015), ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' (2016), ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' (2016), ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]'' (2017), and ''[[Aadhi]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/may/07/neram-malayalam-474922.html | title=Neram (Malayalam) | date=7 May 2013 | first=Parvathy | last=Nambidi | newspaper=The New Indian Express | access-date=5 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/No-heroine-for-Third-World-Boys/articleshow/23086569.cms | title=No heroine for Third World Boys | date=26 September 2013 | first=Radhika C. | last=Pillai | newspaper=The Times of India | accessdate=5 October 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/353094/ |title=ശ്രീകുമാരന്‍ തമ്പിയുടെ ഗാനങ്ങളുമായി D 31th, Malayalam - Mathrubhumi Movies |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409210518/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/353094/ |archive-date=2013-04-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130522/entertainment-mollywood/article/his-time-begins-now |title=His time begins now |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |author=Gayathri Krishna |date=2013-05-22 |accessdate=2013-09-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110060551/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130522/entertainment-mollywood/article/his-time-begins-now |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> Varayan (2022). Wilson produced and acted the film ''[[Vasanthi (2020 film)|Vasanthi]]'', that won the 2019 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala state film awards: Vasanthi is best film, Kani Kusruthi adjudged best actress |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/131020/kerala-state-film-awards-vasanthi-is-best-film-kani-kusruthi-adjudge.html |accessdate=19 October 2020 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala Film Awards: Best actor Suraj Venjaramoodu, actress Kani Kusruti, film Vasanthi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/kerala-film-awards-best-actor-suraj-venjaramoodu-actress-kani-kusruti-film-vasanthi-1.5126655 |accessdate=19 October 2020 |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=13 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Suraj Venjaramoodu, Kani Kusruti, Lijo Jose Pellissery: Winners Of The Kerala State Film Award 2020 |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/kerala-state-award-2020-winners_in_5f855aa4c5b6e6d033a72d1f |accessdate=19 October 2020 |publisher=[[Huffington Post]] |date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Siju Wilson tied the knot with his longtime girlfriend Sruthi on 28 May 2017 at [[Kochi]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted''.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Malarvadi Arts Club]]'' || Mohanlal fans Association President ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Last Bench]]'' || Manu's brother ||
|-
| 2013 ||''[[Neram]]'' || John ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Beware of Dogs]]'' || Dominic ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Premam]]'' || Jojo ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' || Hari ||
|-
|''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]''|| Geo ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Njandukalude Nattil Oridavela]]'' || Tony Edayady ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Aadhi]]'' || Jayakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Thobama]]'' || Balu ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Neeyum Njanum]]'' || Shanu ||
|-
| ''Safe'' || Dr.Arun ||
|-
| ''Varthakal Ithuvare'' || Vinayachandran ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Mariyam Vannu Vilakkoothi]]''|| ||
|-
|| ''[[Varane Avashyamund]]'' || Alphonse Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Vasanthi (2020 film)|Vasanthi]]'' || Suku ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2021 || ''[[Innu Muthal]]'' || Abhinandhan ||
|-
| ''[[Sara's]]'' || Actor Rahul ||
|-
| ''Third World Boys'' || Wilson ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2022 || ''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]'' || Kiran ||
|-
| ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'' || [[Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siju-wilson-stars-as-warrior-aarattupuzha-velayudha-panicker-in-vinayan-film-pathonpatham-noottaandu/articleshow/80467690.cms|title = Siju Wilson stars as warrior Aarattupuzha Velayudha Panicker in Vinayan film 'Pathonpatham Noottaandu' - Times of India ►|website = [[The Times of India]]| last1=Soman | first1=Deepa }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night (2022 film)|Saturday Night]]'' || Ajith Abraham ||
|-
| ''Varayan'' || Fr.Eby Capuchin ||
|-
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || Member of the Day Band ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Panchavalsara Padhathi]]'' ||sanoj ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-16 |title=Trailer of Siju Wilson's Panchavalsara Padhathi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/16/trailer-of-siju-wilsons-panchavalsara-padhathi-out |access-date=2024-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samadhana Pusthakam]]'' || Alex Xavier||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-18 |title=Samadhana Pusthakam Teaser: A comedy entertainer centered on a high school |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/18/samadhana-pusthakam-teaser-a-comedy-entertainer-centered-on-a-high-school |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pushpaka Vimanam (2024 film)|Pushpaka Vimanam]]'' || Ajay ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-09-06 |title=Siju Wilson and Balu Varghese's Pushpaka Vimanam gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Sep/06/siju-wilson-and-balu-vargheses-pushpaka-vimanam-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Shambu Mahadev ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-04-14 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Detective Ujjwalan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/14/dhyan-sreenivasans-detective-ujjwalan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Dose}} || {{TableTBA}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-01 |title=Siju Wilson-starrer Dose gets a release date, second look unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Apr/01/siju-wilson-starrer-dose-gets-a-release-date-second-look-unveiled |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Maareechan}} || {{TBA}} ||
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film| Munnoottu}} || {{TBA}} ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Channel
|-
| 2012-2013 || ''Just Fun Chumma'' || Roy Issac/Royichan || Pramod Mohan ||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|2019|| ''Just Fun Chumma 2''||Nithin Thomas|| Pramod Mohan ||[[Amrita TV]]
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Director
|-
|2012|| ''Iced Tea'' ||Navin's brother||Pramod Mohan
|-
| 2013 || ''Moustache Blues'' || Police Officer ||Pranessh Vijayan
|-
| 2014 || ''Kattan Kaappi'' || John Pappachi ||Arju Benn
|-
|2020||''Lokam''||Wilson||Shabareesh Varma
|-
|2021||''Ekaa''||Amal|| Anoop MJ
|}

==Awards==
*2019: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film| Kerala State Film Award for Best Film Producer]] – ''[[Vasanthi (2020 film)|Vasanthi]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2020 Winners List: 'Vasanthi' is Best Film, Suraj Venjaramoodu Declared Best Actor |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kerala-state-film-awards-2020-winners-list-vasanthi-is-best-film-suraj-venjaramoodu-declared-best-actor-2958614.html |accessdate=19 October 2020 |publisher=[[News18 Kerala]] |date=13 October 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131110071839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-20/news-and-interviews/34586121_1_malayalam-film-industry-youth Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Siju}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Aluva]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

A. Devandiran

2026-04-01T02:11:40Z

NatishaMooring9: New A Info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1940)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Devandiran
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|2|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Mayiladuthurai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Nannilam Assembly constituency|Nannilam]]
| term_start1 = 1971
| term_end1 = 1976
| predecessor1 = [[P. Jayaraj]]
| successor1 = [[M. Manimaran]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''A. Devandiran''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. His home town is Kurainadu in [[Mayiladuthurai district]]. He studied up to the tenth standard at Mayiladuthurai High School. Devandiran belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). In the [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], he contested and won the [[Nannilam Assembly constituency]], becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly <ref>”Who's Who” 1971. Madras-9: Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Secretariat. January 1972. p. 78.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nannilam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Devandiran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,740 |percentage=59.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Arunachalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,432 |percentage=34.66% |change=-11.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Packirisamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,663 |percentage=5.92% |change=-28.9 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,308 |percentage=24.76% |change= 13.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,835 |percentage=80.63% |change= -1.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,081 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devandiran, A.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Chunilal Bose

2026-03-30T05:45:27Z

NatishaMooring9: creating basic post w/ refs

[[File:Chunilal Bose.png|thumb]]
'''Chunilal Bose''' (13 March 1861 – 3 August 1930) was an Indian physician, chemist, and public health promoter who served in the [[Bengal Presidency]] as a professor at the [[Medical College & Hospital, Kolkata|Calcutta Medical College]] and as a government chemical examiner.

== Life and work ==

Bose was born in [[Shyambazar]], Calcutta, the second son of Babu Denonath Bose. The family originated in Changripota near Harinavi, [[24 Parganas|24 Parganas district]]. He received schooling at the Upper Primary School at Shyambazar, later at Northbrook School and the Metropolitan Institution. He then went to the Sanskrit Collegiate School and joined the Calcutta Medical College in 1880. He joined the government service in 1886 as an assistant surgeon and in 1887 he became assistant chemical examiner for Bengal. He also served as an assistant professor of chemistry at the Calcutta Medical College under C. J. H. Warden. He served in Upper Burma briefly and returned to Calcutta in 1888. He served in the chemical examiner position and remained in the medico-legal section of the college until 1915 when he was made Chief Chemical Examiner. He retired in 1920 and died in Ranchi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Sanyal |first=Indranil |date=2022 |title=Dr. Chunilal Bose: a forgotten scientist and a science communicator |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43539-022-00038-0 |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |language=en |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=151–169 |doi=10.1007/s43539-022-00038-0 |issn=0019-5235|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Bose published extensively and a complete list of his publications was compiled by his son Jyoti Prakash Bose in 1924–25. His work included chemical assays, studies on medicinal plants (such as ''[[Rauvolfia serpentina|Rauwolfia serpentina]]'', ''Nerium'',<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bahadoor |first=Rai Chunilal Bose |date=1901 |title=Chemistry of Nerium Odorum: The Coates' Memorial Prize Essay |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5164055/ |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=287–290 |issn=0019-5863 |pmc=5164055 |pmid=29004100}}</ref> ''Luffa'', ''Hygrophila spinosa''), diabetes, snakebite, smallpox, and on poisoning. He was active in the Calcutta Temperance Foundation. He also wrote in the popular magazines on public health and hygiene topics including addiction,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=C. |date=1913 |title=Cocaine poisoning |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2298322/ |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=2714 |pages=16–17 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2714.16 |issn=0007-1447 |pmc=2298322 |pmid=20766460}}</ref> food quality, nutrition, and adulteration.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengupta |first=Jayanta |date=2010 |title=Nation on a Platter: the Culture and Politics of Food and Cuisine in Colonial Bengal |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0026749X09990072/type/journal_article |journal=Modern Asian Studies |language=en |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X09990072 |issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mills |first=James H. |date=2007 |title=Drugs, Consumption, and Supply in Asia: The Case of Cocaine in Colonial India, c. 1900-c. 1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203161 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=345–362 |issn=0021-9118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bose |first=Chunilal |last2=Sen |first2=Satyendra Nath |date=1919 |title=Paka Oil in Mustard Oil as an Adulterant |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5130362/ |journal=The Indian Medical Gazette |volume=54 |issue=11 |pages=413–416 |issn=0019-5863 |pmc=5130362 |pmid=29006617}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Choudhury |first=Ishani |date=2024 |title=When steam saved time in kitchen: Cooking with Icmic Cooker in twentieth century Bengal |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s43539-024-00142-3 |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=363–375 |doi=10.1007/s43539-024-00142-3 |issn=0019-5235|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also had an interest in the history of paper and match manufacture.<ref name=":0" />

Bose was given the title of Rai Bahadur in 1898. He also received the honorary title of "Rasāyanācārya". In 1921 he was made Sheriff of Calcutta. He was made [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] in 1922. He was involved in the Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceutical Limited company whose board he served in from its founding in 1899. Several of his students became pioneers of pharmaceutical industry including Bhailal Dajibhai Amin (1878–1950) . Bose married Tilottama Devi in 1882 and they had two sons and two daughters.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.316838 Khadya] (1910)
* [https://fid4sa-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/2782/ ''The scientific and other papers of Rai Chunilal Bose Bahadur''] (1924–25)
* [https://www.telegraphindia.com/science-tech/chemist-doctor-and-patriot/cid/1475130 Chemist, doctor and patriot]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Chunilal}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]

Dibang Valley district

2026-03-27T09:50:29Z

NatishaMooring9: updated section for accuracy and updated info to improve readability

{{distinguish|Lower Dibang Valley district}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox district
| name = Dibang Valley district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Arunachal Pradesh|District of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| other_name = ''Norway of India''
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh
| image_skyline = Dibang valley (7453899412).jpg
| coordinates = {{coord|28|42|N|95|42|E|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Anini
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Anini]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 9129
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 8004<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/477-dibang-valley.html |title= Dibang Valley District Population Census 2011, Arunachal Pradesh literacy sex ratio and density |publisher=Census Organization of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103064521/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/477-dibang-valley.html|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 27.55%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 64.8%<ref name=districtcensus />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 808<ref name=districtcensus />
| leader_title = [[Deputy Commissioner]]
| leader_name = Minga Sherpa, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://dibangvalley.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| image_map1 = Dibang District Valley with circles and various labels.png
| map_caption1 = Dibang Valley district with administrative circles and other labels
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Dibang Valley district''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ɪ|ˈ|b|æ|ŋ}} {{respell|dib|ANG}}) is a district of the Indian state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref>[http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=AR National Portal of India : Know India : Districts of India]. India.gov.in.</ref> named after the [[Dibang River]]<ref>[http://roing.nic.in/history.htm History : Lower Dibang Valley]. Roing.nic.in (16 December 2001).</ref> or the Talon as the [[Mishmi people|Mishmis]] call it. It is the least populated district in [[India]] and has an area of {{convert|9129|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus"/>

==History==
In June 1980, Dibang Valley district was created out of part of [[Lohit district]].<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids}}</ref> On 16 December 2001, Dibang Valley district was [[bifurcation (law)|bifurcated]] into Dibang Valley district and [[Lower Dibang Valley district]].<ref name='Statoids'/>

==Geography==
[[File:Dibang Valley District.jpg|left|thumb|294x294px|Rivers in Dibang Valley district]]

The [[Dibang River]] originates in the mountains of Arunachal Pradesh and flows through the length of the valley which is named after it. The Dibang has multiple tributaries and only once it debouches into the plains is it called by its name. Some of the major rivers of Dibang Valley District are the Ahui, Emra, Mathun, Dri, Tangon, Ithun, and Ange. The capital of this district, [[Anini]], is the northernmost district capital in [[Northeast India]]. This district contains the northernmost point of [[Northeast India]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Transport==
The {{convert|2000|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} proposed Mago-[[Thingbu]] to [[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]] [[Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road|Arunachal Pradesh Frontier Highway]] along the [[McMahon Line]],<ref name=BR1>{{cite web|title=Top officials to meet to expedite road building along China border|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Top-officials-to-meet-to-expedite-road-building-along-China-border/articleshow/44831871.cms|author=Dipak Kumar Dash|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR2>{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi government to provide funds for restoration of damaged highways|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-narendra-modi-government-to-provide-funds-for-restoration-of-damaged-highways-2020106|publisher=www.dnaindia.com|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR3>{{cite web|title=Indian Government Plans Highway Along Disputed China Border|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/10/indian-government-plans-highway-along-disputed-china-border/|work=Ankit Panda|publisher=thediplomat.com|access-date=27 October 2014}}</ref><ref name=BR4>{{cite web |url= http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nqEwdXxkIgrSHPpTSzsFRN/Govt-planning-road-along-McMohan-line-in-Arunachal-Pradesh.html |title= Govt planning road along McMohan line in Arunachal Pradesh: Kiren Rijiju |publisher= Live Mint |access-date= 2014-10-26}}</ref> (will intersect with the proposed [[East-West Industrial Corridor Highway, Arunachal Pradesh|East-West Industrial Corridor Highway]]) will pass through this district, alignment map of which can be seen [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nat7.jpg here] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306112247/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/images/state_map.jpg here].<ref name=BR5>{{cite web |url= http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20141016/nation.htm|title=China warns India against paving road in Arunachal|work=Ajay Banerjee|publisher=tribuneindia.com|access-date= 2014-10-26}}</ref>

==Divisions==
There is only one [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] constituency in this district- the [[Anini (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Anini constituency]]. It is part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm |title=Assembly Constituencies allocation w.r.t District and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Arunachal Pradesh website |access-date=21 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085549/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|23=1961|24=3,221|25=1971|26=5,297|27=1981|28=6,912|29=1991|30=7,393|31=2001|32=7,272|33=2011|34=8,004|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Dibang Valley district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 7,948,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Nauru]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Nauru 9,322 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 640th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert|0.8|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. With this, it is also the most sparsely populated district in India.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 9.3%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Dibang Valley has a [[sex ratio]] of 808 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 64.8%.<ref name=districtcensus/>

The major population of this district consists of [[Mishmi people|Mishmi (Idu)]].

The Mishmis have a story narrating the first journeys undertaken in course of migration. The story conveys the names and location of the Cheethu-Huluni or the twelve rivers that the Mishmi (Idu) people came over in the region and settled around. The first accounts of the Mishmi (Idus) are found in the narrations given by the neighboring [[Ahom people|Ahoms]]. The Mishmis inhabited the deep jungles of what is now the Dibang valley.

===Religion===
{{bar box|width = 300px
| barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
| title = Religion in Dibang Valley district (2011)<ref name=Census>{{Cite news|url=https://www.census2011.com/data/religion/district/477-dibang-valley.html|title=2011 Religion Census|access-date=13 March 2021}}</ref>
| titlebar = #Fcd116
| left1 = Religion
| right1 = Per cent
| float =
| bars =
{{bar percent|[[Donyi Polo]]|Red|55.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|39.24}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|2.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|gold|1.57}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.39}}}}

About 40% of the district's population follows [[Hinduism]].<ref name=Census/> The [[Mishmi people|Mishmi(Idu) people]] here believes that Rukmini-Chief Consort of [[Lord Krishna]] belonged to their tribe.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/03/28/a-twist-in-the-myth-rukminis-vague-arunachal-connection/ |title=A twist in the myth: Rukmini’s vague Arunachal connection |access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The plays and dances on 'Rukmini haran' are common. There is a legend that
[[Lord Krishna]] asked the Mishmi people to cut their hair as a form of punishment for not allowing him to marry [[Rukmini]]. Due to this Idu-Mishmi people are also called "chulikata" (chuli-hair, kata- cut).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/fact-check-did-rukmini-come-from-arunachal-pradesh-madhavpur-mela-guajat-vijay-rupani-mahesh-sharma-5116300/ | title=Fact Check: Did Rukmini come from Arunachal Pradesh? Here is what we know | date=29 March 2018 | newspaper=The Indian Express | first=Adrija | last=Roychowdhury | access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of Dibang Valley District (2011)<ref name="Census of India">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Digaro languages|Mishmi]]
| value1 = 68.73
| color1 = Darkslategrey
| label2 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value2 = 14.19
| color2 = Sienna
| label3 = [[Hindi]]
| value3 = 5.10
| color3 = Orange
| label4 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value4 = 2.70
| color4 = Peru
| label5 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value5 = 2.17
| color5 = Yellow
| label6 = [[Adi language|Adi]]
| value6 = 1.01
| color6 = Deepskyblue
| label7 = Others
| value7 = 6.10
| color7 = Grey
}}

Languages spoken include [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu Mishmi]] with approximately 25,000 speakers, written in both [[Latin script|Latin]] and [[Devanagari|Devanagric]] scripts.

==Flora and fauna==
The district is rich in wildlife. Rare mammals such as [[Mishmi takin]], [[red goral]] and [[Gongshan muntjac]] occur, while among birds there is the rare [[Sclater's monal]].<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin(2008) Survey of mammals and birds in Dihang-Dibang biosphere reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. Final report to Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India. The Rhino Foundation for nature in NE India, Guwahati, India. 70pp.</ref> A flying squirrel new to science was discovered from this district in the 2000s. It has been named as [[Mishmi giant flying squirrel]], ''Petaurista mishmiensis''.<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2009).One more new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India. The Newsletter and Journal of the RhinoFoundation for nat. in NE India 8: 26–34, plates.</ref>

In 1991, Dibang Valley district became home to the [[Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|4149|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref>

== Map ==
<gallery widths="220">
File:NH-46-16 Nizamghat India.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dibangvalley.nic.in/ Official Website of Dibang Valley District Government]

{{Geographic location
|state = expanded
|Centre = Dibang Valley district
|North = [[Zayul County]] (Tibet)
|Northeast =
|East = [[Zayul County]] (Tibet)
|Southeast =
|South = [[Lower Dibang Valley district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Upper Siang district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Districts of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dibang Valley district| ]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

Porwal

2026-03-25T17:58:23Z

NatishaMooring9: started stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Porwal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| population =
| regions = Southern [[Rajasthan]], India
| religions = [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]]
| languages =
| related_groups = Sorathia, Kapol, Jangad Porwal, Oswal, Navnat, Meshri (Pushtimarga followers)
}}
[[File:Chaumukha Jain temple at Ranakpur in Aravalli range near Udaipur Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Ranakpur Jain temple|Ranakpur Jain Temple]], built by Dharna Shah, a Porwal Jain Businessman from [[Ghanerao]].]]
{{Jainism}}
'''Poravāla''', correctly called '''Poravāḍa''', is a [[Kshatriya]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hassan |first=Syed Siraj ul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&q=porwals&pg=PA498 |title=The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions |date=1989 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0488-9 |language=en}}</ref> community that originated in southern [[Rajasthan]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Commissioner |first=India Census |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6YLqhGdh-wC&q=porwals&pg=PA256 |title=Census of India, 1921: Hyderabad (State) |date=1923 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lavania |first1=B. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vm_KCE4XXPMC&dq=porwal+rajput&pg=PA756 |title=Rajasthan |last2=Samanta |first2=D. K. |date=1998 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-769-2 |language=en}}</ref> They are mainly of [[Jain]] or [[Hindu]] faith. The name Poravāla was applied on the basis of the names of other Bania communities ([[Oswal|Osavāla]], [[Agrawal|Agaravāla]], [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khaṇḍelavāla]], etc.).

The name Poravāḍa is derived from Prāgavaṭa. The caste is divided into 24 gotras. They are also divided into three sections (from highest to lowest status): Visā, Dasā and Pañcā Poravāḍas. According to tradition the Visā and Dasā divisions arose in the 13th century. The brothers [[Vastupala|Vastupāla]] and Tejapāla were the sons of Poravāḍa father and Śrīmāli mother. The Poravādas who chose to eat with the brothers became Dasā, and those who refused became Visā. The Visā and Dasā interdine but do not intermarry. The Visās tend to be Jain while Dasā's tend to be Vaishnav. Formerly interreligious marriages occurred between Jains and Vaishnavs of the same sub-caste.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sangave |first=Vilas Adinath |title=Jain Community: A Social Survey |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1980 |pages=88–89 |orig-date=1959}}</ref>

They originated from a region east of ancient [[Shrimal]].<ref name="Bhanu2004">{{cite book|author=Anthropological Survey of India|editor=K. S. Singh|title=People of India: Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4bfmnmsBfQ4C&pg=PA1738|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai, India|isbn=978-81-7991-102-0|page=1738}}</ref> In antiquity, they appear to be numerous and among the wealthiest communities in the region.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

Many Jain temples were built by the Porwals, including:
* [[Ranakpur]] Jain temple of Dharna Shah, completed in 1441 CE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.herenow4u.net/index.php?id=57396 |title=Dharna Shah and Construction of the Temple |publisher=Herenow4u.net |date= |accessdate=2012-04-22}}</ref>
* [[Dilwara Temples|Luna Vasahi]] (1231 CE) of Vastupal and Tejpal at Mount Abu
* The Adinath temple at [[Shatrunjaya]] by Javad Shah in 961 AD, which was subsequently renovated several times.

The Porwal community became divided into several regional communities including the Pure Poravāḍas, Soraṭhiya Poravāḍas, and Kapola Poravāḍas.<ref name=":0" />

Poravāḍa Jains are mostly [[Śvētāmbara|Śvetāmbara]] with some [[Digambar|Digaṁbaras]]. The historian H. L. Jain has suggested that Krisha, the patron of Muni Srichandra, a Digambara monk, belonged to the same Ninanvaya clan as Vimala who built the Vimala Vasahi temple at Abu.<ref name="Muni Srichandra's Kahakosu 1969">Muni Srichandra's Kahakosu, Prakrit Text Society, 1969, H.L. Jain editor</ref><ref name=":0" />

In the 16th century, [[Pushtimarg|Pushti Marga]] was founded by [[Vallabha]], a Brahmin scholar from [[Telangana Region|Telangana]], who proposed that in the modern age, it is too hard to follow the [[Jñāna|Jnana]] and [[Karma in Hinduism|Karma]] [[Marga (Indian Philosophy)|Margs]]. He proposed Pushti Marga ([[Raga (Sanskrit term)|Raag]], [[Bhog]] and [[Sringara|Shringar]] used in the seva of Shri [[Krishna]]) as an alternative. A section of the Porwals converted to Pushtimarga. Those who have converted to the Pushtimarg are known as Meshri (derived from [[Maheshwari]])<ref>The Eighteenth-Century Social Order in Surat: A Reply and an Excursus on the Riots of 1788 and 1795, by Lakshmi Subramanian, Modern Asian Studies, 1991, p. 321-365</ref> or Vania.

== Creation of the ''Prāgvat'' (''Porvāl'') Clan ==
After his sermons at ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]]'' and creation of the ''Śrīmali'' clan'','' householders and King Jayasen requested [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain monk [[Swayamprabhasuri|Acharya Swayamprabhasuri]] to visit the region of ''Padmavati'' near [[Aravalli Range]] since similar practices of [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] were being performed there. He agreed to it and owing to his ''labdhi'' and ''vidyā'', reached ''Padmavati'' within a period of 48 minutes the morning of when the [[Ashvamedha|''Ashvamedha Yagya'']] was scheduled to be performed. He entered the king's court.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Baya |first=D S |title=Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/250235/2 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

Since this was a while after Swayamprabhsuri's sermons in ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]],'' [[Brahmin]]s stated that they knew of his sermons at ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]]'' and that they would not accept his ideology. Swayamprabhasuri emphasized the importance of a ''bhāv yagya'' ([[Homa (ritual)|''Homa'']] performed mentally and not physically) to prevent [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]]. He further explained with the analogy that with [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']] as the wood and non-violence as the sacrifice, one purifies their soul and becomes eligible for ''[[moksha]]''. He further explained the meaning of the ''[[Ratnatraya]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Bhupraj |title=Jain Vidyalaya Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012030/281 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>
[[File:Swayamprabhasuri_converts_Padmavati_town.png|center|thumb|360x360px|Swayamprabhasuri delivering a sermon in the court of King Padmasena of Padmavati]]
[[Brahmin]]s lost the ensuing debate, and the residents of 45000 households of the kingdom and King Padmasena accepted [[Jainism]]. However, as a token of respect to the [[Brahmin]]s, the name of the newly established caste was decided to be ''Prāgvat'' as the [[Brahmin]]s who lost were ''Prāgvata Brahmins''. Later on, the clan came to be known as ''Porvāl.''<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=swayamprabha%20suri%20shrimal%20-wikipedia |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref>

It is further stated that he consecrated a temple and an idol of the 16th Tirthankara [[Shantinatha]] at ''Padmavati'' among several temples and icons he consecrated at various villages and towns surrounding ''Padmavati''.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Somani |first=Ramvallabh |title=Jain Inscriptions of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001596/68 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Jainism in Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Indian Jains]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Jain communities]]
[[Category:Bania communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Social groups of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Jalore district]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]
[[Category:Marwari people]]

Warana, Maharashtra

2026-03-24T21:29:00Z

NatishaMooring9: basic improved information per standard format also and added references

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Warana''' is an area in [[Kolhapur district]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is situated in the [[Warana River]] valley.

It is about {{convert|400|km|mi}} southeast of [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay). Sugarcane is grown in the area.<ref name=Rahman>{{cite web|author=Rahman, Maseeh|url=http://www.time.com:80/time/asia/magazine/2000/1016/cover_sb1.html|title=Wiring the Villages|work=[[Time Asia]]|date=2000-10-16|volume=156|issue=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010211182046/http://www.time.com:80/time/asia/magazine/2000/1016/cover_sb1.html|archive-date=11 February 2001}}</ref>

The community received satellite television in 1997. The internet was installed in '''Pokhale''' village, in Warana, circa 1998. The Union government of India established "Wired Village," a $600,000 grant project for information technology in Pokhale and 69 other villages in Warana, simplifying area commerce.<ref name=Rahman/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19.514|76.691|display=title}}
[[Category:Kolhapur district]]

{{Maharashtra-stub}}

Piotr Kraśko

2026-03-24T17:58:16Z

NatishaMooring9: updated page

{{short description|Polish journalist (born 1971)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Piotr Kraśko
| image = 2017 Woodstock 250 Piotr Kraśko.jpg
| image_caption= Piotr Kraśko, [[Pol'and'Rock Festival]], 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|7|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw]]
| occupation = [[Journalist]] [[Theatrologist]] [[Television presenter]]
| credits = ''[[Wiadomości]]'' (2012–2016) ''[[Dzień Dobry TVN]]'' (2016–2020) ''[[Fakty TVN]]'' (2020–)
| years_active = 1988–present
| spouse = Karolina Ferenstein-Kraśko
| awards =
}}
'''Piotr Kraśko''' (born 11 July 1971, [[Warsaw]]) is a [[Polish people|Polish]] journalist, theatrologist and television presenter. Between 1991 and 2016 he worked for the [[Telewizja Polska]] and since 2016 for the [[TVN (Polish TV channel)|TVN]] channel.

==Life and career==
He graduated from the Klementyna Hoffmanowa High School No. 9 in Warsaw. He subsequently graduated in [[theatre studies]] from the [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.radiozet.pl/Co-gdzie-kiedy-jak/piotr-krasko-kim-jest-dziennikarz-tvn-wzrost-dzieci-zona |title=Piotr Kraśko: kim jest dziennikarz TVN? [WZROST, DZIECI, ŻONA] |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930001430/https://www.radiozet.pl/Co-gdzie-kiedy-jak/piotr-krasko-kim-jest-dziennikarz-tvn-wzrost-dzieci-zona |url-status=dead }}</ref> During his studies he worked for the academic weekly ''Auditorium''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dziendobry.tvn.pl/a/piotr-krasko-obchodzi-urodziny-ile-lat-skonczyl-prowadzacy-dzien-dobry-tvn |title=Piotr Kraśko obchodzi urodziny. Ile lat ma prowadzący Dzień Dobry TVN? |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> Before the collapse of communism he was the host of a children's programme ''5-10-15'' broadcast on [[TVP1]] channel.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.radiozet.pl/Co-gdzie-kiedy-jak/piotr-krasko-kim-jest-dziennikarz-tvn-wzrost-dzieci-zona |title=Piotr Kraśko: kim jest dziennikarz TVN? [WZROST, DZIECI, ŻONA] |access-date=25 August 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930001430/https://www.radiozet.pl/Co-gdzie-kiedy-jak/piotr-krasko-kim-jest-dziennikarz-tvn-wzrost-dzieci-zona |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also hosted the ''Na żywo'' as well as ''Oblicza mediów'' TV programmes. He worked as a TVP correspondent in [[Brussels]] (2003), [[Rome]] (2004–2005) and [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] (2005–2008).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dziendobry.tvn.pl/a/piotr-krasko-obchodzi-urodziny-ile-lat-skonczyl-prowadzacy-dzien-dobry-tvn |title=Piotr Kraśko obchodzi urodziny. Ile lat ma prowadzący Dzień Dobry TVN? |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> In the years 2011–2013, he hosted the ''Na pierwszym planie'' TV program. Between 2012 and 2016 he served as the head of the ''[[Wiadomości]]'' news programme. He frequently covered [[John Paul II]]'s visits to Poland and travelled to various places around the world to provide live coverage of such events as the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], [[7 July 2005 London bombings|2005 London bombings]], 2010 [[Smolensk air disaster]], [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]] as well as the 2014 [[Euromaidan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tvp.pl/publicystyka/programy-informacyjne/wiadomosci/o-nas/piotr-krasko/8939675 |title=Piotr Kraśko |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

Since 2016, he has been working for the [[TVN (Polish TV channel)|TVN]] Group. Between 2016 and 2020 he hosted the ''Fakty o świecie'' program on [[TVN24 BiS]] and co-hosted the ''[[Dzień Dobry TVN]]'' [[morning show]] broadcast on [[TVN (Poland)|TVN]]. In 2020, he was appointed head of the ''[[Fakty TVN]]'', the flagship [[newscast]] of TVN channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/piotr-krasko-zadebiutowal-w-faktach-tvn/76s0jfg |title=Piotr Kraśko zadebiutował w "Faktach" TVN |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

He was the recipient of the Wiktor Award for Best Television Presenter in 2008 and 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/piotr-krasko |title=Piotr Kraśko |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He is a son of film producer Barbara Pietkiewicz and journalist Tadeusz Kraśko.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?osoba=11130754 |title=Barbara Pietkiewicz |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> Between 2000 and 2004 he was married to Dominika Czwartosz.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/person/Piotr+Kra%C5%9Bko-64331 |title=Piotr Kraśko |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> In 2008 he married Karolina Ferenstein with whom he has two sons: Konstanty (b. 2007) and Aleksander (b. 2009),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmweb.pl/person/Piotr+Kra%C5%9Bko-64331 |title=Piotr Kraśko |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref> and a daughter Lara (b. 2016).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://rozrywka.dziennik.pl/plotki/artykuly/510624,piotr-krasko-porod-dziecko-corka-karolina-ferenstein-krasko.html |title=Żona Piotra Kraśki urodziła. Dziennikarz po raz trzeci został tatą |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>

Kraśko lost his driving license in 2009 and regained it the same year,<ref>{{cite news |title = To nie pierwszy raz, jak Piotr Kraśko stracił prawo jazdy. Mamy zdjęcia, jak zdawał ponownie egzamin w 2009 roku |date = 2021-12-13 |access-date = 2022-09-20 |location = Fakt24.pl |url = https://www.fakt.pl/plotki/piotr-krasko-w-2009-roku-odzyskiwal-prawo-jazdy/xe0gcrb |language = pl}}</ref> he lost it again in 2014 without renewing it. In 2016 he was sentenced for fine of 100,000 PLN for driving without necessary documents.,<ref>{{cite news |author = Maciej Szefer |title = Piotr Kraśko skazany. Od kary nie ma odwołania |date = 2022-09-20 |access-date = 2022-09-20 |location = wiadomosci.wp.pl |url = https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/piotr-krasko-skazany-6814402837457760a |language = pl}}</ref> and for the second time in 2021 to pay fine of 7,500 PLN.<ref>{{cite news |title = Piotr Kraśko skazany za prowadzenie samochodu bez prawa jazdy |date = 2021-12-13 |access-date = 2021-12-13 |location = wiadomosci.onet.pl |url = https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/piotr-krasko-skazany-za-prowadzenie-samochodu-bez-prawa-jazdy/cz1k97r |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211213060847/https://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kraj/piotr-krasko-skazany-za-prowadzenie-samochodu-bez-prawa-jazdy/cz1k97r |archive-date = 13 December 2021 }}</ref> In 2012–2016 Kraśko failed to provide tax return in time and was obliged to pay back tax with accrued interest of 760,000 PLN; with his overdue tax return he provided additional invoices for that period, which increased the payment amount to 850,000 PLN in total—all of which has been settled.<ref>{{cite news |title = Piotr Kraśko nie rozliczał się z fiskusem, zapłacił 850 tys. zł zaległych podatków. "Wszystko zostało wyjaśnione" |access-date = 2022-09-20 |location = www.wirtualnemedia.pl |url = https://www.wirtualnemedia.pl/artykul/piotr-krasko-nie-rozliczal-sie-z-fiskusem-kara-850-tys-zl-atak-tvp-cezary-gmyz-kto-to-jest |language = pl}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* ''Dyskretny urok wystąpień publicznych, czyli Jak zmienić koszmar w radość'' (with Tomasz Kammel and Robert Krool), Warsaw 2002, {{ISBN|83-88931-22-9}}
* ''Kiedy świat się zatrzymał. 63 dni w Watykanie z Piotrem Kraśko'', Katowice 2005, {{ISBN|83-7030-449-4}}
* ''Rok reportera'', Katowice 2009, {{ISBN|978-83-7030-660-1}}
* ''Smoleńsk – 10 kwietnia 2010'', Warsaw 2010, {{ISBN|978-83-62343-09-6}}
* ''Alaska – Świat według reportera'', Warsaw 2011, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-141-6}}
* ''Świat w pigułce, czyli Teksas jest większy od Francji'', Warsaw 2011, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-233-8}}
* ''Rwanda – W stanie wojny'', Warsaw 2012, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-257-4}}
* ''Irak – W stanie wojny'', Warsaw 2012, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-258-1}}
* ''Bejrut – W stanie wojny'', Warsaw 2012, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-259-8}}
* ''Wielka Brytania – Świat według reportera'', Warsaw 2012, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-261-1}}
* ''Francja – Świat według reportera'', Warsaw 2012, {{ISBN|978-83-7596-264-2}}

==See also==
*[[Media in Poland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krasko, Piotr}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Journalists from Warsaw]]
[[Category:Polish television presenters]]
[[Category:Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni]]

Kallol Khan

2026-03-24T02:36:22Z

NatishaMooring9: new a info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Kallol Khan''' (born 1954)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kallol Khan(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- NAKASHIPARA(NADIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1387 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nakashipara Assembly constituency]] in [[Nadia district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Nakashipara, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nakashipara-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797161-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Khan is from [[Nakashipara]], Nadia district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Chittaranjan Khan. He studied Class 12 at Muragachha High School and passed the Higher Secondary examinations (old) in 1970.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Khan won from Nakashipara Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 104,812 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Santanu Dey of the Bharatiya Janata Party, by a margin of 21,271 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nakashipara Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Nakashipara Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-nakashipara-constituency-81.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> he first became an MLA winning the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and retained the seat for Trinamool Congress in the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] and [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]] Assembly elections. He won for the fourth time in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Tanmay Ganguli of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] by a margin of 6,250 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nakashipara Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Kallol Khan of TMC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nakashipara-election-result-2021-live-updates-nakashipara-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697391.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Nakashipara Election Result 2021 LIVE: How to check Nakashipara assembly (Vidhan Sabha) election winners, losers, vote margin, news updates - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/nakashipara-election-result-2021-live-how-to-check-nakashipara-assembly-vidhan-sabha-election-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-9155181.htm |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election 2021: Nakashipara Assembly Seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/nakashipara-1974924881 |access-date=3 March 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> In 2021, he was elected for the fifth successive term, again on Trinamool Congress ticket.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Kallol}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nadia district]]

P. K. Mahanandia

2026-03-22T08:11:40Z

NatishaMooring9:

{{Short description|Indian-Swedish artist}}

{{Infobox person
| name = P. K. Mahanandia
| image = File:PK_Mahanandia.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1949}}
| birth_name = Pradyumna Kumar Mahanandia
| birth_place = [[Athmallik]], [[Orissa]], India
| alma_mater = [[College of Art, Delhi]] Government College of Art and Crafts Khallikote
| spouse = {{marriage|Ann-Charlotte Mahanandia Von Schedvin|1975}}
| children = Siddharth, Emelie
| website = {{URL|https://pkmahanandia.com}}
}}

'''Pradyumna Kumar Mahanandia''' (born 1949) is an Indian-born Swedish artist noted for his journey by a second hand bicycle from [[New Delhi]], India to [[Borås]], Sweden<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jerosimic |first=Maja |date=31 July 2017 |title=Svindlande kärlekshistoria blir film |url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/6747909 |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=sverigesradio.se/ |language=sv |quote=För mer än 40 år sen cyklade Pradyumna Kumar Mahanandia hela vägen från Indien till Borås för sin kärlek Charlotte Von Schedvins skull.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Andersson |first=Per |date=30 November 2004 |title=Indiern som cyklade till Borås |url=https://www.vagabond.se/asien/indien/indiern-som-cyklade-till-boras |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=Vagabond |language=sv |quote=Ödet ville annorlunda och tog honom på cykel 800 mil västerut – till kärleken i Borås.}}</ref> in 1977 to reunite with his Swedish wife, Charlotte Von Schedvin.

==Early life and education==
Mahanandia was born in 1949 in an [[Odia people|Odia]] weaver family in the village of Kandhapada of the [[Athmallik]] sub-division in the district of [[Angul]]. His father was a postmaster in Athmallik, where he lived during the weeks and commuted home on the weekends by bicycle. The family later moved to Athmallik.

As his father was a member of the [[Pano (caste)|Pano caste]], when young he often faced discrimination from [[upper-caste]] Indians because he was a [[Dalit]]<ref name=[2]/> and his mother was a member of the [[Khonds|khond]] tribe. The khond is not included in the caste system of India and was therefore considered casteless.

Mahanandia attended Mahendra High School, Athmallik and later joined [[Visva-Bharati University]] to study art. Despite his admission to the art school, it became impossible for him to pay for tuition, so he had to return home.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 July 2020|first=Nishtha|last=Grover|title=Who is Dr PK Mahanandi? From untouchable boy in school to art advisor for Swedish government, his story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-dr-pk-mahanandi-from-untouchable-boy-in-school-to-art-advisor-for-swedish-government-his-story-1704282-2020-07-25|access-date=2021-07-27|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727144942/https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/who-is-dr-pk-mahanandi-from-untouchable-boy-in-school-to-art-advisor-for-swedish-government-his-story-1704282-2020-07-25|url-status=live}}</ref> He later joined the Government College of Art and Crafts, [[Khallikote]] and then moved to the [[College of Art, Delhi]] in 1971.

==Portraiture and meeting Von Schedvin==
While studying at the Delhi College of Art, he shot to fame in portraiture by drawing the portrait of [[Indira Gandhi]]. He sought permission from the authorities to sit under the fountain in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] and draw portraits.<ref name=[3]>{{cite news|last=Samal|first=R P|title=Two Angels on Earth and Their Life Path|url=http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/199/two-angels-on-earth-and-their-life-path.htm|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=facenfacts|date=27 August 2010|archive-date=24 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524181348/http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/199/two-angels-on-earth-and-their-life-path.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is here that he met Charlotte Von Schedvin on 17 December 1975. She was a student in London, and had driven for 22 days in a van to India, just to visit Mahanandia and have her portrait done. That portrait changed their lives as they fell in love with each other and married. Von Schedvin had to return to Sweden and asked Mahanandia to come with her, but he decided that one day he would go on his own.
After she left, the two kept in touch through letters.

Mahanandia did not have enough money to buy a plane ticket. He decided to sell everything, bought a bicycle and set off on his bike journey on 22 January 1977. He would cycle about {{convert|44|km}} every day and supported himself by drawing portraits of people along the way who provided him with money, food and shelter.<ref name="[2]" /> His travels took him through Afghanistan, Iran and finally through Turkey which allowed him to reach Europe on 28 May, then he continued to [[Gothenburg]] by train.<ref name="[2]" />

On his long bicycle journey he expressed the sentiment that he doesn't understand "Why people think it was a big deal to cycle to Europe?".

"''I did what I had to, I had no money but I had to meet her. I was cycling for love, but never loved cycling. It's simple.''"<ref name=[2]>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35299608 |title=The man who cycled from India to Europe for love |publisher=bbc.com |date=16 January 2016 |accessdate=4 January 2018 |archive-date=24 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224055441/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35299608 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Mahandia and Shedvin have two children, now adults, Siddharth and Emelie.<ref name=[1]>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Sanjam Preet|title=Love in the time of hate|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Love-in-the-time-of-hate/SP-Article1-1011458.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215031249/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Love-in-the-time-of-hate/SP-Article1-1011458.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 15, 2013|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=14 Feb 2013}}</ref>

==Recognition==
Mahanandia is well known in Sweden as an artist and works as an adviser of art and culture for the Swedish government. His paintings have been exhibited in major cities of the world and appeared on [[UNICEF]] greeting cards. On 4 January 2012, he was awarded an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] degree from [[Utkal University|Utkal University of Culture]] (UUC) in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]. He was also designated as the Odia Cultural ambassador to Sweden by the [[Government of Odisha]].<ref name=[4]>{{cite web|title=Honorary Doctorate to PK Mahanandia|url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/content/honorary-doctorate-pk-mahanandia|publisher=SASNET|accessdate=21 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130706114423/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/content/honorary-doctorate-pk-mahanandia|archivedate=6 July 2013}}</ref>

In 2010, Indian filmmaker [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] was planning to make a film on the love story of Mahanandia and Von Schedvin.<ref name="[5]">{{cite news|title=Bhansali plans movie on 'Two Angels' real Love Story|url=http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/374/bhansali-plans-movie-on-two-angels-real-love-story.htm|accessdate=21 July 2013|newspaper=facenfacts|date=15 September 2010|archive-date=10 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110074141/http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/374/bhansali-plans-movie-on-two-angels-real-love-story.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Further reading==

* Andersson, Per J., ''The amazing story of the man who cycled from India to Europe for love'', Oneworld Publications, London, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Amazing Story of the Man Who Cycled From India to Europe for Love by Per J Andersson |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781786070333 |access-date=2024-02-22 |website=www.publishersweekly.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahanandia, P. K.}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Angul district]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Sweden]]
[[Category:21st-century Swedish male artists]]

Chakoora, Pulwama

2026-03-21T19:49:19Z

NatishaMooring9: creating a article w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakoora Pulwama
| elevation_m = 1588
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| coordinates = {{coord|33.8311|N|75.0167|E|display=inline,title}}
| registration_plate = JK13
| population_rank = 36th
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code = 192301
| area_code = 01933
| website = https://pulwama.gov.in
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2102
| area_rank = 36th
| official_name = Chakoora Pulwama
| area_total_ha = 266.7
| area_total_km2 = 3.47
| subdivision_name4 = [[Litter, Pulwama]]
| subdivision_type4 = Tehsil/Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Pulwama]]
| subdivision_type3 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Kashmir Division
| subdivision_type2 = Division
| subdivision_name1 = Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type1 = State/Union Territory
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| settlement_type = Town
| pushpin_label_position = right
| image_skyline = Explore Chakoora 135203972012970.jpg
| image_caption = Main Market Chakoora Pulwama
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[English language|English]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

'''Chakoora''' is notified area and town in [[Pulwama district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]. It is located 17 km towards east from District headquarters Pulwama and 37 km from the summer capital of [[Srinagar]]. It is situated on the Boundary of Pulwama District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chakora Village Population - Pulwama - Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3219-chakora-jammu-and-kashmir.html |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Pulwama district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Rup Kaur

2026-03-18T05:33:14Z

NatishaMooring9: started a details

{{Short description|Sikh author and daughter of Guru Har Rai}}
{{For|the Indian-Canadian poet|Rupi Kaur}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 8 April 1649 or 1652
| death_date = before December 1705
| father = [[Guru Har Rai]]
| relatives = {{Plainlist|
*[[Guru Har Krishan]] (brother)
*[[Ram Rai]] (brother}}
}}
'''Rup Kaur''' (born 8 April 1649<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Bhagat |title=RŪP KAUR, BĪBĪ |url=https://eos.learnpunjabi.org/RUP%20KAUR%20BIBI.html |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Encyclopedia of Sikhism (Online Edition) |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |publication-place=Patiala}}</ref> or 1652<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |volume=2: 1606-1708 C.E |pages=590–591, 605, 615, 624}}</ref>), also spelt as '''Roop Kaur''', was the daughter of [[Guru Har Rai]] and sister of [[Guru Har Krishan]].{{Efn|In some sources, her name is given as 'Sarup Kaur' or 'Harup Kaur'.|group=note}}<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kaur |first=Daljit |url=https://www.academia.edu/127666364/Bibi_Roop_Kaur_First_Sikh_Women_Historian_copy_copy |title=Bibi Roop Kaur: First Sikh Women Historian |publisher=Mata Sundri College for Women |year=2025 |pages=1–20}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Kohli |first=Surindar Singh |title=History of Punjabi Literature |publisher=National Book Shop |year=1993 |isbn=9788171161416 |pages=75–77}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Dilgeer |first=Harjinder Singh |title=Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre |year=1997 |isbn=9780969596424 |location=Denmark |pages=487}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Mohinder |title=Anandpur: City of Bliss |publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors |year=2002 |isbn=9788174763747 |pages=83–84}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur |publisher=Sterling Publishers |year=1982 |isbn=9788173040481 |edition=2nd |pages=57}}</ref> She was born in the Shish Mahal of Kiratpur. Sources conflict on her existence and relationship to Guru Har Rai. She may have been one of the earliest literate [[Women in Sikhism|Sikh women]] and she produced her own works. Her writings remain one of the few sources regarding the teachings of Guru Har Rai. Some of her personal items and writings are preserved at Gurdwara Manji Sahib in Kiratpur. She personally knew four of the ten Sikh gurus: her father Guru Har Rai, brother Guru Har Krishan, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]], and [[Guru Gobind Singh]].

== Historicity ==
[[File:Guru Har Rai's family.jpg|thumb|19th century depiction of Guru Har Rai with his wife, Mata Sulakhani, and two sons, Ram Rai and Har Krishan. No daughter is depicted.]]
Sources are conflicted on Rup Kaur's existence and relationship to Guru Har Rai. There is also a disagreement amongst sources on whether she was the biological or adopted daughter of Guru Har Rai.<ref name=":0" /> According to Kesar Singh Chibber, Guru Har Rai married Kot Kalyani (also known as Sunita), who gave birth to Guru Har Krishan, meanwhile he had also married Punjab Kaur, who gave birth to [[Ram Rai]] and a certain Sarup Kaur.<ref name=":3" /> However, Surjit Singh Gandhi claims this is a mistake by Chibber as Punjab Kaur was actually the wife of Ram Rai, not Guru Har Rai.<ref name=":3" /> The chronicles on the life of the seventh guru authored by Kavi Saundh in the 18th century and Sarup Das Bhalla's ''Mehma Prakash'' do not make any mention of a daughter being born to Guru Har Rai, only mentioning two sons, Ram Rai and Har Krishan, being born to Mata Sulakhani (Sulakhani is also known as 'Kishan Kaur').<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> However, the ''[[Bhat Vahis]]'', ''[[Gurpranali|Gurparnalis]],'' and ''Panda Vahis'' ([[Bahi genealogy registers|genealogical records]] of [[Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar|Haridwar]]) do make mention to a daughter named Sarup Kaur being born to Guru Har Rai, although they mix fact with fiction and conflict with one another regarding dates.<ref name=":3" /> Using the dates provided in the records, Gandhi concludes that Ram Rai was born in 1647, Sarup Kaur in 1652, and Harkrishan on 7 July 1656.{{Efn|The Bikrami date of Guru Har Krishan's birth is Savan Vadi 10, Bikrami Sammat 1713.|group=note}}<ref name=":3" /> According to one Bhatt Vahi, the ''Bhaṭṭ Vahī Talauḍā'', Rup Kaur was the biological daughter of Guru Har Rai and Mata Sulakhani.<ref name=":0" /> Simran Kaur in ''Prasidh Sikh'' ''Bibian'' in 2005 asserts she was an adopted daughter of the guru rather than a biological one.<ref name=":4" /> However, other authors maintain she was the guru's biological daughter who was born in Kiratpur, such as Giani Garja Singh and Mohinder Kaur Gill.<ref name=":4" />

== Name ==
Rup Kaur had ''[[Kaur]]'' appended to her name, which gives credence to the practice of Sikh women having the title as part of their name prior to the Singh Sabha movement's popularization of the practice in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Sikhism and History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780195667080 |editor-last=Barrier |editor-first=Norman Gerald |pages=107 |quote=... 'Kaur' as nomenclature for Sikh women was part of the Singh Sabha project in the twentieth century. However, we have evidence that 'Kaur' was used by Sikh women in the pre-modern times (Guru Har Rai's daughter's name was Bibi Rup Kaur ...) ... |editor-last2=Singh |editor-first2=Pashaura}}</ref>

== Marriage and family ==
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Manji Sahib, Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab, by Dhanna Singh 'Patialvi', 10 May 1934.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Sri Manji Sahib, Kiratpur Sahib, Punjab, by [[Dhanna Singh (photographer)|Dhanna Singh 'Patialvi']], 10 May 1934. The gurdwara was the former place of residence of Rup Kaur and relics associated with her are preserved there.]]Rup Kaur married Khem Karan, son of a Dhussā Khatri named Bhai Paira Mal of [[Pasrur]] in [[Sialkot District]] on 3 December or 4 November 1662, with the couple after moving to Kot Kalyanpur village, located near Kiratpur.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> On the occasion of the wedding, Mata Bassi presented Rup Kaur with five gifts, namely [[Guru Nanak]]'s [[Seli-topi|''seli'' and ''topi'']], [[Guru Hargobind]]'s ''[[katar]]'' weapon, a [[pothi]] associated with a Sikh guru (''Guru Sahib diyan Sakhian di pothi''), and a ''rehal'' (where the pothi's ''prakash'' was undertaken).<ref name=":4" />

The house the couple lived in is now known as Gurdwara Manji Sahib in Kiratpur, where relics associated with Rup Kaur are preserved.<ref name=":0" /> After the death of Guru Har Rai, Rup Kaur and her husband moved to Dayalpur, near Banur.<ref name=":3" /> In February 1664, Guru Har Krishan made a stop in Dayalpur while travelling to Delhi to visit his sister Sarup Kaur and her husband.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> After the death of her brother, Guru Har Krishan, Rup Kaur returned to Kiratpur for mourning.<ref name=":4" /> Dargah Mall and Munshi Kalyan Das had travelled to Kiratpur to inform Rup Kaur of her brother's death in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000 |title=Ten Gurus - Guru Har Krishan Ji (1661 - 1664) |url=http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/guruharkrishan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000919072307/http://www.sgpc.net/gurus/guruharkrishan.html |archive-date=19 September 2000 |access-date=19 December 2025 |website=Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee}}</ref> Shortly after his succession to guruship, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rup Kaur in Kiratpur on 21 August 1664 to console her over the death of her brother Guru Har Krishan.<ref name=":3" /> A visit by Guru Tegh Bahadur to Rup Kaur and her mother Mata Sulakhani is also mentioned in the ''Guru Kian Sakhian''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=A Historian's Approach to Guru Gobind Singh |publisher=Singh Bros. |year=2004 |isbn=9788172053062 |pages=98}}</ref> A meeting between Rup Kaur and Guru Gobind Singh in Anandpur is also recorded after the guru fought the [[Battle of Bhangani]].<ref name=":4" /> She also visited Suraj Mal, son of Guru Hargobind, in 1701, whose wife, Mata Hari, had recently died.<ref name=":4" />

Rup Kaur and her husband gave birth to a son named Amar Chand, who took on the name Amar Singh after being [[Amrit Sanskar|baptized]] into the [[Khalsa]] later by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> The descendants of her son reside in Dayalpur Sodhian in [[Patiala district]], Punjab, where they built a haveli and [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamsaal]] which was later renovated by Banarasi Das in 1906.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> The descendants resided there until the end of the 20th century, with one notable name being Bibi Ralla.<ref name=":4" />

== Education and literature ==
[[File:Original structure of Gurudwara Sri Sheesh Mahal Sahib, Kiratpur Sahib.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the historical structure of the Shish Mahal in Kirtatpur]]
At the age of three, Rup Kaur, alongside her brother Ram Rai, was sent to Diwan Durga Mal to be educated in the Gurmukhi script and ''[[gurbani]]''.<ref name=":4" /> Rup Kaur also learnt the art of sewing and needling from her mother and grandmother, Kishan Kaur and Mata Bassi, respectively.<ref name=":4" /> She often paid visits to her father in Kiratpur, visiting the gardens alongside him near the Shish Mahal.<ref name=":4" />

Rup Kaur's father, Guru Har Rai, had gifted her a ''pothi'' (volume) of ''[[gurbani]]'' on the occasion of her marriage, which is now preserved at Gurdwara Manji Sahib in Kiratpur.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harjeet |title=Faith & Philosophy of Sikhism |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2009 |isbn=9788178357218 |pages=106}}</ref> The pothi consists of 559 pages, mostly consisting of gurbani, with Rup Kaur later adding her own writings toward the end of the pothi.<ref name=":4" /> Rup Kaur wrote the ''Guru ke Munh dian Sakhian'', a work that contains 32 [[Sakhi|sakhis]], of varying lengths, related to the guruship of her father, Guru Har Rai, within the pothi starting on page 492.{{Efn|The name of the literary work produced by Rup Kaur is also rendered as 'Sri Satguru Ji De Muheyn Dian Sakhian'.|group=note}}<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Sikh Courier International - Volumes 38-42 |publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain |year=1998 |pages=10 |quote=Apart from all that, Bibi Roop Kaur the daughter of Guru Har Raiji, compiled thirty two gospels at one place and emerged as the first woman editor in the Guru family. This compilation of gospels is known as the Gospels of Bibi Roop Kaur. She is not only the first editor of the literature of Gurus, she is in fact the first editor of Punjabi also.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gill |first=Mohinder Kaur |title=The Role and Status of Women in Sikhism |publisher=National Book Shop |year=1995 |isbn=9788171161751 |pages=45}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> There are also sakhis related to Guru Amar Das and Guru Arjan in the work.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition |date=10 July 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199087808 |chapter=Pothi Bibi Rup Kaur and Granth Bhai Painda}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> The work is also known as ''Pothi Bibi Rup Kaur''.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Mann |first=Gurinder Singh |date=2008 |title=Sources for the Study of Guru Gobind Singh's Life and Times |url=http://giss.org/pdf/GGS.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |volume=15 |issue=1–2 |pages=277 |quote=109. The sectarian divisions within the growing Sikh community seemed to have resulted in the creation of their own versions of the Janam Sakhi of Guru Nanak. For the earliest manuscript of the version associated with the followers of Prithi Chand, see MS 2306, Khalsa College. Another version known as the Bala Janam Sakhi is associated with Baba Handal (d. 1648), a Sikh leader who left the community and created his own group. An illustrated manuscript of this text was prepared in 1658 and was extant in Faridabad until recently. The Janam Sakhi genre also expanded to include stories about Guru Nanak’s successors. For the text of the stories in Pothi Bibi Rup Kaur, see Piara Singh Padam, Prachin Punjabi Gadd, 66-86. An independent tradition evolved around Guru Amardas, with the earliest manuscript being dated 1683 (MS 676, Central Public Library, Patiala). For its published edition, see Raijasbir Singh, Guru Amardas Srot Pustak (Amritsar: Guru Nanak Dev University, 1986), 43-207. We also see the emergence of a narrative around Guru Arjan (undated, Prichha Mahala Panjve Ka. MS 2219A, Khalsa College, ff. 1-25). |via=Global Institute for Sikh Studies}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> The work was written by Rup Kaur shortly after her father's death in 1661.<ref name=":5" /> In the work, Rup Kaur explains how to properly conduct the daily ''[[Ardās|Ardas]]'' prayer.<ref name=":4" /> She also preserved a teaching regarding the treatment of women in her writings.<ref name=":4" />

Piara Singh Padam published some of the sakhis found in the work in ''Prachin Punjabi Gadd''.<ref name=":32" /> Narinder Kaur Bhatia also published information regarding the pothi in her work ''Sri Satguru Ji de Muhain dian Sakhian''.<ref name=":5" />

== Death and legacy ==
Rup Kaur died in Dayalpur, where present-day Gurdwara Nabha Sahib is located.<ref name=":4" /> Rup Kaur died sometime before December 1705 and her family relocated to Banur.<ref name=":4" /> Her literary contribution remains one of the few contemporary sources on the guruship of her father, Guru Har Rai.<ref name=":4" /> According to Daljit Kaur, the managers of Gurdwara Manji Sahib have mistakenly attributed the relics held there to Bibi Veero, daughter of Guru Hargobind, where in-fact they should be properly related to Rup Kaur.<ref name=":4" />

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
<references />
{{Sikhism}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:17th-century women writers]]
[[Category:17th-century writers]]
[[Category:Sikhs]]

Krishna Moyo

2026-03-15T11:22:22Z

NatishaMooring9:

{{Short description|Indian theatre actor and singer}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Moyo
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishna Laxman Moyo
| birth_date = 1919
| birth_place = [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|singer-songwriter|playwright}}
| citizenship = India (from 1961)
| death_place = Goa, India (most likely)
| years_active = 1950s–1970s
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''Kombekar João''
* ''Don Bailancho Ghov''
* ''Bolkavancher Gozali''
}}
}}

'''Krishna Laxman Moyo''' (1919 – unknown) was an Indian theatre actor, comedian, singer-songwriter, and playwright known for his work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions and [[radio programme]]s.

==Career==
Moyo was a popular [[Goan]] cultural figure known for his pioneering work in [[Music of Goa|Konkani music]] and theater during the mid-20th century. At the time, the realm of Konkani ''[[Tiatr#Songs|kantars]]'', a form of song tradition, was predominantly led by [[Christian]] artists. He broke new ground as the initial [[Hindu]] artist to engage in singing and preserving [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''kantars''. His original [[musical composition|compositions]], including "Kombekar João", "Naka Vochonk Kashinat", "Krishna Mojem Nanv", and "Mogan Uloi", gained popularity among Goan audiences. In addition to his musical contributions, Moyo achieved a significant milestone by becoming the inaugural Hindu to undertake the production and staging of ''[[tiatr]]s'', a traditional style of Goan theater characterized by an all-Hindu ensemble. Two of his well-received ''tiatr'' productions were ''Kombekar João'' and ''Don Bailancho Ghov'' (Husband of Two Wives).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=57 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Konkani phonology#Structure|Antruzi dialect]] of the [[Romi Konkani]] language is derived from the linguistic heritage of the [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] region in [[Goa]]. Moyo was part of the generation of Antruzi playwrights who attempted to build upon the foundational work of earlier pioneers in this literary tradition, such as [[Shenoi Goembab]] and Acharya Naik, though the success of these efforts was uneven. Overall, Moyo played a pioneering role in expanding the participation of Hindu artists within the traditionally Christian-dominated Konkani performing arts scene in Goa during the mid-20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=José |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vAJAQAAIAAJ |title=Literary Konkani: A Brief History |date=1973 |publisher=Konkani Sahitya Prakashan |pages=45 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701175315/https://books.google.com/books?id=_vAJAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Information regarding Moyo's participation in ''[[tiatr]]s'', a traditional form of [[Goan]] theater, is relatively scarce in the historical record. Available evidence suggests that he played roles as a performer in both [[amateur theatre|amateur]] and professional ''tiatr'' productions. One documented appearance by Moyo was in a 1957 staging of the ''tiatr Aiz Ratri'' (Today's Night), written by playwright [[Jacinto Vaz]]. This performance took place on November 17 as part of the feast of the [[Guardian angel]] in the town of [[Sanvordem]], [[Goa]]. In this production, Moyo was cast in a comedic role. Moyo also had a part in another ''tiatr'' titled ''Maca Nacat Tuje Sat Lak'' (I Don't Need Your Seven Lakhs), directed by C. A. Gomes. This two-act performance featured Moyo performing comedy routines alongside established ''[[tiatrist]]s'' [[Dioguinho D'Mello]] and Jacinto Vaz. This theatrical production was dedicated to honoring a student who achieved the 1st rank among their peers at Guardian Angel High School in the [[S.S.C]] exams held in that academic year. While the broader scope of Moyo's involvement in the Goan ''tiatr'' tradition remains unclear due to limited documentation, these examples demonstrate that he made contributions as a comedic actor in significant theatrical works during the mid-20th century in the region.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=292–293 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the [[Liberation of Goa|post-liberation period of Goa]], several playwrights contributed significantly to the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' (theatrical performance) scene. Moyo was recognized as a figure among [[Hindu]] ''tiatrists'' in the Konkani theatre scene, contributing significantly to the development and influence of Konkani ''tiatr'' performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiatr: living in the love of the common people. |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tiatr:+living+in+the+love+of+the+common+people-a0315920716 |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=www.thefreelibrary.com |archive-date=2014-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115201635/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Tiatr%3A+living+in+the+love+of+the+common+people-a0315920716 |url-status=live }}</ref> He was part of a group of Konkani playwrights active in the years after Goa's liberation, which included figures like Pundalik Dando, Vinay Surlakar, Chandrakant Parsekar, and Ramkrishna Zuankar. These writers helped revitalize and enliven the Konkani theatrical tradition through their dramatic works. Despite the contributions of playwrights such as Moyo, the 1987 ''[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]'', authored by [[Amaresh Datta]], noted that the [[tiatr|Konkani theater]] scene had not yet seen the emergence of a truly "great and original dramatist". The Konkani theatre was still developing and in need of more acclaimed dramatists to emerge from the region.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: K to Navalram |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2 |pages=2389 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2023-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824121859/https://books.google.com/books?id=QaIRAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the 1970s, Moyo participated in [[radio programs]] broadcast by [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]], India's national [[public radio]] service. On 18 March 1972, Moyo was credited as a contributor to the [[Konkani-language]] radio program ''Chavder'', which translates to "program" in English. The specific title of the program was ''Bolkavancher Gozali'', which means "Gossips at the Porch". This was a family-oriented [[Radio drama|serial]] created by Professor Keshav Narayan Barve. Moyo appeared alongside other participants Geeta Sardesai and Narahari Valvaikar. The program aired on Akashvani in [[Panaji]], the capital city of [[Goa]], at approximately 6:30 pm.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RP5DwAAQBAJ |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXVII, No. 12 ( 12 MARCH, 1972 ) |date=1972-03-12 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |pages=29 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701175310/https://books.google.com/books?id=1RP5DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Bolkavancher Gozali'' serial had previously debuted as early as 16 January 1971. During those initial broadcasts in 1971, Moyo was featured along with [[Shrirang Narvekar]], Manik Rataboli, and Lata Khanvte.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kgT5DwAAQBAJ |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXVI, No.3 ( 10 JANUARY, 1971 ) |date=1971-01-10 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |pages=26 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701175311/https://books.google.com/books?id=kgT5DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 June 1972, Moyo again participated in the ''Bolkavancher Gozali'' serial, this time alongside Vishnu Kapadi, Shrirang Narvekar, and Sharayu Kirtani. On this particular broadcast, the program included an interview with individuals who had benefited from [[family planning]] initiatives.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qxn5DwAAQBAJ |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XXXVII. No. 24 ( 4 JUNE, 1972 ) |date=1972-06-04 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |pages=33 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-11 |archive-date=2024-06-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612062125/https://books.google.com/books?id=qxn5DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
There is not much information available about Moyo's personal life. According to the 2010 book ''When the Curtains Rise'' by retired [[Goa University]] professor André Rafael Fernandes, Moyo was born in the year 1919 in the town of [[Bicholim]], [[Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India). Speaking more about his character qualities, Fernandes describes Moyo as "dear to the [[Goan]]s".<ref name=":0" /> From Bicholim, Moyo would travel to [[Panaji]], which was {{cvt|26|km}} away for work during the early 1970s. During this period, he was cast in a [[radio program]] on [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]] titled ''Bolkavancher Gozali'' (Gossips at the Porch).<ref name=":1" />

==Selected works==
===''Tiatrs''===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref
|-
|1957
|''Aiz Ratri''
|Comedian
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|1950s or 1960s
|''Maca Nacat Tuje Sat Lak''
|Comedian
|-
|
|''Kombekar João''
|Writer
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Don Bailancho Ghov''
|Writer
|}

===Radio programme===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Ref
|-
|1971–1972
|''Bolkavancher Gozali''
|Participant
|Konkani
|<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moyo, Krishna}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]

Udaipur

2026-03-13T23:00:03Z

NatishaMooring9: fixed details additionally based on references

{{short description|City in Rajasthan, India}}
{{About|the city in Rajasthan|city in the state of Tripura|Udaipur, Tripura||Udaipur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udaipur
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1=Evening view, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg
| caption1 =Evening view of the city
| image2= 20191207 City Palace, Udaipur 1701 7325.jpg
| caption2 = [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace complex]]
| image6= Rishabhdeo Jain temple (9710280717).jpg
| caption6 = [[Kesariyaji]] jain temple
| image4=Udaipur, India, Jag Mandir Palace.jpg
| caption4 =[[Jag Mandir]]
| image5=Monsoon Palace, Udaipur.jpg
| caption5 =[[Monsoon Palace]]
| image3=Jagdish Temple Udaipur.jpg
| caption3=[[Jagdish Temple]]
| image7=Udaipur Lake Palace.jpg
| caption7=[[Lake Palace]] in [[Pichola Lake]]
| image8=View of Udaipur from City Palace.jpg
| caption8 =Udaipur landscape
}}
| nicknames = The White City, City of Lakes
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Udaipur
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.58|N|73.68|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Rajasthan.svg}} [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udaipur district|Udaipur]]
| established_date = {{start date and age|1559}}
| founder = [[Udai Singh II]]
| named_for = Udai Singh II
| governing_body = [[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Govind Singh Tank
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 132
| area_footnotes = <ref name="JanaaGraha_Udaipur">{{cite web|title=Udaipur Municipal Corporation - Annual Report 2015-16|url=http://janaagraha.org/files/udaipur-report-v15.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920164155/http://janaagraha.org/files/udaipur-report-v15.pdf|publisher=[[Janaagraha]]|archive-date=20 September 2018|access-date=22 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 423
| population_total = 474,531
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="c2011"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = {{no wrap|Additional}}
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = {{hlist|[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]|[[Mewari language|Mewari]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 313001- 313024
| area_code = +91294xxxxxx
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = RJ-27, RJ-58
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]]
| website = {{URL|www.udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in}}|
| established_title = Established
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[BJP]]
}}
'''Udaipur''' ([[Hindi]]: {{IPA|hi|ʊdəjpʊɾ|IPA}}, {{audio|Udaipur.ogg|pronunciation|help=no}}) ([[ISO 15919]]: ''Udayapura'') is a city in the north-western [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]], about {{cvt|415|km|mi}} south of the state capital [[Jaipur]].<ref name="Udaipur location" /><ref>{{cite web|first=Soumya|last=Srivastava|title=Weekend at Udaipur: Two days are all you need to fall in love with the city of lakes|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/weekend-at-udaipur-two-days-are-all-you-need-to-fall-in-love-with-the-city-of-lakes/story-YkpbTQiUrjsATzNWjoTbwL.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730131543/https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/weekend-at-udaipur-two-days-are-all-you-need-to-fall-in-love-with-the-city-of-lakes/story-YkpbTQiUrjsATzNWjoTbwL.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=30 July 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|access-date=30 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It serves as the administrative headquarters of [[Udaipur district]]. It is the historic capital of the [[kingdom of Mewar]] in the former [[Rajputana Agency]]. It was founded in 1559 by [[Udai Singh II]] of the [[Sisodia Dynasty|Sisodia]] clan of [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajputs]],<ref name="Udaipur history">{{cite news|url=https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623235306/https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/history.html|title=Udaipur History|publisher=Official Website of Udaipur via [[Government of Rajasthan]]|archive-date=23 June 2015|access-date=26 November 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> when he shifted his capital from the city of [[Chittorgarh]] to Udaipur after Chittorgarh was besieged by [[Akbar]]. It remained as the capital city till 1818 when Mewar became a [[British Raj|British princely state]],<ref name="Udaipur history" /> and thereafter the [[Mewar]] province became a part of Rajasthan when India gained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence]] in 1947.<ref name=udaipur.org.uk>{{cite web|title=Udaipur History|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102162335/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/history.html|website=Udaipur.org.uk|access-date=31 August 2015|archive-date=2 November 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also known as the ''City of Lakes,'' as it is surrounded by [[Udaipur City's Five lakes|five major artificial lakes]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur - About |url=https://www.andbeyond.com/destinations/asia/india/north-india/rajasthan/udaipur/#:~:text=Picturesque%20and%20elegant%2C%20Udaipur%20is,and%20the%20ancient%20Aravelli%20Hills. |website=Andbeyond.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur - The City of Lakes {{!}} Best Lakes in Udaipur |url=https://www.bamboosaa.com/resort-spa-udaipur/blogs/udaipur---the-city-of-lakes.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.bamboosaa.com |language=en}}</ref>

The city is located in the southernmost part of Rajasthan, near the [[Gujarat]] border. To its west is the [[Aravali Range]], which separates it from the [[Thar Desert]]. It is placed close to the median point between two major Indian [[Metro cities of India|metro cities]], around 660 km from [[Delhi]] and 800 km from [[Mumbai]]. Besides, connectivity with [[Gujarat]] ports gives Udaipur a strategic geographical advantage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur Location|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102162451/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/location.html|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/location.html|website=Udaipur.org.uk|access-date=9 September 2017|archive-date=2 November 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> Udaipur is well connected with nearby cities and states by means of road, rail and air transportation facilities. The city is served by the [[Maharana Pratap Airport]]. Common languages spoken include [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] ([[Mewari language|Mewari]]).

Dubbed "the most romantic spot on the [[Indian subcontinent|continent of India]]" by [[Company rule in India|British]] administrator [[James Tod]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Udaipur|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/udaipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111223907/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/rajasthan/udaipur|website=lonelyplanet.com|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=11 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Udaipur is a tourist destination and is known for its history, culture, scenic locations and the Rajput-era palaces. It has seven lakes surrounding the city. [[Udaipur City's Five lakes|Five]] of the major lakes, namely [[Fateh Sagar Lake]], [[Lake Pichola]], [[Swaroop Sagar Lake]], [[Rang Sagar Lake|Rangsagar]], and [[Doodh Talai Lake]], have been included under the restoration project of the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP) of the [[Government of India]].<ref name="NLCP Report">{{cite web|first1=M.S.|last1=Reddy|first2=N.V.V.|last2=Char|title=Management of Lakes in India|url=http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/Management_of_lakes_in_India_10Mar04.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529014441/http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/Management_of_lakes_in_India_10Mar04.pdf|website=worldlakes.org|publisher=(NLCP) - National Lake Conservation Plan|access-date=31 August 2015|date=10 March 2004|archive-date=29 May 2005|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Besides lakes, Udaipur is also known for its historic forts and palaces, [[museum]]s, galleries, natural locations and gardens, architectural temples, as well as traditional fairs, festivals and structures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur Tourist Attractions|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/tourist-attractions/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210114518/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/tourist-attractions/index.html|website=Udaipur.org.uk|archive-date=10 February 2006|access-date=9 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Due to the several lakes present here, it is one of several cities in Asia that are sometimes called the "[[Venice of the East]]".<ref>{{cite news|author=India |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/738438/Udaipur-An-eternal-melding-of-the-ages.html |title=Udaipur: An eternal melding of the ages |publisher=Telegraph |date= 2 February 2008|accessdate=2012-10-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tdil.mit.gov.in/e_tourism_cdac/tourism1/MIT_E_TOURISM_UDAIPUR.HTML |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127150435/http://tdil.mit.gov.in/e_tourism_cdac/tourism1/MIT_E_TOURISM_UDAIPUR.HTML |archive-date=27 January 2010 |title=Udaipur (Venice of the East) |website=Technology Development for Indian Languages }}</ref> Udaipur's economy is primarily driven by [[tourism]], though minerals, marble processing, chemical manufacturing and development, electronic manufacturing and the handicraft industry are also contributors.<ref name="economy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.udaipurmc.org/Static/Pdf/Chapte4.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909100218/http://www.udaipurmc.org/Static/Pdf/Chapte4.pdf|title=Local Economy|url-status=dead|website=Udaipurmc.org|publisher=[[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]|archive-date=9 September 2017|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> Udaipur hosts several state and regional public offices, including offices of Director of Mines and Geology, Commissioner of Excise, Commissioner of Tribal Area Development, and [[Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals|Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited]], as well as major private companies like [[Hindustan Zinc|Hindustan Zinc Limited]]. Udaipur is rising as an educational hub as well, with 5 universities, 14 colleges and more than 160 high schools.<ref name="economy" />

==History==
{{main|Udaipur State|History of Udaipur}}

Udaipur as it is today was founded by Maharana [[Udai Singh II]] in 1559, the father of [[Maharana Pratap]]. [[Udai Singh II|Udai Singh]] decided that the best spot for his new capital was around Lake Pichola and Udaipur turned into the city it now is.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur {{!}} Rajasthan, Lakes, Palaces, & Map {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Udaipur-India |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Establishment as a city===
[[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Statue of [[Maharana Pratap]] of Mewar, commemorating the [[Battle of Haldighati]].]]
Udaipur was founded in 1559,<ref name="Udaipur history" /> by Maharana Udai Singh II in the fertile circular [[Girwa tehsil|Girwa]] Valley to the southwest of [[Nagda]], on the [[Banas River]]. The city was established as the new capital of the [[Udaipur State|Mewar kingdom]]. This area already had a thriving trading town, Ayad, which had served as the capital of Mewar in the 10th through 12th centuries.<ref name="Udaipur history" /> The Girwa region was thus already well known to Chittorgarh rulers who moved to it whenever the vulnerable tableland [[Chittorgarh|Chittaurgarh]] was threatened with enemy attacks. Maharana Udai Singh II, in the wake of the 16th-century emergence of artillery warfare, decided during his exile at [[Kumbhalgarh Fort]] to move his capital to a more secure location. Ayad was flood-prone, hence he chose the ridge east of [[Lake Pichola|Pichola Lake]] to start his new capital city, where he came upon a [[hermit]] while hunting in the foothills of the [[Aravalli Range]]. In the myth, the hermit blessed the king and guided him to build a palace on the spot, assuring him it would be well protected. Udai Singh II consequently established a residence on the site. In November 1567, the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Akbar]] [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|conquered Chittor]]. To protect his territory from attack, Rana Udai Singh built a six-kilometre-long city wall, with seven gates,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jain|first1=Manishika|title=GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques|publisher=Examrace.com, 2009|isbn=978-81-7906-190-9|page=36|edition=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-ywPPUdIZUC&q=eight+gates+in+udaipur|access-date=17 May 2016|year=2009}}</ref> namely [[Surajpole (Udaipur)|Surajpole]], [[Chandpole (Udaipur)|Chandpole]], [[Udiapole]], [[Hathipole (Udaipur)|Hathipole]], Ambapole, Brahmpole, Delhi Gate, and Kishanpole. The area within these walls and gates is still known as the old city or the walled city.

In September 1576, [[Akbar]] himself arrived at Udaipur and remained there for 6 months until May 1577.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814022907/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00701022%26ct%3D118|title=The Akbarnama of Abu Fazl|archive-date=14 August 2017|access-date=14 August 2017|url-status=dead|work=persian.packhum.org}}</ref> At that time, Akbar tried to conquer Udaipur in the [[Battle of Haldighati]]. However, Akbar was unable to capture Maharana Pratap, who resisted Mughal rule, and some sources even states that the battle was inconclusive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharana Pratap was greater than Akbar: Yogi Adityanath |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/maharana-pratap-was-greater-akbar-yogi-adityanath-675043.html#:~:text=Maharana%20Pratap%20displayed%20the%20courage,was%20great,%22%20he%20said. |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> By the mid 18th century after the fall of the Mughal Empire it came under the influence of the [[Maratha Empire]] and became a tributary until late 18th Century, eventually becaming a [[princely state]] of [[British India]] in 1818. Being a mountainous region and unsuitable for heavily armoured Mughal horses, Udaipur remained safe from Mughal influence despite much pressure.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} At present, [[Maharana]] [[Mahendra Singh Mewar]] is the 76th custodian of the [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar dynasty]].

== Geography ==
Udaipur has been ranked 14th best "National Clean Air City" under (Category 2 3-10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |access-date=23 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914164336/https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Topography===
[[File:India - Udaipur - 001 - Udaipur Palace panorama from the lake (1038245526).jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|The [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] alongside [[Lake Pichola]].}}]]
Udaipur is located at {{Coord|24.525049|N|73.677116|E}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/maps/?v=2&cp=23.594878~80.031898&lvl=6&dir=0&sty=r&q=Udaipur%2C%20Rajasthan&form=LMLTCC%7ctitle=coordinates|title=Udaipur, Rajasthan|work=[[Bing Maps]]|access-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> The city covers an area of {{cvt|64|km2}}<ref name="JanaaGraha_Udaipur"/> and lies at an altitude of {{convert|598.00|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level. It is located in the southern region of Rajasthan, near the [[Gujarat]] border.<ref name="Udaipur location">{{cite web|url=https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/location-and-area.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611064317/https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/location-and-area.html|title=Udaipur - Location and Area|publisher=Official Website of Udaipur via [[Government of Rajasthan]]|archive-date=11 June 2015|access-date=26 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> The city lies {{convert|403|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} southwest of the state capital, [[Jaipur]] and {{convert|250|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} northeast from [[Ahmedabad]].

Udaipur with its lakes lies on the south slope of the [[Aravalli Range]] in Rajasthan. The northern part of the district consists generally of elevated plateaus, while the eastern part has vast stretches of fertile plains. The southern part is covered with rocks, hills and dense forest. There are two important passages in the Aravali ranges viz. [[Desuri]] Nal and Saoke which serves as a link between Udaipur and [[Jodhpur District]].<ref name="dcmsme">{{cite web|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Udaipur District|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124223615/http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf|archive-date=24 January 2013|access-date=24 January 2013|website=dcmsme.gov.in|publisher=Development Commissioner via [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The lakes of the city being interconnected form a lake system which supports and sustains the groundwater recharge, water availability for drinking, agriculture, industries and is a source of employment through tourism. The lake system has three main lakes in its upper catchment area, six lakes within its municipal boundary and one lake in the downstream. The Udaipur lake system, arising out of the river Berach (Banas Basin) and its tributaries, is an integral component of the upper Berach basin. The upper Berach basin is a part of the Gangetic river system, wherein the river Berach meets river [[Ganga]] through the rivers [[Banas River|Banas]], [[Chambal River|Chambal]] and [[Yamuna]].<ref name="udaipur lakes and ecology" />

The Udaipur Lake System can be divided into the following categories:<ref name="udaipur lakes and ecology">{{cite web|first=Anil|last=Mehta|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Indian%20Case%20Studies/Q-5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923090039/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/nlcp/Indian%20Case%20Studies/Q-5.pdf|title=Citizens Role in Ecological, Limnological, Hydrologicial Conservation of Udaipur Lake System|archive-date=23 September 2015|date=2008|access-date=23 September 2015|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Upper lakes: [[Lake Badi]], Chhota Madar and Bada Madar
* City Lakes: [[Lake Pichola]], [[Fateh Sagar Lake]], [[Swaroop Sagar Lake]], [[Rang Sagar Lake|Rang Sagar]], Kumharia Talab, [[Goverdhan Sagar Lake|Goverdhan Sagar]].
* Downstream Lake: [[Udaisagar Lake]]
* River: [[Ahar River]]
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Maharaja Fateh Singh of Udaipur, (r.1884-1930), on royal barge, Udaipur.jpg|[[Fateh Singh of Udaipur and Mewar|Maharana Fateh Singh]] (1884–1930) of Udaipur, on a royal barge, in [[Lake Pichola]].
File:Udaipur-Rajasthan.jpg|View of a [[Fateh Sagar Lake]] from a distance.
File:The View from the history.jpg|A view of Udaipur from [[City Palace, Udaipur]].
File:Udaipur city view.jpg|alt=Udaipur from the City Palace|View of Udaipur as seen from the City Palace
</gallery>

== Climate ==
[[File:Panoroma of Old City od Udaipur.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Panoramic view of old city of Udaipur with City Palace behind it.}}]]
Udaipur city has a hot [[semi-arid climate]]. The three main seasons, summer, monsoon and winter respectively, dominate the city of Udaipur. Being located in the desert lands of Rajasthan, the climate and weather of Udaipur is usually hot. The summer season runs from mid-March to June and touches temperature ranging from {{convert|23|C}} to {{convert|44|C}} in the months of March to June. Monsoons arrive in the month of July heralded by dust and thunderstorms.<ref>{{cite web |last=Udhani |first=Vicky |title=Best time to visit Udaipur |url=https://vnvtours.com/the-ultimate-guide-to-the-best-time-to-visit-udaipur/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814082034/https://www.vnvtours.com/blog/the-ultimate-guide-to-the-best-time-to-visit-udaipur/ |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |website= |publisher=}}</ref> With its greenery and lakes, the city is one of the top monsoon destinations of the country.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sanchita|last=Kalra|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/48087/top-10-monsoon-destinations-in-india|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118143846/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/48087/top-10-monsoon-destinations-in-india|title=A list of perfect getaways that we think are the best to savour the magic of monsoons in India|date=25 July 2014|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=18 January 2021|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=live}}</ref> The winter season prevails from the month of October till the month of March. Humidity, which prevails during monsoons, diminishes at the arrival of winters. The city observes pleasant sunny days and enjoyable cool nights with the temperature ranging from {{convert|5|C}} to {{convert|30|C}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udaipurian.com/blog/temp-in-udaipur/#.YVCYxrgzaM8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714011215/https://www.udaipurian.com/blog/temp-in-udaipur/|title=Temp in Udaipur – Weather and Climate in Udaipur City|date=29 February 2020|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=14 July 2020|website=Udaipurian.com|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/udaipur-climate.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709160646/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/udaipur-climate.html|website=Udaipur.org.uk|title=Udaipur Weather|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Udaipur's monsoon and winter climates are the most appealing time to visit. Tourists arrive in large numbers, anytime between mid-September to late March or early April. Even in January, the coldest month, the days are bright, sunny and warm with maximum temperature around {{convert|28.3|C}}. Mornings, evenings and nights are cold.<ref name="tourism">{{cite web|url=https://kalaashramayurved.org/about-udaipur/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707072915/https://kalaashramayurved.org/about-udaipur/|title=Udaipur - The Lake City of India|access-date=7 July 2017|archive-date=7 July 2017|website=kalaashramayurved.org|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/udaipur.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212192116/http://www.tourism.rajasthan.gov.in/udaipur.html|title=Udaipur Tourism: Places to Visit in Udaipur|access-date=7 July 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|publisher=Rajasthan Tourism via [[Government of Rajasthan]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = [[Udaipur Airport]] (1991–2020, extremes 1965–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 33.3
| Feb record high C = 37.0
| Mar record high C = 42.0
| Apr record high C = 44.0
| May record high C = 46.4
| Jun record high C = 46.2
| Jul record high C = 41.4
| Aug record high C = 38.4
| Sep record high C = 38.8
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 36.6
| Dec record high C = 34.0
| year record high C = 46.4
| Jan high C = 24.5
| Feb high C = 27.9
| Mar high C = 33.6
| Apr high C = 37.8
| May high C = 40.2
| Jun high C = 37.5
| Jul high C = 32.2
| Aug high C = 30.5
| Sep high C = 32.1
| Oct high C = 33.4
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 26.0
| year high C = 32.2
| Jan low C = 7.6
| Feb low C = 10.3
| Mar low C = 15.6
| Apr low C = 21.1
| May low C = 25.8
| Jun low C = 26.4
| Jul low C = 24.9
| Aug low C = 23.7
| Sep low C = 22.0
| Oct low C = 17.8
| Nov low C = 13.0
| Dec low C = 8.8
| year low C = 18.2
| Jan record low C = -1.3
| Feb record low C = -1.3
| Mar record low C = 5.1
| Apr record low C = 10.0
| May record low C = 15.2
| Jun record low C = 19.0
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 19.0
| Sep record low C = 13.4
| Oct record low C = 9.4
| Nov record low C = 3.4
| Dec record low C = -0.9
| year record low C = -1.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 3.0
| Feb rain mm = 1.3
| Mar rain mm = 1.7
| Apr rain mm = 7.8
| May rain mm = 11.0
| Jun rain mm = 76.8
| Jul rain mm = 235.6
| Aug rain mm = 205.4
| Sep rain mm = 112.1
| Oct rain mm = 13.7
| Nov rain mm = 5.2
| Dec rain mm = 0.8
| year rain mm = 674.2
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 1.0
| Jun rain days = 4.7
| Jul rain days = 9.6
| Aug rain days = 9.8
| Sep rain days = 5.9
| Oct rain days = 0.9
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 33.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 34
| Feb humidity = 28
| Mar humidity = 21
| Apr humidity = 19
| May humidity = 23
| Jun humidity = 42
| Jul humidity = 66
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 60
| Oct humidity = 36
| Nov humidity = 36
| Dec humidity = 36
| year humidity = 40
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = 8 April 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Udaipur (Dabok)(A) Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| date = January 2015
| pages = 767–768
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| date = December 2016
| page = M188-M189
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityrainfall>{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42542
| title = Udaipur (Airport) (Dabok)(42542)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 2 August 2022
| archive-date = 5 April 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230405021808/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42542
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| source =
}}

{{Weather box
| location = Udaipur City (extremes 1901–2008)
| metric first= yes
| single line= yes
| collapsed = yes
| Jan record high C = 30.8
| Feb record high C = 36.7
| Mar record high C = 39.1
| Apr record high C = 44.4
| May record high C = 44.6
| Jun record high C = 43.4
| Jul record high C = 40.0
| Aug record high C = 35.6
| Sep record high C = 37.8
| Oct record high C = 37.7
| Nov record high C = 35.0
| Dec record high C = 33.8
|year record high C = 44.6
| Jan record low C = 0.9
| Feb record low C = 0.4
| Mar record low C = 5.2
| Apr record low C = 10.6
| May record low C = 16.3
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jul record low C = 18.6
| Aug record low C = 15.2
| Sep record low C = 11.8
| Oct record low C = 8.6
| Nov record low C = 3.8
| Dec record low C = 0.6
|year record low C = 0.4
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDextremes/>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331073524/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Demographical Data of the Urban Centers|archive-date=31 March 2019|access-date=31 March 2019|website=populstat.info|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1891 | 46700
| 1901 | 45600
| 1911 | 46000
| 1941 | 59600
| 1951 | 89600
| 1961 | 111100
| 1968 | 133400
| 1971 | 162900
| 1981 | 229800
| 1991 | 308600
| 2001 | 389438
| 2011 | 451100
}}

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Udaipur City (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|72.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|15.67}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Rajasthan|Jainism]]|pink|9.86}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.63}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

According to the 2011 census, the total population of Udaipur city was 451,100. Including suburbs outside the city limits the population was 474,531.<ref name="c2011">{{cite web|first=Hemant Pratap|last=Singh|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/twenty-important-facts-about-the-rajasthan-1452075515-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407100210/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/twenty-important-facts-about-the-rajasthan-1452075515-1|title=Twenty Important facts about the Rajasthan|work=[[Jagran Josh]]|date=1 January 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|access-date=22 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the data, the male population of the city was 233,959 and the female population was 217,141 in 2011. The total population for the age group of 0–6 years old was 47,932. The sex-ratio of the city was 928. The child sex-ratio (0–6 years of age) was 866.

As per the estimated 2019 population data, the total population of Udaipur is 662,992.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Udaipur 2019|url=https://indiapopulation2019.com/population-of-udaipur-2019.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203190035/https://indiapopulation2019.com/population-of-udaipur-2019.html|website=indiapopulation2019.com|archive-date=3 December 2018|access-date=4 December 2018|url-status=usurped}}</ref> In recent years, the population growth of Udaipur has increased amazingly due to its weather, relaxing environment and wonderful places to visit nearby.

Udaipur has an average effective literacy rate of 90.43 percent, as compared to the national average of 74.04 percent:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515203127/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|title=Provisional Population Totals : India : Census 2011|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=15 May 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> male literacy rate being 95.41 percent while the female literacy rate being 85.08 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027032256/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=8 September 2015|archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Udaipur (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1 = 54.77 |color1 = orange
|label2 = [[Mewari]] |value2 = 23.03 |color2 = crimson
|label3 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value3 = 11.39 |color3 = firebrick
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 3.87 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value5 = 2.97 |color5 = limegreen
|label6 = Others |value6 = 3.97 |color6 = grey
|thumb=left
}}

[[Hindi]] and [[Mewari]] are the major languages spoken in Udaipur. [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Wagdi language|Wagdi]], [[Urdu]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] are some others which are in use in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udaipur.biz/home/udaipur-guide/geography-of-udaipur/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223183040/http://udaipur.biz/home/udaipur-guide/geography-of-udaipur/|title=Geography of Udaipur|website=Udaipur.biz|archive-date=23 December 2014|access-date=8 September 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Hindi is spoken by 54.77%, 23.03% Mewari, 11.39% [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 3.87% Urdu and 2.97% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue (Urban): Rajasthan |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] is the major religion followed in the city, with 72.9% of the city's population being [[Hindu]]. [[Muslims]] come second at 15.6%. The city also has a large Jain community. [[Jainism|Jains]] makes nearly 10% of the population of Udaipur, as compared to the [[2011 Census of India|national average]] of 0.37%.

==Government==
{{main|Udaipur Municipal Corporation}}
Udaipur is governed by the [[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]. The corporation has 70 municipal wards and Govind Singh Tak is the mayor. The city had a city council that was converted into a municipal corporation in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur Municipal Corporation|url=http://www.udaipurmc.org/static/default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029165144/http://www.udaipurmc.org/static/default.aspx|website=Udaipurmc.org|publisher=[[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]|archive-date=29 October 2016|access-date=8 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Recently, an all-woman police patrol team was deployed in Udaipur. The initiative, taken by the Rajasthan government, is aimed at ensuring the security of women from eve-teasers, and for the general safety of the public, especially tourists. The team is fully equipped with arms, security equipment, first aid and other amenities besides motorcycles for patrolling the city.<ref>{{cite web|first=Harsha Kumari|last=Singh|title=Trained In Arms, Martial Arts, Women-In-Blue Patrol Udaipur Streets|url=http://everylifecounts.ndtv.com/trained-in-arms-martial-arts-women-in-blue-patrol-udaipur-streets-6606|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107151855/https://everylifecounts.ndtv.com/trained-in-arms-martial-arts-women-in-blue-patrol-udaipur-streets-6606|date=6 November 2016|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-date=7 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Udaipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udaipur]] has its own constituency for representation in the [[Lok Sabha]]. The current representative of Udaipur is [[Mannalal Rawat]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/udaipur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2155375.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107232752/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/udaipur-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2155375.html|title=Udaipur Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Arjunlal Meena of BJP Wins|publisher=[[News18]]|date=23 May 2019|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Udaipur district|Udaipur]] has two legislative assembly seats: Udaipur City and Udaipur Rural. The current representative of both the seats are from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]].

==Economy==
[[File:Durbar Hall, Fateh Prakash Palace Hotel, Udaipur.jpg|thumb|The [[Durbar Hall]], Fateh Prakash Palace Hotel]]
Udaipur has a diversified economic base. The major contributions to the city's economy come from tourism, agriculture and mineral industries. The handicraft and cottage industry sectors play an important part in contributing to the growing economy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipuronline.in/city-guide/economy-of-udaipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303023851/http://www.udaipuronline.in/city-guide/economy-of-udaipur|title=Economy of Udaipur|website=Udaipuronline.in|archive-date=3 March 2014|access-date=3 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The city has also been included under the [[Smart Cities in India|Smart Cities]] mission initiated by the [[Government of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-of-98-smart-cities/articleshow/48694723.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828210841/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Full-list-of-98-smart-cities/articleshow/48694723.cms|title=Full list of 98 smart cities|date=27 August 2015|access-date=28 August 2015|archive-date=28 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> and is selected in the list of first 20 cities to be developed as smart cities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bhubaneswar leads Govt's Smart City list, Rs 50,802 crore to be invested over five years|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bhubaneswar-tops-first-list-of-smart-cities/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129095421/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/bhubaneswar-tops-first-list-of-smart-cities/|date=29 January 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=29 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2001 census of India, 36% of Udaipur resident was reported to be meaningfully employed.

;Handicrafts

Udaipur is well known for handicrafts such as paintings, marble articles, silver arts and terracotta. The [[Shilpgram, Udaipur|Shilpgram]] is a platform where regional handicraft and hand-loom products are developed. Craft bazaars are organised by the Shilpgram,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-27 |title=Shilpgram Utsav: Real festival of craftsmen, folk artists from far off villages |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/shilpgram-utsav-real-festival-of-craftsmen-folk-artists-from-far-off-villages/articleshow/56190759.cms |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> with an aim to encourage the regional arts and crafts, the handicraft and hand-loom works.

;Tourism
[[File:City Palace Aerial View by Pranshu Dubey.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] on [[Lake Pichola]]]]
[[File:A view of Villages and farms in south Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|Farming lands amongst the Aravali hills]]

Udaipur, with its lakes, and historic palaces and architecture, is a major destination for tourists, both domestic and foreign nationals visiting the state. Over 1.4 million tourists visited Udaipur in 2016. With numerous hotels to serve visiting tourists, Udaipur is home to some of the country's most popular luxury hotels and resorts. [[The Oberoi Udaivilas]] has been ranked as the world's number 1 hotel in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|first=Melanie|last=Lieberman|url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/worlds-best/worlds-best-hotels?slide=4af7e838-d662-4517-9604-dfb70af82f4f#4af7e838-d662-4517-9604-dfb70af82f4f|title=No. 1 The Oberoi Udaivilas|website=travelandleisure.com|date=6 July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015}}</ref> [[Lake Palace|The Taj Lake Palace]] and the Leela Palace Udaipur are also amongst the most expensive hotels in the country.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sneha|last=Shetty|url=http://travel.india.com/articles/12-expensive-hotels-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708001253/https://travel.india.com/articles/12-expensive-hotels-india/|title=12 of the most expensive hotels in India|date=7 July 2015|access-date=7 July 2015|archive-date=8 July 2015|website=travel.india.com|url-status=dead}}</ref> With various other renowned hotel chains present in the city, the tourism sector has been a fairly large contributor to the economic growth and fame of Udaipur.

;Metals and Minerals industries

[[Udaipur district]] is particularly rich in mineral resources as a large variety of important minerals are found here. Copper, lead, zinc and silver, industrial minerals like phosphate, asbestos, calcite, limestone, Talc (soapstone), barites, wollastonite and marble are the major driving resources behind the industries based in the city.<ref name="dcmsme" /> Marble is exclusively mined, processed and exported from here around the world. The marble industry is well set and established with proper infrastructure and technological support for mining and processing. It is the largest sector giving employment to many people in the city and the immigrants from nearby areas.
Udaipur is also home to the world's second largest Zinc producer, [[Hindustan Zinc]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hzlindia.com/common/images/Hindustan%20Zinc%20AR%202011.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032051/http://www.hzlindia.com/common/images/Hindustan%20Zinc%20AR%202011.pdf|page=49|title=Annual Report 2011|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=24 September 2015|publisher=[[Hindustan Zinc]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Electronics design and manufacturing ===

Udaipur is host to medium and large enterprises designing and manufacturing electronic instruments, control panels, sensitive metering technology and LED lamps. The electrical and electronics industry in Udaipur employs over 6,000 people. These businesses are Tempsens, Pyrotech and Secure Meters Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.securemeters.com/index.php/global/about_us/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080204/http://www.securemeters.com/index.php/global/about_us/|title=Secure :: About us|website=securemeters.com|language=en|archive-date=2017-01-02|access-date=2017-11-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> Secure Meter Limited is one of the major meter manufacturers across the globe.

;Agriculture

Agriculture as in most other parts of the country, remains a leading sector in the city's economy. The Major crops of the area are Maize and Jowar in [[Kharif]] season and Wheat and Mustard in the [[Rabi crop|Rabi]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aadigyanproject.in/udaipur-agriculture/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515184244/http://aadigyanproject.in/udaipur-agriculture/|title=Udaipur Agriculture|archive-date=15 May 2017|access-date=15 May 2017|website=aadigyanproject.in|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pulses, groundnut and vegetables like brinjals, tomato, bottlegaurd are some of the major food products grown in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20contingency%20Plan/Rajasthan/RAJ22-Udaipur-9.3.2012.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318221557/https://agricoop.nic.in/Agriculture%20contingency%20Plan/Rajasthan/RAJ22-Udaipur-9.3.2012.pdf|title=Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Udaipur|archive-date=18 March 2013|access-date=18 March 2013|publisher=[[Department of Agriculture, Co-operation and Farmers' Welfare]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology]], along with its affiliated institutions, has been working towards identifying, designing, preparing and adapting new techniques in the field of production technology for agricultural development since its establishment.

==Tourism==
{{main|Tourist attractions in Udaipur}}

===List===
{| class="wikitable" width="90%"
! Picture !! Attraction !! Period !! Description
|-
| [[File:City Palace by lake Pichola, Udaipur.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[City Palace, Udaipur]]''' || 1559 ||Standing on the east bank of Lake Pichola is a massive series of palaces built at different times from 1559. Its main entrance is through the triple-arched gate - the Tripolia, built in 1725. This gate leads to a series of courtyards, overlapping partitions, terraces, corridors and gardens. The palace now houses a museum with many antique articles, paintings, decorative furniture and utensils from the royal era.
|-
| [[File:Udaipur, India, Lake Palace on Lake Pichola 2.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Lake Palace]]''' || 1743–1746 ||Situated over an island in Lake Pichola, the Lake Palace was constructed to serve as a royal summer palace. Built of white marble, the palace is now a luxury 5 star hotel, operating under the "[[Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces]]" banner.
|-
| [[File:Udaipur, India, Jag Mandir Palace.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Jag Mandir]]''' || 1551–1652 ||Jag Mandir is a palace built on an island in the Lake Pichola. Also known as the "Lake Garden Palace", it was constructed by three Maharanas of the Mewar kingdom. The construction started in 1551 and was completed by 1652. The royal family used the palace as a summer resort and pleasure palace.
|-
|[[File:Rishabhdeo Jain temple (9710280717).jpg|200px]] || '''[[Kesariyaji|Kesariyaji Temple]]''' ||9th century || The temple is dedicated to Lord Rishabh dev, the first Jain Tirthankara. The fifty-two pinnacles of the temple are seen from a long distance. The main idol in the temple is of Tirthankara Rishabha, carved in black stone in padmasana posture, about 3.5 feet (1.1 m) tall.
|-
| [[File:Sajjangarh1.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Monsoon Palace]] and [[Sajjangarh Biological Park]]''' || - ||The Monsoon Palace, also known as Sajjan Garh Palace, was built as an astronomical center to keep track of the movement of monsoon clouds in the area and also served as the summer resort of the Maharanas. Built with white marble, it is located on the Bansdara peak of the Aravalli hill range at an elevation of 944 m (3100 ft) above mean sea level. The palace has a view of the city's lakes, palaces, and surrounding countryside. Beneath the Monsoon Palace, the Sajjangarh Biological Park opened in 2004–2005. This park has many varieties of animals and birds brought from different parts of the world.
|-
| [[File:Jagdish Temple (4).jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Jagdish Temple]]''' || 1651 ||The [[Jagdish Temple]] is a large Hindu temple in the middle of Udaipur, built by Maharana Jagat Singh I. A key tourist place in the city, this temple is an example of [[Māru-Gurjara architecture]].
|-
| [[File:Meera temple Eklingji.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Eklingji]]''' || 8th century ||The [[Eklingji|Eklingji Temple]], dedicated to Lord Shiva and located 25 kilometers from Udaipur, is one of the most important Hindu pilgrimage sites in Rajasthan. The temple, which is located in the town of Eklingji (Kailashpuri), is the source of the place's common name. The temple's Shikhar towers 50 feet above the ground and has a circumference of 60 feet. A statue of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]] (bull) facing the deity may be seen on each of the four entrances to the sanctum sanctorum, which has four doors in each of the four directions. It is adorned with a black stone Shiva Lingam with five faces. The ancient temple, which is more than 1300 years old, has a large campus with up to 72 holy sites, including Samadhis, maths, and temples, spread throughout it.
|-
| [[File:Lake Fatehsagar.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Fateh Sagar Lake]]''' || 1678 ||Lake Fatehsagar is an artificial lake situated in the north-west part of Udaipur. The lake was originally built by Maharana Jai Singh and later reconstructed and extended by Maharana Fateh Singh. It also houses an aquarium named 'Under the Sun' inaugurated in 2017.
|-
|[[File:Sukhadia_circle,_Udaipur,_Rajasthan.jpg|200px]] || '''[[Sukhadia Circle]]''' || 1968 ||Sukhadia Circle (square) is large roundabout in the city's northern suburb and is a recreational centre. The square has in its centre, a small pond amidst which lies a 21 ft high three-tiered fountain. The fountain, made of marble is surmounted by a wheat-ear motif, a symbol of prosperity.
|-
| [[File:Udaipur-Sahelion Ki Bari-03-Garden of the rain without clouds-20131013.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Saheliyon-ki-Bari]]''' || 1710–1734 ||Sahelion ki Bari is a garden and tourist space in the northern part of the city. The garden with its fountains and kiosks, a lotus pool and marble elephants, was laid for a group of forty-eight young women attendants who accompanied a princess to Udaipur as part of her dowry.
|-
| [[File:Pichola See.JPG|200px]]|| '''[[Lake Pichola]]''' || 1362 ||Lake Pichola is an artificial freshwater lake and is one of the several contiguous lakes in the city of Udaipur. The lake's surroundings and the several islands within the lake have been developed over the centuries, with palaces, marble temples, family mansions, bathing ghats ([[Gangaur Ghat]], [[Ambrai Ghat]], Hanuman Ghat) and chabutaras (a raised platform, normally within a courtyard).
|-
| [[File:Statue of Maharana Pratap of Mewar, commemorating the Battle of Haldighati, City Palace, Udaipur.jpg|200px]]|| '''[[Moti Magri]]''' || - ||Moti Magri or Pearl Hill, is a memorial of the Rajput hero [[Maharana Pratap]]. Essentially a small hill, atop of which there is a bronze statue of the Maharana astride his favourite horse, Chetak. It was initiated by Maharana Bhagwat Singh Mewar, and carried over and completed with the help of public trust.
|-
|| [[File:Introducing Udaipur's latest Ropeway at Neemach Mata temple near fatehsagar lake.png|thumb]]||'''[[Neemach Mata Temple]] and ropeway''' || 22 January 2024 ||Neemach Mata Temple is believed to be more than 500 years old and is located on a hill near the Fateh Sagar Lake. The temple is 900 meters above on the top of the hill. This location provides a complete view of Udaipur. A [[gondola lift]] allows access to the temple.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neemach Mata Mandir ropeway – Udaipur's latest tourist attraction |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/travel-news/neemach-mata-mandir-ropeway-udaipurs-latest-tourist-attraction/articleshow/107090892.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=23 March 2024}}</ref> The ropeway was built by [https://www.ropeways.com/project/neemach-mata-ropeway-udaipur-rajasthan/ Damodar ropeways and Infra limited]. The ride offers views of the lakes, city and the surrounding hills.
The Ropeway Station also offers massage chairs, traditional costume photography and has started "[https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/udaipur/news/now-you-can-learn-yoga-along-with-neemach-mata-darshan-134046243.html Yoga with a View]" sessions for locals and tourists from 1 December 2024.
|-
|[[File:KarniMata.jpg|200px]] ||'''[[Karni Mata, Udaipur]]'''|| - || Karni mata temple is located at Doodh Talai near Pichola. There is a rope-way which takes visitors to a hill at which this temple is located. There are views of Pichola Lake, Jag Mandir and Doodh Talai. From the top one can view the whole city.
|-
| [[File:Pgk udaipur.jpg|200px]] ||'''[[Pratap Gaurav Kendra]]''' || - ||Pratap Gaurav Kendra Rashtriya Tirtha is situated at Tiger Hill. It was started by the Veer Shromani Maharana Pratap Samiti, and aims at providing information about [[Maharana Pratap]] and the historical heritage of the area with the help of modern technology.
|-
| [[File:GulabBagh Entrancec.jpg|200px]] ||'''[[Gulab Bagh and Zoo]]''' || - ||Gulab Bagh is the largest garden in Udaipur, situated at heart of the city. It is known for a wide variety plantation and includes various attractions including ponds, a library, toy train, zoological park, temples and a religious place for Arya Samaj, as well as several government offices.
|-
| [[File:I_Love_Udaipur.jpg|200px]] ||'''[[Pratap Park]]''' || 2016 ||Pratap Park is a garden situated near the bank of Pichola Lake. It has an open gymnasium and several other attractions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-26 |title=Pratap Park – A new destination in Udaipur wonderland |url=https://udaipurtimes.com/travel-and-tourism/pratap-park-a-new-destination-in-udaipur-wonderland/c74416-w2859-cid100741-s10708.htm |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=udaipurtimes.com |language=hi}}</ref> It has gained attraction{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} due to the human-sized alphabets reading "I LOVE UDAIPUR", with a view of Lake Pichola and City Palace in the background.
|-
|| ||'''[[Udaisagar Lake]]''' || 1565 ||Udai Sagar Lake is one of the five striking lakes situated in Udaipur. Located about 13 kilometres to the east of Udaipur, the construction of this lake was started in 1559 by Maharana Udai Singh. The lake is actually a result of a dam being built on the river Berach to supply adequate water to the Maharana's kingdom. Udai Sagar Lake is 4 km in length, 2.5 kilometres in width and about 9 meters at its deepest.
|-
|
|'''[[Shilpgram, Udaipur|Shilpgram]]''' || ||Shilpgram is a rural arts and crafts complex, situated 3 km (1.9 mi) west Udaipur.
|}

==Culture==
[[File:Mandana art work at shilpgram.JPG|thumb|Wall painting at [[Shilpgram, Udaipur]]]]
[[File:Mewari painting artist at work.JPG|thumb|Mewari artist at work]]

Udaipur has a rich cultural heritage from the past e.g. lakes, temples, huge forts, and palaces.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-27 |title=Udaipur Guide |url=https://www.justahotels.com/blogs/udaipur-most-adaptive-guide/ |access-date=2023-03-22 |website=jüSTa |language=en-US}}</ref> The city has kept a balance between preserving the rituals and traditions of the past while keeping up with the modern advancements and changes in lifestyle{citation needed}. Like any other place in the state of Rajasthan, folk dance and music have an important place in adding to the city's cultural richness. The dynamic and vibrant dances of Bhavai, Ghoomar, Kachchhi Ghodi, Kalbeliya, and Terahtaali add a sparkle to the rich cultural heritage of Udaipur.

*[[Ghoomar]] dance is a part of the Hindu culture of the Mewar Region of Rajasthan. This is a community dance for women and performed on auspicious occasions where the ladies move in circles.
*[[Kalbelia]], one of the most sensuous dance forms of Rajasthan, is performed by the Kalbeliya snake charmers' community with the ''Sapera'' dancers wearing long, black skirts embroidered with silver ribbons.
*[[Bhavai dance]] consists of veiled women dancers balancing up to seven or nine brass pitchers as they pirouette and then swaying with the soles of their feet on the top of a glass or on the edge of the sword.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedia |first=Team Utsav |date=2017-03-15 |title=Bhavai Dance: Know Everything About The Most Exciting Folk Dance From Rajasthan |url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/bhavai-dance/ |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Utsavpedia |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Kachchhi Ghodi dance|Kachchhi Ghodi]] dance is performed on dummy horses where men in elaborate costumes ride the decorated dummy horses. Holding swords, these dancers move to the beating of drums and fifes.<ref name="Art and Culture">{{cite web|url=http://www.amazingudaipur.com/art%20and%20culture.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106141253/http://www.amazingudaipur.com/art%20and%20culture.html|title=Udaipur Art and Culture|archive-date=6 January 2009|access-date=6 January 2009|website=amazingudaipur.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Following a lineage of traditions and religious significance, the various dances complement the fairs and festivals held in the city. The music consists mainly of the use of morchang, naad, tanpura, and sarangi, among many other instruments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udaipurian.com/culture-of-udaipur/#.YVHuNbgzaM8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927111449/https://www.udaipurian.com/culture-of-udaipur/|title=Culture of Udaipur|website=Udaipurian.com|archive-date=27 September 2020|access-date=27 September 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

Miniature paintings are amongst the most famous paintings developed under the patronage of the rulers of [[Rajasthan]]. The simplest among these are done on walls, and through folk in style, they nevertheless have some of the flavors of frescoes one sees in the old palaces. The tradition of painting the wall of houses with scenes from mythological and chivalric tales has been prevalent in Rajasthan for the past many centuries {citation needed}. The people of the city make use of such wall paintings for decorations during wedding celebrations. Noted amongst the miniature style of paintings are particularly the Pichvais, which are those made on cloth, and [[Phad painting|phad]], made on cloth scroll in a folk style.<ref name="Art and Culture" />

The [[Bharatiya Lok Kala Mandal]] is a cultural institution based in the city. The institute with its museum is a platform that displays a collection of [[Culture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani culture]]. Offering an insight into the lifestyle of the royal era in Udaipur, the museum has a collection of dresses, tribal jewelry, turbans, dolls, masks, musical instruments, paintings, and puppets. With various cultural events including folk song and dance performances, theatre and puppetry, the institute highlights the different social stigmas, thereby proving to be a powerful education tool for the masses.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nivedita|last=Ganguly|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/puppetry-the-ancient-art-of-storytelling/article6321403.ece|title=The ancient art of storytelling|date=15 August 2014|access-date=15 August 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/museums/bhartiya-lok-museum.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210114535/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/museums/bhartiya-lok-museum.html|title=Bharatiya Lok Kala Museum|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-date=10 February 2006|website=Udaipur.org.uk|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Festivals===

====Gangaur Festival====

[[Gangaur]] is one of the most important local Hindu festivals in Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/festivals.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621222719/http://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/about-udaipur/festivals.html|title=Festivals|publisher=Official Website of Udaipur via [[Government of Rajasthan]]|archive-date=21 June 2015|access-date=21 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In some form or the other it is celebrated all over Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thepalaceonwheels.org/blog/mewar-festival-in-rajasthan/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117104945/http://www.thepalaceonwheels.org/blog/mewar-festival-in-rajasthan/|title=Mewar Festival in Rajasthan 2018 – A Complete Guide|date=12 February 2018|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|website=thepalaceonwheels.org|url-status=dead}}</ref> "gan" is a synonym for [[Shiva]] and "Gauri" or "gaur" stands for Hindu Goddess [[Parvati]], the wife of Shiva. Gangaur celebrates the marriage and is a symbol of conjugal and marital happiness.

It is celebrated in the month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April), the first month of the Hindu calendar. This month marks the end of winter and the onset of spring.
This festival is celebrated by women, who worship clay idols of "Gan" & "Gauri" in their houses. These idols are worshiped by the girls who seek the blessings of Gan and Gauri for a good husband, while the married women pray for the good health and long life of their husbands.
On the eve of the Gangaur festival, women decorate their palms and fingers with henna.
Udaipur has a Ghat named after Gangaur. [[Gangaur Ghat]] or Gangori Ghat is situated on the waterfront of Lake Pichola. This ghat serves as a location for the celebration of some festivals, including the Gangaur festival. The idols of Gan and Gauri are immersed in the Lake Pichola from this ghat.

A traditional procession of Gangaur starts from the City Palace which passes through the city. The procession is headed by old palanquins, chariots, bullock carts, and performance by folk artists.

====Shilpgram Utsav====

[[Shilpgram, Udaipur|Shilpgram]], a crafts village 3 km west of Lake Fateh Sagar, has displays of traditional houses from Rajasthan, Gujarat, Goa and Maharashtra. There are also demonstrations by musicians, dancers, or artisans from these states. The 10-day festival organized here<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/fairs-festivals/about-shilpgram-fair.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210114619/http://www.udaipur.org.uk/fairs-festivals/about-shilpgram-fair.html|title=Shilpgram Fair|work=Udaipur.org.uk|archive-date=10 February 2006|access-date=10 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> is a treat for the visitor to an array of exquisite art and craft. One of the important objectives of the Shilpgram festival is in the sphere of increasing awareness and knowledge of rural life and crafts, specifically, for the younger generation. Special emphasis is laid on workshops for children on arts, crafts, theatre, and music.

====Hariyali Amavasya====

Hariyali Amavasya (new moon day of the Sawan / Shravan month) marks the beginning of the monsoons and greenery. It arrives three days before the famous Hartalika Teej (Shravan Shukla Tritiya). People worship God Shiva for abundant rains and good agricultural season. Melas and fests are arranged in several places in the city.

====Jagannath Rath Yatra====

In Udaipur, the third biggest [[Ratha-Yatra]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Yash|last=Sharma|url=http://www.udaipurblog.com/best-pictures-jagannath-rath-yatra-2014.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707080617/http://www.udaipurblog.com/best-pictures-jagannath-rath-yatra-2014.html|title=[Best Pictures] Jagannath Rath Yatra 2014|date=1 July 2014|archive-date=7 July 2014|access-date=7 July 2014|website=udaipurblog.com|url-status=live}}</ref> is organized on the auspicious day of [[Ashadh]] Shukla Paksha (bright fortnight) Dwitiya according to Indian [[Vikram Samvat]]. On this cultural day of summer solstice theme, 21 June of every year, the journey of the Hindu god Jagannath to aunt's house is started. The presiding Hindu gods of the temple [[Jagannath]] ([[Krishna]]), Balabhadra ([[Balarama]]) and their sister [[Subhadra]] are taken through the streets in decorated wooden chariots, which are made annually. The Chariot of Hindu god Jagannath, called Nandighosha, has 16 wheels and is covered in red and yellow.

For many Hindus, the sanctity of the festival is that a touch of the chariot or pulling ropes is considered to give the results of several pious actions or penance for ages.

====Jal-Jhulni Ekadashi====

According to the Hindu calendar, Gyaras, or Ekadashi is basically, the 11th day of each waxing ([[Shukla paksha]] ) and waning moon ([[Krishna paksha]]). This Ekadashi, known as Jal-Jhulni Gyaras, or Jal-Jhulni Ekadashi, like all other festivals, is celebrated with enthusiasm.

'''Durga Puja'''

Sharadiya Durga Puja was started at Udaipur city in year 1956 by Nripendralal Bhattacharya (Principal of Udaipur Law College Sukhadiya University & Supreme Court Lawyer) at his residence Bindu Bhawan 49 Shastri Marg Udaipur. Durga Puja is celebrated from sixth day of Navratri till Vijaya Dashmi. Sculptor arrives at Udaipur from West Bengal every year to make idol of Goddess Durga. This idols are made with bio degraded material like bamboo, dry grass, soil, rope of coconut bark etc. Goddess Durga idol symbolise divine energy, protection and feminine strength, courage, triumph of good over evil. This celebration is seamlessly celebrated for seven decades with zeal and devotion at Bindu Bhawan in city of lakes Udaipur. Evening Aarti is mesmerising here.Nowadays Durga Puja is celebrated at several other places across the Udaipur city.

==Udaipur in popular culture==
[[File:A dusk view of Lake Palace Udaipur Rajasthan India.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|Udaipur's Lake Palace at dusk}}]]

Udaipur was voted the Best City in the World in 2009 by the Travel + Leisure magazine,<ref name="Udaipur voted best city - 2009">{{cite web|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-40988320090713|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307102302/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-40988320090713|date=13 July 2009|archive-date=7 March 2016|access-date=7 March 2016|title=Udaipur voted world's best city in travel poll|publisher=[[Reuters]]|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-07-19-udaipur-best-city_N.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923031731/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-07-19-udaipur-best-city_N.htm|title=India's Udaipur tops list of the world's best cities|date=19 July 2009|archive-date=23 September 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|work=[[USA Today]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is now amongst the favourite wedding destinations for Indian as well as foreign nationals.<ref>{{cite web|first=Pranav|last=Muzumdar|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-couples-and-their-big-fat-destination-weddings/16186167|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505171343/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/bollywood-couples-and-their-big-fat-destination-weddings/16186167|title=Bollywood couples and their big, fat destination weddings|date=2015-05-05|access-date=2015-08-26|archive-date=2015-05-05|url-status=live|work=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The city is a blend of sights, sounds and experiences, which have made it one of the top destinations for weddings and celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|first=Anindita|last=Dev|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/travel/feature/8-most-affordable-cities-for-destination-wedding-in-india_1666670.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909145249/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/travel/feature/8-most-affordable-cities-for-destination-wedding-in-india_1666670.htm|title=8 Most Affordable Cities for Destination Wedding In India|date=3 September 2015|access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=9 September 2015|publisher=[[Zee News]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/man-woman/Date-fixed-Next-stop-wedding-destination/articleshow/47261571.cms|title=Date fixed? Next stop, wedding destination|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2015|access-date=14 May 2015}}</ref>

;Movies and Television
Udaipur is mentioned under the spelling ''Oodeypore'' in [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' as the birthplace of [[Bagheera]], the fictional [[leopard|panther]] in the king's Menagerie.

Because of its scenic locations, Udaipur has been the shooting location for many Hollywood and Bollywood movies. Indian sections of the [[James Bond]] film ''[[Octopussy]]'' were filmed in the city, the Lake Palace, and the Monsoon Palace. The nearby desert was the backdrop of the remarkable rescue of [[Octopussy (character)|Octopussy]] ([[Maud Adams]]) by Bond ([[Roger Moore]]). Some scenes from the British television series ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' were also filmed in Udaipur. The Disney channel film, ''[[The Cheetah Girls One World]]'', was shot in Udaipur in January 2008. Some of the other non-Indian movies and TV shows filmed in Udaipur include: ''[[Darjeeling Limited]]'', ''[[Opening Night (1977 film)|Opening Night]]'', ''[[Heat and Dust (film)|Heat and Dust]]'', ''Indische Ring'', ''Inside Octopussy'', ''James Bond in India'', ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'', ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'', and ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]''. [[Jag Mandir (film)|Jag Mandir]], a documentary film directed for television by [[Werner Herzog]] in 1991, was also filmed in the city.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}

Udaipur has been a location for a number of [[Bollywood]] movies. Some of them shot here include: ''[[Dhadak]]'', ''[[Guide (film)|Guide]]'', ''[[Mera Saaya]]'', ''[[Phool Bane Angaray]]'', ''[[Kachche Dhaage]]'', ''[[Mera Gaon Mera Desh]]'', ''Jalmahal'', ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'',<ref name="shooting locations">{{cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/entertainment-our-lifestyle/udaipur-heaven-for-movie-shooting-select-list-of-movies/c74416-w2859-cid130910-s10801.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617092526/https://udaipurtimes.com/entertainment-our-lifestyle/udaipur-heaven-for-movie-shooting-select-list-of-movies/c74416-w2859-cid130910-s10801.htm|title=Udaipur: Heaven for movie shooting {{!}} Select list of movies shot|date=29 September 2016|access-date=17 June 2020|archive-date=17 June 2020|website=UdaipurTimes.com|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Return of the thief of the bagdad'', ''[[Eklavya: The Royal Guard]]'', ''[[Dhamaal]]'', ''Jis Desh Mei Ganga Rehta Hai'', ''[[Chalo Ishq Ladaaye]]'', ''[[Fiza]]'', ''[[Gaddaar (1995 film)|Gaddaar]]'', ''[[Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke]]'', ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'', ''[[Kundan (film)|Kundan]]'', ''[[Nandini]]'', ''[[Saajan Ka Ghar]]'', ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', ''[[Pataakha]]'', ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mirzya-shot-at-untapped-locations-17km-from-indo-pak-border/story-r7TmCMxiKm1q6dDoOyQ7YL.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926215835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mirzya-shot-at-untapped-locations-17km-from-indo-pak-border/story-r7TmCMxiKm1q6dDoOyQ7YL.html|title=Mirzya shot at untapped locations, 17km from Indo-Pak border|date=29 September 2016|access-date=29 September 2016|archive-date=26 September 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]'',<ref name="shooting locations" /> ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'', ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', ''[[Angrezi Medium]]''. Udaipur is also the setting of various Television series like ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]'' and ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''.

;Events
Udaipur is a destination for organising various national and international cultural events. Recently, Udaipur hosted the first edition of India's first [[Udaipur World Music Festival|World Music Festival]], a two-day festival held on 13 and 14 February 2016. Performances were made by artists and musicians from more than 12 countries, including Spain, Ghana, Venezuela, Italy, France as well as India.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web|title=World Music Festival to be held in Udaipur in February|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/world-music-festival-to-be-held-in-udaipur-in-february/article8079111.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2016|access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref>
Udaipur is also the host for the Udaipur Lake Festival, a cultural event organized by the [[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]. In this festival, Musical programs, adventure sports, jungle safari, bird watching, light and sound shows, art fair etc. are held around the lakes during the three to four day period.<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur gears up for Lake Festival|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Udaipur-gears-up-for-Lake-Festival/articleshow/55424120.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115214624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Udaipur-gears-up-for-Lake-Festival/articleshow/55424120.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 November 2016|access-date=17 November 2016|archive-date=15 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Udaipur is also the host city for the first ASEAN Art camp being organised by the union ministry of external affairs from 21–29 September. There are total of 10 countries included and are taking part in the event: Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, and India. This 10-day long art camp acts as a platform for cultural and artistic exchange among the participating countries.<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web|title=10 countries to take part in first ASEAN Art camp at Udaipur 21|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/10-countries-to-take-part-in-first-asean-art-camp-at-udaipur-21/story-V90dl0R52q0CbyMn3cGbqL.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916174237/https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/10-countries-to-take-part-in-first-asean-art-camp-at-udaipur-21/story-V90dl0R52q0CbyMn3cGbqL.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 September 2017|access-date=18 September 2017|archive-date=16 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Transport==
Udaipur is well connected to the major cities of India by land, rail, and air.
[[File:Airport-Udaipur Terminal.JPG|thumb|[[Maharana Pratap Airport]]]]

;Air
[[Maharana Pratap Airport]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur|url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_technicalinfo.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925102645/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/udaipur_technicalinfo.jsp|archive-date=25 September 2015|access-date=25 September 2015|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a small domestic airport situated in a satellite town about 20 kilometres from Udaipur. Daily flights connect Udaipur with [[Jaipur]], [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Chennai]], [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]], [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Surat Airport|Surat]] and [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport|Varanasi]]. [[Air India]], [[Vistara]], [[IndiGo]] and [[SpiceJet]] are operational at present.

;Rail
[[Udaipur City railway station]] and [[Rana Pratap Nagar railway station]] are two railway stations in Udaipur. Through them, Udaipur has direct train connectivity on the broad gauge network to most of the major cities in Rajasthan and the rest of India such as [[Mysuru]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Khajuraho]], [[Alwar]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Chittorgarh]], [[Ajmer]], [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Ratlam]], [[Patliputra]], [[Indore]], [[Ujjain]], [[Mumbai]], [[Surat]], [[Vadodara]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Agra]] and a broad gauge conversion is completed in October 2022 for [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Departures from UDZ/Udaipur City|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/udaipur-city-udz/158|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426003354/https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/udaipur-city-udz/158|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date= 26 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Luxurious trains, [[Palace on Wheels|The Palace on Wheels]], [[Royal Rajasthan on Wheels]], [[Maharaja Express]] and The Indian Maharaja have Udaipur as the scheduled stop on their itinerary.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 5 Most Luxurious Trains in India|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/trains/the-5-most-luxurious-train-in-india/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911044323/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/trains/the-5-most-luxurious-train-in-india/|archive-date=11 September 2014|access-date=11 September 2014|website=walkthroughindia.com|date=7 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Trains connecting Udaipur with the Capital of India, Delhi include the [[Mewar Express]] and [[Chetak Express]].

;Road
The city lies on the intersection point of [[North-South and East-West Corridor|East West Corridor]], [[Golden Quadrilateral]], National Highway (NH) 76 and National Highway (NH) 8, midway between [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]], located around 700 kilometres from either city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udaipuronline.in/city-guide/udaipur-to-delhi-by-road|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304080739/https://www.udaipuronline.in/city-guide/udaipur-to-delhi-by-road|title=Udaipur to Delhi by Road|archive-date=4 March 2014|access-date=4 March 2014|website=Udaipuronline.com|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[North-South and East-West Corridor|East West Corridor]] which starts from [[Porbandar]] and ends at [[Silchar]] is intersecting the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] and shares the common space from Udaipur to [[Chittor]]. The roads in this part of the country are paved and fit for private vehicles. One can either drive from Jaipur (around 6 hours), Ahmedabad (4½ hours) or Surat (9 hours) on NH 8 or Golden Quadrilateral, from Kota (3 hours - EW Corridor or NH 76). [[Udaipur City Bus Depot]] has lines running for the majority of other destinations in Rajasthan and farther north and west towards [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]]. Apart from [[Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation]] (RSRTC), there are numerous private operators and companies providing bus services to and from the other cities.

;Local transport
Unmetered taxis, private taxi, radio taxi, auto rickshaws, and regular city bus services are available in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Udaipur City Bus/City Bus View|url=http://udaipur.nic.in/bus.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409231339/http://udaipur.nic.in/bus.jpg|archive-date=9 April 2009|access-date=9 April 2009|publisher=[[National Informatics Centre]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since 2015 Uber and Ola cab services are available.

{{wide image|Lakepalace-udaipur.jpg|1000px|Udaipur Panorama from [[Jag Mandir]] Island}}

== Places nearby ==
{{main|Tourist attractions in Udaipur}}
[[File:Ranakpur In India.JPG|thumb|The renowned Jain Temple at nearby [[Ranakpur]]]]
[[File:A view of Udaipur Rajasthan India March 2015 d.jpg|thumb|View of Udaipur from the [[Monsoon Palace]]]]
Apart from the local attractions within the city, there are several charming places to see around Udaipur.
{{collapsible list
| expand = on
| title =
| hlist = on
| bullets=
| [[Nathdwara]]
| [[Ranakpur]]
| [[Chittorgarh]]
| [[Haldighati]]
| [[Kumbhalgarh]]
| [[Mount Abu]]
| [[Eklingji]]
| [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| [[Kankroli]] and [[Rajsamand Lake]]
| [[Rishabhdeo]]
| Jagat
| [[Jaisamand Lake]]
| [[Udaisagar Lake]]
| [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| Baneshwar
| [[Galiakot]]
| [[Dungarpur]]
| [[Banswara]]
| [[Chavand, Rajasthan|Chavand]]
| [[Bhinder, Udaipur|Bhinder]]
| [[Kanor, Rajasthan|Kanor]]
| [[Sanwaliaji Temple]]
| Avari Mata temple
| Jhakham Dam
| [[Salumber]]
| [[Charbhuja]] Ji
| Tidi Dam
| Nandeshwar Ji
| Ubeshwar Ji
| Mansi Wakal dam
| Keleshwar Mahadeo
| Jhameshwar Mahadeo
| Vallabhnagar
}}

==Sports==
Popular sports include cricket, football, hockey, tennis, chess, badminton, archery, etc.

;Stadiums
Gandhi Ground is the main sports venue for various events, like athletics, basketball, field hockey, football, Kho Kho and volleyball. [[Luv Kush Indoor Stadium]] is generally used for the indoor sports especially Badminton and TT.<ref name="stadium">{{cite web|url=http://www.rajasthanonline.in/sports/Stadiums.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822010133/http://www.rajasthanonline.in/sports/Stadiums.aspx|title=Stadiums in Rajasthan|website=rajasthanonline.in|archive-date=22 August 2010|access-date=22 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Maharana Bhupal Stadium]] is a multi-purpose stadium used for organising matches of football, cricket and other sports.<ref name="stadium" /> For Encouraging Sports in the city and even for encouraging International Sports in the city, a step has been put forward by establishing 'Khel Gaon (village)'or [[Maharana Pratap Khel Gaon]] in Chitrakoot Nagar. It will be committed to 12 sports namely like Basketball, Volleyball, Tennis, Kho-Kho, Kabaddi, Handball, Archery, Rifle shooting, Judo – Karate, Boxing, Swimming, Squash.

[[Udaipur International Cricket Stadium]] is a proposed cricket stadium in Udaipur.<ref>{{cite web|first=Prateek|last=Srivastava|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/68655/rca-could-have-modi-back-provided-he-does-things-lawfully-amin-pathan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211200/https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/68655/rca-could-have-modi-back-provided-he-does-things-lawfully-amin-pathan|title=RCA could have Modi back, provided he does things lawfully: Amin Pathan|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]|date=7 January 2015|access-date=23 September 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, after a dispute between [[Rajasthan State Sports Council]] and [[Rajasthan Cricket Association]] over the availability of [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]] during the [[Indian Premier League]], the RCA decided to have plans of having their own stadium. RCA has gained land in Udaipur with 9.67 acres from the Udaipur Improvement Trust on a 99-year lease and stadium will have a capacity of 35,000.<ref>{{cite web|first=Indranil|last=Basu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/RCA-to-build-three-stadiums-in-state/articleshow/18582260.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828062004/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/RCA-to-build-three-stadiums-in-state/articleshow/18582260.cms|title=RCA to build three stadiums in state|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2013|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=28 August 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-state-of-the-art-stadium-for-city-in-offing-2490938.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011222236/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/RAJ-JPR-state-of-the-art-stadium-for-city-in-offing-2490938.html|title=State-of-the-art stadium for city in offing|work=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|date=10 October 2011|access-date=11 October 2011|archive-date=11 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
;Cricket
Udaipur has several [[Cricket Clubs|cricket clubs]] and is home to many state-level players. [[Ashok Menaria]] of Udaipur has represented India in [[Under-19 Men's Cricket World Cup|U-19 Cricket world cup]]. [[Ashok Menaria]] and [[Dishant Yagnik]] of the city have played in [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] for [[Rajasthan Royals]]. Rajasthan Royals is a team name of one of the IPL Teams.

;Chess
[[Chess]] is a popular game in the city among both young and senior players. Udaipur has over 120 International [[FIDE]] rated chess players. Players from Udaipur have Represented Rajasthan several times in different Nationals such as Arena Grandmaster Chandrajeet Rajawat. Chandrajeet Rajawat has also won Rajasthan State Championship over seven times in different categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chess-results.com/tnr162296.aspx?lan=1&art=20&wi=821&snr=36|title=35th National Team Chess Championship- 2015|website=chess-results.com|access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All Rajputana State Blitz Chess Tournament 2018|url=http://chess-results.com/tnr342630.aspx?lan=1&art=1&rd=8|access-date=2021-01-25|website=chess-results.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan State ARCA U-25 Selection Chess Championship 2017|url=http://chess-results.com/tnr286608.aspx?lan=1&art=1&rd=7|access-date=2021-01-25|website=chess-results.com}}</ref> Udaipur also has top FIDE rated players of Rajasthan recognized by [[All India Chess Federation|AICF]].<ref>{{cite web|title=3 more FIDE rated players in Udaipur|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/3-more-fide-rated-players-in-udaipur/c74416-w2859-cid103540-s10704.htm|website=UdaipurTimes.com|date=1 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> Udaipur is also a favourite destination for chess players. With many international chess events throughout the year, bringing more than 1500 players each year from all over the world to compete.

;Water Sports
The city's lakes provide an opportunity for water sports. The nearby [[Dhebar Lake|Jaisamand Lake]], situated about 56 km from the city, is equipped with water sports facilities with a range of different boats available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hoteltravel.com/india/udaipur/boating-in-udaipur.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806021801/http://www.hoteltravel.com/india/udaipur/boating-in-udaipur.htm|title=Boating in Udaipur|access-date=6 August 2013|archive-date=6 August 2013|website=hoteltravel.com|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kayaking and Canoeing Sports Camps have also been started at the [[Fateh Sagar Lake]]. The city also hosted the 2012 National Kayaking and Canoeing Championship with Fateh Sagar Lake serving as the venue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thetimesofudaipur.com/?p=402|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083907/http://thetimesofudaipur.com/?p=402|title=National level Kayaking and Canoeing Championship 2012|date=10 November 2012|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|website=thetimesofudaipur.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>

;Powerlifting
The [[Asian Powerlifting Championships 2016]], organised by [[Indian Powerlifting Federation]], and sanctioned by Asian Powerlifting Federation and [[International Powerlifting Federation]],<ref name="invitation for 2016 power lifting">{{cite web|title=Invitation|url=http://www.indianpowerliftingfederation.com/admin/result/Invitation%20for%20Asian%202016.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309150733/http://www.indianpowerliftingfederation.com/admin/result/Invitation%20for%20Asian%202016.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Powerlifting Federation]]|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=9 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> was held in Udaipur from 7 June 2016 to 12 June 2016.<ref name="invitation for 2016 power lifting" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Powerlifting Championships 2016|url=http://powerlifting-asia.com/2016/01/20/asian-powerlifting-championships-2016/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329010543/http://powerlifting-asia.com/2016/01/20/asian-powerlifting-championships-2016/|website=powerlifting-asia.com|date=20 January 2016|access-date=8 June 2016|archive-date=29 March 2016|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The city also served as the venue for the Asian Powerlifting Championships in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|first=Zaheer|last=Abbas|title=[Photos] Asian Powerlifting Championship Starts in Udaipur|url=http://udaipurtimes.com/photos-asian-powerlifting-championship-starts-in-udaipur/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503171947/https://udaipurtimes.com/photos-asian-powerlifting-championship-starts-in-udaipur/|date=2 May 2012|access-date=12 June 2016|archive-date=3 May 2012|website=Udaipurtimes.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
{{main|Schools in Udaipur, Rajasthan}}
Udaipur is home to various government, deemed and private universities. [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia University]], [[Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi Tribal University]] are the major government universities in the city while [[Janardan Rai Nagar Rajasthan Vidyapeeth University|J.R.N. Rajasthan Vidyapeeth]] is a deemed university and [[Pacific University]], [[Bhupal Nobles University]] and SPSU are amongst leading private universities of repute. The [[Indian Institute of Management Udaipur]], established in 2011, also resides in the city.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=IIM-Udaipur's first session begins|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/IIM-Udaipurs-first-session-begins/articleshow/9428162.cms?referral=PM|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104104521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/IIM-Udaipurs-first-session-begins/articleshow/9428162.cms?referral=PM|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2011-07-31|access-date=2016-08-13|archive-date=2017-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Media ==
Newspapers in Udaipur include Hindi dailies ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]'', ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'', ''[[Navbharat Times]]'', ''Udaipur Dopahar'' and ''Pratahkal''. ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' are the English language newspapers circulated in the city.

The national, state-owned [[All India Radio]] is broadcast both on the medium wave and [[FM band]]s (101.9 MHz) in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Station/UDAIPUR/Pages/default.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007023846/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Station/UDAIPUR/Pages/default.aspx|title=AIR Udaipur|publisher=[[All India Radio]]|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also broadcast in the city there are four private local FM stations: Radio City FM (91.9 MHz), [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM (92.7 MHz)]], My FM (94.3 MHz) and Radio Tadka (95 MHz).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trace.bharatiyamobile.com/Search_FM_Stations_City_List.php?location=Udaipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006202417/http://trace.bharatiyamobile.com/Search_FM_Stations_City_List.php?location=Udaipur|title=FM Radio Stations in Udaipur, Rajasthan|access-date=6 October 2015|archive-date=6 October 2015|website=bharatiyamobile.com|url-status=live}}</ref> The public broadcaster [[Doordarshan]] (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel besides the mainstay channels.

The city is switching over to digitalisation of cable TV as per the third phase of the digitalisation programme by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalindiamib.com/LIst_of_Urban_areas_under_Phase_III_of_Cable_TV_digitisation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070218/https://digitalindiamib.com/LIst_of_Urban_areas_under_Phase_III_of_Cable_TV_digitisation.pdf|title=List of Urban Areas Under Phase III of Cable TV Digitisation|date=30 April 2015|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|website=digitalindiamib.com|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] via [[Government of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Chittorgarh]]
* [[Maharana Pratap]]
* [[Udaipur district]]
* [[Udaipur division]]
* [[Tourist Attractions in Udaipur]]
* [[History of Udaipur]]
* [[Mahakaleshwar Temple Udaipur]]
Tehsils of Udaipur:

* [[Girwa tehsil|Girwa]]
* [[Vallabhnagar]]
* [[Mavli]]
* [[Jhadol]]
* [[Kotra tehsil|Kotra]]
* [[Badgaon tehsil|Badgaon]]
* [[Bhindar tehsil|Bhindar]]
* [[Gogunda tehsil|Gogunda]]
* [[Kherwara tehsil|Kherwara]]
* [[Mavli tehsil|Mavli]]
* [[Salumbar tehsil|Salumbar]]
* [[Vallabhnagar tehsil|Vallabhnagar]]
* [[Semari tehsil|Semari]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* https://www.rajasthancabs.co.in/taxi-for-event-wedding.php<nowiki/>{{cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_091.gif|title=Udaipur State (also called Mewar)|year=1909|publisher=[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|volume=24|page=85|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=8 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708083213/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_091.gif|url-status=dead}}
* Experience the timeless beauty of [https://njtours.in/tour/udaipur-2-night-3-days-tour-package Udaipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430032118/https://njtours.in/tour/udaipur-2-night-3-days-tour-package |date=30 April 2025 }}, the historic ci<nowiki/>ty in Rajasthan known for its lakes, palaces, and rich heritage.
* {{cite book|title=Maharana: the story of the rulers of Udaipur|first=Brian|last=Masters|publisher=Mapin Pub.|year=1990|isbn=0-944142-28-1}}
* Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2012). Importance of aquatic avifauna in southern Rajasthan, India. Pg. 159–183. (In: Rawat., M. & Dookia, S. (eds.) Biodiversity of Aquatic Resources, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2012) (978-81-7035-789-6)
* Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2012). Aquatic Avifauna: Its Importance for Wetland conservation in Rajasthan, India. Pg. 179–190. (In: Mathur, S. M.; Shrivastava, V. K. & Purohit, R. C. (eds.) Conservation of Lakes and Water Resources Management strategies, Himanshu Publications, Udaipur, 2011) (978-81-7906-263-0) Mehra, S, Mehra, S. P. & Sharma, K. K. (2011). Aquatic avifauna of Aravalli Hills Rajasthan, India. pp. 145–167 (In Gupta, V. K. & Verma, A. K. (eds.) Animal Diversity, Natural History and Conservation Vol. I, Daya Publishing House, Delhi, 2011) ({{ISBN|978-81-7035-752-0}})
* Sharma, K. K. & Mehra, S. P. (2007). Need of studies on anuran in habitats of southern Rajasthan. Frogleg 13: 12–16.
* Islam, M. Z. & Rahmani, A. R. (2004). Important Bird Areas of India: Priority Sites for Conservation. Indian Bird Conservation Network: Bombay Natural History Society and BirdLife International (UK). Pp. xviii + 1133. ({{ISBN|0-19-567333-6}})

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/ Udaipur District Govt website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116012207/https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/ |date=16 January 2022 }}
* [http://www.discoverudaipur.in/ Udaipur city Portal]
* [https://udaipurnewschannel.in/ Udaipur News website]
* [https://udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/home.html Official website]

{{Subject bar|commons=yes |s=yes}}
{{Udaipur}}
{{Udaipur district}}
{{Rajasthan}}
{{Districts_of_Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Udaipur| ]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Udaipur district]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1559]]
[[Category:1559 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Former capitals of Mewar]]

Hathyar (2002 film)

2026-03-13T13:27:01Z

NatishaMooring9: typo fix

{{For|the other films with the same name|Hathiar (1979 film)|Hathyar (1989 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hathyar
| image = Hathyar.jpg
| caption = DVD Cover
| director = [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]
| producer = [[Ganesh Jain]] Ratan Jain
| story = Mahesh Manjrekar
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Shilpa Shetty]] [[Sharad Kapoor]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anand Raj Anand]] Nitin Raikwar [[Rahul Ranade]] '''Background Score:''' [[Ranjit Barot]]
| narrator = [[Sachin Khedekar]]
| cinematography = Vijay Kumar Arora
| editing = V. N. Mayekar
| distributor = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| released = {{Film date|2002|10|18|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}7 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=633|title=Hathyar – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}9.63 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Hathyar: Face to Face with Reality''''' ({{translation}} ''Weapon'') is a 2002 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[political thriller]] film directed by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]]. The film is a sequel to ''[[Vaastav]]'' (1999). It stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Sharad Kapoor]]. ''Hathyar'' begins where ''Vaastav'' had ended and focuses on the son of Raghu bhai, Boxer bhai, also played by Dutt.<ref>{{cite web |title=HATHYAR (2002) |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88b6944c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630092417/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b88b6944c |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2023 |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=30 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
The film opens with Rohit Shivalkar ([[Sanjay Dutt]]) being shot at by some gangsters including his aide Pakya ([[Sharad Kapoor]]). As the doctors operate on him, the story begins from the past.

Rohit is ostracized since his childhood because of the stigma attached to him due to his father Raghunath ([[Sanjay Dutt]]) who was a gangster, by all except Munna ([[Sachin Khedekar]]) who is an orphan. Rohit's grandfather Namdev ([[Shivaji Satam]]) is now a drunkard who later dies of [[liver failure]]. Rohit's mother, Sonu ([[Namrata Shirodkar]]) is forced to resort to prostitution again for money, seeking Chaudhary's ([[Viju Khote]]) help. As Rohit grows up, he earns a reputation in his college days for being a good boxer, until defeating Amar Rane ([[Inder Kumar]]) in an inter-college championship. Amar learns how Raghu [[Vaastav: The Reality#Plot|had murdered his father]] who was a police officer and presses Rohit on false charges of drug possession with his uncle's ([[Pramod Moutho]]) help, harassing him in custody despite Rohit's innocence. Rohit also learns the truth about his mother from Amar and he spots her with Chaudhary, which infuriates him, causing her to end her own life. Fed-up of Amar calling his mother a whore, Rohit drunkenly kills him brutally and gets imprisoned. His grandmother, Shanta ([[Reema Lagoo]]) reprimands him as she informs him about his mother's suicide when she visits him in the prison.

Years later, Hasan Bhai ([[Shakti Kapoor]]) remembers the time Raghu had eliminated the Fracture gang, as he faces trouble with the gang's sons, and he bails Rohit out. Rohit, just like his father, makes his way up the ranks in the Mumbai underworld, earning the name "Boxer Bhai". He's also in a relationship with his father's friend Bhopu's ([[Atul Kale]]) daughter Gauri ([[Shilpa Shetty]]), who is enduring a physically abusive marriage. Rohit eventually snatches her out of this abusive relationship and remarries her. They eventually give birth to a daughter, Shanti.

Meanwhile, Rohit is also approached by ruling party power broker Digamber Patil ([[Gulshan Grover]]) who offers him to fight for elections to get into politics as a corporator. Rohit reluctantly accepts and eventually wins the elections. DCP Kishore Kadam ([[Deepak Tijori]]), who is Rohit's guardian and Raghu's best friend warns Rohit about the new honest Chief minister and advises him to mend his ways before it is too late.

One day, Gauri's friend Jyoti and her husband Shekhar, who is a police officer get transferred to Mumbai. Shekhar turns out to be the informer of Fracture Nagya ([[Anup Soni]]). Rohit eventually finds out after a few of his men get killed by the Fracture gang due to his info. Rohit kills Shekhar. Angered, Gauri moves to Munna's house for a while. Munna persuades Gauri to go back to Rohit with the help of another police officer who tells her that Shekhar was Nagya's informer. Gauri decides to return but Rohit kills Munna after being misled by Pakya that Munna and Gauri are having an affair. Gauri then deserts him, and Rohit is devastated by his mistakes. The plot returns to the start where Rohit miraculously survives the attack.

It is then revealed that Patil had conspired with Nagya against Rohit and was double-crossed by Pakya due to Rohit's powerful political status and a personal score that had to be settled with the Fracture family. A vengeful Rohit recovers and sets out to eliminate Patil, Nagya and Pakya. Rohit kills Nagya and then kills Pakya at a guest house, enraged by Pakya's betrayal due to a hefty bribe given by Patil to him. Subsequently, Rohit bludgeons Patil in a cricket stadium and goes in hiding.

Rohit is now the most wanted criminal in the city and the Chief Minister gives "shoot to kill" orders to Kishore. Rohit locates Gauri and asks for forgiveness from her and says that he was forced into a life of crime because of his father's past. He tells Gauri to take Shanti far away from the city, away from his dark past, as he commits suicide. Gauri finally decides to leave the city with Shanti. The film ends with a note on the irony of destiny as the credits roll.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Rohit Shivalkar "Boxer Bhai" and Raghunath “Raghu” Shivalkar, Rohit’s father (Double role)
** [[Abhijeet Satam]] as Rohit (in his college days)
*[[Shilpa Shetty]] as Gauri
*[[Sharad Kapoor]] as Pakya
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Hasan Bhai
*[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Munna
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Digamber Patil
*[[Shivaji Satam]] as Namdev, Rohit's grandfather
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Shanta, Rohit's grandmother
*[[Deepak Tijori]] as DCP Kishore Kadam
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as Inspector Sudhakar Rane
*[[Inder Kumar]] as Amar Rane, Sudhakar's nephew
*[[Harsh Chhaya]] as Gautam Naik, Gauri's first husband
*[[Anup Soni]] as Fracture Nagya
*[[Pankaj Berry]] as Fracture Nagya's brother
*[[Namrata Shirodkar]] as Sonia Shivalkar "Sonu", Rohit's mother
*[[Atul Kale]] as Bhopu, Gauri's father
*[[Usha Nadkarni]] as Dedh Footiya's mother
*[[Resham Tipnis]] as Jyoti Deshmukh
*[[Sanjay Batra]] as Inspector Shekhar Jadhav, Jyoti's husband
*[[Vineet Kumar Singh]] as Aslam
*[[Sanjay Narvekar]] as Dedh Footiya (cameo)
*[[Bharat Jadhav]] as Raghu's friend (cameo)
*Nilesh Divekar as Raghu's friend (cameo)
*[[Viju Khote]] as Chaudhary
*[[Uday Sabnis]] as MLA Madhukar Dilip Dixit
*[[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as MLA Kishan Rao Morey
*[[Jack Gaud]] as Fracture Bandya (photo only)
*[[Ashima Bhalla]] as an [[item number]]
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chaha Tha Tumhe
| length1 = 5:00
| lyrics1 = [[Dev Kohli]]
| music1 = [[Anand Raj Anand]]
| extra1 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sanjay Dutt]]
| title2 = Nazar Nazar
| length2 = 4:50
| lyrics2 = Pravin Bhardwaj
| music2 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]], Mohammed Salamat
| title3 = Ye Dil Deewana Hai
| note3 = not in film
| length3 = 5:25
| lyrics3 = Pravin Bhardwaj
| music3 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], Alka Yagnik
| title4 = Baat Hai Kamaal
| length4 = 3:54
| lyrics4 = Anand Raj Anand
| music4 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra4 = [[Jolly Mukherjee]], [[Bali Brahmbhatt]]
| title5 = Thamba Re Thamba
| length5 = 5:13
| lyrics5 = Dev Kohli
| music5 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra5 = Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Salamat
| title6 = Boxer Bhai
| length6 = 4:50
| lyrics6 = Nitin Raikwar
| music6 = Nitin Raikwar
| extra6 = [[Vinod Rathod]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]], Nitin Raikwar
| title7 = Nazar Nazar (Remix)
| length7 = 4:56
| lyrics7 = Pravin Bhardwaj
| music7 = Anand Raj Anand
| extra7 = [[Alisha Chinai]], Mohammed Salamat
| title8 = Shlok
| length8 = 3:09
| lyrics8 = Sanjay Upadhye
| music8 = [[Rahul Ranade]]
| extra8 = [[Ravindra Sathe]]
}}

==Reception==
[[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] wrote,"In sum, Hathyar is like a shot in the dark. Aimless. It neither preaches nor entertains."<ref>{{cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=18 October 2002 |title=Sanju's shot in the dark |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/18hath.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film two out of five, writing, "On the whole, there's tremendous curiosity and anxiety to watch the sequel of VAASTAV. Although HATHYAR is a sincere attempt, comparisons with the predecessor are inevitable and in that respect, HATHYAR would meet with mixed reactions from cinegoers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |date=18 October 2002 |title=Hathyar Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hathyar/critic-review/hathyar-movie-review/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0337633|Hathyar}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|id=m/hathyar_face_to_face_with_reality}}

{{Mahesh Manjrekar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2002 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Manjrekar]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand Raj Anand]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:2002 drama films]]

Special forces of India

2026-03-13T11:41:11Z

NatishaMooring9: fix section per standard format and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Special units or platoons of the Indian army performing special tasks}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
[[File:Indian NSG Operator during Republic Day parade in 2021.jpg|thumb|[[National Security Guard|NSG]] commandos armed with [[SIG MPX]], [[M249|M249 SAWs]] and [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5s]] with their [[Belgian Malinois]] [[Police dog|K-9]] commando during the 2021 [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]] parade]]

India has several [[special forces]] (SF) units, with the various branches of the [[Indian Armed Forces]] having their own separate special forces units. The [[Para SF]] of the [[Indian Army]], [[MARCOS]] of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Garud Commando Force]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. There are other special forces which are not controlled by the military, but operate under civilian organisations, such as the [[National Security Guard]] under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]], the [[Special Group (India)|Special Group]] and the [[Special Frontier Force]] under the [[Research & Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), the external intelligence agency of India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2016|title=Employment of India's Special Operations Forces|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/ORF_IssueBrief_150_SinhaBalakrishnan.pdf|access-date=26 September 2020|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]}}</ref> Small groups from the military SF units are deputed in the [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]], a unified command and control structure.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=2019-05-16|title=Centre names officers for tri-service divisions|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/centre-names-officers-for-tri-service-divisions/article27142117.ece|access-date=2019-11-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Indian Army==
[[File:Ind para sf and US sf.jpg|thumb|Indian Para SF (in Ranger Green uniform) and [[United States Army Special Forces|US Army Green Beret]] during exercise Vajra Prahar, 2022]]

===Para (Special Forces)===
{{main|Para (Special Forces)}}

The [[Para (Special Forces)]], or Para (SF), are the special forces of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shiv Aroor |last2=Rahul Singh |title=INDIA'S MOST FEARLESS: True Stories of Modern Military Heroes |date=20 September 2017 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789386815422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sr42DwAAQBAJ&dq=most+fearless+parachute+regiment+(special+forces)&pg=PT15 |access-date=26 September 2020 |quote=As second-in-command, or 2IC, of an elite Parachute Regiment (Special Forces), or the Para-SF as it is called, Maj. Tango had...|author1-link=Shiv Aroor }}</ref><ref name="Katoch Summer 2011">{{cite web |last1=Katoch |first1=P.C. |title=The Bane of Pseudo Specialisation |url=https://archive.claws.in/images/journals_doc/1395650109P%20C%20Katoch%20%20CJ%20Summer%202011.pdf |website=[[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]] journal |access-date=26 September 2020}}</ref>
This unit was created in June 1966 in the aftermath of the [[1965 Indo-Pakistani war]]. An impromptu commando unit called Meghdoot Force, raised by [[Megh Singh|Col Megh Singh VrC]], which took part in the 1965 war, formed the first nucleus of the permanent Para commando battalion, which was to be raised under the Parachute Regiment. By 1969, the unit had grown into 2 battalions, viz. the 9 Para and the 1 Para. The unit's first combat missions were conducted during the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] in which they undertook raids against Pakistan's military.

Since the 1990s, the Para (Commando) have been deployed on [[counter-terrorism]] operations in the [[Kashmir]] region against insurgents. These operations include raids and ambushes. In 1999, Para (SF) undertook operations against Pakistan's military during the [[Kargil war]], which included raids against Pakistani infantry and special forces. In 2002, the 2 Para (SF) participated in [[Operation Khukri]] in [[Sierra Leone]] to rescue 223 soldiers of the Indian Army's [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5/8 Gorkha Rifles]] who were deployed as [[United Nations|UN]] peacekeepers but were surrounded by militants from the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dutta|first=Sujan|date=1 October 2016|title=The special tip of the spear|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/the-special-tip-of-the-spear/cid/1483255|access-date=2020-09-26|website=The Telegraph|location=India}}</ref> Some of the later reported missions carried out by Para (SF) include the [[2015 Indian counter-insurgency operation in Myanmar|counter-insurgency operation]] purportedly undertaken inside Myanmar in 2015, and the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 Surgical Strikes]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Inside Story of India's 2016 'Surgical Strikes'|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/09/the-inside-story-of-indias-2016-surgical-strikes/|access-date=2020-09-26|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-28|title=Operation Hot Pursuit: Watch History TV18 unravel the inside story of Indian Army's daring counter-insurgency strike|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/operation-hot-pursuit-watch-history-tv18-unravel-the-inside-story-of-indian-armys-daring-counter-insurgency-strike-4409365.html|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-10|title=Myanmar denies India killed rebels on its soil, says won't let foreign attackers use its territory|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/myanmar-denies-india-killed-rebels-on-its-soil-says-won-t-let-foreign-attackers-use-its-territory/story-yqgtPd79X8bMgN9oPj48TP.html|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 1988, 6 Para spearheaded the only foreign intervention operation conducted by the Indian Armed Forces to restore democracy in [[Maldives]] by the order of Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. The operation was code-named [[Operation Cactus]]. Operation Cactus was launched to thwart a coup against the government of President [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manu Pubby |title=India bringing Maldives into its security net |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-bringing-maldives-into-its-security-net/501583/2 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=26 September 2020 |quote=In 1988, India helped foil a coup attempt being assisted by Tamil rebels after it launched Operation Cactus on receiving a distress message from the then President, Maumoon Abdul Gayoom.}}</ref> In the late 1980s, the Para (Commando) were deployed in [[Sri Lanka]] where they conducted helicopter-borne assaults and security operations. The unit 21 Para (SF) is reported to have killed many terrorists of Meitei and Kuki groups along the India-Myanmar boundary in 2022-23 while also avenging the killing of a Commanding Officer of 46 Assam Rifles and his family and eliminating the masterminds of the ambush on the Army column in 2015, earning many awards, accolades, and praise for the leadership. This has firmly established the unit as the best in the Indian Army.

'''The list of PARA (SF) Battalions is as follows:'''<ref name="kar.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/units.htm|title=Welcome to The Parachute Regiment|website=indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622025648/http://www.indianparachuteregiment.kar.nic.in/units.htm|archive-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* 1 PARA (SF) "Pratham"
* 2 PARA (SF) "Predators"
* 3 PARA (SF) "Russell's Vipers"
* 4 PARA (SF) "Daggers"
* 5 PARA (SF) "Batalik"
* 6 PARA (SF) "Sakht Para"
* 7 PARA (SF) "SE7EN"
* 9 PARA (SF) "Mountain Rats/Pirates"
* 10 PARA (SF) "Desert Scorpions"
* 11 PARA (SF) "Helleven"
* 12 PARA (SF) "Dirty Dozens"
* 13 PARA (SF) "Thunderbolts"
* 21 PARA (SF) "Waghnakhs"
* 23 PARA (SF) "Devil's Own"
* 29 PARA (SF) "Warriors N Monks"

{{Div col end}}

==Indian Navy==
[[File:MARCOS and US Navy SEALs, Urban Combat Training, MALABAR 2021 (bright).jpg|thumb|MARCOS and US Navy SEALs, Urban Combat Training, MALABAR 2021]]

===MARCOS===
{{main|MARCOS}}

First conceived in 1985, the Marine Commando Force, also called MARCOS, was raised in February 1987. It is the special forces unit of the Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-07-12|title=Marcos get a new exclusive base at Bheemunipatanam in AP|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/marcos-get-a-new-exclusive-base-at-bheemunipatanam-in-ap-116071201218_1.html|access-date=2020-09-26}}</ref><ref name="Hiranandani 1991-2000">{{Cite book|last=Vice Admiral GM Hiranandani|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Transition-to-Guardianship-07Apr16.pdf|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991–2000|date=15 January 2010 |publisher=Lancer|isbn=9781935501268|pages=81–82}}</ref> Initially, the [[U.S. Navy SEALs]] and British special forces trained a few officers of the Indian navy who formed the first core of MARCOS.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 May 2011|title=Who Dares Wins|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/who-dares-wins/271657|access-date=2020-09-26|website=Outlook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Mike|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBNrNgAACAAJ|title=The Encyclopedia of the World's Special Forces: Tactics, History, Strategy, Weapons|last2=Mann|first2=Chris|last3=Stilwell|first3=Alexander|publisher=[[Spellmount]]|year=2003|isbn=9781862272316|quote=Volunteers from the diving unit were sent to train with the US Navy SEALs at Coronado, and a series of exchanges followed with the SBS. The result of this education in maritime special forces practice was the formation of the Indian Marine Special Forces in February 1987.}}</ref> Months after their creation, MARCOS were deployed in [[Sri Lanka]] against the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) in July 1987. In the 1990s, MARCOS undertook numerous operations such as Operation Tasha (1991) against the LTTE, and Operation Zabardust (1992) against a ship that was smuggling arms, and in support of the United Nations in [[Somalia]] (1993). They also participated in the 1999 [[Kargil War]].<ref name="Hiranandani 1991-2000" /> Since 1995, MARCOS have been permanently deployed for counter-terrorism operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] against militants.<ref name="Hiranandani 1991-2000" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 July 2017|title=Now, MARCOS helping Army flush out terrorists in Kashmir|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-marcos-army-wular-lake-terrorists-1025049-2017-07-18|access-date=26 September 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> MARCOS had participated in efforts against the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] alongside the [[National Security Guard]]s but their effectiveness was diluted due to bureaucratic indecision.<ref name="deadly delay">{{cite news|title=Deadly delay in calling the marine commandos|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/deadly-delay-in-calling-the-marine-commandos/articleshow/3774370.cms|access-date=20 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 November 2008}}</ref> MARCOS have also been deployed in anti-piracy operations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy's Special Commandos Save Ship From Pirates in Gulf of Aden|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-vessel-thwarts-pirate-attack-on-indian-ship-in-gulf-of-aden-1759561|access-date=2020-09-26|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

After a 10-week-long basic training, MARCOS are sent to train alongside the Indian Army's [[Para (Special Forces)|Para (SF)]] for 3 weeks. Advanced training follows, during which MARCOS learn skills such as sky-diving, weapons training, counter-insurgency, languages, and warfare in different terrains, among other things. Each MARCOS squad, called ''Prahar'', is composed of 8 soldiers.<ref name="Hiranandani 1991-2000" /> Some of the responsibilities of MARCOS are-<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-abhimanyu|title=INS Abhimanyu {{!}} Indian Navy|website=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref>

* Clandestine operations inside hostile territory, including diving operations and raids.
* [[Counter-terrorism]] operations.
* Providing support to [[Amphibious warfare|Amphibious operations]].
* Special surveillance and reconnaissance operations.

==Indian Air Force==
[[File:IAF Garud commando.jpg|thumb|IAF Garud commando]]

===Garud Commando Force===
{{main|Garud Commando Force}}
The Garud commandos are the special forces of the Indian Air Force (IAF). Their tasks include counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, providing security to IAF's assets, and various air force-specific special operations. First conceived in 2002, this unit was officially established on 6 February 2004.<ref name="VK Bhatia">{{Cite web|last=V.K. Bhatia|first=Air Marshal (Retd)|date=October 2009|title=Special Forces – Garuds for All Reasons|url=https://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=363|access-date=2020-09-27|website=SP’s Aviation|language=en}}</ref>

All Garud cadets are volunteers who have received a 52-week basic training, which includes a three-month probation followed by basic airborne training, special operations training, other warfare methods, and survival skills. The last phase of basic training sees Garuds being deployed to get combat experience. Advanced training follows, which includes specialised weapons training.<ref name="VK Bhatia" /><ref name="garud">{{cite news|date=6 February 2004|title=Garud: IAF's commando force takes off|newspaper=[[Rediff]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/garud/20040206.htm|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref>

The mandated tasks of the Garuds include direct action, special reconnaissance, rescuing downed pilots in hostile territory, establishing airbases in hostile territory, and providing air-traffic control to these airbases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2017|title=Indian Commandos Heads To Israel For 'Major' Military Drill|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/indian-commandos-in-israel-for-2-week-long-blue-flag-military-drills/304149|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Outlook}}</ref> The Garuds also undertake [[suppression of enemy air defences]] and the destruction of other enemy assets such as radars, evaluation of the outcomes of Indian airstrikes and use [[laser designator]]s to guide Indian airstrikes.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Shukla|first=Ajai|date=2017-10-11|title=Garud commandoes take first casualties after operating for 12 yrs in J&K|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/garud-commandoes-take-first-casualties-after-secretly-operating-for-12-yrs-117101101012_1.html|access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> The security of IAF installations and assets is usually performed by the Air Force Police and the [[Defence Security Corps]], even though some critical assets are protected by the Garuds.<ref name="VK Bhatia"/>

== National Security Guard ==
{{main|National Security Guard}}
[[File:NSG 2024 04.jpg|thumb|A NSG commando with his [[Police dog|K-9 commando]]]]
The [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) is a specialized [[counter-terrorism]] federal contingency force. It was formally created in 1986. It is based on the [[British Army]]'s [[Special Air Service]] and the German [[GSG 9]].<ref name=NSG>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nsg.gov.in/about-us/history-nsg|title=History of NSG {{!}} National Security Guard|website=nsg.gov.in|access-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> The NSG is popularly referred to as the 'Black Cats' due to its distinct black uniforms.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nsgs-black-cat-commandoes-get-an-upgrade/articleshow/63636665.cms|title=NSG's Black Cat commandoes get an upgrade|date=2018-04-06|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> It consists of the following two elements<ref name=NSG />-

*SAG (Special Action Group), recruits personnel from the [[Indian Army]].
*SRG (Special Rangers Group), recruits personnel from the state police, and [[Central Armed Police Forces]].

The NSG consists entirely of volunteers on deputation from the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], or the [[State Police]] departments and the [[Indian Army]]. NSG commandos are sent back to their parent department after serving with the force for a certain period. The [[Director General of the National Security Guard]] is an officer who is appointed from the [[Indian Police Service]]. Since 2012, women at the Central Armed Police Forces have been serving in the NSG.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of sexes: NSG loses its last woman commando after she goes on maternity leave |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsg-commandos-women-black-cats-crpf-capf-central-forces-1071272-2017-10-29 |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=India Today |date=29 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Research and Analysis Wing ==
=== Special Group ===
{{Main|Special Group (India)|l1 = Special Group}}
The [[Special Group (India)|Special Group]] is a clandestine special forces unit of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW). It was formed in 1981.<ref name="ht">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/special-group-warriors-of-stealth/story-qoVFwEMb9kHXNov80WKQRL.html|title=Special Group: Warriors of stealth|date=2014-02-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-06}}</ref> The responsibilities of the Special Group include clandestine intelligence operations and [[covert]] and [[paramilitary]] operations and is known as '''4 Vikas''', '''22 SF''' and '''22 SG'''.The Special Group is different from the Vikas battalions of the [[Special Frontier Force]]; the name "4 Vikas" was given to it to create confusion. The designation of "22 SF" was given to the SG when it was deployed in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (for counter-insurgency operations) to conceal the real name of the unit; obituaries for SG personnel who died carried this name. The number 22 in this designation is in succession with the number 21 in Indian Army‘s [[Para (Special Forces)|21 Para (SF)]]. Its responsibilities include conducting operations to thwart urban terrorism with which the [[Indian Armed Forces]] may not wish to be overtly associated.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Special Frontier Force ===
{{main|Special Frontier Force}}
The [[Special Frontier Force]] ('''SFF''') is a [[paramilitary]] Indian special forces unit composed primarily of [[Refugees in India#Tibet|Tibetan refugees]] and [[Gurkha]]s in [[India]]. It was established after the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 to primarily conduct covert operations behind the Chinese lines in case of another war with China. Later it increased in size and scope of operations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author-last=Shukla |author-first=Ajai |author-link=Ajai Shukla |date=2 September 2020 |title=Ladakh intrusions: Special Frontier Force takes first casualties |work=Business Standard|location=India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/defence/ladakh-intrusions-special-frontier-force-takes-first-casualties-120090200030_1.html |access-date=24 September 2020}}</ref>

Based in [[Chakrata]],<ref>{{cite web|date=17 December 1971 |title=Establishment 22 |url=http://www.chushigangdruk.org/history/history11.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706173443/http://www.chushigangdruk.org/history/history11.htm |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=28 September 2012 |publisher=chushigangdruk.org}}</ref> Uttarakhand, the force was put under the direct supervision of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), and later the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), India's external [[intelligence agency]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=2813 |title=Bollywood Sargam – Special: Tibetan faujis in Bluestar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502133625/http://www.bollywoodsargam.com/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=2813 |archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref> and is not part of the [[Indian Army]] but functions under their operational control with its own rank structure, charter and training infrastructure.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last1=Chhina |first1=Man Aman Singh |last2=Kaushik |first2=Krishn |date=2020-09-01 |title=Special Frontier Force: Why is a covert group now under the spotlight? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-special-frontier-force-vikas-battalion-6578568/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> It falls under the authority of the Directorate General on Security in the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] headed by an Inspector General (SFF) who is selected from the [[Major general (India)|Major General]] rank of the Indian Army and who reports directly to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author-last1=Chhina |author-first1=Man Aman Singh |author-last2=Kaushik |author-first2=Krishn |date=2 September 2020 |title=Explained: What is the Special Frontier Force, referred to as Vikas Battalion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/what-is-special-frontier-force-vikas-battalion-6578568/ |access-date=2 September 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The SFF has a total of six battalions called 1 Vikas, 2 Vikas, 3 Vikas, 5 Vikas, 6 Vikas, and 7 Vikas. Each battalion has around 800 troopers.<ref name="India Today 4 Vikas">{{cite web|author-last1=Unnithan |author-first1=Sandeep |date=5 September 2020 |title=The Tibetan ghost warriors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/20200914-the-tibetan-ghost-warriors-1718584-2020-09-05 |access-date=6 September 2020 |website=India Today}}</ref> The six battalions are commanded by Indian Army officers of colonel rank. At least five other Indian Army officers are in a battalion. At the helm of SFF is the Inspector General (SFF), an officer of Major General rank. The [[Special Group (India)|Special Group]], or 4 Vikas, functions under a separate chain of command under the R&AW. Historically, by the late 1960s, the SFF was organised into six battalions for administrative purposes. In the past, each battalion, consisting of six companies, was commanded by a Tibetan who had a rank equivalent to a lieutenant colonel in the Indian Army. A Tibetan major or captain commanded each company, which was the primary unit used in operations. After the 1980s, the practice of giving Indian Army commissions to Tibetans was discontinued.<ref name="India Today 4 Vikas" />

==In popular culture==
*''[[Uri: The Surgical Strike]]'' (2019) is an account of the tactical strikes conducted by [[Para (Special Forces)]] at the terrorist camps across the [[Line of Control]] in retaliation for the [[2016 Uri attack]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/uri-the-surgical-strike-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-takes-pakistan-head-on-in-this-military-drama-1426887-2019-01-09|title=Uri The Surgical Strike Movie Review: Vicky Kaushal takes Pakistan head on in this military drama|date=9 January 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref>
*[[Sandeep Unnikrishnan|Maj Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]’s biopic ''[[Major (film)|Major]]'' was based on the attack of 26/11 [[Mumbai]] terror attack.
*''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]'' (2020), a TV show which shows how the NSG Commandos neutralized the terrorists from Pakistan in the 26/11 terror attack in Mumbai.
*''[[State of Siege: Temple Attack]]'' (2021), is loosely based on the 2002 [[Akshardham Temple attack]] and the subsequent operation by the NSG to kill the terrorists.
*''[[Jeet Ki Zid]]'' (2021) TV Show, is based on the life of a retired Indian Army special forces officer Major Deependra Singh Sengar.

==See also==
* [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]] (Indian tri-services command at operational level)
* [[Special Protection Group]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Military of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Special forces of India| ]]

Hoo (film)

2026-03-06T02:25:59Z

NatishaMooring9: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hoo
| image = Hoo (film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| producer = Dinesh Gandhi
| screenplay = V. Ravichandran
| story = [[Vikraman]]
| writer = [[Mohan Shankar]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{unbulleted list|''[[Priyamaana Thozhi]]''/''[[Vasantam]]'' (2003)}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]|[[Meera Jasmine]]|[[Namitha]]}}
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = GSV Seetharam
| editing = V. Ravichandran
| distributor = SS Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|6|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Hoo''''' ({{translation}} ''Flower'') is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film written and directed by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]. The film stars [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] and [[Meera Jasmine]] in lead roles whereas [[Namitha]] plays important supporting role.

The film which is produced by Dinesh Gandhi is a remake of [[Vikraman]]'s 2003 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]/[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] bilingual ''[[Priyamana Thozhi]]/[[Vasantham]]''.

==Cast==
* [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] as Anand
* [[Meera Jasmine]] as Jasmine
* [[Namitha]] as Anju
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Michael
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
* [[Lokanath]]
* [[Pavithra Lokesh]]
* Shankar Ashwath
* [[Chithra Shenoy]]

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sarigama Sari
| lyrics1 = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = O Beautiful Lady
| lyrics2 = V. Ravichandran
| extra2 = [[L. N. Shastry]], Suma Shastry
| length2 =
| title3 = Nee Hanga Nodabeda
| lyrics3 = V. Ravichandran
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Dheem Dheem
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics4 = V. Ravichandran
| length4 =
| title5 = Sarigama Sari (child bit)
| extra5 = [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics5 = V. Ravichandran
| length5 =
| title6 = Nooku Nuggalu
| lyrics6 = V. Ravichandran
| extra6 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Anuradha Sriram
| length6 =
}}

== Reception ==
Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Harikrishna's composition Sarigama.... will linger on for a while. Other songs picturised on Ravichandran and Namitha will appeal to the masses. There are also chances of a song that is picturised on Pavithra, Namita and the hero, leaving you with discomfort. Hoo is sure to appeal to Ravichandran's fans".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-hoo/20100604.htm|title=Ravichandran shines in Hoo|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 June 2010}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Ravichandran looks dull, jaded and tired. Namitha is just fit to be Bullet Prakash's pair. Meera Jasmine is excellent. Prakash Raj impresses in a brief appearance. Rangayana Raghu shines. Music by V Harikrishna is average. Camera work by G S V Seetharam is mediocre".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/hoo/movie-review/6019663.cms?from=mdr|title=HOO MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> BSS from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "His abilities are instead limited to some heavy emotional scenes where his woebegone expression adds to the impact. Meera Jasmine is adequate; her expressive eyes and body language bring to life Jasmine effectively. Namitha as Anju, disappoints both critics and the front-benchers. Performance-wise she is restricted in a tiny role while the presentation of her ample assets leaves the seeti-wallahs panting for more".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/73423/no-fragrance.html|title=No fragrance|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 June 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{V. Ravichandran}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoo}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Kannada actor)]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Bunny Vas

2026-03-04T16:24:16Z

NatishaMooring9: correct article per sources and added references to improve readability

{{short description|Indian film producer (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Bunny Vasu
| image = Bunny Vasu.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|06|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Palakollu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = [[Film producer]], [[film distributor]]
}}
'''Udaya Srinivas Gavara''', popularly known as '''Bunny Vasu''', is an Indian film producer and distributor who produces [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is a partner of [[Geetha Arts|GA2 Pictures]], a production company which he co-founded with [[Allu Aravind]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bunny Vasu About Allu Aravind's Success Secret |url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Bunny-Vas-Speech-At-Geetha-Govindam-Success-Meet/75260 |website=tupaki.com}}
</ref> His films have included ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]'', ''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' and ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/birthday-boy-bunny-vas-continues-to-rise-telugu-news-238011|title=Birthday boy Bunny Vas continues to rise - Telugu News|date=11 June 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> He also was the co-producer for the films ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' and ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-bunny-vasu-5-films-of-the-successful-producer-that-won-hearts-of-the-audience/photostory/76304136.cms|title=Sai Dharam Tej starrer Prati Roju Pandaage|date=11 June 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Bunny Vas was born in [[Palakollu]] in [[West Godavari district]]. He started off as an employee in [[Geetha Arts]], eventually working alongside Allu Aravind. Working with Vamsi of UV Creations, he has distributed 57 films for Guntur and West Godavari regions, including ''[[Pokiri]]'', [[Arya (2004 film)|''Arya'']], and ''[[Magadheera]]''. He was also the distributor for the film [[Gabbar Singh (film)|''Gabbar Singh'']].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Bunny-Vasu-bags-CGR-rights-for-West-Godavari/articleshow/16124803.cms|title=Bunny Vasu bags CGR rights for West Godavari|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 January 2017|accessdate=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/happy-birthday-to-bunny-vas-536864|title=Happy Birthday Bunny Vas|date=11 June 2019|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/bunnuvasu.html|title=Interview with Bunny Vasu about Bhale Bhale Magadivoi - Telugu cinema producer|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

Aravind and [[Allu Arjun]] later made him a partner in GA2 Pictures, which is a subsidiary of [[Geetha Arts]].<ref>{{cite news
|title=How Allu Aravind found his DEPUTY? |url=https://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Allu-Aravind-Impressed-With-Bunny-Vasu-Skills/31673
|website=tupaki.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.gulte.com/movienews/82348/Allu-Arjun-Feels-Happy-For-BunnyVas-On-Twitter|title=Allu Arjun Feels Happy For #BunnyVas On Twitter|date=4 February 2020|website=Gulte}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-bunny-vas-ga-2-will-give-scope-to-new-talents.html|title=Interview : Bunny Vas – GA 2 will give chance to new talents|date=31 August 2015}}</ref>

==Filmography==

;As producer
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+List of film credits
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
|2011||[[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014||''[[Kotha Janta]]'' ||
|-
|[[Pilla Nuvvu Leni Jeevitham|''Pilla Nuvu Leni Jeevitham'']] ||
|-
|2015||[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy|''Bhale Bhale Mogadivoi'']] ||
|-
|2017||''[[Next Nuvve]]'' ||
|-
|2018 ||''[[Geetha Govindam]]'' ||
|-
|2019||[[Prati Roju Pandage|''Prathi Roju Pandagey'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021|| ''[[Chaavu Kaburu Challaga]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Most Eligible Bachelor]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Pakka Commercial]]'' ||
|-
|''[[18 Pages]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Vinaro Bhagyamu Vishnu Katha]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kota Bommali PS]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024 || ''[[Ambajipeta Marriage Band]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Aay (film)|Aay]]'' ||
|-
|2025
| ''[[Thandel]]'' ||
|}

;As distributor
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|+List of film credits
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
| ''[[Little Hearts (2025 film)|Little Hearts]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Raju Weds Rambai]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Eesha (film)|Eesha]]''
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Hey Balwanth]]''
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|nm4384162}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vasu, Bunny}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:People from Palakollu]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Appavum Veenjum

2026-03-03T20:38:11Z

NatishaMooring9: New New Info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appavum Veenjum
| image = Appavum-Veenjum.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director = Viswan
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Sunny Wayne]]
*[[Ramya Krishnan]]
*[[Prathap Pothen]]
}}
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = Venugopal
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|6|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''Appavum Veenjum''''' ({{translation|[[Bread]] and [[wine]]}}) is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language thriller drama film directed by Viswan and starring [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] and [[Prathap Pothen]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/appavum-veenjum/articleshow/47628158.cms|title=Appavum Veenjum|work=The Times of India|date=11 June 2015 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603084044/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/previews/appavum-veenjum/articleshow/47628158.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sunny Wayne]] as Freddy Peter George (Jude)
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Merlin Fernandez
*[[Prathap Pothen]] as Fernandez<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/destiny-proves-me-wrong-pratap-pothen/articleshow/46211105.cms|title=Destiny proves me wrong: Pratap Pothen|work=The Times of India|date=12 February 2015 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416111648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/destiny-proves-me-wrong-pratap-pothen/articleshow/46211105.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Reshma Rathore]] as Jela Fernandez
*[[Devi Ajith]]
*[[Sunil Sukhada]] as Doctor Naina
*[[Arun (actor)|Arun]]
*[[Balu Varghese]] as Jithu
*[[Ouseppachan]]
*[[Lishoy]]
*Rajesh
*[[Shwetha Menon]] as a doctor (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shwetha-menon-to-do-a-cameo/articleshow/46430561.cms|title=Shwetha Menon to do a cameo|last=Soman|first=Deepa|date=3 March 2015|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603084028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shwetha-menon-to-do-a-cameo/articleshow/46430561.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Ramya Krishnan returned to Malayalam cinema after a [[Ore Kadal|hiatus]] with this film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/my-career-took-off-in-the-nineties/articleshow/46383311.cms|title=My career took off in the nineties|last=Soman|first=Deepa|work=The Times of India|date=26 February 2015 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=18 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718072854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/My-career-took-off-in-the-nineties/articleshow/46383311.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/remya-krishnan-in-malayalam-film-appavum-veenjum/articleshow/45941019.cms|title=Remya Krishnan in Malayalam film Appavum Veenjum|last=Soman|first=Deepa|work=The Times of India|date=19 January 2015 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603084030/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/remya-krishnan-in-malayalam-film-appavum-veenjum/articleshow/45941019.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Reshma Rathore]] replaced [[Ragini Nandwani]] to play Sunny Wayne's love interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/reshma-replaces-ragini-nandwani/articleshow/46299092.cms|title=Reshma replaces Ragini Nandwani!|last=Karthikeyan|first=Shruti|work=The Times of India|date=20 February 2015|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603084032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/reshma-replaces-ragini-nandwani/articleshow/46299092.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This film marks her Malayalam debut and she plays a college student in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/reshma-in-awe-of-mwood/articleshow/47554217.cms|title=Reshma in awe of M'wood|last=Karthikeyan|first=Shruti|work=The Times of India|date=6 June 2015|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=11 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611021417/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Reshma-in-awe-of-Mwood/articleshow/47554217.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Prathap Pothen]] called his character crazy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pratap-pothens-next-is-a-crazy-character/articleshow/46367933.cms|title=Pratap Pothen's next is a crazy character|last=Soman|first=Deepa|work=The Times of India|date=25 February 2015 |access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=3 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603084035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pratap-pothens-next-is-a-crazy-character/articleshow/46367933.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[Ouseppachan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/ousepachan-to-sing-and-act-in-appavum-veenjum/articleshow/46755417.cms|title=Ousepachan to sing and act in Appavum Veenjum|last=Soman|first=Deepa|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709203818/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Ousepachan-to-sing-and-act-in-Appavum-Veenjum/articleshow/46755417.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Prathap Pothen and his daughter Keya each sang a song in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/keya-pothen-croons-for-appavum-veenjum/articleshow/47441788.cms|title=Keya Pothen croons for Appavum Veenjum|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602031321/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Keya-Pothen-croons-for-Appavum-Veenjum/articleshow/47441788.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Karineela Kannulla" - Veetraag<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/viral/malarevasanthamallike-top-5-malayalam-songs-that-are-truly-amazing-and-soulful-466686/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603084037/https://www.india.com/viral/malarevasanthamallike-top-5-malayalam-songs-that-are-truly-amazing-and-soulful-466686/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "The tale of love and revenge gives you a haunting feel. Most of the actor don't have much to do and seem wasted in blink-and-miss roles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/appavam-veenjum-bodyblood/movie-review/47705593.cms|title=Appavum Veenjum Review|date=12 June 2015|work=The Times of India|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519072414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/appavam-veenjum-bodyblood/movie-review/47705593.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Padmakumar K. of ''[[Manorama Online]]'' said that "the musical score, both background and the songs, by Ouseppachan is a pleasant surprise. The lush locales, perfect sound design and an off-beat treatment make Appavum Veenjum a blissful experience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/appavum-veenjum-emotionally-intriguing.html|title=Appavum Veenjum: Emotionally intriguing|date=13 June 2015|last=K.|first=Padmakumar|work=Manorama Online|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108000610/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/appavum-veenjum-emotionally-intriguing.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150613230054/http://metromatinee.gallery/appavum-veenjum-movie-review/ ''Metromatinee'' review]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150615003703/http://mollywoodtimes.com/2015/06/12/appavum-veenjum-movie-review/ ''Mollywood Times'' review]}}
*[https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16866/malayalam/appavum-veenjum/5113/review/ ''Nowrunning'' review]

[[Category:2015 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]

Sogasu Chooda Tarama!

2026-03-03T18:28:10Z

NatishaMooring9: put up new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sogasu_Chooda_Tarama_Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = K. Ram Gopal
| writer = '''Story''' & '''Screenplay''': Gunasekhar '''Dialogues''': Ajayshanthi
| starring = [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] [[Indraja]] [[Tanikella Bharani]] [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] Ramana Murthy
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = [[Sekhar V. Joseph]]
| editing = Shankar
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|07|14}}
| runtime = 144 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Sogasu Chooda Tarama!''''' ({{translation|Look at my Elegance}}) is a 1995 [[Telugu language]] [[romance film]] directed by [[Gunasekhar]]. The film stars [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Indraja]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]], and Ramana Murthy. The film won four [[Nandi Awards]]. It was not commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanchibhotla |first=Srinivas |date= |title=Mattilo Maanikyaalu - Best movies, yet box office failures - Sogasu Chooda Tarama |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/sogasuchoodataramaa.html |archive-date=2015-10-20 |access-date=2022-09-17 |website=[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020022033/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/jewels/sogasuchoodataramaa.html }}</ref> The film is an unofficial remake of 1993 American film ''[[Indecent Proposal]]''.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==Cast==

*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Venkat Rao
*[[Indraja]] as Neelima
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*Ramana Murthy
*[[Devadas Kanakala]]

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sogasu Chuda Taramaa?
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cover =
| released = 1995
| recorded = 1995
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 27:39
| label = [[Magnasound Records]]
| producer = Bharadwaj
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Merupu (1996 film)|Merupu]]
| next_year = 1996
}}

{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Track-List
|total_length=27:39
|title1=Orayyo Yendammo|extra1=[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]|length1= 4:38
|title2=Akashamlo Neeli Mabbula|extra2=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Sujatha Mohan]], Rohini | lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]|length2=4:37
|title3=Seethakoka Chilukalamma|extra3=Anuradha Sriram| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|length3=5:09
|title4=Sogasu Chooda Tarama|extra4=[[K. J. Yesudas]]| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|length4=3:33
|title5=Pannu Katti Pettu Pellama|extra5=S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Anuradha Sriram]]| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|length5=4:43
|title6=Ori Babai Chooda Chakkani|extra6=[[Suresh Peters]], [[Khushi Murali]] | lyrics6 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|length6=4:59
}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|url-status=live}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] - K. Ram Gopal
* [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]] - Ajay Shanti<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.indian.telugu/c/eelL1-mqFsE?pli=1|title=1994 / 1995 NANDI Film Awards|access-date=20 August 2021|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820132520/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.indian.telugu/c/eelL1-mqFsE?pli=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] - Koteswara Rao
* [[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer|Best Screenplay Writer]] - [[Gunasekhar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0258974}}

{{Gunasekhar}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Indian films about gambling]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gunasekhar]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:1995 romance films]]
{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Ceylon (film)

2026-03-03T03:27:56Z

NatishaMooring9: expanded content

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Santosh Sivan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ceylon
| image = Ceylon film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| producer = Mubina Rattonsey Santosh Sivan [[Thirrupathi Brothers|N. Subash Chandrabose]]
| screenplay = Santosh Sivan Zazy Sharanya Rajgopal
| narrator = [[Arvind Swamy]]
| starring = S. Karan [[Sugandha Garg|Sugandha Ram]] [[Saritha]]
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cinematography = Santosh Sivan
| editing = [[T. S. Suresh]]
| studio = [[Santosh Sivan|Santosh Sivan Films]] [[Thirrupathi Brothers|Thirrupathi Brothers Film Media]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|10|05|Busan International Film Festival|2014|03|28}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ceylon''''', titled '''''Inam''''' in Tamil,<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |last=Mumbai Mirror |date=20 August 2013 |title=Santosh Sivan's film on island of blood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Santosh-Sivans-film-on-island-of-blood/articleshow/21929194.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823171322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-20/news-interviews/41428705_1_santosh-sivan-s-madras-cafe-shoojit-sircar |archive-date=23 August 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> is a 2013 Indian [[war film]] written, directed, filmed and produced by [[Santosh Sivan]]. The story revolves around a group of teenagers in an orphanage set during the [[Sri Lankan Civil War|civil war]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. The film premiered at the 2013 [[Busan International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santosh SIVAN |date=8 August 2009 |title=WWW.BIFF.KR A Window on Asian Cinema Program / A Window on Asian Cinema |url=http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=10810&c_idx=53&sp_idx=&QueryStep= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001031/http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=10810&c_idx=53&sp_idx=&QueryStep= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 December 2013 |publisher=Biff.kr}}</ref> and had a theatrical release in India on 28 March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury – March 28 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-28-news-tamil-od2jSviacbg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401062215/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-march-28-news-tamil-od2jSviacbg.html |archive-date=1 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Although it was positively reviewed by critics, the film was withdrawn by Linguswamy (who bought the distribution rights for the film) from theaters, after it was met with protests from various Tamil groups in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Sivan's 'Inam' pulled from cinemas after Tamil groups protest |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/l5aF0vsv2Wz62Ony39onnK/Santosh-Sivans-Inam-pulled-from-cinemas-after-Tamil-group.html |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=Livemint}}</ref>
== Plot ==
Rajini, a Sri Lankan Tamil girl, narrates the horrific tale of why she had to leave her homeland and become a refugee in India.
== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* Karan S as Nandan
* [[Sugandha Garg|Sugandha Ram]] as Rajini
* [[Saritha]] as Tsunami Akka
* [[Karunas]] as Stanley
* Shyam Sundar as Ravi
* Janaki as Stella
* Soumya Sadanand
* Vikram Chakravarti
* M. K. Vijayan
* Malini Sathappan
* Thaslim
*[[Mime Gopi]]
{{colend}}

==Production==
In 2009, it was first reported that [[Santhosh Sivan]]'s next film would be "a hard-hitting political film scripted around the [[LTTE]] (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam)-related strife and the death of its leader [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subhash K Jha |date=6 July 2009 |title=Sivan to make film on LTTE |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-06/news-interviews/28183387_1_santosh-sivan-tahaan-directorial-debut |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203031145/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-06/news-interviews/28183387_1_santosh-sivan-tahaan-directorial-debut |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2012 then he stated "in ''Ceylon'' I want to look at the Sri Lankan situation from the perspective of a bunch of youngsters who get caught in the crisis. It's more about the outsiders' response to the horrors than about the politics".<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite web |last=Subhash K Jha |date=11 June 2012 |title=Santosh Sivan, Shoojit Sircar set to capture LTTE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Santosh-Sivan-Shoojit-Sircar-set-to-capture-LTTE/articleshow/14022231.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827184428/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-11/news-interviews/32173865_1_shoojit-sircar-film-on-sperm-donation-ltte-movement |archive-date=27 August 2012 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He also told that he will shoot in Sri Lanka after the rains and that he didn't want "''Ceylon'' to look like a tourist's attraction".<ref name="indiatimes2" /> Sivan described ''Ceylon'' as his pet-project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=1 June 2012 |title=Sivan in focus |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/sivan-in-focus/article3480385.ece |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Santosh Sivan later said that the film was about "a bunch of teenagers in an orphanage, and set against the backdrop of a civil strife".<ref name="indiatimes3">{{Cite web |date=21 July 2013 |title=I don't want to nurture any controversy: Santosh Sivan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-21/news-interviews/40708452_1_santosh-sivan-ceylon-emotional-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203020847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-21/news-interviews/40708452_1_santosh-sivan-ceylon-emotional-film |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> One of the teenagers, the protagonist was a 16-year-old boy, Karan, with [[Down's Syndrome]]<ref name="indiatimes1" /> with whom Sivan spent nine months before shooting the film.<ref name="telegraphindia1">{{Cite web |title='The best fish is eaten by people living by the sea who don't add too many flavours' |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130818/jsp/7days/17243009.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202232207/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130818/jsp/7days/17243009.jsp |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota}}</ref> [[Sugandha Garg|Sugandha Ram]], who acted in ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'' before, was chosen to portray the female lead.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite web |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=16 November 2013 |title=A special point of view |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-special-point-of-view/article5358064.ece |access-date=19 December 2013 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Sugandha later told that the film was offered in 2010 to her but did not happen then and that the script was later altered and she got an opportunity to audition for the role again.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udhav Naig |date=27 March 2014 |title=In conflict zone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/in-conflict-zone/article5839112.ece |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> It was reported that [[Saritha]] played the role of a person who runs the orphanage.<ref name="indiatimes3" /> According to Sivan, the idea for the film was conceived over a Sri Lankan lunch with a friend during which they met a lady who ran an orphanage in Sri Lanka.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2013 |title='I don't make movies to invite controversy': Santosh Sivan |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130730/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-don%E2%80%99t-make-movies-invite-controversy-santosh-sivan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802132816/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130730/entertainment-kollywood/article/i-don%E2%80%99t-make-movies-invite-controversy-santosh-sivan |archive-date=2 August 2013 |access-date=15 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Sivan wanted director Stanley for a role, but cast [[Karunas]] for it since he could also sing. Karunas was said to have done a serious role unlike his usual comic self.<ref name="thehindu1" /> Sivan stated, "my film is about human aspirations and emotions shattered by the war, not about the politics behind it".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2013 |title=Santosh Sivan's Ceylon is not political |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-23/news-interviews/41439847_1_cinematographer-director-santosh-sivan-ceylon-vishal-chandrashekhar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827162329/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-23/news-interviews/41439847_1_cinematographer-director-santosh-sivan-ceylon-vishal-chandrashekhar |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> He also clarified the film will have nothing to do with the [[LTTE]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=First look of Santosh Sivan's Ceylon |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news-interviews/39739722_1_ceylon-first-look-tamil-version |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809104215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news-interviews/39739722_1_ceylon-first-look-tamil-version |archive-date=9 August 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sivan spent months researching and getting footage for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2012 |title=Santosh Sivan ready to begin Ceylon! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/news-interviews/35868058_1_santosh-sivan-ceylon-directorial-venture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618063934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-17/news-interviews/35868058_1_santosh-sivan-ceylon-directorial-venture |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> He shot it in Tamil as ''Inam'' but also made the film into English for a larger audience and titled it ''Ceylon''.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /> The Tamil version was longer and included songs, scenes for comic relief and the making of the film over end credits and the English version, Sivan said, "is much tighter".<ref name="thehindu1" />

The film was shot by Sivan himself in various locations including [[Kerala]], [[Thirunelveli]], [[Rameswaram]] and [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=25 March 2014 |title=Inam, a Fresh Take on War |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Inam-a-Fresh-Take-on-War/2014/03/25/article2128211.ece#.UzVoUPl5P_E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006172838/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Inam-a-Fresh-Take-on-War/2014/03/25/article2128211.ece#.UzVoUPl5P_E |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> with a [[Red Epic]] digital camera.<ref name="telegraphindia1" /> Since he could not go for many takes, three or four cameras were used at the same time.<ref name="thehindu1" /> Though he used a high-end digital camera he said that he purposely made the shots look [[Candid photography|candid]] as if they had been captured through a mobile phone or a [[hand-held camera]]<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=11 November 2013 |title=Santosh Sivan broke grammar of capturing shots in 'Ceylon': Editor |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Santosh-Sivan-broke-grammar-of-capturing-shots-in-Ceylon-Editor/2013/11/11/article1884418.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111122227/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Santosh-Sivan-broke-grammar-of-capturing-shots-in-Ceylon-Editor/2013/11/11/article1884418.ece |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> as he found out that mobile phones played an important role in the Sri Lankan wars.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" /> Editor Suresh was also asked "to keep all good-looking shots aside" as Sivan felt that the film "should be raw and rustic" and not beautiful.<ref name="newindianexpress1" />

The first look resembling a blood splattered fingerprint forming the map of Sri Lanka, which was designed by Jairam Posterwala, was revealed in June 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=Santosh Sivan's 'Ceylon' first-look poster! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/santosh-sivans-ceylon-first-look-poster-news-tamil-ngekRviccah.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609095752/http://www.sify.com/movies/santosh-sivans-ceylon-first-look-poster-news-tamil-ngekRviccah.html |archive-date=9 June 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Arvind Swamy]] provided a [[voice-over]] for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=Arvind Swami in Santosh Sivan's 'Ceylon' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arvind-Swami-in-Santosh-Sivans-Ceylon/articleshow/20424701.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621233629/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-04/news-interviews/39740234_1_ceylon-film-kadal |archive-date=21 June 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was cleared by the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]] in October 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2013 |title=Santosh Sivan's 'Ceylon' cleared |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/news-interviews/43526022_1_ceylon-cinematographer-director-santosh-sivan-vishal-chandrashekhar |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103002322/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/news-interviews/43526022_1_ceylon-cinematographer-director-santosh-sivan-vishal-chandrashekhar |archive-date=3 November 2013 |access-date=15 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref> Actor [[Udhaya (actor)|Udhaya]]'s wife Keerthika Udhaya had dubbed for Sugandha in all versions.

==Music==
[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] was signed as the music director. Sivan stated that "the background score is heart thumping" since it was a thriller film, but that a [[Baila (genre)|Baila]], and "a few romantic numbers, treaded in a different way" were also included.<ref name="deccanchronicle1" />

==Release==
The film was first screened at the 18th [[Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Bureau |date=16 September 2013 |title=Indian films at Busan Film Festival |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/indian-films-at-busan-film-festival/article5135092.ece |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=Business Line}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Santosh SIVAN |date=8 August 2009 |title=WWW.BIFF.KR A Window on Asian Cinema Program / A Window on Asian Cinema |url=http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=10810&c_idx=53&sp_idx=&QueryStep= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001031/http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_view.asp?idx=10810&c_idx=53&sp_idx=&QueryStep= |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 November 2013 |publisher=Biff.kr}}</ref> The film's Tamil Nadu distribution rights were bought by [[N. Lingusamy]]'s [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] in February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosh Sivan's Inam (aka) Ceylon to be released by Thirrupathi Brothers |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/santosh-sivans-inam-aka-ceylon-to-be-released-by-thirrupathi-brothers.html |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Prior to the theatrical release, Sivan and Thirrupathi Brothers held premiere shows in Chennai and Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2014 |title=Inam- Everybody is raving about it! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/inam-everybody-is-raving-about-it-news-bollywood-od0nXFfibjj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327074639/http://www.sify.com/movies/inam-everybody-is-raving-about-it-news-bollywood-od0nXFfibjj.html |archive-date=27 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 March 2014 |title=Shahid Kapoor attends Santosh Sivan's film screening |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Shahid-Kapoor-attends-Santosh-Sivans-film-screening/articleshow/32827391.cms |access-date=31 March 2014 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was released in Tamil Nadu theatres on 28 March 2014.

Following protests from ''Thanthai Periyar Dravidar Kazhagam'' (TDMK) activists, who had attacked the Balaji Theatre in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], stating the film projects the [[Sri Lankan Civil War]] in bad light, four scenes and one dialogue were removed the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Protests, Five Inam Scenes Clipped |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/After-Protests-Five-Inam-Scenes-Clipped/2014/03/29/article2137211.ece#.Uzl_wvl_v_E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407121910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/After-Protests-Five-Inam-Scenes-Clipped/2014/03/29/article2137211.ece#.Uzl_wvl_v_E |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> After [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] politician [[Vaiko]] too severely criticized the film for being pro-[[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]], Lingusamy decided to stop screening and withdraw the film from theatres from 31 March 2014 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inam's screening to be pulled out after Vaiko's Protest |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Inams-screening-to-be-pulled-out-after-Vaikos-Protest/2014/03/30/article2140126.ece#.UzmG6vl_v_E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331133404/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Inams-screening-to-be-pulled-out-after-Vaikos-Protest/2014/03/30/article2140126.ece#.UzmG6vl_v_E |archive-date=31 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inam out of theatres in Tamil Nadu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Inam-out-of-theatres-in-Tamil-Nadu/articleshow/33007341.cms |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
After its theatrical release, it received positive reviews from critics. [[Sify]] wrote, "''Inam'' is a charming film that pulls at your heart strings. Santosh has made a film on a very sensitive subject, but has handled it beautifully without any propaganda, preaching or twisting of facts" and called it "very good".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Inam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/inam-review-tamil-15052103.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328220835/http://www.sify.com/movies/inam-review-tamil-15052103.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Behindwoods gave it 3.25 stars out of 5 and called it "a disturbing tale, brilliantly captured".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inam (aka) Ceylon review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/inam/inam-review.html |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Sivan is happiest when concocting near-surreal imagery that hints at mood rather than tells a story. The big scenes, on the other hand, don’t work as well. The slice-and-dice vignettes approach results in broad characters rather than complex people capable of holding together a sustained narrative. The effort to humanise them (at least cinematically) through songs doesn’t work".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baradwaj Rangan |date=29 March 2014 |title=Inam: Teardrops in the ocean |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/inam-teardrops-in-the-ocean/article5848259.ece |access-date=31 March 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Inam'' is very much topical and mostly presents a neutral perspective on the last phase of the brutal civil war. It wants to show how war can tear apart the moral fibre of humans, and how it affects even those who aren't involved in the fighting...Yet, somehow, ''Inam'' stops short of being a hard-hitting film. It is very reluctant to spell things out, which...makes everything a little hazy, as the context isn't firmly established...there are times when we can see Sivan leaning a little too much on his visuals to create the desired impact".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=Inam movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/inam/movie-review/32918585.cms |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "Although the plot is wafer thin, Sivan’s script includes an array of anecdotes to keep the movie moving. If there is a flip side to ''Inam'', it lies in its utter melancholy. Despite, Sivan’s efforts to inject a bit of joy through songs and wit, the film refuses to rise above excruciating sorrow".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie review: Santosh Sivan's Inam is melancholic, but remarkable |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-santosh-sivan-s-inam-is-melancholic-but-remarkable/article1-1201759.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329152211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-santosh-sivan-s-inam-is-melancholic-but-remarkable/article1-1201759.aspx |archive-date=29 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "''Inam'' is a pretentious piece of work, one is not exactly sure what the director wishes to convey. The film is neither entertaining nor thought provoking. There is a total lack of clarity of purpose, focus and sensitivity".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Lack of sensitivity ruins a film about Sri Lanka |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Lack-of-sensitivity-ruins-a-film-about-Sri-Lanka/2014/03/29/article2137672.ece#.Uzl_Mfl_v_E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330070913/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/Lack-of-sensitivity-ruins-a-film-about-Sri-Lanka/2014/03/29/article2137672.ece#.Uzl_Mfl_v_E |archive-date=30 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave it 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Inam'' comes straight from the heart of Santosh Sivan. It deserves to be accepted, embraced and celebrated".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inam movie review | NDTV Movies.com |work=NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/inam-movie-review-947 |access-date=31 March 2014 |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref>

''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' in its review wrote, "Romancing in slow-motion; musical numbers ill-fitting the narrative flow; high-octane shootouts laced with the odd comic touch; a highly-strung, tragic final half hour intended to stir emotions – Santosh Sivan’s latest offering boasts of all the hallmarks of commercial Indian cinema, which should allow the Kerala-born director to continue the fine run he has had in the past few years...but more focus and context would have helped the film live up to its seemingly more historical-epic title of ''Ceylon''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2013 |title=Ceylon: Busan Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/ceylon-busan-review-643760 |access-date=15 November 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> [[Gulf News]] wrote, "Director Santosh Sivan has crafted his characters with great care and their unique traits set each one apart. Matched with a laudable performance by the cast, ''Inam'' keeps the audience engaged. With Sivan’s signature on every frame, ''Inam'' is sheer poetry".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2014 |title=Film review: 'Inam' |url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/cinema-reviews/film-review-inam-1.1308835 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=Gulf News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=3554858|title=Inam}}

{{N. Lingusamy}}
{{Santosh Sivan}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kerala]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Indian war films]]
[[Category:2013 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Sivan]]
[[Category:2013 war films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language war films]]
[[Category:2013 English-language films]]

Arjun Lal

2026-02-23T00:06:01Z

NatishaMooring9: New New Entry

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{For|the athlete|Arjun Lal Jat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2005; 2014; 2022{{endash}}present
| known_for = ''[[Thanmathra]]'' (2005)
| notable_works =
}}
'''Arjun Lal''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam]] films. He is best known for his role in ''[[Thanmathra]]'' (2005) for which he won the [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2013/Jul/11/arjun-lals-second-innings-495699.html|title=Arjun Lal's second innings|date=11 June 2013|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
As a child actor, Arjun Lal made his debut as [[Mohanlal]]'s son in ''[[Thanmathra]]'' (2005). Regarding his performance, a critic wrote that he "is the scene stealer and has the making of a good actor".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thanmatra-review-malayalam-pclvO2dgiieih.html|title=Review : Thanmatra|author=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219122532/http://www.sify.com/movies/thanmatra-review-malayalam-pclvO2dgiieih.html|archive-date=19 February 2017|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/thanmatra/|title=Reviews: Thanmathra |work=webindia123|access-date=4 March 2025|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618220418/https://www.webindia123.com/movie/regional/thanmatra/|url-status=live}}</ref> He then took a hiatus from acting to finish his education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/people-still-recognize-me-arjun-lal/articleshow/43422416.cms|title=People still recognize me: Arjun Lal|first=Deepa|last=Soman|work=The Times of India |date=25 September 2014|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> He made his comeback as a lead with ''[[Asha Black]]'' (2014) in which he played a musician from a band in [[Bengaluru]] co-starring [[R. Sarathkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arjun-lals-back-in-m-town/articleshow/21004612.cms|title=Arjun Lal's back in M-Town|first=Shiba|last=Kurian|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 July 2013|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Regarding his performance, a critic wrote, "Arjun Lal can be proud of his persuasive voice, apart from that he doesn't hold much promise for the future, as his presence, despite being the lead, is remembered for a completely ill-fitting hair style".<ref name=":2">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Asha-Black/movie-review/44789090.cms|title=Asha Black Movie Review|first=Aswin J|last=Jose|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-asha-black-is-boring-and-insipid-south/20141013.htm|title = Review: Asha Black is boring and insipid|date=13 October 2014|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Paresh |last= Palicha|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> He co-wrote the film ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' (2022) with the duo [[Suhas-Sharfu]], which was partly autobiographical about his life in Bengaluru while he was studying for an [[MBA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-arjun-lal-glad-we-could-bring-the-diversity-in-dear-friend-as-that-is-what-bengaluru-is-all-about/a631026c8e416|title=Exclusive! Arjun Lal: Glad we could lend diversity to Dear Friend as that is what Bengaluru is all about|first=Sanjith|last=Sidharthan|date=8 June 2022|work=[[OTTplay]]|access-date=4 March 2025}}</ref> Regarding his writing and performance, a critic wrote that he has "penned a soothing friendship story filled with nostalgia, idiosyncrasies, laughter, fear, anxiety, tears and camaraderie" and that he amongst the ensemble cast made his character persuasive.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/dear-friend/movie-review/92144849.cms|title=Dear Friend Movie Review : A story on urban friendships|work=The Times of India|author=Anjana George|access-date=2025-03-04|archive-date=2022-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616234438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/dear-friend/movie-review/92144849.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Malayalam]], unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !!{{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Thanmathra]]'' || Manu Ramesh || Won{{emdash}}[[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]] Won{{emdash}}[[Asianet Film Awards#Best New Face of the Year (Male)|Asianet Film Award for Best Male New Face of the Year]]
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Asha Black]]'' || rowspan=2 | Rohit || rowspan=2 | Simultaneously shot in Malayalam and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan=2 |<ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''Nee Naan Nizhal''
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' || Arjun || Also screenwriter ||<ref name=":3" />
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Varshangalkku Shesham]]'' || Christy ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2023-07-13 |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan pulls off a casting coup for his next, Varshangalkku Shesham |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Jul/13/vineeth-sreenivasan-pulls-off-a-casting-coup-for-his-next-varshangalkku-shesham-45603.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Anomie (film)|Anomie]]'' ||Alby || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-17 |title=Anomie First Look: This Bhavana Starrer Gets A Release Window |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/anomie-first-look-this-bhavana-starrer-gets-a-release-window-article-118325854 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1572885}}

[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gulshan Kumar

2026-02-11T09:00:23Z

NatishaMooring9: updated page

{{Short description|Indian film and music producer and businessman (1951–1997)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gulshan Kumar
| image = Gulshan_Kumar.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 1995
| birth_name = Gulshan Kumar Dua
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1951|05|05}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1997|08|12|1951|05|05}}<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-mogul-gulshan-kumar-biopic-murder-t-series-965755-2017-03-15 Akshay Kumar's Mogul: All you need to know about Gulshan Kumar]</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_cause = [[Murder]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19970825-killing-of-gulshan-kumar-reveals-mumbai-underworld-nexus-with-bollywood-is-turning-nasty-831964-1997-08-25|title=Killing of Gulshan Kumar Reveals Mumbai Underworld's Nexus with Bollywood is Turning Nasty|date=25 August 1997|first=Smruti|last=Koppikar|work=India Today|access-date=23 January 2020}}</ref>
| education = {{ubl|[[Deshbandhu College]]|[[Delhi University]]}}
| organisation = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Businessperson]]|[[film producer]]|[[music producer]]}}
| yearsactive = 1972–1997
| spouse = {{marriage|Sudesh Kumari|1975}}
| children = [[Bhushan Kumar]] (son) [[Tulsi Kumar]] (daughter) [[Khushalii Kumar]] (daughter)
| known_for = Founding T-Series
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] (brother)|[[Tanya Singh]] (sister-in-law)|[[Divya Khosla Kumar]] (daughter-in-law)}}
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Kumar family|Kumar family]]
| website =
| signature =
}}

'''Gulshan Kumar Dua''' (5 May 1951 {{endash}} 12 August 1997),<ref>[https://www.inuth.com/india/gulshan-kumar-murder-mystery-recalling-the-day-when-16-bullets-were-pumped-into-him/ Gulshan Kumar murder mystery: Recalling the day when 16 bullets were pumped into him]</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2021 |title=गुलशन कुमार ने छोटे भाई कृष्‍ण कुमार के लिए देखा था एक सपना, ख्‍वाहिश जो अधूरी रह गई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/gulshan-kumar-wanted-his-brother-krishan-kumar-to-be-a-superstar-last-wish-which-remained-incomplete/articleshow/82403368.cms |access-date=15 July 2025 |website=[[Navbharat Times]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2021 |title=Gulshan Kumar Birthday: जीरो से हीरो बनने की कहानी है गुलशन कुमार के संघर्ष की, ऐसे बने थे 'टी सीरीज' के मालिक |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-gulshan-kumar-birthday-know-unknown-facts-about-him-21614574.html |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2022 |title=Gulshan Kumar Birth Anniversary: अनुराधा पौडवाल को दूसरी लता मंगेशकर बनाना चाहते थें गुलशन कुमार! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/entertainment/bollywood-birth-anniversary-gulshan-kumar-launched-anuradha-paudwal-in-music-industry-pr-4233855.html |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=[[News 18]] |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2020 |title=Bhushan Kumar remembers his father Gulshan Kumar on his birth anniversary |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bhushan-kumar-remembers-father-gulshan-kumar-birth-anniversary/ |access-date=15 July 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> was an Indian film and music producer and businessman who was the founder of the [[T-Series (company)|Super Cassettes Industries Private Limited]] [[music label]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040604010925/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FE29Df05.html Indian film financing comes of age, 29 May 2004]</ref> in the [[Bollywood]] industry. After founding T-Series in 1983, Dua established it as a leading record label in the 1990s.

After his death, T-Series has since been run by his younger brother [[Krishan Kumar Dua|Krishan Kumar]] and son [[Bhushan Kumar]].<ref>[http://www.t-series.com/about.asp About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305150519/http://www.t-series.com/about.asp |date=5 March 2009 }} ''T Series'' Official website.</ref> His daughters [[Tulsi Kumar]] and [[Khushalii Kumar]] are also [[Playback singer|playback singers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newkerala.com/topstory-fullnews-75996.html/|title=The daughter of the legendary Gulshan Kumar of T Series Tulsi Kumar comes out with her maiden solo album]|website=www.newkerala.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Gulshan Kumar's daughter Khushali makes screen debut with revived 'Mainu Ishq Da Lagya Rog'|work=[[DNA India]]|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-watch-gulshan-kumar-s-daughter-khushali-makes-screen-debut-with-revived-mainu-ishq-da-lagya-rog-2134641|access-date=1 September 2020}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born on 5 May, 1951 in a [[Punjabi Hindu]] family, Gulshan Kumar Dua was the son of a fruit juice vendor who worked the streets of the [[Daryaganj]] neighbourhood in the heart of Delhi. His family came as refugees from the [[Jhang District|Jhang]] region of [[West Punjab]] after the communal riots during the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Danish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHEhEAAAQBAJ&dq=gulshan+kumar+dua+jhang&pg=PT191 |title=Escaped: True Stories of Indian Fugitives in London |last2=Khan |first2=Ruhi |date=2021-03-22 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-90914-73-9 |language=en}}</ref> Dua started working with his father from an early age. Gulshan Kumar was a devoted worshipper of [[Shiva]] and especially [[Vaishno Devi]]. He sung many religious and traditional songs in favour of almost all major deities in [[Hinduism]]. Due to traditional faith, love and respect towards [[Vaishno Devi]], he ran a free of cost meal assistance service in which free meals are offered as ''[[Prasad (food offering)|prasad]]'' to all the devotees visiting [[Vaishno Devi Temple]]. It was first started in 1983 at [[Banganga River (Jammu and Kashmir)|Baan Ganga]] location which is situated in between of the Vaishno Devi Temple's pilgrimage. Even after his demise in 1997, the service still continues till today and is widely revered all across India.<ref name="LegendsAboutGulshanKumar">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gulshan-kumar-s-name-still-alive-because-of-his-deeds-daughter-117111600451_1.html|title=Devotion of Gulshan Kumar towards Vaishno Devi|access-date=2022-04-27|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=16 November 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GulshanKumarDeath">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/jammu/gulshan-kumar-s-murder-mystery-underworld-gangster-dawood-ibrahim-gulshan-kumar-death-date|title=Death of Gulshan Kumar (1997)|access-date=2022-04-27|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> His son [[Bhushan Kumar]] now manages the service.

Dua changed career paths when his family acquired a shop selling records and inexpensive audio cassettes, which foreshadowed the onset of a vast music empire.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/aug/12super1.htm Gulshan!] [[Rediff.com]], 12 July 1997</ref>

== Music business and film career ==
Gulshan Kumar started his own audio cassette operation known as "Super Cassettes Industries," which turned in to a profitable business. He began a music production company in [[Noida]]. As his business started growing, he moved to Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelallantop.com/tehkhana/how-gulshan-kumar-has-changed-music-industry-by-using-plagiarism-with-his-brand-t-series/|title=बॉलीवुड का सबसे विख्यात और 'कुख्यात' म्यूजिक मैन, जिसे मार डाला गया [Bollywood's most famous and "infamous" music man, who was murdered]|work=The Lallantop ([[Living Media|India Today Group]])|date=30 December 2016|access-date=16 April 2017}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title = Gulshan Kumar Biography – Gulshan Kumar Profile, Childhood, Life, Timeline|url = http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/gulshan-kumar.html|website = iloveindia.com|access-date = 18 October 2015}}</ref>

His first movie in Bollywood was ''[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]]'' in 1989. Next was the big hit ''[[Aashiqui]]'' in 1990 which is remembered for its music by [[Nadeem–Shravan]]. His other movies included ''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]'', ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'', ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Raat]]'', ''[[Meera Ka Mohan]]'', ''[[Jeena Marna Tere Sang]]'' and [[Bewafa Sanam]].<ref name=":0" />

===T-Series music label===
{{main|T-Series (company)}}
T-Series emerged as one of the top music labels in India with the release of ''[[Aashiqui]]'' in 1990.<ref name="Nihalani">{{cite book|last1=Nihalani|first1=Govind|last2=Chatterjee|first2=Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|date=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179910665|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT44|quote=Songs made a triumphal return to mainstream Hindi cinema with the success of the music of a low-budget Mahesh Bhatt film, ''Aashiqui'', which was produced by T-Series, a small-time company that had begun life peddling pirated Hindi film songs.|access-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120143828/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT44|archive-date=20 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the early 1990s T-Series was largely responsible for sparking a boom for the [[Indian Music Industry|Indian music industry]].<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Top 25 films between the years 1985–1994 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/top-25-films-between-the-years-1985-1994_-26676-1.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=18 February 2018 |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110937/https://www.filmfare.com/features/top-25-films-between-the-years-1985-1994_-26676-1.html |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
With its music and film production, the annual earnings of T-Series grew from {{INR|20 crore|link=yes}} ({{US$|{{#expr:200/12.369 round 0}} million|long=no}}) in 1985 to {{INR|200 crore}} ({{US$|{{#expr:2000/22.742 round 0}} million|long=no}}) in 1991,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhargava |first1=Simran |title=As music market expands rapidly, India becomes one of the largest producers of cassettes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19910115-as-music-market-expands-rapidly-india-becomes-one-of-the-largest-producers-of-cassettes-813888-1991-01-15 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 January 1991 |access-date=19 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110616/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19910115-as-music-market-expands-rapidly-india-becomes-one-of-the-largest-producers-of-cassettes-813888-1991-01-15 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1991&locations=IN&start=1985 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1991 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210110913/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1991&locations=IN&start=1985 |archive-date=10 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and by the time of Gulshan Kumar's death in 1997, had reached {{INR|500 crore}}<ref name="mafia"/> ({{US$|{{#expr:5000/36 round -1}} million|long=no}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Official exchange rate (LCU per US$, period average) |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1997&locations=IN&start=1996 |publisher=[[World Bank]] |year=1997 |access-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211101102/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?end=1997&locations=IN&start=1996 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

It continues to be a major label.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/hindi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210144/http://www.indiaglitz.com/hindi|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2014|title=Bollywood Cinema News {{!}} Bollywood Movie Reviews {{!}} Bollywood Movie Trailers – IndiaGlitz Bollywood|website=IndiaGlitz.com|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref> and controls more than 60% share of the Indian music market. In international market, T-Series enjoys a turnover in excess of $4.2 million, and exports to 24 countries across six continents. In India, it has the largest distribution network of over 2500 dealers.

=== Filmography ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:80px;"|Year
! rowspan="2"|Film
! colspan="2"|Credited as
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Director
! Producer
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1989
| ''[[Lal Dupatta Malmal Ka]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| ''[[Appu Raja]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| ''[[Aashiqui]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1990
| ''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| ''[[Ayee Milan Ki Raat]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| ''[[Jeena Teri Gali Mein]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1991
| ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| ''[[Meera Ka Mohan]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| ''[[Jeena Marna Tere Sang]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1992
| ''[[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1993
| ''[[Shabnam]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1993
| ''[[Aaja Meri Jaan]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1993
| ''[[Kasam Teri Kasam]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1995
| ''[[Bewafa Sanam]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1995
| ''[[Suryaputra Shanidev]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1995
| ''[[Satyanarayan Ki Virat Katha]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1997
| ''[[Char Dham]]''
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|}

==Death==
Gulshan Kumar was killed by goons of [[Dawood Ibrahim]] in a shooting outside the Jiteshwar Mahadev Mandir, a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]] of which he attended daily in Jeet Nagar, [[Andheri]] West suburb of [[Mumbai]],<ref name=gu>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970813/22550763.html Gulshan Kumar shot dead, scare in filmdom] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505042754/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970813/22550763.html |date=5 May 2009 }} ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 13 August 2001.</ref> on 12 August 1997. He was shot 16 times.

On the day of the assassination, his bodyguard, provided by the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]], was sick. Although he had received two threatening calls, on 5 and 8 August 1997, Kumar refused to pay the extortion money. The hired killers, including Rauf and Abdul Rashid, conducted reconnaissance for a month, but did not proceed because of the armed bodyguard. At 10:40, while returning from the temple, he was confronted by one of the assassins who said: "''Bahut puja kar li, ab upar ja ke karna'' (you have prayed enough already, now do it up there)." Initially, Kumar survived and sought shelter in nearby huts, but residents shut their doors. His driver Suraj was shot in both legs as he tried to shelter Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19970825-killing-of-gulshan-kumar-reveals-mumbai-underworld-nexus-with-bollywood-is-turning-nasty-831964-1997-08-25|title=Killing of Gulshan Kumar reveals Mumbai underworld's nexus with Bollywood is turning nasty|first=Smruti|last=Koppikar|date=August 25, 1997|website=India Today}}</ref>

A [[Mumbai underworld]] organisation called [[D-Company]] is considered to have been responsible for this assassination.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prakash |first1=Aryan |title=Gulshan Kumar murder mystery: Recalling the day when 16 bullets were pumped into him |url=https://www.inuth.com/india/gulshan-kumar-murder-mystery-recalling-the-day-when-16-bullets-were-pumped-into-him/ |website=Inuth |date=September 2017 |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="mafia">{{cite journal|title=The Mafia Calls The Shots|journal=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=25 August 1997|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/the-mafia-calls-the-shots/204098}}</ref> The police also accused film composer Nadeem Saifi of the music duo [[Nadeem-Shravan]] of having paid for the murder due to a personal dispute and fled the country after the murder. However, on 9 January 2001, Abdul Rauf Merchant (known as "Raja") confessed to being the murderer. On 29 April 2002, Sessions Judge M. L. Tahilyani sentenced Rauf to [[life imprisonment]], stating that he was not imposing the [[death penalty]] because the prosecution had failed to prove that Rauf was a contract killer. The police alleged that Saifi paid [[Abu Salem]], a known associate of [[Dawood Ibrahim]], to assassinate Kumar and assigned Rauf to the job, but it just so happened that Ibrahim and Abu Salem were already planning on murdering Kumar as he had refused to pay Rs 10 crore [[protection money]] to D-Company as part of an extortion attempt. As per his family's wishes, Gulshan Kumar was cremated in a ''[[Shmashana|shamshan]]'' (cremation ground) in [[Delhi]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090505041030/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970813/22550683.html Stunned silence at Super Cassettes' Delhi factory] ''[[The Indian Express]]'', 13 August 2001.</ref>

Abdul Rauf alias Daud Merchant was convicted in 2002 for the murder of Gulshan Kumar. He fled [[India]] after he was granted furlough by the [[Bombay High Court]] in 2009. He was extradited from [[Bangladesh]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dawood-aide-abdul-rauf-to-be-sent-back-to-india-bangladesh-minister/story-WKGQicRF7HBEosTdcCzlhI.html|title=Dawood aide Abdul Rauf to be sent back to India: Bangladesh minister|date=18 January 2016|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He is currently lodged in the high-security [[Arthur Road Jail]] of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/world/south-asia/daud-merchant-indian-jail-1313188|title=Daud Merchant lands in jail after deportation|date=11 November 2016|website=The Daily Star}}</ref>

==Legacy==
T-Series is still running and operated and has a widespread base across India. In 2017, T-Series announced plans to produce a biographical film about Kumar titled ''Mogul – The Gulshan Kumar Story''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mogul-first-look-akshay-kumar-to-play-gulshan-kumar-who-was-gulshan-kumar-4569629/|title=Mogul first look: Akshay Kumar to play Gulshan Kumar. Who was Gulshan Kumar?|work=The Indian Express|date=15 March 2017}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Music of Bollywood]]
* [[Brij Sadanah]]
* [[Divya Bharti]]
* [[Guru Dutt]]
* [[Raj Kiran (actor)]]
* [[List of people who disappeared mysteriously: post-1970]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0474806}}
* [http://in.rediff.com/news/super.htm The Gulshan Kumar Murder Homepage] at ''[[Rediff.com]]''

{{T-Series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Gulshan}}
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:1997 murders in India]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Kumar family|Gulshan Kumar]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:People murdered by Indian organised crime]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:People murdered in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Music industry executives]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:D-Company]]
[[Category:Assassinations in India]]
[[Category:People from Noida]]
[[Category:T-Series (company)]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]

Siliguri Town railway station

2026-02-08T07:34:24Z

NatishaMooring9: put up a place

{{short description|Train station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Siliguri Town railway station
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger train]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Siliguri town railway station in Siliguri 02.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Siliguri Town railway station
| address = Bagha Jatin Road, College Para, Siliguri, Distt:Darjeeling, West Bengal
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.7071|88.4292|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display = inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|120|m|ft}}
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]], [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]]
| structure = Standard at ground
| other = Auto rickshaw, E-rickshaw, Bus, Taxi, Cabs
| platform = 3 [2 broad gauge and 1 narrow gauge]
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|1878}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/electric-loco-set-to-start-from-new-jalpaiguri-station/cid/1734198|title=Electric loco set to start from NJP|access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>(From 2020)
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGUT
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Katihar}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|North East Frontier Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| former = North Bengal State Railway Station
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Siliguri
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
}}
{{Railways in Siliguri|collapse=y}}
'''Siliguri Town''' '''railway station''' serves [[Siliguri]] in [[Darjeeling district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The other important stations serving the metropolis are '''[[Siliguri Junction railway station|Siliguri Junction]]''', [[Bagdogra railway station|Bagdogra]], {{rws|Gulma}}, {{rws|Rangapani}}, [[Matigara railway station|Matigara]] and '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri Junction]]'''. This is a small station consisting of three platforms, among them two [[broad-gauge]] platforms and one [[narrow-gauge]] platform. The legendary 43 up and 44 dn Siliguri – Kolkata bound Darjeeling Mail has also started its first journey from this legendary station. This station is located almost at the centre of the city. It opened in 1878.

==History==
[[File: History 1b.jpg|thumb|right|Siliguri Town railway station in 1881]]
In 1878, the railway line from Calcutta (later called Sealdah) station to Siliguri was in two stages – {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] from Calcutta to Damookeah Ghat, on the southern bank of the [[Padma River|Padma]], across the river in a ferry and then {{track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} to Siliguri. In 1881, the {{track gauge|610mm|lk=on}} [[narrow-gauge]] line from [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|Siliguri to Darjeeling]] was added. In 1926, with the [[Hardinge Bridge]] in position, the entire Calcutta–Siliguri line was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm|disp=1}} broad gauge and in 1947, following the [[partition of India]] the line was severed, as a major portion of the line ran through East Pakistan.<ref name=njp>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html |author=Alastair Boobyer |title=India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri |publisher=IRFCA| access-date = 2011-12-10 }}</ref>

In the post-partition era, with makeshift arrangements via {{stnlnk|Barsoi}} and {{stnlnk|Kishanganj}} being metre gauge and narrow gauge, the focus shifted in 1949 to a new [[Siliguri Junction railway station]] and later still, in 1961 to the new broad-gauge station at [[New Jalpaiguri]].<ref name=njp/>

==Trains==
Mostly unreserved trains along with some important trains like [[Jogbani–Siliguri Town Intercity Express]] etc are available at this station.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/siliguri-town-sgut/1602 Trains at Siliguri Town railway station]
{{Wikivoyage-inline|Siliguri}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=New Jalpaiguri|right=Siliguri Junction|type=[[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]]|line2=Darjeeling Himalayan Railway|left2=New Jalpaiguri|right2=Siliguri Junction|type2=Siliguri–Darjeeling narrow-gauge line}}

{{Darjeeling}}
{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Katihar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Transport in Siliguri]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1880]]

Arpita Singh

2026-02-06T05:48:59Z

NatishaMooring9: further update formatting per sources and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Indian artist (born 1937)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
| birth_name = Arpita Dutta
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1937|06|22|df=y}}
| image = The Chairman, Lalit Kala Akademi, Ministry of Culture, Shri K.K. Chakravarty conferring the fellowship on eminent artist Arpita Singh, at a function, in New Delhi on October 10, 2014 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Singh in 2014
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Paramjit Singh (artist)|Paramjit Singh]]|1962}}
| children = [[Anjum Singh]]
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2011) [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of Lalit Kala Akademi]] (2014)
| birth_place = [[Baranagar]], [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
}}

'''Arpita Singh''' (''[[Maiden and married names|née]]'' '''Dutta'''; born 22 June 1937) is an Indian artist. Known to be a figurative artist and a modernist, she made her canvases to have both a story line and a carnival of images arranged in a curiously subversive manner. Her artistic approach can be described as an expedition without destination. Her work reflects her background.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collection Highlights|year=2017 |publisher=[[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]]|isbn=978-81-928037-6-0}}</ref> She brings her inner vision of emotions to the art inspired by her own background and what she sees around the society that mainly affects women. Her works also include traditional Indian art forms and aesthetics, like miniaturist painting and different forms of folk art, employing them in her work regularly.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.vadehraart.com/arpita-singh|title=Arpita Singh|website=Vadehra Art Gallery|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303064401/http://www.vadehraart.com/arpita-singh|archive-date=2018-03-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Arpita was born on 22 June 1937 in [[Baranagar]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now [[West Bengal]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singh, Arpita |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000078941 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Grove Art Online |year=2003 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t078941|isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Sumitra Kumar }}</ref> She left the city with her mother and brother in 1946, a year before India got its independence from the British rule in 1947. In 1962, she married fellow artist [[Paramjit Singh (artist)|Paramjit Singh]] and they had a daughter, artist [[Anjum Singh]]. Currently{{when|date=December 2020}} she lives in [[Nizamuddin East]], [[New Delhi]].

== Education ==
Arpita attended the [[Delhi Technological University|Delhi Polytechnic]] in New Delhi from 1954–59 and graduated with a Diploma in Fine Arts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mojarto.com/blogs/mojarto-profiles-artist-arpita-singh|title=Mojarto Profiles Artist - Arpita Singh|website=www.mojarto.com|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423074931/https://www.mojarto.com/blogs/mojarto-profiles-artist-arpita-singh|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
After her graduation, Arpita Singh worked at the Weavers' Service Centre, [[Ministry of Textiles|Ministry of Textiles, Government of India]] in New Delhi and experienced the textiles industry closely. Her stint as a textile designer reflects in her work. The [[Talwar Gallery]] showcased her works in their first ever exhibition, 'Tying Down', dedicated to Arpita Singh in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://talwargallery.com/arpita-tyingdowntime-pr/|title=Press Release – Tying down time « TALWAR GALLERY|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-02}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025}}</ref>

She took on a job with the Cottage Industries Restoration Program, a body of the Government of India. While she worked in the program, she met traditional artists and weavers of India. This is said to have impacted her artwork too.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

Arpita Singh has significant contributions through a different social and political awareness. She was a founder member of the artists' group 'The Unknown', along with other alumni of the Department of Fine Arts of Delhi Polytechnic in the 1960s. The first group show of 'The Unknown' was held at IENS Building (now INS Building<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Meeting-deadlines-to-beat-the-eclipse/article14633015.ece|title=Meeting deadlines to beat the eclipse|last=Baruah|first=Amit|date=2016-09-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>) at Rafi Marg, New Delhi in 1962.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/39877/9/09_chapter%203.pdf|title=The Personal Space of Woman: Paintings of Arpita Singh}}</ref>

=== First exhibition ===
Arpita Singh's first exhibition was held at Kunika Chemould Gallery, organised by Roshan Alkazi, New Delhi in 1972.<ref name=":1" />

=== Exhibitions thereafter ===
Post 1972, Arpita Singh extensively showed her work at [[Royal Academy of Arts|Royal Academy of Arts at London]] (1982), the [[Centre Georges Pompidou|Centre Georges Pompiduo]], Paris (1986), show in Geneva (1987) and at the [[Art Gallery of New South Wales]] Sydney (1993).<ref name=":0" /> She has also participated in the 3rd and 4th Trienniale of New Delhi & at the [[Havana Biennial]] in 1987 and the Indo-Greek Cultural Exhibition, in Greece, 1984.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Collection Highlights|publisher=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art}}</ref><ref name="Talwar" />

From 1987-89, Arpita organised and participated in the exhibition titled 'Through The Looking Glass' with her contemporaries, the women artists [[Nalini Malani]], [[Nilima Sheikh]], and [[Madhvi Parekh]]. The exhibition, featuring works by all four artists, travelled to five non-commercial venues across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archive |first=Asia Art |title=Centre for Contemporary Art 1989–1990 |url=https://aaa.org.hk/en/collections/search/archive/nilima-sheikh-archive-documents-on-four-women-artists-from-nilima-sheikh/object/centre-for-contemporary-art-19891990 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=aaa.org.hk |language=en}}</ref> Inspired by a meeting in 1979 with [[Nancy Spero]], [[May Stevens]] and [[Ana Mendieta]] at the [[A.I.R. Gallery|AIR Gallery]] in New York (the first all-female artists’ cooperative gallery in the US), Malani had planned to organise an exhibition entirely of works by women artists, which failed to materialise due to a lack of interest and support.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rix |first=Juliet |title=Nalini Malani – interview: 'The future is female. There is no other way' |url=https://www.studiointernational.com/index.php/nalini-malani-interview-the-future-is-female-there-is-no-other-way-fundacio-joan-miro-national-gallery-london |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.studiointernational.com}}</ref>

Her works have been exhibited at ‘Modern and Contemporary Indian Art’ at Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi, 2006; 'Progressive to Altermodern: 62 Years of Indian Modern Art' at [[Grosvenor Gallery|Grosvenor Gallery, London]], 2009; 'Kalpana: Figurative Art in India' presented by the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations|Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR)]] at Aicon Gallery, London, 2009; 'The Root of Everything' at Gallery Mementos, [[Bangalore]], 2009.<ref name=":0" />

Her recent and select solo exhibitions include Work on Paper at Vadehra Art Gallery, 2016.<ref name=":0" />{{failed verification| date= May 2022}}

Singh's work was included in the 2021 exhibition ''[[Women in Abstraction]]'' at the [[Centre Pompidou]].<ref name="Women in abstraction">{{cite book |title=Women in abstraction |date=2021 |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd.; Thames & Hudson Inc |location=London : New York, New York |isbn=978-0500094372 |pages=170}}</ref> Her work was also included in the 2022 exhibition ''Women Painting Women'' at the [[Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth]].<ref name="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">{{cite web |title=Women Painting Women |url=https://www.themodern.org/exhibition/women-painting-women |website=Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth |access-date=16 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Style ===
Arpita Singh's early paintings were mainly water colors on paper. She would paint usually in black and white ink.<ref name="Milford-Lutzker">Milford-Lutzker, Mary-Ann, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/777857 "Intersections: Urban and Village Art in India"], jstor.org; accessed 6 February 2018.</ref>

By the 80s, she started to paint Bengali folk paintings with women as the focus. She would use vibrant colors in a rather restrained way and her palette is usually dominated by pinks and blues.<ref name=":0" /> Her paintings would show women doing daily work and following simple routines in their lives.<ref name="ContemporaryWomenArtists">Contemporary Women Artists. St.James Press, 1999.</ref> Arpita would draw daily use objects like trees, flowers, flower vases, animals, teapots, pillows, festoons and flags, and show women surrounded by them. Child Bride with Swan (1985) and Girl Smoking Cigarette (1985) are examples of her protagonists, leading uncomplicated lives and deaths.<ref name=":2" />

In the 90s, Arpita's style of painting shifted to oil on canvas, but she continued to paint women-centric art. A lot of women emotions started to become evident in her paintings - Joy, sorrow, hope, and many more. She painted a series of paintings on the subject "Women with a Girl Child" in the last decade of 20th century.<ref name=":1" /> Arpita would showcase the problems like hatred, social injustice, etc. faced by a contemporary woman in her art. She would also paint around the ills related to girl child in India. In some of her paintings the women appear nude, but her paintings do not have sexual overtones and reflect the woman's vulnerability.<ref name=":2" />

==Reception==

=== Awards ===
Arpita Singh has exhibited all over the world, at both individual and group exhibits. She has also won a number of awards for her work.<ref name="Profile">[http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/arpita_singh.htm Arpita Singh profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223092040/http://www.contemporaryindianart.com/arpita_singh.htm |date=2007-12-23 }}, contemporaryindianart.com; accessed 6 February 2018.</ref> Those include:

* 2014 - [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Fellowship of Lalit Kala Akademi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/voices/between-the-poetic-and-the-visual|title=Between the Poetic And the Visual|website=OPEN Magazine|date=25 November 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-12}}</ref>
* 2011 - [[Padma Bhushan]]
* 1998-1999: [[Kalidas Samman]], Bhopal<ref name="Talwar">{{Cite web |url=http://talwargallery.com/arpita-bio/ |title=Arpita Singh |publisher=Talwar Gallery |access-date=2018-03-30}}</ref>
* 1991 - Parishad Samman, [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]], [[New Delhi]]<ref name="Profile" />
*Singh is listed in Hurun India 2025 Women Leaders.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hurun India list: Meet the top-ranked woman leader with her co's valuation at Rs 3,81,700 cr. Who else made to the list? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/hurun-india-list-meet-the-top-ranked-woman-leader-with-her-cos-valuation-at-rs-381700-cr-who-else-made-to-the-list/articleshow/121616667.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=4 June 2025}}</ref>

==Publications==
2018: ''Arpita Singh: Tying down time,'' Talwar Gallery <ref>Datta, Ella: Talwar, Deepak: Singh, Arpita ''[https://talwargallery.com/tying/ Arpita Singh: Tying down time]'' (1st ed.). Talwar Gallery

{{ISBN|978-81-936663-1-9}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Arpita Singh}}
*[http://www.artnet.com/artists/arpita-singh/ Arpita Singh] at [[Artnet.com]]
*[https://www.dictionnaire-creatrices.com/fiche-arpita-singh Arpita Singh] at {{ill|Dictionnaire-Creatrices|fr|Dictionnaire universel des créatrices}}
*[https://www.ledelarge.fr/16509_artiste_SINGH_Arpita Arpita Singh] at {{ill|Le Delarge|fr}}
*[https://doi.org/10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.B00170196 Arpita Singh] at the [[Benezit Dictionary of Artists]]
*[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/arpita-singh-of-stories-untold/article26148526.ece Arpita Singh: Of stories untold], [[The Hindu Businessline]]
*[https://scroll.in/magazine/836057/how-a-brief-interlude-of-abstract-art-transformed-the-career-of-the-legendary-arpita-singh How a brief interlude of abstract art transformed the career of the legendary Arpita Singh], [[Scroll.in]]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi|state=collapsed}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arpita}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian women contemporary artists]]
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]
[[Category:Painters from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]

2003 in Kerala

2026-02-03T10:13:32Z

NatishaMooring9: New A Article

{{Year in Kerala}}

Events in the year '''2003''' in '''Kerala'''.

== Incumbents ==

[[List of governors of Kerala|Governors of Kerala]] – [[Sikander Bakht]]

[[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief ministers of Kerala]] – [[A. K. Antony]]

== Events ==
[[File:Gim2003kochi.png|thumb|Logo of Global Investors Meet]]
* January 13 - Joseph Cooper a [[US citizen]] involved in [[Pentecost]] activities attacked at [[Kilimanoor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-01-20 |title=US missionary in Kerala asked to leave country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-missionary-in-kerala-asked-to-leave-country/articleshow/34942946.cms |access-date=2026-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-02-27 |title=An emerging threat |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215797.ece |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref>
* January 18 - The two day ''Global Investors Meet'' organized by [[Government of Kerala]] begins at [[Kochi]]. The event was inaugurated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[A. K. Antony]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=R. |last=Krishnakumar |title=Visions of development |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30215542.ece |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=Frontline |date=13 February 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2003 |title=PM to inaugurate Global Investors Meet in Kochi {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/pm-to-inaugurate-global-investors-meet-in-kochi/articleshow/33396443.cms |access-date=2022-04-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* February 19 - [[Muthanga incident|Muthanga firing incident]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-03-27 |title=The Muthanga misadventure |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30216169.ece |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* May 2 – The second [[Marad massacre]] took place, killing nine.<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 19, 2003|first=M. G.|last=Radhakrishnan|title=Two massacres in over one year show even Kerala is not free of communal violence|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20030519-two-massacres-in-over-one-year-show-even-kerala-is-not-free-of-communal-violence-792882-2003-05-19|access-date=2022-01-27|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* May 13 – The first heart transplantation surgery in [[Kerala]] conducted at [[Medical Trust Hospital]], [[Kochi]] under the leadership of Dr. [[Jose Chacko Periappuram]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2003-07-28|title=The heart of the problem|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-heart-of-the-problem/article28443904.ece|access-date=2022-01-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* May 24 - [[P. C. Thomas]], [[Member of parliament]] from [[Muvattupuzha Lok Sabha constituency]] becomes [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of State of Law and Justice]] in [[Second Vajpayee ministry]].
* July 14 – [[Kerala]] based [[News broadcasting]] TV channel [[Indiavision]] launched.
*September 28 - [[Sushma Swaraj]] meets and hugs two [[HIV/AIDS|HIV]] infected kids who faces social stigma.
* December 29 - [[List of chief ministers of Kerala|Chief minister of Kerala]] [[A. K. Antony]] opens the first reach of [[Goshree bridges]] between [[Ernakulam]] and [[Bolghatty Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-07-10 |title=The Hindu : A chronology of Goshree project |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/17/stories/2004031713390300.htm |access-date=2022-04-25 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040710080753/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/17/stories/2004031713390300.htm |archive-date=10 July 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Kerala observed 123 [[Hartal]] in 2003. Thereby effectively reducing working days to 160.<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 19, 2004|first=P. K.|last=Surendran|title=Kerala only worked for 160 days in 2003|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-only-worked-for-160-days-in-2003/articleshow/927943.cms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Deaths ==

* July 16 – [[K. P. A. C. Azeez]], 68, actor.
* October 10 - [[Nawab Rajendran]], 53, journalist and activist.

== See also ==

* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[2003 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:2000s in Kerala]]

Patan, Rajasthan

2026-02-03T06:51:16Z

NatishaMooring9: page fix

{{for|another place|Patan, Udaipur}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2013}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8051|N|75.9801|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sikar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = [[Anangpal Tomar]]
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7004
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 332718
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|RJ 23]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Neem Ka Thana]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Sikar
| Assembly Area =
}}

'''Patan''' is a city in the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. In the 12th century, Patan became the centre of a minor state called Tanwarawati or Torawati, ruled by a [[Tomar (Rajput clan)|Tomar]] family.<ref>J. Digges, "The Rajputana gazetteers", Page 140</ref> Patan has a total population of 7,004 peoples according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>

==Battle of Patan==
{{main|Battle of Patan}}
In the eighteenth century the great [[Maratha]] warrior Alijah Shrinath Mahdhojirao (alias [[Mahadji Shinde]]) won the battle against the Rajput armies of Jaipur. Today's Jaipur and Jodhpur were on one side and on the other side was the army of Shrinath Mahadji Shinde supported by De Boigne.<ref>N.G. Rathod, "The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia", Page 134</ref><ref>R.K. Gupta, S.R. Bakshi, "Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages", page 256</ref> of 19 June 1790 between the [[Marathas]] with French troops and the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] [[Rajputs]] of Jaipur and Jodhpur. For details of the battle and the role of De Boigne see [[Jadunath Sarkar]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViSYYQZZWEcC&dq=patan&pg=PA17 | title=Fall of the Mughal Empire | isbn=9780861317493 | last1=Sarkar | first1=Jadunath | year=1988 | publisher=Sangam }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ganga Sahai]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Jhunjhunu district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jhunjhunu district]]

Peary Mohan Chatterjee

2026-01-22T03:26:58Z

NatishaMooring9: started a data

{{Short description|Indian educationist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Peary Mohan Chatterjee
| image = Peary Mohan Chatterjee.jpg
| alt = Peary Mohan Chatterjee
| caption = Peary Mohan Chatterjee, 1932
| birth_date = 1 August 1883
| birth_place = Khulna, [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], British India
| death_date = 24 December 1951
| death_place = [[Bhowanipore]], Calcutta
| education = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Educationist, Lawyer, Social Reformer
| notable_works = Founder, [[Beltala Girls' High School]] and [[South Calcutta Girls' College]]
}}

Peary Mohan Chatterjee (1 August 1883 – 24 December 1951), was an Indian educationist and lawyer during the [[British Raj|British colonial rule]] in India. He was the founder of [[Beltala Girls' High School]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Beltala School founder’s kin take legacy forward with scholarship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/beltala-school-founders-kin-take-legacy-forward-with-scholarship/articleshow/110981225.cms |access-date=2024-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUuODBtwrxU |title=বেলতলা গার্লস হাইস্কুল : মেয়েদের শিক্ষা, চেতনা ও প্রগতির আরেক নাম {{!}} Beltala Girls High School |date=2024-06-16 |last=Bongodorshon Official |access-date=2024-06-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and [[South Calcutta Girls' College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=College History - South Calcutta Girls' College |url=https://southcalcuttagirlscollege.com/pages/374 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=southcalcuttagirlscollege.com}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Peary Mohan Chatterjee was born in 1883 into a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] [[Bengali Brahmin|Brahmin]] family. His father, Krishna Mohan Chatterjee, was a lawyer. Chatterjee pursued a legal career, following in his father's footsteps. He studied at the University of Calcutta, where he earned a Bachelor of Laws and a Master of Arts degree.

He married Vidyutbala Devi in 1908.

== Notable Work ==
Peary Mohan Chatterjee was a prominent figure in early 20th-century colonial [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] who championed girls' education.<ref>{{Cite web |title=বেলতলা গার্লস হাইস্কুল : মেয়েদের শিক্ষা, চেতনা ও প্রগতির আরেক নাম |url=https://www.bongodorshon.com/home/story_detail/beltala-girls-high-school-an-another-name-for-girls-education-consciousness-and-progress |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Bongodorshon {{!}} ইতিবাচক বাংলা}}</ref> On July 2, 1920, he founded a girls' school at his South Calcutta residence from his library with only six girls, including his daughters Kanaklata Devi and Kamala Devi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Beltala School founder’s kin take legacy forward with scholarship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/beltala-school-founders-kin-take-legacy-forward-with-scholarship/articleshow/110981225.cms |access-date=2024-06-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the face of considerable societal resistance and financial shortfalls, Chatterjee resolutely mortgaged his home to secure the necessary funds for the school's construction.<ref name=":0" /> The school was called [[Beltala Girls' High School]], that proudly symbolized inclusivity by welcoming girls from diverse socio-economic backgrounds.

In 1922, Chatterjee, with the help of [[Chittaranjan Das]] and other lawyers, established the Beltala Girls Education Society. Das chaired the society, and Chatterjee served as the secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College History - South Calcutta Girls' College |url=https://southcalcuttagirlscollege.com/pages/374 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=southcalcuttagirlscollege.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=South Calcutta Girls College, Kolkata, West Bengal {{!}} YoungBuzz |url=https://www.youngbuzz.com/colleges/south-calcutta-girls-college |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.youngbuzz.com}}</ref>.The society aimed to expand educational opportunities for women coming from middle-income families. This powerful initiative led to the establishment of [[South Calcutta Girls' College|South Calcutta Girls College]],<ref name=:1>{{Cite web |title=Library - South Calcutta Girls' College |url=https://southcalcuttagirlscollege.com/pages/425 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=southcalcuttagirlscollege.com}}</ref> initially operating as a morning section of [[Beltala Girls' High School|Beltala Girls' School]] before becoming an independent institution in 1932 and the first girls' college in South Kolkata.

Chatterjee believed in the intellectual freedom of women, and helped set up the library at South Calcutta Girls' College with the assistance of the founding members. The library, which started with 7,000 books, became a vital resource for young women, helping their educational and intellectual growth. Today, the college's library is named in honor of Peary Mohan Chatterjee,<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=PEARY MOHAN CHATTERJEE LIBRARY : South Calcutta Girls College |url=https://scgclibrary.in/about-us.php |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=scgclibrary.in}}</ref> commemorating his enduring legacy in advancing women's education.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Lawyers in British India]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:1883 births]]
[[Category:1951 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Lucy Smith (legal scholar)

2026-01-19T23:03:28Z

NatishaMooring9: Started bio

{{Short description|Norwegian legal scholar and professor of law}}
'''Lucy Caroline Smith''' (née '''Dahl'''; 12 October 1934 – 27 August 2013) was a [[Norwegians|Norwegian]] legal scholar and professor of law at the [[University of Oslo]].<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2013/08/lucy-smith-er-dod.html |title=Lucy Smith er død |language=nn |work=Uniforum |date= |accessdate=2013-08-28}}</ref> She served as rector of the university from 1993 to 1998.<ref name="nbl">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Lucy_Smith/utdypning|title=Lucy Smith – utdypning (NBL-artikkel)|last=Halvorsen|first=Marit|encyclopedia=[[Norsk biografisk leksikon]]|language=Norwegian|accessdate=7 January 2010}}</ref>

She was a member of the [[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnva.no/c26848/artikkel/vis.html?tid=27643|title=Gruppe 6: Rettsvitenskap|publisher=[[Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]]|language=Norwegian|accessdate=26 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109185548/http://www.dnva.no/c26848/artikkel/vis.html?tid=27643|archive-date=9 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1987 she became Norway's first female (full) professor of law. She has published the book ''Foreldremyndighet og barnerett''. Smith was a member of the U.N. [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]]. In the 1980s, Smith became well known to the public as the principal judge of the popular [[game show|quiz show]] ''[[Kvitt eller dobbelt]]''.<ref name="nbl"/>

Smith was the wife of [[Carsten Smith]], the former Chief Justice of Norway's Supreme Court. Before that appointment, he was also a law professor at the University of Oslo.

==Education==
After attending [[Oslo Cathedral School]], Smith studied law, graduating in 1959.<ref name="nbl"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box | before=[[Inge Lønning]]| title=[[List of rectors of the University of Oslo|Rector of the University of Oslo]] | years=1993–1998 | after=[[Kaare R. Norum]]}}
{{s-npo}}
{{succession box |before=[[Karl Lorck]] |title=Chair of the [[Norwegian Polytechnic Society]] |after=[[Lars U. Thulin]] |years=1984–1986 }}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Lucy}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Norwegian lawyers]]
[[Category:Norwegian legal scholars]]
[[Category:Norwegian women legal scholars]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Faculty of Law, University of Oslo]]
[[Category:Rectors of the University of Oslo]]
[[Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters]]
[[Category:Children's rights law]]
[[Category:United Nations experts]]
[[Category:Norwegian women academics]]
[[Category:People educated at Oslo Cathedral School]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Norwegian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Women heads of universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Women legal scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century Norwegian women lawyers]]

{{Norway-academic-bio-stub}}
{{Norway-law-bio-stub}}
{{Academic-administrator-stub}}

Vadakkechira

2026-01-18T21:54:45Z

NatishaMooring9: put up a post

{{Short description|Pond in Thrissur, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Vadakkechira
| other_name = Vadakke Chira
| image = Lake, Sakthan Thamburan Archaeological Museum,Thrissur.jpg
| caption = A view of Vadakkechira pond
| alt = View of Vadakkechira pond
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Thrissur]] city, [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| pushpin_map = Kerala#India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Vadakkechira pond within Kerala
| type = Artificial pond
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|4|acre|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| cities =
| frozen =
}}
'''Vadakkechira''' ([[Malayalam]]: വടക്കെചിറ) is one of the four oldest ponds in [[Thrissur]] city of [[Kerala]] in [[India]].<ref>[http://wikimapia.org/114619/Vadakke-Chira Vadakke Chira (Thrissur)] [[Wikimapia]]</ref> It was built by [[Sakthan Thampuran|Shakthan Thampuran]] (1751-1805) and is one of [[Thrissur]]'s famous landmarks. It is owned by [[Cochin Devaswom Board]].<ref>{{cite news
|title = Vadakkechira beautification project to be over by Onam
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/28/stories/2006072806710300.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104070609/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/28/stories/2006072806710300.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 4 November 2012
|date = 28 July 2006
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|access-date = 2009-06-19
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082508350300.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909092749/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082508350300.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2006-09-09
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=Stone laid for koothambalam
|date=2005-08-25
|access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/06/09/stories/2007060952250400.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125085257/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/06/09/stories/2007060952250400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-01-25
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=New life for a historical pond in Thrissur
|date=2007-06-09
|access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref>

==History==
[[Sakthan Thampuran]], [[Maharaja of Cochin]], built four ponds in [[Thrissur]] city for water management and irrigation purpose in his regime. They are ''Vadakkechira'', ''[[Padinjarechira]]'', ''Thekkechira'' and ''Kizakechira''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.vicharakendram.org/Journels/Pragathy108-April-June2009.pdf#page=45&zoom=auto,0,614
|title = SAKTHAN THAMPURAN AND THE EMERGENCE OF COCHIN AS A COMMERCIAL CENTRE
|publisher = Saritha Viswanathan
|access-date = 2013-07-11
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150203093925/http://www.vicharakendram.org/Journels/Pragathy108-April-June2009.pdf#page=45&zoom=auto,0,614
|archive-date = 3 February 2015
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> Members of the [[Cochin Royal Family]] and priests of the Ashokeswaram Temple used to have bath at the ghats on the northern side of the pond, and the public at those on other sides. [[Elephants]] used to be bathed at ghats on the eastern side. The ''Kulapparas'' and ghats for elephants are reminiscent of 18th and 19th century architecture. A walkway is on the southern side of the pond. The re-designed pond has sculptural seats, gateways ''Padippuras'', pools, fountains, a gallery and a rock garden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article218112.ece?textsize=small&test=2|title=Poomala dam makeover nearing completion |work=The Hindu|access-date=2013-06-28}}</ref> M.M. Vinod Kumar has re-designed the pond and its surroundings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/pond-renovation-wins-jury-mention/article4377204.ece|title=Pond renovation wins jury mention |work=The Hindu|access-date=2012-06-28}}</ref>

==Fauna==
[[File:Vadakkechira migratory birds.JPG|300px|thumbnail|left|Migratory birds in Vadakkechira]]
The pond is a four hectare ecosystem complete with plants, birds, sacred groves and butterfly gardens. Vadakkechira is home to many avian species, including small green barbet ([[Megalaima viridis]]), white-breasted water hen ([[Amaurornis phoenicurus]]), blue rock pigeon ([[Columba livia]]), bronze-winged jacana ([[Metopidius indicus]]), pond heron ([[Ardeola grayii]]), white-browed wagtail([[Motacilla maderaspatensis]]), common kingfisher ([[Alcedo atthis]]), house sparrow ([[Passer domesticus]]), common myna ([[Acridotheres tristis]]), little cormorant ([[Microcarbo niger]]), lesser whistling teal ([[Dendrocygna javanica]]) and little grebe ([[Podiceps ruficollis]]).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/06/09/stories/2007060952250400.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125085257/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2007/06/09/stories/2007060952250400.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=2013-01-25
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|title=New life for a historical pond in Thrissur
|date=2007-06-09
|access-date=2012-06-07}}</ref>

==Water supply==
In 1983, when drought struck [[Thrissur]] city, then Minister M.P.Gangadharan with help of [[Kerala]] Water Resources Department cleaned the pond over a time of one month. In 1985, a water supply system was constructed by spending Rs 23 lakhs form Vadakkechira pond to supply water to [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] and [[Swaraj Round, Thrissur]] by [[Kerala]] Water Resources Department. At the same time, a park was also set up near the pond. Later, the project was handed over to [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://epaper.manoramaonline.com/edaily/flashclient/client_panel.aspx
|title=Metro Thrissur, Page 27
|publisher=Manoramaonline.com
|access-date=2013-07-11
|archive-date=19 August 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819015013/http://epaper.manoramaonline.com/edaily/flashclient/Client_Panel.aspx
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Vadakkechira}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}

[[Category:Ponds in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Parks in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]

Mohit Pathak

2026-01-08T00:47:30Z

NatishaMooring9: starting new details nd citations

{{Short description|Indian singer and lyricist (born 1984)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohit Pathak
| image = Mohit Pathak in 2019.jpg
| caption = Pathak in 2019
| alma_mater = [[Mahanagar Boys Inter College]]
| occupation = Singer, music director, lyricist
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for = [[Haryana (film)]] (2022)
Wishlist (2020)
Paharganj (2019)
Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara (2016)
Aur Pyar Ho Gaya (Tv series)
| spouse = [[Nidhi Uttam]]
| website = {{URL|mohitpathak.in}}
}}
'''Mohit Pathak''' (born 1984<ref name=":0" />) is an Indian music director, singer, and lyricist in the Hindi film & television industry. He rose to fame becoming part of a singing reality show [[The Voice (Indian TV series)|''The Voice'']].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://bollyspice.com/the-voice-india-week-5-blind-auditions/|title=The Voice India – Week 5 Blind Auditions|last=Raj|first=Jem|date=9 July 2015|website=BollySpice.com – The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Pathak was born and raised in [[Lucknow]]. He went for school to [[Mahanagar Boys Inter College]] and is a graduate from [[University of Lucknow]]. He later moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2006 to pursue music. Pathak is married to his childhood friend and Indian television/film actress [[Nidhi Uttam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/wedding-bells-nidhi-uttam|title=Wedding bells for Nidhi Uttam|website=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/TV-actor-weds-childhood-sweetheart-in-Lucknow/articleshow/26678129.cms|title=TV actor weds childhood sweetheart in Lucknow|website=The Times of India|date=December 2013 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> The couple were [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] aspirants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Nidhi-hardly-noticed-me-when-we-first-met-Mohit-Pathak/articleshow/41585327.cms|title=Nidhi hardly noticed me when we first met: Mohit Pathak|website=The Times of India|date=3 September 2014 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> The wedding took place in [[Lucknow]] and was attended by their fellow artists and friends from the TV industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/lucknow/Yeh-Rishta-Kya-Kehlata-Hai-team-at-Nidhis-wedding/articleshow/26678547.cms|title=Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai team at Nidhi's wedding in Lucknow |last1=Seth|first1=Devanshi|date=December 4, 2014|first2=Akash |last2=Wadhwa |website=The Times of India|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Television ===
Mohit started off his career as a singer in 2006 by lending his vocals to title and theme songs for Hindi television shows like ''[[Pari Hoon Main]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Pyar Mein Tere Hi Ab Saans Loon Song {{!}} Lyrical Video {{!}} Pari Hoon Main {{!}} Star One|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwNAEfoYsg4|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and ''[[Yeh Ishq Haaye]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellysamachar.com/2015/03/yeh-ishq-haaye-title-song-duet-version.html|title=Yeh Ishq Haaye Title Song Duet Version Lyrics {{!}} Star One – Telly Samachar|website=www.tellysamachar.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Yeh Ishq Haaye-StarOne {{!}} Mohit Pathak & Alisha Chinoy| date=29 November 2010 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FotoNQdl2CU|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> These songs were duets with [[Shruti Pathak]] and [[Alisha Chinai]] respectively. He debuted as a music director and lyricist in 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/quotthe-usp-of-the-show-is-its-freshness-and-innocencequot-rajan-shahi_54051|title="The USP of the show is its freshness and innocence." – Rajan Shahi|website=India Forums|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> with his songs for [[Zee TV]]'s [[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)|''Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya'']] for which Pathak holds a double nomination at the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] 2014 as best singer and best lyricist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/m/0z3h6kq&hl=en-IN&q=ITA+Award+for+Best+Singer|title=ITA Award for Best Singer – Google Search|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mcai.in/images/og-img-mcai.jpg|title=MCAI – The Music Composers Association of India|website=mcai.in|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Later in the same year he did another show for producer ''Rajan Shahi'' on [[Sony Television]] called ''Itti si Khushi.''<ref>{{Citation|title=Itti Si Khushi (TV Series 2014– ) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4194640/fullcredits|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> In 2015 he gave music for a ten-episode special show by [[Essel Vision Productions]] on [[Zee TV]] called ''[[Rishton Ka Mela]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeetvusa.com/zeetv/shows/rishton-ka-mela/|title=Rishton Ka Mela {{!}} ZEE TV USA Official Website: ZEE TV Shows, latest show schedule, promos & news at ZEETVUSA.com|website=www.zeetvusa.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> During mid 2015 Pathak entered the very first season of [[&TV]]'s singing reality show ''[[The Voice India]]''. He was chosen to be a part of Team Shaan by coach [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]. He also wrote and sung [[Sony Mix]]'s anthem "Jab Dhun Baje".<ref>{{Citation|title=Sony MIX's Dhun Project: Giving Back to Music|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LekLku1GXo|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>

=== Films ===
In 2014 itself Pathak wrote and sung songs for an Asian movie [[The System (2014 film)|''The System'']].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/System786/|title=The System – Movie|website=facebook.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=October 2019}} 2016 saw his next release as a songwriter where singers [[Mohit Chauhan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/news/ni59890293|title=Meheram Mere from Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara out now!|publisher=IMDb|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/mumbai/Papons-track-in-Hai-Apna-Dil-Toh-Awara-launched-in-Mumbai/articleshow/52655242.cms|title=Papon's track in 'Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara' launched in Mumbai|website=The Times of India|date=9 June 2016 |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> sang two of Pathak's songs for the movie [[Hai Apna Dil Toh Awara|''Hai Apna Dil Toh Awar''a]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/lyricist/mohit-pathak|title=Lyricist : Mohit Pathak Songs Lyrics – Latest Hindi Songs Lyrics|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Pathak composed and scored for the short film ''Ridicoolas''<ref>{{Citation|title=Ridicoolas – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6863044/fullcredits|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> for international film festivals in 2017. Pathak also sang and wrote songs for the Gujrati film [[Tamburo (film)|''Tamburo'']]<ref>{{Citation|title=Aa Chhe Party Song {{!}} Tamburo {{!}} Pratik Gandhi {{!}} Janki Bodiwala {{!}} Bharat Chawda {{!}} Priiya Nair| date=31 July 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XFRXNBZ_snI|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref> in 2017. His recent release in April 2019 as a singer songwriter was ''Paharganj (2019)'' starring [[Lorena Franco]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Paharganj (2019) – IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt7624840/fullcredits|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Sandeep Baswana's [[Haryana (film)]] marked Mohit's debut as a solo music director and original background scorer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Haryana Cast List {{!}} Haryana Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/haryana/cast/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-12 |title=Sandeep Baswana's directorial debut film Haryana's trailer launched |url=https://theblunttimes.in/entertainment/Sandeep-Baswana’s-directorial-debut-film-Haryana’s-trailer/cid8017919.htm |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=theblunttimes.in |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Music Albums/EPs/Singles ===
Pathak's first album as a songwriter was released in September 2013 by [[Sony Music India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k13/sep/seprel107.php|title=Sony Music to launch Ajay Singhas in Rahon Mein|date=24 September 2013|website=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and was titled ''In Rahon Mein.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodmantra.com/album/launch-of-music-album-in-rahon-mein/|title=Launch of music album 'In Rahon Mein' – Bollywood Music Launch Meiyang Chang {{!}} Kailash Kher|website=www.bollywoodmantra.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Music was given by Ajay Singha. His next release was ''Faryaadein''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/albums/faryaadein-2014/faryaadein-title.html|title=Faryaadein (Title) Lyrics|website=lyricsbogie.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> a single by Indian Idol 4 winner [[Sourabhee Debbarma]] for [[Zee Music Company]]. He sang and composed the single "Eppatikki Prema" in Telugu duet with [[Shashaa Tirupati]] released on [[Lahari Music]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Eppattiki Prema Video Song {{!}} Dhruva, Aditi Arya {{!}} Swarupraj Medara {{!}} Telugu Album Song| date=14 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OWOxY2U6iVo|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Amongst other hits penned by him were two songs from the album ''Lafz unkahe (2017)'' sung by [[Jonita Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/lyrics/aye-khuda/27343943/|title=Lafz Unkahe Lyrics {{!}} Lafz Unkahe Song Lyrics – Hungama|website=www.hungama.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Shashaa Tirupati]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hungama.com/song/tera-hoon-main/27343944/|title=Tera Hoon Main Song {{!}} Tera Hoon Main Song Download {{!}} Tera Hoon Main MP3 Song Free Online {{!}} Lafz Unkahe Songs (2017) – Hungama|website=www.hungama.com|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> In 2018 Venus Music released Pathak's first single as music director and lyricist called "Ik Vaari".<ref>{{Citation|title=Ik Vaari -HD Video {{!}} Parth Banerji {{!}} Mohit Pathak {{!}} ft. Rida Ansari {{!}} Latest Punjabi Romantic Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCR-3cFhgSU|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> His recent releases in 2019 are with [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] named "Don't need ya love"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-dont-need-ya-love-sung-by-naitik-nagda/videoshow/67485521.cms|title=Latest Hindi Song Don't Need Ya Love Sung By Naitik Nagda {{!}} Hindi Video Songs|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and Venus Music's ''"''Rang Do"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-rang-do-sung-by-jyotisha-singh/videoshow/70021912.cms|title=Latest Hindi Song 'Rang Do' Sung By Jyotisha Singh {{!}} Hindi Video Songs|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sanskarnews.in/lucknows-singer-jyotisha-singhs-music-album-rang-do-released/|title=राजधानी लखनऊ की गायिका ज्योतिषा सिंह का म्यूजिक एलबम "रंग दो" हुआ रिलीज|last=Ahmad|first=Ashab|date=12 July 2019|website=Sanskar News {{!}} संस्कार न्यूज़ {{!}} सच और कुछ नहीं !|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> for which Pathak has given the music and written lyrics. [[Zee Music Company]] also came out with two of their recent single releases written by Pathak featuring [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] and [[Ankit Gera]] called "Jaaniya"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tracklyrics.com/2019/05/sara-khan-jaaniyaa-lyrics.html|title=Jaaniyaa Lyrics Sara Khan Sinh Full Song Lyrics|website=New Hindi Song Lyrics Track Lyrics|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and "Far Away".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lyricixt.com/far-away-song-lyrics-sinh/|title=Far Away Song Lyrics – Sinh {{!}} Omsinh Solanki {{!}} Mohit Pathak|date=24 July 2019|website=Lyricixt|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> Also between 2018 and 2019 he released two independent originals "Humsa Yaar"<ref>{{Citation|title=Official Music Video {{!}} Humsa Yaar {{!}} Rimorav Vlogs| date=29 September 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bqm99McYjvk|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> and "Tere Sheher Mein"<ref>{{Citation|title=Tere Sheher Mein {{!}} Official Music Video {{!}} Rimorav Vlogs| date=10 July 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQlFj1Ag3vE|access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref> composed and performed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/i-would-extend-my-support-mohena-and-gaurav-mohit-pathak-rimorav-split-190916|title=I would like to extend my support to Mohena and Gaurav: Mohit Pathak on RiMoRav Split|website=Tellychakkar.com|access-date=18 September 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.mohitpathak.in
* [[The Voice (Indian TV series)]]
* [[Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya (TV series)]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Mohit}}
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian composers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

A. P. Komala

2026-01-08T00:29:58Z

NatishaMooring9: cleanup references additionally and improved wording

{{short description|Indian singer}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = A. P. Komala
| image =
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1934|8|28|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|04|26|1934|8|28|df=y}}
| instrument = Vocalist
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1949–1973
}}
{{family name hatnote|Arkadu|Komala|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}{{Indian name|Komala|Parthasarathy}}'''Arkadu Parthasarathy Komala''' (28 August 1934 – 26 April 2024),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/ravi-menon-remembers-forgotten-singer-a-p-komala-s-silent-farewell-1.9851727|title=ആരുമറിഞ്ഞില്ല, ശര്‍ക്കരപ്പന്തലില്‍ തേന്മഴ ചൊരിയും പാടിയ ആ ഗായികയുടെ വേര്‍പാട്|work=Mathrubhumi|date=28 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/tribute-to-singer-ap-komala/article68199515.ece|title=Tribute to singer A.P. Komala|work= [[The Hindu]] |date=23 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> commonly known as '''A. P. Komala''', was an Indian playback singer.<ref name=imdb>{{IMDb name|0007298|Komala A. P.}}</ref> She has sung songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] languages.

== Career life ==
She was a much sought after playback singer from the late 1940s till the mid-1960s in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu and Kannada movies. She continued in Malayalam till the early 1970s whereas she recorded very few songs in Tamil and Telugu during the 1960s.

==Carnatic singer==
She was an 'A' grade Carnatic singer at [[All India Radio]], Chennai.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h7IxmgGXT40 A. P. Komala AIR concert]</ref>

=== Playback singers she sang with ===
;Male singers
[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. M. Rajah]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], T. A. Mothi, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], Thiruchi Loganathan, [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[T. R. Ramachandran]], [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]], [[Kamukara Purushothaman]], [[K. P. Udayabhanu]], [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Jayachandran]], Thankappan, [[Madhavapeddi Satyam|M. Sathyam]] and [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]].

;Female singers
[[P. Leela]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[Jikki]], [[P. Susheela]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[S. Janaki]], [[Santha P. Nair]], [[P. Madhuri]], K. V. Janaki, T. M. Sarojini, B. Vasantha, Renuka, [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], Vaidehi, Sathyavathi, R. Maragadham and G. Ponnamma.

== Filmography ==
{{Incomplete list|date=October 2025}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Song !! Music !! Co-singers
|-
| 1947 || ''[[Thaai Nadu]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Engal Indhiya Bharathiye || R. Narayana Iyer || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1949 || rowspan=4|''[[Raksha Rekha]]'' || rowspan=4|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Ravoyi Ravoyi Manoja || rowspan=4|[[Ogirala Ramachandra Rao]] & H. R. Padmanabha Sastri ||
|-
| Bidiyama Manalo Priyathama ||
|-
| Neevuleni Jeevithame ||
|-
| Cheyi Cheyi Kalupukora || [[Kasturi Siva Rao]]
|-
| 1949 || ''[[Velaikaari]]'' || Tamil || Ulagam Palavidham || [[C. R. Subbaraman]] & [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Manthiri Kumari]]'' || Tamil || Kannadichu Yaarai Neeyum || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Sri Lakshmamma Katha|Lakshmamma]]'' || Tamil || || [[C. R. Subbaraman]] ||
|-
| 1950 || ''[[Sri Lakshmamma Katha]]'' || Telugu || Thalaga Jalanu Ra || [[C. R. Subbaraman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1950 || rowspan=3|''[[Vijayakumari (film)|Vijayakumari]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Anavathinale Azhivuthedathe || rowspan=3|[[C. R. Subbaraman]] ||
|-
| Laloo Laloo ||
|-
| Pandrimalai Panimamalai || K. V. Janaki
|-
| rowspan=6|1951 || rowspan=6|''[[Kalavathi]]'' || rowspan=6|Tamil || Neeyilladhu Yaar Enakor || rowspan=6|M. S. Gnanamani ||
|-
| Ullasamaaga Vilaiyadalaame || [[T. A. Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| Vinodhame Sangeetham Pol || G. Kasthoori & K. S. Lakshmi
|-
| Vidhiyaal Vilaindha Thunbamo || [[T. A. Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| Saaradha Mamani Neeye Gathi || [[T. A. Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| Namaste Adhi Namaste || K. S. Rajam, U. R. Chandra & K. S. Lakshmi
|-
| 1951 || ''Navvite Navaratnalu'' || Telugu || || ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Niraparadhi]]'' || Tamil || Aasai Machan O Nesa Machan || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Pelli Kooturu]]'' || Telugu || 1950 Ki 60 Ki Ento Tedaa || [[C. R. Subbaraman]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Aathmasakhi|Priyasakhi]]'' || Tamil || Pudhu Pudhu Malligai || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || T. A. Mothi
|-
| rowspan=6|1952 || rowspan=6|''[[Aathmasanthi]]'' || rowspan=6|Malayalam || Maaruvathille Lokame || rowspan=6|[[T. R. Pappa]] ||
|-
| Marayukayaay ||
|-
| Varamaay Priyatharamaay ||
|-
| Madhuragaayaka ||
|-
| Pazhaaya Jeevithame ||
|-
| Madhumayamaay || [[P. Leela]] & T. A. Mothi
|-
| rowspan=6|1952 || rowspan=6|''[[Aathmasanthi]]'' || rowspan=6|Tamil || Valluvan Solle Vedhamaam || rowspan=6|[[T. R. Pappa]] ||
|-
| Manamariyaa Kaadhale ||
|-
| Jegame Inbha Mayame ||
|-
| Manidha Vaazhvile, Mahimaiyaanadhe ||
|-
| Veenaasai Yen Maname ||
|-
| Vandirendum Odudhu Paar || [[P. Leela]] & T. A. Mothi
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Alphonsa (film)|Alphonsa]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || Varumo Varumo || [[T. R. Pappa]] || T. A. Mothi
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Andhaman Kaidhi]]'' || Tamil || College Padippukku Goodbye Nam Kadhal Vaazhvukkini Welcome|| [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''[[En Thangai (1952 film)|En Thangai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Azhagaai Bommai Vaitthu || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] ||
|-
| Annaiye Arul Thaaarum Mary Thaaye ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Kaadhal]]'' || Tamil || Anandame Aahaa Anandame || [[C. R. Subbaraman]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''[[Kumari (1952 film)|Kumaari]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aaye Aaye Jee Maaye || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Cholla Cholla Ulley Vetkam||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Manavathi]]'' || Tamil || Gopaalaa Gunaseela|| H. R. Padmanabha Sastry & [[Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao|B. Rajanikanta Rao]] ||
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Moondru Pillaigal]]'' || Tamil || Antha Rama Sowndharyam || P. S. Anantharaman & [[M. D. Parthasarathy]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 1952 || ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'' || Telugu || Brahmayya O Brahmayya || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Udutha Sarojini
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''[[Penn Manam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vetri Vetri Vetri || rowspan=2|[[Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]] || T. A. Mothi & [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Aram Seiya Virumbu ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1952 || rowspan=2|''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Munthaperugoi Babu || rowspan=2|[[C. R. Subbaraman]] || [[Kasturi Siva Rao]]
|-
| Mahilala Rajyam || [[Kasturi Siva Rao]] & [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Anbu (1953 film)|Anbu]]'' || Tamil || Vendhazhalaai Erikkum Venmadhiye || [[T. R. Pappa]] || [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Azhagi (1953 film)|Azhagi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Yereduthu Paarka Maatengire || rowspan=2|P. R. Mani || rowspan=2|K. R. Sellamuthu
|-
| Anjaadheenga Anjaadheenga
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Bratuku Teruvu]]'' || Tamil || Raadooyi Kanaraadooyi || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Chandirani]]'' || Tamil || Maavinodha Maasiladha Madhana || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Chandirani]]'' || Telugu || Eevoyyara Neevilasa Mogorada Raja || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Jenova (film)|Jenova]]'' || Tamil || Aaanandham Aaanandham || T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani & [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1953 || rowspan=3|''[[Madana Mohini]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Aanum Pennum Aasai Vechu Aattam Podum Kaadhale || rowspan=3|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Aadhi Mudhalaanava || [[N. L. Ganasaraswathi]]
|-
| Pombalaithaan Endru Ennavendaam ||
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Mamiyar]]'' || Tamil || Leela Hallo, Leela Open || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1953 || rowspan=4|''[[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]]'' || rowspan=4|Tamil || Nattiya Nadakam Anukku Pennum || rowspan=4|[[C. R. Subbaraman]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Rumani Mampazham Pole || [[T. R. Ramachandran]]
|-
| Chinna Chinna Veedu Katti || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Jal Jal Jal Kingkini Aada ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Paropakaram]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vaazhve Sogamdhaanaa || rowspan=2|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]], [[A. M. Rajah]] & [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Ezhaigalin Ulagame ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1953 || rowspan=2|''[[Pichi Pullayya]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Manasara Okasari Matadavoyi || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| O Panthulu Garu Vinaremayya || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Ponni (1953 film)|Ponni]]'' || Tamil || Aaduvome Oonjal Aaduvome || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[Radha Jayalakshmi]] & [[Radha Jayalakshmi|C. B. Radha]]
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Vanjam]]'' || Tamil || Varaporaar Idho Varaporaar || [[T. A. Kalyanam]] ||
|-
| 1953 || '' '' || Tamil || Kaathal Endraale || [[Naushad]] || [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Chandraharam]]'' || Telugu || Yevarivo Yechatanundivo || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Chandraharam]]'' || Tamil || Vaazhvile Kanavu Palikkumo || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[En Magal]]'' || Tamil || Aadhavanai Polave Dhinamum || [[C. N. Pandurangan]] || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|''[[Pudhu Yugam (1954 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Jaadhiyile Naanga Thaazhndhavanga || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Jikki]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & N. L. Ganasaraswathi
|-
| Kangal Rendum Pesudhe ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' || Tamil || Manidhar Vaazhvile Manam Adhu Pole || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Ratha Paasam (1954 film)|Ratha Paasam]]'' || Tamil || Enge Selvayo || [[M. K. Athmanathan]] & A. V. Natarajan || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Sorgavasal]]'' || Tamil || Naanae Indha Naattin || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Sugam Enge]]'' || Tamil || Kannai Kavarum Azhagu Malai || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1954 || rowspan=2|''[[Thookku Thookki]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Sundhari Soundhari Nirandhariye || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Kuranginirundhu Pirandhavan Manidhan || [[P. Leela]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Thodu Dongalu (1954 film)|Todu Dongalu]]'' || Telugu || || [[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Vaira Malai]]'' || Tamil || Nadana Kala Rani || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Vilayattu Bommai]]'' || Tamil || Maliyeri Maavilakku Poduvaar || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Doctor Savithri]]'' || Tamil || Nayagan Patchamadi Ennakadhu Aayiram Latchamadi || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. A. Periyanayaki]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Ezhayin Aasthi]]'' || Tamil || Subha Mangalam Pongidum Naale || T. A. Kalyanam & G. Natarajan ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Gomathiyin Kaadhalan]]'' || Tamil || Varavendam Endru Solladi || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1955 || rowspan=3|''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]'' || rowspan=3|Telugu || Manasaina Cheli Pilupu Vinaravela || rowspan=3|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
| Muripemumeera Meekorikateera Vaarampina Kanukale ||
|-
| Tandana Hoyi Tandana || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1955 || rowspan=3|''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimman]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Malarthara Innum Mogamo || rowspan=3|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
| Mudhal Muttham Pole ||
|-
| || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Maa Gopi|Jaya Gopi]]'' || Tamil || Mana Magizhndhen || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (1955 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' || Tamil || Alli Malar Solai || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] & [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Kalyanam Seydhukko]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kodukkathaan Vendumammaa || rowspan=2|Ramaneekaran ||
|-
| Raajaa En Aasai Machaan || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]]'' || Tamil || Ezhettu Naalaagathaan || [[G. Ramanathan]] & [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]], [[Jikki]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & S. J. Kantha
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Menaka (1955 film)|Menaka]]'' || Tamil || Aasai Kaaddi Yaengalaagumaa || [[T. G. Lingappa]], [[C. N. Pandurangan]] and [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Mudhal Thethi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Engum Inbame Pongum || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Ellorum Kelunga Ullasa Payanam ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1955 || rowspan=2|''[[Mullaivanam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaayaa Pazhamaa Sollunga || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| Kuravan Kurathi || G. Ponnamma
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Nalla Thangal (1955 film)|Nalla Thangal]]'' || Tamil || Komala Sezhunthaamarai Ezhil Meviye || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & Udutha Sarojini
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Needhipathi]]'' || Tamil || Parakkudhu Paar Pori Parakkudhu Paar || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Santhanam (1955 film)|Santhanam]]'' || Kannada || || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Santhanam (1955 film)|Santhanam]]'' || Tamil || || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Santhanam (1955 film)|Santhanam]]'' || Telugu || || [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Vijaya Gauri]]'' || Telugu || || [[G. Ramanathan]] & [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Mathuram]], [[Jikki]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & S. J. Kantha
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Nadodi Kootam Nanga Jillelelo || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] & [[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]] & [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| Kottai Katti Kaavi Katti || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| 1956 || ''Bala Sanyasamma Katha'' || Telugu || Adugo Adugo Arudemchenu Bramdavanna Mohanudu || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & P. S. Vaideghi
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Bale Raman]]'' || Tamil || Kaanene Kaanene || [[T. A. Kalyanam]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' || Telugu || Endunnavo Madhavaa Nandakumaraa || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Manthravadi]]'' || Malayalam || Chanchaadunni || [[Br Lakshmanan]] ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Marumalarchi (1956 film)|Marumalarchi]]'' || Tamil || Manam Ariyaadha Peraanandham || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Mathar Kula Manickam]]'' || Tamil || Naalum Nalla Naalu || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Moondru Pengal]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Paathokongo Nallaa Paathkongo || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| Inba Vaazhvin Anbu Geetham || [[T. A. Mothi]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Naan Petra Selvam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Madha Pidha Guru Dheivam || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| Thirudadhe Poi Solladhe Pichchai Edukkadhe ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Ohileshwara]]'' || [[Kannada]] || Nee Emma Jeeva || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || T. Satyavathi
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Ondre Kulam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Jaathigal Illaiyadi Paappa || rowspan=2|[[S. V. Venkatraman]] & [[M. Ranga Rao]] ||
|-
| Jaathi Irandoliya ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Penki Pellam]]'' || Telugu || Paduchdanam Railu Bandi || N. D. V. Prasada Rao || Udutha Sarojini
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Prema Pasam]]'' || Tamil || || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Sadhaaram]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Enggum Oli Veesudhe Ennai Thedi || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Annaiye Kaaliyamma Eeswari || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], V. T. Rajagopalan & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' || Telugu || Taruna Sashanka || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Tenali Raman (1956 film)|Tenali Raman]]'' || Tamil || Chittu Pola Mullaimottu Pola || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam|Alavudheenum Arputha Villakkum]]'' || Tamil || Indaikkiruppadhu || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Allauddin Adhbhuta Deepam]]'' || Telugu || Yauvanam Okate || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Tamil || Aaduvadhum Paaduvadhum || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Chakravarthi Thirumagal]]'' || Tamil || Nalunggittu Paarpomadi || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Deva Sundari]]'' || Malayalam || Sree Padmanaabha || [[T. R. Papa]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Karpukkarasi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Illadha Adhisayamam || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| Ellai Meerudhe Manam Thulli Odudhe || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Makkalai Petra Magarasi]]'' || Tamil || Seemaikku Poi Padichchavaru || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Manaalane Mangaiyin Baakkiyam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Pollaadha Maaranum Villendhum || rowspan=2|[[P. Adinarayana Rao]] ||
|-
| Utthana Thom Thom Thanaa || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]'' || Tamil || Pottane Oru Podudhaan || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Panduranga Mahatyam (film)|Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Ekkadoyi Muddula Bava || rowspan=2|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| Akkadaunde Pandurangadu || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Raja Rajan (film)|Raja Rajan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Idhayam Thannaiye Umadhu Idhayam Naadudhe || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Nilavodu Vaanmugil Vilaiyaadudhe || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Rathnagiri Rahasya]]'' || Kannada || Yavvanave Ee Yavvanave || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Rathnagiri Rahasyam]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Yavvanave Ee Yavvanave || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Naattu Raajaa Aiyyaa Ittu Raa || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' || Telugu || Tadheem Nanana Thom Tillaanaa || [[P. Adinarayana Rao]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Thangamalai Ragasiyam]] '' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Yauvvaname Yauvvaname || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Varavenum Varavenum || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]'' || Telugu || Kaliki Ne Krishnudane Palkaveme Bhama Nato || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Annaiyin Aanai]]'' || Tamil || Kolladhe Idhu Pole || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Avan Amaran]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kaalanaa Minjaadhaiyaa Kaalanaa Minjaadhaiyaa || rowspan=2|[[T. M. Ibrahim]] || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| Dhaam Dhoom Thagatham || [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhaktha Ravana]]'' || Tamil || Indha Udal Moondru Naal || R. Sudarsanam & R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]]'' || Telugu || Ee Meenu Moodunaalla || R. Sudarsanam & R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Bhookailasa (film)|Bhookailasa]]'' || Kannada || Neevege Mooru Dina || R. Sudarsanam & R. Govardhanam ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Bommai Kalyanam]]'' || Tamil || Kalyaname Selvi Kalyaname || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[School Master (1958 film)|Engal Kudumbam Perisu]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Ellaarum Nammavare || rowspan=3|[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| Somasekara Loga Paalane || [[T. G. Lingappa]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Varugave Varugave Guru Sevaiye ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kaathavaraayan]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vetrriye Arulamma || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Sundaramma
|-
| Kanne En.... Amudha Ootrile || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Karthavarayuni Katha]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Poosey Malli Remma || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] & G. Aswathama || [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & Sundaramma
|-
| Kaluva Rekula || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Kanniyin Sabatham]]'' || Tamil || Naadaalum Raaja Neeye || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[Kudumba Gouravam]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Verum Vesham || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Kaatthirukkom || A. G. Rathnamala
|-
| China Jappan Rangoon || A. G. Rathnamala
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Innaadum Immozhiyum || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Naanandri Yaar Varuvaar || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
|-
| Ennaadu Vaazhgavena || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Mangalya Bhagyam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Anusooya Kadhaakaalatchebam || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Paadu Pattaale Machaan || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Sree Ramachandiran Magudabishega Thirukkolam Kaanbathatkey || rowspan=2|[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], S. C. Krishnan, [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Udutha Sarojini & M. S. Padma
|-
| Mannellaam Ponnaagum Raaman Varavaaley || S. C. Krishnan, [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Udutha Sarojini & M. S. Padma
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Sarangadhara (1958 film)|Sarangadhara]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kannaal Nallaa Paaru || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Bhanumathi]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Periya Idatthu Vishayam Ippadi Irukku || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1958 || rowspan=3|''[[School Master (1958 film)|School Master]]'' || rowspan=3|Kannada || Ellaru Nammavare || rowspan=3|[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| Swami Devane Loka Paalane || [[T. G. Lingappa]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| Bannirai Bannirai || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Thedi Vandha Selvam]]'' || Tamil || Thangame Thangam Yaaru Andha Maapillai Singam || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Thirumanam]]'' || Tamil || Thirumanam ... Naalum Paathaachu || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] & [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Jikki]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1958 || rowspan=2|''[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Yaaradi Nee Mohini || rowspan=2|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & [[Jikki]]
|-
| Mutthe Pavazhame.... Aala Pirandha En Kanmaniye || [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Amudhavalli]]'' || Tamil || Jilu Jilukkum Pachai Malai.... Chittukkuruvi Iva || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[T. V. Rathnam]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Athisaya Penn]]'' || Tamil || Makara Veenai || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Azhagarmalai Kalvan]]'' || Tamil || Padhungi Ninnu Paayum Vengai || [[B. Gopalam]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''Bala Nagamma'' || Telugu || Yentho Yentho Vinthale || [[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| rowspan=3|1959 || rowspan=3|''[[Kalyanikku Kalyanam]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Varushattile Oru Naalu Deepavali || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Nee Anji Nadungathaedoi || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Thai Porandhaa Vazhi Porakkum || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], V. R. Rajagopalan, [[P. Leela]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] & Kamala
|-
| 1959 || ''Krishna Leelalu'' || Telugu || || ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Mamiyar Mechina Marumagal]]'' || Tamil || Maithunare Maithunare || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Manaiviye Manithanin Manickam]]'' || Tamil || Anbu Mugam Kaattinaan || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Manimekalai (1959 film)|Manimekalai]]'' || Tamil || Varuga Varuga Sugumaaraa || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[P. Leela]] & [[Radha Jayalakshmi]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Minnalppadayaali]]'' || Malayalam || Aaraaru Varum Amma Pole || [[P. S. Diwakar]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Naadodikal]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Kaarani Raavilen || rowspan=2|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || Punitha
|-
| Varoo Varoo Munnil ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Naan Sollum Ragasiyam]]'' || Tamil || Vilaiyadu Raja Vilaiyadu || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Nala Damayanthi (1959 film)|Nala Dhamayanthi]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Ilanthalir Neeraadum Then Suvai || rowspan=2|[[B. Gopalam]] ||
|-
| Singara Dhamayanthi Seemandham ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Paththarai Maathu Thangam]]'' || Tamil || Sirithu Pesi Otrumaiyaai || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] & Tiruvenkadu Selvarathinam || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[President Panchatcharam]]'' || Tamil || Chinna Ponnu Sirikudhu || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Rechukka Pagatichukka]]'' || Telugu || Kuchchu Topi || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| 1959 || ''Raja Malaiya Simman'' || Tamil || Kannale Kaanbadhum Poiye || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Raja Sevai]]'' || Tamil || Konangi Kulla Pottu || [[T. V. Raju]] || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Sivagangai Seemai]]'' || Tamil || Sivagangai Cheemai Engal Sivagangai Cheemai || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Thamarai Kulam]]'' || Tamil || || H. R. Padmanabha Sastri & T. A. Mothi ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1959 || rowspan=2|''[[Thanga Padhumai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vizhi Vel Veechchile || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| Marundhu Vikkira Maapillaikku || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' || Tamil || Takku Takku Ena Adikkadi Thudikkum || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[S. Varalakshmi]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhakta Raghunath]]'' || Telugu || Jaya Murali Lola || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]'' || Telugu ||Manasaara Kelinchinara || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka|Bhatti Vikramathithan]]'' || Tamil || Madhanaa En Premai || [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| rowspan=5|1960 || rowspan=5|''[[Deepavali (1960 film)|Deepavali]]'' || rowspan=5|Telugu || Sarasijaakshi Nee || rowspan=5|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Viraali Kaipalle Nu Ra || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Yadhumauli Priyasathinene || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Sariyaa Maatho ||
|-
| Poonivoi Tata || [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]]'' || Kannada || Mundhe Balliya Hoovu || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Kalathur Kannamma]]'' || Tamil || Unaikkandu Mayangaadha || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Kalathur Kannamma|Mavoori Ammayi]]'' || Telugu || Ee Byooṭilo Nanu Minnche Mr̥gamundaa || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], K. Apparao & [[M. S. Rajeswari]]
|-
| 1960 || ''Kanaka Durga Pooja Mahima'' || Telugu || Vasanthude Ragaaye || [[Rajan–Nagendra]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Kuravanji]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Vaanarangal Kani Koduthu || rowspan=2|[[T. R. Pappa]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[P. Leela]] & [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
|-
| Sengkayal Vandu || [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[P. Leela]] & Ramaiya
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aasaiyil Oonjalil Aadiduvom || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Azhagiya Thaamarai Kannaa || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Makkala Rajya]]'' || rowspan=2|Kannada || Aaduva Aaseya || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Jaya Jaya Gokula Baala || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu|Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Aashala Uyyala Oogema || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Sundara Nanda Kishora || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Abba Aa Hudugi|Mangaikku Mangalyame Pradhanam]]'' || Tamil || Idhaya Dheviye Kanne || Jeevan || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1960 || rowspan=4|''Neeli Saali'' || rowspan=4|Malayalam || Otthakannittu Nokkum || rowspan=4|[[K. Raghavan]] || rowspan="4"|[[Mehboob (singer)|Mehboob]]
|-
| Neeyalla Tharundennude
|-
| Maanathe Kunnin Charuvil
|-
| Manushyante Nenjil
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Petra Manam]]'' || Tamil || Kanne Nee Sendru Vaadaa || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Shanthi Nivasam]]'' || Telugu || Selayeti Galilona || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Raja Bakthi]]'' || Tamil || Vellaik Kudhiraiyile || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Ranadheera Kanteerava]]'' || Kannada || Radha Madhava || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Rani Honnamma]]'' || Kannada || Jeevana Hoovina Haasige || [[Vijaya Bhaskar]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Rathinapuri Ilavarasi]]'' || Tamil || Magudam Kaakka Vandha || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]]
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Vijayapuri Veeran]]'' || Tamil || Inbam Konjum Vennila Vandhu Vambu Pannudhe|| [[T. R. Papa]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Vimala (film)|Vimala]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Yerra Yeeradana || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Chinni Nathavole || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Ara Pavan]]'' || Malayalam || Chekkanum Vanne || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan=5|1961 || rowspan=5|''[[Bhakta Kuchela (1961 film)|Bhakta Kuchela]]'' || rowspan=5|Malayalam || Kanna Thaamarakanna || rowspan=5|[[Br Lakshmanan]] ||
|-
| Kannil Urakkam Kuranju....Karunayaarnna ||
|-
| Kazhiyuvaan....Jeevannu Nilayundo ||
|-
| Kanivu Nirayum || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Kanivu Nirayum ||
|-
| rowspan=4|1961 || rowspan=4|''[[Christmas Rathri]]'' || rowspan=4|Malayalam || Lelam Kale || rowspan=4|[[Br Lakshmanan]] ||
|-
| Kinaavinte ||
|-
| 1Appozhe Njan || [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
|-
| Aattummanammele....Unniyarcha Naadakam || [[Kamukara Purushothaman]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Kittur Chennamma (film)|Kittur Chennamma]]'' || Kannada || Aalakke Hoovilla || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Malliyam Mangalam]]'' || Tamil || Alli Vizhi Asaiya.... Oviyam Sirikkudhu || T. A. Kalyanam || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Indrajeet (Sati Sulochana)|Sati Sulochana]]'' || Telugu || Prabhu Yeela Ee Parishodhana || [[T. V. Raju]] ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Sabarimala Ayyappan'' || Malayalam || Puthan Malar || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || Thankappan
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli]]'' || Tamil || Nittham Iranggi Varuvaai || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Yar Manamagan?]]'' || Tamil || Nilavil Malarum Kumudam || [[Br Lakshmanan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' || Telugu || || [[S. Hanumantha Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Laila Majnu (1962 film)|Laila Majnu]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Kandaal Nalloru || rowspan=2|[[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[Santha P. Nair]]
|-
| Koottililam Kili || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Padandi Munduku]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || ''Padandi Munduku Padandi Tosuku'' || rowspan=2|[[S. P. Kodandapani]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| Meluko Saagipo Bandhanalu Tenchuko || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Raani Samyuktha]]'' || Tamil || Mullaimalar Kaadu Engal Mannavan Thennadu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Santhi Nivas]]'' || Malayalam || Aanandakkaattilaadi || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Shree Rama Pattabhishekam]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Raajaadhi Raaja || rowspan=2|[[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Jikki]] & P. S. Vaideghi
|-
| Naaduvaazhuvaan || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Susheela]] & [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Velu Thampi Dalava]]'' || Malayalam || Viralonnillenkilum Veeranallenkilum || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[K. P. Udhayabhanu]]
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Vidhi Thanna Vilakku]]'' || Malayalam || Kaarunya Saagarane....Guruvayupuresa || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Aapta Mitrulu]]'' || Telugu || Rathi Manmadha || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Ammaye Kaanaan]]'' || Malayalam || Dhaivame || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' || Kannada || Edhakku Ee Paariyaa Kopam || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' || Telugu || Enduke Naa Meeda Kopam || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Punithavathi]]'' || Tamil || Gundu Malli Valarndhirukku || Hussein Reddy || [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Sathi Shakthi]]'' || Kannada || Maathege Migilaada || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || Kamala
|-
| rowspan=2|1963 || rowspan=2|''[[Snapaka Yohannan]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Osaana Osaana Daaveedin Suthane || rowspan=2|[[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
|-
| Galeeliya Kadalile Meen Pidikkum || [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1963 || rowspan=2|''[[Valmiki (1963 Telugu film)|Valmiki]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Pothanantade || rowspan=2|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Madhavapeddi Satyam]] & [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
| Tallalene Tallalene || [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Aadya Kiranangal]]'' || Malayalam || Kizhakku Dikkile Chenthengil || [[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Atom Bomb (film)|Atom Bomb]]'' || Malayalam || Naanikkunnille || [[Br Lakshmanan]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Bharthavu]]'' || Malayalam || Swargathil Pokumbol || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || Uthaman
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Kuttikkuppayam]]'' || Malayalam || Velukkumbo Kulikkuvan|| [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Marmayogi (1964 film)|Marmayogi]]'' || Telugu || Madhuvu Manakela || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Omanakuttan]]'' || Malayalam || Kuppivala Kaikalil || [[G. Devarajan]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Ramadasu (1964 Film)|Ramadasu]]'' || Telugu || Adigo Bhadradri || [[G. Ashwathama]] & [[V. Nagayya]] || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan=3|1964 || rowspan=3|''[[Rishyasringar (1964 film)|Rishyasringar]]'' || rowspan=3|Tamil || Vasandhamum Thendralum Vaazhndhidave || rowspan=3|[[T. V. Raju]] || [[S. C. Krishnan]]
|-
| Unai Kandileyn || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Kalai Devane, Kalai Jeevane || M. S. Padma
|-
| 1964 || ''[[School Master (1964 film)|School Master]]'' || Malayalam || Jaya Jaya Jaya Janmabhoomi || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[K. J. Yesudas]] & [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=4|1964 || rowspan=4|''[[Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam]]'' || rowspan=4|Telugu || Siva Kesavaswamy (Padyam) || rowspan=4|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Sathya Devuni Sundara Roopamu || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|-
| Om Namo Narayana ||
|-
| Naadha Jagannaadha || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] & [[B. Vasantha]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Bangaru Panjaram]]'' || Telugu || Ne Padamule Chalu Rama || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Kuppivala]]'' || Malayalam || Kurunthottikkaaya || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Porter Kunjali]]'' || Malayalam || Katturumbinte Kaathu Kuthana || [[M. S. Baburaj]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1965 || rowspan=2|''[[Sarppakavu]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Malamakal Thane Manaalanimbamai || rowspan=2|[[M. S. Baburaj]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Nanma Cheyyenam Njangalkkennum || [[P. Leela]] & [[Kamukara Purushothaman]]
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Telugu film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' || Telugu || || [[Pendyala Nageshwara Rao]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1965 || rowspan=2|''[[Shyamala Chechi]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Kannupotthikkali || rowspan=2|[[K. Raghavan]] ||
|-
| Kaithozhaam Kanna || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1965 || rowspan=2|''[[Thayin Karunai]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Chiina Chinna Kovil || rowspan=2|[[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| Singaaram Edherkendru Sollavaa || [[S. Janaki]]
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Kanne Manasulu]]'' || Telugu || || ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha]]'' || Telugu || Vanita Tanantata Tane Valachina Inta Niraadharana || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Pinchuhridhayam]]'' || Malayalam || Mallaakshee Mani Moule || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || Telugu || Chepa Rupamuna Kurma Rupuvai Pannaga Sayana || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[B. Gopalam]] || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Thayin Mel Aanai]]'' || Tamil || Jivvunu Sevattha Machan || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Balyakalasakhi (1967 film)|Balyakalasakhi]]'' || Malayalam || Ummini Ummini Uyarathu || [[M. S. Baburaj]] || Saraswathi
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Kunjali Maraikkar]]'' || Malayalam || Aattinakkare || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] || [[P. Jayachandran]], A. K. Sukumaran, [[B. Vasantha]] & K. P. Chandramohan
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Lady Doctor]]'' || Malayalam || Avideyumilla Visesham || [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1967 || rowspan=2|''[[Ollathumathi]]'' || rowspan=2|Malayalam || Ee Valliyil Ninnu Chemme ||rowspan=2| [[L.P.R. Varma]] || Renuka
|-
| Njanoru Kashmeeri Sundari || Renuka & [[B. Vasantha]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1967 || rowspan=2|''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'' || rowspan=2|Telugu || Girija Kalyanam || rowspan=2|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] ||
|-
| Srilalitha Shivajyothi Sarvakaamadaa || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]], P. S. Vaideghi, Udutha Sarojini & M. S. Padma
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Dial 2244]]'' || Malayalam || Jeevitha Kshethrathin || [[G. K. Venkatesh]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1968 || rowspan=2|''[[Padunna Puzha]]'' ||rowspan=2|Malayalam || Sindhubhairavi Raagarasam || rowspan=2|[[V. Dakshinamoorthy]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Padunna Puzha || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Viruthan Shanku]]'' || Malayalam || Jananiyum Janakanum || [[B. A. Chidambaranath]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Magizhampoo]]'' || Tamil || Aaalolam Aalolam Ooran Thottatthu || [[D. B. Ramachandra]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| rowspan=2|1969 || rowspan=2|''[[Mannippu]]'' || rowspan=2|Tamil || Kuyilosaiyai Vellum || rowspan=2|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| Nee Engey (pathos) ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Thaniniram]]'' || Malayalam || Ivan Whiskey || [[G. Devarajan]] || [[P. Madhuri]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Daari Tappida Maga]]'' || Kannada || Kaapadu Sri Satyanarayana|| [[G. K. Venkatesh]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & [[S. Janaki]]
|}

==Hit songs==

* Velukkumbo kulikkuvan [[Kuttikkuppayam]]
* Sarkkara Panthalil Thenmazha Choriyum (Recorded by Komala, but KPAC Sulochana sang it in theatres)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/apkomalaskavilaya/photos/history-of-my-guruji-kalaimamani-apkomala-kalaimamani-apkomala-born-on-aug-28-19/790125174398507/ HISTORY OF MY GURUJI KALAIMAMANI A.P.KOMALA]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komala, A. P.}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan

2026-01-03T00:13:45Z

NatishaMooring9: Improved article clarity and structure

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (1915–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Portrait of Mr. Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan 1962.jpg
|caption = Narasimhan's official [[United Nations|UN]] portrait, 1962
|birth_name = Chakravarthi Vijayaraghava Narasimhan
|name = C.V. Narasimhan
|birth_date = {{birth date|1915|5|21|df=y}}
|birth_place = Madras, Tamilnadu
|occupation = ICS officer
|death_date = {{death date and age|2003|11|2|1915|5|21|df=y}}
}}
'''Chakravarthi Vijayaraghava Narasimhan''' [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (21 May 1915, [[Madras]], [[British Raj|India]]{{snd}}2 November 2003, [[Chennai]], [[India]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20141013165747/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304411100.htm C.V. Narasimhan passes away]</ref>) was an [[Indian Civil Service]] officer and a former [[Under Secretary-General]] of the [[United Nations]], serving twenty-two years in the [[UN]].

Born in Madras, he was educated at St. Joseph's College, Tiruchi, the University of Madras and [[Oxford University]]. He entered the Indian Civil Service in September 1937.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34442|page=6233|date=8 October 1937}}</ref> As a Deputy Secretary in the Development Department of the Madras Government, he was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in the 1946 New Year Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37407|page=61|date=28 December 1945}}</ref>

He transferred to the service of the new Union Government in 1950, joining the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1953, he joined the Ministry of Finance and headed the Economic Affairs Department, responsible for development and co-ordination of foreign aid programmes. He was appointed to the United Nations in 1956, as Executive Secretary of the U.N. Economic Commission for Asia and Far East. In 1958, he was appointed Under-Secretary for Special Political Questions in the U.N., to work directly under the U.N. Secretary General, [[Dag Hammarskjöld]], and with [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate [[Ralph Bunche]].

In 1961, he became Chef de Cabinet in the U.N. His last post was as Under Secretary-General before retirement in 1978.
In 2001, he received India's second highest honor, the [[Padma Vibhushan]].

A vocalist, scholar and connoisseur of [[Carnatic music]], he also wrote an English translation of the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' based on selected verses in 1965. His translation was criticized by [[James L. Fitzgerald]], [[Purandara Dasa|St. Purander Das]] Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Classics at Brown University, as being "dry and oversimplified", but praised it as a "useful recapitulation of the bare bones of the story".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fitzgerald|first=James L.|date=2009|title=Reading Suggestions for Getting Started|url=https://www.brown.edu/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html|url-status=live|website=Brown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831224551/http://www.brown.edu:80/Departments/Sanskrit_in_Classics_at_Brown/Mahabharata/MBh2Biblio.html |archive-date=31 August 2009 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000013988 Munzinger Archiv] (German)

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimhan, Chakravarthi V.}}
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]

[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

23rd Century: Ngasigee Matungda

2025-12-29T03:10:01Z

NatishaMooring9: adjusted lead also and fixed typos per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
|name = 23rd Century : Ngasigee Matungda
|image = 23rd Century-Ngasigee Matungda (Manipuri Film) Poster.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Theatrical release poster
|director = Dinesh Tongbram
|producer = Thambal Laishram
|writer =
|screenplay = Dinesh Tongbram
|story = Dinesh Tongbram
|starring = [[Gurumayum Bonny]] [[Kaiku Rajkumar]] [[Bala Hijam]] Sonia Hijam
|music = S. Tijendra
|cinematography = Imo Yumnam
|editing = Ishomani
|studio = United Films Manipur
|distributor = United Films Manipur
|released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|10|17}}
|runtime =
|country = India
|language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]])

}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

'''''23rd Century : Ngasigee Matungda''''' ({{langx|mni|꯲꯳ꯁꯨꯕ ꯆꯍꯤꯆꯥ: ꯉꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ}}; English: ''23rd Century : After Today'') is a 2014 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri film]] directed by Dinesh Tongbram and produced by Thambal Laishram, under the banner of United Films Manipur. The film features [[Gurumayum Bonny]], [[Kaiku Rajkumar]], [[Bala Hijam]] and Sonia Hijam in the lead roles. The film was premiered at Bhagyachandra Open Air Theatre (BOAT) on 17 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kumhei.com/kumhei/movies/371-23rd-century|title=23rd CENTURY Ngasigee Matungda – Kumhei|accessdate=18 October 2016}}</ref> It is based on the 1992 theatrical play of Kamakhya Sangeet Mandal of the same title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thepeopleschronicle.in/?p=3250|title=:: Manipur News – Manipur Daily – Poknapham – Manipuri News!|accessdate=18 October 2016}} {{failed verification|date=June 2021}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Gurumayum Bonny]] as Ningthem
* [[Kaiku Rajkumar]] as Boyai
* [[Bala Hijam]] as Thambal
* Sonia Hijam as Bhavani
* Motibala
* Hidangmayum Guna as Bhavani's husband
* Laimayum Gaitri
* Lourembam Pishak
* [[Iboyaima Khuman]]

==Accolades==
''Dinesh Tongbram'' won the Best Screenplay Award at the 4th SSS MANIFA 2015 for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ifp.co.in/page/items/25251/waikhu-gets-lions-share-in-sss-manifa-film-award-function|title=Waikhu gets lion's share in SSS MANIFA film award function|accessdate=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092512/http://ifp.co.in/page/items/25251/waikhu-gets-lions-share-in-sss-manifa-film-award-function|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Meitei-language films]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

{{Meitei-film-stub}}

Davaka kingdom

2025-12-29T00:20:10Z

NatishaMooring9:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Davaka Kingdom
|common_name = Davaka
|capital = Unknown and [[Lanka (town)|Lanka]]
|era = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical Period]]
|status =
|image_map ={{South Asia in 350 CE|center|Location on the Davaka kingdom and contemporary South Asian polities circa 350 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|s1 =
|flag_s1 =
|s2 =
|s3 =
|s4 =
|flag_s4 =
|S5 =
|status_text =
|empire =
|government_type =
|year_start = ??
|year_end = 6th century CE
|footnotes =
|today = [[India]]
}}
[[File:Davaka in the Allahabad Pillar inscription.jpg|thumb|right|upright|"Davaka" ([[Brahmi script]]: [[File:Gupta_allahabad_dd.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_v.svg|15px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg|15px]]) in the Allahabad Pillar inscription]]
{{Assam History}}
'''Davaka''' (Skt. *Ḍavāka) was a kingdom of [[ancient Indian subcontinent]], located in current central region of [[Assam]] state.<ref>Suresh Kant Sharma, Usha Sharma (2005), ''Discovery of North-East India: Geography, History, Culture, ...'', Davaka (Nowgong) and Kamarupa as separate and submissive friendly kingdoms</ref> The references to it comes from the 4th century [[Allahabad Pillar|Allahabad pillar inscription]] of [[Samudragupta]], where it is mentioned as one of five frontier kingdoms of the [[Gupta Empire]].<ref>Samatata- Davaka- Kamarupa - Nepala - Kartripura Pratyanta Nrpatibhir</ref>
Other references are the Shung-Shu History of the [[Liu Song dynasty]], where the kingdom is named ''Kapili'' (now the name of a river); the Gachtal stone pillar inscription written in [[Kamrupi Prakrit]].<ref> identified with the Davaka region of Nagaon district of Assam, the location of which, can be confirmed by the Gachtal stone pillar inscription.6 The Allahabad stone pillar inscription of Samudragupta mentions Davaka along with Samatata {{harvcol|Boruah|2001|p=136}}</ref><ref>Kamrupi inscriptions associated with the Kamarupa kingdom give an estimate of its geographical location and extent.{{Harvcol|Lahiri|1991|pp=26–28}}</ref> N. K. Bhattasali has identified it with [[Dabaka]] in modern [[Hojai district]], with the kingdom associated with the [[Kopili river|Kopili]]-[[Kolong River|Kolong]] river valley.<ref>{{harv|Mookerji|1973|p=24}}</ref><ref>{{harvcol|Dutta|2008|p=53}}</ref>

Historians such as B. N. Puri (1968) and P. C. Choudhury (1959) claim that it was absorbed much earlier in the first half of the 5th century during the reign of [[Kalyana Varman]] (422–446).<ref>"As regards the eastern limits of the kingdom, Davaka was absorbed within Kamarupa under Kalyanavarman and the outlying regions were brought under subjugation by Mahendravarman." {{harv|Choudhury|1959|p=47}}</ref><ref>"It is presumed that (Kalyana Varman) conquered Davaka, incorporating it within the kingdom of Kamarupa" {{harv|Puri|1968|p=11}}</ref>

Its capital was located near [[Kopili river]]. In the year 428 AD, an ambassador was sent to China by Davaka king, whose name according to Chinese sources is Yuegnai or Yu Chai.<ref>Besides these, the Chinese source clearly mentioned that the mission was sent by a king called Yueh-ai of the Kapili state whose capital city lies close to the Heng-ho or Ka- pi-li-ho river.{{harvcol|Boruah|2001|p=138}}</ref>

Gatchal Stone Pillar inscription mention that the Yavana(Muslim) crossed the boundary to move east to reach Davaka in 1362 (saka 1284). A river (identified as Yamuna) that floods during April-May helped naval forces to drive away enemies.<ref>{{harvcol|Boruah|2001|pp=136-137}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dabaka]]
* [[Nagaon]]
* [[Dimasa Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite journal |last=Boruah |first=Nirode |date=2001 |title=The kingdom of the Kapili Valley of Assam|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44155755 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=62 |pages=135–143 |jstor=44155755 |issn=2249-1937}}
*{{cite book| last = Choudhury| first = P. C.| title = The History of Civilization of the People of Assam to the Twelfth Century AD| publisher = Department of History and Antiquarian Studies, Gauhati, Assam | year = 1959}}
*{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |last=Dutta |first=Anima |date=2008 |title=Political geography of Pragjyotisa Kamarupa |publisher=Gauhati University|hdl=10603/68309 |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/68309}}
* {{cite book |last=Lahiri |first=Nayanjot |title=Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd |year=1991 |location=Delhi}}
*{{cite book| last = Puri| first = Brij Nath | title = Studies in Early History and Administration in Assam| publisher = Gauhati University| year = 1968}}
*{{cite book| last = Mookerji| first = Radhakumud | title = The Gupta Empire| publisher = Motilal Banarasidass| year = 1973}}
*{{Citation| last = Sharma| first = M M| contribution = Language and Literature| year = 1990| title = The Comprehensive History of Assam| editor-last = Barpujari| editor-first = H K| volume = I| pages = 263–264| place = Guwahati| publisher = Publication Board, Assam}}
{{refend}}

{{Assam}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Assam]]

Dandali

2025-12-20T05:51:01Z

NatishaMooring9:

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox settlement
| name =Dandali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt = Vishvambhar Singh =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|46|45|N|72|14|41|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type = Democratic
| governing_body =
Tehsil
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1862
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi/Marwadi language|Hindi/Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jodhpur]], [[Balotra]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dandali''' (डंडाली) is a village in [[Sindhari]] tehsil in the [[Balotra]] district of [[Rajasthan]] state, India. It belongs to Jodhpur Division.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dandali Village Population - Gudha Malani - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87882-dandali-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Dandali Pin Code - 344033, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/dandali-pincode-344033.html |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पिन कोड of Dandali BO: Dandali BO Pin Code and Barmer Post Office Address - NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/tools/pincodes-india/rajasthan/barmer/dandali-bo |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=ndtv.in |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

List of songs recorded by Shilpa Rao

2025-12-13T14:00:03Z

NatishaMooring9: brief cleanup citations and added references for consistency

{{Short description|none}}This is a list of songs recorded by Indian female singer [[Shilpa Rao]].

== Hindi film songs ==

=== 2005 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Ek Ajnabee]]''
| "Strange On The Prowl"
| Amar Mohile
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
|
|-
|}

=== 2007 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Aggar (2007 film)|Aggar]]''
| "Sehra"
|rowspan="2"| [[Mithoon]]
| [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
|-
!''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]''
| "Javeda Zindagi (Tose Naina Laage)"
| [[Hasan Kamal]]
| Kshitij Tarey
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Gandhi My Father]]''
| "Faith"
| rowspan="2"| Piyush Kanojia
| rowspan="2"| N/A
| Ghulam Qadir Khan, [[Sanjeev Abhyankar]]
|-
| "Gandhi's Favourite"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)#High School Musical 2: Hindi Version|High School Musical 2]]'' (Dubbed version)
| "All For One"
| rowspan="2"| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| rowspan="2"| Earl Edgar D, [[Raja Hasan]], Tarannum Malik, [[Arijit Singh]]
|-
| "All For One (Dj Suketu Mix)" (Arranged by Aks)
|-
!''Panga Naa Lo''
| "Uff Ui Ma"
| [[Rahul Ranade]]
| [[Amole Gupte]]
| Amitabh Gokhale, [[June Banerjee]]
|-
!''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]''
| "Saiyaan Re"
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Loy Mendonsa]]
|-
! rowspan="5" |''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]''
| "Woh Ajnabee"
|rowspan="5"| Mithoon
|rowspan="5"| [[Sayeed Quadri]]
|rowspan="2"| Mithoon
|-
| "Woh Ajnabee" (Club Mix Version)
|-
| "Teri Tamanna"
|rowspan="3"| [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Zubeen Garg]]
|-
| "Teri Tamanna" (Euro Mix Version)
|-
| "Teri Tamanna" (Club Mix Version)
|-
|}

=== 2008 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]''
| "Ek Lau"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
|colspan="2"| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]''
| "Khuda Jaane"
|rowspan="2"| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
|rowspan="2"| [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|-
| "Khuda Jaane (Remix Version)"
|-
!''[[Contract (2008 film)|Contract]]''
| "Maula Khair Kare"
| Amar Mohile
| [[Mehboob Kotwal]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Good Luck!]]''
| "Main Sajda" (Version 1)
|rowspan="2"| [[Anu Malik]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
|-
| "Main Sajda" (Version 2)
|-
!''[[Hijack (2008 film)|Hijack]]''
| "Koi Na Jaane"
| Justin-Uday
| [[Kumaar]]
| KK
|-
!''[[One Two Three]]''
| "Gup Chup (Remix)"
| [[Raghav Sachar]]
| Aditya Dhar, Munna Dhiman
| Raghav Sachar
|-
|}

=== 2009 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Aagey Se Right]]''
| "Mahiya"
| Amartya Rahut
| Hitesh Kewalya
| [[Clinton Cerejo]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Dev.D]]''
| "Dhol Yaara Dhol"
|rowspan="2"| [[Amit Trivedi]]
|rowspan="2"| Shellee
|rowspan="2"| Kshitij Tarey
|-
| "Ranjhana"
|-
!''[[Gulaal]]''
| "Aisi Sazaa"
|colspan="2"| [[Piyush Mishra]]
|
|-
!''[[Horn 'Ok' Pleassss]]''
| "Oya Oya"
| [[Jatin–Lalit|Lalit Pandit]]
| Farhaad, Salim Bijnori
| [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
| "Mudhi Mudhi Ittefaq Se"
|rowspan="2"| [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|rowspan="3"|
|-
| "Udhi Udhi Ittefaq Se"
|-
!''[[Sikandar (2009 film)|Sikandar]]''
| "Manzaraat"
| Justin-Uday
| [[Kumaar]]
|-
|}

=== 2010 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Admissions Open''
| "Aasman Ke Paar"
|rowspan="2"| [[Amit Trivedi]]
|rowspan="2"| Shellee
|rowspan="2"| [[Raman Mahadevan]], [[Joi Barua]], [[Tochi Raina]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
| "Aasman Ke Paar" (Club Version)
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Anjaana Anjaani]]''
| "Anjaana Anjaani"
|rowspan="2"| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
| "I Feel Good"
|colspan="2"| Vishal Dadlani
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Apartment (film)|Apartment]]''
| "Ankhiya Na Maar"
|rowspan="2"| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|rowspan="2"| Syed Gulrez
|rowspan="3"|
|-
| "Ankhiya Na Maar" (Remix Version)
|-
!''[[Lafangey Parindey]]''
| "Nain Parindey"
| R. Anandh
| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Lahore (film)|Lahore]]''
| "O Re Bande"
|colspan="2"| [[Piyush Mishra]]
| [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]]
|-
| "Rang De"
| [[M.M. Kreem]]
| [[Junaid Wasi]]
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Mallika (2010 film)|Mallika]]''
| "Ittefaq Tu Nahin" (Rock Version)
|rowspan="2"| [[Pritam]]
|rowspan="2"| Sudhakar Sharma
|rowspan="2"| Raaj Gopal Iyer
|-
| "Ittefaq Tu Nahin" (Sensuos Version)
|-
! rowspan="2" |''Mumbai Mast Kallander''
| "Mumbai Mast Kallander"
|rowspan="2"| Afsar, [[Sajid–Wajid|Sajid Khan]]
|rowspan="2"| Panchhi Jalonvi
|rowspan="2"| Neuman Pinto, Earl Edgar D'Souza
|-
| "Mumbai Mast Kallander" (Remix Version)
|-
!''Swaha''
| "Habibi"
|colspan="2"| Praveen Bharadwaj
| Rikkee
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Toh Baat Pakki!]]''
| "Dil Le Jaa"
|rowspan="2"| Pritam
|rowspan="2"| Shabbir Ahmed
|rowspan="2"| [[Jasbir Jassi]], [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| "Dil Le Jaa" (Remix Version)
|-
|}

=== 2011 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Desi Boyz]]''
| "Allah Maaf Kare"
|rowspan="2"| [[Pritam]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Irshad Kamil]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
| "Allah Maaf Kare (Remix)"
|-
!''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]''
| "Jazba"
| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|rowspan="2"|
|-
!''[[Memories in March]]''
| "Dawat" (Female Version)
| [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| [[Rituparno Ghosh]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge]]''
| "Uh-Oh Uh-Oh"
|rowspan="2"| [[Raghu Dixit]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Ash King]]
|-
| "Uh-Oh Uh-Oh 2.0"
|-
!''[[No One Killed Jessica]]''
| "Yeh Pal"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|rowspan="4"|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Pappu Can't Dance Saala]]''
| "Jadoo"
|rowspan="2"| Malhar
|rowspan="2"| Amitabh Bhattacharya, [[Saurabh Shukla]]
|-
| "Lamha"
|-
!''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]''
| "Ladkhadaaya"
| Naren Chandavarkar, [[Benedict Taylor (Musician)|Benedict Taylor]]
| Varun Grover
|-
!''[[U R My Jaan]]''
| "U R My Jaan"
| [[Sanjeev Darshan]]
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| [[Sanjeev Rathod]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |''[[Yeh Saali Zindagi]]''
| "Dil Dar-Ba-Dar"
|rowspan="4"| [[Nishat Khan]]
|rowspan="4"| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Javed Ali]]
|-
| "Ishq Tere Jalwe"
|-
| "Yeh Saali Zindagi" (Duet Version)
| [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
| "Yeh Saali Zindagi" (Female Version)
| Sunidhi Chauhan
|-
|}

=== 2012 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| "Yaariyaan"
| [[Pritam]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| Mohan Kanan
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[English Vinglish]]''
| "English Vinglish" (Female Version)
|rowspan="6"| [[Amit Trivedi]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
|rowspan="2"|
|-
| "Gustakh Dil"
|-
! rowspan="4" |''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]''
| "Aahatein"
|rowspan="4"| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| "Aahatein" (Remix Version)
| [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|-
| "Gubbare"
| Amit Trivedi, [[Nikhil D'Souza]]
|-
| "Kar Chalna Shuru Tu"
| [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
!''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| "Ishq Shava"
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| [[Gulzar]]
| [[Raghav|Raghav Mathur]]
|-
!''[[Jodi Breakers]]''
| "Jab Main Tumhare Saath Hun"
| [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| Irshad Kamil
| [[Benny Dayal]], [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim Merchant]]
|-
!''Love Possible''
| "Jagi Jagi Si Ankhoon Mein"
| Afsar-Sajid
| Atique Allahabadi
| [[Javed Ali]], Priyani Vani
|-
|}

=== 2013 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" width=1% | Ref.
|-
!''[[3G (film)|3G]]''
| "Khalbali"
| [[Mithoon]]
| Shellee
| [[Tochi Raina]], [[Arijit Singh]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24654713-watch-khalbali-video-song-3g-2013-hindi-supernatural-horror-thriller-movie-music-re |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308112627/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/24654713-watch-khalbali-video-song-3g-2013-hindi-supernatural-horror-thriller-movie-music-re |url-status=usurped |archive-date=March 8, 2013 |title=Watch: Khalbali Video Song from "3G" (2013) Hindi Supernatural Horror Thriller Movie Music Release |work=[[Washington Bangla Radio on Internet|Washington Bangla Radio]] |date=26 February 2013 |accessdate=28 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
!''[[B.A. Pass]]''
| "Shabh Gaya Hai"
| Alokananda Dasgupta
| Rajeshwari Dasgupta
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Shabh Gaya Hai (From "B.A. Pass") - Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/shabh-gaya-hai-from-b.a.-pass/id804315990?i=804316133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304053221/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/shabh-gaya-hai-from-b.a.-pass/id804315990?i=804316133 |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2015 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |work=Aloknand Dasgupta |date= 21 June 2013 |accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
| "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sudesh Bhonsle]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-vidya-priyanka-and-17-more-a-listers-come-together-for-bombay-talkies/article1-1050076.aspx |title=Kareena, Vidya, Priyanka and 17 more A-listers come together for Bombay Talkies |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=Shalvi Mangaokar |date=25 April 2014 |accessdate=19 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129202312/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-vidya-priyanka-and-17-more-a-listers-come-together-for-bombay-talkies/article1-1050076.aspx |archivedate=29 November 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!''[[Dhoom 3]]''
| "[[Malang (song)|Malang]]"
| [[Pritam]]
| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| [[Siddharth Mahadevan]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shilpa-Rao-Dhoom-3-Shilpa-Ra0-singer-Malang-song/articleshow/28594155.cms? |title=I sang 'Malang' song with total surrender: Shilpa Rao |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Akshata Shetty |date=20 January 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Four Two Ka One]]''
| "Ishq Di Battiyan"
|rowspan="3"| Avishek Majumder
|rowspan="3"| Parvez Khan
| [[Mika Singh]]
|rowspan="3"| <ref>{{cite web |title=Four Two Ka One (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - JD, Rajan & Abhishek Majumdar |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/four-two-ka-one-original-motion/581450056 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=27 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Sundri"
|rowspan="2"| [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
|-
| "Sundri" (Remix Version)
|-
!''[[Lootera]]''
| "Manmarziyan"
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| Amitabh Bhattacharya, Amit Trivedi
| <ref name="Vishal Bhardwaj">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Shilpa-Rao-wants-to-work-with-Vishal-Bhardwaj/articleshow/32915199.cms |title=Shilpa Rao wants to work with Vishal Bhardwaj! |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Soumitra Das |date=29 March 2014|accessdate=19 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| "Subhanallah"
| Pritam
| [[Sreerama Chandra Mynampati|Sreeram Chandra]]
| {{cn|date=October 2024}}
|-
|}

=== 2014 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
! scope="col" width=1% | Ref.
|-
!''[[Gulaab Gang]]''
| "Gulaabi"
| [[Soumik Sen]]
| Neha Saraf
| Malabika Brahma
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Title-track-of-Gulaab-Gang-is-out-now/articleshow/29936269.cms? |title='Gulaabi', title track of Gulaab Gang is out now |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 February 2014 |accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Bang Bang!]]''
| "[[Meherbaan (song)|Meherbaan]]"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]], [[Kumaar]]
| [[Ash King]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/hrithik-roshan-katrina-kaif-sizzle-in-meherbaan-from-bang-bang/|title=Watch: Hrithik Roshan, Katrina Kaif sizzle in 'Meherbaan' song from 'Bang Bang' |work=[[The Indian Express]] |author=Sunitra Pacheco |date=2 September 2014 |accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|-
!''[[Bhopal: A Prayer for Rain]]''
| "Abr e Karam"
| colspan="1"| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| colspan="1"| [[Dhruv Sangari (Bilal Chishty Sangari)]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Abr-E-Karam (From "Bhopal - A Prayer For Rain") - Single |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/abr-e-karam-from-bhopal-prayer/id946818363 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120072126/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/abr-e-karam-from-bhopal-prayer/id946818363 |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 20, 2015 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |work=Shilpa Rao |date=28 November 2014 |accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
!''[[Ugly (film)|Ugly]]''
| "Papa"
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| Gaurav Solanki
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/tejaswini-kolhapure/watch-papa-anurag-kashyap-s-ugly |title=Watch: "Papa" from Anurag Kashyap's "Ugly"|work=PinkVilla |author=Aditi Chandra |date=2 January 2015 |accessdate=31 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== 2015 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Badmashiyaan]]''
| "Thode Se Hum"
| Bobby–Imran
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Chehere: A Modern Day Classic]]''
|"Jo Ab Ja Chuke"
| rowspan="2" |Jaideep Chaudury
| rowspan="2" |[[Sayeed Quadri]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
|-
|"Kabhi Khud Se Kam"
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
!''[[Kaun Kitne Paani Mein]]''
|"Ho Naa"
|Subhi, Style Bhai
|Subhi
|
|-
!''[[NH10 (film)|NH10]]''
| "Le Chal Mujhe" (Reprise)
| [[Sanjeev–Darshan]]
| Bann Chakraborty
|
|-
|}

=== 2016 ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
! rowspan="3" |''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
| "Bulleya"
| rowspan= "3"| [[Pritam]]
| rowspan= "3"| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
|-
| "[[Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo]]"
|
|-
| "Bulleya" (Reprise)
| [[Arijit Singh]]
|}

=== 2017 ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Film
!Song
!Composer(s)
!Writer(s)
!Co-artist(s)
|-
![[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai (film)|''Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai'']]
|"Qubool Hai"
|Visshoo Mukherjee
|Asish Pandit
|[[Ash King]]
|}

===2018===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Hichki]]''
|"Phir Kya Hai Gham"
|[[Jasleen Royal]]
|Aditya Sharma, Neeraj Rajawat
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Jalebi (2018 film)|Jalebi]]''
|"Mujhme"
|rowspan="2"|Samuel-Akanksha
|Arafat Mehmood
|
|-
|"Tum Se Adlib"(Female)
|Manoj Kumarnath
|
|-
!''[[Helicopter Eela]]''
|"Chand Lamhe"
|Daniel B. George
|Aasma
|
|}

===2019===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Kalank]]''
|"Kalank Title Track"(Duet)
|rowspan="2"|[[Pritam]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
|"Kalank Title Track"(Bonus)
|-
!''[[Mission Mangal]]''
|"Shaabaashiyaan"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|Anand Bhaskar, Abhijeet Srivastava
|-
!''On The Ramp Never Ending Show''
|O Piya.. Preet Mein Tori
|[[Raaj Aashoo]]
|Seema Saini
|[[Raja Hasan|Raja Hassan]]
|-
!''[[War (2019 film)|War]]''
|"[[Ghungroo (song)|Ghungroo]]"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Kumaar]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|}

===2020===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|"Haan Tum Ho"
| rowspan="3" |[[Pritam]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
!''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
|"Hardum Humdum" (Female Version
|[[Sayeed Quadri]], Shloke lal
|
|-
!''[[Raat Akeli Hai]]''
|"Aadhe Aadhe Se"
|[[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
|[[Raj Shekhar]], [[Mika Singh]]
|}

===2021===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|"Phuljhadiyon"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|
|-
![[Tadap (2021 film)|''Tadap'']]
|"Tere Siva Jag Mein"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|[[Darshan Raval]]
|}

===2022===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
|-
!''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]''
|"Thehar"(Female)
|[[Gaurav Chatterji]]
|Sandeep Gaur
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]''
|"Tere Hawale"
| rowspan="2" |[[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|-
|"Tere Hawale"(Reprise)
|Tushar Joshi
|-
!rowspan=2|''[[Mister Mummy]]''
|"Chupke Chupke"
|rowspan=2|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kumaar]]
|rowspan=2|[[Armaan Malik]]
|-
|"Chupke Chupke (Film Version)"
|}

===2023===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
![[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
|"[[Besharam Rang]]"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Kumaar]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|[[Caralisa Monteiro]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|
|-
!''[[Ponniyin Selvan: II]]''
|"Ruaa Ruaa"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Gulzar]]
|
|Dubbed version
|-
! rowspan="3" | ''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]''
|"Sanjha"
| rowspan="3" | [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sachet Tandon]]
|
|-
|"Sanjha Chill Flip"
|
|-
|"Sanjha Lofi Beat"
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|"Ro Lain De"
| rowspan="2"| [[Pritam]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sonu Nigam]]
|
|-
|"Ro Lain De Chillhop"
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']]
|"[[Chaleya]]"
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kumaar]]
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|
|-
|"[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|-
!''[[Ganapath]]''
|"Hum Aaye Hain" (Version 2)
|White Noise Studios
|[[Priya Saraiya]]
|[[Mika Singh]]
|
|-
!''[[Pippa (film)|Pippa]]''
|"Jazbaat"
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Shellee
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|
|-
!''[[Safed (film)|Safed]]''
|"Rang Rasiya"
|Mahima Bharadwaj
|Shashi Suman
|
|
|-
|}

===2024===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
![[Merry Christmas (2024 film)|''Merry Christmas'']]
|"Raat Akeli Thi"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]]
|[[Tushar Joshi]]
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |[[Fighter (2024 film)|''Fighter'']]
|"Sher Khul Gaye"
| rowspan="3" |[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kumaar]]
|[[Benny Dayal]]
|
|-
|"[[Ishq Jaisa Kuch]]"
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|
|-
|"Dil Chah Raha"
|[[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|
|-
!''[[Crakk]]''
|"Jeena Haraam"
| colspan="2" |[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|Vishal Mishra
|
|-
!''[[Murder Mubarak]]''
|"Bhola Bhala Baby"
|rowspan=3|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|[[Priya Saraiya]]
|Sachin–Jigar
|
|-
!''[[Stree 2]]''
|"Tumhare Hi Rahenge Hum"
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|Varun Jain
|
|-
! ''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
|"Mere Mehboob"
|[[Priya Saraiya]]
|Sachet Tandon
|
|-
! ''[[Do Patti]]''
|"Akhiyaan De Kol"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Kausar Munir]], Mellow D
|Mellow D
|
|-
! ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|"[[Chuttamalle|Dheere Dheere]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|
|Hindi version
|-
!''[[Kanguva]]''
|"Yolo"
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Mellow D
|
|Hindi version
|}

===2025===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=23% | Song
! scope="col" width=21% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=18% | Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
!rowspan=3|''[[Jewel Thief (2025 film)|Jewel Thief]]''
|"Jewel Thief - Title Track"
|rowspan=2|Soundtrek–Anis Ali Sabri
|Soundtrek-Anis Ali Sabri
|[[Raghav Chaitanya]]
|rowspan=3|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|"Ilzaam"
|rowspan=2|Kumaar
|Vishal Mishra
|-
|"Lootera"
|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|Neuman Pinto
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
|"Yaad (Encore)"
|rowspan=3|[[Pritam]]
|[[Momin Khan Momin]], Sandeep Shrivastava
|[[B Praak]]
|rowspan=3|Side B
|-
|"Hote Tak (Reprise)"
|Ghalib, Sandeep Shrivastava
|Raghav Chaitanya
|-
|"Qaide Se (Reprise)"
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|rowspan=3|Solo
|-
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|"Barbaad (Reprise - Female)"
|colspan=2| The Rish
|
|-
|''[[Baaghi 4]]''
|"Yeh Mera Husn"
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Sameer Anjaan]]
|
|-
|''[[Abir Gulaal]]''
|"Khudaya Ishq"
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|Kumaar
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|
|-
|''[[Ek Chatur Naar]]''
|"Gulabi Saawariya"
|Abhijeet Srivastava
|Shayra Apoorva
|Sachet Tandon
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|"Ghafoor"
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|[[Shashwat Sachdev]]
|Ujwal Gupta
|rowspan=2|[[Netflix]] series
|-
|"Sajna Tu Beiman"
|B Praak, Shashwat Sachdev
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Tere Ishk Mein]]''
|"Tere Zikr Mein"
|rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|rowspan=2|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|rowspan=2|Solo
|rowspan=2|
|-
|"Jigar Thanda (Female)"
|-
|''[[Gustaakh Ishq]]''
|"Ul Jalool Ishq"
|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
|[[Gulzar]]
|[[Papon (singer)|Papon]]
|
|}

== Telugu film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="5%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Film
! scope="col" width="22%" | Song
! scope="col" width="19%" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width="16%" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width="17%" | Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
! rowspan="2" |''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]''
| "Abacha"
| rowspan="2" |[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|[[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|
|-
|"Egire Egire"
|[[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]], [[Raman Mahadevan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
! rowspan="2" |''[[English Vinglish]]''
| "English Vinglish" (Female)
| rowspan="2" |[[Amit Trivedi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| rowspan="2" |
|Dubbed version
|-
| "Idho Vidham"
|Dubbed version
|-
| 2013
!''[[Dhoom 3]]''
| "[[Malang (song)|Tarang]]"
| [[Pritam]]
| Bhaskarabhatla
| Abhishek Nailwal
|Dubbed version
|-
| 2014
!''[[Bang Bang!|Bang Bang]]''
| "[[Meherbaan (song)|Priyathama"]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| K Subhas Chandrabose
| [[Ash King]]
|Dubbed version
|-
|2023
![[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
|"[[Besharam Rang|Naa Nijam Rangu]]"
|Chaitanya Prasad
|
|Dubbed version
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
!''[[Guntur Kaaram]]''
|"Oh My Baby"
|[[Thaman S]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|
|
|-
!''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|"[[Chuttamalle]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|
|-
|}

== Tamil film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="5%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Film
! scope="col" width=22% | Song
! scope="col" width=19% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
| 2010
!''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''
| "Oru Maalai Neram"
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| [[Javed Ali]]
|
|-
| 2012
!''[[English Vinglish]]''
| "English Vinglish" (Female)
| [[Amit Trivedi]]
| [[Pa. Vijay]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
![[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']]
|"Azhaiyaa Mazhai"
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Madhan Karky]]
|[[Vishal Dadlani]]
|Dubbed version
|-
![[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']]
|"[[Kaavaalaa]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2025
!''[[Bun Butter Jam]]''
|"Etho Pesathane"
|[[Nivas K Prasanna]]
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]]
|
|-
!''[[Madharaasi]]''
|"Unadhu Enadhu"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Adesh Krishna
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|}

== Bengali film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5% | Year
! scope="col" width=20% | Film
! scope="col" width=22% | Song
! scope="col" width=19% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2011
!''Uro Chithi''
| "Athanni"
| [[Debojyoti Mishra]]
| [[Srijato]]
| Taniya Sen
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012
!''[[Awara (2012 film)|Awara]]''
| "Moner Radio"
|rowspan="2"| [[Jeet Gannguli]]
| Prosen
|rowspan="2"| Jeet Gannguli
|-
!''[[Jaaneman (2012 film)|Jaaneman]]''
| "Jaaneman"
| Raja Chanda
|-
| rowspan=2| 2017
! rowspan="2" |''[[Projapoti Biskut]]''
| "Projapoto Mon"
|rowspan=2| Indradeep Dasgupta
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| solo
|-
| "Mukhchora Gaan"
|-
| 2022
!''Doctor Bakshi''
| "Kotha Dilam Tokey"
| Subhadeep Mitra
|
| Arnab Dutta
|-
|}

== Malayalam film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="5%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Film
! scope="col" width=22% | Song
! scope="col" width=19% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Co-singer(s)
!Notes
|-
| 2009
!''[[Puthiya Mukham]]''
| "Rahasyamay"
| [[Deepak Dev]]
| [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
| [[KK (singer)|KK]]
|
|-
|2024
! ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|"[[Chuttamalle|Kanninathan Kamanottam]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Mankombu Gopala Krishna
|
|Dubbed version
|}

== Kannada film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="5%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Film
! scope="col" width=22% | Song
! scope="col" width=19% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=17%|Notes
|-
|2024
! ''[[Devara: Part 1]]''
|"[[Chuttamalle|Swaathimutthe Sikkangaithe]]"
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|Varadaraj Chikkaballapura
|Dubbed version
|}

== Gujarati film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width=5% | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" |Film
! scope="col" width="22%" | Song
! scope="col" width=19% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Co-singer(s)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
! rowspan="2" | ''[[Lakiro]]''
| "Tu Nathi Ke Tu Chhe(Hindi Version)"
|rowspan="2"| [[Parth Bharat Thakkar]]
|rowspan="2"| Amitabh Verma
|rowspan="2"| [[Vishal Dadlani]]
|-
| "Tu Nathi Ke Tu Chhe"
|}

== Hindi non-film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="5%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Album
! scope="col" width=22% | Song
! scope="col" width=19% | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width=16% | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width=17% | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" | ''Krazy Kat (Remix)''
| "Koi Yahan Nache" (Retro Mix Version)
| [[Bappi Lahiri]] (Remixed by: Anuj Matthews)
| [[Farooq Qaisar]]
|rowspan="4"|
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" | ''Kaise Ho Tum - Single''
| "Kaise Ho Tum (Female)"
|colspan="2"| [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]]
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''Teri Aankhen''
| "Saiyaan"
| Raaj Aashoo
| Murli Agarwal
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal]]''
| "Bekaboo"
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[The Dewarists#Episode 4 I Believe|The Dewarists (Season One)]]''
| "I Believe"
| [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama]], Agnee
| K. Mohan, [[Rachana Banerjee|Rachana B.]]
| Nitin Malik, K. Mohan
|-
! scope="row"| ''I Vivek''
|"Darakht Sa"
|Shahdaab Bhartiya
|Vivek Sudershan
|Vivek Sudershan
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''Ek Ladki Shabnmi Jaisi''
|"Sau Raatein"
|rowspan="2" | Arbind Jha
|Moied Elham
|rowspan="2" |Apoorv Gupta
|-
|"Bematlab Thi Zindagi"
|Arvind Jha
|-
! rowspan="7" scope="row" | ''Rewind - Nine Lost Memories''
| "Yadon Ke Idiot Box Mein" (Version 1)
| rowspan="7" | Amartya Rahut
| rowspan="12" | [[Neelesh Misra]]
|
|-
| "Maazi"
|rowspan="2"| [[Suraj Jagan]]
|-
| "Shayad"
|-
| "Roobru"
|rowspan="2"|Neelesh Misra
|-
| "Unka Khayal"
|-
| "Naina Tore"
| rowspan="7" |
|-
| "Dil Raffu"
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2012
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | ''Best of Naturally US''
| "Jhula"
|rowspan="5"| Anuraag Naidu
|-
| "Challa"
|-
| "Dum Dum"
|-
| "Aj Lakha Naiyo"
|-
| "Ret Main Sirkiye"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| ''[[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]]''
| "Dum Dum"
| [[Shilpa Rao]]
| Shellee
| Arun Daga
|-
| "Hallelujah"
|rowspan="2"| [[Karsh Kale]]
| [[Leonard Cohen]], Karsh Kale
| Karsh Kale
|-
| "Shedding Skin"
| [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| Karsh Kale, [[Shruti Pathak]], [[Monali Thakur]], Apeksha Dandekar
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''Poorna - Shri Krishna''
| "Surdas Ji Likhit: Ankhiyaan Hari Darsan"
|colspan="2"| Anand Kurhekar
|
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan (season 9)|Coke Studio Pakistan]]''
| "[[List of Coke Studio Pakistan episodes#Season 9 (2016)|Paar Chanaa De]]
| [[Noori]]
| [[Jaffer Zaidi]]
| Noori
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row" | You're Not Alone
|"You're Not Alone"
|
|Surya Giri
|[[Sid Sriram]], SURII
|-
! scope="row"| Those Words
|"Those Words"
|
|Anoushka Shankar, Ayanna witter-Johnson, Shirin Anandita
|Anoushka Shankar, Ayanna witter-Johnson
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
! scope="row" | Roz Roz
|"Roz Roz"
|The Yellow Diary
|Ranjan Batra
|Ranjan Batra
|-
! scope="row"| T-Series Mixtape
|"Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin-Nazar Ke Samne"
|
|Abhijit Vaghani, Sameer
|Yasser Desai,
Abhijit Vaghani
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022
! scope="row" | ''Roposo Jamroom''
|"Main Jee Raha"
|Ana Rehman
|Shloke Lal
|[[Jazim Sharma]]
|-
! scope="row"| ''Ehsaas''
|"Ehsaas"
|Utsavi Jha
|Utsavi Jha
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Awaara Ho''
|"Awaara Ho(Dream Pop)"
|Shashwat Sachdev
|Shashwat Sachdev
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Kaisi Teri Baatein''
|"Kaisi Teri Baatein"
|Suyyash Rai, Ashutosh Rishi
|Kaushal Kishore
|Suyyash Rai
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023
! scope="row" | ''Made in India''
|"Apsara"
|[[Abhijit Vaghani]]
|Bhrigu Parashar, Ek Number
|Pratik Solse, Ek Number
|-
! scope="row"| Parindey
|"Parindey"
|Sanchari Bose
|Rahul Yadav
|
|-
! scope="row"| Numaani
|"Numaani"
|Faridkot
|IP Singh, Rajarshi Sanyal
|Faridkot, Rajarshi Sanyal
|-
! scope="row"| ''Hundai Spotlight''
|"Baanwre"
|F Kaze
|F Kaze, Shloke Lal
|F Kaze
|-
|2024
! scope="row" | ''VYRLOriginals''
|"Jiya Laage Na"
|[[Rochak Kohli]]
|Gurpreet Saini
|[[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Rochak Kohli]]
|}

== Other non-film songs ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="5%" | Year
! scope="col" width="20%" | Album
! scope="col" width="22%" | Song
! scope="col" width="19%" | Composer(s)
! scope="col" width="16%" | Writer(s)
! scope="col" width="17%" | Co-singer(s)
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Coke Studio Pakistan (season 9)|Coke Studio Pakistan]]''
| "[[List of Coke Studio (Pakistan) episodes|Paar Chanaa De]]
| [[Noori]]
| [[Jaffer Zaidi]]
| Noori
|-
|2020
! scope="row" | Voices United
|"Hum Honge Kamyab"
|Kartik Rodriguez
|Metalloid Productions
|Usha Uthup, Raghu Dixit, Rasika Shekar, Javed Ali, Shillong Chamber choir, Haricharan, Satyaprakash, Shweta Mohan, Tanya Kalsi, N. C. Karunya & Soham Patel
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2117691}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120108235049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/index/id/6989 Shilpa Rao] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

[[Category:Lists of songs recorded by Indian singers|Rao, Shilpa]]