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List of films with the longest production time

2026-05-16T15:10:08Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Put up a details - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2015}}

This is a list of films [[Principal photography|shot]] or [[animation|animated]] over three or more years. This list does not include projects composed of series of films shot over an extended period, except where individual films within those projects meet this criterion.

== List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Release year
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Number of years
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| scope="row" |''[[12 (2003 film)|12]]''
|2003
|10
|Shooting began in 1993 and was finalized in 2003. The long process of filming was intentional to show the natural aging of the actors.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fisher|first=Bob|title=True Grit|journal=American Cinematographer|date=December 2003|issue=1013|pages=66–74|url=http://www.moviemags.com/main.php?title=AMERICAN%20CINEMATOGRAPHER&etos=2003}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[5-25-77]]''
|2022
|18
|Shooting began in summer 2004. Numerous versions of the film have been screened over the years, including a rough cut at [[Star Wars Celebration]] IV. It officially premiered in 2017 followed by a limited theatrical release. The film with its final cut was released on November 22, 2022.
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Aalambana]]''
|2025
|4
|In November 2019, Vaibhav was cast to play the lead role in the film produced by KJR Studios and directed by newcomer Pari K Vijay, who had earlier worked as an assistant in films like Mundasupatti (2014) and Indru Netru Naalai (2015). Munishkanth was chosen to play the role of a genie, and the film was said to be in the fantasy comedy genre. Parvati Nair was cast as the female lead opposite to Vaibhav. Principal photography began with a pooja ceremony on 14 December 2019 in MGR Film City. The film was shot in Mysore Palace, Chennai and Pondicherry, and the shooting was completed in January 2021.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Act of Killing]]'' || 2012 || 6 || A documentary about perpetrators of the [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]] which was shot between 2005 and 2011.<ref name="Meyer"/>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Aghathiyaa]]''
|2025
|4
|The project was announced on 2020, but eventually shelved by the production house due to multiple issues, later on 2023, the project was officially taken over by Vels Film International. After 4 years delays, Aghathiyaa was released in theatres on 28 February 2025.
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Amra Ekta Cinema Banabo]]''
|2019
|9
|Principal photography began in January 2009. Filming was completed in 176 days in over 9 years.<ref name="somoynews"/> Also notable for being the [[List of longest films|longest non-experimental film ever made]].<ref name="newagebd"/><ref name="ww.channelionline"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Apocalypse Now]]''
| 1979 || 3 || Inspired by Joseph Conrad's novella ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' and originally pitched from screenwriter [[John Milius]] as a war comedy, the film was made in pre-production in 1975 and then filmed in 1976, completed with an overbudget of $25 million. The film was originally scheduled for an April 7, 1977, release (on director [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s birthday), the film was released two years later in 1979 as a work in progress at the [[Cannes Film Festival]], albeit with mixed reception. The film was released in theaters months later, on August 15, 1979.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Atlantis: The Lost Empire]]''
|2001
|5
|The development and beginning of work started in October 1996 when the idea was conceived, finished in January 2001.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
| 2022 || 13 || This film was announced in 2010 after the release of ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' with writing and visual effects prep work happening simultaneously for seven years. Filming began in 2017 and concluded in 2020. It was one of the [[List of films impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic|films affected by COVID-19]].<ref name="Harris-2020"/> By the time of its December 2022 release, it had been nearly 13 years since production began.<ref name="ScreenRant"/><ref name="Variety-2020"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Avatar: Fire and Ash]]''
| 2025 || 16 || This film was announced in 2010 and was worked on simultaneously with ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''.<ref name="Harris-2020"/> By the time of its December 2025 release, it had been nearly 16 years since production began.<ref name="ScreenRant"/><ref name="Variety-2020"/>
|-
|scope="row" | ''[[Avatar (franchise)|Avatar 4]]''
|2029 || 12 || Filming began during the simultaneous productions of ''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]'' and ''[[Avatar: Fire and Ash]]'' in 2017. In 2019, with about a third of the filming completed, production went on hiatus and is expected to resume sometime in 2026. The film is scheduled to be released in 2029, roughly 12 years after filming began.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharf |first1=Zach |title=Sam Worthington Says 'We Go Back to Work' on 'Avatar' Sequels 'In a Month and It's Big. It's Bigger Than You Can Imagine' |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/sam-worthington-avatar-3-sequels-bigger-than-you-can-imagine-1235866044/ |website=Variety |publisher=Variety |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title='Avatar 4': Most of First Act Complete, Reveals Producer Jon Landau |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/avatar-4-jon-landau-busan-1235394555/ |website=Variety |publisher=Variety |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Vary |first1=Adam B. |title=James Cameron and Denis Villeneuve Talk 'Avatar,' 'Dune' and the Future of Movies |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/denis-villeneuve-james-cameron-avatar-dune-1235132632/ |website=Variety |publisher=Variety |access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ayalaan]]''
|2024
|5
|Officially announced in 2016, and filming began in June 2018. The film was affected due to financial constraints with the production house and due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], before concluding in January 2021, and [[Pick-up (filmmaking)|additional photography]] took place in November 2022.<ref name="The Times of India-2021a"/><ref name="The Times of India-2022a"/><ref name="Cinema Express-2023"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Bad Taste]]''
| 1987 || 4 || Shot primarily on weekends over the course of four years.<ref name="BadTaste"/>
|-
|scope="row"| ''BalikBayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment, Redux VII''
| 2023 || 45 || Philippine [[National Artist of the Philippines|National Artist]] [[Kidlat Tahimik]] began shooting in 1978, with the film being released unfinished in 2010, 2015 (''Redux III'') and 2017 (''Redux VI''); the final version of the film, subtitled ''Redux VII'', was completed in April 2023.<ref name="Small-2019"/><ref name="MoMATahimik"/><ref name="Philstar"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Blood Tea and Red String]]''
| 2006 || 13 || A [[stop-motion animation|stop-motion]] film. Director [[Christiane Cegavske]] worked primarily alone.<ref name="BloodTea"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Boy and the Heron]]''
| 2023 || 7 || Hayao Miyazaki started working on the film in 2016 whilst working on the CG animated short film [[Boro the Caterpillar]], and planned to have it released by 2019 in time for the Olympics. Due to a slow production, with Miyazaki's age being a factor, the film was pushed back. Despite the setbacks from the COVID-19 pandemic, the film's production allowed more work to be done at a consistent rate. It was released on July 14, 2023.<ref name="AERA dot. (アエラドット)-2023"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Boyhood (2014 film)|Boyhood]]''
| 2014 || 12 || The long production schedule was intentional to show the natural aging of the actors in a story taking place over 12 years. Filming took place once or twice a year, starting in summer 2002 and ending in October 2013. The cast and crew gathered to film scenes for three or four days annually.<ref name="Boyhood"/>
|-
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|2022
|7
|Its pre-production was started in 2014, filming started in February 2018 and ended in March 2022. The film was released in September 2022.<ref name="Filmfare"/>
|-
| scope="row" | {{lang|pt-br|Chatô, o Rei do Brasil}}
| 2015 || 20 || Filming began in 1995 for a 1997 release,<ref name="adorocinema"/> production was paused and then resumed in 1999 but was later cancelled again.<ref name="Garcia Lima-1999"/><ref name="Grillo-1999"/> Production completed in 2015.<ref name="adorocinema"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Closer to Home (film)]]''
| 1995 || 5 || In the 1990s, this was one of the first American independent feature films to be shot outside the country, both in New York City and abroad (the Philippines). After pre-production in the Philippines began in 1990, shooting was completed in 1992, with reshoots in 1993. 18 months would pass while additional financing was raised to complete filming in New York City. The film was released in August 1995.<ref>https://www.wbai.org/upcoming-program/?id=12768</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Coffee and Cigarettes]]''
| 2003 || 18 || The first segment was filmed in 1986, while the final six were completed in 2003.<ref name="Coffee"/><ref name="Coffee2"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dangerous Men]]''
| 2005 || 21|| The film was in production from 1984 to 2005, despite screening of a finished cut in 1985.<ref name="Snider-2015"/>
|-
| scop="row" | ''[[Dead Souls (2018 film)|Dead Souls]]''
| 2018 ||13|| Filming began in 2005, with interviews being shot in a continuous period until 2008. Further filming was then suspended due to both Wang Bing becoming ill and then due to becoming committed to other projects. Production restarted in 2014 and continued until 2017. It is also one of the [[List of longest films|longest films ever made]].<ref name="Burdeau"/>
|-
|''[[Dhruva Natchathiram (unreleased film)|Dhruva Natchathiram]]''
| TBA ||8|| Filming began in January 2017 and went into [[Development hell|production hell]] as the director [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] suffered financial constraints, before completing the film in February 2023.<ref name="The Times of India"/>
|-
|''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''
|2025
|9
|The filming of the film was completed in 2017, while its production lasted for 9 years due to the producer Rana Sarkar's conflicts with Eastern India Motion Pictures Association.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dimension (film)|Dimension]]''
| 2010 || 7 || Filming took place in three-minute segments from 1991 to 1997. The original plan was to film once a year, from 1991 until 2024, but director [[Lars von Trier]] abandoned the project in the late 1990s. The finished footage was released on DVD in 2010.<ref name="Ekko"/><ref name="ScreenDaily"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Eraserhead]]''
| 1977 || 5 || Due to the minimal length of the script, director [[David Lynch]] struggled to finance his debut film. It ultimately took five years to complete filming.<ref name="Eraserhead"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Everyday (film)|Everyday]]''
| 2012 || 5 || Filming took place twice a year, once in summer and once in winter. The cast and crew gathered for a few weeks each time, whenever they had gaps in their schedules.<ref name="Everyday"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Evil Within (2017 film)|The Evil Within]]''
| 2017 || 15 || Originally titled ''The Storyteller'', filming began in 2002, with director [[Andrew Getty]] constantly starting and stopping the film's production. Getty died in 2015, two years before the film's release with only editing and color correction remaining, leaving editor Michael Luceri to finish the film on his own.<ref name="kitman"/><ref name="fernandez"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Evolution of a Filipino Family]]''
| 2004 || 11 || The pre-production was started in December 1993 in Jersey City, and began photography on 8 March 1994 in New Jersey. The Philippine shoot started in early 1997 in Gerona, Tarlac. The shooting ended in April 2003. But more scenes were added October–November 2004, and finally stopped 31 January 2005. It is also one of the [[List of longest films|longest films ever made]].<ref name="Diaz"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Fall (2006 film)|The Fall]]''
| 2006 || 4 || Shot in 24 countries.<ref name="thefall"/>
|-
|[[Game Changer (film)|''Game Changer'']]
|2025
|3
|The film was announced in February 2021 with [[Ram Charan]] in the lead and S.Shankar as the director in his debut Telugu directorial.<ref name="The Times of India-2021b"/> Principal photography commenced in October 2021 with a proposed completion in December 2022.<ref name="India Today-2021"/><ref name="PINKVILLA-2022"/> However, production was stalled due to Shankar resuming his other long pending project ''Indian 2'' and working simultaneously on both films.<ref name="The Times of India-2022"/> The principal photography was eventually completed with the final schedule in July 2024.<ref name="The Hindu-2024"/>
|-
|''[[The Goat Life]]''
|2024
|16
|Based on the 2008 novel ''[[Aadujeevitham]]'' by [[Benyamin (writer)|Benyamin]], the project was started by director [[Blessy]] in 2008 who also produced the film. [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] was cast in the lead role. However, production was stalled due to financial constraints and the film languished in development hell until 2015 when co-producers came on board. Shooting resumed in 2018 and concluded in 2022 over six schedules being disrupted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The film eventually released on 28 March 2024.<ref name="DNA India"/>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[The Grand Bizarre]]''
|2018
|5
|Footage was collected in fifteen countries, including Turkey, Greece, Israel, Morocco and Indonesia.<ref name="small-mubi"/><ref name="williams-cinema-scope"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hard to Be a God (2013 film)|Hard to Be a God]]''
| 2013 || 6 || Filming took place on and off for a period of six years, beginning in the autumn of 2000 and was followed by an additional six years of [[post-production]].<ref name="Hard"/><ref name="Hard2"/>
|-
|''[[Hari Hara Veera Mallu]]''
|2025
|5
|The film was officially announced in January 2020 with principal photography commencing in September 2020. The film was predominantly shot in Hyderabad in several legs. The film experienced several delays due to the pandemic and [[Pawan Kalyan]]'s political commitments.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hell's Angels (film)|Hell's Angels]]''
| 1930 || 3 || A [[Howard Hughes]]' fighting plane film, referenced in ''[[The Aviator (2004 film)|The Aviator]]''. A long shooting schedule, made longer when Hughes decided to add sound at the advent of "talkies".<ref name="Hell's"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hoop Dreams]]''
| 1994 || 5 || Filming included over 250 hours of footage. Originally planned to be a 30-minute piece for [[PBS]], ''Hoop Dreams'' developed into a 170-minute documentary that took three years to edit.<ref name="WSJHoop"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]''
| 2002 || 6 || It took six years to make, with long sabbaticals between shoots due to production problems.<ref name="HTHS"/>
|-
|''[[Indian 2]]''
|2024
|5
|A sequel to director [[S. Shankar]]'s 1996 film ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', the story was conceived in 2015 and the project was announced in September 2017.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2015"/><ref name="The Times of India-2017"/> Principal photography commenced in January 2019 but was affected by various factors including an accident on the sets, the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the filming of Shankar's ''[[Game Changer (film)|Game Changer]]'' and lead actor [[Kamal Haasan]]'s ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]''.<ref name="The Times of India-2020a"/><ref name="The Times of India-2020"/><ref name="Hindustan Times-2020"/><ref name="The Times of India-2021"/> Filming eventually resumed in August 2022 and concluded in January 2024.<ref name="Cinema Express-2022"/><ref name="The Times of India-2024"/> The film eventually released on 12 July 2024.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2024"/>
|-
|''[[Inland Empire (film)|Inland Empire]]''
|2006
|3
|It was completed over three years and shot primarily in [[Los Angeles]] and [[Łódź]] without a finished screenplay.<ref name="Perez">{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Rodrigo |date=March 24, 2022 |title='Inland Empire' Restoration Trailer: David Lynch's Surreal DV Nightmare Comes Back To Theaters In April |url=https://theplaylist.net/inland-empire-restoration-trailer-david-lynch-april-20220324/ |access-date=April 1, 2022 |website=ThePlaylist.net |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Inside Out]]''
|2015
|3
|Development lasted for five and a half years,<ref name="Cohen-2015"/><ref name="IO1SlashFilm"/> with three of its duration for the production.<ref name="IO1PostMag"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[It Happened Here]]''
| 1964 || 7 || Filmed by [[Kevin Brownlow]] and [[Andrew Mollo]], who began work on the film as teenagers, with a cast that mostly consisted of amateur actors.<ref name="ithappened"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Junk Head]]''
| 2017 || 7 || This Japanese [[stop motion]] film, which started life as a short, spent seven years in production. It was directed by Takahide Hori, who also sculpted the models, designed the sets, composed the score, wrote the screenplay and provided voice work. The completed film debuted at the [[Fantasia International Film Festival]] in Canada on July 23, 2017. After a few film festival tours, Hori re-cut the film and it was given a wide release on March 26, 2021, in Japan.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Khrustalyov, My Car!]]''
| 1998 || 7 || Production lasted for seven years due to difficulties in financial backing.<ref name="Bergan"/>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Kill It and Leave This Town]]''
|2020
|14
|The film took fourteen years to animate. Wilczyński had originally intended ''Kill It and Leave This Town'' to be a [[short film]], however eventually ended up deciding to make it his [[Film debut|feature debut]].<ref name="Kruk"/>
|-
|[[The King and the Mockingbird|''The King and the Mockingbird (Le Roi et l'Oiseau)'']]
|1980
|33
|Regarded today as a masterpiece of French animation,<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes"/> ''Le Roi et l'Oiseau'' begun production in 1948 as ''La Bergère et le Ramoneur''. However, the film suddenly stopped production and was released unfinished by its producer in 1952 without the approval of director [[Paul Grimault]] or screenwriter [[Jacques Prévert]]. In 1967, Grimault obtained the rights to the film and spent the next decade raising financing to complete the film as originally intended, finally releasing it in 1980.
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Koyaanisqatsi]]''
|1982
|7
|The first part in the [[Qatsi trilogy|''Qatsi'' trilogy]] directed by [[Godfrey Reggio]]. Production began in 1975 and ended in 1982.<ref name="koyaanisqatsi.org"/>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Legend of Destruction]]''
|2021
|8
|An Israeli animated film where three and a half years were spent with concept development, initial sketches and [[storyboarding]], followed by four and a half years of producing the illustrations.<ref name="Nirit Anderman"/>
|-
|''Letters Home''
|2023
|25
|Newly arrived with his family in a small Midwestern town, a smart but hopelessly awkward boy despairs that he will never truly fit in. Yet as the years pass, he realizes that his adopted hometown has become more a part of his identity than he ever dreamed possible.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.kmbc.com/article/a-movie-shot-in-the-90-s-is-finally-hitting-the-big-screen-today/45473694 |title=Letters Home: An ode to a hometown |date=2023-10-07 |last=Pitman |first=Donna |language=en |access-date=2025-01-20 |via=www.kmbc.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tallgrass Film Festival 2023 |url=https://tff23.eventive.org/films/64d55b4f3d583e0066655129 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=tff23.eventive.org}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Mad God]]''
| 2021 || 30 || A stop-motion animated film by [[Phil Tippett]], production was shelved for 20 years before resuming in 2013.<ref name="lussier"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Marketa Lazarová]]''
| 1967 || 3 || Works started in 1960 and finished in 1967, with filming taking place over 548 days from 1964 to 1966.<ref name="Česká televize"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Marwencol (film)|Marwencol]]''
| 2010 || 4 || A [[documentary film]] initially planned to be shot over a single weekend, the director ultimately took four years to complete it.<ref name="Lanthier-2010"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Merrily We Roll Along (film)|Merrily We Roll Along]]''
| TBD || 20 || Having previously directed ''[[Boyhood (2014 film)|Boyhood]]'', [[Richard Linklater]] decided to shoot this film on again off again for a span of 20 years. Filming began in 2019 and is expected to be finished around 2039.<ref name="Gallupo-2019"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Meru (film)|Meru]]''
| 2015 || 3 || The first portion took place in 2008, while the final portion was shot in 2011.<ref name="Meru"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Microcosmos (film)|Microcosmos]]'' || 1996 || 3 || Nature documentary that took 15 years of research, 2 years of equipment design and 3 years of shooting.<ref name="Pathé International"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Movie 43]]''
| 2013 || 4 || Filming spanned four years in order to work around the [[ensemble cast]] members' schedules.<ref name="Movie43"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[No Other Land]]''
| 2024 || 4 || The documentary was filmed over four years between 2019 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.nziff.co.nz/2024/tamaki-makaurau-auckland/no-other-land/ |title=No Other Land |language=en-GB |access-date=2024-08-13 |via=www.nziff.co.nz |archive-date=13 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813034053/https://www.nziff.co.nz/2024/tamaki-makaurau-auckland/no-other-land/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[On the Silver Globe (film)|On the Silver Globe]]''
|1988
|12
|After production was shut down by the Polish cultural authorities in 1977, the film's director, [[Andrzej Żuławski]], returned to Poland in 1988 and smuggled out the remnants of the film to the [[Cannes Film Festival]] where it was screened for the first time. The missing segments of the film were filled in with shots of modern-day Warsaw while Zulawski's voice-over explained which segments were missing.<ref name="akademiapolskiegofilmu.pl"/>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[On-Gaku: Our Sound]]''
|2019
|7
|Directed and mostly animated by Kenji Iwaisawa, who worked on the film for over seven years.
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Othello (1951 film)|Othello]]''
| 1951 || 3 || An adaptation of the [[Othello|Shakespeare play]] directed by [[Orson Welles]]. The total production time stretched from 1948 to 1952.<ref name="bgothello"/> Welles also produced ''[[Filming Othello]]'', a documentary about the making from 1974 to 1978.<ref name="nyothello"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Other Side of the Wind]]''
| 2018 || 48 || Principal photography began in 1970 and concluded in 1976. After four decades of difficulties that interfered with the editorial and post-production processes, the film was finally finished in early 2018 and was released in November of that same year.<ref name="T"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Pakeezah]]''
| 1972 || 16 || Filming began in 1956 and continued until 1964 when lead actress [[Meena Kumari]] separated from the director, [[Kamal Amrohi]], her husband. The film was put on hold for five years until fellow actors [[Nargis]] and [[Sunil Dutt]] convinced Kumari to finish it in 1969.<ref name="Pakeezah"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Primevals]]''
| 2023|| 29 || Filmed in 1994, production restarted in 2018.<ref name="HTIFC" />
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Roar (1981 film)|Roar]]''
| 1981 || 5 || Directed by [[Noel Marshall]], the film's production was constantly delayed after numerous accidents arose, such as a flood from a dam that burst three years into filming, which destroyed equipment and the ranch built for the film. Principal photography took place over five years.<ref name="onda"/>
|-
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|2022
|4
|Filming commenced in September 2018 but faced several delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-06 |title=Saaho star Prabhas' next film goes on floors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pooja-hegde-prabhas-film-kk-radha-krishna-5342884/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India Today Web |date=2020-03-22 |title=Covid-19: Prabhas follows self-quarantine after wrapping up Georgia schedule of his next film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/covid-19-prabhas-follows-self-quarantine-after-wrapping-up-georgia-schedule-of-his-next-film-1658410-2020-03-22 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Filming was eventually completed in July 2021 and the film released on 11 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-29 |title=Prabhas, Pooja Hegde starrer Radhe Shyam's shoot wrapped up, see pic from celebration party |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/prabhas-pooja-hegde-starrer-radhe-shyam-s-shoot-wrapped-up-see-pic-from-celebration-party-101627556080892.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=2022-02-02 |title=Prabhas and Pooja Hegde's Radhe Shyam to release on March 11. See new poster |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-and-pooja-hegde-s-radhe-shyam-to-release-on-march-11-see-new-poster-1907572-2022-02-02 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Redline (2009 film)|Redline]]''
| 2009 || 7 || Animated over seven years using 100,000 hand-made drawings.<ref name="Redline_2009" />
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[RRR (film)|RRR]]''
| 2022 || 4 || Directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli|SS Rajamouli]], Its pre-production was started in 2018 by announcing cast, it was released in 2022
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Samsara (2011 film)|Samsara]]''
| 2011 || 4 || Filmed on location in 25 countries.<ref name="Samsara_2011"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Shoah (film)|Shoah]]''
| 1985 || 11 || The first six years were devoted to recording interviews conducted in 14 countries.<ref name="Shoah_1985"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]''
| 1959 || 7 || Disney animated film; production spanned from 1952 when the full storyboard was complete to 1958 when the animation was finished.<ref name="Walt Disney Home Video-1997"/><ref name="Barrier-1999"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Slow Business of Going]]''
| 2000 || 5 || Shot one scene at a time over a period of five years in hotel rooms and other locations in various countries. The script was constantly evolving and there was just one consistent cast member, with various other actors appearing in each scene.<ref name="A Permanent Erection for the Eye-2001"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Songs from the Second Floor]]'' || 2000 || 4 || Shot over four years in Sweden.<ref name="Wexner Center for the Arts"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Steamboy]]''
| 2004 || 10 || Directed by Katsuhiro Otomo, the film was in production for ten years and utilized more than 180,000 drawings and 440 CG cuts.<ref name="V2m0e"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Tiefland (film)|Tiefland]]''
| 1954 || 4 || Script work began in 1934, shooting lasted from 1940 to 1944, and the film was finally shown in 1954.<ref name="Tiefland" />
|-
| scope="row" |''[[The Tale of Princess Kaguya (film)|The Tale of the Princess Kaguya]]''
| 2013 || 5 || It was announced that [[Isao Takahata]] had begun work on the film in 2008 and completed in 2013. This was Takahata's final film, having died in 2018.<ref name="Bradshaw-2018"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Thief and the Cobbler]]''
| 1993 || 29 || Work began in 1964. The film was released in an unfinished state in 1993.<ref name="Briney"/>
|-
|''[[To the Moon (video game)|To the Moon]]''
|TBA
|7
|An animated film adaptation of an indie game ''To the Moon'' was announced and began development in 2018, with the film being partially scripted and supervised by [[Kan Gao]] with [[Anime|Japanese animation]] companies leading production and Chinese company Ultron Event Horizon funding the film as a collaborative project. As of 2025, no further updates about the film's development, although Gao appears the development going well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFxkSeQzD14|title=To the Moon – Animated feature film confirmed|date=May 18, 2018|last=Gao|first=Kan|access-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/05/18/to-the-moon-movie/|title=To The Moon becoming an animated movie|last1=O'Connor|first1=Alice|date=May 18, 2018|journal=[[Rock Paper Shotgun]]|access-date=April 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304012152/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/to-the-moon-movie|archive-date=March 4, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[The Tragedy of Man (film)|The Tragedy of Man]]''
| 2011 || 23 || The film went into production in 1988 but encountered difficulties as the production model for Hungarian cinema changed.<ref name="Ito"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Train Station (film)|Train Station]]''
| 2017|| 5 || Filmed in 25 countries, 40 filmmakers collaboratively wrote and shot over a period of five years.<ref name="Rechtshaffen, Michael-2017"/>
|-
|''[[Tumbbad]]''
|2018
|6
|The director, Rahi Anil Barve, began writing the script based on a story a friend had told him about in 1993, by the Marathi writer Narayan Dharap. He wrote the first draft in 1997, when he was 18 years old. From 2009 to 2010, he created a 700-page storyboard for the film. It was optioned by seven production companies who backed out and went on the floors (went into production) three times. It was first shot in 2012 but after editing, Barve and Shah were not satisfied. The film was then re-written and re-shot with filming completed in May 2015. Pankaj Kumar served as the director of photography while Sanyukta Kaza was its editor. Jesper Kyd composed the original score while Ajay–Atul composed one song.
|-
|''[[Udhaya (film)|Udhaya]]''
|2004
|5
|Filming began in November 1998 and was completed only in January 2004, with many prolonged delays, which lead the lead actor, [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] appear in many looks and getups throughout the movie.<ref name="Hot News"/><ref name="TFM Old News Items-2016"/> The film was eventually released on 26 March 2004, a month before [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]'s release of another blockbuster ''[[Ghilli]]''.<ref name="The Hindu-2004"/>
|-
|''[[Upin & Ipin: The Lone Gibbon Kris]]''
|2019
|5
|Production started in 2013, Set Completed in 2019.
|-
|''[[Vishwaroopam II]]''
|2018
|5
|The sequel to the 2013 film ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'', shooting commenced in June 2013 and was stuck in [[production hell]] due to the financial problems of producer [[Venu Ravichandran]].<ref name="Sify-2013"/><ref name="India Today-2016"/> Principal photography resumed in October 2016 after lead actor [[Kamal Haasan]] took over the production and eventually completed in November 2017.<ref name="Behindwoods-2016"/><ref name="Behindwoods-2017"/> The film released on 10 August 2018.<ref name="S-2018"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Voyage of Time]]''
| 2016 || 13 || Although the actual production for this documentary began in 2003, [[Terrence Malick]] has been filming footage since the 1970s and the film features scenes that were filmed in the 1970s, such as the scene featuring [[Aboriginal Australians]].<ref name="Thompson, Anne-2016"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Where the Dead Go to Die]]''
| 2011 || 3 || Director, animator, writer and composer Jimmy ScreamerClauz would stop animating the [[adult animation|adult animated]] [[horror film]] for months at a time, before starting again.<ref name="Jason Ours"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East?]]''
| 1989 || 7 || [[Bae Yong-kyun]], a professor at Dongguk University in Seoul, spent seven years making this film with one camera and editing it by hand.<ref name="Korean Film"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?]]''
| 1994 || 13 || [[Kidlat Tahimik]] began filming in 1981.<ref name="de Guia-2005"/>
|-
|''[[Wildwood (film)|Wildwood]]''
|2026
|14
|Development began in September 2011, weeks after the release of the novel, when Laika announced plans to adapt ''Wildwood'' as a stop-motion animated feature film, although it continued working on several films and the film is yet to be confirmed until a decade when the production was officially confirmed.<ref name="VarietyWildwood"/><ref name="Screen Invasion"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Winged Migration]]''
| 2001 || 3 || The documentary was shot over the course of three years focusing on hundreds of bird species.<ref name="BBC"/>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Youth (Spring)]]''
| 2023 || 5 || [[Wang Bing (director)|Wang Bing]] shot the film between 2014 and 2019, followed by a four-year post-production process.<ref name="Cahiers du Cinéma"/>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Zack Snyder's Justice League]]''
|2021
|5
|The principal photography for the movie began in October 2016.<ref name="Westfjords"/> After director [[Zack Snyder]] faced a family tragedy and creative differences between him and the studio, he left the project.<ref name="Los Angeles Times-2017"/><ref name="Kit-2017"/> Following his departure, some of the footage, albeit heavily modified in post-production, had been used alongside newly shot scenes from a drastically different script in the 2017 movie ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]''.<ref name="Buchanan-2019"/> Following a multi-year fan campaign for the release of the original film,<ref name="Krishna-2018"/> the movie was completed according to original plans and released to the public in March 2021.<ref name="Ankers-Range-2021"/>
|-
|''[[Zsazsa Zaturnnah (film)|Zsazsa Zaturnnah vs. the Amazonistas of Planet X]]''
|2026
|7
|The film was announced in June 2019 with Zaturnnah's creator, [[Carlo Vergara]], himself penned the screenplay after he wrote a [[spec script]] to fit the story in an animated feature. In 2024, the film worked for almost 4 years of development to finish but need to raise additional $40,000 (₱2.3 million) to finish the film within two years through [[Kickstarter]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Zsazsa Zaturnnah” Animated Film Currently Being Developed |url=https://artplus.ph/features/zsazsa-zaturnnah-animated-film-currently-being-developed |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Art+ Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of media notable for being in development hell]]

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Kit-2017">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=2017-05-22 |title=Zack Snyder Steps Down From 'Justice League' to Deal With Family Tragedy |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zack-snyder-steps-down-justice-league-deal-family-tragedy-1006455/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name="Harris-2020">{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Hunter |title=Avatar Will Remain in Quarantine Until 2021 |url=https://www.vulture.com/2020/07/avatar-2-release-date-delayed-covid-19.html |website=Vulture |date=July 23, 2020 |access-date=17 August 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Korean Film">{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm80s.html#bodhi|title=Why Has Bodhi-Dharma Left for the East? (1989)|publisher=Korean Film}}</ref>

<ref name="Meyer">{{cite web |last1=Meyer |first1=Michael |title=False fronts — The Act of Killing shatters Indonesia's sense of itself |url=https://archives.cjr.org/critical_eye/false_fronts.php |website=Columbia Journalism Review |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref>

<ref name="BadTaste">{{cite web|title=Bad Taste|url=http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/bad-taste-1988/background|website=[[NZ on Screen]]|date=September 19, 2008|access-date=August 5, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Bergan">{{cite news|last=Bergan|first=Ronald|title=Aleksei German obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/feb/26/aleksei-german|access-date=14 November 2019|work=[[The Guardian]] |date=26 February 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="bgothello">{{cite news |last=Keough |first=Peter |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2014/06/26/critic-notebook-orson-welles-othello/nKSSkXDSuL0YUpTYy93xCM/story.html |title=Orson Welles's 'Othello': Moor! Moor! Moor! |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=June 26, 2014 |access-date=January 30, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="BloodTea">{{cite web |last=Kernion |first=Jette |title=FF Review: Blood Tea and Red String |url=http://news.moviefone.com/2006/09/30/ff-review-blood-tea-and-red-string/ |publisher=[[Moviefone]] |date=September 30, 2006 |access-date=January 30, 2015}}{{dead link|date=September 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Boyhood">{{cite news | last=Stern | first=Marlow |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/07/10/the-making-of-boyhood-richard-linklater-s-12-year-journey-to-create-an-american-masterpiece.html | title=The Making of 'Boyhood': Richard Linklater's 12-Year Journey to Create An American Masterpiece | newspaper=[[The Daily Beast]] | date=July 10, 2014 | access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Diaz">{{cite web |first1=Lav |last1=Diaz |title=Evolution of a Filipino Family |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2005/films/evolution-of-a-filipino-family |website=IFFR |publisher=International Film Festival of Rotterdam |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Briney">{{cite web |url=http://www.culturecartel.com/review.php?aid=1000025/ |title=The Thief and the Cobbler: How the Best Was Lost, 1968–1995 |last=Briney |first=Daniel |date=21 August 2001 |website=CultureCartel |access-date=12 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403072734/http://www.culturecartel.com/review.php?aid=1000025%2F |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="de Guia-2005">{{cite book|last=de Guia|first=Katrin|title=Kapwa: The Self in the Other : Worldviews and Lifestyles of Filipino Culture-bearers|date=2005|publisher=[[Anvil Publishing|Anvil Publishing, Inc.]]|location=[[Pasig]]|isbn=971-27-1490-X|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2a1uAAAAMAAJ|access-date=4 November 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Coffee">{{cite web|url=http://www.jim-jarmusch.net/films/coffee_and_cigarettes/read_about_it/interview_by_cate_blanchett.html|title=Interview by Cate Blanchett|website=Jim-jarmusch.net|access-date=January 9, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219203453/http://www.jim-jarmusch.net/films/coffee_and_cigarettes/read_about_it/interview_by_cate_blanchett.html|archive-date=February 19, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Coffee2">{{cite web|url=http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/interviews/13161620/jim-jarmusch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205958/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/interviews/13161620/jim-jarmusch|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2016|title=Jim Jarmusch|publisher=[[EBSCO Information Services]]|access-date=January 9, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Jason Ours">{{cite web|author=Jason Ours |url=http://www.fromdusktillcon.com/content/reviews/165-reviews-showcase/2129-brundlefly-s-cinema-holocaust-an-impossible-attempt-to-describe-insanity-a-look-at-where-the-dead-go-to-die-director-jimmy-screamerclauz-interview |title=Brundlefly'S Cinema Holocaust: An Impossible Attempt To Describe Insanity – A Look At 'Where The Dead Go To Die' + Director Jimmy Screamerclauz Interview |publisher=Fromdusktillcon.com |access-date=2016-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812135114/http://www.fromdusktillcon.com/content/reviews/165-reviews-showcase/2129-brundlefly-s-cinema-holocaust-an-impossible-attempt-to-describe-insanity-a-look-at-where-the-dead-go-to-die-director-jimmy-screamerclauz-interview|archive-date=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Ekko">{{cite news |first=Claus |last=Christensen |title=Verdenspremiere på ufuldendt Trier-film |date=August 17, 2010 |url=http://www.ekkofilm.dk/?id=983&allowbreak=Nej |work=Filmmagasinet Ekko |access-date=January 2, 2015 |language=da}}</ref>

<ref name="Eraserhead">{{cite web|url=http://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3295-i-see-myself-eraserhead|title=I See Myself: Eraserhead|publisher=[[The Criterion Collection]]|access-date=January 6, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Everyday">{{cite news |last=Gilbert |first=Gerard |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/michael-winterbottoms-everyday-is-a-prison-drama-that-was-worth-doing-time-for-8317042.html |title=Michael Winterbottom's 'Everyday' is a prison drama that was worth doing time for |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=November 14, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="fernandez">{{cite news|last1=Fernandez|first1=Alexia|title=Inside the Dark Secrets of Tragic Oil Heir Andrew Getty — as His 'Macabre' Horror Movie Is Released After His Death|url=http://people.com/movies/andrew-getty-directorial-debut-arrives-after-his-death/|access-date=March 23, 2017|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=March 14, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenRant">{{cite web |title=The Real Reason The Avatar Sequels Are Taking So Long |url=https://screenrant.com/avatar-2-sequel-release-date-delay/2/ |website=ScreenRant |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Hard">{{cite web|url=http://cinema-scope.com/spotlight/hard-god-aleksei-german-russia/|title=Hard to Be a God (Aleksei German, Russia)|first=Olaf|last=Möller|work=Cinema Scope|date=December 13, 2013|access-date=March 24, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Hard2">{{cite web|url=http://www.electricsheepmagazine.co.uk/reviews/2014/10/09/hard-to-be-a-god/|title=Hard to Be a God|work=Electric Show|date=October 9, 2014|access-date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Hell's">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A7811-2004Dec17.html|title=Howard Hughes, Spreading His Wings|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 19, 2004|first=Stephen|last=Hunter|access-date=March 21, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Buchanan-2019">{{Cite news |last=Buchanan |first=Kyle |date=2019-11-19 |title=Why Ben Affleck and Gal Gadot Are Tweeting #ReleaseTheSnyderCut |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/19/movies/snyder-cut-gadot-affleck.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

<ref name="HTHS">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/05/31/hum_tumhare_hain_sanam_2002_review.shtml|title=Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002)|work=[[BBC]]|date=May 31, 2002|first=Kuljinder|last=Singh|access-date=January 15, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Cohen-2015">{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Sandy |date=April 7, 2015 |title=Pixar gets emotional with film 5½ years in the making |url=https://apnews.com/article/8f3fad7ca8134c8d8bed0ee3a3f9722e |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701100239/https://apnews.com/article/8f3fad7ca8134c8d8bed0ee3a3f9722e |archive-date=July 1, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IO1PostMag">{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Barbara |date=June 1, 2015 |title=Animation: Pixar's ''Inside Out'' |url=https://www.postmagazine.com/Publications/Post-Magazine/2015/June-1-2015/Animation-Pixars-Inside-Out.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905011829/https://www.postmagazine.com/Publications/Post-Magazine/2015/June-1-2015/Animation-Pixars-Inside-Out.aspx |archive-date=September 5, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=[[Post Magazine]]}}</ref>

<ref name="IO1SlashFilm">{{Cite web |last=Fischer |first=Russ |date=April 6, 2015 |title=40 Things We Learned About Pixar's ''Inside Out'' |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/537012/inside-out-behind-the-scenes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029195505/https://www.slashfilm.com/537012/inside-out-behind-the-scenes/ |archive-date=October 29, 2021 |access-date=October 14, 2023 |website=[[/Film]]}}</ref>

<ref name="ithappened">{{cite encyclopedia |title=It Happened Here |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=July 14, 2014|first=Lee|last=Pfeiffer|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1937366/It-Happened-Here}}</ref>

<ref name="Ito">{{cite news|last=Ito|first=Robert|date=2012-11-09|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/11/movies/the-tragedy-of-man-by-marcell-jankovics-animator.html|title=Living Through Animated Millenniums|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2015-09-07}}</ref>

<ref name="Ankers-Range-2021">{{Cite web |last=Ankers-Range |first=Adele |date=2021-01-29 |title=Zack Snyder's Justice League HBO Max Release Date Confirmed |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/zack-snyders-justice-league-hbo-max-release-date-confirmed |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="kitman">{{cite news|last1=Ritman|first1=Alex|title=Late Getty Heir's Directorial Debut 'The Evil Within' Lands After 15 Years|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/late-getty-heirs-directorial-debt-evil-lands-15-years-983388|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 6, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Meru">{{cite web|title=For 3 Climbers, Summiting Meru Was An 'Irresistible' Challenge|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/09/04/436999368/for-3-climbers-summiting-meru-was-an-irresistible-challenge|website=[[NPR]]|access-date=September 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905060902/http://www.npr.org/2015/09/04/436999368/for-3-climbers-summiting-meru-was-an-irresistible-challenge|archive-date=September 5, 2015|date=September 4, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Movie43">{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Allan |title=How Movie 43 got made |url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-movie-43-producers-got-415196/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=January 25, 2013 |access-date=January 20, 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="newagebd">{{cite news |title=Amra Ekta Cinema Banabo gets censor certificate |url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/73036/article/35972 |work=New Age |access-date=21 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="nyothello">{{cite news |last=Brody |first=Richard |url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/richard-brody/orson-welless-shattering-othello |title=Orson Welles's Shattering "Othello" |newspaper=[[The New Yorker]] |date=April 25, 2014 |access-date=January 30, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="onda">{{cite web|url=http://my.xfinity.com/blogs/movies/2015/07/09/the-unbelievable-true-stories-behind-roar-the-most-dangerous-film-ever-made/|work=Xfinity|title=The Unbelievable True Stories Behind 'Roar,' the Most Dangerous Film Ever Made|publisher=Comcast|series=Movies|date=July 9, 2015|author=Onda, David|access-date=June 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801125025/http://my.xfinity.com/blogs/movies/2015/07/09/the-unbelievable-true-stories-behind-roar-the-most-dangerous-film-ever-made/|archive-date=August 1, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Thompson, Anne-2016">{{cite web|url=https://indiewire.com/2016/09/terrence-malick-voyage-of-time-beauty-toronto-1201725301/|title=Enabling Terrence Malick: What It's Like To Be His Producers|author=Thompson, Anne|date=September 11, 2016|publisher=IndieWire}}</ref>

<ref name="Pakeezah">{{cite news |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1096579 |title=In the name of the father |newspaper=[[DAWN (newspaper)|DAWN]] |date=March 30, 2014 |access-date=January 2, 2015}} {{cite news |last=Malcolm |first=Derek |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/1999/aug/05/1 |title=Kamal Amrohi: Pakeezah |date=4 August 1999 |access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="koyaanisqatsi.org">{{Cite web|url=https://koyaanisqatsi.org/films/koyaanisqatsi.php|title=Koyaanisqatsi- Life out of Balance|website=koyaanisqatsi.org|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref>

<ref name="Redline_2009">{{cite news|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-10-06/crew/subbed-redline-to-open-throughout-u.s-in-2011|title=Crew: Subbed ''Redline'' to Open Throughout U.S. in 2011|date=October 6, 2010|work=[[Anime News Network]]|access-date=November 4, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Snider-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2015/11/dangerous-men-john-s-rad|title=It Was Supposed to Be Bigger than E.T. It Wasn't. But Dangerous Men Is Finally Having Its Moment|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Snider|first=Eric D.|date=November 13, 2015|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Lanthier-2010">{{Cite news|url=http://www.documentary.org/magazine/2010-jacqueline-donnet-emerging-documentary-filmmaker-award-cutting-path-understanding-jeff|title=2010 Jacqueline Donnet Emerging Documentary Filmmaker Award—Cutting a Path of Understanding: Jeff Malmberg|last=Lanthier|first=Joseph Jon|date=2010-12-02|work=International Documentary Association|access-date=2018-12-15|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Samsara_2011">{{cite magazine | last=Hayes | first=Dade | url=https://variety.com/article/VR1117965240 | title=Fricke directs 'Baraka' sequel | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=May 18, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="ScreenDaily">{{cite news |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/europe/unfinished-lars-von-trier-film-dimension-headed-to-dvd/5017118.article |title=Unfinished Lars von Trier film Dimension headed to DVD |newspaper=[[Screen International]] |date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=January 2, 2015}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

<ref name="Shoah_1985">{{cite book |last=Austin |first=Guy |title=Contemporary French Cinema: An Introduction |location=New York |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1996 |page=24 |isbn=0-7190-4610-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Krishna-2018">{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Rachael |title=Zack Snyder Fans Are Asking Warner Bros. To #ReleaseTheSnyderCut Of "Justice League" |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/krishrach/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-fan-theory-that-theres-a |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=BuzzFeed News |date=January 16, 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="small-mubi">{{cite web |url=https://mubi.com/notebook/posts/queen-bee-jodie-mack-in-locarno |title=Queen Bee: Jodie Mack in Locarno |last=Small |first=Christopher |date=August 13, 2018 |publisher=[[MUBI]] |access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>
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<ref name="Small-2019">{{cite web|last=Small|first=Christopher|title="That's Thirty Years of Footage I've Accumulated": Kidlat Tahimik on BalikBayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment and His Pioneering Career in the Philippines|url=https://filmmakermagazine.com/107382-thats-thirty-years-of-footage-ive-accumulated-kidlat-tahimik-on-balikbayan-1-memories-of-overdevelopment-and-his-pioneering-career-in-the-philippines/|website=[[Filmmaker Magazine]]|access-date=4 November 2019|date=16 April 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="MoMATahimik">{{cite web|title=BalikBayan #1: Memories of Overdevelopment Redux VI. 1979– 2017. Directed by Kidlat Tahimik|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/3125|website=[[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA]]|access-date=April 13, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Philstar">{{cite news|last=Bracamonte|first=Earl D.C.|title=National Artist Kidlat Tahimik finally finishes film after 45 years|url=https://www.philstar.com/lifestyle/arts-and-culture/2023/04/10/2257628/national-artist-kidlat-tahimik-finally-finishes-film-after-45-years|access-date=April 13, 2023|work=[[The Philippine Star|Philstar.com]]|publisher=Philstar Global Corp.|date=April 10, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="T">{{cite news|last=Saunders|first=Tristram Fane|title=The Other Side of the Wind: the strange story of Orson Welles's long-lost masterpiece|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/side-wind-strange-story-orson-welless-long-lost-masterpiece/|website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]| date=May 10, 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="thefall">{{cite news |last=Goldstein |first=Patrick |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-jun-26-et-goldstein26-story.html |title=A 'Fall' no one wants to take |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=June 26, 2007 |access-date=January 30, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Tiefland">{{cite book |last1=Rowan |first1=Terry |year=2012 |title=World War II Goes to the Movies & Television Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdvGBAAAQBAJ&q=%22she+started+on+the+script+in+1934%22&pg=PA476 |publisher=Lulu.com |page=476 |isbn=9781105586026 |access-date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Rechtshaffen, Michael-2017">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-train-station-review-20170131-story.html|title=Experimental drama 'Train Station' can't bear the weight of dozens of directors|date=February 2, 2017|author=Rechtshaffen, Michael|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

<ref name="williams-cinema-scope">{{cite magazine |last=Williams |first=Blake |year=2018 |title=The Grand Bizarre (Jodie Mack, US) — Wavelengths |url=http://cinema-scope.com/cinema-scope-online/the-grand-bizarre-jodie-mack-us-wavelengths/ |magazine=Cinema Scope |issue=76 |access-date=April 12, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="WSJHoop">{{cite news |last=Shwiff |first=Kathy |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2012/06/07/what-ever-happened-to-the-stars-of-hoop-dreams/ |title=What Ever Happened to the Stars of 'Hoop Dreams'? |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=June 7, 2012 |access-date=January 2, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="ww.channelionline">{{cite news |script-title=bn:মুক্তির অনুমতি পেলো পৃথিবীর দীর্ঘতম ছবি |url=https://www.channelionline.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF/ |work=Channel i |language=bn |access-date=21 May 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Los Angeles Times-2017">{{Cite web |title=Today in Entertainment: CNN fires Kathy Griffin over gory Trump photo; Lebanon officially bans 'Wonder Woman' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-entertainment-news-updates-may-2017-htmlstory.html |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |date=June 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

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<ref name="Westfjords">{{Cite web |last=Westfjords |first=Visit |title=the Shooting of the Justice League in Djúpavík |url=https://www.westfjords.is/en/moya/news/the-shooting-of-the-justice-league-in-djupavik |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Visit Westfjords |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Variety-2020">{{cite web |title='Star Wars' Films, 'Avatar' Sequels Pushed Back a Year in Disney Release Calendar Shakeup |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/box-office/star-wars-films-avatar-sequels-pushed-back-a-year-in-disney-release-calendar-shakeup-1234715104/ |website=Variety |access-date=23 July 2020 |date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Bradshaw-2018">{{cite web |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Nick |title=Slow on the draw: Takahata Isao's long road to The Tale of the Princess Kaguya |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/sight-sound-magazine/features/slow-draw-takahata-isao-tale-princess-kaguya |website=Sight and Sound |date=May 8, 2018 |publisher=BFI |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="adorocinema">{{Cite web |last=dos Santos |first=Bruno Botelho |date=6 August 2023 |title=O filme brasileiro que demorou 20 anos para ser lançado e custou uma multa de 70 milhões de reais |trans-title=The Brazilian film that took 20 years to be released and cost a fine of 70 million reais |url=https://www.adorocinema.com/noticias/filmes/noticia-1000036047/ |website=Adoro Cinema |language=pt-br}}</ref>

<ref name="lussier">{{cite web|last=Navarro|first=Meagan|title=Phil Tippett's 'Mad God' Unveils Stop-Motion Animation Sci-Fi Epic 30 Years in the Making [Trailer]|url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3676245/phil-tippetts-mad-god-unveils-stop-motion-animation-sci-fi-epic-30-years-making-trailer/|work=[[Bloody Disgusting]]|date=July 30, 2021|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref>

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<ref name="Screen Invasion">{{cite web |author1=Manny |date=January 31, 2015 |title=LAIKA Studios comes to Wizard World Portland! |url=http://screeninvasion.com/2015/01/laika-studios-comes-wizard-world-portland/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160128024046/http://screeninvasion.com/2015/01/laika-studios-comes-wizard-world-portland/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 28, 2016 |access-date=December 21, 2016 |publisher=Screen Invasion}}</ref>

<ref name="Cahiers du Cinéma">"Wang Bing: Man in Black et Jeunesse" Interview by Charlotte Garson in Paris on 30 Janvier 2023. Interpreter: Bingyuan Xu. ''[[Cahiers du Cinéma]]''. No. 796. p. 16</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2021a">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2021 |title=Shoot of Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-wrapped-up/articleshow/80437988.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shoot-of-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-wrapped-up/articleshow/80437988.cms |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2022a">{{cite web |date=25 November 2022 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's 'Ayalaan' team shoots a major left-out portion in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-team-shoots-a-major-left-out-portion-in-chennai/videoshow/95763778.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413004854/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-team-shoots-a-major-left-out-portion-in-chennai/videoshow/95763778.cms |archive-date=13 April 2023 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Cinema Express-2023">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2023 |title=Update on Sivakarthikeyan's Ayalaan to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/23/update-on-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-be-out-on-this-date-42608.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424025510/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/23/update-on-sivakarthikeyans-ayalaan-to-be-out-on-this-date-42608.html |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

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<ref name="Garcia Lima-1999">{{cite magazine |last=Garcia Lima |first=César |title=Uma Visita ao Set de Chatô |magazine=[[SET Magazine|SET]] |date=May 1999 |pages=54–57 |language=pt-br}}</ref>

<ref name="Grillo-1999">{{Cite web |last=Grillo |first=Cristina |date=29 May 1999 |title=R$7,5 milhões depois, "Chatô" empaca e assusta investidores |trans-title=R$7.5 million later, "Chatô" stalls and scares investors |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ilustrad/fq29059905.htm |website=[[Folha de São Paulo]] |language=pt-br}}</ref>

<ref name="Burdeau">{{cite web |last1=Burdeau |first1=Emmanue |last2=Bing |first2=Wang |title=Interview with Wang Bing |url=https://grasshopperfilm.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/DEAD-SOULS-Press-Kit_Icarus-Films-and-Grasshopper-Film-1.pdf |website=Grasshopper |publisher=Icarus Films |access-date=2 October 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Chiyaan Vikram's long pending 'Dhruva Natchathiram' patchwork completed, film to release soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-long-pending-dhruva-natchathiram-patchwork-completed-film-to-release-soon/articleshow/97684614.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312001623/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chiyaan-vikrams-long-pending-dhruva-natchathiram-patchwork-completed-film-to-release-soon/articleshow/97684614.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 March 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="DNA India">{{Cite web |title=The Goat Life: Prithviraj Sukumaran's much-delayed survival adventure finally gets a release date |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-the-goat-life-prithviraj-sukumaran-much-delayed-survival-adventure-finally-gets-a-release-date-aadujeevitham-3070127 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindustan Times-2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-05-29 |title=Indian sequel on the anvil, says producer AM Rathnam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/indian-sequel-on-the-anvil-says-producer-am-rathnam/story-MBnCJdfXUMx2y6mCSUVWxN.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2017">{{Cite news |date=2017-09-30 |title=Shankar and Kamal Haasan to reunite for 'Indian 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-and-kamal-haasan-to-reunite-for-indian-2/articleshow/60892527.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2020a">{{Cite news |date=2020-02-21 |title=Chennai police file four cases against 'Indian 2' producer Lyca Productions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/chennai-police-file-four-cases-against-indian-2-producer-lyca-productions/articleshow/74237119.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2020">{{Cite news |date=2020-03-12 |title=Has 'Indian 2' shooting resumed? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/has-indian-2-shooting-resumed/articleshow/74589692.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindustan Times-2020">{{Cite web |date=2020-09-16 |title=Kamal Haasan to team up with filmmaker Lokesh Kanagaraj for next |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kamal-haasan-to-team-up-with-filmmaker-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-next-see-first-poster/story-rKB9KiVs3Jeh51A0QjcxOJ.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2021">{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title='Indian 2' is shelved or not? Here's the truth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/indian-2-is-shelved-or-not-heres-the-truth/articleshow/80875946.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="Cinema Express-2022">{{Cite web |title=Indian 2 update: Kamal Haasan, Shankar finally march past multiple obstacles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/aug/24/indian-2-update-kamal-haasan-shankar-finally-march-past-multiple-obstacles-34028.html |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=August 23, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2024">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-02 |title=Kamal Haasan's 'Indian 2' shooting wrapped up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kamal-haasans-indian-2-shooting-wrapped-up/articleshow/106474184.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="Hindustan Times-2024">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-13 |title=Indian 2 box office collection day 1: Kamal Haasan film earns over ₹25 cr despite largely negative reviews |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indian-2-box-office-collection-day-1-kamal-haasan-film-earns-over-rs-25-cr-despite-largely-negative-reviews-101720847985494.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Kruk">Kruk, Adam. [https://www.filmweb.pl/reviews/recenzja-filmu-Zabij+to+i+wyjedź+z+tego+miasta-23239 Byty i niebyty – Recenzja filmu Zabij to i wyjedź z tego miasta (2019)]. ''FilmWeb.pl''. (in Polish). Retrieved 5 April 2021.</ref>
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<ref name="Nirit Anderman">{{Cite web |title=How Two Secular Artists Rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2021-07-12/ty-article-magazine/.premium/how-two-secular-artists-rebuilt-the-temple-in-jerusalem/0000017f-e156-df7c-a5ff-e37ec0320000|access-date=2024-04-18|website=[[Haretz]] | author = Nirit Anderman |language=en}}</ref>

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<ref name="Pathé International">{{cite web |title=Microcosmos |url=https://www.patheinternational.com/en/fiche.php?id_film=677 |website=Pathé International |publisher=[[Pathé]] |access-date=2022-12-28}}</ref>

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<ref name="The Hindu-2004">{{Cite web |date=2004-05-07 |title=The Hindu : In a fix |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/29/stories/2004032901170202.htm |access-date=2024-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040507014624/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/29/stories/2004032901170202.htm |archive-date=May 7, 2004}}</ref>

<ref name="Sify-2013">{{Cite web |date=2013-06-16 |title='Vishwaroopam 2' shoot starts in Chennai! |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vishwaroopam-2-shoot-starts-in-chennai-news-tamil-ngml0zbicgf.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616115406/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishwaroopam-2-shoot-starts-in-chennai-news-tamil-ngml0zbicgf.html |archive-date=June 16, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="India Today-2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-06 |title=Vishwaroopam 2: Is Kamal Haasan facing hassle from producer over film release? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishwaroopam-2-kamal-haasan-sequel-trouble-release-date-333736-2016-08-06 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Behindwoods-2016">{{Cite web |date=2016-10-16 |title=Kamal Haasan Vishwaroopam 2 has an underwater fight scene for |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kamal-haasan-vishwaroopam-2-has-an-underwater-fight-scene-for.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

<ref name="Behindwoods-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017-11-27 |title=Kamal's Vishwaroopam 2 shooting resumes |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/kamals-vishwaroopam-2-shooting-resumes.html |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

<ref name="S-2018">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Mohamed Imranullah |date=2018-08-09 |title=HC clears decks for Vishwaroopam 2 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hc-clears-decks-for-vishwaroopam-2/article24648206.ece |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2021b">{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title=Ram Charan will team up with director Shankar, confirms Sri Venkateswara Creations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-charan-will-team-up-with-director-shankar-confirms-sri-venkateswara-creations/articleshow/80881434.cms#_ga=2.215433876.2060186968.1710793881-LQNXMhjK8d84y4_YsWJOVB9pI-86vAdpFjSr-EBbL8KxMz5y_rO_TnkN3DEGPgIX |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="India Today-2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Ram Charan, Kiara Advani wrap up first schedule of Shankar's RC15 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-charan-kiara-advani-wrap-up-first-schedule-of-shankar-s-rc15-1872946-2021-11-03 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="PINKVILLA-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-05 |title=RC 15 EXCLUSIVE: Ram Charan & Kiara Advani shoot for song with 1000 dancers; Film wrap by Shankar in December |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/rc-15-exclusive-ram-charan-kiara-advani-shoot-song-1000-dancers-film-wrap-shankar-december-1155857 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="The Times of India-2022">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-26 |title=Shankar gears up to resume Ram Charan's 'RC15' shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shankar-gears-up-to-resume-ram-charans-rc15-shooting/articleshow/93792699.cms |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

<ref name="The Hindu-2024">{{Cite news |author= |date=2024-07-08 |title=It's a wrap for Ram Charan-Shankar's 'Game Changer' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-ram-charan-shankars-game-changer/article68380552.ece |access-date=2024-07-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Lists of films by common content|Longest production time]]

Mehmood Hussain

2026-05-06T09:30:08Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Created

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{similar names|Mahmood Hussain (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Mehmood Hussain, Indian filmmaker.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1950|03|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Muftibagh, Haldigadia, [[Jajpur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2015|11|11|1950|03|11}}
| death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| alma_mater = [[Sambalpur University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|Producer|Author|Journalist|Academician}}
| years_active = 1981 – 2015
| spouse = Nasim Saher
| relatives = [[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]] (''elder brother'')
| awards =
}}

'''Mehmood Hussain''' was an Indian filmmaker, avant-garde auteur, director and author hailing from the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Mehmood's feature [[films]] and [[documentaries]] had represented India in four International film festivals. His first feature film ''Unwanted'' was India's lone entry at [[Cannes film festival]], [[France]] in 1985. Mehmood has authored the book "''The Palestine Liberation Organisation : A study in ideology, strategy and tactics"'' for which he was bestowed with the honorary citizenship of the free Palestine state by the interim state of [[Palestine]]. In his 25 years of filming career, Mehmood had written, produced and directed 74 short films, various TV programmes, serials, documentaries and feature films. Mehmood's film "''Ulgulan''", is [[Odisha|Odisha's]] first period drama movie.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=A novel attempt in regional cinema|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2009/nov/06/a-novel-attempt-in-regional-cinema-101719.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ghazal tribute to legendary poet|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/ghazal-tribute-to-legendary-poet/cid/476012|access-date=2020-06-28|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Mehmood Hussain was born in Mufti Bagh, [[Jajpur]] into the [[Tarakote Raj|royal family of Shergarh-Tarakote]] to Mohammed Muzammil Hussain and his wife, Bibi Sahiba Salma Khatoon. He was the great grandson of [[Raja Syed Ekram Ali|Tajdar e Tarakote, Raja Syed Ekram Ali]]. The notable Odia author and politician, [[Hussain Rabi Gandhi]] is his elder brother. Mehmood's grandfather Mohammed Dabiruddin was the last ruler of [[Tarakote State]].

Mehmood finished his schooling from Brajanath Bada Jena high school. He then matriculated from Sambalpur Zilla High school in 1965. Mehmood earned a graduation degree in Political Science from [[Sambalpur University]]. He went ahead and did his master's degree in political science from [[Delhi University]]. He did his MPhil and PhD from school of International studies at [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], [[New Delhi]]. Mehmood later developed interest in filmmaking and decided to change his track. In 1981 he earned a diploma in Cinema (Direction) from the prestigious [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]], Pune.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==

Mehmood worked as a columnist for [[Times of India]] and had written several articles for The Hindustan times, Patriot, National Herald and [[Filmfare]]. He also worked as a correspondent for the English service of German Radio (''Deutsche Welle'').<ref name=":1" /> He served as the editor of Orissa Industry.

Frustrated with constant academic hurdles despite incessantly writing for leading reputed Indian dailies, weeklies and research journals like [[Times of India]], Hindustan Times, Patriot, National Herald, Economic & Political Weekly as well as authoring Palestine Liberation Organization, the then most well documented and pioneering work hitherto on a subject unknown to western world. The academicians of the University acted more often like bureaucrats to scuttle his academic career. He changed his track and joined the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII) to become a director. His diploma film, The Unveiling, is still considered as a classic taught to students of film direction at FTII.
Fed up with constant academic hurdles set up by academicians who acted more often behaved bureaucrats to scuttle his progress, he changed the track and joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) to become a director. His diploma film, ''The Unveiling'', is still considered as a classic taught to students of film direction at FTII. The second phase is often laced with his journalistic ventures. His life was a paradigm of struggle for an uncompromising existence on his own terms. Shunning commercial offers, he struggled to make his first feature film ''Unwanted'' (English/1985) which was a semi-autobiographical one that showcased his own political and existential philosophy. It represented India as the lone entry at Cannes in 1985, earning various International laurels . His craft was highly influenced by works of [[Antonioni]] and [[Fellini]]. His biggest limitation was the shoestring budget that his producers allotted. In between the phases of film making and struggle for survival, he often delved into journalism and masterfully analyzed the socio-economic-politico spectra of his time in various magazines, he worked as a [[radio journalist]] for German Radio (Deutsche Ville) and also edited magazines/weeklies. He also worked as a Producer and Director of Iranian Television and production in a leading Television Channel, [[ATN]]. He later gave up the job finding it too suffocating for his independent auteur driven creative art.

[[File:Mehmood Hussain.jpg|thumb|Mehmood Hussain directing]]

His short tele-documentaries and telefilms are often considered benchmark for Odia television medium which was hither to besotted with morbid, lunatic, loud and melodramatic story-telling. His Odia tele-serial ''Kunti Kuntala Sakuntala '' is a montage of three female characters sui generis referral work for tele-serial making of Odia and Indian Television ([[Doordarshan]]). His other compelling Odia Tele serial was ''Bajrabahu'' (Iron Hand). His 74 documentaries on various subjects ranging from biographical [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and other subjects bear ample testimony of classical cases of study in the making of film and television. His second and last feature film were ''Rashmi Rekha'' (Odia/1998) and ''Ulgulan'' (Sambalpuri-Odia/2009) respectively were each worth studying.

One can draw a parallel between the works of Mehmood Hussain and [[Ritwik Ghatak]] so far as they resemble in montage except that while Ghatak's last movie Jukti Tarko aur Gopo had a confusing ending while Mehmood answered the dilemma of Ghatak in Unwanted to create a new world.<ref name=":0" />

== Books ==

Mehmood had written and published two famous books namely :

* '''The Palestine Liberation Organisation''' : A study in Ideology, Strategy and Tactics. The book was released by the then Congress President, [[D. K. Barooah]] and the former [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], the then external affairs minister of India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hussain|first=Mehmood|title=The revolutionary Arabs the unfinished agenda|date=2003|publisher=Independent Publ. Co.|isbn=978-81-85359-17-5|location=Delhi|language=English|oclc=249633485}}</ref>
* '''The Revolutionary Arabs : The Unfinished Agenda''', the book was released by the foreign minister of Palestine, [[Nabil Sha'ath]] on 31 August 2003.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hussain|first=Mehmood|title=The Palestine liberation organisation: a study in ideology, strategy and tactics|date=1975|publisher=University Pub|location=Delhi|language=English|oclc=906138467}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

Mehmood has directed and produced 74 short films documentaries and TV serials on the culture, ethos, issues and art of India. Some of his notable short films include ''Geeta'', ''Historic Shahjahanabad'', ''Darool Waloom'', ''Prakruti Kola re Adivasi Mahila'' (A film on UNDP sub plan), ''Street Children'', ''Padadip Port'', ''Andhararu Alua'', ''Sixty years of Odia Cinema, part 1'', ''Sixty years of Odia Cinema part 2'', ''Rail Roko'', ''Children of Blind Alley'', ''Hindu temple art of Odisha'' and several others.<ref name=":0" />

His most notable film ''Unwanted'' received International Award Young Jury Prize at International Festival for Author's films, [[Sanremo]], [[Italy]]. Mehmood's other notable films include, ''Rashmi Rekha'' (1998) and ''Ulgulan'' (2009) which received 3 state film awards.<ref name=":0" /> Another short film ''Children of Darkness'' participated in the International Festival of TV films for children and youth, Prix Danube at [[Bratislava]], [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1991. His film ''A Cry Strangled'' on female foeticide inspired the [[Maharashtra]] government to ban the practices of [[amniocentesis]] for sex determination. Some of his classical biographical documentaries are on [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad]] and [[Sitakanta Mohapatra]].

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Producer
!Writer
!Actor
!Cinematographer
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1983
| ''The High Priest of Revolution''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1985
|''Unwanted''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|''Face to Face with Naxalism''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1987
|''A date with Democracy''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|''The Path''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1988
|''Garibi Hathao''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1993
|''Saint Poet Jashobant Das''
| {{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1993
|''Creative Handloom''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1998
|''Rashmi Rekha''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2001
|''Tribals of Orissa''
|{{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2009
|''Ulgulan''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|}

== Television ==
Mehmood has directed the classic ''Kunti Kuntala Shakuntala'' (four episodes) TV serial which was commissioned by Doordarshan and the Indian classic ''Bajrabahu'' (five episodes) specially commissioned by the director general of [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 12, 2014|first=Minati|last=Singha|title=national film festival: Jatin Das's film boost to art, culture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Jatin-Dass-film-boost-to-art-culture/articleshow/28693364.cms|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mehmood Hussain married Nasim Saher. He has two daughters Nausheen Hanan Hussain and Farheen Hussain.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Multifaceted Husain's demise an irreparable loss|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2015/state-editions/multifaceted-husains-demise-an-irreparable-loss.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
Mehmood died on 11 November 2015 at his residence. He was suffering from [[brain cancer]].<ref name=":3" />

== Bibliography ==
• Mehmood Hussain, The Palestine liberation organisation : a study in ideology, strategy and tactics, OCLC: 906138467, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906138467
• Mehmood Hussain, The revolutionary Arabs the unfinished agenda, OCLC: 249633485, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/249633485

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hussain, Mehmood}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]

Chander Mohan (journalist)

2026-04-30T02:44:38Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: created a bio

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chander Mohan
| image = VeerPratap.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Chander Mohan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|02|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = Post Graduation in English from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]] He is a Scholarship holder in Journalism from Ceteka, [[Prague]] [[Czechoslovakia]].
| alias =
| title =
| family =
| spouse =
| domestic_partner =
| children =
| relatives =
}}
'''Chander Mohan''' (born 7 February 1946) is the grandson of editor Mahashya Krishan, who started Pratap in [[Lahore]] in 1919. He is the son of Shri Virendra who was a freedom fighter, editor, educationist and [[Arya Samaj]] leader.

==Career==
Chander Mohan is a senior editor and [[Journalist]]. He has been the Editor for the last 30 years of Daily Vir Pratap, Jalandhar oldest Hindi newspaper of north west India. He is also contributing a weekly column to major National Hindi dailies. He is also a popular TV Commentator. He gives his comments on news once a week on the popular "Khas Khabar Ek Nazar" Programme of DD Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media-directory.asia/|title=Media directory|website=www.media-directory.asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_ldh38.htm |title=Newspapers published outside Ludhiana District, which command fairly large circulation in the District |access-date=2014-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045136/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_ldh38.htm |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/-WcYByPKlsE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160528184845/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WcYByPKlsE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WcYByPKlsE| title = Satpal Singh Johal. Doordarshan. DD Punjabi News Khas Khabar with Chander Mohan, Editor Veer Partap | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Chander Mohan is a known educationist and contributed to the educational field. He is also President of prestigious body Arya Shiksha Mandal a 100-year-old educational society and it runs five institutions of higher education at both college and school level. [[Kanya Maha Vidyalaya]], [[Doaba College]], Sanskriti KMV School, Jullunder Model School, Dev Raj Senior Secondary School and Dev Raj Public School are being run by the governing body of this society. Chander Mohan has been leading the Arya Shiksha Mandal as president for the past 27 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmvjla.org/The-President.php |title=Welcome to Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar |accessdate=2014-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129052642/http://kmvjla.org/The-President.php |archivedate=2014-11-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kmvjalandhar.ac.in/The-President.php |title=Welcome to Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar |accessdate=2014-12-07 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211051549/http://kmvjalandhar.ac.in/The-President.php |archivedate=2014-12-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doabacollege.net/prisident.php |title=Welcome to Doaba College, Jalandhar :: Since 1941 |accessdate=2014-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040448/http://www.doabacollege.net/prisident.php |archivedate=2014-11-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sanskritikmv.jhworld.in/ |title=Sanskriti KMV School - Sanskriti KMV School |access-date=2014-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150719182636/http://sanskritikmv.jhworld.in/ |archive-date=2015-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://sanskritikmv.in/ Sanskriti KMV School]</ref> The governing body of Arya Shiksha Mandal and all members elected Chander Mohan consecutively tenth time in a row at the annual meeting of the body held on 30 December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmvjla.org/indexnews44.php |title=Welcome to Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar |accessdate=2014-11-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20141123072357/http://www.kmvjla.org/indexnews44.php |archivedate=2014-11-23 }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cityairnews.com/content/chander-mohan-elected-president-arya-shiksha-mandal-6th-consecutive-term | title=Chander Mohan elected President Arya Shiksha Mandal for 6th Consecutive Term | date=25 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/mohan-is-arya-shiksha-mandal-chief-for-10th-term-192603|title=Mohan is Arya Shiksha Mandal chief for 10th term|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
<ref>[[Doaba College, Jalandhar]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanskritikmv.jhworld.in/blog.html |title=Sanskriti KMV School - Sanskriti KMV School | Blog |accessdate=2014-11-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129053705/http://sanskritikmv.jhworld.in/blog.html |archivedate=2015-01-29 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140526/jaltrib.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - JALANDHAR TRIBUNE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140306/jaltrib.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - JALANDHAR TRIBUNE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmvjla.org/indexnews114.php |title=Welcome to Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar |accessdate=2014-11-23 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214200153/http://kmvjla.org/indexnews114.php |archivedate=2015-02-14 }}</ref>

His articles are widely acknowledged in Daily Newspapers Punjab Kesri, Vir Pratap, Dawn, Times of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/chander-mohan/|title=Chander Mohan Blog|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and other daily news papers. Recent such article is "An India-Pakistan wartime friendship in Prague"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1257499/an-india-pakistan-wartime-friendship-in-prague|title = An India-Pakistan wartime friendship in Prague|date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>
in Dawn.

==Awards==
Widely travelled in the world. He has been recipient of the Rotary Award for World Understanding. He was also bestowed Honorary Citizenship of Nashville, capital of Tennessee province of USA.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Contribution to society==
He is also a Trustee of Gulab Devi Hospital Trust which was started by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Chander}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Journalists from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian opinion journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]

Acharya Institutes

2026-04-28T12:23:35Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: starting some details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Engineering and management college in Bangalore, India}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}

{{Redirect|AhIT|the video game|A Hat in Time}}{{Infobox university
| name = Acharya
| native_name =
| image = Acharya-logo.jpg
| motto = Nurturing Aspirations, Supporting Growth<ref>{{Cite web |title=Motto |url=http://acharya.ac.in/acharya_interactive/brochure_2012.pdf |access-date=2012-01-15 |publisher=AIT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919064218/http://acharya.ac.in/acharya_interactive/brochure_2012.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2012 }}</ref>
| established = 1990<ref>{{cite web |url=http://acharya.ac.in/aboutus.html |title=Milestones |publisher=Acharya Institutes, Soladevanahalli Bangalore |access-date=1 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022225009/http://www.acharya.ac.in/aboutus.html |archive-date=22 October 2011 }}</ref>
| type = [[Engineering college|Engineering]] and [[Business school|Management college]]<ref name="acharya_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.acharya.ac.in/Resources/mandatory_disclosure_2012_e.pdf |title=Mandatory disclosure of AIT-2012 |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008151048/http://www.acharya.ac.in/Resources/mandatory_disclosure_2012_e.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2012 }}</ref>
| president =
| chairman = B. Premnath Reddy<ref name="bare_url_k">{{cite web|url=http://acharya.ac.in/ait/aboutus.php#chairman_message|title= Founder Chairman, Acharya Institutes|website=acharya.ac.in|publisher=Acharya Institute of Technology|access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>
| academic_staff =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| city = [[Bengaluru]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|5|0.19|N|77|29|2.47|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| academic_affiliations = [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU, [[Bengaluru City University]] (BCU),[[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] (RGUHS)
| campus = [[Urban Area|Urban]], {{convert|120|acres|}},<ref name="hr-nipmkc2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.hr-nipmkc.org/images/mag/jul2009/Inner%20Pgs%2001.pdf |title=NIPMKC |publisher=NIPM |access-date=2011-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010029/http://www.hr-nipmkc.org/images/mag/jul2009/Inner%20Pgs%2001.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref>
Soladevanahalli, Acharya Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan Road, Hesaraghatta Main Road, Bengaluru – 560090.<ref name="hr-nipmkc2001"/>
| colours = {{color box|blue}}{{color box|white}}{{color box|orange}} Blue, white and orange
| free_label = [[Accreditation]]
| free = [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NACC]]<ref name="acharya1">{{cite web |url=http://acharya.ac.in/acharya_interactive/brochure_2012.pdf |title=Acharya eBrochure |publisher=Acharya.ac.in |access-date=2011-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919064218/http://acharya.ac.in/acharya_interactive/brochure_2012.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2012 }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.acharya.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Acharya Institutes''' <ref>[https://acharya.ac.in Acharya Institutes]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> is a group of educational institutions located in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. The institutes were established in 1990 and offer a range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various fields.

==History==
[[File:Acharya Institute of Technology Campus.jpg|thumb|The Acharya emblem with motto and mission]]

'''Acharya''' was established in 1990 by B.Premnath Reddy, Chairman of the Acharya Group of Institutions.<ref>[https://acharya.ac.in/chairman-message Founder]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> The college is managed by the JMJ Education Society, Headquartered in Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acharya.ac.in/jmj/|title=JMJ Educational Society|publisher=JMJES|access-date=2011-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824154246/http://www.acharya.ac.in/jmj/|archive-date=24 August 2011}}</ref>

==The Acharya Institute of Technology==
The Acharya Institute of Technology(AIT),<ref>[https://acharya.ac.in/acharya-institute-of-technology AIT]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> established in 2000, is an engineering college in [[Bengaluru]], India, affiliated with the [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU). AIT is accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC)
<ref>[https://naac.gov.in/ NAAC Accreditation] .Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref>
and the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).<ref>[https://www.nbaind.org/ National Board of Accreditation] .Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> The institute is also ranked by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF).<ref>[https://www.nirfindia.org/ NIRF Ranking]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref>

==The Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies==
The Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies(AIGS),<ref>[https://acharya.ac.in/acharya-institute-of-graduate-studies AIGS]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> established in 2005, offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs in various disciplines. It is affiliated with the [[Bengaluru City University]] (BCU).

==Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy==
Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy(ABMRCP),<ref name="Pharmacy">[https://acharya.ac.in/acharya-&-bmreddy-college-of-pharmacy Pharmacy]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> offers various pharmacy programs and is affiliated with the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] (RGUHS). The college is accredited by NAAC and NBA.
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abmrcp.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/NIRF/NIRF-2022-CERTIFICATE.pdf |title=ABMRCP NIRF 2022 Certificate |website=Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://abmrcp.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/ABMRCP_NIRF_2018_Rank.pdf |title=ABMRCP NIRF 2018 Rank |website=Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Acharya's NRV School of Architecture==

Acharya's NRV School of Architecture, offers a five-year Bachelor of Architecture program. It is affiliated with the [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU)
<ref name="VTU Website">[https://vtu.ac.in/ VTU Website]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref>
. The curriculum includes practical field exposure, site visits, study tours, outdoor studios, and expert mentorship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anrvsa.ac.in/pdf/nirf/Architecture-2024.pdf |title=Acharya's NRV School of Architecture NIRF 2024 |website=Acharya's NRV School of Architecture |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anrvsa.ac.in/pdf/nirf/Architecture-2023.pdf |title=Acharya's NRV School of Architecture NIRF 2023 |website=Acharya's NRV School of Architecture |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anrvsa.ac.in/pdf/nirf/ASA-Overall-2022.pdf |title=Acharya's NRV School of Architecture NIRF Overall 2022 |website=Acharya's NRV School of Architecture |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Acharya School of Design==

Acharya School of Design, affiliated with the [[Bengaluru City University]], offers a Bachelor of Visual Arts program. The school follows an NEP-compliant design curriculum.<ref>[https://www.acharya.ac.in/ NEP-compliant Design Curriculum]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://asd.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/NIRF-Ranking-data-Acharya-School-of-Design20220218.pdf |title=Acharya School of Design NIRF Ranking Data 2022 |website=Acharya School of Design |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asd.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/NIRF-2023.pdf |title=Acharya School of Design NIRF 2023 |website=Acharya School of Design |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Acharya Institute of Allied Health Sciences==

Established in 2019, Acharya Institute of Health Sciences,<ref>[https://acharya.ac.in/acharya-institute-of-allied-health-sciences AIAHS]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> offers bachelor's programs in health-related fields. It is affiliated with the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] (RGUHS).<ref name="RGUHS Affiliation">[https://www.rguhs.ac.in/ RGUHS Affiliation]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/assets/pdf/AIAHS%20APPROVAL.pdf |title=AIAHS Approval |website=Acharya Institute of Allied Health Sciences |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Acharya's NR Institute of Physiotherapy==

Acharya's NR Institute of Physiotherapy (ANRIP) offers a Bachelor of Physiotherapy program and is affiliated with the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] (RGUHS).<ref name="RGUHS Affiliation"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/assets/pdf/anrip-rguhs-order.pdf |title=RGUHS Order |website=Acharya's NR Institute of Physiotherapy |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Smt. Nagarathnamma School of Nursing==

Smt. Nagarathnamma School of Nursing offers a Diploma in General Nursing and Midwifery. It is recognized by the Government of Karnataka, approved by the Indian Nursing Council (INC) and the Karnataka State Nursing Council (KSNC), and affiliated with the Karnataka State Diploma In Nursing Examination Board (KSDNEB).<ref>[https://www.indiannursingcouncil.org/ Indian Nursing Council]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/assets/Internal%20Quality%20Assurance%20Cell/smt-nagarathnamma-school-of-nursing/GNM%20KNC%202023-24.pdf |title=ANR NIRF 2023 |website=Smt-Nagarathnamma-School-of-Nursing |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing==

Established in 2003, Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing <ref>[https://acharya.ac.in/smt-nagarathnamma-college-of-nursing SNCN]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> offers comprehensive nursing programs. It is affiliated with the [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]] (RGUHS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anr.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/NIRF-DCS-2022.pdf |title=Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing NIRF DCS 2022 |website=Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anr.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/NIRF-DCS-2023.pdf |title=Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing NIRF DCS 2023 |website=Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://anr.ac.in/Quality-Assurance/NIRF-DCS-2024.pdf |title=Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing NIRF DCS 2024 |website=Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Acharya Polytechnic==

Acharya Polytechnic,<ref>[https://acharya.ac.in/acharya-polytechnic Poly]. Retrieved 2024-06-10.</ref> established in 1990, offers three-year diploma programs in engineering, non-engineering, and technology fields. It is affiliated with the [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] (VTU)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/ap/Files/NBA-Accreditation-letter.pdf |title=NBA Accreditation Letter |website=Acharya Institutes Polytechnic |access-date=28 June 2024}}</ref>

==Academic profile==

===Admission criteria===
[[File:Acharya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India (2011) 1.jpg|thumb|Acharya Institute of Technology Campus]]

Entrance exams and specific eligibility criteria are used to admit students into various programs. Criteria adopted differs with each course at this institution. For undergraduate engineering programs, candidates are selected based on performance in the Karnataka [[Common Entrance Test]] (KCET) and the Consortium of Medical, Engineering, and Dental Colleges of Karnataka (COMEDK). The institute also offers a lateral entry scheme for diploma holders, allowing them to join directly in the second year of engineering courses.

Postgraduate admissions are based on scores from exams such as Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE), Karnataka Postgraduate [[Common Entrance Test]] (PGCET) among others. Scores from related exams like KMAT and PGCET are considered for MBA and MCA programs.

Management quota admission that does not require entrance exam scores is one way that Acharya Institute reserves some seats while international students including those admitted under separate quotas form another category. For each program there is different selection criterion according to specific requirements so as to ensure diversity and inclusion in terms of academic backgrounds and cultural differences among other factors.

===Accreditation===
'''AIT''' is accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).<ref>{{cite web |website=Acharya Institutes |url=http://acharya.ac.in/ait.html |title=Top Engineering College in Bengaluru, 10 best engineering college in Bengaluru as per CSR rankings |access-date=2011-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012205716/http://acharya.ac.in/ait.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 }}</ref> It was the first college of the [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]] to start an undergraduate course in Mechatronics in [[Karnataka]].<ref name="bare_url_b">{{cite web|url=http://vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/114.html|title=Acharya Institute of Technology|publisher=VTU|access-date=2013-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207064055/http://www.vtu.ac.in/index.php/affiliated-institutes/114.html|archive-date=7 February 2013}}</ref> It is one of the seven colleges in Karnataka to be funded by the [[World Bank]] and receives endowments from the VTU to carry out research in both its undergraduate and postgraduate departments.<ref name="deccanherald_a">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/120857/students-principles-thats-acharyas-aim.html |title=Students with principles, that's Acharya's aim |newspaper=The Deccan Herald |access-date=2012-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/252229/Acharya%20Institute%20of%20Technology,%20Bangalore.pdf |title=World Bank |publisher=World bank |access-date=2011-11-28}}</ref>

In 2024, '''Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies '''received an A+ grade from the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies secures A grade in NAAC accreditation |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/pr-spot/acharya-institute-of-graduate-studies-secures-a-grade-in-naac-accreditation-s4sbzd |website=Asianet News |date=2024-06-29}}</ref>

In May 2024, '''Acharya BM Reddy College''' achieved an A+ grade in NAAC accreditation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Achara BM Reddy College achieves A+ grade in NAAC accreditation |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/05/03/achara-bm-reddy-college-bengaluru-naac-a-plus.html |website=Onmanorama |date=2024-05-03}}</ref>

==Events and Championships==
Acharya won the overall championship in "Rangasourabha 2024".
<ref>{{cite news |title=Acharya won the overall championship in Rangasourabha 2024 |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/pr-spot/acharya-won-the-overall-championship-in-rangasourabha-2024-s8u7kd |publisher=Newsable Asianet News|access-date=2024-07-03}}
</ref>

Cadet Keerthi Patel, from Acharya Mechanical Engineering, 9 KAR NCC Battalion, reached the Top 5 nationally for "RollMate X" and attended the Vijayawada camp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya Student, Cadet Keerthi Patel ranks among the Top 5 National Finalists with "RollMate X." |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

Acharya Institute of Technology team secured Runners-Up and qualified for the State-Level Tournament, showing strong teamwork and dedication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya secured Runners-Up and qualified for the State-Level Tournament" |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

Jayaprakash, 3rd year BA Criminology student, represents at the Asia and Oceania Flag Football Championships 2025 in China, showing dedication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya BA Criminology student, represents at the Asia and Oceania Flag Football Championships 2025"|url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

Acharya 3rd year BCA student, Sahal secured 3rd place with a Bronze Medal at the BCU Inter-College Judo Championship, showing strong determination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya 3rd year BCA student, Sahal secured 3rd place with a Bronze Medal at the BCU Inter-College Judo Championship"|url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=24 November 2025}}</ref>

Teams from Acharya Institute of Technology at the YUKTHI Challenge IIC Meet 2025 at MSRUAS, receiving Best Innovation Project award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya Institute of Technology wins Best Innovation Project at the IIC Regional Meet 2025 🏆"|url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref>

Students from Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies represented Bengaluru City University at the All India Inter University Men's Baseball Tournament in Pune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya students represent Bengaluru City University at the All India Inter University Men's Baseball Tournament, Pune"|url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref>

Criminology and Forensic Science students visited Vidhana Soudha, observing legislative procedures, assembly functioning, security systems, and administrative processes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Future Criminologists Explore Governance at Vidhana Soudha "|url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

Bengaluru City University inter-college handball tournament held at Acharya Institute; St Joseph's CC and BMS College won men's and women's titles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCU Inter-College Handball 2025–26: Proud Host & Strong Finish |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

Business Administration department at AIT participated in Tech Kreeda 2025 inter-department sports fest, competing in cricket, football, throwball, and athletics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya MBA Department Shines at Tech Kreeda 2025 |url=https://www.acharya.ac.in/about/news-events |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

==Educational Fairs and Admissions==

In 2024, Acharya Institutes organized the Acharya Foreign Universities Education Fair.
<ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Foreign Universities Education Fair 2024 to be held on 31 January 2024 |url=https://www.getmyuni.com/articles/acharya-foreign-universities-education-fair-2024-to-be-held-on-31-january-2024 |website=GetMyUni |date=17 January 2024 |access-date=2024-07-03}}
</ref>

Acharya celebrated "Nudi Taranga '24": A Vibrant Tribute to Karnataka's Culture and Unity in connect with Karnataka Rajyothsava.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}

Acharya School of Design students visited Dubai, studying architecture, interiors, construction methods, sustainability, and global design practices.{{citation needed|date=March 2026}}

==Campus==

;Educational facilities

The college has a Central Library with [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] programmes, [[E-learning]] facilities and an ''[[Online Public Access Catalog]]'' (OPAC) gateway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/canvasartrajaram/docs/acharya_ebrochure |title=Library facilities |date=3 June 2010 |publisher=issuu.com |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref> It has various collaborations with multinational corporations and has established learning facilities like the Vasundhara Industrial Automation Learning Center,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vasundara.com/products/pdf/IALC_Brochure.pdf |title=IALC brochure |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=30 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330223046/http://vasundara.com/products/pdf/IALC_Brochure.pdf }}</ref> the [[IBM]] Software Center of Excellence,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-07.ibm.com/in/university/coe.html |title=IBM Software Centre of Excellence |publisher=IBM |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref> the [[Microsoft]] IT Academy<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web |website=Acharya Institutes |title=Top Engineering College in Bangalore, 10 best engineering college in Bengaluru as per CSR rankings |url=http://acharya.ac.in/ait.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012205716/http://acharya.ac.in/ait.html |archive-date=12 October 2011 |access-date=2011-10-29}}</ref> and the [[Novell]] Centre of Excellence.<ref name=autogenerated4>{{cite web|url=http://www.acharya.ac.in/nacc2011/Home.html|title=NACC 2011|publisher=AI|access-date=2011-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925040015/http://www.acharya.ac.in/nacc2011/Home.html|archive-date=25 September 2011}}</ref> The International Academy for Competency Enhancement provides students and recent graduates with English language skills and technical training to equip them for work in industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forayanimation.com/about_iace.html |title=International Academy for Competency Enhancement |publisher=IACE |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330223046/http://www.forayanimation.com/about_iace.html |archive-date=30 March 2012 }}</ref>

;Entrepreneur Incubation Cell
The college has signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] with IBM and has established the IBM Entrepreneur Incubation Center on the campus.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.acharya.ac.in/online_magazine/event_details.php?dt=2010-10-25 |title=Country's First IBM Entrepreneur Incubation Centre inaugurated at Acharya Institute of Technology(Campus Round Up) |publisher=Acharya Samachar |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327111916/http://www.acharya.ac.in/online_magazine/event_details.php?dt=2010-10-25 |archive-date=27 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www-07.ibm.com/in/university/coepics.html |title=Entrepreneur Incubation Center |date=23 August 2011 |publisher=IBM |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-date=13 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113153715/http://www-07.ibm.com/in/university/coepics.html }}</ref>

;Infrastructure
The college provides all-hours [[Wi-Fi]] access on campus. It has an auditorium with a capacity of over 500 seats, board rooms, conference and seminar halls. The institute has its own multipurpose stadium, the Smt. Nagarathnama Stadium, with a capacity of over 10,000 people.The college has a National Technical Manpower Information System (NTMIS)and an ATM outlet operated by [[Axis Bank]]. The college operates a campus clinic to provide medical facilities to the students. AIT has been awarded with "Technical Campus" status by AICTE.

;Environmental Initiatives
The campus has its own sewage treatment plant, has made use of rain water harvesting and has a four-acre artificial lake.

==Cultural activities==

;Acharya Habba 2025
The college organises the Acharya Habba, an annual inter-collegiate [[culfest]] that attracts a crowd of over 30,000 students from over 300 colleges across Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.youthv.com/content/view/844/58/ |title=Voice of Youth |publisher=Youth V |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004114725/http://www.youthv.com/content/view/844/58/ |archive-date=4 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edusutra.com/acharya-habba-2011-acharya-institutes-bangalore/532 |title=Habba-2011 |publisher=Edusutra.com |access-date=2011-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330220455/http://www.edusutra.com/acharya-habba-2011-acharya-institutes-bangalore/532 |archive-date=30 March 2012 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://5528319603800456285-a-1802744773732722657-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/aigslibrary/config/pagetemplates/newspaper-clippings/achaya-habba.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cqRtQDdGk0McUbL1s3lDHPxYM7xsF5P8JzkLYHBRFjMb-IW5dI2bcIwiotfF9d8s4Xps2qwi3dF_mprFMWSYeTEPNjEIT70qsPBaZ7FgnMtVFda8za7UgBWdT1LwRxnBO3Ne7ux9IWMvZDAUjAVellgREs3uTDq6sZiZIS1OGszDN48X-hLGZf1bpiMxkrFB6iJZ7iu-xcOQX0_esGrYBHEESWJRA9hgB8MXApDKRakkmA2c1qPLUmXU06RIxgIKnEdjCof&attredirects=0 |title=Download Attachment |publisher=Edusutra.com |access-date=2011-10-29 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Sports==
Different sports activities foster the students of Acharya Institute and develop within tolerance, dedication, leadership besides team work. Extra curricular activities like sports are very important for students' holistic development; therefore the institute organizes Acharya Premier League, Football League, Pro Kabaddi League, Volleyball Tournament every year to provide student with competitive environment.

A modern stadium for 10,000 people with modern luminaries on the territory of an academic building positively transforms the environment during athletic events. These facilities promote different types of sports thereby promoting the athletic sector and complementing the student's experience in Acharya Institute.

In 2023, Acharya Institute of Technology won the Karnataka State-level VTU Baseball Tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Acharya Institute of Technology wins Karnataka State-level VTU Baseball Tournament |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/acharya-institute-technology-wins-karnataka-state-level-vtu-baseball-tournament-8865238/ |website=Indian Express |date=2023-12-05}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|3|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://acharya.ac.in}}
*[https://ait.ac.in/ Acharya Institute of Technology]
*[https://aigs.ac.in/ Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies]
*[https://asd.ac.in/ Acharya School of Design]
*[https://anr.ac.in/ Smt. Nagarathnamma College of Nursing]
*[https://abmrcp.ac.in/ Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy]
*[https://anrvsa.ac.in/ Acharya's NRV School of Architecture]

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya Institutes}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1990]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Karnataka]]

Moradabad Junction railway station

2026-04-25T01:37:37Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Done

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Moradabad Junction
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Regional rail]] and [[Light rail]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Moradabad pic 10.JPG
| image_caption = Moradabad railway station
| address = NH 24, [[Moradabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.831|N|78.766|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline}}
| elevation = {{convert|271.230|m|ft}}
| line = [[Lucknow–Moradabad line]] [[Moradabad–Ambala line]] [[Delhi–Moradabad line]] [[Chandausi loop]] [[Moradabad]]–[[Aligarh]] line [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]–[[Moradabad]] line
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = 7
| tracks = 11
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = yes
| opened = {{start date and age|1873}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{start date and age|2012}}
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = MB
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Moradabad}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| map_dot_label = Moradabad railway station
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''Moradabad railway station''' is located in [[Moradabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and serves [[Moradabad]], which is known for its brassware industries. Moradabad is a major railway station of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] and is located just {{convert|157|km}} from national capital [[New Delhi]]. Moradabad also has the divisional headquarters of the [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]. [[Rajdhani Express|Rajdhani]], [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]], [[Garib Rath Express]], [[Double Decker]], [[Antyodaya Express]], [[Humsafar express]] and many Superfast Express trains pass through and stop at Moradabad Junction.

==History==
After connecting [[Varanasi]] with Delhi, the [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]] started working west of [[Lucknow]] and it reached [[Bareilly]] in 1873. A line connecting Moradabad to [[Chandausi]] was also built in 1872 and it was continued up to Bareilly in 1873. The Bareilly–Moradabad chord was completed in 1894. The former main line became Chandausi Loop and the one via Rampur became main line. It was extended to [[Saharanpur Junction railway station|Saharanpur]] in 1887.<ref name=orr>{{cite web | url = http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | title = Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway | publisher = Management Ebooks | access-date = 17 January 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://archive.today/20140111051716/http://management.ebooks6.com/The-Oudh-Rohilkhand-Railway-download-w23852.html | archive-date = 11 January 2014 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title = IR History – Early Days II (1870–1899)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 17 January 2014}}</ref>
A branch line to Aligarh via Chandausi was opened in 1894.<ref name=orr/>
Moradabad was linked to Ghaziabad in 1900.<ref name=orr/>

==Electrification==
Electrification of the {{convert|646|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long [[Mughalsarai|Mughasarai]]–Moradabad line was completed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=2761&id=0,4,268 |title = Railway projects an amenities to transform Rae Bareli and surrounding areas. | publisher= Northern Railway|date=17 May 2013| access-date = 17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.lucknowdirectory.com/rlys-rolls-out-schemes-in-rae-bareli-amethi/ |title=Railways roll out schemes in Rae Bareli, Amethi |publisher=Taaza Khabar|date=17 May 2013 |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214752/http://news.lucknowdirectory.com/rlys-rolls-out-schemes-in-rae-bareli-amethi/ |archive-date= 1 February 2014 }}</ref> Many trains on the [[Ambala]] and [[Lucknow]] line run with electric locomotives (including Freight trains). Electrification of the [[Delhi–Moradabad line]] was completed in 2015. Being one of the important sections of the [[Northern Railways]], Indian railway gave this project a high priority.

==Passenger movement==
Moradabad is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref> Moradabad is one of the highest-booking stations in Uttar Pradesh.

==Amenities==
Moradabad railway station is a category 'A' railway station.
It has a Tourist Information Centre, Post Office, telegraph office, General Railway Police office, computerised reservation counters, retiring room, vegetarian and non vegetarian refreshment rooms, tea stall and book stall.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/moradabad-mb-railway-station.html |title = Moradabad railway station| publisher= Make my trip | access-date = 17 January 2014}}</ref> It also has the Tatkal seat booking counter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl_ck.html|title = Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger Reservation Enquiry}}</ref>

==Importance==
Moradabad is called an interchange station due to its five-line junction. Many passengers change trains at Moradabad because there are plenty of trains to different destinations. After electrification the [[Delhi–Moradabad line]] railway has planned to make this route an alternative to the Delhi–Kanpur–Mugalsarai grand chord route. Moradabad is a preferred option to get trains for the tourists who want to go to [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]], [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Nainital]], [[Almora]] and other parts of [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] region of [[Uttarakhand]] because it is the nearest station which is connected by train to the Kumoun region.

==Connectivity==
Moradabad is the busiest railway station of [[Western Uttar Pradesh]] with more than 200 stopping trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code%3DMB%26name%3DMORADABAD |title=Indian Trains: MORADABAD (MB) Railway Station Details |access-date=2014-02-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716051229/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=MB&name=MORADABAD |archive-date=16 July 2012 }}</ref> Many local passenger trains are available to nearby cities. There are many trains to major cities like. Bikaner, Howrah, Ghazipur City, New Delhi, [[Guwahati]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Lucknow]], [[Varanasi]], [[Dehradun]], [[Patna]], [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Amritsar]], [[Kolkata]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jammu Tawi]], [[Tatanagar]], [[Kanpur]], [[Aligarh]], [[Surat]], [[Mumbai]], [[Gwalior]] and [[Agra]], [[Ranchi]] etc. Daily about 10 trains run from Moradabad to [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/moradabad-mb-to-ramnagar-rmr/338/0/1652|title = Moradabad to Ramnagar: 4 COV-Reserved Trains - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> and more than 60 trains run to [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/moradabad-mb-to-lucknow-charbagh-lko/338/0/336|title=Moradabad to Lucknow Charbagh NR: 73 COV-Reserved Trains - Railway Enquiry}}</ref> More than 50 trains run to New Delhi. Even though Moradabad has more than 200 stopping trains it does not have any direct train to cities like [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Bhopal]], [[Hyderabad]] and other important cities of Central, Western and Southern parts of the Country.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths=180>
Moradabad pic 10.JPG|Moradabad railway station entrance
Moradabad railway station pf1.jpg|A chilly sunny morning at Moradabad railway station
File:Nauchandi Express standing on platform 5 in Moradabad Jn.jpg|14511 Nauchandi Express standing on platform 5 in Moradabad Jn
File:Moradabad junction platform 4.jpg|Moradabad junction platform 4
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/moradabad-junction-mb/338 Trains at Moradabad]
*{{Wikivoyage inline|Moradabad}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system1=Indian Railways

|line1=Northern Railway zone|left1=Katghar|right1=Harthala|type1=Lucknow–Shahranpur main line

|line2=Northern Railway zone|right2=Macharya|type2=Chandausi loop

|line3=Northern Railway zone|right3=Lodipur Bishanpur|type3=Moradabad–Ghaziabad link
}}

{{Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1873]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Moradabad railway division]]
[[Category:Moradabad]]

N. Gopi

2026-04-24T22:38:28Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Created

{{Short description|Indian poet (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = '''N. Gopi'''
| image = Prof.N Gopi.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|06|25}}
| birth_place = [[Bhongir, Telangana]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet, Literary critic, Professor (Retd.)
| employer =
| notable_works = Praja Kavi Vemana (People's Poet, Thesis) (1978)

Kaalaanni Nidra Ponivvanu (I Will Not Let Time Sleep, Poetry) (1998)

[[Naneelu]] (The Little Ones, Experimental Poetry) (1998)

Jala Geetham (Water Song, Epic Poem) (2002)
| height =
| title =
| term =
| predecessor =
| party =
| boards =
| spouse = N Aruna
| partner =
| children =
| mother = Nakka Lakshmamma
| father = Nakka Chennaiah
| website =
| footnotes =
| imagesize = 200x320px
}}

'''N. Gopi''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: ఎన్. గోపి; born 25 June 1948) is an eminent Indian poet, and literary critic in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] recipient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2016)|date=|website=|publisher=Sahitya Akademi - National Academy of Letters|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has also been in the University system as a professor and Dean since 1974, until retiring in 2008. He has also held the post of the Vice Chancellor of [[Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University]], [[Hyderabad]]. Gopi's poetry displays nativity and a national outlook.

He has published 59 books including 29 poetry collections, 7 essay collections, 3 research works, 6 travelogues, 5 translations, 2 commentaries, and 4 column writings, apart from 3 textbooks for schools and for adult education projects.

His poetry collections have been translated into several Indian languages and foreign like [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], Tamil. Malayalam, Marathi, Konkani. Dogri, Maithili, Kannada, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Odia, Sindhi, Urdu, Assamese, Manipuri/Meitei, Bengali, Bodo, Kashmiri, Santali, Rajasthani, German, Chinese, Russian, and Persian.

His notable works are ‘Kalanni Nidra Ponivvanu’ (I Will Not let Time Sleep 1998); ‘[[Naneelu]]’ (The Little Ones 1998); ‘Jala Geetham’ (Water Song - a long poem 2002) and ‘Vruddhopanishath’ (Old Age poems 2019).

He was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2000 for his poetry collection, “Kaalanni Nidraponivvanu” (I will not let time sleep). He is also the recipient of 30 awards including the Freevers Front Award (1980), the Telugu University Award (1991) Delhi [[Telugu Academy|Telugu academy]] award (1999), an award for outstanding service to literature and culture by Sri Annamacharya Project of North America Chicago (SAPNA) US (2001) and ‘Kalaratna’ award by Government of Andhra Pradesh.

== Early life and education ==
Born on 25 June 1948 in [[Bhongir, Telangana|Bhongir]] village of [[Yadadri Bhongir district|Yadadri Bhongir District]], [[Telangana]] State. After his schooling at Government High School, he chose to join Arts College, [[Osmania University|Osmania University, Hyderabad]], where he did B.A. in Telugu, Sanskrit, and Linguistics group and stood with 6th rank, winning Nizam’s Gold Medal. This was followed by M.A. in Telugu, where he topped the University to win Gurajada Appa Rao Gold Medal from [[Osmania University]] in 1973. Later he did a P.G. Diploma in Applied Linguistics. Though his recorded name is Nakka Gopal, he is popularly known as N. Gopi in the literary field.

== Career ==
His first job was Project Officer in a Non-formal Project of UNICEF for one year. Later he joined as a Lecturer in the N.B Science College affiliated to Osmania University in 1974. Later he joined the OU in 1981. He became Professor of Telugu in 1990, Chairman Board of Studies in 1992 and Head of the Department in 1994. Later he was appointed as Vice Chancellor of Telugu University (1999-2002). He was the youngest VC in India when he was chosen for the post. In 2001, he also took an additional charge as an acting VC for Dravidian and Kakatiya Universities simultaneously. After completing his term as the VC of Telugu University, he came back to his parent university, where he served as the Dean Faculty of Arts (2004-2006). After retirement in 2008, he served as UGC Emeritus Fellow during 2011-13 and 2015-17 for the second time.

== Literary works ==
A prolific writer, Gopi has published 29 poetry collections so far.

=== Poetry ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of the book
!Name of the book (in English)
!Notes
|-
|1976
|[https://www.kahaniya.com/s/tangedu-pulu-4393 Tangedu Poolu]
|Yellow Flowers
|Received Devulapalli Krishna Shastri Award
|-
|1982
|[https://www.kahaniya.com/s/mailu-raye Mylu Raayi]
|Milestone
|Received Feeverse Front award
|-
|1989
|[https://www.kahaniya.com/s/chitra-depaalu Chitra Deepaalu]
|Coloured Lights
|Received Telugu University Best Poetry Award
|-
|1993
|Vanthena
|The Bridge
|Received Samatha Rachayitala Sangam Award
|-
|1998
|[https://www.kahaniya.com/s/kalanni-nidraponivvanu Kaalaanni Nidraponivvanu]
|I Will Not Let Time Sleep
|Received Sahitya Akademi Award
|-
|1998
|Naaneelu
|The Little Ones
|A trend setter poetic form adopted by nearly 1000 poets.

So far 300 collections of this form have been published
|-
|2000
|Chutta Kuduru
|Circular Rest on Head
|
|-
|2002
|Enda Poda
|Trace of Sunshine
|
|-
|2002
|Gopi Naneelu
|Gopi's The Little Ones
|
|-
|2002
|Jala Geetham
|The Water Song
|A celebration of water as a prayer to water in the Vedic mode - bears testimony to this.
It has been described as path breaking and translated into 11 languages, including Persian
|-
|2004
|Maro Aakaasham
|Another Sky
|
|-
|2005
|Aksharallo Dhagdhamai
|Blazed Alphabets
|
|-
|2007
|Deepam oka ekantham
|Lamp - A Solitude
|
|-
|2008
|Goa lo Samudram
|Sea in Goa
|
|-
|2009
|Vana Kadigina Cheekati
|Darkness Washed by Rain
|
|-
|2010
|Maa Vuru Maha Kaavyam
|My Village an Epic
|
|-
|2011
|Rathi Keratalu
|Rocky Tides
|
|-
|2013
|Hridaya Rashmi
|Lustre of The Heart
|
|-
|2014
|Malli Vithanamloki
|Back to the Seed
|
|-
|2015
|Purivippina Oopiri
|An Unwinding of the Breath
|
|-
|2016
|Akashamlo Matti
|Soil in the Sky
|
|-
|2017
|Jeevana Basha
|Language of life
|
|-
|2018
|Evari Dukhamo Adi
|Whose sorrow is that
|
|-
|2019
|China Padyalu
|China Poems
|
|-
|2019
|Vridhopanishat
|Old Age poems
|
|-
|2020
|Prapancheekarona
|Prapancheekarona
|
|-
|2021
|Manishini kalisinattundaali
|It should be like meeting a man
|
|-
|2023
|Kriya Oka Jeevana Laya
|Action is a rhythm of life
|
|-
|2024
|Repati Maidanam
|Tomorrow's Esplanade
|}

=== Travelogues ===
* Nenu Chusina Mauritius (1996)
* Naa Cyprus Yaatra (2001)
* America lo Telugu Yaatra (2002)
* England lo 25 Rojulu (2004)
* Germany lo Kavitaa Yaatra (2015)
* Chinalo Kavitaa Yaatra (2019)

=== Literary criticism ===
* Vyasa Navami (1986)
* Gavaaksham (1992)
* Niluvettu Telugu Santhakam [[C. Narayana Reddy|Sinare]] Vyaktitvam (1992)
* Saalochana - Peethikalu (1998)
* Vyaasa Kalasham (2012)
* Vyaasa Jignaasa (2016)
Other than these he wrote four travel books and many Translations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museindia.com/authorprofile.asp?id=771|title=Welcome to Muse India|work=museindia.com}}</ref>

=== Research ===
* Vemana Vaadam - commentary (1979)
* Prajaakavi Vemana (1980)
* Vemana Padyaalu - Paris Prathi 1730 AD (1990)
* Toli Parishodhakulu (1998)
* Vemana Velugulu - commentary (2012)
Gopi's Ph.D thesis (1978) on ‘Saint Poet Vemana’ is a monumental work and is rated as the best research work among 20 of that kind in Telugu. This book has had 6 reprints till date. The thesis was also translated into Kannada language which is also a record.

=== Major editing ===
* Jnanpith Awardee "Dr. [[C. Narayana Reddy]] Samagra Sahityam" (Complete Works of CNR) (2001)
* Founder Editor of ‘'''Telugu Parishodana'''’, a research quarterly (1987)

=== Translations (into Telugu) ===
* Gnaana Devudu (1985)
* Tanmaya Dhooli (2012)
* Maa Oori Nadi (2016)
* Paagi (2016)
* Vidyapati Pranaya Geetaalu (2016)

=== Other writings ===
* Telugu Vaachakam - text book (1982)
* Prayojana Vaachakam - adult literacy (1983)
* Akshara Yaanam - column in [[India Today]] (2005)

== Father of Naneelu ==
Gopi's sixth poetry collection ‘[[Naneelu]]’ (1998) (Epigrams like Hykus), means ‘The Little Ones’. This is a poetic form invented by N.Gopi, widely discussed and followed by hundreds of poets.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/naani-technique-become-popular/article9020177.ece|title='Naani technique become popular'|date=2016-08-23|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> More than 1000 poets penned Naneelu and more than 500 poets published anthologies of Naanee collections. This 25 years old poetry form is a trendsetter in Telugu literature.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-02-28/Naneelu-turning-point-in-Telugu-literature/210260|title=Naneelu turning point in Telugu literature|website=The Hans India|date=28 February 2016 |access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> Gopi’s Naneelu have been translated into 12 languages, including Russian.

== Awards and honours ==
Courtesy of his literary work and his service to Telugu literature, Gopi is a recipient of more than 50 awards. The following are some of his most recognized awards:
* '''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]''' in 2000 for his poetry collection, ‘Kaalanni Nidra Ponivvanu’ (I Will Not Let Time Sleep)
* Jaini International Foundation Award for Jalageetham-Long Poem Rs.1 lakh Cash Award, 2018.
* Dr. Prof. Kothapalli Jayashankar Award with 1 lakh cash prize, a prestigious award instituted by Bharat Jagruthi-2023
* Krittitwa Samagra Samman Award (2023) by Bharatiya Bhasha Parishat, Kolkata
* Freeverse Front award in 1980 for his poetry collection, ‘Mylurayi’ (Milestone)
* Telugu University Award (1991)
* Delhi Telugu Akademi Award (1999)
* Award for outstanding service to literature and culture by Sri Annamacharya Project of North America, Chicago (SAPMA), USA (2001), and ‘[[Kala Ratna]]’ award by Govt. of Andhra Pradesh (2009)
Gopi has also served as an elected member of various literary bodies across India. Some of the most coveted positions include:
* Member of A.P. state [[Sahitya Akademi]] (1984)
* Telugu Advisory Board member, Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi (2002–03)
* Telugu Advisory Board member, National Book Trust of India, New Delhi (2006 onwards)
* Jury Member, Feature Films, Nandi Awards Committee A.P. Govt. (1996)
* Chairman, Jury, T.V. Nandi Awards Committee, A.P. Govt. (2011)
* Convener, Telugu Advisory Board and Member, Executive Council, Central Sahitya Akademi (2013-2017)

== Reception and influence ==
Gopi's literary essays are considered original and are widely quoted. His commentaries to Vemana’s poems are considered comprehensive and modern.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/vemana-demystified/article3657419.ece|title=Vemana demystified|last=Rao|first=Govindaraju Ramakrishna|date=2012-07-19|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-10-14}}</ref> His prolific columns in various newspapers and magazines on subjects such as literature and current affairs were very well received. He is an orator and much sought after Personality among Telugu Literary and cultural Organizations.

Gopi's extensive work on Vemana's poetry and his large poetry collection have been the subjects of various academic research.

=== Research on Gopi’s works ===
So far, 5 Ph.D.s and 4 M.Phils have been awarded in various universities for research work on Gopi's literature.

=== Books on Gopi’s works ===
* Gopi Kavithanusheelana - Articles by various critics (1998)
* Gopi Kavithanusheelana by Dr. Dwana Sastry (2001)
* Gopi Sahitya Vivechana - Collection of Essays by different scholars edited by Dr. S. Raghu (2010)
* Jala Deepika - Essays on Gopi’s Jala Geetham, Edited by N. Aruna (2008)

=== Translations of Gopi’s poetry ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of the book
! Translated into
! Translation name
! Translated by
|-
! rowspan="11" | Jala Geetam
| Hindi || Jalgeet || Prof. P. Manikyamba (Hyderabad)
|-
| English || Water Song || Prof. Alladi Uma, Prof. M. Sridhar (Hyderabad)
|-
| Marathi || Paan˜yaacha Gaan˜a || Niranjan Uzgare (Mumbai)
|-
| Gujarati || Jalgeeth || Ramanik Someshwar (Kutch)
|-
| Urdu || Nagma-e-Aab || Prof. Rahamat Yusuf Zai (Hyderabad)
|-
| Kannada || Jalageethe || Dr .Markandapuram Srinivasa (Bengaluru)
|-
| Malayalam || Jalageetham || L. R. Swamy (Vishakhapatnam)
|-
| Punjabi || Jala Geet || Swaranjit Savi (Ludhiana)
|-
| Persian || Nagma-e-Aab|| Azeezuddin Ahmed Usmani (Delhi)
|-
| Sanskrit || Jala Geetham || M. Narayana Sharma (Hyderabad)
|-
| Odiya || Jala Gitto || Bangali Nanda (Bhuvaneshwar)
|-
! rowspan = "12" | Naaneelu
| Hindi || Nanhe Muktak || Prof. P. Vijaya Raghava Reddy (Hyderabad)
|-
| Hindi || Gopi Ke Nenhe Muktak || Prof. B. Satyanarayana (Hyderabad)
|-
| Marathi || Naaneelu - Muktak Manika || Suresh Ganga Khedkar (Hyderabad)
|-
| English || Naaneelu - The Little Ones || P. Jayalakshmi (Hyderabad)
|-
| Sanskrit || Naaneelu - Nava Mouktikah || Prof. M. Vijayasree (Hyderabad)
|-
| Tamil || Naanigal || Dr. Nalimela Bhaskar (Karim Nagar)
|-
| Kannada || Nanna Ninnau || Prof. K. G. Narayana Prasad (Hyderabad)
|-
| Russian || Chikat Vorniye Miniyachuri || Prof. Vinay Totavar (Hyderabad)
|-
| Gujarati || Naaneelu || Dr. Urvish Osavada (Junagadh)
|-
| Urdu || Nanhi Nazmein || Prof. Fatima Begum (Parveen) (Hyderabad)
|-
| Malayalam || Nanee Kavithakal || L. R. Swamy (Visakhapatnam)
|-
| Punjabi || Nanhe Muktak || Dr. Chandar Trikha (Chandigarh)
|-
! rowspan = "23" | Kalanni Nidraponivvanu
| Hindi || Samayko Sone Nahidoonga || R. Shantha Sundari (Hyderabad)
|-
| English || I Will Not Let Time Sleep || Dr. J. Bhagyalakshmi (Delhi)
|-
| Gujarati || Samayne Suva Naahi Doun || Ramanik Someshwar (Kutch)
|-
| Tamil || Kalathai Uranga Vidamatten || Dr. Shiripi Balasubramaniyam (Coimbatore)
|-
| Malayalam || Samayate Urangan Anuvadhikkukayilla || L. R. Swamy (Vishakhapatnam)
|-
| Marathi || Kaalala Zopu Denar Nahi || Dr. Kanchan Jatkar (Hyderabad)
|-
| Konkani || Kallak Nihidunk Dinvchonam || [[Ramesh Veluskar]] (Goa)
|-
| Dogri || Samen Gi De`ng Nie Souna || Prakash Premi (Uddhampur)
|-
| Maithili || Samayken Suta Nai Debai || Kavita Kumari (Mumbai)
|-
| Kannada || Kalavannu Nidrisalu Bidenu || Dr. Divakarla Rajeshwari (Bengaluru)
|-
| Punjabi || Main Samey Nu Son Nahi Devange || Dr. Vanita (Delhi)
|-
| Sanskrit || Kaalam Na Nidrapayaani || Prof. G.S.R. Krishnamurthy (Tirupathi)
|-
| Sindhi || Waqt Khe Sumhan N Dedus || Srichand Dube (Junagadh)
|-
| Urdu || Waqt Ko Sone Nahee Doonga || Prof. Rahamat Yusuf Zai (Hyderabad)
|-
| Nepali || Samayalai Needavan Deenechaina || Siddharth Roy (Darjeeling)
|-
| Odia || Samayaku Soibaku Debini || Bangali Nanda (Raipur)
|-
| Assamese || Samay Tomak Shuboloy Nidyu || Purabi Bora (Guwahati)
|-
| Meitei || Matambu Eina Toomhanloi || Salam Tomba (Imphal)
|-
| Bengali || Somay Ke Ghamate Debona Aami || Mandara Mukhopadhyay (Kolkata)
|-
| Kashmiri || Ba Dim-na Waqtas Thami Gatch-na || Ranjoor Tilgami (Telagam Pattan, Kashmir)
|-
| Bodo || Bubli Khou Futuli || Uttam Chandrabrahma (Goneshpo Aathar, Karbee (Assam))
|-
| Santali || Oktobanjapid Ochhovaama || Damayanthi Bisra (Mayur Bhanj (Odisha))
|-
| Rajasthani || Mai Bagat Me Jakni Levanadoolaa || Dr. Chandra Prakash Deval (Ajmer, Rajasthan)
|-
! rowspan = "4" | Other Translations
| Urdu || Gopi Ki Sow Najme || Prof. Ghiyas Mateen (Hyderabad)
|-
| Hindi || Gopi Ki Kavita || R. Shantha Sundari (Hyderabad)
|-
| English || Another Sky || Prof. C. Vijayasree, Prof. Subbarayudu (Hyderabad)
|-
| Hindi || Goa, Mai Aur Samudr || R. Shantha Sundari (Hyderabad)
|}

== See also ==
* [[Naneelu]]
* N.Gopi's poetry is available to read online at https://www.kahaniya.com/ca6049608cfee0ed2e88c0822ceadc

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopi, N.}}
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Osmania University]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Tushar Rao Gedela

2026-04-24T18:11:58Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Added a biography

{{short description|Judge of Delhi High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date= November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Tushar Rao Gedela
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start = 18 May 2022
| term_end =
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|7|18|df=y}}
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]]
}}
'''Tushar Rao Gedela''' (born 18 July 1967) is an Indian jurist who has been serving as a [[judge]] of the [[Delhi High Court]] since 18 May 2022.

==Early life and education==
Gedela was born on 18 July 1967 and attended the Army Public School in Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi. He pursued a degree in political science (Hons) from Deshbandhu College, [[Delhi University]], followed by a [[Bachelor of Laws|BA LL.B.]] from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh University]] in 1993.<ref name="cdj">{{cite web|url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/judges/court/cj_sitting/current|title=Justice Tushar Rao Gedela on Court website|date=17 January 2025|access-date=17 January 2025|archive-date=13 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113123525/https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/judges/court/cj_sitting/current|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Gedela enrolled with the Delhi Bar Council in 1994 and began his career at the district courts in Tis Hazari, specialising in civil, criminal, and family law. In 1997, he joined the office of Shri M. Chandrashekharan, former additional solicitor general of India, focusing on customs and excise matters. Later, he worked with Justice M. N. Rao (Retd.), former chief justice of the Shimla High Court, where he handled service-related cases. Gedela primarily practised in the [[Supreme Court of India]], [[Delhi High Court]], [[TDSAT]], and the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]].<ref name="cdj"/>

In 2000, he was appointed as central government counsel in the Delhi High Court, serving until 2003. He was later appointed as senior panel counsel for the central government at the Delhi High Court in 2014 and as panel 'A' counsel for the Supreme Court of India in 2015, holding these positions until his designation as a senior advocate in March 2021. Gedela was appointed as a permanent judge of the Delhi High Court on 18 May 2022.<ref name="cdj"/>

==Cases==
On 14 October 2024, a Delhi High Court Bench comprising acting chief justice [[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan]] and Gedela criticised Wikipedia for hosting a page titled ''[[Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation]]'' related to an ongoing defamation lawsuit filed by [[Asian News International]] (ANI) against the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (WMF). The page claimed that the court had threatened to block Wikipedia in India if certain editor identities were not disclosed, which the court found objectionable. The court warned that if the page was not removed, it might not hear Wikipedia's appeal. The lawsuit concerns ANI's defamation allegations over edits to its Wikipedia page, which ANI claims falsely labelled it as a state-sponsored propaganda tool for the incumbent BJP government of Narendra Modi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-hc-slams-wikipedia-for-its-dedicated-page-on-the-ongoing-lawsuit-against-it-by-ani/article68753356.ece/|title=Delhi HC slams Wikipedia for its dedicated page on the ongoing lawsuit against it by ANI|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2024|access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gedela, Tushar Rao}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]

Indrajeet Patel (runner)

2026-04-24T12:01:38Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New initial pg basic info

{{short description|Indian long-distance runner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Indrajeet Patel
| image =
| nationality = Indian
| event = [[3000 metres]], [[5000 metres]], [[10,000 metres]], [[Half marathon]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|01|15}}
| birth_place = Tilikapura Soram, [[Allahabad]], [[India]]
| country = [[India]]
| education = [[Guru Govind Singh Sports College, Lucknow]] [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]
| pb = '''3000 m''': 8:14.93 (2011) '''5000 m''': 14:02.8 (2014) '''10,000 m''': 29:41.76 (2012)
| medaltemplates=
}}
'''Indrajeet Patel''' (born 15 January 1994) is an Indian [[long-distance runner]] who competes in distances ranging from [[3000 metres]] to the [[half marathon]]. He won the national title in the [[10,000 metres]] in 2012.<ref name=IAAFBio>{{cite web|last=Patel|first=Indrajeet|title=Profile|url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/india/-indrajeet-patel-255900|publisher=IAAF.org|accessdate=4 December 2014}}</ref> He was the [[5000 metres]] champion at the 2014 [[All-India Inter-State Championships]] and is twice a winner at the [[Mumbai Half Marathon]].<ref>[https://more.arrs.run/runner/38479/1/position/asc Indrajeet Patel Kumar]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved 2019-08-26.</ref> He represented [[India at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics]]

==Career==
Patel hails from [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and was an alumnus at [[Guru Govind Singh Sports College, Lucknow]] and [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University]]. He set national under-20 records in the [[5000 metres]] and competed for India in the [[3000 metres]] finals at the [[2010 Summer Youth Olympics]] and the [[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics]].<ref name=IAAFBio/> He was also the winner of the 3000 m Asian Area Qualification Championship held in Singapore on 22 and 23 May 2010, clocking 8:16:26 to beat Japan's [[Kazuto Nishiike]].<ref>[https://www.redsports.sg/2010/05/26/asian-area-qualification-roundup/ China track and field athletes dominate YOG qualifier]. Red Sports (2010-05-26). Retrieved 2019-08-26.</ref> He was the Indian National Youth Champion in the 3000 metres in 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianathletics.in/?p=937|title=National Youth Athletics Championships - Athletics Federation of India|publisher=Indianathletics.in|accessdate=14 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214230231/http://indianathletics.in/?p=937|archive-date=2014-12-14}}</ref> and the National Junior Champion in the 5000 metres in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianathletics.in/?p=1180|title=National Inter-State Senior Athletics Championships-2012 - Athletics Federation of India|publisher=Indianathletics.in|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref>

He first came into limelight as a senior [[road running|road runner]] after winning the [[Mumbai Half Marathon]] in 2014.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/Patel-Sudha-clinch-half-marathon-honours/articleshow/29083635.cms|title=Patel, Sudha clinch half-marathon honours|work=The Times of India|accessdate=14 December 2014}}</ref>

==International competitions==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
|2010
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympic Games]]
|[[Bishan, Singapore]]
|11th
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 3000 metres|3000 m]]
|8:36.73
|-
|2011
|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]]
|[[Lille]], France
|9th
|[[2011 World Youth Championships in Athletics – Boys' 3000 metres|3000 m]]
|8:14.00
|}

==National titles==
*[[Indian Athletics Championships]]
**10,000 m: 2012
*[[All-India Inter-State Championships]]
**5000 m: 2014

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{World Athletics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Indrajeet}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Indian men middle-distance runners]]
[[Category:Indian men long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics]]
[[Category:Guru Gobind Singh Sports College, Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Korial Saree

2026-04-20T07:32:38Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{Short description|Traditional handwoven mulberry silk sari of West Bengal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
{{One source|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{infobox Sharee
| name = '''Korial Saree'''
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| location = Mirzapur, Panhgechia and Gaganpur
| origin‌‌_place = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[West Bengal]]
| origin‌‌_date =
| created_by =
| creation_date =
| ingredients = [[Silk]]
| thread_count = Not less than 90s–92s
| length = 5.50–6.50 m.
| breadth = 1.20–1.25 m.
| anchal =
| style_of_anchal = Ornamented by beautiful fine design
| colour =
| style = Bengal tradition
| borders =
| style_of_borders = Plain or with extra warp
| usage = Normal day life and Festival
| variants =
| related_saree =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| gi_status = Registered
| file_no = 704
| logo =Geographical Indications Logo of Korial Saree.png
| website = [https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/704 Korial Saree]
}}

'''''Korial Saree''''' ({{langx|bn|কোরিয়াল শাড়ি}}) is a traditional handwoven saree (''Sari'') of [[West Bengal]]. These handloom sarees are famous for the red border, novelty of saree designs, beautiful designs on the ''anchal'', and natural fibers ([[mulberry silk]]) in weaving. The saree was the symbol of holiness, purity and good shine. In 2024, the Korial Saree received recognition as a registered [[Geographical indication]].<ref name="ipindia">{{cite web |title=Application details of the Korial Saree - Geographical Indications |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/704 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

Korial sarees are traditionally woven on primitive hand looms, and the ''jala'' system is used to incorporate the designs. The ''Maku'' (shuttle) of the hand loom runs one side to another side by hand. 100 count silk yarn is used for weaving and also zari is used as per requirement. The saree has plain weave borders or borders with extra warp; The ''anchal'' have traditional floral and geometric designs, which are made using the ''jala'' method. The Ground of the saree has ''Buti'' design, which is made using ''jala'' method with additional weft. The speciality of Korial saree is that it is given a typical traditional ''khai finish'' after weaving and dried for a particular time. Finally, the saree is folded carefully.

As per 2024 data, 146 weavers are engaged in weaving Korial sarees in [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] and [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] districts of West Bengal. In the financial year 2018–19, the annual sales of this saree was ₹24.5 million.

== Materials ==
Silk has been produced in Murshidabad and Malda districts for centuries, local Malda silk and imported silk are used in the making of Korial. The materials are not made by the weavers, but they use materials purchased from local supply shops, including the silk used in the weaving, which is traditionally harvested from [[mulberry silkworm]]s. The most common source of silk for these sarees is mulberry silkworms reared on [[Morus (plant)|mulberry]] plants, from the cocoons of mulberry silkworms, farmers collect silk. Some quantity of silk is imported mainly from [[South India]] by local traders.

Other materials include zaris and dyes. Golden zari yan are used in sarees - which are mainly artificial. Natural dyes are used to colouring of the silk yarn.

== Saree making ==
Historically, almost everyone of the weaver family is involved in saree making, handling every step of the production process, from the preparation of the yarn to the final weaving of the saree. Weavers carry an incredible creative power in their eyes and hands, which is traditionally expressed through the technical skills and knowledge of design and color inherited from their forefathers.
[[File:A weaver weaving a Korial Saree in Murshidabad district, West Bengal.png|thumb|A weaver weaving a Korial Saree in Murshidabad district, West Bengal.]]
Two ply twisted filament mulberry silk yarn is used in Korial sarees. Twisting of silk yarn is done by weavers. To prepare warp sheet, the yarn is spun onto the bobbin from the hank; some weavers use bobbin winding machines for this task while others use traditional spinning wheels. The warp yarn contained in these bobbins is prepared into rope form using vertical sectional warping machine. The yarn is dried (if necessary) after boiling in alkali solution. The entanglement of yarn is opened by the weavers, and the broken end is mended by spreading it lengthwise along the road. Finally the warp yarn is tied to a wooden beam.

== Tools ==
[[File:The Jala system used in weaving the Korial saree.png|thumb|The Jala system used in weaving the Korial saree.]]
Traditionally, the main tools for making Korial sarees are the primitive hand-loom and ''jala'' system. Primitive looms are the looms of early times; in these looms, the shuttle is thrown from one end to the other by hand, thus requiring more time for weaving. That's why a lot of time is required to weave Korial sarees.

''Jala'' system on handloom is a very primitive process, this system plays an important role in Korial saree weaving. A ''jala'' is a structure that looks like a hook. This system is mainly used for making ''buti'' designs on sarees. ''Jala'' process can include designs according to the desired area of the saree. When the design is incorporated into the saree, the ''jala'' is inserted in specific positions.

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Korial Saree}}

{{Sari}}
{{Geographical indications in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Saris]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]

Prafulla Samal

2026-04-16T06:21:54Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: started new data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| term_start = 1990
| term_end = 2004
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Jugal Kishore Pattnaik
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party = [[Janata Dal]]
| constituency1 = [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
| term_end1 = 2024
| term_start1 = 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Ananta Sethi]]
| successor = Naredra Palei
| successor1 = Sanjib Mallick
| image =
}}
[[File:Prafulla_Samal.jpg|thumb|Odisha politician Prafulla Samal]]
'''Prafulla Samal''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a six times elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from 1990, 1995, 2001(bypoll), 2009, 2014, and 2019, representing [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]] and [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhandaripokhari, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/bhandaripokhari-constituency-s18aed2008a043/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhandaripokhari Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Bhandaripokhari Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/bhandaripokhari-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Samal was first elected as a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] in 1990, 1995, and in a 2001 by-election, representing [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]] as a member of the Janata Dal. He was subsequently elected in 2009, 2014, and 2019, representing [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]] as a member of the Biju Janata Dal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=Amid BJP-BJD bonhomie in Odisha, ED raid on an MLA plays the dampener: Who is Prafulla Samal? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prafulla-samal-bjp-bjd-odisha-mla-lok-sabha-polls-9165475/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241012075044/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/prafulla-samal-bjp-bjd-odisha-mla-lok-sabha-polls-9165475/ |archive-date=12 Oct 2024 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samal, Prafulla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam

2026-04-16T01:44:24Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: started new post

{{short description|1960 film by B. R. Panthulu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam
| image = Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam.jpg
| caption = Telugu version poster
| director = [[B. R. Panthulu]]
| screenplay = Dadha Mirasee
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = D. V. Narasa Raju (Telugu) Vindhan (Tamil) Dada Mirasi (Kannada)
}}
| producer = B. R. Panthulu (Kannada)
| starring = [[B. R. Panthulu]] [[M. V. Rajamma]]
| cinematography = W. R. Subba Rao
| editing = R. Devarajan
| music = [[T. G. Lingappa]]
| studio = Padmini Pictures M V R Productions (Kannada)
| released = {{Film date|1960|07|01|Telugu|ref1=<ref name="P"/>|1960|07|29|Tamil/Kannada|ref2=<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |date=29 July 1960 |title=Kuzhandaikal Kanda Kudiyarasu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600729&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 October 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil Kannada
}}

'''''Pillalu Thechina Challani Rajyam''''' is a 1960 Indian [[Telugu-language]] film directed by [[B. R. Panthulu]]. The film stars Panthulu, [[M. V. Rajamma]], and [[Valluri Balakrishna]]. It was simultaneously made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as '''''Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu''''' ({{translation|Republic of children}}) and in [[Kannada]] as '''''Makkala Rajya''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮಕ್ಕಳ ರಾಜ್ಯ.ogg|}} {{translation|Kingdom of children}}).<ref name="P">{{Cite news |date=1 July 1960 |title=Pillalu Thechina Challani Rajyam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19600701&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 October 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] and [[T. N. Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] play pivotal roles in the Kannada version while [[Javar Seetharaman]] and [[K. Sarangapani]] play supportive roles in the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guest appearance (Tamil Films) |url=http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyGuestTamil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908223211/http://www.nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyGuestTamil.htm |archive-date=8 September 2014 |access-date=2014-09-08 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> This film was partly coloured by [[Gevacolor]] and processed at the Film Centre, Mumbai. [[M. S. Umesh|Umesh]] made his film debut with this film.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=July 2022}}
A scientist takes children to an unknown planet, where they establish a democratic republic.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-77291-7 |editor-last=Gokulsing |editor-first=K. Moti |pages=290 |editor-last2=Dissanayake |editor-first2=Wimal}}</ref>

== Cast ==
[[File:Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu.jpg|thumb|200px|Theatrical release poster in Tamil]]
[[File:Makkala Rajya.jpg|thumb|200px|DVD cover of Kannada version]]
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[B. R. Panthulu]]
*Mani Iyer
*Master Venkatesh
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Scientist (guest role)
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[M. V. Rajamma]]
*Kanchana
*Baby Lakshmi
{{Col-end}}

===Telugu version===
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[Rajanala (actor)|Rajanala]]
*[[Ramana Reddy]]
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]]
*A. V. Subbarao
*Master Gopi
*Satyam
*D. R. Reddy
*M. S. Rao
*Karuppiah
*Anjaneyulu
*Lakshmaiah Chowdary
*Chidatala Appa Rao (uncredited)<ref name="S">{{cite web|title=మరిచిపోలేని ప్రయత్నం... పిల్లలు తెచ్చిన చల్లని రాజ్యం|trans-title=An unforgettable endeavor...''Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam''|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/pillalu-techina-challani-rajyam-movie-is-a-good-attempt-81961|language=te|author=డా. వైజయంతి|date=2 September 2017|access-date=18 March 2026|archive-date=1 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201000112/https://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/pillalu-techina-challani-rajyam-movie-is-a-good-attempt-81961|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*Susheela
*Lakshmi
*Baby Suma
*Baby Vimala
*Saraswathamma
*Jhansi (uncredited)<ref name="S"/>
{{Col-end}}

===Tamil version===
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[Javar Seetharaman]] as King
*[[K. Sarangapani]]
*[[Kuladeivam Rajagopal|V. R. Rajagopal]]
*Sethupathi
*P. S. Venkatachalam
*Master Gopi
*Ramkumar
*Srinivasa Rao
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[C. Lakshmi Rajyam|Lakshmi Rajyam]]
*Bharathi
*Baby Chithra
*Baby Sarala
{{Col-end}}

===Kannada version===
{{Col-begin|width=55%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[Dikki Madhava Rao]]
* [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
* B. Hanumanthachar
* Veerabhadrappa
* Subbanna
* [[M. S. Umesh|Master Umesh]]
* Shivaji Rao
* Srinivasa Rao
* Narayana Rao
* [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
* Maheswaraiah
* Sundru
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[M. N. Lakshmi Devi]]
* Indiradevi
* Papamma
* Baby Chandrakalavati
* Baby Vimala
{{Col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[T. G. Lingappa]] for all languages. All the tunes for all the songs for the Telugu, Tamil and Kannada languages are the same.

'''Telugu Songs'''

Lyrics were written by were written by [[Samudrala Sr.]] and [[Kosaraju Raghavaiah|Kosaraju]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam" 1 || L. R. Eswari & M. S. Padma || 02:10
|-
| "Naguva Chilikumaa" || S. Janaki || 03:31
|-
| "Aashala Uyyala Oogema" || Jikki & A. P. Komala || 03:01
|-
| "Amma Kaanajaalavaa" || P. Susheela ||03:25
|-
| "Ninnu Choochi Choochi Veedichipoduna" || P. B. Sreenivas & K. Rani ||02:35
|-
| "Sundara Nanda Kishora" || S. Janaki & A. P. Komala || 03:30
|-
| || K. Jamuna Rani ||
|-
| "Chitti Cheemalu Pettina Puttalona" || P. B. Sreenivas ||
|-
| || Seerkazhi Govindarajan ||
|-
| "Tolgenu Neda" || L. R. Eswari & M. S. Padma || 02:54
|}

'''Tamil Songs'''

Lyrics were written by [[Ku. Ma. Balasubramaniam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |date=2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=195 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Length
|-
| "Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu" || [[L. R. Eswari]] & M. S. Padma || 02:10
|-
| "Sirikka Theriyumaa" || [[S. Janaki]] || 03:31
|-
| "Aasaiyin Oonjalil Aadiduvom" || [[Jikki]] & A. P. Komala || 03:01
|-
| "Ammaa Vedhanai ... Amudhe Odi Vaa" || [[P. Susheela]] || 03:25
|-
| "Unnai Kandu Roja Chendu" || [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] || 02:35
|-
| "Azhagiya Thaamarai Kannaa" || S. Janaki & A. P. Komala || 03:30
|-
| "Jaadhagam Silarukku Saadhagam" || Thiruchi Loganathan || 02:34
|-
| "Chittu Chittu Nee" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] ||
|-
| "Sitterumbu Putrinile" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] ||
|-
| "Virunthaagum Isai Amudham" || [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] || 03:15
|-
| "Mudindhathu Indru Mudiyarasu" || L. R. Eswari & M. S. Padma || 02:10
|}

'''Kannada Songs'''

Lyrics were written by Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry and C. Sadashivaiah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makkala Rajya |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0001028 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726023933/http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0001028 |archive-date=26 July 2014 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Makkala Rajya Premada Rajya" || Renuka || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry || 02:10
|-
| "Nagalu Barado" || S. Janaki || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry || 03:26
|-
| "Aaduva Aaseya" || Jikki & A. P. Komala || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry || 03:27
|-
| "Maleye Suridu Baa" || P. Susheela || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry || 02:29
|-
| "Ninna Nodi Manasu Koodi" || || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry ||
|-
| "Jaya Jaya Gokula Baala" || S. Janaki & A. P. Komala || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry || 03:33
|-
| "Jathaka Balave Balavayya" || || C. Sadashivaiah || 02:34
|-
| || K. Jamuna Rani || ||
|-
| "Saaku Ee Jamba" || || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry ||
|-
| "Madhupana Gaanasudha" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan || || 03:15
|-
| "Makkala Rajya Premada Rajya" || Renuka || Kanagal Prabhakar Shastry || 02:10
|}

== Reception ==
In a 2013 retrospective review, Dr. Vyjayanthi of ''[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]'' praised the performances of the child actors and stated that the film is a good effort and such films should come again and again but they do not come.<ref name="S"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0250657|title=Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam}}
* {{IMDb title|0250482|title=Kuzhandhaigal Kanda Kudiyarasu}}
* {{IMDb title|0250567|title=Makkala Rajya}}
{{B. R. Panthulu}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:1960 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1960 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1960 science fiction films]]
[[Category:1960 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. R. Panthulu]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. G. Lingappa]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Parchur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:35Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: started info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parchur
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (104-Parchur highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Parchur Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| constituency_no = 104
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,02,274
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
}}

'''Parchur Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 2,02,274 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=4 June 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| Yeddanapudi
|-
| Parchur
|-
| Karamchedu
|-
| Inkollu
|-
| Chinaganjam
|-
| Martur
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Kolla Ramaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Naraharisetty Venkatswamy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Gade Venkata Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 | Maddukuri Narayana rao
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| 1991
| rowspan=2 | [[Gade Venkata Reddy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Jagarlamudi Lakshmi Padmavathi
|{{Full party name with color| Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=3 |[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===1955===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kolla Ramaiah]]|votes=24,076|percentage=56.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Kolla Venkaiah]]|votes=18,575|percentage=43.55|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,501|percentage=12.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=42,651|percentage=78.84|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Naraharisetty Venkatswamy]]|votes=20,948|percentage=46.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Maddukuri Narayana Rao]]|votes=12,891|percentage=35.64|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,057|percentage=17.73|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=46,775|percentage=73.52|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1967===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=28,446|percentage=56.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Naraharisetty Venkataswamy]]|votes=18,019|percentage=35.64|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,427|percentage=20.63|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=52,484|percentage=76.11|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Maddukuri Narayana rao]]|votes=31,038|percentage=50.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=30,728|percentage=49.75|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=310|percentage=0.50|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=63,164|percentage=81.26|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=[[Maddukuri Narayana rao]]|votes=38,024|percentage=48.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=33,087|percentage=42.15|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,937|percentage=6.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=79,839|percentage=79.82|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=41537|percentage=53.29|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=34,923|percentage=44.81|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,614|percentage=8.49|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=78,968|percentage=73.70|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=43,905|percentage=49.93|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=42,828|percentage=48.71|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,077|percentage=1.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=88,783|percentage=75.47|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=49,060|percentage=53.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=43,232|percentage=45.84|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,828|percentage=7.41|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=94,857|percentage=68.20|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ''(By-poll)'' ===
{{Election box begin | title=1991 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=52,024|percentage=58.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Damacherla Anjaneyulu]]|votes=37,514|percentage=41.90|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,427|percentage=16.21|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===1994===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=45,843|percentage=49.77|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Brahmananda Reddy Battula]]|votes=43,641|percentage=47.38|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,202|percentage=2.39|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,127|percentage=76.22|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Lakshmi Padmavathi Jagarlamudi]]|votes=48,574|percentage=50.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Gade Venkata Reddy]]|votes=46,365|percentage=47.93|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,209|percentage=2.28|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=98,282|percentage=70.01|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=54,987|percentage=57.10|change=+9.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Chenchu Garataiah Bachina]]|votes=39,441|percentage=40.95|change=-9.26}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,546|percentage=16.15|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=96,304|percentage=80.28|change=+11.37}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=73,691|percentage=43.39|change=-13.71}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Gottipati Narasimha Rao]]|votes=70,731|percentage=41.65|change=+0.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Sandu Purna Chandra Rao]]|votes=19,056|percentage=11.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,960|percentage=1.74|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=169,822|percentage=79.28|change=-1.00}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]|votes=97,248|percentage=51.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Gottipati Bharat Kumar]]|votes=86,473|percentage=45.93|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,775|percentage=5.72|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=189,033|percentage=88.17|change=+8.89}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]|votes=97,076|percentage=47.78|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]]|votes=95,429|percentage=46.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,647|percentage=0.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=203,155|percentage=88.24|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Parchur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Yeluri Sambasiva Rao]]
|votes = 1,10,575
|percentage = 54.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Yadam Balaji
|votes = 86,562
|percentage = 42.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nallagorla Siva Srilakshmi Jyothi
|votes = 2,293
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1289
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,013
|percentage = 11.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,02,274
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSRCP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Bapatla district}}
{{coord|15.97|80.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Maharajganj, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:56Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Stub

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Maharajganj, Siwan Bihar
|type= SLA
| map_image = 112-Maharajganj, Bihar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Hemnarayan Sah]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Maharajganj (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|19. Maharajganj]]
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|112]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 302,398
|abolished = 
}}
'''Maharajganj''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Siwan district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 112 Maharajganj Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Maharajganj and Bhagwanpur Hat [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 10 January 2011 }}</ref>

Maharajganj Assembly constituency is part of No. 19 [[Maharajganj (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maharajganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Maharajganj Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/maharajganj.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Anusuya Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Uma Shanker Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Kaushalendra Pratap Shahi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|[[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Anusuya Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Umashanker Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Baidya Nath Pande
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Uma Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Umashanker Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|rowspan="3" |Damodar Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" rowspan=4 |
|rowspan="4" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Hemnarayan Sah]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Vijay Shanker Dubey|Vijay Shankar Dubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Hemnarayan Sah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Maharajganj<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Hemnarayan Sah|Hem Narayan Sah]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86813}}
|percentage = 46.22
|change = +17.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Ashok Jaiswal
|votes = {{formatnum:65714}}
|percentage = 34.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Sunil Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:8165}}
|percentage = 4.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Nitish Kumar Diwedi
|votes = {{formatnum:6254}}
|percentage = 3.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ravindra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4358}}
|percentage = 2.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raj Kishor Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2902}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Madan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:2373}}
|percentage = 1.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ravi Ranjan Tisu
|votes = {{formatnum:2176}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Political Team India
|candidate = Dr. Vikas Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2129}}
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3675}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change = +0.44
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21099}}
|percentage = 11.23
|change = +10.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:187810}}
|percentage = 62.11
|change = +8.49
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Maharajganj<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vijay Shanker Dubey]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48825}}
|percentage = 30.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Hem Narayan Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:46849}}
|percentage = 28.86
|change = -16.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Dr. Deo Ranjan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:18278}}
|percentage = 11.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Azad Samaj Party
|candidate = Ejaz Ahmad Siddique
|votes = {{formatnum:7714}}
|percentage = 4.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Ajit Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:4983}}
|percentage = 3.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Bishwanath Yadaeo
|votes = {{formatnum:3393}}
|percentage = 2.09
|change = +0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Prakash Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:2185}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change = +0.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar Gandhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2146}}
|percentage = 1.32
|change = -2.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Kamakhya Narain Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2122}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dharmendra Mahato
|votes = {{formatnum:1948}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Khadim Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:1849}}
|percentage = 1.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Sahyog Party
|candidate = Rajiv Kumar Urph Gandhi Jee
|votes = {{formatnum:1741}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Ka Kisan Majdoor Party
|candidate = Nayan Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:1699}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janvadi Party (Socialist)
|candidate = Shree Bhagwan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1631}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sushil Kumar Dablu
|votes = {{formatnum:1624}}
|percentage = 1.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishwambhar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1538}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1479}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2473}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change = +0.41
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1976}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change = -12.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162353}}
|percentage = 53.62
|change = -0.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Maharajganj<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Hem Narayan Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:68459}}
|percentage = 45.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kumar Deo Ranjan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:48167}}
|percentage = 32.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar Gandhi
|votes = {{formatnum:5743}}
|percentage = 3.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoranjan Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4864}}
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Munshi Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3909}}
|percentage = 2.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabindra Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3108}}
|percentage = 2.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Bishawanath Yadeo
|votes = {{formatnum:2054}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2049}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Prakash Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1974}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharti Samudaya Party
|candidate = Atish Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1549}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1671}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20292}}
|percentage = 13.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150439}}
|percentage = 54.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party
|candidate = Om Prakash Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1103}}
|percentage = 0.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{coord|26|1|N|84|20|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Siwan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Kendrapara Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:00Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New new article added tags - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Kendrapara}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kendrapara
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 97
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kendrapara Lok Sabha constituency|Kendrapara]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Ganeswar Behera]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,30,413{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Kendrapara''' (Sl. No.: 97) is a [[Legislative Assembly of Odisha|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kendrapara district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=97|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009|work= empoweringindia.org|quote= Constituency: Kendrapara (105) District: Kendrapara|accessdate= 14 April 2014|archive-date= 16 April 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140416180510/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=97|url-status= usurped}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Kendrapara]], Kendrapara block and 12 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Alapua, Taradipal, Penthapal, Andara, Baluria, Amrutamanohi, Nilakanthapur, Balipatana, Narasinghpur, Badamulabasanta, Dihapada and Singhagan) of Pattamundai block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp33.htm|title= 33 - Kendrapara Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.49}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.69}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.93}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.61}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Odisha Gana Parishad}}|50.96}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|47.90}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.68}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|60.80}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.28}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|52.15}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|62.51}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 18 elections were held till date including one bypoll in 1955.<ref name="byElections1952-95">{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/Bye-ele-results%2052-95.xls |title=Details of Assembly By- Elections since 1952 (Year-Wise) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

List of members elected from Kendrapara constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Kendrapara Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/kendrapara.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 14 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kendrapara Assembly Election Results 2024: Kendrapara Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/kendrapara-constituency-result-18097 |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Ganeswar Behera]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=4|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Shashi Bhusan Behera]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Kishore Chandra Tarai
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Sipra Mallick]]
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Utkal Keshari Parida
|{{full party name with color|Odisha Gana Parisad}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
||[[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
||[[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Indramani Rout
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[Bhagabat Prasad Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Sarojakanta Kanungo
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Dhruba Charan Sahu
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=5|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Prahlad Mallik
|-
|Dinabandhu Sahoo
|-
|1955 (bypoll){{efn|Resignation of Dinabandhu Sahoo}}
|Purusottam Nayak
|-
|[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|Dinabandhu Sahoo
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Ganeswar Behera]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Geetanjali Sethi by a margin of 35,418 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kendrapara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ganeswar Behera]]
|votes = 90,173
|percentage = 58.49
|change = {{increase}}14.80
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Geetanjali Sethi|votes=54,755|percentage=35.52|change={{increase}}20.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sipra Mallick]]|votes=7,478|percentage=4.85|change={{decrease}}34.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=638|percentage=0.41|change={{increase}}0.09}}
{{Election box majority||votes=35,418|percentage=22.97|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,54,166|percentage=66.91|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Shashi Bhusan Behera]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ganeswar Behera]] by a margin of 6,585 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
| title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kendrapara<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Shashi Bhusan Behera]]
|votes = 66,132
|percentage = 43.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ganeswar Behera]]
|votes = 59,547
|percentage = 39.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunakar Behera
|votes = 22,842
|percentage = 15.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 486
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,585
|percentage = 4.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,51,367
|percentage = 69.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Kishore Chandra Tarai defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ganeswar Behera]] by a margin of 5,431 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kendrapara<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Kendrapara|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1897.htm?ac=97|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=31 May 2014|archive-date=1 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140601011830/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1897.htm?ac=97|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Kendrapara (97)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=97|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531224142/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=97|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Kishore Chandra Tarai
|votes = 65,037
|percentage = 46.93
|change = {{up}}5.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ganeswar Behera]]
|votes = 59,606
|percentage = 43.01
|change = {{up}}3.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunakar Behera
|votes = 9,981
|percentage = 7.2
|change = {{up}}1.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 682
|percentage = 0.49
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,431
|percentage = 3.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,38,583
|percentage = 71.52
|change = {{up}}5.51
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,93,764
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sipra Mallick]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ganeswar Behera]] by a margin of 15,931 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=15931 |accessdate=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Kendrapara<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Sipra Mallick]]
|votes = 62,436
|percentage = 52.61
|change = {{up}}3.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ganeswar Behera]]|votes=46,505|percentage=39.19|change={{up}}4.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bijay Kumar Mallick|votes=6,861|percentage=5.78|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,931|percentage=13.42{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,18,678|percentage=66.01|change={{up}}0.86{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 65.15%}}}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,79,787
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Odisha Gana Parishad
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendrapara district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.49|86.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kendrapara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

Ghanaur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:22:13Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: created article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghanaur
| map_image = 113-Ghanaur.svg
| mla = [[Gurlal Ghanaur]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:1,64,546}} (in 2022){{update after|2027|02}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 113
| established = 1951
}}
'''Ghanaur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref>
It is part of [[Patiala district|Patiala]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Thekedar Madan Lal Jalalpur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Gurlal Ghanaur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Ghanaur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gurlal Ghanaur]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = 62783
|percentage = 48.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Thekedar Madan Lal Jalalpur]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = 31,018
|percentage = 23.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Prem Singh Chandumajra]]
|votes = 24,141
|percentage = 18.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vikas Sharma
|votes = 5,728
|percentage = 4.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prem Singh Bhangu
|votes = 1,681
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Jagdeep Singh
|votes = 1,593
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above (India)
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = 1,306
|percentage = 1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,765
|percentage = 24.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,423
|percentage = 78.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:164546}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Ghanaur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Thekedar Madan Lal Jalalpur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:65965}}
|percentage = 52.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harpreet Kaur Mukhmailpur
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:29408}}
|percentage = 23.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anu Randhawa
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:23188}}
|percentage = 18.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:829}}
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:36557}}
|percentage = 29.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:124650}}
|percentage = 80.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:155,927}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Patiala district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.33|76.61|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Patiala district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]

Varanasi

2026-03-29T09:29:42Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: small refine structure per standard format further and improved wording based on references

{{Short description|Metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{other uses}}
{{Redirect|Kāshi|other uses|Kashi (disambiguation){{!}}Kashi}}
{{Redirect2|Banaras|Benares|other uses|Banaras (disambiguation)|and|Benares (restaurant)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates| date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Varanasi
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Benares{{nobold|,}} Banaras{{nobold|,}} Kashi
| nick_name =
| settlement_type = {{nowrap|[[Metropolis]]}}
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 250
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Varanasi, India, Ghats, Cremation ceremony in progress.jpg {{!}} Manikarnika Ghat, the holy cremation ground on the Ganges river front
| image2 = Bismillah at Concert1 (edited).jpg {{!}} Shehnai maestro Ustad Bismillah Khan
| image3 = Faculty of Arts Building, Banaras Hindu University.jpg {{!}} Faculty of Arts, Benares Hindu University
| image5 = Silk Looms, Varanasi.jpg {{!}} Weaving a silk brocade
| image4 = Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg {{!}} Goswami Tulsidas, composer of the Ramcharitmanas
| image6 = Sampurnanand Sanskrit University left gate.jpg {{!}} Benares Sanskrit College, India's oldest Sanskrit college, which was founded in 1791
| image7 = Varanasi Munshi Ghat3.jpg {{!}} Munshi Ghat
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Left to right, top to bottom:''' [[Manikarnika Ghat]], the holy cremation ground on the [[Ganges]] river front; [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]]; Faculty of Arts, [[Benares Hindu University]]; [[Goswami Tulsidas]], composer of the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]''; weaving silk brocade; [[Benares Sanskrit College]], India's oldest [[Sanskrit]] college (founded in 1791); [[Munshi Ghat]]
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=170|frame-align=center|zoom=4|type=point|title=Varanasi|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_caption1 = Interactive map of Varanasi
| coordinates = {{coord|25|19|08|N|83|00|46|E|region:IND-WB_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of states and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of Uttar Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Uttar Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Varanasi division|Varanasi]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Ashok Tiwari]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Dikshit |first=Rajeev |date=13 May 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/in-varanasi-bjps-ashok-tiwari-defeats-sp-by-1-33l-votes-to-become-new-mayor/articleshow/100216621.cms |title=In Varanasi BJP's Ashok Tiwari defeats SP by 1.33L votes |work=The Times of India |accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = Pranay Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Varanasi City|date=7 January 2022|url=https://www.nnvns.org/index.php|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=19 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819053949/http://www.nnvns.org/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 82
| area_metro_km2 = 163.8
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf|title=District Census Handbook Varanasi|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=23 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125223856/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0966_PART_A_DCHB_VARANASI.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 80.71
| population_total = 1212610<ref name="urban"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 7402
| population_metro = 1,432,280 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|32nd]])
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=UA1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=12 May 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=17 October 2013 | df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| population_rank = [[List of most populous cities in India|30th]]
| population_demonym = Banarasi
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=26 December 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name="langoff"/>
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 221001 to 221011
221101 to 221405
| area_code = 0542
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-65
| blank1_name = [[GDP]]
| blank1_info = $5.2 billion (2024–25)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/varanasi-saw-rs-40000-crore-worth-of-development-in-8-years-keshav-maurya/2564082/|title=Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya|website=[[ThePrint]]|access-date=30 June 2025|archive-date=26 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326075148/https://theprint.in/india/varanasi-saw-rs-40000-crore-worth-of-development-in-8-years-keshav-maurya/2564082/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| blank2_name = [[Per capita income]]
| blank2_info = INR 90,028<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/varanasi-saw-rs-40000-crore-worth-of-development-in-8-years-keshav-maurya/2564082/|title=Varanasi saw Rs 40,000 crore worth of development in 8 years Keshav Maurya|website=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=30 June 2025|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819075739/http://spa.ac.in/writereaddata/executive-summary-varanasi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| blank3_name = [[International Airport]]
| blank3_info = [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]]
| blank4_name = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank4_info = [[Varanasi Metro]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 0.926 (2011) [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = Literacy (2011)
| blank2_info_sec2 = 80.31%<ref>{{cite web | url=http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf | title=Slum Free City Plan of Action Varanasi | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=28 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628215811/http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/24UP_Varanasi_sfcp-min.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref>
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = 0.812<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chaurasia |first1=Aalok Ranjan |title=Human Development in Districts of India 2019–2021 |date=26 July 2023 |journal= Indian Journal of Human Development|volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=219–252 |doi=10.1177/09737030231178362 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/09737030231178362 |access-date=11 May 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://varanasi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_title4 =
}}

'''Varanasi''' ({{IPA|hi|ʋaːˈɾaːɳəsi}},{{efn|{{IAST|Vārāṇasī}}}}{{efn|The name Varanasi was officially revived after 1947.<ref name=chirico-banaras-1>{{citation|last=San Chirico|first=Kerry P. C.|chapter=Banaras|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1|year=2012|editor1-last=Juergensmeyer|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last=Roof|editor2-first=Wade Clark|pages=114–116|isbn=9780761927297|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|quote=Varanasi is the city's revived, post-independence designation, which combines the names of two rivers on either side of it.}}</ref>}} also '''Benares''', '''Banaras''' {{IPA|hns|bəˈnaːɾəs}}{{efn|{{IPA|hi-Banaras.ogg}}}}<ref name="britannica-varanasi">{{citation|chapter=Varanasi|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|date=1 September 2021|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Varanasi|access-date=14 December 2021|quote=Varanasi, also called Benares, Banaras, or Kashi, city, southeastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India.}}</ref><ref name=chirico-banaras-2>{{cite encyclopedia|last=San Chirico|first=Kerry P. C.|title=Banaras|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |volume=1|year=2012|editor1-last=Juergensmeyer|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last=Roof|editor2-first=Wade Clark|pages=114–116|isbn=9780761927297|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|quote=The city was identified in the [[Pali language]] as Baranasi, from which emerged the corrupt form of the name, 'Banaras', by which the city is still widely known.}}</ref><ref>"Benares" is the name that appears in the [[:File:British_Indian_Empire_1909_Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India.jpg|1909 official map of India]].</ref>), or '''Kashi''',{{efn|({{IAST|Kāśī}} {{IPA|hns|ˈka:ʃi||hi-Kashi.ogg}})}}<ref name="chirico-banaras-3">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Banaras |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |last=San Chirico |first=Kerry P. C. |editor1-last=Juergensmeyer |editor1-first=Mark |volume=1 |pages=114–116 |isbn=9780761927297 |quote=... in the fifth century BCE, ... the Kingdom of Kashi was one of the 16 kingdoms to emerge from the ascendant Aryan tribes. |editor2-last=Roof |editor2-first=Wade Clark}}</ref> is a city on the [[Ganges|Ganges river]] in [[North India|northern India]] that has a central place in the traditions of pilgrimage, death, and mourning in the [[Hinduism|Hindu world]].<ref name="combined-central">*{{citation|last1=Fouberg|first1=Erin H.|last2=Moseley|first2=William G.|title=Understanding World Geography|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|page=173|isbn=9781119473169|oclc=1066742384|year=2018|quote=The city of Varanasi, India, is central to the death tradition in Hinduism. Hindus see Varanasi as the world of death and life, and some make pilgrimages to Varanasi to die. In Hindu tradition, if a person dies in the holy city of Varanasi on the Ganges River, he or she is attains moksha, or freedom from the cycle of death and rebirth. Pilgrims travel to Varanasi to cremate their deceased relatives on the ghats along the river.}}
*{{citation|last=Eck|first=Diana|author-link=Diana Eck|title=Banaras, the City of Light|publisher=Alfred Knopf Inc, [Columbia University Press]|orig-year=1981|page=324|year=2013|quote=–No other city on earth is as famous for death as is Banāras. More than for her temples and magnificent ghāts, more than for her silks and brocades, Banāras, the Great Cremation Ground, is known for death. At the centre of the city along the riverfront is Manikarnikā, the sanctuary of death, with its ceaselessly smoking cremation pyres. The burning ghāt extends its influence and the sense of its presence throughout the city.}}
*{{citation|last=Parry|first=Jonathan P.|title=Death in Banaras|series=Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|orig-year=1994|page=1|isbn=9780521466257|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10f4uwzcosC|quote=As a place to die, to dispose of the physical remains of the deceased and to perform the rites which ensure that the departed attains a 'good state' after death, the north Indian city of Banaras attracts pilgrims and mourners from all over the Hindu world.}}
*{{cite book | last = Singh | first = Ravi Nandan | title = Dead in Banaras: An Ethnography of Funeral Travelling | year = 2022 | publisher = Oxford University Press |location = Oxford, UK | isbn = |quote = The present-day Banaras, at first sign, is a new place. Rightly so, the baton must then pass on to an all new chronicling of the place. Yet, a connecting link, as always, may come into play, between the book's time and other times of Banaras. Let me give an example of what such a connection might look like. Jonathan Parry (1994) in his classic ''Death in Banaras'' laments in the preface to the book that he could not incorporate the coming in of the electric crematorium in his descriptions of the funerary organization in Banaras. Two decades later into my fieldwork, I found that it is in part, the efficiency of the open-air, manual cremation that Parry so effectively captures in his book that explains how a promising symbol of industrial modernity, the electric crematorium, falls short of the typecast. In the years between his book and my fieldwork, the electric crematorium sat lonely and was sparingly used against the cheer of the always-on, busy, manual pyres whose flames continue to dot the scene of the ghats in a contrasting relief. In this above sense, I believe, Parry already provides us a portrait of the electric crematorium's social imaginary in Banaras. The question of the shift from wooden pyres to the electric crematorium is then not about competing technologies but that of ethics with which the dead are tended to amidst the assemblies of funeral travellers.}}</ref>{{efn|This is the case at the same time as traditions have been transformed in the face of modernisation, generational changes and emigration.<ref name=garces-foley-varanasi>{{citation|last=Garces-Foley|first=Kathleen|chapter=At the Intersection of Death and Religion|title=Death and Religion in a Changing World|editor-last=Garces-Foley|editor-first=Kathleen|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2022|edition=2|page=186|isbn=978-0-367-64930-2|doi=10.4324/9781003126997|quote=It is not uncommon for immigrants to discover that their long-established death practices are deemed unacceptable by civil authorities in their new home. We see this for example in the experiences of Sikhs and Hindus living in Sweden and the United States where open cremation pyres are not permitted. Market forces and social context also shape religious practices by limiting access to some goods and services while promoting others and offering new possibilities for action. ... The logistical difficulty of transporting a body from the United States or the UK to the auspicious city of Varanasi, India, for cremation is surmounted by entrepreneurial service providers who manage the process for Hindu customers.}}</ref><ref name=arnold-benares>{{citation|last=Arnold|first=David|title=Burning the Dead: Hindu Nationhood and the Global Construction of Indian Tradition|location=Oakland|publisher=University of California Press|year=2021|isbn=9780520379343|lccn=2020026923|page=11|quote=While Benares is undeniably central to the performance and perception of modern Indian cremation, that history cannot be told from Benares alone. Rather, ... the narrative needs to encompass colonial India’s two main metropolises, Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata), as well as the movement of Indians overseas and their memorialization abroad. ... The history of cremation in India is far more than the history of traditional rites and practices that it is conventionally taken to be—if tradition is assumed to mean “timeless” custom and immutable belief. On the contrary, cremation in modern India and across the South Asian diaspora is a history of contestation and change, of longing and denial, adaptation and innovation. India, too, has gifted to the world a modern cremation movement, though its meaning, form, and global resonance necessarily differed substantially from the Western cremation movement with which it was nearly contemporaneous.}}</ref>}} Located in the [[Gangetic plain|middle-Ganges valley]] in the southeastern part of the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], Varanasi lies on the left bank of the river. It is {{convert|692|km|mi|-1}} to the southeast of India's capital [[New Delhi]] and {{convert|320|km|mi|-1}} to the southeast of the state capital, [[Lucknow]]. It lies {{convert|121|km}} downstream of [[Prayagraj]], where the [[Triveni Sangam#Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj|confluence with the Yamuna river]] is another major [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site]].

Varanasi is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|world's oldest continually inhabited cities]].<ref name=chirico-banaras-5>{{citation|last=San Chirico|first=Kerry P. C.|chapter=Banaras|title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1|year=2012|editor1-last=Juergensmeyer|editor1-first=Mark|editor2-last=Roof|editor2-first=Wade Clark|pages=114–116|isbn=9780761927297|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Freitag |first=Sandria B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6FqVKJNCfQC&dq=Bhojpuri+region+banaras&pg=PA21 |title=Collective Action and Community: Public Arenas and the Emergence of Communalism in North India |date=1 January 1989 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06439-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Suniti Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui4hAAAAMAAJ&q=Banaras+center+Bhojpuri |title=Languages and Literatures of Modern India |date=1963 |publisher=Bengal Publishers |language=en}}</ref> Kashi, its ancient name, was associated with a [[Kāśī (kingdom)|kingdom of the same name]] in the first millennium BCE. The [[Lion capital of Ashoka]] at nearby [[Sarnath]] has been interpreted to be a commemoration of the Buddha's first [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|sermon]] there in the fifth century BCE.<ref name=fogelin-sarnath>{{cite book|last=Fogelin|first=Lars|title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=87–88|year=2015|isbn=978-0-1999-4821-5|quote= In some specific cases the symbolism does seem specifically Buddhist. The capital at Sarnath, for example, has four wheels carved on its drum (see Figure 3.4). Critically, this is the only Mauryan capital that includes wheel motifs. It seems unlikely that it is merely coincidental that the capital was located at Sarnath—the location of the Buddha’s first sermon, the place where the Buddha first turned the wheel of Dharma. Rather, it seems very likely that the wheel motif, at least at Sarnath, symbolized the wheel of Dharma in the specifically Buddhist sense of the term}}</ref><ref name=buddhar-britannica>{{citation|title=Encyclopaedia Britannica|chapter=Varanasi|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Varanasi|date=7 June 2022|access-date=1 November 2022|quote=It was the capital of the kingdom of Kashi during the time of the Buddha (6th century BCE), who gave his first sermon nearby at Sarnath.}}</ref> In the 8th century, [[Adi Shankara]] established the [[Shaivism|worship of Shiva]] as an official sect of Varanasi. [[Tulsidas]] wrote his [[Awadhi language]] epic, the ''[[Ramcharitmanas]]'', a [[Bhakti movement]] reworking of the Sanskrit [[Ramayana]], in Varanasi. Several other major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi, including [[Kabir]] and [[Ravidas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/spirit-kabir-took-ancient-ghats-benares|title=When the spirit of Kabir took over the ancient ghats of Benares|date=30 November 2019|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204144525/https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/culture/spirit-kabir-took-ancient-ghats-benares|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the 16th century, Rajput nobles in the service of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]], sponsored work on Hindu temples in the city in an empire-wide architectural style.<ref name="bose=todarmal-mansingh">{{cite book|last=Bose|first=Melia Belli|chapter=Royal Matronage and a Visual Vocabulary of Indian Queenship: Ahilyabai Holkar's Memorial Commissions|title=Women, Gender and Art in Asia, c. 1500–1900|editor-last=Bose|editor-first=Melia Belli|location = London and New York|publisher = Routledge|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZiMxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT81|year=2017|isbn=9781351536554 |quote=Each time prior to Aurangzeb's razing, the temple was rebuilt by prominent Rajputs, such as Raja Todar Mal (d. 1586), finance minister and high-ranking courtier to Mughal Emperor Akbar, in 1585. Although he did not sponsor the temple's rebuilding, among the Kashi Vishvanath's most illustrious donors is Raja Man Singh Kachhwaha of Amber, who commissioned several other temples and ghats in the vicinity. ... Raja Man Singh ... was also closely associated with the Mughal emperors Akbar and Jahangir, in whose armies and courts he served}}</ref><ref name=metcalf-imperial-projects>{{cite book|last=Metcalf|first=Barbara|chapter=Introduction|editor-last=Metcalf|editor-first=Barbara D.|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|location = Princeton and London|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1400831388 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C&pg=PA15|quote=As Catherine Asher has argued, the temples of a Hindu noble like the Rajput Man Singh, built with Mughal patronage, should be seen as 'imperial projects,' reflecting bonds between nobles and the king and making empire-wide architectural styles.}}</ref> In 1740, [[Benares State|Benares Estate]], a zamindari estate, was established in the vicinity of the city in the [[Mughal Empire]]'s semi-autonomous province of Awadh.<ref name="CABayly19882">{{cite book |last=Bayly |first=C. A. |author-link=Christopher Bayly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |date=19 May 1988 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |pages=17– |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134537/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the Treaty of Faizabad, the [[East India Company]] acquired Benares city in 1775.<ref name="bourke-burke-benares">{{citation|last=Bourke|first=Richard|title=Empire and Revolution: The Political Life of Edmund Burke|date=8 September 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6eeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA843|isbn=9780691145112|quote=Since 1724 Awadh, “in extent about the size of England,” had enjoyed effective autonomy as a quasi-independent province within the Mughal Empire. It came to terms with the British after the Battle of Buxar in 1764, finally signing up to the Treaty of Benares in 1773. This imposed on the Wazir of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daula, the obligation to accept troops stationed in his territory while paying a subsidy to the British for the privilege. The Wazir’s successor, Asaf-ud-Daula, agreed to increase this subsidy under the Treaty of Faizabad in 1775, at the same time ceding Benares to the Company.}}</ref><ref name="markovitz-benares">{{citation|last=Markovitz|first=Claude|chapter = Birth of the British Empire in India (1765–1818)|title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|date=24 September 2004|editor-last=Markovits|editor-first=Claude|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843311522|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA254|quote=In the face of the hostility of all the dynamic forces of the country, the threat of the Marathas looming large on the frontiers, Asaf could count henceforth only on the help of the English, who exerted themselves to use this tumultuous situation to the full. In exchange for their military protection, the ''nawab'' granted them as early as 1775 the control of the region of Benares, in addition to a substantial increase in indemnity.}}</ref> The city became a part of the Benares Division of [[British India]]'s [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]] in 1805, the [[North-Western Provinces]] in 1836, [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]] in 1902, and of the [[Republic of India]]'s state of Uttar Pradesh in 1950.<ref name="bayly-benares-division">{{citation|last=Bayly|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Bayly|title=Rulers, townsmen, and bazaars: north Indian society in the age of British expansion, 1770–1870| year=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl/page/n15/mode/2up?|pages=xii–xiii| isbn=9780521229326 |quote=In 1801 a large area of Awadh situated in the Doab and Rohilkhand were ceded to the British. It was added to districts conquered from the Marathas in 1803–4 around Delhi and Agra to form the 'Conquered and Ceded Provinces' of the British Bengal Presidency. The term 'Western Provinces' and later 'North-Western Provinces' came into gradual use to describe this area and the adjoining Benares Division; ... In 1856 the remaining 'Reserved Dominions' of the ruler of Awadh were annexed to become the British Province of Oudh under a Chief Commissioner. In 1901 the two provinces were amalgamated to become the United Province of Agra and Oudh.}}</ref>

The city has a syncretic tradition of Islamic artisanship that underpins its religious tourism.<ref name="combined-muslim-weaver">*{{cite book | last = Williams | first = Philippa | chapter = Working Narratives of Intercommunity Harmony in Varanasi's Silk Sari Industry| publisher = SAGE | title = Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh| date = 17 January 2019 |editor1-last=Jeffrey | editor1-first=Roger|editor2-last=Jeffrey | editor2-first = Craig | editor3-last=Lerche | editor3-first=Jens|isbn = 978-81-321-1663-9| pages = 211–238| quote = 'Varanasi … is the city where Hindus and Muslims … are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi (Varanasi) is so famous for (Puniyani, 2006).'(quoted) Varanasi is most often represented as a sacred Hindu pilgrimage centre (see Eck, 1983), as its social and cultural urban spaces have been often examined through the imagined and lived realities of Hinduism (Hertel and Humes, 1993; Parry, 1994; Singh and Rana, 2002). But it is also home to a sizeable Muslim population, which in 2001 comprised 30 per cent of the city’s residents, significantly more than the percentage of Muslims in UP (Census of India, 2001). Unlike the city’s majority Hindu inhabitants (63 per cent), who occupy a range of occupations in different economic sectors, Muslims in the city are predominantly involved in the production of silk fabrics, as well as other smaller artisanal industries (see Kumar, 1988). Muslims first settled in Varanasi in the eleventh century, when, following the defeat of an invading Muslim army, women, children and civilians were permitted to remain on the northern side of the city and serve the Hindu kings. Many learned the craft of weaving, incorporating their skills and designs into the fabrics. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, the French explorer and cultural anthropologist, visited Varanasi between 1660 and 1665 and reported that in the courtyard of a rest house in the Chowk area the trading of ''reshmi'' (silk) and ''suti'' (cotton) fabrics was taking place between Muslim ''karigars'' (artisans or craftsmen) and Hindu Mahajans (traders)}}
*{{citation | last = Puniyani | first = Ram | title = Tackling Terrorism – Varanasi, Jama Masjid Show the Way | date = 21 April 2006 | journal = CounterCurrents.Org|url = https://countercurrents.org/comm-puniyani210406.htm|quote = Varanasi, like many other cities of the country is the city where Hindus and Muslim of the city are interwoven like threads as in the lovely silk saris for which Kashi is so famous for. This town has hundreds and hundreds of Muslims artisans weaving the beautiful silk apparels, which are sold by the Hindu traders. This is also a city where on one hand we see the likes of Munshi Premchand, who wrote in Urdu as Nawab Rai and also crafted the acme of Hindi literature, which is not only progressive but is also a celebration of composite traditions of the country. This is also the city of the likes of Ustad Bismillah Khans, whose Shahanai begins with devotion to Hindu deities and hums the pleasant enchanting music into the ears of the whole nation. It is also the city which like most of the cities of the country, highlights the intercommunity amity in its most pleasant flavor.}}
*{{cite book| last = Mallet | first = Victor | title = River of Life, River of Death: The Ganges and India's Future| year = 2017 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, UK| isbn = 9780198786177|lccn = 2017939064|quote=Modi, however, went out of his way to court Varanasi’s Muslims—they account for nearly a quarter of the city’s 1.6 million voters—and to emphasize its multicultural, syncretic traditions when he was on the campaign trail in 2014. He praised not only Hindu but also Muslim cultural figures, including the musician Bismillah Khan, and said Khan was arguably the greatest symbol of Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb (Ganga-Yamuna culture), a riverine phrase often used to describe the intertwined Hindu-Muslim culture of north India where those two rivers flow. Modi also targeted the important Muslim community of sari weavers in the district of Lallapura. Varanasi’s silk wedding saris, lavishly designed and interwoven with gold thread, are much sought after by Indians from across the country and from overseas, and Modi promised to help the weavers acquire modern technology, quality raw materials and better marketing skills so they could compete with Chinese clothing manufacturers. ‘The weavers of Varanasi are an integral part of the city’s history', he wrote in a blog post on his nomination day. ‘It is my resolve to ensure that they stand on their own feet with pride and their future generations have a bright future.’ (pp. 51–52) An earlier great poet, son of Varanasi and symbol of north India’s syncretic traditions, was the fifteenth-century Kabir, whose pithy lines in Hindi are still much quoted today by Indians over social media. Again, the legends surrounding his life are confused. He may have been born into a low-caste Muslim community of weavers or been a Hindu by birth. But he famously mocked the priesthoods and the rituals of both Muslims and Hindus, even to the extent of deliberately leaving holy Varanasi to die in an obscure town, when most north Indians would be heading in the other direction and yearning to expire within the boundaries of the city to find salvation. His contempt for organized religion is reflected in the legend of his death: Hindu and Muslim devotees argued over who should claim the poet’s remains, but when the cloth covering his body was lifted, they found nothing underneath but a spray of flowers. (pp 60–61)}}
*{{citation |last=Kumar |first=Nita |title=The Artisans of Banaras: Popular Culture and Identity, 1880–1986 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZYrDgAAQBAJ |pages=15, 18, 137 |year=2017 |series=Princeton Legacy Library |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400886999 |quote=The simplicty of weavers' weddings is a contrast even to those of other Muslims, such as the Pathans. (p. 15) ... Contrary to the experience of most artisan production in modern times, the silk weaving industry has actually flourished, and remained the commercial backbone of the Hindu pilgrimage and religious centre of Banaras. (p. 18) The debate on how Muslims in other parts of South Asia adjust an "Islamic" identity with a territorial-cultural one which is heavily oriented towards local Hinduism is very instructive with regard to our material. The weaver of Banaras is as shaukeen a man as the Hindu and central to his life-style is the love of the outside, of akharas, and of music.(pp. 137–138)|orig-year=1988}}
*{{citation |last=San Chirico |first=Kerry P. C. |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion, Volume 1 |pages=114–116 |year=2012 |editor1-last=Juergensmeyer |editor1-first=Mark |chapter=Banaras |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B105DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |isbn=9780761927297 |quote=This was the period in which an enduring cultural imprint was made in ... the establishment of ''muhallas'' or neighborhoods that exist to this day, in the presence of Sufi shrines dotting the landscape, and in the creation of a singular syncretic culture ... Today Islam accounts for more than one-third of Varanasi city's population. There are as many Muslims here as there are Brahmans, the majority of whom are weavers. The relationship between the Muslims who weave Banaras's famous saris and the Hindus who sell them explains in part by historically there has been less communal tension here than in other cities throughout South Asia. |editor2-last=Roof |editor2-first=Wade Clark}}</ref>
[[Silk weaving in Varanasi|Silk weaving]], carpets, crafts and tourism employ a significant number of the local population, as do the [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] and [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]]. The city is known worldwide for its many [[Ghats in Varanasi|ghats]]—steps leading down the steep river bank to the water—where pilgrims perform rituals. Of particular note are the [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], the Panchganga Ghat, the [[Manikarnika Ghat]], and the Harishchandra Ghat, the last two being where Hindus cremate their dead. The [[Hindu genealogy registers at Varanasi]] are kept here. Among the notable [[List of Hindu temples in Varanasi|temples in Varanasi]] are the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] of [[Shiva]], the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]], and the [[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Temple]].

The city has long been an [[List of educational institutions in Varanasi|educational and musical centre]]: many prominent Indian philosophers, poets, writers, and musicians live or have lived in the city, and it was the place where the [[Benares gharana]] form of [[Hindustani classical music]] was developed. In the 20th century, the [[Hindi-Urdu]] writer [[Premchand]] and the [[shehnai]] player [[Bismillah Khan]] were associated with the city. India's oldest [[Sanskrit]] college, the [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Benares Sanskrit College]], was founded by [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]], the resident of the [[East India Company]] in 1791. Later, education in Benares was greatly influenced by the rise of [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalism]] in the late 19th century. [[Annie Besant]] founded the [[Central Hindu College]] in 1898. In 1916, she and [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] founded the [[Banaras Hindu University]], India's first modern residential university. [[Kashi Vidyapith]] was established in 1921, a response to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|non-cooperation movement]].

==Etymology==
Traditional etymology links "Varanasi" to the names of two Ganges tributaries forming the city's borders: [[Varuna River|Varuna]], still flowing in northern Varanasi, and Assi, today a small stream in the southern part of the city, near [[Assi Ghat]]. The old city is located on the north shores of the Ganges, bounded by Varuna and Assi.{{Sfn|Cunningham|Sastri|2002|pp=131–140}}

In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and in ancient India, the city is referred to as Kāśī from the Sanskrit verbal root ''kaś-'' "to shine", making Varanasi known as "City of Light",{{Sfn|Eck|1982|p=10, 58, refers to "Banares – which Hindus call Kashi, the City of Light" (p. 10) and "Hindus call it Kashi, the luminous City of Light" (p. 58).}}<ref name=chirico-banaras-3/> the "''luminous city as an eminent seat of learning''".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Geography of the Rigveda |url=http://voi.org/books/rig/ch4.htm |last=Talageri |first=Shrikant G. |access-date=4 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808193234/http://voi.org/books/rig/ch4.htm |archive-date=8 August 2011}}</ref> The name was also used by pilgrims dating from Buddha's days.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Kashi is still widely popular.

Hindu religious texts use many epithets in [[Sanskrit]] to refer to Varanasi, such as ''Kāśikā'' ({{translation|"the shining one"}}), ''Avimukta'' ({{translation|"never forsaken by Shiva"}}), ''Ānaṃdakānana'' ({{translation|"the forest of bliss"}}), ''Rudravāsa'' ({{translation|"the place where [[Rudra]] resides"}}), and ''Mahāśmaśāna'' ({{translation|"the great cremation ground"}}).<ref name="Varanasi: About the city">{{cite web|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/about.htm|title=Varanasi: About the city|access-date=23 May 2013|publisher=Official website of Uttar Pradesh Tourism|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708043803/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/about.htm|archive-date=8 July 2013}}</ref>

==History==
===Mythology===
According to [[Hindu mythology]], Varanasi was founded by [[Shiva]],{{sfn|Melton|2007|p=29}} one of [[Trimurti|three principal deities]] along with [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]]. During a conflict between Brahma and Shiva, one of Brahma's five heads was torn off by Shiva. As was the custom, the victor carried the slain adversary's head in his hand and let it hang down from his hand as an act of ignominy, and a sign of his own bravery. A bridle was also put into the mouth. Shiva thus dishonoured Brahma's head, and kept it with him at all times. When he came to the city of Varanasi in this state, the hanging head of Brahma dropped from Shiva's hand and disappeared in the ground. Varanasi is therefore considered an extremely holy site.<ref>[[Edward Sachau]], 1910, [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_002/pages/ldpd_5949073_002_00000155.html ''Alberuni's India''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145703/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/digital/collections/cul/texts/ldpd_5949073_002/pages/ldpd_5949073_002_00000155.html |date=3 March 2018}}, p. 147, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.</ref>

The [[Pandava]]s, the protagonists of the [[Indian epic poetry|Hindu epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]'', are said to have visited the city in search of Shiva to atone for their sins of [[fratricide]] and [[Brāhmanahatya|brahmahatya]] that they had committed during the [[Kurukshetra War]].{{Sfn|Bansal|2008|pp=48–49}} It is regarded as one of seven holy cities (''[[Sapta Puri]]'') which can provide [[Moksha]]; [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]], [[Haridwar]], Kashi (Varanasi), [[Kanchipuram]], [[Ujjain|Avanti]], and [[Dvārakā]] are the seven cities known as the givers of liberation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu18.htm|title=''Garuḍa Purāṇa'' XVI 114|access-date=9 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026112418/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu18.htm|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> The princesses [[Characters in the Mahabharata|Ambika and Ambalika]] of Kashi were wed to the [[Hastinapur]] ruler [[Vichitravirya]], and they later gave birth to [[Pandu]] and [[Dhritarashtra]]. [[Bhima]], a son of Pandu, married a Kashi princess [[Valandhara]] and their union resulted in the birth of Sarvaga, who later ruled Kashi. Dhritarasthra's eldest son [[Duryodhana]] also married a Kashi princess Bhanumati, who later bore him a son [[Lakshmana Kumara]] and a daughter Lakṣmaṇā.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Kashi Varanasi - Sannidhi The Presence |url=https://sannidhi.net/kashi-varanasi/ |access-date=19 April 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Dīgha Nikāya#Suttas of the Digha Nikaya|Cakkavatti Sīhanāda Sutta]] text of [[Buddhism]] puts forth an idea stating that Varanasi will one day become the fabled kingdom of [[Ketumati]] in the time of [[Maitreya]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana |title=Where the Buddha Walked: A Companion to the Buddhist Places of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8sKAAAAYAAJ |publisher=Indica Books |year=2003 |page=123 |isbn=9788186569368 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134525/https://books.google.com/books?id=X8sKAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Ancient period===
Excavations in 2014 led to the discovery of artefacts dating back to 800 BCE. Further excavations at Aktha and [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]], two sites in the vicinity of the city, unearthed artefacts dating back to 1800 BCE, supporting the view that the area was inhabited by this time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/banaras-inde-new-archaeological-excavations-are-going-on-to-determine-the-age-of-varanasi.html|title=Banaras (Inde): new archaeological excavations are going on to determine the age of Varanasi|access-date=22 May 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725052033/http://www.archeolog-home.com/pages/content/banaras-inde-new-archaeological-excavations-are-going-on-to-determine-the-age-of-varanasi.html|archive-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>

During the time of [[Gautama Buddha]], Varanasi was part of the [[Kingdom of Kashi]].{{Sfn| Pletcher|2010|pp=159–160}} The celebrated Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]], also known as Hiuen Tsiang, who visited the city around 635 CE, attested that the city was a centre of religious and artistic activities, and that it extended for about {{convert|5|km|mi}} along the western bank of the Ganges.{{Sfn| Pletcher|2010|pp=159–160}}{{Sfn|Berwick|1986|p=121}} When Xuanzang visited Varanasi in the 7th century, he named it "Polonise" ({{Lang-zh|c=婆羅痆斯|p=Póluó niè sī|l=Brahma}}) and wrote that the city had some 30 temples with about 30 monks.{{Sfn|Eck|1982|p=57}} The city's religious importance continued to grow in the 8th century, when [[Adi Shankara]] established the [[Shaivism|worship of Shiva]] as an official sect of Varanasi.{{Sfn|Bindloss|Brown|Elliott|2007|p=278}}

===Medieval period===
[[File:Kabir004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Kabir]], a 15th-century Indian mystic poet and saint]]

In 1033 CE, Varanasi faced its first Islamic incursion when Ahmad Nialtagin, a subordinate of [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Mahmud Ghazni]], launched a sudden raid on the city. His forces plundered markets and looted gold, silver, jewels, and perfumes but retreated by mid-day due to the threat of local resistance. Although Hindu temples were partially destroyed, the damage was limited as the army stayed briefly.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Waiting for Shiva: unearthing the truth of Kashi's Gyan Vapi |date=2024 |publisher=BluOne Ink Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-967375-9-7 |location=Noida}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans |date=1996 |title=Construction and Reconstruction of Sacred Space in Vārānasī |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1568527962598368 |journal=Numen |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=32–55 |doi=10.1163/1568527962598368 |issn=0029-5973|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The following year, in 1034–35 CE, Mahmud's nephew [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud|Syed Salar Masud]] sought to expand Islamic influence in India. Malik Afzal Alavi led a section of his army to Varanasi but was defeated in a fierce battle near the modern-day site of Masjid-e-Ganj-e-Shahidan by local forces, possibly under the Kalachuri ruler Gangeyadeva. Despite the military leader's death, his followers were allowed to settle in the northern forests of Varanasi, creating a settlement named Alavipura (modern-day Alai Pura), inhabited by Muslim weavers and featuring shrines honouring these invaders.<ref name=":02" />{{sfn|Sukul|1974|p=153}}

[[Chandradeva]], founder of the [[Gahadavala]] dynasty made Banaras a second capital in 1090.<ref name="sen">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=32–3}}</ref> In 1194 CE, the [[Ghurid]] conqueror [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muizzuddin Muhammad Ghuri]] defeated the forces of [[Jayachandra]] in a battle [[Battle of Chandawar|near Jamuna]] and afterwards ravaged the city of Varnasi in the course of which many temples were destroyed.<ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=Medieval India:800-1700|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|page=71|quote=In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed|language=en|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204403/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Varanasi remained a centre of activity for intellectuals and theologians during the Middle Ages, which further contributed to its reputation as a cultural centre of religion and education. Several major figures of the Bhakti movement were born in Varanasi, including [[Kabir]] who was born here in 1389,{{Sfn|Das|1991|p=17}} and [[Ravidas]], a 15th-century socio-religious reformer, mystic, poet, traveller, and spiritual figure, who was born and lived in the city and employed in the tannery industry.{{Sfn|Merriam-Webster|1999|p=910}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/SriGuruGranthSahib-LineByLineDevanagariEnglishTranslation_949/page/n2484 | title=Sri Guru Granth Sahib - Line by Line Devanagari English Translation }}</ref>

===Early Modern to Modern periods (1500–1949)===
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Benares A Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest spot in the sacred city by James Prinsep 1832.jpg|A lithograph by James Prinsep of a Brahmin placing a garland on the holiest location in the city
File:On The River Benares ca 1883.jpg|A painting by [[Edwin Lord Weeks|Lord Weeks]] (1883) of Varanasi, viewed from the Ganges
File:Bathing Ghat Banaras India 1890.jpg|An illustration (1890) of a bathing ghat in Varanasi
File:Silver Rupee of the Bengal Presidency, struck in Muhammadabad Benaras, in the name of Mughal emperor Shah Alam II.jpg|Silver Rupee of the Bengal Presidency, struck in Muhammadabad Benaras, in the name of Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]].
</gallery>

Numerous eminent scholars and preachers visited the city from across India and South Asia. [[Guru Nanak]] visited Varanasi for [[Maha Shivaratri]] in 1507. Kashi (Varanasi) played a large role in the founding of [[Sikhism]].{{Sfn|Gandhi|2007|p=90}}

In 1567 or thereabouts, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar|Jallaludin Muhammad Akbar]] sacked the city of Varanasi on his march from Allahabad (modern-day [[Prayagraj]]).<ref>{{Cite book|author=S. Roy|chapter=AKBAR|editor=[[R. C. Majumdar]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHpDAAAAYAAJ|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Mughal empire|date=1974|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=119–120|quote=Akbar then marched to Allahabad and onto Banaras which was sacked because it closes its gates against him|language=en|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134515/https://books.google.com/books?id=kHpDAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> However, later the [[Kachwaha]] Rajput rulers of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amber]] (Mughal vassals themselves) most notably under [[Man Singh I|Raja Man Singh]] rebuilt various temples and [[ghat]]s in the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|pages=493–495|quote=Among the architectural legacies left by Man Singh are the palaces within Amber fort, Man Mandir, Man Chat and Sarovar Ghat at Varanasi, the Govind Dev temple at Vrindaban, and temples at Pushkar, Manpur, Puri, etc. He also built forts at Salimpur (Bengal), Manihari (Bihar), Ramgarh (Dhoondhar), founded the towns of Akbarnagar (Rajmahal), Manpur (near Gaya), and the small township of Baikunthpur (now called Baikathpur, in Bihar's Patna district), and carried out massive repairs and fresh construction, including of palaces, at the fort of Rohtas|title=A history of Rajasthan|year=2006| publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-8129108906|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Raja of [[Jaipur]] established the Annapurna Mandir, and the {{convert|200|m|adj=on}} Akbari Bridge was also completed during this period.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=182}} The earliest tourists began arriving in the city during the 16th century.{{Sfn|Prakash|1981|p=170}} In 1665, the French traveller [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] described the architectural beauty of the Vindu Madhava temple on the bank of the Ganges. The road infrastructure was also improved during this period. It was extended from [[Kolkata]] to [[Peshawar]] by Emperor [[Sher Shah Suri]]; later during the [[British Raj]] it came to be known as the famous [[Grand Trunk Road]]. In 1656, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] ordered the destruction of many temples and the building of mosques, causing the city to experience a temporary setback.{{Sfn|Berwick|1986|p=121}} However, after Aurangzeb's death, most of India was ruled by a confederacy of pro-[[Hindu king]]s. Much of modern Varanasi was built during this time, especially during the 18th century by the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and [[Bhumihar]] rulers.{{Sfn|Schreitmüller|2012|p=284}} The kings governing Varanasi continued to wield power and importance through much of the British Raj period, including the Maharaja of Benares, or simply called by the people of Benares as [[Benares State|Kashi Naresh]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC&pg=PA124 |title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide |date=2002 |publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited |isbn=978-81-87780-04-5 |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2022 |title=When Kashi Naresh suggested India establish Varanasi as a free city, like the Vatican |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/features/when-kashi-naresh-suggested-independent-india-establish-varanasi-as-a-free-city-like-the-vatican-9024981.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Benaras State|Kingdom of Benares]] was given official status by the Mughals in 1737, and the kingdom started in this way and continued as a dynasty-governed area until Indian independence in 1947, during the reign of [[Vibhuti Narayan Singh]]. In the 18th century, [[Muhammad Shah]] ordered the construction of an observatory on the Ganges, attached to Man Mandir Ghat, designed to discover imperfections in the calendar in order to revise existing astronomical tables. Tourism in the city began to flourish in the 18th century.{{Sfn|Prakash|1981|p=170}} As the Mughal suzerainty weakened, the Benares zamindari estate became Banaras State, thus [[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]] of the [[Narayan dynasty]] regained control of the territories and declared himself Maharaja of Benares in 1740.<ref name="CABayly1988">{{cite book |first=C. A. |last=Bayly |author-link=Christopher Bayly |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |date=19 May 1988 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-31054-3 |pages=17– |access-date=7 June 2021 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134537/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The strong clan organisation on which they rested, brought success to the lesser known [[Hindu]] princes.<ref name="Bayly 1983 489 at p 18">{{Cite book | first = Christopher Alan | last = Bayly | author-link = Christopher Alan Bayly | title = Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870 | url = https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl | url-access = registration | publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | year = 1983 | isbn = 978-0-521-31054-3 | page = [https://archive.org/details/rulerstownsmenba0000bayl/page/489 489] (at p 18)}}</ref> There were as many as 100,000 men backing the power of the [[Benares]] rajas in what later became the districts of [[Benares]], [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]] and [[Azamgarh]].<ref name="Bayly 1983 489 at p 18"/> This proved a decisive advantage when the [[dynasty]] faced a rival and the nominal suzerain, the [[Nawab of Oudh]], in the 1750s and the 1760s.<ref name="Bayly 1983 489 at p 18"/>
[[File:Chait Singh of Benares.jpg|thumb|180px|Raja [[Chait Singh]] of Benares State (r.1771–1781)]]
An exhausting [[guerrilla war]], waged by the [[Benares]] ruler against the [[Oudh]] camp, using his troops, forced the [[Nawab]] to withdraw his main force.<ref name="Bayly 1983 489 at p 18"/> The region was eventually ceded by the [[Nawab of Oudh]] to the [[Benares State]], a subordinate of the [[East India Company]], in 1775, who recognised Benares as a family dominion.<ref name="Benares Princely State">[http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/benares.html Benares (Princely State)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221030606/http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/benares.html |date=21 February 2006 }} – A Document about Maharajas of Varanasi</ref><ref>[[Charles Umpherston Aitchison|Aitchison, Charles Umpherston]] (1857). "Translation of the Proposed Articles of the Treaty with the Nabob Ausuf-ul-Dowla,— 21st May 1775: Article 5". ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32432/page/n147/mode/2up?view=theater A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads]''. Vol. 2. Delhi: Mittal Publications. p. 107. Retrieved 23 April 2022. <q>the English Company shall, after one month and a half from the date of this Treaty, take upon them the sovereignty and possession of the districts under Rajah Cheyt Sing, as hereunder specified, viz- Sircar Benares</q></ref> In 1791 under the rule of the British, resident [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Jonathan Duncan]] founded a [[Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi|Sanskrit College in Varanasi]].{{Sfn|Real Corp|2007}} In 1867, the establishment of the Varanasi Municipal Board led to significant improvements in the city's infrastructure and basic amenities of health services, drinking water supply and sanitation.{{Sfn|Kochhar|2015|p=247}}

Rev. [[M. A. Sherring]] in his book ''The Sacred City of Hindus: An account of Benaras in ancient and modern times'' published in 1868 refers to a census conducted by [[James Prinsep]] and put the total number of temples in the city to be around 1000 during 1830s. He writes,<ref name="MAS">{{cite book |author1=Matthew Atmore Sherring |title=The Sacred City of the Hindus An Account of Benares in Ancient and Modern Times |publisher=Trübner & Company |location=London |page=41 |edition=First |chapter=3}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The history of a country is sometimes epitomised in the history of one of its principal cities. The city of Benaras represents India religiously and intellectually, just as Paris represents the political Sentiments of France. There are few cities in the world of greater antiquity, and none that have so uninterruptedly maintained their ancient celebrity and distinction.}}

Author [[Mark Twain]] wrote in 1897 of Varanasi,{{Sfn|Twain|1897|p=Chapter L}}

{{Blockquote|Benares is older than history, older than tradition, older even than legend, and looks twice as old as all of them put together.}}

Benares became a princely state in 1911,<ref name="Benares Princely State"/> with [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] as its capital, but with no jurisdiction over the city proper. The religious head, Kashi Naresh, has had his headquarters at the [[Ramnagar Fort]] since the 18th century, also a repository of the history of the kings of Varanasi, which is situated to the east of Varanasi, across the Ganges.<ref name="A review of Varanasi">{{cite web |url=http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/02/02/stories/2004020200050300.htm |title=A review of Varanasi |publisher=Blonnet.com |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924092518/http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/02/02/stories/2004020200050300.htm |archive-date=24 September 2009}}</ref> The Kashi Naresh is deeply revered by the local people and the chief cultural patron; some devout inhabitants consider him to be the incarnation of Shiva.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}}

[[Annie Besant]] founded the [[Central Hindu School|Central Hindu College]], which later became a foundation for the creation of [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1916. Besant founded the college because she wanted "to bring men of all religions together under the ideal of brotherhood in order to promote Indian cultural values and to remove ill-will among different sections of the Indian population."{{Sfn|Sharma|Sharma|2001|p=197}}

Varanasi was ceded to the Union of India in 1947, becoming part of [[Uttar Pradesh]] after Indian independence.<ref name=Varun /> Vibhuti Narayan Singh incorporated his territories into the United Provinces in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttar Pradesh – The British period|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh|access-date=31 August 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401072447/https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
Majaraja of Benares and Suite, 1870s.jpg|Maharaja of Benares, 1870s
Benares (Baedeker, 1914).jpg|Map of the city, c. 1914
Benares - riverfront - edit LCCN2004707379.jpg|An 1895 photograph of the Varanasi riverfront
20160628 021143293 iOS.jpg|The lanes of Varanasi are bathed in a plethora of colours.
</gallery>

=== 21st-century ===
[[Narendra Modi]], prime minister of India since 2014, has represented [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] in the [[Parliament of India]] since [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]. Modi inaugurated the Shri Kashi Vishwanath Corridor project, which aimed to enhance the city's spiritual vibrancy by connecting many ghats to the temple of Kashi Vishwanath, in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 December 2021|title=Kashi Vishwanath Corridor {{!}} A Look At Varanasi's Transformation Under PM Modi|language=en-GB|work=outlook india|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-a-look-at-varanasis-transformation-under-pm-modi/404904|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=13 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213114508/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-kashi-vishwanath-corridor-a-look-at-varanasis-transformation-under-pm-modi/404904/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography and climate==

===Geography===
Varanasi is located at an elevation of {{Convert|80.71|m}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm|title=DEO Varanasi|work=Tourist Information: General Information|publisher=Varanasi District Administration by National Informatics Centre |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628050118/http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref> in the centre of the Ganges valley of [[North India]], in the Eastern part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, along the left crescent-shaped bank of the Ganges, averaging between {{convert|50|ft|order=flip}} and {{convert|70|ft|order=flip}} above the river.{{Sfn|Mohanty|1993|p=316}} The city is the headquarters of [[Varanasi district]]. By road, Varanasi is located {{convert|797|km}} south-east of [[New Delhi]], {{convert|320|km}} south-east of [[Lucknow]], {{convert|121|km}} east of [[Prayagraj]], {{convert|63|km}} south of [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]<ref name="GM">{{cite map|title= Maps|publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref> and {{convert|51|km}} north-east of [[Mirzapur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varanasi to Mirzapur |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Varanasi,+Uttar+Pradesh/Mirzapur,+Uttar+Pradesh/@25.2371501,82.5898665,51660m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m15!4m14!1m5!1m1!1s0x398e2db76febcf4d:0x68131710853ff0b5!2m2!1d82.9739144!2d25.3176452!1m5!1m1!1s0x398fc1ca0ad8cfb5:0xd0218588b2986e11!2m2!1d82.5644344!2d25.1336987!3e9!5i2?entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDkwMy4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Varanasi to Mirzapur |language=en}}</ref> The "Varanasi Urban Agglomeration" – an agglomeration of seven urban sub-units – covers an area of {{cvt|112|km2}}.<ref name=heritageUNESCO>{{cite web |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46RanaSingh.pdf |title=Varanasi as Heritage City (India) on the scale the UNESCO World Heritage List: From Contestation to Conservation |access-date=18 August 2006 |last=Singh |first=Rana P.B. |work=EASAS papers |publisher=Swedish South Asian Studies Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102421/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46RanaSingh.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref>

Neighbourhoods of the city include [[Adampur, Varanasi|Adampur]], Anandbagh, Bachchhaon, Bangali Tola, [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelpura, Bulanala]], Chaitganj, Chaukaghat, Chowk, Dhupchandi, Dumraon, Gandhinagar, Gautam Nagar, Giri Nagar, Gopal Vihar, Guru Nanak Nagar, Jaitpura, Kail Garh, Khanna, Kotwali, Lanka Manduadih, Luxa, Maheshpur, Mahmoorganj, Maulvibagh, Nagwar, Naipokhari, Shivala, Siddhagiribagh, and [[Sigra]].<ref name="GM" />

Located in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]s of North India, the land is very fertile because low-level floods in the Ganges continually replenish the soil.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indo-Gangetic-Plain|title=Indo-Gangetic Plain|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226134743/https://www.britannica.com/place/Indo-Gangetic-Plain|url-status=live}}</ref> Varanasi is situated between the Ganges confluences with two rivers: the Varuna and the Assi stream. The distance between the two confluences is around {{convert|4|km|mi|order=flip|0}}, and serves as a sacred journeying route for Hindus, which culminates with a visit to a Sakshi Vinayak Temple.{{Sfn|Kishore|2008|p=65}}

===Climate===
Varanasi experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cwa'') with large variations between summer and winter temperatures.{{Sfn|Singh|1975|p=4}}{{Sfn|Pandey|1989|p=13}} The dry summer starts in April and lasts until June, followed by the monsoon season from July to October. The temperature ranges between {{convert|22|and|46|C|F|0}} in the summers. Winters in Varanasi see very large [[diurnal cycle|diurnal]] variations, with warm days and downright cold nights. Cold waves from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region cause temperatures to dip across the city in the winter from December to February and temperatures below {{convert|5|C|F|0|abbr=on}} are not uncommon. The average annual rainfall is {{convert|1110|mm|in|abbr=on}}. Fog is common in the winters, while hot dry winds, called [[Loo (wind)|loo]], blow in the summers.{{Sfn|Singh|Rana|2002|p=27}} In recent years, the water level of the Ganges has decreased significantly; upstream dams, unregulated water extraction, and dwindling glacial sources due to global warming may be to blame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aninews.in/newsdetail2/story39530/is-river-ganges-drying-in-varanasi.html |title=Is River Ganges drying in Varanasi |publisher=Aninews.in |access-date=3 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512213923/http://aninews.in/newsdetail2/story39530/is-river-ganges-drying-in-varanasi.html |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/ganges-receding-despite-rainfall/story-e6frg6so-1226066738979 |work=The Australian |title=Ganges receding despite rainfall |date=1 June 2011}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Varanasi (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 32.5
| Feb record high C = 36.1
| Mar record high C = 41.5
| Apr record high C = 45.3
| May record high C = 47.2
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 45.0
| Aug record high C = 40.1
| Sep record high C = 39.8
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 37.1
| Dec record high C = 32.8
| year record high C = 47.2
| Jan high C = 21.9
| Feb high C = 26.7
| Mar high C = 32.8
| Apr high C = 38.9
| May high C = 40.4
| Jun high C = 38.5
| Jul high C = 33.8
| Aug high C = 33.1
| Sep high C = 33.1
| Oct high C = 32.5
| Nov high C = 29.2
| Dec high C = 24.1
| year high C = 32.1
| Jan low C = 9.0
| Feb low C = 12.4
| Mar low C = 16.7
| Apr low C = 22.1
| May low C = 25.9
| Jun low C = 27.8
| Jul low C = 26.6
| Aug low C = 26.2
| Sep low C = 25.3
| Oct low C = 20.9
| Nov low C = 14.5
| Dec low C = 10.1
| year low C = 19.7
| Jan record low C = 1.0
| Feb record low C = 1.7
| Mar record low C = 6.7
| Apr record low C = 11.1
| May record low C = 17.3
| Jun record low C = 20.5
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 20.4
| Sep record low C = 16.4
| Oct record low C = 11.7
| Nov record low C = 5.0
| Dec record low C = 2.2
| year record low C = 1.0
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 16.3
| Feb rain mm = 21.7
| Mar rain mm = 10.8
| Apr rain mm = 7.3
| May rain mm = 13.8
| Jun rain mm = 100.8
| Jul rain mm = 265.2
| Aug rain mm = 282.9
| Sep rain mm = 224.5
| Oct rain mm = 33.0
| Nov rain mm = 5.5
| Dec rain mm = 3.9
| year rain mm = 985.9
| Jan rain days = 1.5
| Feb rain days = 1.7
| Mar rain days = 1.2
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 1.4
| Jun rain days = 5.2
| Jul rain days = 12.3
| Aug rain days = 12.9
| Sep rain days = 8.6
| Oct rain days = 1.9
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 48.1
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 65
| Feb humidity = 52
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 28
| May humidity = 32
| Jun humidity = 51
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 78
| Oct humidity = 71
| Nov humidity = 69
| Dec humidity = 70
| year humidity = 59
| Jan sun = 232.5
| Feb sun = 240.1
| Mar sun = 291.4
| Apr sun = 294.0
| May sun = 300.7
| Jun sun = 234.0
| Jul sun = 142.6
| Aug sun = 189.1
| Sep sun = 195.0
| Oct sun = 257.3
| Nov sun = 261.0
| Dec sun = 210.8
| year sun =
| Jand sun = 7.5
| Febd sun = 8.5
| Mard sun = 9.4
| Aprd sun = 9.8
| Mayd sun = 9.7
| Jund sun = 7.8
| Juld sun = 4.6
| Augd sun = 6.1
| Sepd sun = 6.5
| Octd sun = 8.3
| Novd sun = 8.7
| Decd sun = 6.8
| yeard sun = 7.8
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]] (sun 1971–2000)<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 779–82
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M224
| access-date = 1 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDsun>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20%26%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf
| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India
| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M-3
| access-date = 1 March 2020
| url-status = live
}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
| source =
| Jan uv = 6
| Feb uv = 7
| Mar uv = 10
| Apr uv = 11
| May uv = 12
| Jun uv = 12
| Jul uv = 12
| Aug uv = 12
| Sep uv = 11
| Oct uv = 8
| Nov uv = 6
| Dec uv = 5
| source 2 = Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web
| url = https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/varanasi-climate
| title = Climate and monthly weather forecast Varanasi, India
| publisher = Weather Atlas
| access-date = 28 June 2022
| archive-date = 24 October 2022
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221024154411/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/varanasi-climate
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[Varanasi Airport]] (1991–2020, extremes 1952–2012)
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| collapsed = Yes
| Jan record high C = 32.3
| Feb record high C = 35.8
| Mar record high C = 42.4
| Apr record high C = 46.7
| May record high C = 46.8
| Jun record high C = 48.0
| Jul record high C = 43.9
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 42.3
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Nov record high C = 35.3
| Dec record high C = 32.7
| year record high C = 48.0
| Jan high C = 22.2
| Feb high C = 26.9
| Mar high C = 33.3
| Apr high C = 39.3
| May high C = 40.7
| Jun high C = 38.9
| Jul high C = 34.3
| Aug high C = 33.3
| Sep high C = 33.4
| Oct high C = 33.1
| Nov high C = 29.7
| Dec high C = 24.4
| year high C = 32.5
| Jan low C = 8.9
| Feb low C = 12.2
| Mar low C = 16.5
| Apr low C = 21.9
| May low C = 25.7
| Jun low C = 27.5
| Jul low C = 26.5
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 25.2
| Oct low C = 21.0
| Nov low C = 14.8
| Dec low C = 10.2
| year low C = 19.8
| Jan record low C = 0.3
| Feb record low C = 2.4
| Mar record low C = 4.0
| Apr record low C = 11.4
| May record low C = 17.8
| Jun record low C = 14.3
| Jul record low C = 21.4
| Aug record low C = 21.5
| Sep record low C = 19.1
| Oct record low C = 8.9
| Nov record low C = 4.3
| Dec record low C = 2.3
| year record low C = 0.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14.2
| Feb rain mm = 19.3
| Mar rain mm = 9.4
| Apr rain mm = 10.3
| May rain mm = 16.7
| Jun rain mm = 108.8
| Jul rain mm = 293.7
| Aug rain mm = 259.3
| Sep rain mm = 206.9
| Oct rain mm = 30.6
| Nov rain mm = 4.8
| Dec rain mm = 2.7
| year rain mm = 976.8
| Jan rain days = 1.4
| Feb rain days = 1.5
| Mar rain days = 0.8
| Apr rain days = 0.8
| May rain days = 1.6
| Jun rain days = 5.3
| Jul rain days = 12.5
| Aug rain days = 12.4
| Sep rain days = 8.5
| Oct rain days = 1.8
| Nov rain days = 0.4
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 47.3
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 52
| Mar humidity = 36
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 30
| Jun humidity = 49
| Jul humidity = 73
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 76
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 66
|year humidity =
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/><ref name="IMDcityextremes2" />
}}Varanasi has been ranked 9th best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in Uttar Pradesh}}
According to provisional data from the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], the Varanasi urban agglomeration had a population of 1,435,113, with 761,060 men and 674,053 women.<ref name=uastats>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 July 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date = 13 November 2011 | df = dmy-all}}</ref> The Varanasi municipal corporation and CB had a combined population of 1,212,610 of which 642,882 were males and 569,728 in 2011. The population in the age group of 0 to 6 years was 137,111.<ref name="urban">Varanasi City: —{{cite web |title=Census of India: Varanasi M. Corp |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=236923 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506191523/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=236923 |url-status=live }} —{{cite web |title=Census of India: Varanasi CB |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=236909 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=10 February 2021 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506195301/https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=236909 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The population of the Varanasi urban agglomeration in 2001 was 1,371,749 with a ratio of 879 females every 1,000 males.<ref name=censusmillioncities>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population of more than one million in 2001|access-date=18 August 2006|date=25 July 2001|work=Census of India 2001 (Provisional)|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html|archive-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> However, the area under [[Varanasi Nagar Nigam]] has a population of 1,100,748<ref name=uptownscensus1>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Population, Population in the age group 0–6 and literates by sex – Urban Agglomeration/Town: 2001 |access-date=17 August 2006|work=Census of India 2001 (Provisional) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |pages=53–4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html |archive-date=23 December 2006}}</ref> with a ratio of 883 females for every 1,000 males.<ref name=uptownscensus1 /> The literacy rate in the urban agglomeration is 77% while that in the municipal corporation area is 78%.<ref name=uptownscensus1 /> Approximately 138,000 people in the municipal area live in slums.<ref name=censusmillionslums>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Slum Population in Million Plus Cities (Municipal Corporations): Part A |access-date=18 August 2006 |date=22 January 2002 |work=Census of India 2001 (Provisional) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223112810/http://www.censusindia.net/results/slum1_m_plus.html |archive-date=23 December 2006}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in Varanasi}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Varanasi City (2011).<ref>{{cite web
|title = C-01 Population By Religious Community – Uttar Pradesh
|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS
|publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India
|access-date = 27 September 2019
|archive-date = 27 September 2015
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150927145844/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|value1 = 70.11
|color1 = DarkOrange
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|value2 = 28.82
|color2 = Green
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|value3 = 0.34
|color3 = Blue
|label4 = [[Sikhism]]
|value4 = 0.22
|color4 = Yellow
|label5 = [[Jainism]]
|value5 = 0.12
|color5 = Brown
|label6 = [[Buddhism]]
|value6 = 0.04
|color6 = Gold
|label7 = Other or Not stated
|value7 = 0.35
|color7 = Black
}}
[[Hinduism]] is predominantly followed in Varanasi with [[Islam]] being the largest minority. Nearly 70% of the population follows Hinduism. The city also agglomerate different religions such as Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism. The city is also a centre for Buddhist pilgrimage. At [[Sarnath]], just northeast of Varanasi, the Buddha gave his first teaching ([[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]) after attaining [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]]. According to the [[Buddhavaṃsa]], a hagiographical Buddhist text, Varanasi is stated to have been the birthplace of the previous Buddha, known as [[Kassapa Buddha]].

In the sacred geography of India Varanasi is known as the "microcosm of India".{{Sfn|Jacobsen|2013|p=136}} In addition to its 3,300 Hindu religious places, Varanasi has 12 churches, three Jain mandirs, nine Buddhist shrines, three Gurdwaras (Sikh shrines), and 1,388 Muslim holy places.{{Sfn|Singh|2009|p=32}}

===Languages===
{{pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages in Varanasi Municipal Corporation and Cantonment Board area, 2011 Census<ref name="censusindia.C-16">{{citation |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |title=C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level), Uttar Pradesh |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603091405/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|value1 = 83.87 
|label1 = Hindi
|color1 = Orange
|value3 = 4.81 
|label3 = Bhojpuri
|color3 = Yellow
|value2 = 9.03 
|label2 = Urdu
|color2 = Green
|value4 = 0.92 
|label4 = Bengali
|color4 = blue
|value5 = 1.37 
|label5 = Others
|color5 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 83.87% of the population of Varansi Municipal Corporation and Cantonment Board spoke [[Hindi]], 9.03% [[Urdu]], 4.81% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], and 0.92% [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as their first language.<ref name="censusindia.C-16"/>

==Administration and politics==
=== Administration ===
====General administration====
[[Varanasi division]] which consists of four districts, and is headed by the [[Divisional Commissioner]] of Varanasi, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]] of high seniority, the [[Divisional Commissioner|Commissioner]] is the head of local government institutions (including Municipal Corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division.<ref name="Government of Uttar Pradesh">{{Cite web|url=http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|title=CONSTITUTIONAL SETUP|website=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831000649/http://up.gov.in/upconstitution.aspx|archive-date=31 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S. R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=563–72|edition=6th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G. P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=26–129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/|title=Role and Functions of Divisional Commissioner|website=Your Article Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816065354/http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/india-2/role-and-functions-of-divisional-commissioner/46672/|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=20 August 2017|date=6 January 2015}}</ref> The [[District collector|District Magistrate]] of Varanasi reports to the [[Divisional Commissioner]]. The [[Divisional Commissioner|Commissioner]] is Deepak Agarwal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|title=Contact Details Of Commissioners and District Magistrates Of U.P.|website=[[Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh)|Department of Home and Confidential]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816061300/http://uphome.gov.in/DM-UP-Contact.htm|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=15 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="Varanasi District website">{{Cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/phone/contactus.pdf|title=Contact us|website=Varanasi District website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125740/http://varanasi.nic.in/phone/contactus.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

Varanasi district administration is headed by the [[District collector|District Magistrate]] of Varanasi, who is an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. [[District collector|The DM]] is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the [[Elections in India|elections]] held in the city. [[District collector|The DM]] is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city, hence the SSP of Varanasi also reports to the [[District collector|DM]] of Varanasi.<ref name="Government of Uttar Pradesh" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Administration|last=Maheshwari|first=S.R.|publisher=Orient Blackswan Private Ltd.|year=2000|isbn=9788125019886|location=[[New Delhi]]|pages=573–97|edition=6th}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Governance in India|last=Laxmikanth|first=M.|publisher=McGraw Hill Education|year=2014|isbn=978-9339204785|location=[[Noida]]|pages=6.1–6.6|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Revenue administration in India: A case study of Bihar|last=Singh|first=G.P.|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1993|isbn=978-8170993810|location=[[Delhi]]|pages=50–124}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.importantindia.com/1724/powers-of-district-magistrate-in-india/|title=Powers Of District Magistrate in India|website=Important India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816062201/http://www.importantindia.com/1724/powers-of-district-magistrate-in-india/|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=usurped|access-date=20 August 2017}}</ref> The DM is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), four Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, City, Protocol, Executive), one chief revenue officer (CRO), one City Magistrate (CM), and four Additional City Magistrates (ACM). The district has three [[tehsil]]s, each headed by a [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]]. The DM is Kaushal Raj Sharma.<ref name="Department of Home and Confidential, Government of Uttar Pradesh" /><ref name="Department of Appointments and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh" /><ref name="Varanasi District website" />

=== Municipal finance ===
According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs,<ref>{{cite web |title=Varanasi Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/varanasi |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref> the Varanasi Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹474 crore (US$57 million) and total expenditure of ₹512 crore (US$62 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 24.5% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹324 crore in grants during the financial year.

====Police administration====
Varanasi district comes under the Varanasi Police Zone and Varanasi Police Range, Varanasi Zone is headed by an [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]] ranked IPS officer, and the Varanasi Range is headed [[Inspector-general of police|Inspector General]] ranked IPS officer. The ADG, Varanasi Zone is Biswajit Mahapatra,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zonevns&cd=OQA0ADUA|title=Officers posted at Varanasi Zone|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821131219/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?zonevns&cd=OQA0ADUA|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> and IG, Varanasi Range is Vijay Singh Meena.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangevns&cd=OQA4ADIA|title=Officers posted at Varanasi Range|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821131313/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?rangevns&cd=OQA4ADIA|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref>

The district police up to the date of 24 March 2021 was headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Senior Superintendent of Police]] (SSP), who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer, and is assisted by six [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendents of Police]] (SP)/[[Additional superintendent of police|Additional Superintendents of Police]] (Addl. SP) (City, Rural Area, Crime, Traffic, Protocol and Protocol), who are either IPS officers or PPS officers.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Police">{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?varanasi&cd=MQAwADEAMQA%3d|title=Officers posted at VARANASI|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Police]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145704/https://uppolice.gov.in/frmOfficials.aspx?varanasi&cd=MQAwADEAMQA%3d|archive-date=3 March 2018|url-status=live|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> Each of the several police circles is headed by a Circle Officer (CO) in the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Police" /> The last SSP was Amit Pathak.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Police" />

On 25 March 2021 the Government of Uttar Pradesh passed an order to divide the Varanasi police into [[Varanasi Police Commissionerate|Varanasi City Police]] and Rural Police.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanpur, Varanasi to Soon Get Police Commissioner System; Aseem Arun, A Satish Ganesh to Take Top Posts |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/kanpur-varanasi-to-soon-get-police-commissioner-system-aseem-arun-a-satish-ganesh-to-take-top-posts-3575918.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=News18 |date=26 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519164543/https://www.news18.com/news/india/kanpur-varanasi-to-soon-get-police-commissioner-system-aseem-arun-a-satish-ganesh-to-take-top-posts-3575918.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then City Police is headed by the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police (CP)]], who is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of [[Additional director general of police|ADGP]] rank, and is assisted by two additional commissioners of police (Addl. CP) who is of [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] rank, and two deputy commissioners of police (DCP) who are of SP rank. And Rural Police is headed by SP rank.<ref>{{cite web |title=Police Department Commissionerate Varanasi |url=https://varanasi.nic.in/police/ |website=varanasi.nic.in |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301213237/https://varanasi.nic.in/police/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Infrastructure and civic administration====
The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by the Varanasi Development Authority (VDA), which comes under the Housing Department of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh government]]. The [[Divisional Commissioner|divisional commissioner]] of Varanasi acts as the ''ex-officio'' chairman of the VDA, whereas the vice-chairman, a government-appointed [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer]], looks after the daily matters of the authority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vdavns.org/webpages.php?tag=Board_Members|title=VDA Board Members|website=Varanasi Development Authority|language=hi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125324/http://www.vdavns.org/webpages.php?tag=Board_Members|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=usurped|access-date=16 August 2017}}</ref> The vice-chairman of the Varanasi Development Authority is Pulkit Khare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|title=List of IAS officers who are Vice Chairman of Development Authorities|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130308/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/ias/iaslist_posting.aspx?id1=MCMwIzQ0|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

The [[Varanasi Municipal Corporation]] oversees civic activities in the city; the head of the corporation is the mayor, and the executive and administration of the corporation is the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is appointed by the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]] and is either an IAS officer or Provincial Civil Service (PCS) officer of high seniority. The mayor of Varanasi is Mridula Jaiswal, and the municipal commissioner is Nitin Bansal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|title=PCS OFFICERS (Posted as HOD)|website=Department of Appointment and Personnel, [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821130444/http://niyuktionline.up.nic.in/pcs/pcs_hod.aspx|archive-date=21 August 2017|url-status=live|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref>

Water supply and sewage system is operated by the Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam.{{Sfn|Academy|p=21}}

===Politics===
Varanasi is represented in the [[Lok Sabha]] by the Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] who won the [[Lok Sabha]] elections in 2014 and subsequently in 2019 by a huge margin.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-16/news/49898450_1_narendra-modi-varanasi-lok-sabha-kailash-chaurasia|title=Elections 2014: Narendra Modi wins Varanasi by a massive margin of 3.37 lakh votes|date=16 March 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 July 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710192445/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-05-16/news/49898450_1_narendra-modi-varanasi-lok-sabha-kailash-chaurasia|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2019|title=Narendra Modi retains Varanasi, wins by a margin of nearly 5 lakh votes|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-results-narendra-modi-varanasi-live-updates-5741216/|access-date=1 January 2022|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=1 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101112713/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-results-narendra-modi-varanasi-live-updates-5741216/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Healthcare===
Hospitals in the city include the [[Sir Sunderlal Hospital]], a teaching hospital in the [[Banaras Hindu University]], Heritage Hospital, Marwari Hospital, Pitambari Hospital, Mata Anand Mai Hospital, Rajkiya Hospital, Ram Krishna Mission Hospital, Shiv Prasad Gupta Hospital, Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (managed by the state government), and Varanasi Hospital and Medical Research Centre. The urban parts of the [[Varanasi district]] had an [[infant mortality]] rate of 70 per 1,000 live births in 2010–2011.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/files/01-Uttar%20Pradesh%20AHS%20Bulletin.pdf "Annual Health Survey 2010–2011"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152047/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/vital_statistics/AHSBulletins/files/01-Uttar%20Pradesh%20AHS%20Bulletin.pdf |date=7 February 2013}} (11 mb PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (2011).</ref> The Railway Cancer Hospital is now being run by the [[Tata Memorial Centre]] after intervention by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] who represents Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/tata-memorial-will-run-railways-cancer-hospital-in-varanasi/articleshow/61095336.cms | title=Tata Memorial will run railways' cancer hospital in Varanasi | access-date=8 August 2018 | archive-date=8 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808173507/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/cover-story/tata-memorial-will-run-railways-cancer-hospital-in-varanasi/articleshow/61095336.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Sushruta]], an ancient Indian physician known as the primary author of the treatise ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', the [[Sanskrit]] text of surgery, lived in Varanasi and practised medicine and surgery sometime during the 5th century BCE. Since 1922, Ayurveda has been a subject of training in the Banaras Hindu University, and in 1927 a separate Ayurvedic College was established.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_605.gif Susruta] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409072255/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_605.gif |date=9 April 2008}} [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, p. 570.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/ims/ayurveda/ayurveda_about.htm|title=faculty of Ayurveda|publisher=Banaras Hindu University|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302014851/http://www.bhu.ac.in/ims/ayurveda/ayurveda_about.htm|archive-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> There are many ayurvedic centres in Varanasi providing treatments such as [[Panchakarma]] as well as other treatments.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ayurveda.in/centers/sparsa-ayurvedic-centre-399.html|title= Sparsa Ayurvedic Centre|publisher= ayurveda.in|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150711130249/http://www.ayurveda.in/centers/sparsa-ayurvedic-centre-399.html|archive-date= 11 July 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref>

===Public maintenance===
Because of the high population density of Varanasi and the increasing number of tourists, the Uttar Pradesh government and international non-governmental organisations and institutions have expressed grave concern for the pollution and pressures on infrastructure in the city, mainly the sewage, sanitation, and drainage components.{{Sfn|Mohanty|1993|p=316-7}} [[Pollution of the Ganges]] is a particular source of worry because of the religious significance of the river, the dependence of people on it as a source of drinking water, and its prominence as a symbol of Varanasi and the city itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fore.yale.edu/news/item/indians-keep-faith-with-ganges-despite-pollution/ |title=News | The Forum on Religion and Ecology at Yale |first=Yasmeen |last=Mohiuddin |work=fore.yale.edu |date=2010 |access-date=4 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018001045/http://fore.yale.edu/news/item/indians-keep-faith-with-ganges-despite-pollution/ |archive-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> The sewage problem is exacerbated by the role of the Ganges in bathing and in river traffic, which is very difficult to control.{{Sfn|Mohanty|1993|p=316-7}} Because of the sewage, people using local untreated water have higher risk of contracting a range of water-borne stomach diseases.<ref name="HamnerTripathi2006">{{cite journal|last1=Hamner|first1=Steve|last2=Tripathi|first2=Anshuman|last3=Mishra|first3=Rajesh Kumar|last4=Bouskill|first4=Nik|last5=Broadaway|first5=Susan C.|last6=Pyle|first6=Barry H.|last7=Ford|first7=Timothy E.|s2cid=23264273|title=The role of water use patterns and sewage pollution in incidence of water-borne/enteric diseases along the Ganges river in Varanasi, India|journal=International Journal of Environmental Health Research|volume=16|issue=2|year=2006|pages=113–32|issn=0960-3123|doi=10.1080/09603120500538226|pmid=16546805|bibcode=2006IJEHR..16..113H }}</ref>

Parts of Varanasi are contaminated with industrial chemicals including [[toxic heavy metal]]. Studies of [[wastewater]] from Varanasi's sewage treatment plants identify that water's contamination with metals and the reuse of this water for irrigation as a way that the toxic metals come to be in the plants that people grow for food.<ref name="SharmaAgrawal2008">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Rajesh Kumar|last2=Agrawal|first2=Madhoolika|last3=Marshall|first3=Fiona M.|title=Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) contamination of vegetables in urban India: A case study in Varanasi|journal=Environmental Pollution|volume=154|issue=2|year=2008|pages=254–63|issn=0269-7491|doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.010|pmid=18031880|bibcode=2008EPoll.154..254S }}</ref><ref name="SharmaAgrawal2006">{{cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=R. K.|last2=Agrawal|first2=M.|last3=Marshall|first3=F.|s2cid=26864659|title=Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Wastewater Irrigated Areas of Varanasi, India|journal=Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|volume=77|issue=2|year=2006|pages=312–8|issn=0007-4861|doi=10.1007/s00128-006-1065-0|pmid=16977535|bibcode=2006BuECT..77..312S }}</ref> One studied example is ''palak'', a popular leafy vegetable which takes up heavy metal when it is in the soil, and which people then eat.<ref name="Kumar SharmaAgrawal2007">{{cite journal|last1=Kumar Sharma|first1=Rajesh|last2=Agrawal|first2=Madhoolika|last3=Marshall|first3=Fiona|title=Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India|journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety|volume=66|issue=2|year=2007|pages=258–66|issn=0147-6513|doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.11.007|pmid=16466660|bibcode=2007EcoES..66..258K }}</ref> Some of the polluting sludge contains minerals which are fertiliser, which could make polluted water attractive to use.<ref name="SinghMohan2004">{{cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Kunwar P|last2=Mohan|first2=Dinesh|last3=Sinha|first3=Sarita|last4=Dalwani|first4=R|title=Impact assessment of treated/untreated wastewater toxicants discharged by sewage treatment plants on health, agricultural, and environmental quality in the wastewater disposal area|journal=Chemosphere|volume=55|issue=2|year=2004|pages=227–55|issn=0045-6535|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2003.10.050|pmid=14761695|bibcode=2004Chmsp..55..227S}}</ref> Pesticides used in local farming are persistent enough to be spread through the water, to sewer treatment, then back to the farms as wastewater.<ref name="SinghMohan2004" />

Varanasi's water supply and sewage system is maintained by Jal Nigam, a subsidiary of Varanasi Nagar Nigam. Power supply is by the [[Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Limited]]. The city produces about {{Convert|350000000|litre}} per day<ref name=schemevaranasi>{{Cite news |first=Gopal |last=Bhargava |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001025/mailbag.htm |title=Scheme for Varanasi |date=25 October 2000 |work=The Tribune |location=India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912203749/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001025/mailbag.htm |archive-date=12 September 2006}}</ref> of sewage and {{Convert|425| tonnes}} per day of solid waste.<ref name=cpcbsolidwaste>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/pcpdiv_plan4.htm |title=Waste Generation and Composition |access-date=18 August 2006 |work=Management of municipal solid wastes|publisher=Planning Division, Central Pollution Control Board |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060717141102/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/pcpdiv_plan4.htm  |archive-date = 17 July 2006}}</ref> The solid wastes are disposed in one landfill site.<ref name=cpcbsolidwaste2>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpcb.nic.in/pcpdiv_plan4.htm
|title=Status of landfill sites in 59 cities |access-date=18 August 2006 |work=Management of municipal solid wastes |publisher=Planning Division, Central Pollution Control Board |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060717141102/http://www.cpcb.nic.in/pcpdiv_plan4.htm  |archive-date = 17 July 2006}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:India - Varanasi tourist baubles - 0496.jpg|thumb|Tourists shopping for jewellery in Varanasi]]

According to the 2006 City Development Plan for Varanasi, approximately 29% of Varanasi's population is employed.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=29}} Approximately 40% are employed in manufacturing, 26% work in trade and commerce, 19% work in other services, 8% work in transport and communication, 4% work in agriculture, 2% work in construction, and 2% are marginal workers (working for less than half of the year).{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=28}}

Among manufacturing workers, 51% work in spinning and weaving, 15% work in metal, 6% work in printing and publishing, 5% work in electrical machinery, and the rest work in a wide variety of industry sectors.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=31}} Varanasi's manufacturing industry is not well developed and is dominated by small-scale industries and household production.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=29}}[[File:Banarasi sari pallu by ashish4.JPG|thumb|left|[[Banarasi sari]]]] [[Silk weaving in Varanasi|Silk weaving]] is the dominant industry in Varanasi.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|pp=29–31}} [[Muslims]] are the influential community in this industry with nearly half a million of them working as weavers, dyers, sari finishers, and salespersons.{{Sfn|Warikoo|2010|p=192}} Weaving is typically done within the household, and most weavers are [[Momin Ansari]] Muslims.{{Sfn|Wood|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fq4eUi_3oMC&pg=PA113 113]}} Varanasi is known throughout India for its production of very fine silk and [[Banarasi sari]]s, brocades with gold and silver thread work, which are often used for weddings and special occasions. The production of silk often uses bonded child labour, though perhaps not at a higher rate than elsewhere in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Small Hands of Slavery: Bonded Child Labor in India|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|year=1996|isbn=978-1-56432-172-5|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NfX3sRoJ3rYC&pg=PA82 82]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfX3sRoJ3rYC|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134617/https://books.google.com/books?id=NfX3sRoJ3rYC|url-status=live}}</ref> The silk weaving industry has recently been threatened by the rise of power looms and computer-generated designs and by competition from Chinese silk imports.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=29}} Trade Facilitation Centre is a modern and integrated facility to support the handloom and handicraft sector in Varanasi; providing trade enhancement and facilitation to both domestic and international buyers. Hence, carrying forward the rich traditions of handlooms and handicrafts.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

In the metal manufacturing sector, [[Banaras Locomotive Works]] is a major employer.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=31}} [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]], a large power equipment manufacturer, also operates a heavy equipment maintenance plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhelherp.com/about.jsp|title=About Bharat|publisher=Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|access-date=3 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611084358/http://www.bhelherp.com/about.jsp|archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> Other major commodities manufactured and traded in Varanasi include hand-knotted Mirzapur carpets, rugs, [[dhurrie]]s, brassware, copperware, wooden and clay toys, handicrafts, gold jewellery, and musical instruments.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|pp=29–31}} Important agricultural products include [[betel]] leaves (for [[paan]]), [[langra]] mangoes and [[khoa]] (solidified milk).{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=31}}{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=117, 169}}

===Tourism===
Tourism is Varanasi's second most important industry.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=57}} Domestic tourist most commonly visit for religious purposes while foreign tourist visit for ghats along River Ganges and Sarnath. Most domestic tourists are from [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and other parts of Uttar Pradesh, while the majority of foreign tourists are from [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Japan]].{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=56}} The peak tourist season falls between October and March.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=56}} In total, there are around 12,000 beds available in the city, of which about one half are in inexpensive budget hotels and one third in [[Dharamshala (type of building)|{{transliteration|hi|dharamsalas}}]].{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=58}} Overall, Varanasi's tourist infrastructure is not well developed.{{Sfn|JNNURM|2006|p=58}}

In 2017, [[InterContinental Hotels Group]] made an agreement with the JHV group to set up Holiday Inn and Crowne Plaza hotel chains in Varanasi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/ihg-debuts-in-varanasi-with-holiday-inn-and-crowne-plaza-hotels/articleshow/62034518.cms|title=IHG debuts in Varanasi with Holiday Inn and Crowne Plaza hotels|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=12 December 2017|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Anumeha|access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806143853/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/ihg-debuts-in-varanasi-with-holiday-inn-and-crowne-plaza-hotels/articleshow/62034518.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: left;"| Tourist arrival in Varanasi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/Tourist%20Arrival%202013%20to%202017.pdf|title=Annual tourist visits statistics- 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017|publisher=UP Tourism|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215054855/http://uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/Tourist%20Arrival%202013%20to%202017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202003131118073276Year-wise-statistics2020.pdf|title=The Indian and Foreign tourist visits in important tourist places of Uttar Pradesh in year 2015 to 2019|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715161706/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202003131118073276Year-wise-statistics2020.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

|-
! scope="col" | Year !! scope="col" | International !! scope="col" | Domestic !! scope="col" | Total
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| 285,252 || 4,966,161 || 5,251,413
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| 287,761 || 5,202,236 || 5,489,997
|-
! scope="row" | 2015
| 302,370 || 5,413,927 || 5,716,297
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| 312,519 || 5,600,146 || 5,912,665
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| 334,708 || 5,947,355 || 6,282,063
|-
! scope="row" | 2018
| 348,970 || 6,095,890 || 6,444,860
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| 350,000 || 6,447,775 || 6,797,775
|}

The prominent malls and multiplexes in Varanasi are JHV Mall in the Cantonment area, IP Mall in Sigra, IP Vijaya Mall in Bhelupur, Vinayak Plaza in Maldhaiya and PDR Mall in Luxa.

==Notable landmarks==
{{Main|List of tourist attractions in Varanasi|l1=Tourist attractions in Varanasi}}
{{Wide image|Varanasi panorama.jpg|1600px|A view of the [[Ghats in Varanasi]] from the Ganges.}}

Apart from the 19 archaeological sites identified by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]],<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Uttar Pradesh|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=22 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508064601/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_patna.asp|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> some of the prominent places of interest are the Aghor Peeth, the Alamgir Mosque, the [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka Pillar]], the [[Bharat Kala Bhavan]] (Art Museum), the [[Bharat Mata Mandir]], the [[Central University for Tibetan Studies]], the [[Dhanvantari#Temples in India|Dhanvantari Temple]], the [[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Temple]], the [[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Jantar Mantar]], the [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]], the [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]], the [[Shri Vishwanath Temple]] on the BHU campus, the [[Ramnagar Fort]], the [[Ghats in Varanasi|Riverfront Ghats]], the [[Tulsi Manas Mandir|Tulsi Manas Temple]].<ref name=Tourist>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm|title=DEO Varanasi|work=Tourist Information:Places of Interest|publisher=Varanasi District Administration by National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628050118/http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Ganges View.jpg|thumb|Ganges view from Bhadaini water works, Varanasi]]

===Jantar Mantar===
The [[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Jantar Mantar observatory]], constructed in 1737, is located above the ghats along the Ganges, and is adjacent to the Manmandir and [[Dashashwamedh Ghat|Dasaswamedh]] Ghats and near the palace of [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]]. While less equipped than the observatories at Jaipur and Delhi, the Jantar Mantar has a unique [[Sundial#Equatorial sundials|equatorial sundial]] which is functional and allows measurements to be monitored and recorded by one person.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.hartwick.edu/hartleyc/jantar.htm|title=18th Century Observatories of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II|access-date=2 October 2012|publisher=Hardwick University|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929071740/http://users.hartwick.edu/hartleyc/jantar.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ramnagar Fort===
[[File:Ramnagar Fort in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Ramnagar Fort]] was built in 1750 by [[Kashi Naresh]] Raja [[Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]].]]

The Ramnagar Fort, located near the Ganges on its eastern bank and opposite the [[Tulsi Ghat]], was built in the 18th century by Kashi Naresh [[Maharaja Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]] with cream-coloured ''chunar'' [[sandstone]]. The fort is a typical example of the [[Mughal architecture]] with carved balconies, open courtyards, and scenic pavilions. At present, the fort is in disrepair. The fort and its museum are the repository of the history of the kings of Benares. Cited as an "eccentric" museum, it contains a rare collection of American [[vintage car]]s, bejewelled [[Litter (vehicle)|sedan chairs]], an impressive weaponry hall, and a rare astrological clock.<ref name=Ram>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/sights/museum/ramnagar-fort-museum|title=Lonely Planet review for Ramnagar Fort & Museum|access-date=6 November 2012|publisher=Lonely Planet|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616061730/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/sights/museum/ramnagar-fort-museum|archive-date=16 June 2012}}</ref> In addition, manuscripts, especially religious writings, are housed in the Saraswati Bhawan which is a part of a museum within the fort. Many books illustrated in the [[Mughal painting|Mughal miniature]] style are also part of the collections. Because of its scenic location on the banks of the Ganges, it is frequently used as an outdoor shooting location for films.<ref name= Ram />{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|pp=124–127}}

===Ghats===

The [[Ghats in Varanasi]] are world-renowned embankments made in steps of stone slabs along the river bank where pilgrims perform ritual ablutions.<ref>David Scheinbaum. ''Varanasi: City Immersed in Prayer.'' Staunton: George F Thompson Publishing, 2022. 160 pages. {{ISBN|1938086961}}.</ref> The ghats are an integral complement to the Hindu concept of divinity represented in physical, [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], and supernatural elements.<ref name=Ganga>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghatr.html|title=Ganga & ghats|access-date=3 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184017/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghatr.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> Varanasi has at least 84 ghats, most of which are used for bathing by pilgrims and spiritually significant Hindu [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja ceremony]], while a few are used exclusively as Hindu cremation sites.<ref name="Ghats">{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat1-20.html|title=Ghats of Benares, 1–20|access-date=3 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184526/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat1-20.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=ghats>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat41-60.html|title=Ghats of Varanasi, 41 to 60|access-date=3 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184154/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat41-60.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref name=ghat>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat61-84.html|title=Ghats of Benares, 61 to 84|access-date=3 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113183803/http://varanasi.nic.in/ghat/ghat61-84.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref> Steps in the ghats lead to the banks of Ganges, including the [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]], the [[Manikarnika Ghat]], the Panchganga Ghat, and the Harishchandra Ghat, where Hindus cremate their dead. Many ghats are associated with Hindu legends and several are now privately owned.{{Sfn|Bansal|2008|pp=34–35}}

Many of the ghats were constructed under the patronage of the Marathas like [[Scindia]]s, [[House of Holkar|Holkars]], [[Bhonsle]]s, and [[Peshwa]]s. Most are bathing ghats, while others are used as cremation sites. A morning boat ride on the Ganges across the ghats is a popular tourist attraction. The extensive stretches of ghats in Varanasi enhance the riverfront with a multitude of shrines, temples, and palaces built "tier on the tier above the water's edge".{{Sfn| Pletcher|2010|pp=159–160}}

'''The [[Dashashwamedh Ghat]]''' is the main and probably the oldest ghat of Varanasi located on the Ganges, close to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} [[File:DashashwamedhGhat-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|thumb|right|Drone shot of a Dashashwamedh Ghat in 2022]]It is believed that [[Brahma]] created this ghat to welcome Shiva and sacrificed ten horses during the ''Dasa-[[Ashwamedha]] [[yajna]]'' performed there. Above and adjacent to this ghat, there are also temples dedicated to Sulatankesvara, Brahmesvara, Varahesvara, Abhaya Vinayaka, Ganga (the Ganges), and Bandi Devi, which are all important pilgrimage sites. A group of priests performs "Agni Pooja" (Sanskrit: "Worship of Fire") daily in the evening at this ghat as a dedication to Shiva, Ganga, [[Surya]] (Sun), [[Agni]] (Fire), and the entire universe. Special [[aarti]]s are held on Tuesdays and on religious festivals.<ref name=ghats />

'''The [[Manikarnika Ghat]]''' is the Mahasmasana, the primary site for Hindu cremation in the city. Adjoining the ghat, there are raised platforms that are used for death anniversary rituals. According to a myth, it is said that an earring of Shiva or his wife [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] fell here. Fourth-century [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] inscriptions mention this ghat. However, the current ghat as a permanent riverside embankment was built in 1302 and has been renovated at least three times throughout its existence.<ref name=ghats />

'''The Jain Ghat''' is believed to birthplace of [[Suparshvanatha]] (7th Tirthankara) and [[Parshvanatha]] (23rd tirthankara). The Jain Ghat or Bachraj Ghat is a Jain Ghat and has three Jain Temples located on the banks of the river. It is believed that the Jain Maharajas used to own these ghats. Bachraj Ghat has three Jain temples near the river's banks, and one them is a very ancient temple of Tirthankara Suparswanath.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
<gallery mode="packed" caption="[[Ghats in Varanasi]]" heights="150">
File:Dashawamedha Ghat in Varanasi 2.jpg|[[Dashashwamedh Ghat]]
File:Manikarnika Cremation Ghat, Varanasi.jpg|[[Manikarnika Ghat]]
File:Jain Ghat, Varanasi, UP, India.jpg|The Jain Ghat/Bachraj Ghat
File:People_of_Varanasi_26.jpg|Kedar Ghat during Kartika Purnima
</gallery>

===Temples===
{{Main|Hindu temples in Varanasi|Religion in Varanasi}}
<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
File:Benares- The Golden Temple, India, ca. 1915 (IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66).jpg|The [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]], the most important temple in Varanasi.
File:New Vishwanath Temple at BHU.jpg|[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir]] has the tallest temple tower in the world.<ref name="Brief description">{{cite news|title=Brief description|publisher=[[Benaras Hindu University]] website|access-date=7 March 2015|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/VT/|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526232342/http://www.bhu.ac.in/VT/ |archive-date=26 May 2018}}</ref>
File:Durga Mandir, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2007).jpg|The 18th century [[Durga Kund Temple]]
File:Bhelupur Shwetambar temple (1).jpg|[[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi|Parshvanath Jain temple]]
</gallery>
Among the estimated 23,000 temples in Varanasi,{{Sfn|Bansal|2008|pp=48–49}} the temples most popular for worship are: the Kashi Vishwanath Temple of Shiva; the [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]]; and the Durga Temple, known for monkeys that reside in the large trees nearby.<ref name=Varun>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074835/Varanasi|title=Varanasi|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=11 August 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805033554/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623248/Varanasi|archive-date=5 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=temple>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html|title=Important temples of Varanasi|access-date=2 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105032502/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/various_temples.html|archive-date=5 November 2012}}</ref>{{Sfn|Cunningham|Sastri|2002|pp=131–140}}
* '''The [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]''', on the Ganges, is one of the 12 ''[[Jyotirlinga]]'' Shiva temples in Varanasi.<ref name=temple /> The temple has been destroyed and rebuilt several times throughout its existence. The [[Gyanvapi Mosque]], which is adjacent to the temple, is the original site of the temple.<ref name="Warrier2014">{{cite book|author=Shrikala Warrier|title=Kamandalu: The Seven Sacred Rivers of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|date=December 2014|publisher=MAYUR University|isbn=978-0-9535679-7-3|pages=57–|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303145703/https://books.google.com/books?id=qNhiCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> The temple, which is also known as the Golden Temple,<ref name=route>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42205744.cms|title=The religious route|access-date=4 December 2008|date=3 April 2003|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107193930/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42205744.cms|archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> was built in 1780 by Queen [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of [[Indore]]. The two [[shikara|pinnacles]] of the temple are covered in gold and were donated in 1839 by [[Ranjit Singh]], the ruler of [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]]. The dome is scheduled to receive gold plating through a proposed initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs of Uttar Pradesh. Numerous rituals, prayers, and [[aarti]]s are held daily at the temple between 02:30 and 23:00.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/KASHI.html |title=Shri Kashi Vishwanath Mandir Varanasi |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India |access-date=4 February 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210110217/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/kashi.html |archive-date=10 February 2007}}</ref>
* '''The [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]]''', which is situated by the Asi River, is one of the sacred temples of the Hindu god [[Hanuman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/temple.htm|title=Temples of Varnasi|publisher=Varanasi Official website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229102428/http://varanasi.nic.in/temple/temple.htm|archive-date=29 December 2010}}</ref> The present temple was built in the early 1900s by the educationist and [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence figure]], Pandit [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], the founder of Banaras Hindu University.<ref name=ex>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/89192/|title=Blasts in Sankatmochan temple and railway station kill dozen, several injured|date=8 March 2006|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> According to Hindu legend the temple was built on the spot where the medieval Hindu saint [[Tulsidas]] had a vision of [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn| Callewaert|2000|p=90}} During a 7 March 2006 terrorist attack, one of three explosions hit the temple while a wedding was in progress, and resulted in injuries to 30 people apart from 23 deaths.<ref name=ex /> Following the attack, a permanent police post was installed inside the temple.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/varanasi-temple-gets-permanent-police-post/396/|title=Varanasi temple gets permanent police post|date=14 March 2006|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2 November 2012|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028203607/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/varanasi-temple-gets-permanent-police-post/396|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''There are two temples dedicated to the goddess Durga in Varanasi''': [[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Mandir]] built in the 16th century (exact date not known), and Durga Kund (Sanskrit 'kund' meaning "pond or pool") built in the 18th century. A large number of Hindu devotees visit Durga Kund during [[Navratri]] to worship the goddess [[Durga]]. The temple, built in the [[Nagara architecture|Nagara]] architectural style, has multi-tiered spires<ref name=route /> and is stained red with [[ochre]], representing the red colour of Durga. The building has a rectangular tank of water called the [[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Kund]] ("Kund" meaning a pond or pool). During annual celebrations of [[Nag Panchami]], the act of depicting the god Vishnu reclining on the serpent [[Shesha]] is recreated in the Kund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Nag-Panchami-celebrated-with-religious-fervour/articleshow/15115776.cms|title=Nag Panchami celebrated with religious fervour|work=The Times of India|date=24 July 2012|access-date=30 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818152150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Nag-Panchami-celebrated-with-religious-fervour/articleshow/15115776.cms|archive-date=18 August 2017}}</ref> While the [[Annapurna Devi Mandir|Annapurna Temple]], located nearby to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, is dedicated to [[Annapoorna devi]], the goddess of food,<ref name=temple /> the Sankatha Temple adjacent to the Sindhia Ghat is dedicated to Sankatha, the goddess of remedy. The Sankatha Temple has a large sculpture of a lion and a cluster of nine smaller temples dedicated to the [[navagraha|nine planets]].<ref name=temple />
* '''[[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi|Parshvanath Jain temple]]''' is the temple of Jain religion dedicated to Parshvanath, the 23rd Thirthankara who was born at Bhelpur in Varanasi. The idol deified in the temple is of black colour and {{convert|75|cm|abbr=off}} in height. It is located in Bhelapur about {{convert|5|km|abbr=off}} from the centre of Varanasi city and {{convert|3|km|abbr=off}} from the Benares Hindu University. It belongs to the Digambar sect of Jainism and is a holy tirtha or pilgrimage centre for Jains.
* Other temples of note are: the [[Bharat Mata Mandir]], dedicated to the national personification of India, which was inaugurated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1936, the Kalabhairav Temple, the Mrithyunjay Mahadev Temple, and the [[New Vishwanath Temple]] located in the campus of [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]], the [[Tulsi Manas Mandir]].<ref name="temple" />

===Mosques===
[[File:Alamgir Mosque by the Ganges ghats, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|[[Alamgir Mosque, Varanasi|Alamgiri Mosque]]]]

There are 15 mosques of significant historical value in Varanasi. Of particular note are the Abdul Razzaq, Alamgir, Bibi Razia, Chaukhambha, Dhai Nim Kangore, Fatman, Ganje Shahada, Gyanavapi, and Hazrat Sayyed Salar Masud Dargah. Many of these mosques were constructed from the components of the Hindu shrines which were destroyed under the auspices of subsequent Muslim invaders or rulers. The two such well known mosques are the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] and the [[Alamgir Mosque]].{{Sfn|Out|2010|p=259}}

The Gyanvapi Mosque was built by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1664 CE, after destroying a Hindu temple.{{Sfn|Desai|2003|p=23}} ''Gyan Vapi'' (Sanskrit: "the well of knowledge"), the name of the mosque, is derived from a well of the same name located within the precincts of the mosque.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC&pg=PA95 95]}} The remains of an erstwhile temple can be seen in the foundation, the columns and at the rear part of the mosque.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}} The façade of the mosque is modelled partially on the [[Taj Mahal]]'s entrance.{{sfn|Asher|1992|p=278}} The mosque is administered by the Anjuman Inthazamiya Masajid (AIM).<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Frontline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqhKAQAAIAAJ |title=VHP game in Benares, with official blessings |year=1995 |publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |volume=12 |issue=14–19 |page=14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707203852/http://books.google.com/books?id=IqhKAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

The Alamgiri Mosque was built in the 17th century by Aurangzeb over the ruins of a Hindu temple known as Bindu Madhav Temple.{{Sfn|Crowther|Raj|Wheeler|1984|p=}} The temple that was destroyed was dedicated to [[Vishnu]] in the form of Bindu Madhav and had been built by Beni Madhavrao Scindia, a Maratha chieftain from [[Gwalior]]. When emperor Aurangzeb had captured Banaras, he had ordered total destruction of all Hindu temples there. Aurangzeb then built a mosque over the ruins of this temple in 1669{{Sfn|Dunlop|Sykes|Jackson|2001|p=135}} and named it as Alamagir Mosque in the name of his own honorific title "Alamgir" which he had adopted after becoming the emperor of Mughal empire.{{Sfn|Kumar|2003|p=90}}{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}} The mosque is located at a prominent site above the [[Panchganga Ghat]], which is a funerary ghat facing the Ganges.{{Sfn|Hussain|1999|p=342}} The mosque is architecturally a blend of Islamic and Hindu architecture, particularly because of the lower part of the walls of the mosque having been built fully with the remains of the Hindu temple.{{Sfn|Kumar|2003|p=90}} The mosque has high domes and minarets.{{Sfn|Shetty|2014|p=73}}{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}} Two of its minarets had been damaged; one minaret crashed killing a few people and the other minaret was officially brought down because of stability concerns.{{Sfn|Betts|McCulloch|2013|p=213}} Non-Muslims are not allowed to enter the mosque.<ref>{{cite book |title=Fodor's essential India : with Delhi, Rajasthan, Mumbai & Kerala|date=2015|publisher=Fodor's |location=New York|isbn=978-1-101-87868-2}}</ref> The mosque has a security cordon of a police force.{{Sfn|Vit-Suzan|2014|p=11}}

===Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan===
[[File:RavidasiVaranasi.JPG|thumb|Memorial of [[Sant Ravidas]] at [[Sant Ravidas Ghat]]]]

[[Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan]], at [[Sir Gobardhan]] is the ultimate place of pilgrimage or religious headquarters for followers of the [[Ravidassia religion]].<ref name="outlookindia.com 2015">{{cite web | title=Mayawati fails to pay visit to Ravidas' birth place – Feb 21, 2008 | website=outlookindia.com | date=19 October 2015 | url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/mayawati-fails-to-pay-visit-to-ravidas-birth-place/547086 | access-date=20 October 2015 | archive-date=18 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818232710/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/mayawati-fails-to-pay-visit-to-ravidas-birth-place/547086 | url-status=live }}</ref> The foundation stone was laid on 14 June 1965 on ''Ashad Sankranti'' day at the birthplace of Ravidas. The temple was completed in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan Mandir Seer Govardhanpur, Varanasi (U.P.)|url=http://www.gururavidassguruji.com/place-of-pilgrimage|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315012830/http://www.gururavidassguruji.com/place-of-pilgrimage|archive-date=15 March 2015}}</ref>

===Sarnath===

[[Sarnath]] is located 10 kilometres north-east of Varanasi near the confluence of the Ganges and the [[Varuna]] rivers in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.

The deer park in Sarnath is where [[Gautama Buddha]] first taught the [[Dharma]], and where the Buddhist [[Sangha]] came into existence through the [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] of [[Kondanna Buddha|Kondanna]],<ref name=bn>{{cite web|url=https://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/sarnath.htm|title=Sarnath – The First Teachings|publisher=Buddhist studies|access-date=26 December 2018|archive-date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074329/http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/sarnath.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> as described by the [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]].

The city is mentioned by the Buddha as one of the [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites#Four main pilgrimage sites listed by Buddha himself|four places of pilgrimage]] which his devout followers should visit.<ref>The Buddha mentions this in the [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta]]. See, for instance, Thanissaro (1998)[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.5-6.than.html#pilgrim] and Vajira & Story (1998)[http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/dn/dn.16.1-6.vaji.html#t-42].</ref>

==Culture==
===Literature===
{{See also|The City of Varanasi in Literature}}
Renowned Indian writers who have resided in the city were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his ''Ram Charit Manas'' here. Kulluka Bhatt wrote the best known account of ''[[Manusmriti]]'' in Varanasi in the 15th century.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Later writers of the city have included [[Ramchandra Shukla|Acharya Shukla]], [[Baldev Upadhyaya]], [[Bharatendu Harishchandra]], [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]], Premchand, [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]], [[Jaishankar Prasad]], [[Kshetresa Chandra Chattopadhyaya]], Sudama Pandey (Dhoomil), [[Vagish Shastri]], and [[Vidya Niwas Mishra]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

Several newspapers and journals are or were published in Varanasi such as ''Varanasi Chandroday'' and its successor ''Kashivartaprakashika'', which became a weekly journal, first published on 1 June 1851.{{Sfn|Medhasananda |2002|p=653}} The main newspaper is ''[[Aj (newspaper)|Aj]]'', a Hindi-language nationalist newspaper first published in 1920.{{Sfn|Kasbekar|2006|p=126}} The newspaper was the bulwark of the [[Indian National Congress]] and is a major newspaper of Hindi northern India.{{Sfn|Kasbekar|2006|p=126}}

===Art===
[[File:Wall paintings, Varanasi, 1973.jpg|left|thumb|[[Wall painting]]s, Varanasi, 1973]]

Varanasi is a major centre of arts and designs. It is a producer of silks and brocades with gold and silver thread work, carpet weaving, wooden toys, bangles made of glass, ivory work, perfumes, artistic brass and copper ware and a variety of handicrafts.<ref name=topic>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623248/Varanasi|title=Varanasi|date=1 November 2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150327164920/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/623248/Varanasi |archive-date=27 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=bhu>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/varanasi.htm |title=Benares, the Eternal City|access-date=2 November 2012|publisher=Banaras Hindu University |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620142336/http://www.bhu.ac.in/varanasi.htm |archive-date=20 June 2012}}</ref> The cantonment graveyard of the British Raj is now the location of Varanasi's Arts and Crafts.{{Sfn|Tiwari|2010|p=9}}

Notable artists (musicians and dancers) and historians who are connected with the city include Thakur Jaidev Singh, Mahadev Prasad Mishra, [[Bismillah Khan]], [[Ravi Shankar]], [[Girija Devi]], [[Gopal Shankar Misra]], [[Gopi Krishna (dancer)|Gopi Krishna]], [[Kishan Maharaj]], [[Lalmani Misra]], Premlata Sharma, [[N. Rajam]], [[Siddheshwari Devi]], [[Samta Prasad]], [[Sitara Devi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://varanasi.nic.in/|title=DEO Portal Varanasi |publisher=District Varanasi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903151035/http://varanasi.nic.in/|archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> [[Chhannulal Mishra]], Rajan Sajan Mishra, Ritwik Sanyal, Soma Ghosh, Devashish Dey, Ramkrishna Das and Harish Tiwari.

===Music===
{{Main|Music in Varanasi}}
[[File:Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi Hindi Poet.jpg|thumb|upright|Sant Goswami Tulsidas Awadhi, a Hindi poet and propagator of Bhakthi music in Varanasi]]

Varanasi's music tradition is traced to the [[Puranas|Pauranic]] days. According to ancient legend, Shiva is credited with evolving music and dance forms. During the medieval era, [[Vaishnavism]], a [[Bhakti movement]], grew in popularity, and Varanasi became a thriving centre for musicians such as [[Surdas]], [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], [[Meera]] and Tulsidas. During the monarchic rule of Govind Chandra in the 16th century, the [[Dhrupad]] style of singing received royal patronage and led to other related forms of music such as Dhamar, Hori, and Chaturang. Presently the Dhrupad maestro Pandit [[Ritwik Sanyal]] from Varanasi is working for the revival of this art-music.<ref name=Music>{{cite web|url=http://www.varanasicity.com/varanasi-music.html|title=Varanasi Music|access-date=27 May 2013|publisher=Varanasi City.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228013039/http://www.varanasicity.com/varanasi-music.html|archive-date=28 February 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Hemanta Mukherjee with Rajendra Prasad and Jwaharlal Nehru, 1950.JPG|thumb|upright|Hemant Kumar with Rajendra Prasad and Jawaharlal Nehru in 1950]]

The legend Bollywood singer [[Hemant Kumar]] or, Hemanta Mukherjee known as "Voice Of God" was born in Benaras.
In recent times, Girija Devi, the native famous classical singer of [[thumri]]s, was widely appreciated and respected for her musical renderings.{{Sfn|Broughton|Ellingham2000|p=91}} Varanasi is also associated with many great instrumentalists such as [[Bismillah Khan]]<ref name=Music /> and Pandit [[Ravi Shankar]], the famous [[sitar]] player and musicologist who was given the highest civilian award of the country, the [[Bharat Ratna]].{{sfn|Bruyn|Bain|Allardice|2010|p=470}} Varanasi has joined the global bandwagon of UNESCO "Cities of Music" under the Creative Cities Network.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/creative-cities-map |title=Search |access-date=31 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105143851/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/creative-cities-map |archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>

===Festivals===
On [[Maha Shivaratri]] (February), a procession of Shiva proceeds from the Mahamrityunjaya Temple to the Kashi Vishwanath Temple.<ref name=Varun /> [[Dhrupad Mela]] is a five-day musical festival devoted to [[dhrupad]] style held at Tulsi Ghat in February–March.<ref name="festival1">{{cite web|last=Uttar Pradesh Tourism|title=Fair and Festivals of Varanasi|url=http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm|publisher=Uttar Pradesh Tourism|access-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629052417/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/fair_festival.htm|archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> The [[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]] celebrates [[Hanuman Jayanti]] (March–April), the birthday of Hanuman. A special [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]], [[aarti]], and a public procession is organised.<ref name=sm>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Sankat-Mochan-Sangeet-Samaroh-from-April-13/articleshow/4375831.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051021/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-08/varanasi/28040380_1_music-concert-birju-maharaj-mishra-brothers |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh from April 13|date=8 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Jasraj-Birju-Maharaj-enthral-on-first-night/articleshow/4401273.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104051028/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-14/varanasi/28001802_1_music-festival-first-night-pandit-jasraj |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Jasraj, Birju Maharaj enthral on first night|date=14 April 2009}}</ref> Since 1923, the temple has organised a five-day classical music and dance concert festival named ''[[Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh]]'', wherein iconic artists from all parts of India are invited to perform.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Statue of Durga, Ganges Ghats, Varanasi, India - October 2014.jpg|thumb|upright|Durga Puja idol Visarjan in 2014]]

The [[Durga Puja]] celebrated by bengalis of Varanasi in a large form.A centuries-old Durga idol housed in Purana Durga Bari, installed in 1767 by Kali Prasanna Mukhopadhyay.The [[Bharat Sevashram Sangha]] was founded in 1939,which is celebrating Durga Puja from decades.The famous [[Durga Kund Mandir]] was constructed by [[Rani Bhabani]] of Natore is another place for devotion of Durga. Along with several local bengali cultural clubs performs several functions like jatra (folk theatre) singing competitions, dhunuchi nach, dance programs performed by the girls along with free Bhandaras for five days in several puja pandals. Volunteers majorly helps, present in every pandal and the celebration happens grandly.

The [[Ramlila]] of [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]] is a dramatic enactment of Rama's legend, as told in ''Ramacharitamanasa''.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}} The plays, sponsored by Kashi Naresh, are performed in Ramnagar every evening for 31 days.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}} On the last day, the festivities reach a crescendo as Rama vanquishes the demon king [[Ravana]].{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}} Kashi Naresh [[Udit Narayan Singh]] started this tradition around 1830.{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=216}}

[[Chhath|Chhath Puja]] is celebrated on the sixth day of the lunar month of [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] (October–November).<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 November 2013 |title=Four-day festival of Dala Chhath begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/four-day-festival-of-dala-chhath-begins/articleshow/25335422.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818075811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/four-day-festival-of-dala-chhath-begins/articleshow/25335422.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=221}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krienitz |first=Lothar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_CBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhath+Puja+Varanasi&pg=PA224 |title=Lesser Flamingos: Descendants of Phoenix |date=31 December 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-662-58163-6 |language=en |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134521/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_CBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Chhath+Puja+Varanasi&pg=PA224 |url-status=live }}</ref> The rituals are observed over four days.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Uniyalfirst=Parmita |date=5 November 2021 |title=Chhath Puja 2021: Date, significance, rituals of Nahay Khay, Kharna and all about four-day festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/chhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133136/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/chhath-puja-2021-significance-rituals-of-nahay-khay-kharna-four-day-festival-101636116509976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (vrata), standing in water, and offering prasad (prayer offerings) and arghya to the setting and rising sun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Abhishek |date=10 November 2021 |title=In Photos: On Chhath Puja, devotees offer Sandhya Arghya in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://en.gaonconnection.com/chhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416/ |website=Gaonconnection |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818080257/https://en.gaonconnection.com/chhath-puja-sandhya-arghya-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-ganga-river-festival-chhath-bihar-48416/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some devotees also perform a prostration march as they head for the river banks. Chhath puja is dedicated to the sun god "[[Surya]]" and his sister "[[Chhath|Chhathi Maiya]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Sanchita |date=29 October 2014 |title=Chhath Puja 2019: Legends And Stories Related To The Festival |url=https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/festivals/2014/the-legends-and-stories-of-chhath-puja-052199.html |website=Boldsky.com |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817050453/https://www.boldsky.com/yoga-spirituality/festivals/2014/the-legends-and-stories-of-chhath-puja-052199.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Chhath is considered as Mahaparva by the [[Bhojpuri people]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Honour religious sentiments of people, lift Chhath Puja ban at public places: BJP chief to Delhi govt |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/13/honour-religious-sentiments-of-people-lift-chhath-puja-ban-at-public-places-bjp-chief-to-delhi-govt-2223330.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 November 2020 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109120511/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/nov/13/honour-religious-sentiments-of-people-lift-chhath-puja-ban-at-public-places-bjp-chief-to-delhi-govt-2223330.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Nag Nathaiya festival in Varanasi.jpg|thumb|An actor reenacting [[Krishna]] standing on the serpent [[Kaliya]], during the [[Nag Nathaiya (Festival)|Nag Nathaiya]] festival in Varanasi]]
[[Nag Nathaiya]] is celebrated on the fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight of the Hindu month of [[Kartik (month)|Kartik]] (October–November). It commemorates the victory of [[Krishna]] over the serpent [[Kaliya]]. On this occasion, a large [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Kadamba tree]] (''Neolamarckia cadamba'') branch is planted on the banks of the Ganges so that a boy, playing the role of Krishna, can jump into the river on to the effigy representing Kaliya. He stands over the effigy in a dancing pose playing the [[flute]], while an audience watches from the banks of the river or from boats.{{Sfn| Pintchman|2005|pp=69–70}} ''[[Bharat Milap]]'' celebrates the meeting of Rama and his younger brother [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] after the return of the former after 14 years of exile.<ref name=Varun /> It is celebrated during October–November, a day after the festival of [[Vijayadashami]]. Kashi Naresh attends this festival in his regal attire. The festival attracts a large number of devotees.<ref name=festival>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html|title=Fairs and festivals|access-date=2 November 2012|publisher=National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113184204/http://varanasi.nic.in/culture/fair.html|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref>

''Ganga Mahotsav'' is a five-day music festival organised by the Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department, held in November–December. It culminates a day before [[Kartik Purnima]], also called [[Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)|the Ganges festival]]. On this occasion the Ganges is attended by thousands of pilgrims, release lighted lamps to float in the river from the ghats.<ref name=Varun /><ref name="festival1" />

The primary Muslim festivals celebrated annually in the city are the ''[[Eid al-Fitr]]'', ''[[Eid al-Adha|Bakrid]]'', [[Mid-Sha'ban|mid-''Sha'ban'']], ''Bara Wafat'' and ''[[Muharram]]''. Additional festivals include ''Alvida'' and ''[[Arba'een|Chehlum]]''. A non-religious festival observed by Muslims is ''Ghazi-Miyan-ka-byaha'' ("the marriage of ''Ghazi Miyan''").{{Sfn|Sukul1974|p=262}}<ref>{{cite book |last=(India) |first=Uttar Pradesh |title=Uttar Pradesh district gazetteers |year=1965 |publisher=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dg9uAAAAMAAJ |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115124728/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg9uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
In 2019, the sale of meat was banned within 250 meters of all Varanasi temples and heritage sites.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Amrita |date=2021-11-02 |title=Where it's forbidden to serve meat |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20211101-varanasi-where-its-forbidden-to-serve-meat |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2025, the sale of all meat was banned in Varanasi during [[Navaratri]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=Varanasi MC orders closure of meat shops in city limits during Navratri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/varanasi-mc-orders-closure-of-meat-shops-in-city-limits-during-navratri-9912392/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
{{Main|List of educational institutions in Varanasi|l1=Educational institutions in Varanasi}}
[[File:BHU Main Gate, Banaras Hindu University enhanced.jpg|alt=The Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi|thumb|The Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi]]
Historically, Varanasi has been a centre for education in India, attracting students and scholars from across the country.{{Sfn|Sharma|1995|p=191}}{{Sfn|Gupta|2006|p=41}} Varanasi has an overall literacy rate of 80% (male literacy: 85%, female literacy: 75%).<ref name=uastats /> It is home to a [[List of educational institutions in Varanasi|number of colleges and universities]]. Most notably, it is the site of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (BHU), which is one of the largest residential universities in Asia with over 20,000 students.<ref>{{cite web|author=Kumar Yadav, Mithilesh|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/From-ancient-to-modern/SP-Article1-709224.aspx|title=From ancient to modern|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=14 June 2011|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428011627/http://www.hindustantimes.com/HTEducation/Chunk-HT-UI-HTEducationSectionPage-OtherStories/From-ancient-to-modern/SP-Article1-709224.aspx|archive-date=28 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi]] is designated an [[List of Institutes of National Importance|Institute of National Importance]] and is one of 16 [[Indian Institutes of Technology]]. Other colleges and universities in Varanasi include [[Jamia-e-Imania]], the Institute of Integrated Management and Technology, [[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]], [[Nav Sadhana Kala Kendra]], [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit University]] and [[Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College]]. Various engineering colleges have been established in the outskirts of the city. Other notable universities and colleges include [[Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University|Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]], and [[Harish Chandra Postgraduate College]]. Some research oriented institutes were also established by the government such as International Rice Research Institute (IRRI),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irri.org/irri-south-asia-regional-centre|title=IRRI South Asia Regional Centre|access-date=29 December 2018|publisher=International Rice Research Institute|archive-date=21 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921170441/https://www.irri.org/irri-south-asia-regional-centre|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|Indian Institute of Vegetable Research]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iivr.org.in/contact-us|title=ICAR-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research|date=22 September 2019|access-date=22 September 2019|archive-date=22 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922150134/https://www.iivr.org.in/contact-us|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|National Seed Research and Training Centre]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Seed Research and Training Centre, Varanasi |url=http://nsrtc.nic.in/ |website=nsrtc.nic.in |access-date=22 September 2019 |archive-date=22 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922161622/http://nsrtc.nic.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Dept of Electrical Engineering IIT-BHU.jpg|alt=Indian Institute of Technology in Varanasi|thumb|[[Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi|Indian Institute of Technology]] in Varanasi]]
Varanasi also has three [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]. Among them [[Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU]] holds the regional office of Varanasi Region of KVS and is seat of deputy commissioner. Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU is also accredited by the [[British Council]]. Other KVs are Kendriya Vidyalaya 39 GTC and Kendriya Vidyalaya DLW.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

[[St. Joseph's Convent School, Varanasi|St. Joseph's Convent School]], in Shivpur, Varanasi, was established by the Sisters of Our Lady of Providence of France as a Catholic (Christian) minority institution with the approval of the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. It is an autonomous organisation under the diocese of the Bishop of Varanasi. It provides education not only to the Catholic Christian children, but also to others who abide by its rules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About US |publisher=St. Joseph's Convent School organization |url=http://www.sjcsvns.org/index_files/AboutUs.htm |access-date=3 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204222628/http://sjcsvns.org/index_files/AboutUs.htm |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Another important institution is the [[Central Hindu School]] in Kamachha. This was established by [[Annie Besant]] in July 1898 with the objective of imparting secular education. It is affiliated to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] and is open to students of all cultures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Correspondence and Select Documents: Volume Seventeen. Presidency Period January 1954 to December 1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBSEJznCfJkC&pg=RA1-PA479|year=1984|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-002-1|pages=1–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Archana |url=http://www.varanasi.org.in/central-hindu-school|title=CHS Varanasi|access-date=3 August 2015|publisher=varanasi.org.in|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711191225/http://www.varanasi.org.in/central-hindu-school|archive-date=11 July 2015|date=11 October 2012}}</ref>

Schools in Varanasi are affiliated with the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE), the CBSE, or the [[Uttar Pradesh Board of Technical Education]] (U.P Board). The overall "state of education in Varanasi is ... not good."<ref name=sc>Hiroshi Sasaki. [http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/ZZT00001/JJpnAssocSouthAsianStud_16_17.pdf "School Choice and Divided Primary Education: Case Study of Varanasi, UP State, India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515042822/http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/ZZT00001/JJpnAssocSouthAsianStud_16_17.pdf |date=15 May 2013}} (PDF). ''Journal of the Japanese Association for South Asian Studies'' no. 16 (October 2004): 17–39.</ref> Schools in Varanasi vary widely in quality, with private schools outperforming government schools.<ref name=sc /> In government schools, many teachers fail to come to class or to teach children.<ref name=sc /> Some government schools lack basic equipment, such as blackboards and sufficient desks and chairs for all students.<ref name=sc /> Private schools vary in quality, with the most expensive conducting lessons in English (seen as a key to children's success) and having computers in classrooms.<ref name=sc /> Pupils attending the more expensive private schools, tended to come from upper-class families.<ref name=sc /> Lower-cost private schools attracted children from lower-income families or those lower-income families with higher education aspirations.<ref name=sc /> Government schools tend to serve lower-class children with lower education aspirations.<ref name=sc />

==Media==
{{Main|List of films shot in Varanasi|l1=Films shot in Varanasi}}
Varanasi caters a lot of [[List of films shot in Varanasi|shooting from different film industries]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kanpur-ups-new-shooting-hub-for-filmmakers/1629818|title=Kanpur UPs new shooting hub for filmmakers|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630221210/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kanpur-ups-new-shooting-hub-for-filmmakers/1629818|url-status=live}}</ref> The temple town has emerged as a hub to [[Hindi film industry]] and [[Cinema of South India|South film industry]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/film-shooting-venues-are-the-new-tourist-attractions-in-varanasi/articleshow/71455812.cms|title=Film shooting venues are the new tourist attractions in Varanasi|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2019 |access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206121334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/film-shooting-venues-are-the-new-tourist-attractions-in-varanasi/articleshow/71455812.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Also, a chunk of Bhojpuri movies are shot in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-time-to-make-in-indie-babua/301815|title=Time To Make In Indie, Babua!|date=4 February 2022|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910224313/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/entertainment-news-time-to-make-in-indie-babua/301815|url-status=live}}</ref> A few Bollywood movies that were shot, include [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|Gangs of Wasseypur]], [[Masaan]], [[Raanjhanaa]], [[Piku]], [[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]] and [[Super 30]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmykeeday.com/best-indian-films-about-banaras/|title=9 Bollywood Films Based or Shot in Banaras You Should Watch|date=2 August 2018|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630091202/https://www.filmykeeday.com/best-indian-films-about-banaras/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Deepika-Padukone-and-Irrfan-Khan-shoot-for-Piku-in-Varanasi/articleshow/45560772.cms|title=Deepika Padukone and Irrfan Khan shoot for 'Piku' in Varanasi|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 December 2014 |access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=14 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714132757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Deepika-Padukone-and-Irrfan-Khan-shoot-for-Piku-in-Varanasi/articleshow/45560772.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/hrithik-roshan-starrer-super-30-team-shoots-at-banaras-hindu-university/photostory/64841479.cms|title=Hrithik Roshan starrer 'Super 30' team shoots at Banaras Hindu University|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630232430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/hrithik-roshan-starrer-super-30-team-shoots-at-banaras-hindu-university/photostory/64841479.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1954470/|title=Gangs of Wasseypur (2012)|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709142014/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1954470/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-to-shoot-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-in-varanasi-36227.html |title=Ayushmann Khurrana to shoot Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan in Varanasi |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703093731/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-to-shoot-shubh-mangal-zyada-saavdhan-in-varanasi-36227.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some parts of the Hollywood movie [[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]] were also shot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/i-m-not-an-outsider-in-hollywood-tarsem-singh/story-mmvw7Upa77IicjwF9ZBGIN.html|title=I'm not an outsider in Hollywood Tarsem Singh|date=19 April 2012|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702165946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/i-m-not-an-outsider-in-hollywood-tarsem-singh/story-mmvw7Upa77IicjwF9ZBGIN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Web series such as [[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]] and [[Asur (web series)|Asur]] were also shot in temple town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/asur-welcome-to-your-dark-side-43164|title=Asur review|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703093727/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/asur-welcome-to-your-dark-side-43164|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ali-fazal-shweta-tripathi-begin-filming-mirzapur-in-varanasi-1531947.html|title=Ali Fazal, Shweta Tripathi Begin Filming Mirzapur In Varanasi|date=30 September 2017|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630091200/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ali-fazal-shweta-tripathi-begin-filming-mirzapur-in-varanasi-1531947.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Newspapers are widely available in Hindi and English. ''[[Aj (newspaper)|Aj]]'', Hindi newspaper was established in 1920 in Varanasi.<ref name="About us">{{cite web|url=http://ajhindidaily.com/AboutUs.aspx|title=About us|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142218/http://ajhindidaily.com/AboutUs.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some publishers in the city are:

{{Div col}}
* ''[[Dainik Jagran]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city|title=वाराणसी समाचार|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=22 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622232647/https://www.jagran.com/local/uttar-pradesh_varanasi-city-news-hindi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.livehindustan.com/epaper/UP/Varanasi/2020-06-30/70/Page-1.html|title=Varanasi epaper|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630182000/https://epaper.livehindustan.com/epaper/UP/Varanasi/2020-06-30/70/Page-1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Amar Ujala]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi|title=Varanasi news|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630150535/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Jansandesh Times''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jansandeshtimes.net/view/1608/varanasi-city|title=Jansandesh Times Varanasi|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630142220/http://jansandeshtimes.net/view/1608/varanasi-city|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Rajasthan Patrika]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/|title=Varanasi News Edition|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518043737/https://www.patrika.com/varanasi-news/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Aj (newspaper)|Aj]]''<ref name="About us"/>
* ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi|title=Varanasi Edition|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=27 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927171408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/varanasi|title=Varanasi Edition News|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701213631/https://www.hindustantimes.com/topic/varanasi|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Div col end}}

The city also hosts a Doordarshan Kendra, which was established in 1984 by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. In 1998, [[Doordarshan]] studio was setup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ddkvaranasi.co.in/history.aspx|title=Varanasi Kendra|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701054655/http://ddkvaranasi.co.in/history.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

FM/AM Stations available in the city are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://radio-asia.org/fm/fm.php?itu=India&region=UP|title=FM Stations In UP|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630151935/https://radio-asia.org/fm/fm.php?itu=India&region=UP|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://onlineradiofm.in/uttar-pradesh/varanasi|title=Radio stations in Varanasi|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=19 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519115512/https://onlineradiofm.in/uttar-pradesh/varanasi|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://streema.com/radios/Varanasi|title=Varanasi UP Radio Stations|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630210350/https://streema.com/radios/Varanasi|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Div col}}
* [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] 91.9 MHz
* [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]] 93.5 MHz
* [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] 95.0 MHz
* [[Radio Mirchi]] 98.3 MHz
* Radio Sunbeam 90.4 MHz
* [[Vividh Bharati|AIR Vividh Bharati]] 100.6 MHz
* [[Gyan Vani]] 105.6 MHz
* AIR Varanasi 1242 AM
{{Div col end}}

Mobile apps such as "InVaranasi", "Varanasi" and "LiveVNS" provide a wide range of information related to travel and local news.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.novasyslabs.livevaranasi&hl=en_IN|title=InVaranasi|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412225524/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.novasyslabs.livevaranasi&hl=en_IN|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cityguide.varanasi&hl=en_IN|title=Varanasi App|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927002008/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.cityguide.varanasi&hl=en_IN|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.livevns.app.native&hl=en_IN|title=LiveVNS App|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927072056/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=in.livevns.app.native&hl=en_IN|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Sport==
[[Basketball]], [[cricket]], and [[field hockey]] are popular sports in Varanasi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/09/stories/2005110912892000.htm|title=Varanasi team scores big win|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2005|access-date=30 October 2012|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721024839/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/09/stories/2005110912892000.htm|archive-date=21 July 2013}}</ref> The main stadium in the city is the [[Dr Sampurnanda Stadium]] (Sigra Stadium), where first-class cricket matches are held.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.thecricketer.com/Grounds/1268.html|title=Dr Sampurnanda Stadium, Varanasi|publisher=The Cricketer|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116143238/http://stats.thecricketer.com/Grounds/1268.html|archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> The city also caters an AstroTurf hockey stadium named, Dr. Bheemrao Ambedker National Hockey Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upsports.gov.in/pages/sportsdirectorate-en/topmenu/institutions/stadiums/sportsdirectorate-en-hockey-stadium|title=Hockey Stadium|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626213926/http://upsports.gov.in/pages/sportsdirectorate-en/topmenu/institutions/stadiums/sportsdirectorate-en-hockey-stadium|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Department of Physical Education, [[Faculty of Arts, Banaras Hindu University|Faculty of Arts]] of [[Banaras Hindu University|BHU]] offers diploma courses in Sports Management, Sports Physiotherapy, Sports Psychology and Sports Journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bhu.ac.in/physicaledu/index.html|title=Department of Physical Education|publisher=Banaras Hindu University|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607180710/http://www.bhu.ac.in/physicaledu/index.html|archive-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> Also, BHU caters sports complexes including badminton court, tennis court, swimming pool and [[amphitheater]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhu.ac.in/sport_board/Complex.html|title=Sports Complexes|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130083656/https://www.bhu.ac.in/sport_board/Complex.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Gymnastics]] is also popular in Varanasi, and many Indian girls practise outdoors at the ghats in the mornings which hosts [[Pehlwani|akhada]]s, where "morning exercise, a dip in the Ganges and a visit to Lord [[Hanuman]]" forms a daily ritual.{{Sfn|Tiwari|2010|p=47}} Despite concerns regarding water quality, two swimming clubs offer swimming lessons in the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web| last = Naskar| first = Sudhiti| title = The river where swimming lessons can be a health hazard| publisher = BBC News| access-date = 4 July 2014| date = 4 July 2014| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28112403| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140703134305/http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28112403| archive-date = 3 July 2014| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

The Varanasi District Chess Sports Association (VDCSA) is based in Varanasi, affiliated to the regional Uttar Pradesh Chess Sports Association (UPCSA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vdcsa.webs.com/|title=Varanasi District Chess Sports Association|publisher=Varanasi District Chess Sports Association|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403141958/http://vdcsa.webs.com/|archive-date=3 April 2013}}</ref>

==Transport==
Within the city mobility is provided by taxis, rickshaws, cycle rickshaws, and three-wheelers, but with certain restrictions in the old town area of the city.<ref name=reach>{{cite web|url=http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm|title=DEO Varanasi|work=Tourist Information How to Reach page|publisher=Varanasi District Administration by National Informatics Centre|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628050118/http://varanasi.nic.in/default.htm|archive-date=28 June 2011}}</ref>

===Air transport===
[[File:Vns .jpg|thumb|The [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]] is the main airport that serves Varanasi.]]

Varanasi is served by [[Lal Bahadur Shastri International Airport]] {{Airport codes|VNS|VEBN}}, which is approximately {{convert|26|km|abbr=on}} from the city centre in [[Babatpur]].{{Sfn|Mitra|2002|p=195}} The airport's new terminal was inaugurated in 2010, and it was granted international airport status on 4 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=777269|title=Cabinet Grants International Status to Five Airports|publisher=Outlook India|date=4 October 2012|access-date=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509140104/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=777269|archive-date=9 May 2013}}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:Varanasi Railway Station.JPG|thumb|left|[[Varanasi Junction]], is the main railway station which serves Varanasi.]]
[[File:Manduadih Railway Station at night.jpg|thumb|Banaras railway station at night]]

[[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]], commonly known as Varanasi Cantt Railway Station, is the city's largest railway station. More than 360,000 passengers and 240 trains pass through each day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/With-mercury-soaring-Kashi-is-still-hot-destination/articleshow/8241727.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510113525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-11/varanasi/29531482_1_summer-special-trains-railway-station-passenger-trains|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|title=With mercury soaring, Kashi is still 'hot' destination|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 May 2011|access-date=30 October 2012}}</ref> [[Banaras railway station]] is also a Terminal station of Varanasi. Because of huge rush at Varanasi Junction, the railway station was developed as a high facilitated terminal. [[Varanasi City railway station]] is also one of the railway stations in Varanasi district. It is located {{Convert|4|km}} north-east of Varanasi Junction railway station. It serves as Terminal station because of heavy rush at Varanasi Junction. [[Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction railway station]] is also the important station in Varanasi suburban.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

Some important express trains operating from the Varanasi Junction railway station and [[Banaras railway station]] are: [[Shiv Ganga Express]] runs between New Delhi Junction and Manduadih station while [[Mahamana Express]] runs between Varanasi junction and New Delhi Junction; the [[Udhna Varanasi Express]] that runs between Udhna (Surat) junction and Varanasi, a distance of {{convert|1398|km}};<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/udhna-varanasi-weekly-express-19057-udn-to-bsb/20050/215/334 |title=19057/Udhna(Surat) – Varanasi Bholenagari Express|access-date=3 August 2015|publisher=Indian Railways|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112193224/http://indiarailinfo.com/train/udhna-varanasi-weekly-express-19057-udn-to-bsb/20050/215/334|archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Kashi Vishwanath Express]] that runs between Varanasi and [[New Delhi railway station]];<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://runningstatus.in/status/14258-today|title= Kashi V Express (14258) Running Train Status|access-date= 3 August 2015|publisher= Indian Railways|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150816122746/http://runningstatus.in/status/14258-today|archive-date= 16 August 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref> the Kanpur Varanasi InterCity express, also called Varuna express, which runs over a distance of {{convert|355|km}} and connects with [[Lucknow]] (the capital city of Uttar Pradesh) and [[Kanpur|Varanasi]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/varuna-express-24228-cnb-to-bsb/8062 |title=24228/Varuna Express|access-date=3 August 2015|publisher=Indian Railways|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908010842/http://indiarailinfo.com/train/varuna-express-24228-cnb-to-bsb/8062|archive-date=8 September 2015}}</ref> and the [[Sabarmati Express]] which runs between Varanasi and Ahmedabad. [[Vande Bharat Express]], a [[higher-speed rail|semi-high speed]] train was launched in the month of February in 2019 in the Delhi-Varanasi route.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html | title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi | date=7 February 2019 | newspaper=Business Today | author=PTI | access-date=15 February 2019 | archive-date=7 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The train reduced the time travel between the two cities by 15 per cent as compared to the [[Shatabdi Express]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Train 18, India's first engine-less train, set to hit tracks on October 29 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/ |access-date=28 September 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106233913/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/train-18-indias-first-engine-less-train-set-to-hit-tracks-on-october-29-5415892/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Varanasi has following railway stations within the city suburbs:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.travelkhana.com/rail-inforailway-stations-varanasi/ |title=RAILWAY STATIONS IN VARANASI |date=6 April 2018 |work=travelkhana.com |access-date=3 June 2022 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928034111/https://www.travelkhana.com/rail-inforailway-stations-varanasi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/story-satellite-rail-station-to-be-built-in-shivpur-and-lohta-2185705.html|title=शिवपुर और लोहता में बनेंगे सेटेलाइट रेलवे स्टेशन|date=22 September 2018|work=Hindustan|access-date=3 June 2022|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927210353/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/story-satellite-rail-station-to-be-built-in-shivpur-and-lohta-2185705.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Name
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Code
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Railway Zone
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Number of Platforms
|-
| [[Varanasi Junction railway station|Varanasi Junction]]
''Also: Varanasi Cantt''
| style="text-align:center;"| BSB
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 11
|-
| [[Banaras railway station|Banaras Railway Station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| BSBS
| style="text-align:center;"|[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
|-
| [[Varanasi City railway station|Varanasi City Railway Station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| BCY
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 5
|-
| [[Kashi railway station|Kashi Railway Station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| KEI
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| Sarnath Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| SRNT
| style="text-align:center;"| [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Mughalsarai Junction railway station|Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Junction]]
| style="text-align:center;"| DDU
| style="text-align:center;"| [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 8
|-
| Shivpur Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| SOP
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|-
| [[Bhulanpur railway station|Bhulanpur Railway Station]]
| style="text-align:center;"| BHLP
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]/[[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 2
|-
| [[Lohta]] Railway Station
| style="text-align:center;"| LOT
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 3
|}

===Ropeway===
[[Kashi ropeway]] is under construction since 2023. It will be {{convert|3.75|km|mi}} long and will have a maximum capacity of 3000 [[passengers per hour per direction]].<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=28 December 2022 |title=VS Engg bags contract to build India's first urban ropeway project in Varanasi |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/vs-engg-bags-contract-to-built-indias-first-urban-ropeway-project-in-varanasi/ |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228103530/https://www.metrorailnews.in/vs-engg-bags-contract-to-built-indias-first-urban-ropeway-project-in-varanasi/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Department of Home and Confidential, Government of Uttar Pradesh">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=PM to lay foundation for India's 1st public transport ropeway in Kashi tomorrow |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pm-to-lay-foundation-for-india-s-1st-public-transport-ropeway-in-kashi-tomorrow-101679577986512.html |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330134522/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/pm-to-lay-foundation-for-india-s-1st-public-transport-ropeway-in-kashi-tomorrow-101679577986512.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Department of Appointments and Personnel, Government of Uttar Pradesh">{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=Varanasi news today: PM Modi lays foundation of India's first public transport ropeway worth Rs 645 crores in Kashi - Check Varanasi ropeway project map, tender and other details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/varanasi-news-today-pm-modi-lays-foundation-of-indias-first-public-transport-ropeway-worth-rs-645-crores-in-kashi-check-varanasi-ropeway-project-map-tender-and-other-details-article-98961726 |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329055746/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/economy/varanasi-news-today-pm-modi-lays-foundation-of-indias-first-public-transport-ropeway-worth-rs-645-crores-in-kashi-check-varanasi-ropeway-project-map-tender-and-other-details-article-98961726 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ropeway Project: रोपवे बनने से खत्म हो जाएंगे काशी विद्यापीठ के चार विभाग, भारत माता मंदिर के अस्तित्व पर भी संकट |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/ropeway-project-in-varanasi-four-departments-of-kashi-vidyapith-will-end-due-to-construction-of-ropeway-bharat-mata-temple-too |access-date=30 March 2023 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330061043/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/ropeway-project-in-varanasi-four-departments-of-kashi-vidyapith-will-end-due-to-construction-of-ropeway-bharat-mata-temple-too |url-status=live }}</ref> It will cover the cantonment area to Godowlia, which will reduce travel time from 45 minutes to around 15 minutes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Public ropeway near Kashi corridor among 28 projects launched by PM Modi in Varanasi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/public-ropeway-near-kashi-corridor-among-28-projects-launched-by-pm-modi-in-varanasi/articleshow/98966111.cms|work=The Times of India|date=24 March 2023|access-date=24 March 2023|language=en|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134546/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/public-ropeway-near-kashi-corridor-among-28-projects-launched-by-pm-modi-in-varanasi/articleshow/98966111.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Roads===
[[File:Varanasi Ring Road Phase 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Ring Road Phase I]]

[[Auto rickshaw]]s and [[Electric rickshaw|E-rickshaws]] are the most widely available forms of public transport in the old city.{{Sfn|Bruyn|Bain|Allardice|2010|p=467}} In the outer regions of the city, taxis are available.{{Sfn|Bruyn|Bain|Allardice|2010|p=467}} Daily commuters prefer city buses, which operate on specific routes of urban and suburban areas. The city buses are operated by Varanasi City Transport Service Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/about-department|title=Varanasi City Transport Service Ltd|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630234547/http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/about-department|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly, 120 buses are operated by Varanasi City Transport Service Limited.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/bus-timing|title=Varanasi City Transport Service Ltd|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630173415/http://uputd.gov.in/article/varanasictsl-en/bus-timing|url-status=live}}</ref>

The following National Highways pass through Varanasi:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201946/https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm|title=State-wise length of National Highways NH in India|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703201946/https://nhai.gov.in/nhdp-english-map.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/StateWiseLengthNHsIndia.pdf|title=Statewise length of National Highways (NH) in India|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=28 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128081526/https://nhai.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/StateWiseLengthNHsIndia.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/express-wanderlust-heres-why-jabalpur-should-be-next-on-your-must-visit-list-6242680/|title=Express Wanderlust|date=30 January 2020|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703161355/https://indianexpress.com/photos/lifestyle-gallery/express-wanderlust-heres-why-jabalpur-should-be-next-on-your-must-visit-list-6242680/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Varanasi/Rummin-dei|title=Varanasi to Rummindei|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703060116/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Varanasi/Rummin-dei|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!National Highway
!Route
!Total Length
|-
|[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]
|[[Delhi]] » [[Mathura]] » [[Agra]] » [[Kanpur]] » [[Prayagraj]] » '''Varanasi''' » [[Mohania]] » [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]] » [[Palsit]] » [[Kolkata]]
|{{cvt|1323|km}}
|-
|[[National Highway 233 (India)|NH 233]]
| '''Varanasi''' » [[Azamgarh]] » [[Tanda, Ambedkar Nagar|Tanda]] » [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]] » [[Siddharthnagar]] » [[Lumbini]] ([[Nepal]])
|{{cvt|288|km}}
|-
|[[National Highway 35 (India)|NH 35]]
|[[Mahoba]] » [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]] » [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]] » [[Prayagraj]] » [[Mirzapur]] » '''Varanasi'''
|{{cvt|346|km}}
|-
|[[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]]
|[[Unnao]] » [[Raebareli]] » [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]] » '''Varanasi''' » [[Patna]] » [[Samsi, Malda|Samsi]]
|{{cvt|968|km}}
|-
|[[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]]
| '''Varanasi''' » [[Jabalpur]] » [[Nagpur]] » [[Hyderabad]] » [[Bangalore]] » [[Kanyakumari]]
|{{cvt|2369|km}}
|}

The heavy traffic of the city is monitored through Integrated Traffic Management System. The smart traffic management system equips the city with automatic signal control system, separate signal system for pedestrians, traffic management centre at state level, area traffic control system, corridor management and dynamic traffic indicators for smooth movement of traffic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Integrated Traffic Management System |url=http://uphome.gov.in/integrated-traffic-management-system.htm |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701153939/http://uphome.gov.in/integrated-traffic-management-system.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Varanasi Traffic Police keeps an eye through Smart Command and Control Centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/varanasis-smart-city-command-control-centre-now-covid-19-war-room-with-cctv-gis-tech/story/400301.html|title=Varanasi's smart city command control centre now COVID-19 War Room with CCTV GIS tech|date=6 April 2020|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210851/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/varanasis-smart-city-command-control-centre-now-covid-19-war-room-with-cctv-gis-tech/story/400301.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Varanasi Integrated Smart Solutions |url=https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/rfpscopeofwork.pdf |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703183102/https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/rfpscopeofwork.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Inland waterways ===
[[National Waterway 1]] passes through Varanasi. In 2018, a new inland port was established on the banks of Ganges River.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-to-inaugurate-first-multi-modal-terminal-on-ganga-river-in-varanasi/articleshow/66555589.cms|title=First multi-modal terminal on Ganga river in Varanasi|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 November 2018|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226062002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pm-to-inaugurate-first-multi-modal-terminal-on-ganga-river-in-varanasi/articleshow/66555589.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Varanasi Multi-Modal Terminal|Multi-Modal Terminal]] is designed to handle 1.26 million metric tons of cargo every year and covers an area of 34 hectares.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ftLRyqPk7Nnldp4SGvD1HL/DP-World-Portek-in-fray-to-run-Varanasi-multimodal-terminal.html|title=DP World Portek in fray to run Varanasi multimodal terminal|date=19 November 2018|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701125438/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/ftLRyqPk7Nnldp4SGvD1HL/DP-World-Portek-in-fray-to-run-Varanasi-multimodal-terminal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Nearly, ₹170 crore was invested by the government to set up an inland port.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maritimegateway.com/varanasi-multimodal-terminal-ganga-nearing-completion/|title=VARANASI MULTIMODAL TERMINAL ON GANGA NEARING COMPLETION|date=23 July 2018|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701143406/http://www.maritimegateway.com/varanasi-multimodal-terminal-ganga-nearing-completion/|url-status=live}}</ref> Maersk started its container service in 2019 by moving 16 containers on [[National Waterway 1|NW-1]] from Varanasi to Kolkata. The port also catered PepsiCo, IFFCO Fertilizers, Emami Agrotech and Dabur for cargo movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/big-first-for-india-worlds-largest-container-shipping-firm-maersk-moves-containers-on-nw-1-inland-waterways/1486401/|title=Big first for India World's largest container shipping firm Maersk moves containers on NW-1 inland waterways|date=13 February 2019|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703095650/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/big-first-for-india-worlds-largest-container-shipping-firm-maersk-moves-containers-on-nw-1-inland-waterways/1486401/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Projects==
Due to growing population and industrial demands, the city is being implanted with several infrastructural projects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958|title=Spiritual capital of India|access-date=1 January 2020|archive-date=1 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072209/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958|url-status=live}}</ref> In fiscal year 2014–18, the city was awarded with projects worth ₹30,000 crore.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kashi-in-4-years-not-quite-kyoto-but-got-rs-30000-crore-bonanza/articleshow/64981283.cms|title=Kashi in 4 years not quite Kyoto but got Rs 30000 crore bonanza|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Sharma|first1=Aman|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926195221/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kashi-in-4-years-not-quite-kyoto-but-got-rs-30000-crore-bonanza/articleshow/64981283.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The city is being invested by both private and public players in different sectors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nnvns.org/data/Final%20CDP%20Varanasi.pdf|title=City Development Plan for Varanasi|date=7 January 2022|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202153859/http://nnvns.org/data/Final%20CDP%20Varanasi.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
===Road===
[[File:Roads in Varanasi Cantonment.JPG|thumb|Road in Varanasi Cantonment]]

The government is executing seven road projects connecting Varanasi, the total project cost being {{INRConvert|7100|c}} and the total length of the project being {{Convert|524|km}}.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} Some important projects are:
* Six lane Varanasi-Aurangabad section of NH-19<ref name="Outlook India-2016" />
* Six lane Varanasi-Allahabad NH-19<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadoni/story-varanasi-allahabad-six-lanes-to-start-construction-of-houses-2460987.html|title=वाराणसी-इलाहाबाद सिक्स लेन के लिए मकानों को जमींदोज करने की कार्रवाई शुरू|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630180054/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bhadoni/story-varanasi-allahabad-six-lanes-to-start-construction-of-houses-2460987.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Four lane Varanasi-Gorakhpur NH-29<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-concerned-over-delay-in-widening-of-2-varanasi-national-highways/articleshow/74198072.cms?from=mdr|title=PM Narendra Modi concerned over delay in widening of 2 Varanasi national highways|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718203316/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pm-narendra-modi-concerned-over-delay-in-widening-of-2-varanasi-national-highways/articleshow/74198072.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ghagra Bridge-Varanasi section of NH-233<ref name="Outlook India-2016">{{cite news |title=How the spiritual capital of India – Varanasi – is becoming the hotbed for real estate investments |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958 |access-date=1 January 2020 |work=[[Outlook India]] |date=8 December 2016 |archive-date=1 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101072209/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlookmoney/real-estate/spiritual-capital-of-india-958 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Four lane Varanasi-Azamgarh Section NH-233<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/four-lane-road-on-hold-hindi-news|title=भूमि के अभाव में फंसा फोरलेन का निर्माण|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705164331/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh/four-lane-road-on-hold-hindi-news|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Four lane Varanasi-Sultanpur NH-56<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-big-budget-projects-galore-in-pm-narendra-modis-constituency/articleshow/54271330.cms |title=Varanasi: Big budget projects galore in PM Narendra Modi's constituency|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824101452/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-big-budget-projects-galore-in-pm-narendra-modis-constituency/articleshow/54271330.cms |archive-date=24 August 2017|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Sharma|first1=Shantanu Nandan|date=11 September 2016}}</ref>
* New four lane Varanasi-Ayodhya Highway<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_11112912591291NewNHDeclarationofNH-709ADMoRTHLetter.pdf|title=NHAI|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706022813/http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Addinfo/0_0_11112912591291NewNHDeclarationofNH-709ADMoRTHLetter.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Varanasi Ring Road Phase – 2<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/poll-model-code-over-nhai-releases-pause-button-on-ring-road-phase-ii/articleshow/69548869.cms|title=NHAI releases pause button on Ring Road Phase II|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/poll-model-code-over-nhai-releases-pause-button-on-ring-road-phase-ii/articleshow/69548869.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Ganga Expressway Phase – 2<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://upeida.in/site/writereaddata/UploadNews/corrigendum/pdf/C_201902011804205533.pdf|title=UPEIDA|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630180022/http://upeida.in/site/writereaddata/UploadNews/corrigendum/pdf/C_201902011804205533.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Varanasi-Ranchi-Kolkata Greenfield Expressway<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms|title=Bharatmala 2.0 to focus on expressways add 4000 km greenfield roads|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701144750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/bharatmala-2-0-to-focus-on-expressways-add-4000-km-greenfield-roads/articleshow/67617128.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Purvanchal Link Expressway<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/purvanchal-expressway-progress-great-news-for-commuters-one-of-indias-longest-highways-to-open-by-diwali/1867018/|title=Purvanchal Expressway progress Great news for commuters One of India's longest highways to open by Diwali|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301115308/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/roadways/purvanchal-expressway-progress-great-news-for-commuters-one-of-indias-longest-highways-to-open-by-diwali/1867018/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Railways===
[[File:GTY based WDG-4 locos with Freight Tanker at Malkajgiri 01.JPG|thumb|A [[Banaras Locomotive Works|BLW]]-manufactured train]]

In 2018, the budget reflected undergoing rail projects of worth {{INRConvert|4500|c}}. Some important projects are:<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from=mdr|title=Railways has ongoing projects worth over Rs 4500 cr in Varanasi|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701103829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 3rd rail line between Varanasi-Mughalsarai<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from=mdr|title=Railways has ongoing projects worth over Rs 4500 cr in Varanasi|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701103829/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-has-ongoing-projects-worth-over-rs-4500-cr-in-varanasi-minister/articleshow/63205239.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
* New Delhi-Varanasi High Speed Rail Corridor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhsrcl.in/sites/default/files/tender/2020-06/DPR-DATA%20COLLECTION-ADDENDUM%20CORRIGENDUM%201-26062020.pdf|title=NHSRCL|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630215119/http://www.nhsrcl.in/sites/default/files/tender/2020-06/DPR-DATA%20COLLECTION-ADDENDUM%20CORRIGENDUM%201-26062020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor (Jeonathpur Railway Station)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76|title=EDFC|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701102211/https://dfccil.com/Home/DynemicPages?MenuId=76|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Kashi railway station|Kashi Railway Station]] to be developed as [[Intermodal passenger transport|Intermodal Station (IMS)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Development of Inter-Modal Station Varanasi|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/PFR/13_Apr_2018_173109067EY5B6XQRDBR.pdf|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201053133/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/PFR/13_Apr_2018_173109067EY5B6XQRDBR.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=First 2 intermodal stations to come up in Nagpur Varanasi|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/first-2-intermodal-stations-to-come-up-in-nagpur-varanasi/articleshow/63089505.cms?from=mdr|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=8 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608215435/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/first-2-intermodal-stations-to-come-up-in-nagpur-varanasi/articleshow/63089505.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Airport===
* Extension of runway by 1325 meters (First of its kind: National Highway under the airport runway)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/up-airport-1st-to-have-national-highway-under-runway/articleshow/64457458.cms|title=UP airport 1st to have national highway under runway|website=The Times of India|date=5 June 2018|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620095655/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/up-airport-1st-to-have-national-highway-under-runway/articleshow/64457458.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* New terminal with passenger capacity of 4.5 million per year<ref>{{cite news |title=गंगा की लहरों व शिवलिंग सा होगा वाराणसी एलबीएस इंटरनेशनल एयरपोर्ट टर्मिनल, डिजाइन तैयार |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-new-airport-terminal-will-be-made-as-shivling-shape-19739101.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |work=Dainik Jagran |date=10 November 2019 |language=hi |archive-date=30 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630214722/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-new-airport-terminal-will-be-made-as-shivling-shape-19739101.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Metro===
{{Main|Varanasi Metro}}
The [[Varanasi Metro]] is a [[rapid transit]] proposed for Varanasi. The proposed system consists of two lines, spanning from [[Bharat Heavy Electricals|BHEL]] to [[Banaras Hindu University]] ({{Convert|19.35|km}}) and Benia Bagh to [[Sarnath]] ({{Convert|9.885|km}}). The feasibility study of the project was done by [[RITES]] and was completed in June 2015. There will be 26 stations, including 20 underground and six elevated on the two lines, which includes total length of {{Convert|29.235|km}} consisting of {{Convert|23.467|km}} underground, while {{Convert|5.768|km}} will be elevated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/DPR-of-Varanasi-Metro-Rail-Project-approved/articleshow/52526623.cms|title=DPR of Varanasi Metro Rail Project approved – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 May 2016 |access-date=24 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206122603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/DPR-of-Varanasi-Metro-Rail-Project-approved/articleshow/52526623.cms|archive-date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/tag/varanasi-metro-rail-project/|title=Varanasi Metro Rail Project – Metro Rail News|access-date=24 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025093206/https://www.metrorailnews.in/tag/varanasi-metro-rail-project/|archive-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kanpur-varanasi-metro-rail-projects-could-start-by-december-2016-116021900701_1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220114510/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/kanpur-varanasi-metro-rail-projects-could-start-by-december-2016-116021900701_1.html|url-status=dead|title=Kanpur, Varanasi metro rail projects could start by December 2016|first=Virendra Singh|last=Rawat|date=19 February 2016|archive-date=20 February 2016|access-date=29 December 2019|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/varanasi-metro-centre-approves-varanasi-metro-rail-project-plan/|title=Varanasi Metro – Centre approves Varanasi Metro Rail Project plan – Metro Rail News|access-date=24 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025094710/https://www.metrorailnews.in/varanasi-metro-centre-approves-varanasi-metro-rail-project-plan/|archive-date=25 October 2016|date=24 May 2016}}</ref> The total estimated completion cost for construction of Varanasi Metro is estimated to be {{INRConvert|13133|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Detailed Project Report of Varanasi metro rail project approved |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/detailed-project-report-of-varanasi-metro-rail-project-approved/articleshow/52526360.cms |access-date=1 January 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=31 May 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304191539/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/detailed-project-report-of-varanasi-metro-rail-project-approved/articleshow/52526360.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Commercial===
* Rudraksha Convention Centre<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/india/english/office/topics/press180716.html|title=Press Release|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630215610/https://www.jica.go.jp/india/english/office/topics/press180716.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kashi Vishwanath Corridor<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Kashi-Vishwanath-corridor-to-be-completed-by-April-2021/26-12-2019-181128/|title=Kashi Vishwanath corridor to be completed by April 2021|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703084121/http://bwsmartcities.businessworld.in/article/Kashi-Vishwanath-corridor-to-be-completed-by-April-2021/26-12-2019-181128/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{Convert|100|acre}} freight village for multimodal terminal<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523350|title=Freight Village in Varanasi|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703122749/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1523350|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Film city to be developed in area of {{Convert|106|acre}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varanasi-to-get-its-first-film-city-confirms-chairman-of-upfdc-comedian-raju-srivastava-7407221.html|title=Varanasi to get its first Film City confirms chairman of UPFDC comedian Raju Srivastava|date=26 September 2019|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702032521/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/varanasi-to-get-its-first-film-city-confirms-chairman-of-upfdc-comedian-raju-srivastava-7407221.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Bus terminal cum shopping mall<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/kashi-new-bus-station-will-be-built-like-airport|title=एयरपोर्ट की तर्ज पर काशी में बनेगा नया बस अड्डा, इन सुविधाओं से होगा लैस|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927014143/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/kashi-new-bus-station-will-be-built-like-airport|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upsrtc.com/pdf/Varanasi_Corrigendum_12_010720.pdf|title=UTTAR PRADESH STATE ROAD TRANSPORT CORPORATION|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128185102/http://www.upsrtc.com/pdf/Varanasi_Corrigendum_12_010720.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* IT Park<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/it-park-will-be-devloped-in-varanasi|title=वाराणसी में बनेगा आईटी पार्क|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=3 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703234948/https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/it-park-will-be-devloped-in-varanasi|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Textile Park<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Centre-approves-a-textile-park-for-Varanasi/articleshow/10840025.cms|title=Centre approves a textile park for Varanasi|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 November 2011 |access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=3 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903020139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Centre-approves-a-textile-park-for-Varanasi/articleshow/10840025.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-chief-minister-approves-textile-park-in-banaras-migrant-weavers-of-surat-will-get-benefit-20327412.html|title=बनारस में टेक्सटाइल पार्क को मिली मुख्यमंत्री की मंजूरी|access-date=2 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702073017/https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-chief-minister-approves-textile-park-in-banaras-migrant-weavers-of-surat-will-get-benefit-20327412.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Integrated Commissioner Complex (ICC) twin towers<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dikshit |first1=Rajeev |title=Varanasi to soon have its own 'twin towers' {{!}} Varanasi News |work=The Times of India |date=7 January 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/varanasi-to-soon-have-its-own-twin-towers/articleshow/80138223.cms |access-date=8 January 2021 |archive-date=6 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106224238/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/varanasi-to-soon-have-its-own-twin-towers/articleshow/80138223.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[List of people from Varanasi]]

==Sister cities==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Country
! City
|-
|{{flagicon|Japan}} Japan
| [[Kyoto]]<ref name=Som>{{cite web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/to-rejuvenate-indian-cities-pm-modi-takes-first-step-with-japan-584209?ndtv_alsoread|title=To Rejuvenate Indian Cities, PM Modi Takes First Step With Japan|date=30 August 2014|publisher=NDTV.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901193517/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/to-rejuvenate-indian-cities-pm-modi-takes-first-step-with-japan-584209?ndtv_alsoread|archive-date=1 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/smart-varanasi-will-be-kyotos-sister-city|title=Smart Varanasi will be Kyoto's sister city|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925220133/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/smart-varanasi-will-be-kyotos-sister-city|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal]]
| [[Kathmandu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Varanasi-Kathmandu, Ayodhya-Janakpur to become sister cities |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-kathmandu-ayodhya-janakpur-to-become-sister-cities/articleshow/45099914.cms |access-date=8 March 2020 |agency=The Economic Times |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=10 November 2014 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727113002/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/varanasi-kathmandu-ayodhya-janakpur-to-become-sister-cities/articleshow/45099914.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112053 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=23 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823152314/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=%2Fnewsite%2FPrintRelease.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bhogabir]]
* [[Bibliography of Varanasi]]
* [[Guptakashi]]
* [[Koreans in Varanasi]]
* [[Pradosha]]
* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]]
* [[Rameswaram]]
* [[Shivdwar]]
* [[Vindhyachal]]
* [[Sonbhadra]]
* [[Uttarkashi]]
* [[Vibhuti]]
{{div col end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Horse Varanasi Beach-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|Horse on the Varanasi Beach
File:Boat Ride Ganges River-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|Boat ride on the Ganges River
File:Cow-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|A cow walking down the street
File:Monkey-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|Monkey
File:Goat-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|Goat
</gallery>

== References ==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== General bibliography ===
{{Further|Bibliography of Varanasi}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Academy |first=Students' |title=Banaras (Varanasi) – The City of Gods |isbn=978-0-557-91475-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHc3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |publisher=Lulu.com |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134521/https://books.google.com/books?id=sHc3AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |url-status=live }}{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
* {{cite book|last=Asher|first=Catherine Blanshard|title=Architecture of Mughal India|date=24 September 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26728-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA278|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134526/https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&pg=PA278|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Bansal|first=Sunita Pant|title=Hindu Pilgrimage: The Teerthas|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2008|isbn=9788122309973|pages=6–9, 3455|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F303Zb7EC0kC&q=panch+prayag&pg=PT34|access-date=7 October 2020|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134556/https://books.google.com/books?id=F303Zb7EC0kC&q=panch+prayag&pg=PT34|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Berwick|first=Dennison|title=A Walk Along The Ganges|year=1986|publisher=Dennison Berwick|isbn=978-0-7137-1968-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTJszmJc2oUC&pg=PA121|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134538/https://books.google.com/books?id=JTJszmJc2oUC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Betts |first1=Vanessa |last2=McCulloch |first2=Victoria |title=India – The North: Forts, Palaces, the Himalaya Dream Trip |date=27 September 2013 |publisher=Footprint Travel Guides |isbn=978-1-907263-74-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-pUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134539/https://books.google.com/books?id=y-pUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA213 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Bindloss|first1=Joe|last2=Brown|first2=Lindsay|last3=Elliott|first3=Mark|title=Northeast India|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-095-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmR5p1tb5mcC&pg=PA278|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134527/https://books.google.com/books?id=QmR5p1tb5mcC&pg=PA278|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Broughton |first1=Simon |last2=Ellingham |first2=Mark |title=World Music: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific |year=2000 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA91 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134553/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA91 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Bruyn|first1=Pippa de|last2=Bain|first2=Keith|last3=Allardice|first3=David|title=Frommer's India|date=18 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64580-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA470|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134546/https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA470|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Callewaert|first=Winand M.|title=Banaras: vision of a living ancient tradition|year=2000|publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=81-7010-302-9|page=90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyTeRVRLiOYC&pg=PA90|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134555/https://books.google.com/books?id=RyTeRVRLiOYC&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|title=City Development Plan for Varanasi|year=2006|publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]]|url=http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/CDP_Varanasi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223090737/http://gangapedia.iitk.ac.in/sites/default/files/CDP_Varanasi.pdf|archive-date=23 February 2014|url-status=dead|ref={{harvid|JNNURM|2006}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cunningham|first1=Alexander|last2=Sastri|first2=Surendranath Majumdar |title=Ancient Geography of India |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |orig-year=1924 |year=2002 |isbn=81-215-1064-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Crowther |first1=Geoff |author-link=Geoff Crowther |last2=Raj |first2=Prakash A. |last3=Wheeler |first3=Tony |title=India, a Travel Survival Kit |year=1984 |publisher=Lonely Planet |isbn=9780908086542 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiatravelsurvi00crow |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite book|last=Das|first=G. N.|title=Couplets from Kabīr|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0935-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNc2VfJiQW4C&pg=PR17|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134539/https://books.google.com/books?id=bNc2VfJiQW4C&pg=PR17|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Desai|first=Madhuri|title=Mosques, Temples, and Orientalists: Hegemonic Imaginations in Banaras |journal= Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review|volume=15 |issue=1 |year=2003 |pages=23–37|jstor=41758028}}
* {{Citation |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |date=2002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |orig-year=1992 |edition=Second |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |author-link=Paul Dundas}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dunlop |first1=Fiona |last2=Sykes |first2=Carol |first3=Felicity |last3=Jackson |title=Fodor's Exploring India |year=2001 |publisher=Fodor's Travel Publications |isbn=978-0-679-00707-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AnLWgVtbJpoC |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134608/https://books.google.com/books?id=AnLWgVtbJpoC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Eck|first=Diana L.|title=Banaras, City of Light|year=1982|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-11447-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134459/https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Surjit Singh|title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1469–1606 C.E.|year=2007|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0857-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&pg=PA90|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134459/https://books.google.com/books?id=qw7-kUkHA_0C&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Amita|title=Early Childhood Education, Postcolonial Theory, and Teaching Practices in India: Balancing Vygotsky and the Veda|year=2006|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-7114-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi2EAXesijkC&pg=PA41|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=qi2EAXesijkC&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shobhna|title=Monuments of India|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC&pg=PA11|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Herman|first=A. L.|title=Community, Violence, and Peace: Aldo Leopold, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Gautama the Buddha in the Twenty-First Century|year=1999|page=153|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3983-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Kp333dcCpAC&pg=PA153|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Kp333dcCpAC&pg=PA153|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Hussain |first=Ansar |title=Rediscovery of India, The: A New Subcontinent |year=1999 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1595-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA342 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134501/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRpFol4AnO0C&pg=PA342 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Jacobsen|first=Knut A.|title=Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA136|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-59038-9|access-date=29 December 2019|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134501/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA136|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Jayaswal|first=Vidula|title=Ancient Varanasi: an archaeological perspective (excavations at Aktha)|year=2009|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-81-7305-355-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Kasbekar|first=Asha|title=Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, And Lifestyle|year=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-636-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA126|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134502/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Kishore |first=Kaushal |title=Holy Ganga |year=2008 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3328-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbGeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134503/https://books.google.com/books?id=mbGeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Kochhar |first=Atul |title=Benares: Michelin Starred Cooking |date=4 June 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4729-2078-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu3sCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134512/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu3sCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|title=The Hindu Temple|year=1946|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134513/https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Brajesh|title=Pilgrimage Centres of India|year=2003|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-7182-185-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC&pg=PA90|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qqei_Wo1qXwC&pg=PA90|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=Medhasananda |title=Varanasi at the crossroads: a panoramic view of early modern Varanasi and the story of its transition |year=2002 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission, Institute of Culture |isbn=978-81-87332-18-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4MMAQAAMAAJ |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=K4MMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Mellor|first1=Ronald|last2=Podany|first2=Amanda H.|title=The World in Ancient Times: Primary Sources and Reference Volume|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-522220-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8MqX3QAmIkC&pg=PA73|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8MqX3QAmIkC&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|title=The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena|publisher=Visible Ink Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-57859-209-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2LTTK5B_OMC&pg=PA29|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=n2LTTK5B_OMC&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Melton|first1=J. Gordon|last2=Baumann|first2=Martin|title=Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-204-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA2536|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134639/https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&pg=PA2536|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Merriam-Webster|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/910 910]}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Mitra|editor-first=Swati|title=Good Earth Varanasi City Guide|year=2002|publisher=Eicher Goodearth Limited|isbn=978-81-87780-04-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134525/https://books.google.com/books?id=NviJaunGDJMC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Bidyut|title=Urbanisation in Developing Countries: Basic Services and Community Participation|year=1993|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-475-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88_4KESo8d0C&pg=PA316|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=88_4KESo8d0C&pg=PA316|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Out |first=Time |title=Time Out India: Perfect Places to Stay, Eat and Explore |year=2010 |publisher=Time Out Guides Ltd |isbn=978-1-84670-164-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUZpPim5nnQC&pg=PA259 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=CUZpPim5nnQC&pg=PA259 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last=Pandey|first=K. N.|title=Adoption of Agricultural Innovations: A Study of Small and Marginal Farmers of Varanasi, U.P.|year=1989|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-85119-68-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLk3-qPOBrEC&pg=PA13|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134529/https://books.google.com/books?id=NLk3-qPOBrEC&pg=PA13|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|title=Guests at God's Wedding: Celebrating Kartik among the Women of Benares|year=2005|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8256-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134531/https://books.google.com/books?id=W-9Hq-DOXnEC|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-142-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA159|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134500/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjr0X-8jrLAC&pg=PA159|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Prakash|first=Satya|title=Cultural Contours of India: Dr. Satya Prakash Felicitation Volume|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02358-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=RA1-PA170|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134533/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKJiBUFrmfoC&pg=RA1-PA170|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Ray|first=Satyajit|title=Adventures of Feluda : Mystery of the El|year=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333574-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKjNXSvBrz8C&pg=PA3|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134501/https://books.google.com/books?id=RKjNXSvBrz8C&pg=PA3|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|author=Real Corp|title=CORP 007 Proceedings|year=2007|isbn=978-3-9502139-3-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGT03xAcFQIC&pg=RA1-PA105|publisher=Lulu.com|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134629/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGT03xAcFQIC&pg=RA1-PA105|url-status=live}}{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
* {{cite book|last=Schreitmüller|first=Karen|title=Baedeker India|year=2012|publisher=Baedeker|isbn=978-3-8297-6622-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA284|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134538/https://books.google.com/books?id=bGgf_LkeG2kC&pg=PA284|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Shackley|first=Myra|title=Managing Sacred Sites: Service Provision and Visitor Experience|year=2001|publisher=Cengage Learning EMEA|isbn=978-1-84480-107-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F18-QxgyHIEC&pg=PA121|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134502/https://books.google.com/books?id=F18-QxgyHIEC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Urmila|last2=Sharma|first2=S.K.|title=Indian Political Thought|year=2001|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-7156-678-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BX3wIjJ9mvMC&pg=PA197|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134712/https://books.google.com/books?id=BX3wIjJ9mvMC&pg=PA197|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Virendra Nath|title=Sawai Jai Singh And His Astronomy|year=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1256-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&pg=PA191|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134627/https://books.google.com/books?id=QRA2mgZnXXMC&pg=PA191|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Shetty |first=Rekha |title=Innovation Sutra: The Secret of Good Business and a Good Life |date=1 May 2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-696-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6JQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73 }}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Ram Bali|title=Rajput Clan-settlements in Varanasi District|year=1975 |publisher=National Geographical Society of India|oclc=4702795}}
* {{cite book |last=Singh |first=Rana |title=Banaras: Making of India's Heritage City |date=2 October 2009 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-1579-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134503/https://books.google.com/books?id=JwMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Rana P.B.|last2=Rana|first2=Pravin S.|title=Banaras region: a spiritual & cultural guide |year=2002|publisher=Indica Books|isbn=9788186569245}}
* {{cite book|last=Sukul|first=Kuber Nath|title=Varanasi Down The Ages|year=1974|publisher=Kameshwar Nath Sukul|
url=http://books.groogle.com/BOOKS?ID=Y2LUAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226115034/http://books.groogle.com/BOOKS?ID=Y2LUAAAAMAAJhttps://archive.org/details/yTSY_varanasi-down-the-ages-by-kuber-nath-sukul-bhargav-bhushan-press/mode/2up|access-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Tiwari|first=Reena|title=Space-Body-Ritual: Performativity in the City|year=2010|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-2857-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7W1I4j75E8C&pg=PA47|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134659/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7W1I4j75E8C&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Twain |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Twain |title=Following the Equator: A journey around the world |year=1897 |place=Hartford, Connecticut |publisher=American Pub. Co. |isbn=0-404-01577-8 |oclc=577051 |chapter=L |url=http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/ |chapter-url=http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/51/ |access-date=7 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228225229/http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/twain/following-equator/ |archive-date=28 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|last=Vera|first=Zak|title=Invisible River: Sir Richard's Last Mission|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HhVcspIBU4C&pg=PA179|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4389-0020-9|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134513/https://books.google.com/books?id=8HhVcspIBU4C&pg=PA179|url-status=live}}{{self-published inline|date=February 2020}}
* {{cite book |last=Vit-Suzan |first=Dr Ilan |title=Architectural Heritage Revisited: A Holistic Engagement of its Tangible and Intangible Constituents |date=28 March 2014 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4724-2064-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKv8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134542/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKv8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PR11 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Warikoo |first=K. |title=Religion and Security in South and Central Asia |date=1 November 2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-89020-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zRZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134514/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zRZBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|last1=Wilder-Smith|first1=Annelies|last2=Shaw|first2=Marc|last3=Schwartz|first3=Eli|title=Travel Medicine: Tales Behind the Science|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-08-045359-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itegkZspCgUC&pg=PA273|access-date=6 March 2016|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134515/https://books.google.com/books?id=itegkZspCgUC&pg=PA273|url-status=live}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last=Wood|first=Jolie M.F.|title=Contentious politics and civil society in Varanasi |encyclopedia=Re-framing Democracy and Agency at India: Interrogating Political Society|year=2011 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-0-85728-350-4|editor=Ajay Gudavarthy}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|ref=none|last1=Banks|first1=Marcus|author2-link=Howard Morphy|last2=Morphy|first2=Howard|title=Rethinking Visual Anthropology |year=1999|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-07854-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfddjqZGZygC}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Kara|first=Siddharth|title=Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery |year=2010|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13961-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LL4kfg6CPuwC&pg=PA59}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Misra|first=Jaishree|title=Rani |author-link=Jaishree Misra|year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310210-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwITlHzYxnoC&pg=PR6}} A work of fiction.
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Mukherjee|first=Neela|title=Alternative Perspectives on Livelihood, Agriculture and Air Pollution|year=2002|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-986-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymo-TP_DhTIC&pg=PA49}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Partridge|first=Christopher Hugh|title=Introduction to World Religions |year=2005|publisher=Fortress Press|isbn=978-0-8006-3714-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7lEFyGiP5r8C}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Singh|first=Sarina|title=India|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-151-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA453}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|author=Singh|first=Vipul|title=Longman Panorama History 7|year=2007 |publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1175-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=URW9LABgF_4C&pg=PA73}}
* {{cite book|ref=none|last=Trayler|first=Richard|title=Life Is Short...Compared to Eternity|year=2010 |publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-61215-343-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mzsNsjVi1gC&pg=PA182}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Varanasi}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Wikiversity|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier}}
* [http://varanasi.nic.in/ Official website of Varanasi District]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090908004947/http://www.up-tourism.com/destination/varanasi/varanasi.htm State Government Tourism Website]
* [http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/publikation/bibbanaras/bibbanaras.php Banaras Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208164757/https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/abt/IND/publikation/bibbanaras/bibbanaras.php |date=8 December 2019 }} at the Südasien-Institut, [[Heidelberg University]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5d49DzbzfM Varanasi Documentary]

{{Geographic location
|North = [[Azamgarh]]
|Northeast = [[Ghazipur]]
|West = [[Sant Ravidas Nagar]]
|Northwest = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
|Center = Varanasi
|South = [[Mirzapur]]
|Southwest = [[Chunar]]
|Southeast = [[Chakia, Uttar Pradesh|Chakia]]
|East = [[Chandauli]]
|
}}
{{Navboxes
|list =
{{Varanasi}}
{{Hindu holy cities}}
{{Ancient Dharmic centres of Higher Learning}}
{{Varanasi district}}
{{Varanasi division topics}}
{{Million-plus agglomerations in India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
}}
{{Portal bar|India|Hinduism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Varanasi| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Census towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Capitals of ancient kingdoms in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Tughlakabad railway station

2026-03-29T01:38:45Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Added new entry

{{Short description|Railway station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Tughlakabad
| native_name = <hr/>तुगलकाबाद تغلق آباد
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railway]] and [[Delhi Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Tughlakabad Railway Station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Tughlakabad, [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.5035|N|77.2965|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|213.317|m|ft}}
| line = [[Agra–Delhi chord]]
| other = {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}} [[Tughlakabad Station metro station|Tughlakabad Station]]
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 2
| tracks = 26
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1904
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TKD
| division = Delhi
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Delhi#
| map_locator =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Faridabad|right=Okhla|type=[[Agra–Delhi chord]]}}
}}

'''Tughlakabad''' (station code:- '''TKD'''), a railway station of the [[Indian Railways]], is on the [[Kanpur–Delhi section|Kanpur–Tundla–Agra–Delhi line]]. Located in [[Delhi]], it is operated by the [[Delhi railway division]] of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]

==History==
The [[Agra–Delhi chord]] was opened in 1904.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date =7 July 2013 }}</ref> Some sections of it were relaid while the construction of New Delhi was underway, and was eventually inaugurated in 1927–1928.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx | title = A fine balance of luxury and care | work = Hindusthan Times|date=6 July 2013 | access-date = 7 July 2013 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602112944/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/TopStories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx | archive-date = 2 June 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Connectivity==
Tughlakabad railway station serves around 33,000 passengers every day.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/TKD/Tugalakabad|title = Tuglakabad (TKD)| publisher= Indian Rail Enquiry| access-date =7 July 2013 }}</ref> This station is part of the [[Delhi Suburban Railway]] and is served by [[Electrical multiple units|EMU]] trains.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metrotrains.in/2012/01/delhi-suburban-railways.html | title = Delhi Suburban Railways | publisher = Metro trains | access-date = 7 July 2013 | archive-date = 31 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131231195302/http://www.metrotrains.in/2012/01/delhi-suburban-railways.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Metro link==
The [[Tughlakabad Station metro station|Tughlaqabad metro station]], located on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]], is approximately 1 km from Tughlakabad Railway Station. The Violet Line operates underground from [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] to [[Jangpura metro station|Jangpura]] and transitions to an elevated line from that cusp to the [[Raja Nahar Singh metro station|Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh) metro station]]. The line was extended to [[Sarita Vihar metro station|Sarita Vihar]] in 2010 and to [[Badarpur Border metro station|Badarpur]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/delhi/delhi-metro/voilet-line.html |title = Violet line Delhi Metro| publisher= Delhi Metro| access-date =7 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Diesel Loco Shed==
The diesel shed at Tughlakabad was established in 1970 with an initial holding capacity of 26 WDM-2 locomotives and a planned capacity to accommodate up to 80 locomotives.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Serial No.
! Locomotive Class
! Horsepower
! Quantity
|-
| 1.
| [[WDM-3A]]
| 3100
| 24
|-
| 2.
| [[WDG-3A]]
| 3100
| 10
|-
| 3.
| [[WDP-3A]]
| 3100
| 16
|-
| 4.
| [[WDP-4|WDP-4/4B/4D]]
| 4000/4500
| 59
|-
| 5.
| [[WDG-4|WDG-4/4D]]
| 4500
| 49
|-
| 6.
| [[WDP-1]]
| 2300
| 7
|-
| 7.
| [[WDS-6]]
| 1400
| 27
|-
| 8.
| [[WAG-9]]
| 6120
| 92
|-
| 9.
| [[WAP-4]]
| 5050
| 47
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Total Locomotives Active as of February 2026'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Railways (Railway Board) |url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,541,710,717 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Electric Loco Holding |url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Holding/holding.html |access-date=30 May 2025 |website=Railnet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Listing All Locos - IRFCA Locomotive Database |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?filter_term%5Bshed_id%5D=56&page=1 |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.irfca.org}}</ref>|| 331
|}

==Electric Loco Shed==
[[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tughlakabad Electric Loco Shed]] is a [[West Central Railway zone]] shed located in Northern Railway territory. It was a Western Railway shed till 2003. It was originally built to serve freight traffic on the busy Delhi–Mumbai route. It houses more than 250 locos of [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-9|WAG-9]].<ref name=sheds>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Yards and depots==
Tughlakabad marshalling yard is a mechanised hump yard with retarders. It has an Inland Container depot with container freight station and also a domestic container terminal.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-yard.html |title= Freight Sheds and Mashalling Yards |publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 10 July 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvU48wIduSk Tamilnadu Express speeds through Tughlakabad]
| video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFlBNnaItFw Tughlakabad metro station]
}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1904]]
[[Category:Railway stations in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Delhi railway division]]

Kulathupuzha Sastha Temple

2026-03-27T22:25:32Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New new place v1 - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Kulathupuzha Sastha Temple
| image = KulathupuzhaShastaTemple.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The temple in 2005
| map_type = India Kerala #India
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|8|54|03|N|77|03|32|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| location = [[Kulathupuzha]]
| elevation_m = 128
| deity = [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]]
| festivals= * [[Utsavam]] in the [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] of {{Lang|ml|mēṭam}} (April{{En dash}}May)
* [[Vishu]] (April)
| architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala|Traditional Kerala style]]
| governing_body = [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
|facade_direction=East}}

'''Kulathupuzha Sastha Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]], located in [[Kulathupuzha]] in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the five important Sastha temples in Kerala, the others being [[Aryankavu Sastha Temple|Aryankavu]], [[Achankovil Sastha Temple|Achankovil]], [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala]] and Kanthamala.<ref name=":2" /> The idol there is believed to have been installed by [[Parashurama]] and is made up of eight pieces of stone.<ref name=":2" /> The temple is known for the ''Meenoottu'' (fish feeding) offering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajappan |first=T. K. |date=15 November 2018 |title=കാട്ടിൽ മറഞ്ഞ കാന്തമല; അദ്ഭുതങ്ങളുടെ ആ അഞ്ച് ക്ഷേത്രം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/indepth/sabarimala-2018/specials/2018/11/15/sabarimala-kulathupuzha-aryankavu-achankovil-kaanthamala-temple-journey.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> The temple is governed by the [[Travancore Devaswom Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=R. Sanjeev |date=16 January 2019 |title=ശാസ്താവിന്റെ ആറ് വിശിഷ്ട ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങളും ദർശനഫലവും |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/astrology/astro-news/2019/01/16/famous-shastha-temples.html |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

== Location ==
The temple is located in [[Kulathupuzha]] in the [[tehsil]] of [[Punalur]] in [[Kollam district]]. It is situated about {{Convert|64|km|abbr=on}} from [[Kollam]] on the banks of the Kulathupuzha River, a tributary of the [[Kallada River]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Infokerala Communications Pvt Ltd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCWmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |title=Kerala Tradition & Fascinating Destinations 2018 |date=31 August 2018 |publisher=Info Kerala Communications Pvt Ltd |isbn=9788193456743 |page=198 |language=en |chapter=Kollam}}</ref>

== Legend ==
According to the legend, the Kulathupuzha temple is one of the five Sastha temples founded by [[Parashurama]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Debjani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PWI1EAAAQBAJ |title=Life in Twilight |publisher=Kavya Publications |year=2021 |isbn=978-93-90707-53-9 |location=India |page=39 |language=en |chapter=18 Steps To Victory}}</ref> It is also believed that Sastha allowed a {{Lang|ml|Jala Kanyaka}} ([[mermaid]]), who had a lust for him, to live in the temple pond in the form of a fish.<ref name=":3" /> A common belief is that the temple was founded by the [[Raja]] of [[Pandalam dynasty|Pandalam]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=C. V. |first=Nidheesh |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8t6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6 |title=Kerala Devaswom Board Previous Year Question Paper 2006 To 2022 |publisher=Nidheesh C. V. |page=131 |language=ml |chapter=Junior Health Inspector Grade II}}</ref> but the idol of Sastha was founded by a [[Brahmin]] from [[Kottarakkara]]. Earlier, the temple was in the possession of the king of Kottarakkara. It was later handed over to the [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]. The [[Tantra|tantric rights]] of the temple are held by the ''Kokkalathu Mutt''.

== Deities ==
The principal deity of the temple is [[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]]. He is in the form of ''Balasastha'' (child form) and is commonly known as ''Kulathupuzha Balakan''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Pereira |first=Ignatius |date=18 December 2013 |title=The mountain trails of a divine legend |language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/the-mountain-trails-of-a-divine-legend/article5473004.ece |access-date=2016-12-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There is a popular song titled "Kulathupuzhayile Balakane" praising the deity of the temple. The deity here is in a fierce mood (''ugramūrti'') as well as in an auspicious mood (''mangalapradāyakan''). [[Shiva]], [[Yakshini|Yakshi]], [[Vishnu]], [[Ganesha]], Boothathan, [[Nāga]], and [[Karuppu Sami]] are the subordinate deities.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/mytemple+english-epaper-engtemp/kulathupuzha+ayyappa+temple-newsid-59795605|title=Kulathupuzha Ayyappa Temple - MyTemple {{!}} DailyHunt|newspaper=DailyHunt|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>

== Offerings ==
The temple pond preserves a number of fish, as they are considered to be the favorites of Shasta. Devotees offer {{Lang|ml|Meenoottu}} (fish feeding) for healing the [[warts]] in the skin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2020 |title=കൊടുങ്കാടിനുള്ളിൽ എവിടെയോ മറഞ്ഞ കിടക്കുന്ന അയ്യപ്പ ക്ഷേത്രം കാന്തമല; അസാധാരണ സവിശേഷതകളുമായി അഞ്ച് അയ്യപ്പ ക്ഷേത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://janamtv.com/80314825/ |access-date=5 October 2023 |website=Janam TV |language=ml}}</ref> The fish are known as {{Lang|ml|Thirumakkal}} (divine children).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=P. Ananthan |first=Anukumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zk96EAAAQBAJ |title=Manimandapavum Thankadwajavum |date=11 July 2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |location=India |pages=19 |language=ml |script-chapter=ml:ശ്രീധർമ്മശാസ്താവ് |trans-chapter=Sree Dharmasastha}}</ref> Most of them belong to the species [[Tor khudree]] and [[Hypselobarbus thomassi]], which are at risk of extinction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Biodiversity Portal|url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/document/show/699|access-date=2021-10-16|website=India Biodiversity Portal|language=en}}</ref> Fishing is also strictly prohibited here.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://sabarimalaayyappa.org/php/sastha_temples.php|title=Welcome to Sabarimalaayyappa.org|website=sabarimalaayyappa.org|access-date=2016-12-22|archive-date=5 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505152649/http://sabarimalaayyappa.org/php/sastha_temples.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of Hindu temples in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kollam district]]
[[Category:Ayyappan temples]]

Anwaruddin Choudhury

2026-03-27T09:48:48Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: starting some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian wildlife conservationist and ornithologist (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Anwaruddin Choudhury
| image = Dr. Anwar Uddin Choudhury.jpg
| caption = Anwaruddin Choudhury
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1959}}
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Master of Arts]], [[PhD]], [[DSc]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[B. Borooah College]]|[[Gauhati University]]}}
| occupation = Naturalist, ornithologist, mammalogist, civil servant, author
| known_for = Expertise on the fauna of North-East India
}}

'''Anwaruddin Choudhury''' (born 1959 in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]) is an Indian [[Ornithology|ornithologist]], [[Mammalogy|mammalogist]], and [[wildlife conservation]] specialist mainly focused on [[Northeast India|North-East India]]. His work includes decades of research, field studies, and policy advocacy.<ref name=bbc>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5125244.stm BBC News on sighting of Manipur bush-quail, June 2006]</ref> He has served in various governmental roles, including being the Deputy Commissioner in Assam and as Secretary in the state government, and ultimately retiring as the Divisional Commissioner of [[Barak Valley]] in August 2019.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=one>Dictionary of International Biography (1987). "Choudhury, Anwaruddin" International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, UK.</ref><ref name=two>Reference Asia (1991). "Choudhury, Anwar Uddin". Rifacimento International, New Delhi, India.</ref><ref name=three>The Sentinel Mélange (2006). "Among the Woods (Interview of Anwaruddin Choudhury)". The Sentinel, 6 February 2006. Guwahati, India.</ref><ref name=four>BirdLife International (2006). "Bush-quail makes unexpected reappearance". BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. http://www.birdlife.org/nes/news/2006/06/manipur.html. Retrieved in 2007.</ref><ref name=six>Teresa Rehman (2001). "The Jungle file: Away from his desk, a bureaucrat documents the Northeast’s wildlife". The India Today. http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20010820/offtrack.shtml {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034425/http://www.indiatoday.com/itoday/20010820/offtrack.shtml |date=2015-09-24 }}. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.</ref>

Choudhury is also the Honorary Chief Executive and a trustee of the Rhino Foundation for Nature in North-East India.<ref name="three" /><ref name="six" /> Born into an academically oriented family, Choudhury was raised in [[Shillong]] and finished his [[matriculation]] in 1974. He earned a Bachelor of Arts with Honors in [[geography]], followed by a master's degree from [[Gauhati University]], where he also received a gold medal for his academic performance.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} He completed his PhD in primate studies in 1989 and DSc in 2008 on a review of mammals of [[Northeast India|North-east India]], both from Gauhati University.<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2001). A systematic review of mammals of north-east India. DSc thesis. Gauhati University, 209 pages</ref>

Choudhury's public service career began in 1983 as an Assam Civil Service officer, transitioning to the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in 1999. Throughout his tenure, he undertook various administrative roles, leading projects aimed at rural development, environmental protection, and wildlife conservation.<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1990). Checklist of the Birds of Assam. Guwahati: Sofia Pub. p. 72 pages.</ref><ref name="eight">Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2000). The Birds of Assam. Guwahati: Gibbon Books & WWF. p. 240 pages. {{ISBN|81-900866-1-8}}.</ref><ref name="nine">Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2003). A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Nagaland. Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation. p. 48 pages. {{ISBN|81-900866-4-2}}.</ref><ref name="ten">Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2006). A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Arunachal Pradesh. Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation. p. 109 pages. {{ISBN|81-900866-5-0}}.</ref><ref name="eleven">Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2008). A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Mizoram. Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation. p. 122 pages. {{ISBN|81-900866-7-7}}.</ref><ref name="twelve">A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Meghalaya. Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation. p. 160 pages. {{ISBN|978-93-80652-03-0}}.</ref><ref name="six" />

== Early and service life ==
{{BLP sources section|date=January 2025}}
Anwaruddin Choudhury, born in [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], in 1959,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Anwaruddin Choudhury |url=https://www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org/award/dr.-anwaruddin-choudhury?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.sanctuarynaturefoundation.org |language=en}}</ref> is the eldest among four siblings born to Alauddin Choudhury and Hena Mazumder. His early education took place at various institutions, including Public High School, Hailakandi, Government Boys High School in Mawkhar, Shillong, and Government Victoria Memorial High School, Hailakandi, where he completed his matriculation in 1974 with second-division honors.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Choudhury initially pursued science in college, but later obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours in Geography from [[B. Borooah College|B.Borooah College]], [[Guwahati]], securing a first-class position in 1981. He continued his academic journey at [[Gauhati University]], earning a Master of Arts degree in geography in 1985, also achieving first position with a gold medal. In 1989, under the guidance of Mohammed Taher, he earned his PhD focusing on the primates of Assam. Notably, he became only the second person to receive a DSc from Gauhati University, awarded for his systematic review of mammals in North-East India in 2008.<ref>Experts. India Biodiversity Portal. Indiabiodiversity.org/page/8811705</ref>
In 1994, Choudhury married Bilkis Begum Mazumdar, with whom he has a daughter Dona and a son named Dino. His maternal grandfather, [[Abdul Matlib Mazumder]], was a prominent freedom fighter and served as a Cabinet Minister in Assam from 1946 to 1970.

Choudhury's dedication to ornithology began in the early 1980s, leading to the publication of over 175 scientific articles and 135 popular articles on birds. He has contributed significantly to the study of birds in North-East India, rediscovering species such as the Manipur bush quail after a 75-year absence from records. His research efforts have also included comprehensive surveys and conservation initiatives for migratory birds, particularly the [[Amur falcon]].<ref name="Choudhury, A.U. 2020">Choudhury, A.U., Goswami, A.K. and Luitel, D. (2020). Three years of monitoring of the Amur Falcon ''Falco amurensis'' at a roosting site in Assam in North-east India. The ''Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India'' 10: 63–75.</ref>
In mammalogy, he has published 88 scientific articles and 82 popular articles since 1981. His research has led to the identification of several new species of [[flying squirrel]]s and a subspecies of [[hoolock gibbon]]. Choudhury's work on the [[wild water buffalo]] stands out as a notable contribution to the field.<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2010). The Vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by COA, Taiwan, and CEPF/ATREE)</ref>

===Success in art===
He had his first exhibition in Guwahati in 1975, which was held jointly with noted artists Manabendra Baruah and Ajan Barua. Choudhury has published his artwork in various Indian and international journals, magazines, and periodicals, including the cover of the Oriental Bird Club Bulletin published from U.K.<ref name=OrientalBird>Oriental Bird Club Bulletin 13. Bedfordshire, UK.</ref>

===Ornithology===
Casual bird watching took a serious scientific approach in the early 1980s. Choudhury pioneered long-term ornithological works in North-East India that are now nearly five decades old. He started writing for popular magazines and started a regular weekly column as ‘Birds of Assam’ in an English daily ''[[The Sentinel (Gauhati)|The Sentinel]]'' published from [[Guwahati]]. The publications in local newspapers in the 1980s brought him recognition in the field of ornithology across Assam, but his writings in international scientific journals and his books made that recognition global in nature. He has written 175 scientific articles and 135 popular articles on birds.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=three/><ref name=four/> Choudhury undertook systematic bird surveys in different pockets of North-East India.
He rediscovered a rare galliform species, the [[Manipur bush quail]], in Assam, after its last record 75 years ago.<ref name=bbc/><ref name=four/> He has made several new country records for India and [[Bhutan]]. He coordinated the Asian Mid-Winter Waterfowl Census for Assam and is also the coordinator for North East India.<ref name=fourteen>State Coordinators (2007). http://www.bnhs.org/bo/documents/awc_2007/AWC_national_coordinators_new{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved in 2007.</ref> He is also the State Coordinator of the Indian Bird Conservation Network.<ref name=fifteen>IBCN (2009). "IBNC State Coordinators". Indian Bird Conservation Network. http://www.ibcn.in/state_list.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730110721/http://www.ibcn.in/state_list.asp |date=2010-07-30 }}. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.</ref>

He has done pioneering path-breaking studies on the endangered [[White-winged wood duck]]<ref name=sixteen>BirdLife International (2001). "Threatened Birds of Asia". BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.</ref><ref name=seventeen>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1996). Survey of White-winged Wood Duck and Bengal Florican, Guwahati: Rhino Foundation. P. 82 pages.</ref> and [[Mrs. Hume's pheasant|Mrs Hume's pheasant]]<ref name=eighteen>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2002). Survey of Mrs Hume's Pheasant in NE India. Report No. 5. [final report to OBC, UK]. Guwahati: Rhino Foundation. P. 30 pages.</ref> to reveal their accurate range and status in India. He also campaigned for the conservation of migratory Amur falcons in Assam from 1994 onwards, in Manipur starting in 2001, and in Nagaland in 2004. He carried out detailed monitoring of the roosting population of this falcon in 2017–19 in Karbi Anglong that revealed a lot of new information on the species including the annual fluctuation of population.<ref name="Choudhury, A.U. 2020"/>

===Mammal research===
Choudhury pioneered long-term primate research in North-East India in the mid-1980s, nearly four decades ago. To date, he published 88 scientific and 82 popular articles on primates starting from 1981. In 1986, he traveled to North Cachar Hills (renamed [[Dima Hasao district]]) to start a two-decade-long research on primates that covered the entire North-East India in later years.<ref name=nineteen>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1989). Primates of Assam: their Distribution, Habitat, and Status. Ph.D. thesis. Gauhati Univ. 300 pages.</ref><ref name=twenty>Anon. (1990). The Return of the Monkeys - A Primate Conservation Project. Spirit of Enterprise, the 1990 Rolex Awards. pp.350-352. Buri International, Berne, Switzerland.</ref><ref name=twentyone>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2001). A systematic review of the mammals of North-East India with special reference to the non-human primates. D.Sc.Thesis. Gauhati Univ. 209 pages.</ref> Little was known about the life of these simians in the wild until he started his writings on them. He has made several country records for India and Bhutan. But the most significant is the discovery and description of three [[flying squirrels]], relatively new to science, in 2007, 2009, and 2013. The three new [[flying squirrel]] species that were described by Choudhury in 2007–2013 are:<ref>{{cite journal | author=Choudhury, A.U. | year=2007 | title=A new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link from Arunachal Pradesh in north-east India | journal=Newsletter and Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India | volume=7 | pages=26–32 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Choudhury, A.U. | year=2009 | title=One more new flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India | journal=Newsletter and Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India | volume=8 | pages=26–34 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Choudhury, A.U. | year=2013 | title=Descriptions of a new species of giant flying squirrel of genus Petaurista Link, 1795 from Siang basin, Arunachal Pradesh in North East India | journal=Newsletter and Journal of the Rhino Foundation for Nat. In NE India | volume=9 | pages=30–38 }}</ref>

* [[Mechuka giant flying squirrel]], ''Petaurista mechukaensis'' Choudhury, 2007 ([[Type locality (biology)|type locality]]: [[Mechuka]])
* [[Mishmi giant flying squirrel]], ''Petaurista mishmiensis'' Choudhury, 2009 ([[Type locality (biology)|type locality]]: [[Mishmi Hills]])
* [[Mebo giant flying squirrel]], ''Petaurista siangensis'' Choudhury, 2013 ([[Type locality (biology)|type locality]]: [[Upper Siang District]])

The holotypes of these flying squirrel species are in the collection of the Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata.

He also discovered a new species of primate but identified it as a subspecies of ''[[Macaca thibetana]]''.<ref name=twentythree>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1998). Pere David’s Macaque was discovered in India. The Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India Newsletter 2: 7, plate.</ref> This was later on described by other scientists as ''[[Macaca munzala]]''.<ref name=twentyfour>Sinha, A., A. Datta, M. D. Madhusudan and C. Mishra (2005). Macaca munzala: a new species from western Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India. International Journal of Primatology 26: 977–989.</ref> Recently he described a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon, which he named the ''Hoolock hoolock mishmiensis''.<ref name=thirtyfive>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2013). Description of a new subspecies of hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock from northeast India. The Newsletter and Journal of the RhinoFoundation for nat. in NE India 9: 49-59, plates.</ref> He also revealed for the first time that the [[Stump-tailed macaque|stump-tailed]] and [[Northern pig-tailed macaque|pig-tailed macaques]] are restricted by the [[Brahmaputra]] towards the west of their range.<ref name=twentyfive>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1988). Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates. Oryx 22: 89-94.</ref> His authoritative works on the wild water buffalo have been published recently as the first monograph on this endangered species.<ref name=thirtysix>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2010). The Vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by COA, Taiwan, and CEPF/ATREE).</ref> His 432-page ''The Mammals of North East India,'' published in 2013, is the most comprehensive and authoritative coverage of any part of India.<ref name=thirtyseven>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2013). The mammals of North East India, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by COA, Taiwan).</ref>
Choudhury's observations on [[capped langur]] revealed hitherto unrecorded differences in facial hair patterns (especially the cap) that differentiate the three subspecies, which were earlier based on color variations. Hair patterns are more dependable than color patterns.<ref>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (2010). Distribution and current status of the Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus in India, and a Review of Geographic Variation in its Subspecies. Primate Conservation 28: 143–157.</ref><ref>Das, J., Chetry, D., Choudhury, A. & Bleisch, W. 2021a. Trachypithecus pileatus (errata version published in 2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2020.</ref>

==The Rhino Foundation==
He is the founder and Chief Executive of the Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India, a leading NGO in India since 1995. This NGO was founded by some leading tea companies and its founder chairperson was Anne Wright. Anil Kumar Goswami, a leading scientist of Assam is its current chairperson.<ref>The Newsletter & Journal of the Rhino Foundation for nat. in NE India 10 (2020), 83pp.</ref> Choudhury's pioneering work in conservation also contributed greatly to increasing awareness of the issue of endangerment of Rhinos in North East India. His stewardship of the Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India as well as his other activities was recognised and he was appointed a member of the State Board for Wildlife, the highest policy-making official body on wildlife, in 2003 by the Government of Assam. The Government of Assam has also made him a member of two other official bodies—the State Wetland Steering Committee in 2003 (for several years) and the State Pollution Control Board in 2008 (till 2022)(for a few years). Before that, the Government of India made the Rhino Foundation for Nature in North East India a member of the Indian Board for Wildlife in 1999, which was headed by the then Prime Minister of India Atal Behari Bajpayee.

Choudhury was one of the early members of the [[World Wide Fund for Nature]] (formerly called the [[World Wildlife Fund]]), and the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] in North-East India (since 1981) and has actively contributed towards their activities in this region, including wildlife surveys, awareness and identification of Important Bird Areas.<ref name="forty nine">Rahmani, Asad (2024). Living with birds. Mumbai: Juggernaut. p. 342 pages.</ref>

==Conservation career==
Choudhury is a member of eight [[IUCN Species Survival Commission|IUCN/SSC]]/[[BirdLife International|BLI]] Specialist Groups, which in itself is a major conservation achievement. He is a member of IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant, Asian Rhino, Asian Wild Cattle, Bear, Cat Specialist Groups, and IUCN/SSC/BLI Waterbird and Galliformes Specialist Groups.<ref name=twentysix>Cat Specialist Group. "Members Asia". http://www.catsg.org/catsgportal/cat-specialist-group/04_members/members_2009_asia.htm Retrieved on 2010-02-24.</ref><ref name=twentyseven>Small Carnivore Specialist Group (2009). "Members’ Profiles" http://www.smallcarnivores.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=20&Itemid=40&member=6{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Retrieved on 2010-02-24.</ref> In addition, he is a member of IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group's South Asian Network and was also with IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding and Small Carnivore Specialist Groups. Choudhury is also a member of the International Asiatic Black Bear, Sun Bear, and Sloth Bear Expert Groups. Among official bodies, he is a member of several Government of Assam bodies, these include the State Board for Wildlife (since 2004), Assam State Pollution Control Board (2008–2022), RhinoVision 2020 (2005–2020), Task Force for translocation of Rhinos within Assam (since 2010) and Committee on the creation of Tiger Reserve/National Park, Wildlife Division, etc., in Karbi Anglong Districts (2023-) and Permanent Invitee, "Technical Committee" on scientific research in Protected Areas of Assam (since 2023). In the 1980s and 1990s, he went to the remote Himalayan region in Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan, and to the mountainous regions of Nagaland, Manipur, and Mizoram, which are occupied by people of the Tibetan-Burman and Tibeto-Chinese ethnicity who heavily supplement their income by hunting wildlife (except Bhutan).<ref name=twentyeight>Wildlife conservation awareness in Nagaland (Assam Tribune, 8 March, wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/.../econag240314.html - Retrieved on 2009-09-16.</ref> Choudhury was there to study the vanishing wildlife as well as motivate the people for conservation with various amounts of success.<ref name="nine"/>

==Conservation results==
Choudhury's work in conservation has resulted in the identification and subsequent protection of a large number of areas in North-East India, more particularly Assam. Due to his work, more than 15 wildlife sanctuaries have been established, including Bordoibam-Bilmukh, [[Pani Dihing Wildlife Sanctuary|Pani-Dihing]], Barail, [[Bherjan-Borajan-Padumoni Wildlife Sanctuary|Bherjan-Borajan-Podumoni]], [[Dehing Patkai National Park|Dihing-Patkai]], [[Hoollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary|Hollongapar Gibbon]], [[Nambor - Doigrung Wildlife Sanctuary|Nambor-Doigrung]], Nambor, [[East Karbi-Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary|East Karbi Anglon]], [[North Karbi-Anglong Wildlife Sanctuary|North Karbi Anglong]], Amchang, [[Marat Longri Wildlife Sanctuary|Marat Longri]], Barak-Bhuban and [[Narpuh Wildlife Sanctuary|Narpuh]]; and two elephant reserves, the Dhansiri-Lungding and Dihing-Patkai. He was also instrumental in upgrading [[Dibru-Saikhowa]] into a national park, inclusion of Laokhowa and Burhachapori Sanctuaries in [[Kaziranga Tiger Reserve]], and declaration of the white-winged wood duck as the state bird of Assam. He is among very few fortunate scientists who could implement their own scientific/conservation recommendations later on as a bureaucrat. Many of the above have been officially notified and gazetted by himself as the Deputy Secretary and later as Joint Secretary to the Government in Environment & Forest Department. He was also a key member of the Assam Forest Policy Drafting Committee. {{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

His writings in the 1980s also resulted in the shelving of a railway project through the southern edge of the world-famous Kaziranga National Park and World Heritage Site.<ref name=twentynine>Choudhury, Anwaruddin (1987). Railway threat to Kaziranga. Oryx 21: 160-163. Oxford/London.</ref>

==Other contributions==
As a bureaucrat, Anwaruddin Choudhury was influential in ensuring a rural district of Assam to start e-governance giving transparency to the rural poor. He also took an active part and partially succeeded in reducing social murders in the name of witch-hunting in remote areas such as [[Baksa district]] at the edge of Eastern Himalaya in Assam.<ref name=WWRN>WorldWide Religious News (2006). "Killings strike fear into Indian witch ..." www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=22918&con=18&sec=73. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.</ref><ref name="thirtyone">CBS News (2006). "Modern-day Witch Hunt In Remote India ". [https://archive.today/20130118201640/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/22/world/main1918803.shtml] Retrieved on 2010-02-24.</ref>
Choudhury's influence helped save many protected areas in North-East India from environmentally destructive developmental projects. The diversion of a National Highway from [[Manas National Park]] and Tiger Reserve near Koklabari, construction of two wildlife-movement underpasses on the diverted portion of the highway to Nganglam (in Bhutan) near Manas in 2007–10, and a power line from Dulung Reserved Forest in Lakhimpur district in 2012-13 are recent examples.<ref name=thirtythree>MMES (2009). "Elephant corridor on construction on NH No. 152". Manas Maozigendri Ecotourism Society, Assam. http://www.manasmaozi.com/?q=about/elephant_corridor {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714025051/http://www.manasmaozi.com/?q=about%2Felephant_corridor |date=2011-07-14 }}. Retrieved on 2009-06-09.</ref> He always spoken against such projects including mega dams.<ref name=Hydel>Kalpavriksh (2008) "Tracking a Hydel Project". www.kalpavriksh.org/kalpavriksh/f1/f1.3/ed%20ecologist%20folder/Subansiri.doc . Retrieved on 2009-06-09.
</ref>

==Publications and writing==
Anwaruddin Choudhury has written 28 books and monographs, and more than 50 technical reports on the birds and mammals of North East India based on his studies and supported by long-term observations (list below). He has also written more than 960 articles and scientific papers about wildlife and conservation. He has published significant number of articles and papers in prestigious journals such as 101 articles starting from 1988 in Journal of Bombay Natural History Society, 14 articles starting from 1987 in Oryx (UK), 21 articles starting from 1983 in Tigerpaper (Thailand), 19 articles starting from 1991 in Newsletter for Birdwatchers, 21 articles starting from 2006 in Indian Birds, 15 and 18 articles respectively starting from 1991 each in Forktail journal (UK) and BirdingAsia, 74 articles starting from 1996 in Journal & Newsletter of the Rhino Foundation, 22 articles starting from 2000 in Mistnet, 20 articles starting from 1982 in Sanctuary Asia, 18 articles starting from 1996 in Environ. In addition, he also published in Folia Parimatologica (Switzerland), American Journal of Primatology, Primate Conservation (both in the USA), Journal of Tropical Ecology (UK), Primate Report (Germany), Danphe (Nepal), Pachyderm (Kenya) among others. For nearly four decades, Choudhury's field research has helped shape wildlife protection efforts in India more particularly in North-East India.

Many of Choudhury's books continue to be referenced for the study of birds and mammals in North-East India. He is the author of:<ref name="forty eight">Choudhury, Amir Sohail & Goswami, Bikul (2012). Complete works of Dr Anwaruddin Choudhury- a bibliographic reference, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation. p. 264 pages. {{ISBN|978-93-80652-01-6}}.</ref>

===Books and monographs authored===
* Checklist of the Birds of Assam, Guwahati: Sofia Pub. (1990)
* A Naturalist in Karbi Anglong, Guwahati: Gibbon Books (1993, 2009)
* Checklist of the Mammals of Assam, Guwahati: Gibbon Books (1994)
* Survey of White-winged Wood Duck and Bengal Florican, Guwahati: Rhino Foundation (1996)
* Checklist of the Mammals of Assam, rev.2nd edn., Guwahati: Gibbon Books (1997)
* The Birds of Assam, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & WWF (2000)
* A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Nagaland, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (2003)
* Birds of Kaziranga National Park: a checklist, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (2003)
* The Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh, New Delhi: Regency Pub. (2004)
* Kaziranga: wildlife in Assam, Delhi: Rupa & Co.(2004)
* A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Arunachal Pradesh, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by OBC, UK; 2006)
* Birds of Manas National Park, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (2006)
* Birds of Dibru-Saikhowa National Park, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (2007)
* A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Mizoram, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by OBC, UK; 2008)
* A Naturalist in Karbi Anglong, rev. 2nd ed., Guwahati: Gibbon Books (2009)
* The Vanishing herds: the wild water buffalo, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by COA, Taiwan, and CEPF/ATREE).
* The secrets of wild Assam, Guwahati: Bhabani Books (2012)
* The threatened birds of Assam, Mumbai: BNHS & Oxford Univ. Press (supported by CEPF/ATREE and BirdLife Int., Cambridge)[jointly with A.R. Rahmani].
* The mammals of North East India, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by COA, Taiwan; 2013)
* A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Meghalaya. Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by OBC, UK; 2014).
* The mammals of India, Guwahati: Gibbon Books & Rhino Foundation (supported by COA, Taiwan; 2016)
* Manas India's threatened World Heritage, Guwahati: Gibbon books & Rhino Foundation (2019)
* A Pocket Guide to the Birds of Assam, Guwahati: Gibbon books & Rhino Foundation (2025)

===Technical studies and reports===
* Primates of Assam: their Distribution, Habitat and Status. Ph.D. thesis. Gauhati Univ. (1989).
* A Report on Bird Survey in Dibru-Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary, Assam, India. Report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK. (1994).
* Proposed Oil Field Nature Reserve, Digboi. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India & WWF-India NE Region, Guwahati. (1996).
* Survey of Primates in some parts of eastern and central Assam. Final Report to ASTEC (Assam Science Tech. & Environment Council), Guwahati. (1996).
* A collaborative study on Gaurs (Bos Taurus) in North Bengal, West Bengal, India. With S. Bhattacharyya & G. Biswas).WWF-India Eastern Region, Calcutta. (1997).
* Survey of grasslands in some parts of central and southern Assam: to assess their bio-diversity & socio-economic problems. WWF-India NE Regional Office, Guwahati. Final Report to WWF-India, New Delhi (a BCPP). (1997).
* Conservation Strategy for the Indian rhinoceros and Asian elephant in NE India. Asian Rhino & Elephant Conservation Strategy (AREAS). Final Report & Project Proposals to WWF-India, New Delhi. (1999).
* The birds of Eaglenest and Sessa Orchid Sanctuaries, Arunachal Pradesh. Final Report to Oriental Bird Club, UK. (2000)
* Survey of birds in Sangti-Shergaon-Kalaktang areas of West Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh. BildLife International, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wild Bird Federation Taiwan and Bombay Natural History Society (2001).
* A systematic review of the mammals of North-East India with special reference to the non-human primates. D.Sc.Thesis. Gauhati Univ. (2001).
* Major inland wetlands of North-Eastern India. A report submitted to SACON, Coimbatore. (2002).
* Survey of Mrs Hume's Pheasant in NE India. Report No. 5. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati [final report to OBC, UK]. (2002).
* Biodiversity survey in the upper areas of East Kameng district, Arunachal Pradesh. WWF-India Assam & Arunachal Office, Guwahati. (2002).
* The red panda - status and conservation. In 'Biodiversity 'Hotspots' Conservation Programme (BHCP). Final report 1992–2002. 132–168. WWF- India, New Delhi. (2003).
* Survey of birds in Mechuka-Monigong-Jorgging areas of West and Upper Siang districts, Arunachal Pradesh. Birdlife International, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Wild Bird Federation Taiwan, and Bombay Natural History Society. (2003).
* Awareness of bird conservation in Nagaland in northeastern India. Final Report to the Oriental Bird Club, UK. (2004).
* A survey of animal use extraction patterns in some areas of the Indian Himalayas.: Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. With KT Thomas Rengma. WPA- India, Guwahati (2005).
* Survey and monitoring of nesting sites of Gyps vultures in Assam, India. With K. Lahkar and R. Risebrough. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India and Department of Environment & Forests, Government of Assam, Guwahati, India. (2005).
* Census of Wild Water Buffalo in Laokhowa and Burhachapori Wildlife sanctuaries. With B.S. Bonal and C. Muthukumarvel. The Environment & Forest Department and The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati. (2008).
* Census of Wild Water Buffalo in Manas National Park. With A. Swargiary, C.R. Bhobora, and B. Saikia. The Field Directorate, Manas National Park, Barpeta Road, and The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati. (2008).
* Census of Wildwater Buffalo in Dibru-Saikhowa National Park. With A. Dey. The Environment & Forest Department and The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati. (2008).
* Survey of mammals and birds in Dibang-Dihang Biosphere Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh. Final Report to Ministry of Env. & Forests, Govt. of India. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India. Guwahati, India. 70pp.(2008).
* Records of Sloth Bear and Malayan Sun Bear in North East India. Final report to International Association for Bear Research & Management (IBA). The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, Assam, India. Pp. 53.(2011).
* Records of Asiatic Black Bear in North East India. Final report to International Association for Bear Research & Management (IBA). The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, Assam, India. Pp. 00.(2013).
* Camera trapping for wildlife with special reference to Small Mammals in parts of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and Mizoram in North East India. Technical Report No. 17, The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, Assam, India. Pp. 62. (2014).
* Conservation of migratory Amur falcons ''(Falco amurensis)'' in Assam. Final Report. The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India & ONGC, Guwahati, Assam. 40pp. (2020).
* Habitat management in rhino-bearing areas of Assam. A preliminary report. A report submitted to Environment & Forest dept., Govt. of Assam, Guwahati. (2021).
* Planning a Protected Area Network in Assam. A report submitted to the Chief Minister of Assam, Guwahati. (2021).
* Conservation of migratory Amur falcons (''Falco amurensis'') in Assam. With F. Tayebulla. Final Report, The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India, Guwahati, Assam. 28pp. (2022).

==Awards==
Choudhury's honors include:
* Gold medal for M.A. by Gauhati University, 1985
* Medal of the North-East India Geographical Society for securing 1st position in Geography in B.A. (honours), 1980
* Forktail-Leica Award for Mrs Hume's pheasant study by the Oriental Bird Club
* OBC-WildWings Conservation Award, UK for conservation activities in Nagaland
* Community Leadership Award (environment) of ERD (Education, Research & Development) Foundation, Guwahati, 2013
* Eastern Himalaya Conservation Award of Balipara Foundation, 2013
* True Legend Award of the Telegraph Group, 2015
* Lifetime Achievement Award at the 10th edition of NatWest Group (formerly Royal Bank of Scotland) Earth Heroes Awards, 2020
* Lifetime Service Award of Sanctuary Nature Foundation, 2021
* Lifetime Achievement Award of Kaziranga Wildlife Society, 2022
* Kushal Mookherjee Lifetime Achievement Award of Nature Mates, Kolkata, 2023
* Lifetime Service Award of Balipara Foundation, 2023
* Lifetime Achievement Award of Aaranyak, 2024
* Certificate of Excellence of Progressive People's Foundation, 2024
* Census Medal 1991 and 2011 by the Government of India {{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}
*


== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Anwaruddin}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian naturalists]]
[[Category:Indian ornithologists]]
[[Category:Indian mammalogists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Premaloka

2026-03-27T01:05:54Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{Short description|1987 Indian film by Ravichandran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Premaloka DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover in Kannada
| director = [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]]
| producer = {{ubl|V. Ravichandran|[[N. Veeraswamy]] (presenter)}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
*V. Ravichandran
*[[Hamsalekha]] {{small|(Kannada dialogues)}}
*[[Panchu Arunachalam]] {{small|(Tamil dialogues)}}
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Grease 2]]''|[[Ken Finkleman]]}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*V. Ravichandran
*[[Juhi Chawla]]
}}
| music = Hamsalekha
| cinematography = R. Madhusudan
| editing = K. Balu
| distributor = Sri Eswari Productions
| released = {{Film date|1987|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = {{plainlist|
*147 minutes (''Premaloka'')
*141 minutes (''Paruva Ragam'')
}}
| country = India
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Kannada
* Tamil
}}
| budget = ₹1.25 crores<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=mgG9SMhzGWG0PGQU&v=oNGTGJQqIUo&feature=youtu.be |title=ರವಿಚಂದ್ರನ್ ಮಾತು ಒಂದು ಕ್ಷಣ ಮೈ ರೋಮಾಂಚನ ಗೊಳಿಸುತ್ತೆ{{!}} Ravichandran Extraordinary Talk{{!}} Hampi Utsava{{!}} SStv |language=kn |publisher=SStv |time=05:34 to 06:02 |time-caption=From |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206102316/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&si=mgG9SMhzGWG0PGQU&v=oNGTGJQqIUo&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=6 February 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Premaloka''''' ({{Translation|World of love}}) is a 1987 Indian [[romantic musical film]] written and directed by [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] in his directorial debut. The film was [[List of multilingual Indian films|simultaneously made]] in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], with the Tamil version titled '''''Paruva Ragam''''' ({{Translation|The Melody of Age}}).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2016 |title=Kanasugara dishes out a nightmare |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kanasugara-dishes-out-a-nightmare/article14412565.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164244/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Kanasugara-dishes-out-a-nightmare/article14412565.ece/amp/ |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2021 |title=Happy birthday Ravichandran: When Juhi Chawla spoke about working with the Sandalwood star in 'Premaloka' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-ravichandran-when-juhi-chawla-spoke-about-working-with-the-sandalwood-star-in-premaloka-991688.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423164244/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/happy-birthday-ravichandran-when-juhi-chawla-spoke-about-working-with-the-sandalwood-star-in-premaloka-991688.html |archive-date=23 April 2023 |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> It was produced by N. Veeraswamy and is based on the 1982 American musical ''[[Grease 2]]''. The film stars Ravichandran and [[Juhi Chawla]] in the lead roles. The plot follows Ravi, a college student who falls in love with Shashikala, a fellow student, and navigates challenges involving family conflicts, arranged marriage, and his secret identity as a mysterious biker.

''Premaloka'' marked Ravichandran’s debut as a director and producer. The film’s soundtrack, composed by [[Hamsalekha]], was highly successful, with the music receiving widespread appreciation and record-breaking sales. The film's success led to Ravichandran's rise as a prominent figure in the Kannada film industry. Juhi Chawla later recalled her experiences on the set as formative for her career in [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="Premaloka" />

== Plot ==
Ravi is a happy-go-lucky college student who lives with his parents Govardhan Rao and Girija, but considers his maid Sharadamma as his family as he never felt loved by his parents due to their business schedules. One day, Ravi accidentally meets Shashikala at the market, he meets her again at his college and learns that she is a newly joined student. On the occasion of the college's diamond jubilee, the college director wishes to hold a ceremony in order to celebrate and get donations. The principal's suggestion of a small pooja is rebuked and the college Prof. Manohar is chosen to plan a grand spectacle with the other students.

A [[motorcycle gang]] tries to derail the planning, but they are held off and the stage is set up without a hitch. However, Shashikala is accosted by the gang and has to hide, where she runs into Ravi. The preparations continue, where the gang again harass the students and all hope seems lost after they beat up the students who stand in their way. However, a mysterious biker rescues them and beats up the gang. Shashikala falls in love with him and receives the biker's jacket. Shashikala continues to reject Ravi's advances while fantasizing over the mysterious biker.

During the night of the show's musical performance, the gang comes back to disrupt the afterparty and Shashikala ends up fainting from the chaos. The biker again saves the students and Shashikala regains consciousness and sees him. The biker reveals himself as Ravi. Though hesitant at first, Shashikala accepts his feelings and her love for him, but Ravi's parents have arranged his marriage to the [[Chief minister (India)|CM]]'s daughter Rajini as a way of gaining prestige. Rajini tries to find Ravi with the help of the principal and [[Inspector]] Srinath, who happens to be Shashikala's father. Shashikala learns from the principal about Ravi's arranged marriage, and she runs away from him heartbroken after assuming that Ravi has cheated her.

Meanwhile, Ravi finally realizes what has happened and goes home, where he is scolded for what he has done. His parents ask Sharadamma to convince him to accept the marriage, Ravi instead becomes enraged and trashes his room in a fit of rage. Shashikala is yelled at and slapped by her parents for loving Ravi. Finally, Ravi goes to Shashikala's house and yells his grievances while jumping around and breaking more things. Realizing her love for him, Ravi and Shashikala emotionally reunite and run away the next morning.

In response, Shashikala's father claims that Ravi kidnapped Shashikala and sends the police to catch them. Swapping positions with a couple in a wedding procession, they are about to get married until the principal, Prof. Manohar and their parents confront them. Ravi and Shashikala manage to convince their parents, principal and Prof. Manohar; they all finally agree. Ravi and Shashikala get married and they leave to a countryside for their [[honeymoon]].

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
! Actor (Kannada) !! Actor (Tamil) !! Role
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] ||Ravi
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Juhi Chawla]]||Shashikala (Shashi)
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || Sharadamma / Thayamma
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Lokesh]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] ||Ravi's father
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Delhi Ganesh]] ||Shashi's father
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]] ||Ravi's friend
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Jayachitra]] ||Kaveri
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Poornam Viswanathan]] ||Chief Minister
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|K. Vijaya ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Vadivukkarasi]] ||Ravi's mother
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Tiger Prabhakar]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Cho Ramaswamy]] ||College principal
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''Guest appearances:'''{{efn|Both versions credit the following actors as making guest appearances in the film. The Kannada version additionally credits Tiger Prabhakar, Srinath, and Lokesh as making guest appearances in the film<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Prema Loka |type=motion picture |language=kn |time=0:05 to 5:03 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref> while the Tamil version does not credit their respective actors as making guest appearances.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Paruva Ragam |type=motion picture |language=ta |time=0:00 to 5:03 |time-caption=Opening credits from}}</ref>}} ||
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] ||Professor Manohar
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[Ambareesh]] ||style="text-align:center;"|[[Thengai Srinivasan]] ||Hotel supplier
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] ||Rohini
|}

== Production ==
''Premaloka'' marked the directorial debut of V. Ravichandran. The film was supposed to be produced by K. C. N. Chandru who later backed out due to the film's high budget and high number of songs hence Ravichandran himself produced it.<ref name="pre">{{cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title='ಸಿಪಾಯಿ' ಚಿತ್ರ ರಿಲೀಸ್‌ಗೂ ಎರಡು ದಿನಗಳ ಮುನ್ನ ರವಿಚಂದ್ರನ್ ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಂಡ ಬಹುಮುಖ್ಯ ನಿರ್ಧಾರವಿದು! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kanasugarana-kahani-crazy-star-v-ravichandran-s-promotional-plan-for-premaloka-movie/articleshow/86615954.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929171020/http://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/kanasugarana-kahani-crazy-star-v-ravichandran-s-promotional-plan-for-premaloka-movie/articleshow/86615954.cms |archive-date=29 September 2021 |access-date=2 July 2024 |work=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> For the lead actress, Ravichandran rejected 52 girls before choosing [[Juhi Chawla]].<ref name="Premaloka">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=5 June 2014 |title=Premaloka was my acting school: Juhi Chawla |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/premaloka-was-my-acting-school-juhi-chawla/articleshow/36066713.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104122912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/premaloka-was-my-acting-school-juhi-chawla/articleshow/36066713.cms |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shyam Prasad |date=25 September 2014 |title='You will be dumbstruck' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Showman-of-Sandalwood-Crazy-StarRavichandran-Apoorva-Ekangi-Juhi-Chawla-Premaloka/articleshow/43355328.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008231649/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Showman-of-Sandalwood-Crazy-StarRavichandran-Apoorva-Ekangi-Juhi-Chawla-Premaloka/articleshow/43355328.cms |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> Apart from composing music, [[Hamsalekha]] also wrote lyrics for the soundtrack album and dialogues for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shyam Prasad |date=9 March 2014 |title=Hamsalekha to don director's hat |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/composer-lyricist-Hamsalekha-Sandalwood/articleshow/31682813.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011115135/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/composer-lyricist-Hamsalekha-Sandalwood/articleshow/31682813.cms |archive-date=11 October 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> When Ravichandran was mulling over the theme of the film, Hamsalekha suggested him to do a musical script on the lines of ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' and ''[[Grease 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2014 |title=Musical Musings |url=http://m.newshunt.com/india/english-newspapers/deccan-herald/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment--musical-musings_29279737/995/c-in-l-english-n-deccan-ncat-SundayHerald |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402130119/http://m.newshunt.com/india/english-newspapers/deccan-herald/sunday-herald/sunday-herald-entertainment--musical-musings_29279737/995/c-in-l-english-n-deccan-ncat-SundayHerald |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=31 January 2015 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |via=DailyHunt}}</ref> Jolly Bustin, who went on to become an action choreographer, worked as a [[body double]] for Ravichandran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Shyam |date=13 October 2011 |title=Such a Jolly ride |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkdNSVIvMjAxMS8xMC8xMyNBcjAzNDAx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091329/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=QkdNSVIvMjAxMS8xMC8xMyNBcjAzNDAx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=31 January 2015 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |pages=35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Kala Krishnan |date=17 March 2006 |title=He defies the law of gravity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/he-defies-the-law-of-gravity/article3217556.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104122909/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/he-defies-the-law-of-gravity/article3217556.ece |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] and [[Lokesh]] appeared in supporting roles in the Kannada version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2014 |title=Ranadheera may do a Premaloka |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Ranadheera-may-do-a-Premaloka/articleshow/35908280.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628124753/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Ranadheera-may-do-a-Premaloka/articleshow/35908280.cms |archive-date=28 June 2022 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shyamprasad |date=11 April 2014 |title=Movie review: Endendu Ninagaagi |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Vivek-Deepa-Sannidhi-Aneesh-Tejeshwar-Sindhu-Loknath-remake-films-Ravichandran/articleshow/33623549.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524122305/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Vivek-Deepa-Sannidhi-Aneesh-Tejeshwar-Sindhu-Loknath-remake-films-Ravichandran/articleshow/33623549.cms |archive-date=24 May 2021 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> The Tamil version featured [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagh |first=Nikita |date=13 November 2019 |title=Juhi Chawla: Photos from her younger days you may not have seen |url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/juhi-chawla-birthday-photos-from-the-actress-younger-days-you-may-not-have-seen/6426 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113122108/https://www.mid-day.com/photos/juhi-chawla-birthday-photos-from-the-actress-younger-days-you-may-not-have-seen/6426 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |access-date=30 March 2020 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Tiger Prabhakar]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] made guest appearances in the film. [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Cho Ramaswamy]] and [[Delhi Ganesh]] portray the respective roles of Ambareesh, Prabhakar and Srinath in the Tamil version.

== Soundtrack ==
Hamsalekha composed the music for the film (in his Tamil debut) and also penned the lyrics for the Kannada soundtrack while [[Vairamuthu]] and [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] penned the lyrics for the Tamil and Telugu soundtrack. The soundtrack album consists of eleven tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premaloka (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/premaloka-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1161694813 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231103091507/https://music.apple.com/in/album/premaloka-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1161694813 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The distribution rights were bought by [[Lahari Music]] for a hitherto record price of {{INR}}150,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Riti |first=M. D. |date=14 April 2001 |title=The Nightingale to sing in Kannada! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/14ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211155244/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/14ss.htm |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=8 February 2017 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The music was widely appreciated and created records in the audio cassette sales during the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamsalekha at his ribald best |url=http://www.themusicmagazine.com/review2a.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216090107/http://www.themusicmagazine.com/review2a.html |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=21 August 2014 |website=The Music Magazine}}</ref> Tulsiram Naidu aka Lahari Velu of Lahari Music wrote in 2015, "''Premaloka'' continues to be the biggest hit among film music albums in [[Kannada cinema]]. Back then audio rights were sold for a pittance and nominally paid {{INR}}100 or {{INR}}1,000. With Premaloka things changed and rights began to be sold in lakhs."<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Shyam Prasad |date=3 January 2015 |title=Lahari and Eshwari together after 25 years |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Kannada-film-industry-Lahari-Audio-EshwariPremalokas-music-album-Eshwari-productions/articleshow/45744473.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202010205/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/kannada-film-industry-lahari-audio-eshwaripremalokas-music-album-eshwari-productions/articleshow/45744473.cms |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> The lyrics of the soundtrack also received acclaim from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2007 |title=The sparkling native pen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-sparkling-native-pen/article2273170.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819064823/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/the-sparkling-native-pen/article2273170.ece |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=21 August 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The soundtrack sold 38 lakhs (3.8{{nbsp}}million) units, setting a record for South Indian soundtrack albums.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2021 |title=Ravichandran: Big dreamer who sometimes lost his way |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravichandran-big-dreamer-who-sometimes-lost-his-way-991254.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235710/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/ravichandran-big-dreamer-who-sometimes-lost-his-way-991254.html |archive-date=15 May 2022 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2015 |title=Bahubali audio sold for Rs 3 cr, sets record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bahubali-audio-sold-for-Rs-3-cr-sets-record/articleshow/47366344.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211005258/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bahubali-audio-sold-for-Rs-3-cr-sets-record/articleshow/47366344.cms |archive-date=11 December 2018 |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The lyrics of two songs from ''Grease 2'' – "Back to School Again" and "Who's That Guy?" were retained as "Geleyare Nanna Gelathiyare" and "Yaarivanu". Another song "Premalokadinda Banda" was an adaptation of the 1986 [[Taiwanese Hokkien|Taiwanese]] [[Hokkien pop]] song "Reflections In The Cup" (also known as "Cup (in the) Shadow") ({{zh|c=|first=t|t={{linktext|杯|中|影}}}}) composed by [[Taiwanese people|Taiwanese]] musician Chen Hong ({{zh|c=|first=t|t={{linktext|陳|宏}}}}) and sung by Taiwanese singer [[Chen Hsiao-yun]] ({{zh|c=|first=t|t={{linktext|陳|小|雲}}}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2018 |title=[其他] 靈霄美人杯中影印度版 - 看板 Palmar_Drama - 批踢踢實業坊 |url=https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Palmar_Drama/M.1534356068.A.A2B.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118220051/https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Palmar_Drama/M.1534356068.A.A2B.html |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=[[PTT Bulletin Board System]] |language=zh-hant}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Kannada track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 47:39
| all_lyrics = [[Hamsalekha]]
| title1 = Premalokadinda
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Geleyare Nanna Gelathiyare
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Ee Nimbe Hanninantha
| extra3 = Ramesh
| length3 = 2:59
| title4 = Nodamma Hudugi
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Latha Hamsalekha]]
| length4 = 5:14
| title5 = Cheluve Ondu Kelthini
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Yaarivanu Ee Manmathanu
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| length6 = 4:49
| title7 = Boy Friend Barthaanantha
| extra7 = S. Janaki
| length7 = 4:25
| title8 = E Gangu Ee Biku Kalisikodu
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length8 = 4:44
| title9 = Idu Nanna Ninna Prema Geethe
| extra9 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length9 = 4:33
| title10 = Mosagaarana
| extra10 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 = 4:21
| title11 = Bathroominalli
| extra11 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length11 = 2:10
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 47:39
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]]
| title1 = Kadhal Illai
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 = 4:34
| title2 = Paadum ilam
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 5:31
| title3 = Oru Minnal Pola
| extra3 = Ramesh
| length3 = 2:59
| title4 = Kelamma Kelamma
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length4 = 5:14
| title5 = Poove Unnai Nesithen
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Yaar Evano
| extra6 = S. Janaki
| length6 = 4:49
| title7 = Adea Amma Kannu
| extra7 = S. Janaki
| length7 = 4:25
| title8 = Hey Maama Vandi Otta
| extra8 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length8 = 4:44
| title9 = Oru Aanum Pennum
| extra9 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length9 = 4:33
| title10 = Mosakaarana Naan
| extra10 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 = 4:21
| title11 = Vanavillai Parthen
| extra11 = [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length11 = 2:10
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu track listing<ref name="Prema Lokam songs">{{Cite web |date=August 2014 |title=Prema Lokam |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2URzeaQaOGHARTB9RDpSfS |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185518/https://open.spotify.com/album/2URzeaQaOGHARTB9RDpSfS |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 48:14
| all_lyrics = [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]]<ref name="Prema Lokam songs" />
| title1 = Paruvam Needenani
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 5:57
| title2 = Satileni Premalokam
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:35
| title3 = Toli Aasalu Pongee
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length3 = 4:33
| title4 = Boy Friend – Boy Friend
| extra4 = S. Janaki
| length4 = 4:23
| title5 = Nuvve Nenani Thalachaane
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length5 = 4:18
| title6 = Chilakamma Chittemma
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[P. Susheela]]
| length6 = 5:14
| title7 = Oka Muddabanthi
| extra7 = M. Ramesh
| length7 = 2:58
| title8 = Evare Veedu
| extra8 = S. Janaki
| length8 = 4:54
| title9 = Eh Mama Biku Nerpava
| extra9 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| length9 = 4:45
| title10 = Mosagaadina
| extra10 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length10 = 4:22
| title11 = Levandi Premikulu
| extra11 = P. Susheela
| length11 = 2:09
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Premaloka'' opened to an underwhelming response for the first few days, but became successful a month after the release due to positive word-of-mouth and soundtrack being repeatedly playing on television.<ref name=pre /><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2013 |title=Jatta – How To Support A Trend Setting Film |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/exclusive/4019-jatta-how-to-support-a-trend-setting-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104122101/https://www.chitraloka.com/exclusive/4019-jatta-how-to-support-a-trend-setting-film.html |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]]}}</ref> By contrast, ''Paruva Ragam'' underperformed due to competition from other bigger films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. |date=2 September 1988 |title=Youngster with fresh ideas |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1398963261823852545 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803043217/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1398963261823852545 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=17 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=NT |date=10 July 1987 |title=An ambitious filmmaker |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870710&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=3 November 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Reviewing this version, [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Ravichandran, who has shown a normal story in an awe-inspiring [[CinemaScope]] size and requested him to tone down songs in his next film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=1 February 1987 |title=பருவ ராகம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-02-01/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230818051834/https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-02-01/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=65 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

''Premaloka'' was dubbed into [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Premalokam''.

== Legacy ==
One of the songs, "Nodamma Hudugi", was reused by Sundeep Malani for his Kanglish film ''[[SMS 6260]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2006 |title=From text to film |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-text-to-film/article3193750.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819064746/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/from-text-to-film/article3193750.ece |archive-date=19 August 2023 |access-date=31 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Hamsalekha]] would go on to compose music for many more Ravichandran films. This film established Ravichandran as new entry star in Kannada film industry.

Juhi Chawla recalling her experiences noted, "My 45-day shoot for Premaloka ensured that going on the set of ''Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak'' was a cakewalk. The other good thing about ''Premaloka'' was that the team was young, so it was like college buddies hanging out. [..] Since the film was a musical, it was like a party on the set. The only senior person there was our cinematographer. I fondly look back at my stint in Kannada cinema during my early days as the foundation for my career in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]]".<ref name="Premaloka" />

== Sequel ==
In March 2024, Ravichandran announced he would direct a sequel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=Ravichandran set to direct Premaloka 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ravichandran-to-direct-premaloka-2/articleshow/108232596.cms |access-date=2024-04-29 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=26 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326114055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ravichandran-to-direct-premaloka-2/articleshow/108232596.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was expected to begin production in late May,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2024-04-23 |title=Manoranjan: It is not as easy for me to fill my father's shoes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Apr/23/manoranjan-it-is-not-as-easy-for-me-to-fill-my-fathers-shoes-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240703011330/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Apr/23/manoranjan-it-is-not-as-easy-for-me-to-fill-my-fathers-shoes-2 |archive-date=3 July 2024 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> but has yet to begin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Will Give A Big Update On Premaloka 2 In A Week's Time: Crazy Star V Ravichandran |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/will-give-a-big-update-on-premaloka-2-in-a-week-s-time-crazy-star-v-ravichandran-article-110568292 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240703011600/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/will-give-a-big-update-on-premaloka-2-in-a-week-s-time-crazy-star-v-ravichandran-article-110568292 |archive-date=2024-07-03 |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Grease}}
{{V. Ravichandran}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1980s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ravichandran (Kannada actor)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic musical films]]

Philautus garo

2026-03-24T14:36:10Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: started new article.

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = ''Philautus garo''
| image =
| status = DD | status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Philautus garo
| authority = ([[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1919)
| synonyms =
| range_map = Philautus garo map-fr.svg|status_ref=<ref name="iucn status 9 December 2022">{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group |date=2022 |title=''Philautus garo'' |volume=2022 |article-number=e.T58846A166106846 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/58846/166106846 |access-date=24 December 2022}}</ref>}}
'''''Philautus garo''''' is a species of [[frog]] in the family [[Rhacophoridae]].
It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[India]], and has been recorded in the [[Garo Hills]] of [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]], and in Dzulake in [[Nagaland]]. This frog has been observed between 90 and 500 meters above sea level.<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6
|title=''Philautus garo'' (Boulenger, 1919)
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Philautus/Philautus-garo
|access-date=January 1, 2024}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb
|title=''Philautus garo'' (Boulenger, 1919)
|author1=
|editor1=
|date=
|language=
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/4411
|access-date=January 1, 2024}}</ref>

The adult frog measures about 13 mm in [[snout-vent length]]. There is no webbed skin on the front feet and partial webbing on the hind feet. The large climbing disks on the toes are roughly the size of the tympanum. The skin of the frog's back is gray with a dark brown mark between the eyes in the shape of an hourglass.<ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Boulenger, G. A. |year=1919 |title=Descriptions of three new batrachians from the Garo Hills, Assam. |journal=Records of the Indian Museum |volume=16 |pages=207–208|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.25921|url=https://biostor.org/reference/51713|type=Full text}}</ref>

Its natural [[habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[forest]]s.
It is threatened by [[habitat loss]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2700263}}

[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Philautus|garo]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 1919]]
[[Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot]]
[[Category:Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger]]

{{Rhacophoridae-stub}}

Kalari Panicker

2026-03-20T22:13:08Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: added references

{{Short description|Indian ethnic group of Hindu religion}}
'''Kalari Panicker''' / '''Kalari Kurup''' is an ethnic group belonging to the [[Hindus|Hindu]] religion, who live in the [[Malabar District|Malabar]] (North Kerala)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Indudharan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xouADwAAQBAJ&dq=kalari+kurup+caste&pg=PT108 |title=Hereditary Physicians of Kerala: Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda in Modern India |date=2018-12-18 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-66312-3 |language=en}}</ref> and central parts of the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=L. Krishna Anantha Krishna Iyer (Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPFWAAAAYAAJ&q=kalari+&pg=PA492 |title=The Cochin Tribes and Castes ... |date=1912 |publisher=government of Cochin |language=en}}</ref> They were known as the masters of [[Kalari]] tradition, having their ''Nalpatheeradi Kalari'' (a name derived from its area of 42 x 21 feet).{{cn|date=July 2024}} They are the people who propagated and practiced [[Kalaripayattu]], a martial art from Kerala.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/user_panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLvX4YwLqUBC2NUPs1mZbhKbP42N%2bXtmvwb%2bHm6V1GqYkr6sDSgvI%2fSb|title=National Commission for Backward Classes}}</ref>

''The titles Kurup and [[Panicker]] are prevalent in several other communities in Kerala, e.g. [[Kurup of Travancore|Nair Kurup]] and [[Panicker]] who belong to the Nair, Ezhava and even in Christian communities.''<ref name=":6" /> "Panicker" was often an honorary rank conferred by Kerala's kings to distinguished individuals and warrior families. They served as protectors and martial instructors, sometimes maintaining close ties with royal families. <ref name=":6" />

== History ==
[[File:Aloor Kalari, Thrissur.jpg|thumb|A present-day Kalari in Aloor, Thrissur, Kerala (Aloor Kalari)]]
Kalaris in Kerala were established during different periods of time. The formation of Kerala is interlinked to the story of [[Parashurama]]. It is believed that Parashurama established 108 kalaris across Kerala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Keralolpathi (The origin of Malabar)}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}} Several kalaris were established during the reign of ''Kulasekharas''.<ref name=":1" /> In the 12th century towards the end of Perumal era, the present state of Kerala was divided into small autonomous provinces called ''Nadus'' and ruled by its own Kings. During the ''Kulasekhara'' rule and later the kings of ''Nadus'' brought in warriors from [[Tulu Nadu]]. The [[Purananuru]] poems mentions about such warriors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=K|first=Vijayakumar|title=Kalaripayattu - Keralathinte Shaktiyum Soundaryavum|pages=15, 48}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}} These warriors known as ''Nambi Kurup'' were helped by the kings to settle in Kerala by granting them land and wealth to maintain and upkeep kalaris.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thampuran|first=Ramavarma Appan|title=Bhootharayar|pages=28}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}}They used the martial arts mastery of the ''Nambi Kurup'' to settle their disputes and hence, existence of kalaris became prevalent.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Prasad|first=S R D|title=Kalarippayattu Vignana Kosham (Encyclopedia)|pages=107, 111}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}}

Kalari Panicker or Kalari Kurup are descendants of those ''Aacharyas'' or masters migrated from Tulu Nadu.<ref name=":2" />

The community which based on its traditional occupation around [[Kalari]], were given the title ''Kurup'' or ''Panicker'' by the kings and villagers and later came to be known as Kalari Kurup or Kalari Panicker.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Menon|first=K P Padmanabha|title=Kochi Rajya Charithram|pages=84}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}}

== Traditional occupations ==

Fencing masters from the Kalari Kurup / Kalari Panicker community historically taught [[Kalaripayattu]] to the Thiyya community in Kerala.<ref name="Kalari1">Literacy in Traditional Societies - Google Books
[https://books.google.com/books?id=B9SUyI-3tRwC&pg=PA149 in Traditional Societies-Google Books]</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}}

Following the recommendations of Lord Richards, the British Administration in 1804 abolished the practice of martial arts and using weaponry in Kerala.{{cn|date=July 2024}} As a result of this, ''Naalpatheeradi Kalaris'' were transformed into family temples. When the Kalari institutions were forcefully closed by the implementation of law, many Kalari masters adopted astrology as their occupation. Since then, the community has seen several scholars in astrology.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kurup|first=Mukundan|title=Kalariyum Kalariyadhiparum|pages=98,99,196}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}}

During Kalaripayattu training and during wars, Kalaris offered Kalari Marma treatment. ''Kalari Gurukkal'' (Kalari Masters) were specially trained in administering these traditional treatments. They were also identified for their proficiency in ayurvedic medicines.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xouADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT108|title=Hereditary Physicians of Kerala|last=Menon|first=Indudharan|date=18 December 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429663123}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2024}}

More complex forms of marma treatment which give agility, flexibility and suppleness of the body through massage or ''Uzhichil'' were performed by the masters.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Engandiyur Kalari.jpg|thumb|Pooja of books during Saraswathi pooja at Engandiyur Kalari, Thrissur, Kerala]]
Masters from the Kalari Panicker community were also involved in providing preliminary education (reading and writing) to their students.<ref name=":0" />

== Dwelling ==
The Masters of ''Naalpatheeradi Kalari'' registered their presence in Kerala and were present at geographical limits between south of [[Korapuzha]] and north of Aluva Puzha (Tributary of [[Periyar (river)|Periyar]] river) comprising the [[South Malabar]] area, the present Palakkad, Thrissur and some parts of [[Ernakulam district]] coming under the Cochin Province.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|last=Kurup|first=Mukundan|title=Kerala Charithram|pages=61–62}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Customs and Tradition ===
The customs and religious traditions followed throughout the length and breadth of Kerala is similar in nature and derives its base from the Arya-Dravida culture and religious traditions. The Kalaris were a unification of temple of worship and ground for training in martial arts. The structure and design of Kalari and the ''Devi'' or Goddess deities of the Temple is an indication of the Arya-Dravida influence in their tradition.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last=K K|first=Bhaskaran|title=Attu Poya Kannikal|pages=32–48}}</ref>

Masters from Kalari Panicker community usually established their Kalari near the south west corner of their residence (''Tharavadu''). The Kalari typically has idols of Kalari Gods - the deities of War and the idols of great forefathers and ''Aacharyas''. Inside the Kalari premises a separate premise is designated to pay respects and prayers to the forefathers and the founders of the Kalari. This method of making idols of forefathers (founders of the Kalaris) as ''Guru Tharas'' is unique and makes this community distinct from most other castes in India.<ref name=":8" />

=== Attire ===
Dressing style adopted by Kalari Panicker community was similar to that of the Nair in the Society. They used to wear ''mundu,'' a piece of white long cloth, fastened to their waist and also used to wear ''Randam Mundu,'' a similar small cloth which is folded neatly and put on the shoulder. They used to put sandal paste on the forehead, tighten their lengthy hair to a ''Kuduma'' and welcome the mornings with devotional [[Sanskrit]] chants. There was a society-imposed restriction that people of lower castes were not allowed to adorn or carry an umbrella made of palm leaves while on a journey. Since Kalari Panicker were masters to ''Savarna'' or upper castes, they were allowed to use the palm leaves' umbrellas.<ref name=":3" />

== Social status ==
The community is listed under the Other Class as published by the Government of Kerala.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/list-scheduled-castes-kerala-state|title=Kerala Public Service Commission - List of other backward classes}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Social groups of Kerala]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna (2012 film)

2026-03-15T17:54:38Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sangolli Rayanna
| image = File:Sangolli Rayanna film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Naganna]]
| producer = Anand Appugol
| writer = Keshavaditya Naganna
| based_on = [[Personal life|Life]] of [[Sangolli Rayanna]][Karnataka]
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Jaya Prada]] [[Shashi Kumar]] [[Nikita Thukral]]
| narrator = [[Sudeep]]<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Sangolli Rayanna' gets Kicha's voice |url= http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Kannada-News_and_Gossips-5,109485.php |publisher= bharatstudent.com |date= 7 September 2012}}</ref>
| music = Yashovardhan Hari Krishna
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = Govardhan
| studio = Sri Sangolli Rayanna films
| released = {{Film date|2012|11|1|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = ₹30 crore<ref name=":30">{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/kranti-veera-sangolli-rayanna-earns-rs-30-crore-523240.html|title = 'Kranti Veera Sangolli Rayanna' earns Rs 30 crore|date = 23 November 2012}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}30 {{ndash}} 40 crore<ref name=":30"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sangolli-Rayanna-set-to-complete-100-days/articleshow/18239373.cms|title=Sangolli Rayanna set to complete 100 days – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |date=17 January 2013 |title=The Top Kannada grossers of 2012 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-grossers-of-2012/20130117.htm |access-date=1 June 2022 |work=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603191112/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-grossers-of-2012/20130117.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕ್ರಾಂತಿವೀರ ಸಂಗೊಳ್ಳಿ ರಾಯಣ್ಣ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Revolutionary warrior Sangolli Rayanna}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Historical drama|historical]] [[action film]] directed by [[Naganna]] and produced by Anand Appugol. [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/kannada-actor-revisits-history/20110415.htm|title=Kannada actor Darshan revisits history|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 April 2011}}</ref> [[Jaya Prada]] and [[Nikita Thukral]] play lead roles. The film is about [[Sangolli Rayanna]], a prominent freedom fighter from [[Karnataka]], who fought the [[East India Company]] till he was captured and executed.

The film was released on 1 November 2012 coinciding with the [[Karnataka Rajyotsava]] where it received positive reviews from critics and became a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/reviews/2012/kranthiveera-sangolli-rayanna-review-100817.html|title=Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Review|date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

''Kranti Veera Sangolli Rayanna'' was produced at an estimated cost of Rs 30 and collected approximately {{INR}}30 crore in 22 days of screening <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/kranti-veera-sangolli-rayanna-earns-rs-30-crore-523240.html|title = 'Kranti Veera Sangolli Rayanna' earns Rs 30 crore|date = 23 November 2012}}</ref> and {{INR}}40 crore in 75 days in theatres in Karnataka.
<ref name="Sangoli 100 day">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Sangolli-Rayanna-set-to-complete-100-days/articleshow/18239373.cms|title = Sangolli Rayanna set to complete 100 days - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> and became the [[List of Kannada films of 2012|highest-grossing Kannada movie]] of 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |date=17 January 2013 |title=The Top Kannada grossers of 2012 |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-grossers-of-2012/20130117.htm |access-date=1 June 2022 |work=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=3 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603191112/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-south-top-kannada-grossers-of-2012/20130117.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Premise==
{{More plot|section|date=April 2025}}
A respectable village head decides to keep his son away from the violent politics of rural life. However, fate intervenes, forcing the young man to not only return home, but also take up the sickle. [[Sangolli Rayanna]], a military leader fought against the [[Britishers]], He served as a senior commander in the military of Kittur ruled by [[Kittur Chennamma]], the kingdom - like many others - called by the British as a princely state, during the early 19th century. After Chennamma led a failed rebellion against the [[British East India Company]] (EIC) in response to the EIC's infamous Doctrine of Lapse in 1824, Rayanna continued to resist Company rule in India. After leading another uprising against EIC authority, he was ultimately captured by the [[British India|British]] and executed by hanging in 1831.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as [[Sangolli Rayanna]]
* [[Jayapradha]] as [[Kittur Chennamma|Kittur Rani Chennamma]]
* [[Nikita Thukral]] as Mallavva
* [[Divya Parameshwaran]]
* [[Shashikumar]] as Channabasava
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Veerappa Sardar
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Venkanagouda
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Balappa Kulkarni
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Umashree]] as Kenchamma
* [[Karibasavaiah]] as Pakira
* [[Doddanna]] as Venkata Rao
* [[Satyajit (Kannada Actor)|Satyajith]] as Mallappa Shetty
* [[Shobaraj (Kannada Actor)|Shobhraj]] as Bandari Baboo
* [[Bank Janardhan]] as Linganagouda
* Saurav
* Sadashiv Brahmavara
* Anand Appugol as King of Shivagatti
* Sadashiv Vinaysarathi
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Krishnaroo
* [[Dharma]]
* Ravichetan
* Moogu Suresh
{{colend}}

==Production==

===Casting===
Initially, [[Arjun Sarja]] was selected for the lead role which is being portrayed by Darshan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/did-you-know/Sangolli-Rayannas-character-was-first-offered-to-Arjun-Sarja/articleshow/32905296.cms?from=mdr|title=Sangolli Rayanna's character was first offered to Arjun Sarja|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 March 2014}}</ref> and [[Priyamani]] was named previously for the female lead role, but later she refused the offer to do such historical character. Finally, [[Nikita Thukral]] was offered the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/darshan-nikita-to-set-sandalwood-on-fire-621797|title=Darshan-Nikita to set Sandalwood on fire|work=[[NDTV]]|date=14 October 2011}}</ref> For shooting purpose, a white horse was bought which cost nearly {{INRConvert|1.7|m}}. [[Jaya Prada]] portrayed the role of [[Kittur Chennamma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/Sep/25/jaya-prada-to-play-kittur-rani-chanamma-189981.html|title=Jaya Prada to play 'Kittur Rani Chanamma'|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 September 2010}}</ref> The same role was filled by [[B. Saroja Devi]] in the 1962 film ''Kitturu Chennamma''.

===Filming===

The team was filmed in [[Jaipur]] (Rajasthan) with more than a thousand artists, including [[horses]] and [[elephants]]. The production team shot for 40 days in a desert village called Thula to capture the battle scene. Fake human body parts were designed by Rajasthan artists for the war scenes to make the war sequences look real.

Producer Anand Appugol explained the shooting experience to the press. "It cost more than {{INRConvert|5|m}} per day of shooting and cost around {{INRConvert|20|m}} only for war scenes. [[Jaya Prada]], who appears as [[Kittur Chennamma]] spent 30 days with the team". She said, "I have acted in nearly 700 films. But I haven’t seen a rich film like this ever shot in the south". Producer Appugol said about his favorite star, "[[Darshan Thoogudeep]] was totally involved in the character of [[Sangolli Rayanna]] while filming the scenes".

The film will be a big boost to the [[Kannada]] film industry and [[Darshan Thoogudeep]]'s career as it is made with a very high budget and a good team. Film posters were nominated for the Internet Poster Design Award.<ref>[http://www.impawards.com/intl/india/2011/sangolli_rayanna_ver18.html Sangolli Rayanna (2012)]. impawards.com</ref>

In the war field, 30 elephants, hundreds of horses, thousands of soldiers, 320 fighters from Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai have taken part in some risky shots. Seven cameras, including the latest photogenic 500, fitting small cameras to the horses and heli-cam were pressed into action. Shooting in Murugod cave was another rich experience. The cave to the road level was used for five days shoot for the film. Twenty-five days were spent shooting on location in [[Mysuru]].

Veteran actor [[Srinivasa Murthy]] fell down from a speeding horse at Jaipur at the shooting spot, and he was saved by Darshan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219183801/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/64034.html "Murthy injured"]. ''indiaglitz.com''.</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Sangolli Rayanna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Yashovardhan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:38
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2011
| year = 2013
| next_title =
| next_year = 2012
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| WCMMTfbC2w8| Sangolli Rayanna - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 32:38
| title1 = Malla Malla
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length1 = 5:06
| title2 = Veera Bhoomi
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length2 = 4:59
| title3 = Chinnadanta Aramane
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length3 = 5:04
| title4 = Gandu Mettida
| extra4 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Hemanth Kumar]]
| length4 = 5:36
| title5 = Nannede Veene
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chitra]], Sonu Nigam, Prakash Sontakke
| length5 = 5:53
| title6 = Janani Janmabhoomi
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan, Rajesh Krishnan, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]], Hemanth Kumar, Prakash Sontakke
| length = 6:40
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 4 out of 5 stars and says "A highlight of the movie is powerful dialogues by T Keshavadithya. Cinematography by Rameshbabu and editing by Dipu S Kumar add to the gloss of the film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna/movie-review/17047277.cms|title=KRANTIVEERA SANGOLLI RAYANNA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 May 2016}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Ultimately, Sangolli Rayanna is one man’s passion realised with equal determination by others. That passion, in this case, is easily transferred to the viewer and set the cash box ringing. Kudos Keshavaditya and team".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/289991/a-messengers-tale-shaped-indian.html|title=A messenger's tale that shaped Indian history|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=4 November 2012}}</ref> Srikanth Srinivasa from [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Though director Naganna could have done away with at least 25 -30 minutes of footage, it still manages to keep you engaged which is quite an achievement. There are a few flaws in documenting the period. Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna is a must-see film for all. Rarely do historical films get made and this is a rare opportunity for people of this generation to watch such a movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna/20121101.htm|title=Review: Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna is a must watch|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 November 2012}}</ref> Shruti I L from [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] wrote "She plays the role of his mother and in true sense it is she and the well written dialogues that bring out the patriotism in you. And what better time than this Kannada Rajyotsava week to revel in its spirit, we wonder, more so if you are like Darshan!".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-reieiw-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-kannada-1759727/amp|title=Reieiw: 'Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna' (Kannada)|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|date=3 November 2012}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote  "The film will definitely satisfy fans of Darshan. But it will certainly not pull in crowds that have deserted Kannada films in the recent years. It deserves to be watched by all people who are still watching Kannada films".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-lavish-battle-scenes-sans-sword-fighting/articleshow/21287972.cms|title=Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna: Lavish battle scenes sans sword fighting|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|References(s)}}
|-
|rowspan="5"|[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|Anand B. Appugola
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-awards-2013-south-complete-list-of-winners-492766 |title=Filmfare Awards 2013 (South): Complete List of Winners |work=International Business Times |date=21 July 2013 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618153336/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/filmfare-awards-2013-south-complete-list-of-winners-492766 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|[[Naganna]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Supporting Actor]]
|Shivakumar
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Supporting Actress]]
|[[Jayapradha]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|rowspan="6"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Film
|Anand B. Appugola
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinokino.com/2012/06/2012-south-indian-international-movie.html |title=SIIMA — South Indian International Movie Awards |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202911/http://www.chinokino.com/2012/06/2012-south-indian-international-movie.html |url-status=live }}
</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Naganna]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|Ramesh Babu
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Fight Choreographer
|[[Ravi Varma (stunt director)|Ravi Varma]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Debutant Producer
|Ananda B. Appugola
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[2012 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
|{{Won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/darshan-thanks-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-team-fans-after-winning-state-award-607653 |title=Darshan Thanks 'Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna' Team, Fans After Winning State Award |work=International Business Times |date=26 August 2014 |access-date=18 June 2015 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618153000/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/darshan-thanks-krantiveera-sangolli-rayanna-team-fans-after-winning-state-award-607653 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/list-of-state-film-award-winners-2012/articleshow/40870457.cms | title=List of State Film Award Winners | work=The Times of India | date=25 August 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Family Entertainer]]
|Anand B. Appugola
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|2616620|Sangolli Rayanna}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010s action war films]]
[[Category:2012 war films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Historical epic films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]

Objectivist movement

2026-03-10T06:38:04Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Put up a details - done

{{short description|Movement of individuals who seek to study and advance Objectivism}}
{{About|adherents to the philosophy of Ayn Rand|the modernist literary movement|objectivist poets}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Update|date=September 2025}}
{{Objectivist movement}}
The '''Objectivist movement''' is a [[Social movement|movement]] of individuals who seek to study and advance [[Objectivism]], the philosophy expounded by novelist-philosopher [[Ayn Rand]]. The movement began informally in the 1950s and consisted of students who were brought together by their mutual interest in Rand's novel ''[[The Fountainhead]]''. The group, ironically named "The Collective" due to their actual advocacy of [[individualism]], in part consisted of [[Leonard Peikoff]], [[Nathaniel Branden]], [[Barbara Branden]], [[Alan Greenspan]], and [[Allan Blumenthal]]. Nathaniel Branden, a young Canadian student who had been greatly inspired by ''The Fountainhead'', became a close confidant and encouraged Rand to expand her philosophy into a formal movement. From this informal beginning in Rand's living room, the movement expanded into a collection of [[think tank]]s, academic organizations, and [[Objectivist periodicals|periodicals]].

Rand described Objectivism as "the concept of man as a heroic being, with his own happiness as the moral purpose of his life, with productive achievement as his noblest activity, and reason as his only absolute".<ref>"About the Author" in {{harvnb|Rand|1992|pp=1170–71}}</ref> Objectivism's main tenets are: that [[reality]] exists independently of [[consciousness]]; [[direct realism]], that human beings have direct and inerrant cognitive contact with reality through sense perception; that one can attain objective conceptual knowledge based on perception by using the process of [[concept]] formation and [[inductive logic]]; [[rational egoism]], that the [[Morality|moral]] purpose of one's life is the achievement of one's own happiness through productive work; that the only [[social system]] consistent with this morality is one that displays full respect for [[individual rights]] embodied in ''[[laissez-faire]]'' [[capitalism]]; and that [[art]] is "a selective re-creation of reality according to an artist's metaphysical value-judgments."

==History==
===The Collective===
[[File:Ayn Rand (1957 Phyllis Cerf portrait).jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Photo of Rand|Ayn Rand in 1957]]
"The Collective" was Rand's private, humorous name<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1986|p=254}} for the group. In public she referred to them as "the class of '43", after the year ''The Fountainhead'' was published. ''cf''. {{harvnb|Baker|1987|p=18}} and {{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=15}}.</ref> for a group of close confidants, students, and proponents of Rand and Objectivism during the 1950s and 1960s. The founding members of the group were [[Nathaniel Branden]], [[Barbara Branden]], [[Leonard Peikoff]], [[Alan Greenspan]], [[Joan Kennedy Taylor]], Allan Blumenthal, Harry Kalberman, Elayne Kalberman, Joan Mitchell, and Mary Ann Sures (formerly Rukavina).<ref>{{harvnb|Britting|2004|p=88}}; {{harvnb|Branden|1986|p=254}}.</ref> This group became the nucleus of a growing movement of Rand admirers whose name was chosen by Rand as a joke based on Objectivism's staunch commitment to [[individualism]] and strong objection to all forms of [[Collectivism and individualism|Collectivism]].

The Collective originally started out as an informal gathering of friends (many of them related to one another) who met with Rand on weekends at her apartment on East 36th Street in [[New York City]] to discuss philosophy.<ref>{{harvnb|Paxton|1998|p=156}}; {{harvnb|Greenspan|2007|p= 40}}</ref> Barbara Branden said the group met "because of a common interest in ideas".<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1986|p= 254}}.</ref> Greenspan recalled being drawn to Rand because of a shared belief in "the importance of mathematics and intellectual rigor".<ref>{{harvnb|Greenspan|2007|p=51}}</ref> The group met at Rand's apartment at least once a week, and would often discuss and debate into the early morning hours.<ref>{{harvnb|Greenspan|2007|p=40}}; {{harvnb|Paxton|1998|p= 156}}.</ref> About these discussions, Greenspan said, "Talking to Ayn Rand was like starting a game of chess thinking I was good, and suddenly finding myself in checkmate."<ref>{{harvnb|Greenspan|2007|pp=40–41}}.</ref> Eventually, Rand also allowed them to begin reading the manuscript of ''[[Atlas Shrugged]]'' (1957) as she completed it.<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1986|pp=254–255}}; {{harvnb|Paxton|1998|p=156}}.</ref> The Collective began to play a larger, more formal role, promoting Rand's philosophy through the [[Nathaniel Branden Institute]] (NBI). Some Collective members gave lectures at the NBI in cities across the United States and wrote articles for its newsletters, ''[[The Objectivist Newsletter]]'' (1962–1965) and ''[[The Objectivist]]'' (1966–1971).<ref>{{harvnb|Britting|2004|p=95}}; {{harvnb|Baker|1987|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Branden|1999|p=255}}; {{harvnb|Branden|1986|pp=307, 312–313}}.</ref>

===Nathaniel Branden Institute===
{{Main|Nathaniel Branden Institute}}
The first formal presentation of Objectivism began with the Nathaniel Branden Lectures (NBL), shortly after the publication of Rand's final novel, ''Atlas Shrugged''. Nathaniel Branden was the first member of The Collective, and later, Rand's "intellectual heir".<ref name="passion">{{harvnb|Branden|1986}}</ref> In time, Branden and Rand became romantically involved.<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1999}}</ref> After the publication of ''Atlas Shrugged'', Rand was inundated with requests for more information about her philosophy. Not wanting to be a teacher or leader of an organized movement, she allowed Branden to lecture on her behalf.<ref name="passion"/>
<div style="float:right;margin:0px 0px 10px 10px;width:220px;">
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" bgcolor="#999999" style="font-size:9px;line-height:11px;border:1px solid #999;margin-bottom:3px;"
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" style="font-size:11px;line-height:13px;" | '''Timeline of the Objectivist movement'''
|-
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" style="width:60px;" | '''Year'''
| bgcolor="#E9E9E9" style="width:200px;" | '''Event'''
|-
| valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border-right:1px solid #E9E9E9;" |
1943 
1950 
1957 
1958 
1961 
1968 
1971 
1980 
1982 
1985 
1987 
1989 
1990 
1999 
2000 
2001
| valign="top" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" style="border-right:1px solid #E9E9E9;"|
''The Fountainhead'' published 
Branden meets Rand 
''Atlas Shrugged'' published 
NBI created 
''Objectivist Newsletter'' starts 
Branden-Rand split 
''Ayn Rand Letter'' starts 
''Objectivist Forum'' starts 
Rand's death 
Ayn Rand Institute starts 
Ayn Rand Society forms 
Peikoff-Kelley split 
IOS starts 
JARS founded 
Objectivist Academic Center 
First Anthem Foundation fellowship
|}
</div>

The success of NBL prompted Branden to expand his lecture organization into the [[Nathaniel Branden Institute]] (NBI). Rand and Branden also co-founded the first publication devoted to the study and application of Objectivism. ''The Objectivist Newsletter'' began publication in 1962 and was later expanded into ''The Objectivist''.<ref>{{harvnb|Hessen|1999|pp=351–352}}.</ref>

The 1960s saw a rapid expansion of the Objectivist movement. Rand was a frequent lecturer at universities across the country. Rand hosted a radio program on Objectivism on the Columbia University station, [[WKCR-FM]]. The [[Nathaniel Branden Institute]] (NBI) hosted lectures on Objectivism, the history of philosophy, art, and psychology in cities across the country. Campus clubs devoted to studying Rand's philosophy formed throughout the country, though operated independently of NBI. Rand was a frequent guest on radio and television, as well as an annual lecturer at the Ford Hall Forum.<ref>{{harvnb|Heller|2009|p=320}}</ref> At the peak of its popularity, NBI was delivering taped lectures in over 80 cities.<ref>''The Objectivist Newsletter'' vol. 4 no. 12</ref> By 1967 NBI had leased an entire floor in the [[Empire State Building]] (with ''The Objectivist'' as a sub-tenant).<ref>{{harvnb|Heller|2009|pp=350, 373}}</ref>

In 1968, Rand publicly broke with Nathaniel and Barbara Branden.<ref name="Rand1968a">{{harvnb|Rand|1968|p=449}}.</ref> She accused Nathaniel Branden of a "gradual departure from the principles of Objectivism",<ref name="Rand1968a"/> financial exploitation of her related to business loans, and "deliberate deception of several persons".<ref>{{harvnb|Rand|1968|pp=452–453}}; ''cf''. {{harvnb|Doherty|2007|p=334}}.</ref> In a response sent to the mailing list of ''The Objectivist'' in 1968, the Brandens denied many of Rand's charges against them.<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1986|pp=354–355}}; {{harvnb|Doherty|2007|pp=334–335}}.</ref> The result of their conflicting claims was a "schism", as some participants in the Objectivist movement supported the Brandens, while others supported Rand's repudiation of them.<ref>{{harvnb|Doherty|2007|pp=334–336}}; {{harvnb|Baker|1987|pp=24–25}}; {{harvnb|Branden|1986|pp=355–356}}; {{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Walker|1999|pp=43–46}}. Baker and Walker both use the term "schism", as does {{harvnb|Peikoff|1989|pp=1, 5}}.</ref>

NBI was closed and its offices vacated, in an environment that Barbara Branden described as "total hysteria" as its former students learned about the matter.<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1986|pp=351–352}}; ''cf''. {{harvnb|Rand|1968|p=455}}.</ref> The Brandens continued for a time to sell some of NBI's recorded lectures through a new company,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Legal Notice |last=Holzer |first=Henry Mark |journal=The Objectivist |date=May 1969 |volume=8 |issue=5 |page=656}}</ref> but otherwise had little involvement with the Objectivist movement until their biographical books about Rand were released.<ref>{{harvnb|Branden|1986}} and {{harvnb|Branden|1999}}, which was originally released in 1989 under the title ''Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand''.</ref> ''The Objectivist'' continued publishing with Rand as editor and Leonard Peikoff as associate editor. Peikoff also took over Nathaniel Branden's role as the primary lecturer on Objectivism.<ref name="Hessen 1999 p=353">{{harvnb|Hessen|1999|p=353}}.</ref> Peikoff later described the Brandens' expulsion as the first "of the many schisms that have plagued the Objectivist movement."<ref>{{harvnb|Peikoff|1989|p=5}}.</ref>

===1970s===
[[File:Leonard Peikoff.tiff|thumb|upright|alt=|Leonard Peikoff delivered lectures on Objectivism throughout the 1970s.]]
In the 1970s, Rand gave fewer public speeches. She concentrated instead on nonfiction writing and on helping the work of her students and associates, through efforts such as a series of private workshops on [[epistemology]] that she conducted from 1969 through 1971 for about a dozen students and professionals in philosophy, math and physics.<ref>{{harvnb|Burns|2009|p=250}}</ref> ''The Objectivist'' was replaced by ''[[Objectivist periodicals#The Ayn Rand Letter|The Ayn Rand Letter]]'' in 1971. While ''The Objectivist'' had published articles by many authors, ''The Ayn Rand Letter,'' marketed as a personal newsletter from Rand, published only her work (plus occasionally Leonard Peikoff's).<ref name="Hessen 1999 p=353"/>

Throughout the decade, Peikoff continued to offer a number of lecture series on various topics related to Objectivism to large audiences, often incorporating new philosophic material.<ref>"Founders of Western Philosophy" (1972) and "The Philosophy of Objectivism" (1976)</ref> Rand worked closely with Peikoff, helping edit his book, ''[[The Ominous Parallels]]'', for which she wrote the introduction.<ref>{{harvnb|Heller|2009|pp=386–387}}</ref> In mid-1979, [[Peter Schwartz (writer)|Peter Schwartz]] began editing and publishing ''[[The Intellectual Activist]]'', a publication which Rand recommended to her audience.<ref>{{harvnb|Burns|2009|p=276}}</ref> One of Rand's associates, philosopher [[Harry Binswanger]], pitched to Rand his idea for a mini-encyclopedia of Objectivism, ''The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z'' (1986), and she approved of the project after seeing a sample of the proposed selections. Rand advised him on standards of inclusion but died before the work was completed.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Ayn Rand Lexicon: Objectivism from A to Z |last=Binswanger |first=Harry |author-link=Harry Binswanger |location=New York |publisher=New American Library |year=1986 |isbn=0-453-00528-4 |url=http://aynrandlexicon.com/}}</ref> After the close of ''The Objectivist Calendar,'' a short publication listing upcoming events within the Objectivist movement, Binswanger began editing and publishing ''The Objectivist Forum'', a bimonthly journal on Objectivism which had Rand's support and for which she served as "Philosophic Consultant".<ref>{{cite journal |title=To the Readers of the Objectivist Forum |journal=The Objectivist Forum |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=February 1980}}</ref>

===1980s===
Upon Rand's death on March 6, 1982, Peikoff inherited her estate, including the control of the copyrights to her books and writing (barring ''[[Anthem (novella)|Anthem]]'', which is in the public domain). Shortly after Rand's death, Peikoff's first book, ''The Ominous Parallels'', was published. In 1983, Peikoff gave a series of lectures titled ''Understanding Objectivism'',<ref>{{cite journal |title=Announcements |journal=The Objectivist Forum |date=June 1983 |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=16}}</ref> for the purpose of improving the ''methodology'' used in studying Objectivism, as a corrective to what he describes as the "Rationalist" and the "Empiricist" methods of thought.

In 1985, Leonard Peikoff and [[Ed Snider]] founded the [[Ayn Rand Institute]] (ARI), the first organization devoted to the study and advocacy of Objectivism since the closure of NBI in 1968.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Announcements |journal=[[Objectivist periodicals#The Objectivist Forum|The Objectivist Forum]] |date= December 1984 |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=13–15}}</ref> The institute began by sponsoring essay contests on Rand's novels and distributing op-eds analyzing world events from an Objectivist perspective.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Report from the Ayn Rand Institute |journal=[[Objectivist periodicals#The Objectivist Forum|The Objectivist Forum]] |last=Berliner |first=Michael S. |date=October 1985 |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=14–15}}</ref> In 1987, the institute began teaching aspiring Objectivist academics.<ref>''Impact'' (newsletter of the Ayn Rand Institute), June 2003</ref>

===Peikoff–Kelley split===
In 1989, another major split occurred within the Objectivist movement. Peter Schwartz criticized [[David Kelley (philosopher)|David Kelley]], a philosopher and lecturer then affiliated with ARI, for giving a speech under the auspices of [[Laissez Faire Books]] (LFB), a libertarian [[bookseller]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kelley|2000|p=13}}.</ref> Schwartz argued that this activity violated the Objectivist moral principle of sanction. In other words, Kelley was implicitly conferring moral approval on the organization by appearing at an event that it sponsored. LFB, in turn, was morally objectionable because it promoted books, such as ''The Passion of Ayn Rand'' (1986), that Schwartz maintained were hostile and defamatory towards Rand and Objectivism as well as being the world's center for literature promoting anarchism, which Rand condemned as "childish" and subjectivist.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On Sanctioning the Sanctioners |journal=The Intellectual Activist |date=February 27, 1989 |volume=4 |issue=20 |first=Peter |last=Schwartz |page=1}}</ref> (Although Schwartz made no mention of it, Leonard Peikoff had signed copies of his book ''The Ominous Parallels'' at three LFB events in 1982. According to Peikoff, he later broke off relations with LFB after being told that LFB offered [[Anarchism|anarchist]] literature.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ramsey |first=Bruce |date=January–February 2008 |title=''Laissez-Faire'': R.I.P.? |journal=Liberty |volume=22 |issue=1 |url=http://www.libertyunbound.com/archive/2008_01/ramsey-lf.html |access-date=July 25, 2009 |archive-date=May 11, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511193146/http://libertyunbound.com/archive/2008_01/ramsey-lf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>)

Kelley responded, in a paper titled "A Question of Sanction", by disputing Schwartz's interpretation of the sanction principle in particular and his interpretation of moral principles in general.<ref>Kelley's paper was at first circulated privately, but is reproduced as an appendix in {{harvnb|Kelley|2000|pp=113–117}}.</ref> Subsequently, in an essay appearing in ''The Intellectual Activist'', Peikoff endorsed Schwartz's view and claimed that Kelley's arguments contradicted the fundamental principles of Objectivism. Peikoff maintained that many non-Objectivist systems of thought, such as Marxism, are based on "inherently dishonest ideas" whose advocacy must never be sanctioned.<ref name="Peikoff">{{harvnb|Peikoff|1989}}</ref> He attributed the fall of NBI and subsequent schisms not to "differences in regard to love affairs or political strategy or proselytizing techniques or anybody's personality", but to a "fundamental and philosophical" cause: "If you grasp and accept the concept of 'objectivity,' in all its implications, then you accept Objectivism, you live by it and you revere Ayn Rand for defining it. If you fail fully to grasp and accept the concept, whether your failure is deliberate or otherwise, you eventually drift away from Ayn Rand's orbit, or rewrite her viewpoint or turn openly into her enemy." Those who criticized his position were to make their exit: "If you agree with the Branden or Kelley viewpoint or anything resembling it—please drop out of our movement: drop Ayn Rand, leave Objectivism alone. We do not want you and Ayn Rand would not have wanted you [...]"<ref name="Peikoff"/>

Kelley responded to the Peikoff–Schwartz critique in his monograph, ''Truth and Toleration'', later updated as ''The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Truth and Toleration |last=Kelley |first=David |location=Verbank, New York |publisher=Institute for Objectivist Studies |year=1990}} Revised as {{harvnb|Kelley|2000}}.</ref> He responded to his ostracism by founding the Institute for Objectivist Studies (IOS), later renamed The Objectivist Center (TOC) and then [[The Atlas Society]] (TAS), with the help of Ed Snider, one of the founders of the Ayn Rand Institute. Kelley was joined by Objectivist scholars George Walsh<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Statement |journal=The Intellectual Activist |date=November 17, 1989 |volume=5 |issue=3 |first=George |last=Walsh |page=5}}</ref> and Jim Lennox, as well as former Collective members Joan and Allan Blumenthal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer Seminar 1995: Faculty Biographies |url=http://www.objectivistcenter.org/events/oldsems/seminars-sem95.asp#fac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207064712/http://www.objectivistcenter.org/events/oldsems/seminars-sem95.asp#fac |date=1995 |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2009 |website=The Objectivist Center |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

===1990s===
Kelley's Institute for Objectivist Studies (IOS) began to publish material on Objectivism and host conferences for Rand scholars in 1990. IOS held a symposium on [[Chris Matthew Sciabarra]]'s book, ''[[Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical]]''.<ref name="harvnb|Sciabarra|1995">{{harvnb|Sciabarra|1995}}</ref> IOS invited Nathaniel<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer Seminar 1996 |url=http://www.objectivistcenter.org/events/oldsems/seminars-sem96.asp#pers |date=1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217055230/http://www.objectivistcenter.org/events/oldsems/seminars-sem96.asp#pers |archive-date=February 17, 2007 |access-date=July 28, 2009 |website=The Objectivist Center |url-status=usurped}}</ref> and Barbara Branden<ref>{{cite web |title=Summer Seminar 1999 |url=http://www.objectivistcenter.org/events/sem99/seminars-sem99.asp |date=1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624224352/http://www.objectivistcenter.org/events/sem99/seminars-sem99.asp |archive-date=June 24, 2007 |website=The Objectivist Center |url-status=usurped |access-date=July 28, 2009}}</ref> to participate in the institute's activities, effectively bringing them back into the Objectivist movement, and they continued to appear at events for the organization until their deaths in 2014 and 2013, respectively. In 1999, IOS renamed itself to The Objectivist Center.

In 1991, Peikoff's book ''[[Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand]]'' was published. It was the first comprehensive presentation of Rand's philosophy to appear in print. In 1994, the Ayn Rand Institute expanded its educational programs into the Objectivist Graduate Center (OGC), which held classes led by Peikoff, Binswanger, and Schwartz. In 1996, ARI intellectuals delivered a series of lectures on Objectivism at [[Harvard University|Harvard]].<ref name="Impact December 2006">''Impact'' December 2006</ref> ARI increased its notoriety by staging a protest against President Clinton's volunteerism initiative in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aynrand2.org/no_servitude/update.html |title=ARI website |access-date=February 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420191201/http://www.aynrand2.org/no_servitude/update.html |archive-date=April 20, 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ARI gathered more attention for its activism on behalf of the family of Elian Gonzalez. The Academy Award-nominated documentary ''[[Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life]]'', directed by [[Michael Paxton]], was released in 1996.

===2000s===
[[File:Yaron Brook at Tea Party Patriots.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=|Yaron Brook was executive director of ARI from 2000 to 2017.]]
In 2000, [[Yaron Brook]] succeeded Michael Berliner as head of ARI,<ref>''Impact'' March 2000</ref> and ARI expanded its OGC into the Objectivist Academic Center (OAC), offering undergraduate and graduate courses on Objectivism, writing, history, the history of philosophy, and the history of science.<ref>''Impact'' September 2000</ref> Several OAC classes are now accredited.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=education_academic_index |title=OAC website |access-date=March 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212082927/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=education_academic_index |archive-date=February 12, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Throughout the 2000s, ARI increased its media presence, publishing op-eds and providing intellectuals for live interviews. In 2005, ARI helped establish the Ayn Rand Institute Canada, which distributes free books to Canadian schools. In 2006, ARI sponsored a conference on the [[war on terror]]. In addition to Objectivist speakers, mid-east scholars [[Daniel Pipes]], [[Robert Spencer (author)|Robert Spencer]], and Danish newspaper editor [[Flemming Rose]] gave lectures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.objectivistconferences.com/fordhall06/ |title=The Jihad Against the West |access-date=March 18, 2007 |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205222521/http://www.objectivistconferences.com/fordhall06/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2007, ARI had donated 700,000 copies of Rand's novels to high schools around the United States.<ref>''Impact'' February 2007</ref>

The Objectivist Center also went through a number of changes in the 2000s. In 2005, founder David Kelley stepped aside as executive director in favor of former [[Cato Institute]] scholar Ed Hudgins, while Kelley stayed on as Chief Intellectual Officer, and the institute relocated to Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.objectivistcenter.org/center/news/news_dc-announcement.asp |title=The Objectivist Center to Move to DC |date=December 15, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119034917/http://www.objectivistcenter.org/center/news/news_dc-announcement.asp |archive-date=November 19, 2005}}</ref> In 2006, the organization rebranded itself again, changing its name to The Atlas Society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth-13-1712-The_Atlas_Society_and_TheObjectivist_Center_names.aspx |title=The Atlas Society and The Objectivist Center Names |publisher=The Atlas Society |date=June 5, 2006 |access-date=June 16, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312070701/http://www.objectivistcenter.org/cth-13-1712-The_Atlas_Society_and_TheObjectivist_Center_names.aspx |archive-date=March 12, 2007}}</ref>

In 2009, Domingo García founded Objetivismo Internacional (OI) in [[Spain]] to help spread Objectivism in the [[Hispanophone|Spanish-speaking world]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atlasnetwork.org/partners/global-directory/objetivismo-internacional |title=Objetivismo Internacional |website=AtlasNetwork.com |access-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030926/https://www.atlasnetwork.org/partners/global-directory/objetivismo-internacional |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> OI is not officially affiliated with any other Objectivist organization; however, they closely collaborate with the Ayn Rand Institute. OI is based in [[Murcia|Murcia, Spain]], and García is its [[Chief executive officer|CEO]].<ref name="objetivismo">{{cite web |url=https://objetivismo.org/about-us/ |title=About Us |website=Objetivismo.org |access-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-date=October 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008030146/https://objetivismo.org/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2010s===
A central goal for ARI throughout the 2010s has been to spread Objectivism internationally. ARI helped establish the Ayn Rand Center Israel in October 2012, the Ayn Rand Institute Europe in April 2015, and the Ayn Rand Center Japan in February 2017. Each of these institutions are affiliated with ARI but are separate legal entities. In 2017, Jim Brown replaced Yaron Brook as the operational executive of ARI, while Brook continues as its chairman of the board.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-wknd-et-0219-ayn-rand-institute-20170218-story.html |title=Jim Brown, new Ayn Rand Institute CEO: 'Culture and society out there can look pretty irrational. Just look at the last election' |author=Holleran, Scott |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=February 17, 2017 |access-date=July 14, 2017 |archive-date=August 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805101106/http://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/entertainment/tn-wknd-et-0219-ayn-rand-institute-20170218-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2018, Tal Tsfany, co-founder of the Ayn Rand Center Israel, took over as the president and CEO of ARI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/2018/03/tal-tsfany-next-president-and-ceo-of-the-ayn-rand-institute/ |title=Tal Tsfany: Next President and CEO of the Ayn Rand Institute |author=Biddle, Craig |website=TheObjectiveStandard.com |date=March 28, 2018 |access-date=April 5, 2018 |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405214502/https://www.theobjectivestandard.com/2018/03/tal-tsfany-next-president-and-ceo-of-the-ayn-rand-institute/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, Carl Barney launched the Objectivist Venture Fund, originally the Anthem Venture Fund, which has helped fund a number of Objectivist initiatives, including ''[[Objectivist periodicals#The Undercurrent|The Undercurrent]]'' and the Ayn Rand Center Israel.<ref name="OCON 2015">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbWgESQV9Eo |title=The Ayn Rand Institute's First Thirty Years (OCON 2015) |date=September 16, 2015 |publisher=Ayn Rand Institute |access-date=December 5, 2017 |archive-date=May 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524171704/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbWgESQV9Eo&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the Ayn Rand Center Israel launched the Atlas Award for the Best Israeli Start-up, presented annually at the [[Tel Aviv Stock Exchange]].<ref name="JPost">{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech-Talk-Israels-Fortune-500-companies-496935 |title=Tech Talk: Israel's Fortune 500 companies |author=Shapira, Ariel |website=JPost.com |date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=November 9, 2017 |archive-date=November 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109225114/http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech-Talk-Israels-Fortune-500-companies-496935 |url-status=live }}</ref> Judges for the award include Yaron Brook and [[Shlomo Kalish]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-spirit-of-ayn-rand-israeli-entrepreneurship-to-get-a-boost/ |title=In spirit of Ayn Rand, Israeli entrepreneurship to get a boost |website=TimesofIsrael.com |date=May 16, 2016 |access-date=November 15, 2017 |archive-date=February 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221222028/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-spirit-of-ayn-rand-israeli-entrepreneurship-to-get-a-boost/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Moovit]] was the first recipient of the award in 2016. Zebra Medical Vision won the award in 2017, and Innoviz won in 2018.<ref name="JPost" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.themarker.com/technation/1.6114120 |title=Innoviz won Atlas Award for start-ups that produce extraordinary value for the public |author=Raffaella Goichman Amitai Ziv |journal=TheMarker |access-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-date=July 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719054633/https://www.themarker.com/technation/1.6114120 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, Objetivismo USA was established as a [[501(c)(3)]] [[nonprofit organization]] in [[New York City|New York]], [[New York (state)|New York]] as a sister organization of Objetivismo Internacional.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nycompanygo.com/Objetivismo-Usa-Inc-4904832/|title=OBJETIVISMO USA, INC. | New York Companies Directory|access-date=May 23, 2020|archive-date=October 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027132930/https://www.nycompanygo.com/Objetivismo-Usa-Inc-4904832/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] is Edwin Thompson.<ref name="objetivismo"/>

The Atlas Society has also undergone a change in leadership in the 2010s. In 2011, Aaron Day replaced Ed Hudgins as the operational executive of The Atlas Society,<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/10/prweb9884847.htm |title=The Atlas Society Announces Aaron Day as New CEO and Appoints New Board of Advisors |publisher=PRWeb |date=October 19, 2012 |access-date=November 18, 2013 |archive-date=November 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128010910/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/10/prweb9884847.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and on March 1, 2016, The Atlas Society announced Jennifer Grossman as its new CEO.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://atlassociety.org/about-us/about-us-archive/5947-jennifer-anju-grossman-ceo|title=The Atlas Society welcomes Jennifer Anju Grossman as its new CEO|work=The Atlas Society|access-date=August 10, 2017|language=en-US|archive-date=August 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055821/https://atlassociety.org/about-us/about-us-archive/5947-jennifer-anju-grossman-ceo|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== 2020s ===
In the 2020s, the major Objectivist organizations shifted their focus toward digital media and online education. Under the continued leadership of CEO Tal Tsfany, the Ayn Rand Institute (ARI) rebranded its educational programs as "Ayn Rand University" (ARU), aiming to provide a more formalized curriculum for students of Objectivism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayn Rand Institute – Learn Objectivist ideas from the world's best experts |url=https://university.aynrand.org/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> ARI also expanded its online journal, ''New Ideal'', which became a primary outlet for the institute's commentary on current events, including its opposition to government lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghate |first=Onkar |date=2020-06-20 |title=A Pro-Freedom Approach to Infectious Disease |url=https://newideal.aynrand.org/pandemic-response/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Atlas Society, led by CEO Jennifer Grossman, increasingly focused on reaching younger audiences through multimedia projects, including graphic novels and animated videos. The organization launched "The Atlas Society Asks," a weekly interview series featuring authors, entrepreneurs, and political commentators.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Atlas Society {{!}} Ayn Rand, Objectivism, Atlas Shrugged |url=https://www.atlassociety.org/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.atlassociety.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

In academic publishing, ''The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies'', a nonpartisan scholarly journal established in 1999, ceased publication in 2023 after twenty-four years of operation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sciabarra |first=Chris Matthew |date=2022-12-01 |title=Introduction |url=https://doi.org/10.5325/jaynrandstud.22.2.v |journal=The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=v–vi |doi=10.5325/jaynrandstud.22.2.v |issn=1526-1018|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Objectivism in academia==
Despite the fact that several members of The Collective were philosophy graduate students at [[New York University|NYU]],<ref name="own words">{{Cite AV media |people=Peikoff, Leonard |title=Leonard Peikoff in His Own Words |medium=DVD |publisher=Northern River Productions}}</ref> Objectivism did not begin to make serious inroads into academic philosophy until the 1980s. Rand herself had much disdain for modern academia, citing the poor state of American universities, particularly the [[humanities]], as the source of much of the country's problems.<ref name="new intellectual">{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Ayn |title=For the New Intellectual |publisher=Signet |isbn=0-451-16308-7 |year=1961}}</ref> Peikoff expressed similar sentiments in the early 1990s, declaring that his book on Objectivism was "written not for academics, but for human beings (including any academics who qualify)".<ref>{{cite book |last=Peikoff |first=Leonard |year=1993 |title=[[Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand]] |location=New York |publisher=Meridian |page=xiv |isbn=978-0-452-01101-4}}</ref> The Ayn Rand Institute initially concentrated on promoting Objectivism independently of academia, supplying free books to high schools and universities, sponsoring essay contests for students and support programs for teachers and professors interested in studying and teaching Rand's ideas.<ref name="About ARI">{{cite web |url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_ari |title=About ARI |access-date=July 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140129170819/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_ari |archive-date=January 29, 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Some limited academic attention was given to Objectivism in the 1970s. In 1971, William F. O'Neill published ''With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy'', in which he provides an academic discussion of Objectivism. Although he alleges flaws in Rand's thinking, he expresses admiration for her efforts, and particularly her ability to motivate readers to think about philosophical issues.<ref>{{cite book |title=With Charity Toward None: An Analysis of Ayn Rand's Philosophy |last=O'Neill |first=William F. |location=New York |publisher=Philosophical Library |year=1971 |isbn=0-8022-2034-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/withcharitytowar00onei }}; cf. discussion of O'Neill's book in {{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=100}}.</ref> There was occasional discussion of Rand in scholarly journals throughout the rest of the decade.<ref>For example: {{cite journal |title=On the Randian Argument |last=Nozick |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Nozick |journal=The Personalist |date=Spring 1971 |volume=52 |pages=282–304}}; {{cite journal |title=The Extroflective Hero: A Look at Ayn Rand |last=Gordon |first=Philip |journal=[[The Journal of Popular Culture]] |date=Autumn 1977 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=701–710 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1977.1004_701.x}}; {{cite journal |title=Ayn Rand and Feminism: An Unlikely Alliance |last=Gladstein |first=Mimi R. |journal=[[College English]] |date=February 1978 |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=25–30 |doi=10.2307/375869|jstor=375869 }}; and {{cite journal |title=Nozick On the Randian Argument |last1=Den Uyl |first1= Douglas |last2=Rasmussen |first2=Douglas |journal=[[Pacific Philosophical Quarterly|The Personalist]] |date=April 1978 |volume=59 |pages=184–205}}</ref>

Thirteen years later, the second book-length academic study of Objectivism appeared. It was a collection of essays called ''[[The Philosophic Thought of Ayn Rand]]'' (1984), edited by Douglas Den Uyl and Douglas Rasmussen. It was also the first book about Rand's thought to be published after her death. Den Uyl and Rasmussen made a specific effort to bring more serious scholarly attention to Objectivism by maintaining high scholarly standards for the essays in their book.<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|pp=101–102}}.</ref>

In 1987, noted [[Aristotle]] scholar and Rand student [[Allan Gotthelf]] co-founded the Ayn Rand Society with George Walsh and David Kelley,<ref>{{cite journal |first=William |last=Thomas |title=Ayn Rand Through Two Lenses |journal=Navigator |date=April 2000 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=15–19 |url=http://www.atlassociety.org/on-ayn-rand-gotthelf |access-date=August 24, 2012 |archive-date=July 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725004516/http://www.atlassociety.org/on-ayn-rand-gotthelf |url-status=live }}</ref> which is affiliated with the [[American Philosophical Association]]. Non-Objectivist participants have included [[Jaegwon Kim]] and [[Susan Haack]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aynrandsociety.org |title=Ayn Rand Society |access-date=May 30, 2009 |archive-date=August 25, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825094845/http://aynrandsociety.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1995, Chris Matthew Sciabarra published ''Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical'', an academic study of Rand's ideas and intellectual history.<ref name="harvnb|Sciabarra|1995"/> Rand bibliographer [[Mimi Reisel Gladstein]] called Sciabarra's work "a significant milestone in Rand studies".<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=106}}.</ref> Three years later, Sciabarra declared a "renaissance" in the scholarship about Rand, noting that his book was only "one of fifteen book titles dealing with Rand that have been published since 1995, along with countless articles and other references to her work".<ref>{{harvnb|Sciabarra|1998|p=132}}.</ref> However, he also noted that not all of the material carried "deep scholarly interest".<ref>{{harvnb|Sciabarra|1998|p=133}}.</ref>

In 2001, [[John P. McCaskey]] founded the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist Scholarship, which sponsors the work of professors affiliated with the Ayn Rand Institute.<ref>''Impact'' July 2003</ref> As of 2007 there were 13 such fellowships for the study of Objectivism in universities in the U.S., including at the [[University of Pittsburgh]] and the [[University of Texas at Austin]].<ref name="About ARI"/><ref>{{cite journal |first=Erika |last=Fricke |url=http://www.umc.pitt.edu/pittmag/summer2004/cornerstones.html |title=Follow Reason: An Objectivist Viewpoint |journal=Pitt Magazine |date=Summer 2004 |access-date=July 25, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070611011903/http://www.umc.pitt.edu/pittmag/summer2004/cornerstones.html |archive-date=June 11, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, the Anthem Foundation in conjunction with the [[University of Pittsburgh]] hosted a conference on the philosophy of science called "Concepts and Objectivity: Knowledge, Science, and Values". Participants included Objectivists Onkar Ghate, [[Allan Gotthelf]], [[James G. Lennox]], [[Harry Binswanger]], and [[Tara Smith (philosopher)|Tara Smith]], as well as noted analytic philosophers [[David Sosa]], [[Aloysius Martinich|A. P. Martinich]], and [[Peter Railton]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~hpsdept/news/news/ConceptsObjConf2006.pdf |title=Concepts and Objectivity |year=2006 |access-date=July 23, 2007 |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709213010/http://www.pitt.edu/~hpsdept/news/news/ConceptsObjConf2006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Objectivists, not all of whom are affiliated with ARI, have received support from the BB&T Charitable Foundation's program to support the study of capitalism.<ref>{{cite web |title=BB&T Programs |url=http://business.clemson.edu/BBTCENTER/cci/capres/bbtp/bbtp.html |access-date=July 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903112634/http://business.clemson.edu/BBTCENTER/cci/capres/bbtp/bbtp.html |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010 McCaskey was forced to resign from the [[Ayn Rand Institute]] and subsequently resigned from the Anthem Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ayn Rand Institute vs. John McCaskey |url=http://ariwatch.com/WhosWho/ARIvsJohnMcCaskey.htm |access-date=March 7, 2017 |archive-date=March 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308043527/http://ariwatch.com/WhosWho/ARIvsJohnMcCaskey.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006, [[Cambridge University Press]] published [[Tara Smith (philosopher)|Tara Smith]]'s book, ''Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Tara |year=2006 |title=Ayn Rand's Normative Ethics: The Virtuous Egoist |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-86050-4}}</ref>

Since 1999, ''[[The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies]]'', edited by [[Stephen D. Cox]], Chris Matthew Sciabarra, and [[R. W. Bradford]] (until his death in 2005), has been published semi-annually as a "nonpartisan", scholarly forum for the discussion of Rand's work and its application to many fields.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aynrandstudies.com/jars/index.asp |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915022014/http://www.aynrandstudies.com/jars/index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 15, 2002 |title=The Journal of Ayn Rand Studies |access-date=July 25, 2007 }}</ref> The ''Journal'' is published by the ''Pennsylvania University Press'' and archived at Stanford University's CLOCKSS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/sciabarra/notablog/archives/001776.html|title=Notablog of Christopher Matthew Sciabarra|last=Sciabarra|first=Christopher Matthew|date=September 10, 2012|access-date=November 23, 2017|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116191533/http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sciabarra/notablog/archives/001776.html|url-status=live}}</ref> None of its editors have been aligned with the Ayn Rand Institute, and no one affiliated with ARI has participated in its exchanges since 2002.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

===Student activism===

Objectivism has remained popular on college campuses, with dozens of student groups dedicated to promoting and studying the philosophy of Objectivism<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|2009|p=114}}</ref> spread across the U.S., Australia, Canada, Guatemala,<ref>{{cite web |title=Leftist thinking left off the syllabus |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-guatemala6-2008jun06,0,5560223.story |access-date=May 30, 2009 |first=Marla |last=Dickerson |date=June 6, 2008 |work=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=December 10, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210175151/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-guatemala6-2008jun06,0,5560223.story |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Norway.<ref>{{cite web |title=A growing concern |first=David |last=Cohen |date=December 7, 2001 |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2001/dec/07/internationaleducationnews.highereducation |access-date=May 31, 2009}}</ref> These clubs often present speakers on controversial topics such as abortion, religion, and foreign policy, often allying with conservative (and sometimes liberal) organizations to organize their events. For example, the [[New York University]] Objectivism Club hosted a joint panel on the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Muhammad cartoons]] that received nationwide coverage for NYU's censorship of the cartoons.<ref>{{cite web |title=To Show or Not to Show Muhammad Cartoon |date=March 20, 2006 |first=David |last=Epstein |work=Inside Higher Education |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/03/30/cartoon |access-date=May 31, 2009 |archive-date=April 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420135725/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/03/30/cartoon |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several dozen speakers sponsored by the Ayn Rand Institute<ref>{{cite web|title=ARC Speakers & Writers|url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=media_speakers_writers|access-date=May 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420235235/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=media_speakers_writers|archive-date=April 20, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> and other organizations who give nationwide tours each year speaking about Objectivism.

The Ayn Rand Institute has spent $5 million on educational programs advancing Objectivism, including scholarships and clubs. These clubs often obtain educational materials and speakers from ARI. There are also several conferences organized by various organizations, which draw several hundred attendees each summer and feature philosophy courses and presentations of new publications and research. A student-run magazine, ''The Undercurrent'', is published for colleges around the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=''The Undercurrent''|url=http://the-undercurrent.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050405214345/http://the-undercurrent.com/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 5, 2005|access-date=May 30, 2009}}</ref>

==Influence==
There are a number of writers who cannot be classified as Objectivist but who still exhibit a significant influence of Objectivism in their own work. Prominent among these is [[John Hospers]], Emeritus Professor of Philosophy, [[University of Southern California]], who credited Rand's political ideas as helping to shape his own,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hospers |first=John |year=1971 |title=Libertarianism |url=https://archive.org/details/libertarianismpo00hosp |url-access=registration |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Nash|isbn=9780840211637 }}</ref> while in other areas sharp differences remained. Another is [[Murray Rothbard]], who, like Rand, advocated volition, [[Aristotle]] and [[Natural and legal rights|natural rights]],<ref>''Individualism and the Methodology of the Social Sciences'', Cato Paper no. 4, [[Cato Institute]], 1979, and ''[[The Ethics of Liberty]]'', Humanities Press, 1982</ref> but who also advocated [[anarchism]], which was anathema to Rand. Also in this category are journalist [[Edith Efron]], scientist [[Petr Beckmann]], and author [[Charles Murray (political scientist)|Charles Murray]].

==Criticisms and responses==
===Criticisms===
Over the years, some critics have accused the Objectivist movement of being a [[cult]] or cult-like, and Rand of being a cult figure. The term 'Randroid' (a [[portmanteau]] of 'Rand' and '[[Android (robot)|android]]') has been used to evoke the image of "the [[John Galt|Galt]]-imitating robots produced by the cult".<ref>{{harvnb|Walker|1999|p=38}}</ref>

Suggestions of cult-like behavior by Objectivists began during the NBI days. With growing media coverage, articles began appearing that referred to the "Cult of Ayn Rand" and compared her to various religious leaders.<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|pp=111–112}}. Gladstein cites articles titled "The Curious Cult of Ayn Rand", "The Cult of Ayn Rand", and "The Cult of Angry Ayn Rand", and comparisons of Rand to [[Joan of Arc]] and [[Aimee Semple McPherson]].</ref> [[Terry Teachout]] described NBI as "a quasi-cult which revolved around the adoration of Ayn Rand and her fictional heroes", one that "disintegrated" when Rand split with Nathaniel Branden.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Teachout |first=Terry |date=July 1986 |title=The Goddess That Failed |journal=Commentary |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the-passion-of-ayn-rand--by-barbara-branden-7163}}</ref> In 1968, psychologist [[Albert Ellis]], in the wake of a public debate with Nathaniel Branden, published a book arguing that Objectivism was a religion, whose practices included "sexual Puritanism", "absolutism", "damning and condemning", and "deification" of Ayn Rand and her fictional heroes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Is Objectivism A Religion? |last=Ellis |first=Albert |author-link=Albert Ellis |location=New York |publisher=Lyle Stuart |year=1968}} Ellis did not employ the word "cult".</ref> In his memoirs, Nathaniel Branden said of The Collective and NBI that "there was a cultish aspect to our world [...] We were a group organized around a charismatic leader, whose members judged one another's character chiefly by loyalty to that leader and her ideas."<ref>{{cite book |last=Branden |first=Nathaniel |year=1989 |title=Judgment Day: My Years with Ayn Rand |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |page=[https://archive.org/details/judgmentdaymyyea00bran/page/256 256] |isbn=0-395-46107-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/judgmentdaymyyea00bran/page/256 }}</ref>

In 1972, libertarian author [[Murray Rothbard]] began privately circulating an essay on "The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult", in which he wrote:
{{blockquote|If the glaring inner contradictions of the [[Leninism|Leninist]] cults make them intriguing objects of study, still more so is the Ayn Rand cult ... [f]or not only was the Rand cult explicitly atheist, anti-religious, and an extoller of Reason; it also promoted slavish dependence on the guru in the name of independence; adoration and obedience to the leader in the name of every person's individuality; and blind emotion and faith in the guru in the name of Reason.<ref name="Rothbard">{{cite web |first=Murray |last=Rothbard |author-link=Murray Rothbard |title=The Sociology of the Ayn Rand Cult |url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard23.html |access-date=May 31, 2009 |archive-date=December 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202100419/http://archive.lewrockwell.com/rothbard/rothbard23.html |url-status=live}} Rothbard's essay was later revised and printed as a pamphlet by ''[[Liberty (libertarian magazine)|Liberty]]'' magazine in 1987, and by the Center for Libertarian Studies in 1990.</ref>}} Rothbard also wrote that "the guiding spirit of the Randian movement was not individual liberty ... but rather personal power for Ayn Rand and her leading disciples."<ref name="Rothbard"/>

In the 1990s, [[Michael Shermer]] argued that the Objectivist movement displayed characteristics of religious cults such as the veneration and inerrancy of the leader; hidden agendas; financial and/or sexual exploitation; and the beliefs that the movement provides absolute truth and absolute morality. Shermer maintained that certain aspects of Objectivist epistemology and ethics promoted cult-like behavior:
{{blockquote|[A]s soon as a group sets itself up to be the final moral arbiter of other people's actions, especially when its members believe they have discovered absolute standards of right and wrong, it is the beginning of the end of tolerance, and thus reason and rationality. It is this characteristic more than any other that makes a cult, a religion, a nation, or any other group, dangerous to individual freedom. Its absolutism was the biggest flaw in Ayn Rand's Objectivism, the unlikeliest cult in history.<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Why People Believe Weird Things]] |last=Shermer |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Shermer |chapter=The Unlikeliest Cult |year=1997 |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |location=New York |isbn=0-7167-3090-1}} This chapter is a revised version of {{cite journal |last=Shermer |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Shermer |title= The Unlikeliest Cult in History |journal=[[Skeptic (U.S. magazine)|Skeptic]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=74–81 |year=1993}}</ref>}}

In 1999, Jeff Walker published ''The Ayn Rand Cult''. In one passage, Walker compared Objectivism to the [[Dianetics]] practices of [[Scientology]], which is considered by many to be a cult. Both, argues Walker, are totalist sets of beliefs that advocate "an ethics for the masses based on survival as a rational being." Walker continues, "Dianetics used reasoning somewhat similar to Rand's about the brain as a machine. [...] Both have a higher mind reprogramming the rest of the mind." Walker further notes that both philosophies claim to be based on science and logic.<ref>{{harvnb|Walker1999|p=274}}</ref> Walker's book has drawn criticism from Rand scholars. Chris Matthew Sciabarra criticized Walker's objectivity and scholarship.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sciabarra |first=Chris Matthew |author-link=Chris Matthew Sciabarra |title=Books for Rand Studies |url=https://chrismatthewsciabarra.com/essays/cult.htm |journal=Full Context |volume=11 |issue=4 |date=March–April 1999 |pages=9–11 |access-date=June 22, 2006 |archive-date=October 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026122939/https://chrismatthewsciabarra.com/essays/cult.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mimi Reisel Gladstein]] wrote that Walker's thesis is "questionable and often depends on innuendo, rather than logic."<ref>{{harvnb|Gladstein|1999|p=108}}.</ref> [[R. W. Bradford]] called it "merely annoying" for scholars.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bradford |first=R.W. |journal=Liberty |volume=13 |issue=2 |title=Ayn Rant |date=February 1999 |url=http://www.libertysoft.com/liberty/reviews/70bradford2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211153421/http://www.libertysoft.com/liberty/reviews/70bradford2.html |archive-date=February 11, 2005}}</ref>

The claims of cultism have continued in more recent years. In 2004, [[Thomas Szasz]] wrote in support of Rothbard's 1972 essay,<ref>{{cite book |year=2004 |title=Faith in Freedom: Libertarian Principles and Psychiatric Practices |last=Szasz |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Szasz |pages=124–126 |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey |publisher=Transaction Books |isbn=0-7658-0244-9}}</ref> and in 2006, Albert Ellis published an updated edition of his 1968 book that included favorable references to Walker's.<ref>{{cite book |title=Are Capitalism, Objectivism, and Libertarianism Religions? Yes! |last=Ellis |first=Albert |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=Walden Three |year=2006 |isbn=1-4348-0885-8}}</ref> Similarly, [[Walter Block]], while expressing admiration for some of Rand's ideas and noting her strong influence on [[libertarianism]], described the Objectivist movement as "a tiny imploding cult".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Block |first=Walter |date=Summer 2000 |url=http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/26/rp_26_4.pdf |title=Libertarianism vs Objectivism; A Response to Peter Schwartz |journal=Reason Papers |issue=26 |page=60 |access-date=May 2, 2012 |archive-date=January 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101657/http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/26/rp_26_4.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Responses===
Rand stated that "I am not a cult",<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q7cje1I3VM|title=Ayn Rand Phil Donahue Part 5|website=[[YouTube]] |date=October 14, 2007 |access-date=May 23, 2020|archive-date=February 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221222151/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-q7cje1I3VM|url-status=live}}</ref> and said in 1961 that she did not want "blind followers".<ref>{{cite book |last=Rand |first=Ayn |title=[[Letters of Ayn Rand]] |editor-first=Michael S. |editor-last=Berliner |location=New York |publisher=Dutton |year=1995 |isbn=0-525-93946-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofaynrand00rand_0/page/592 592]}} In a letter to Ida Macken (December 10, 1961), Rand wrote, "A ''blind follower'' is precisely what my philosophy condemns and what I reject. Objectivism is not a mystic cult." (emphasis in original)</ref> In the wake of NBI's collapse, she declared that she did not even want an organized movement.<ref>{{harvnb|Rand|1968a|p=471}} "I want, therefore, to make it emphatically clear that Objectivism is not an organized movement and is not to be regarded as such by anyone."</ref>

Jim Peron responded to Shermer, Rothbard and others with an argument that similarities to cults are superficial at best and charges of cultism directed at Objectivists are ''[[ad hominem]]'' attacks. Objectivism, he said, lacks layers of initiation, a hierarchy, obligation, cost or physical coercion:
{{blockquote|I cannot see how a disembodied philosophy can be a cult. I say Objectivism was disembodied because there was no Objectivist organization to join. The Nathaniel Branden Institute gave lectures, but had no membership. You could subscribe to a newsletter but you couldn't join. Objectivism was, and is, structureless. And without a structure there cannot be cult. [...] The vast majority of self-proclaimed Objectivists are people who read Rand's works and agreed with her. Most have never attended an Objectivist meeting nor subscribed to any Objectivist newsletter.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Peron |first=Jim |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021014162005/http://www.zolatimes.com/V4.31/obj_cult4.html |url=http://www.zolatimes.com/V4.31/obj_cult4.html |title=Is Objectivism a Cult? Part 4: Understanding Cults |journal=The Laissez-Faire City Times |volume=4 |issue=31 |date=July 31, 2000 |access-date=July 29, 2009 |archive-date=October 14, 2002}}</ref>}}

In 2001, Rand's long-time associate Mary Ann Sures remarked:
{{blockquote|Some critics have tried to turn her certainty into a desire on her part to be an authority in the bad sense, and they accuse her of being dogmatic, of demanding unquestioning agreement and blind loyalty. They have tried, but none successfully, to make her into the leader of a cult, and followers of her philosophy into cultists who accept without thinking everything she says. This is a most unjust accusation; it's really perverse. ''Unquestioning agreement is precisely what Ayn Rand did not want.'' She wanted you to think and act independently, not to accept conclusions because she said so, but because you reached them by using your mind in an independent and firsthand manner.<ref>{{cite book |title=Facets of Ayn Rand |last1=Sures |first1=Mary Ann |last2=Sures |first2=Charles |location=Los Angeles |publisher=Ayn Rand Institute Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-9625336-5-3 |url=http://www.facetsofaynrand.com/ |name-list-style=amp |page=29 |access-date=May 31, 2009 |archive-date=March 16, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316094148/http://facetsofaynrand.com/ |url-status=live }} (emphasis in original)</ref>}}

Meanwhile, Shermer, who considers himself an admirer of Rand, has tempered his judgment. Contrasting Peikoff's "heavy-hammer approach" with the "big-tent approach" of The Atlas Society, Shermer told Ed Hudgins: "If we're close enough on the same page about many things, I think it's more useful to cut people some slack, rather than going after them on some smaller points. I don't see the advantage of saying, 'You shouldn't have liked that movie because ultimately, if you were an Objectivist, you wouldn't have.' I guess it was those sorts of judgments made by some Objectiv[ists] that I objected to."<ref name="shermertni">{{cite web |first=Edward |last=Hudgins |title=Interview with Michael Shermer |date=January–February 2007 |work=The New Individualist |publisher=The Objectivist Center |url=http://www.atlassociety.org/tni/tnis-interview-michael-shermer |access-date=April 29, 2014 |archive-date=April 30, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430014819/http://www.atlassociety.org/tni/tnis-interview-michael-shermer |url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bibliography of Ayn Rand and Objectivism]]
* [[Libertarianism]]
* [[Who is John Galt]]
* [[Objectivism and libertarianism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |title=Ayn Rand |last=Baker |first=James T. |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Twayne Publishers |year=1987 |isbn=0-8057-7497-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/aynrand0000bake}}
* {{cite book |title=The Passion of Ayn Rand |title-link=The Passion of Ayn Rand |last=Branden |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Branden |location=Garden City, New York |publisher=Doubleday & Company |year=1986 |isbn=0-385-19171-5}}
* {{cite book |title=My Years with Ayn Rand |title-link=My Years with Ayn Rand |last=Branden |first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Branden |location=San Francisco |publisher=Jossey Bass |year=1999 |isbn=0-7879-4513-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Ayn Rand |last=Britting |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Britting |location=New York |publisher=Overlook Duckworth |year=2004 |isbn=1-58567-406-0 |series=Overlook Illustrated Lives |url=https://archive.org/details/aynrand00jeff}}
* {{cite book |title=Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right |title-link=Goddess of the Market |last=Burns |first=Jennifer |author-link=Jennifer Burns (historian) |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-532487-7}}
* {{cite book |title=Radicals for Capitalism: A Freewheeling History of the Modern American Libertarian Movement |title-link=Radicals for Capitalism |last=Doherty |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Doherty (journalist) |location=New York |publisher=Public Affairs |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58648-350-0}}
* {{cite book |title=The New Ayn Rand Companion |last=Gladstein |first=Mimi Reisel |author-link=Mimi Reisel Gladstein |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-30321-5}}
* {{cite book |title=Ayn Rand |last=Gladstein |first=Mimi Reisel |location=New York |publisher=Continuum |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8264-4513-1 |series=Major Conservative and Libertarian Thinkers series}}
* {{cite book |title=The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World |title-link=The Age of Turbulence |last=Greenspan |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Greenspan |location=New York |publisher=[[Penguin Group|Penguin Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59420-131-8}}
* {{cite book |title=Ayn Rand and the World She Made |title-link=Ayn Rand and the World She Made |last=Heller |first=Anne C. |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-385-51399-9}}
* {{cite book |title=The Conservative Press in Twentieth-Century America |chapter=''Objectivist'', 1962–1976 |last=Hessen |first=Robert |editor1-last=Lora |editor1-first=Ronald |editor2-last=Henry |editor2-first=William Longton |author-link=Robert Hessen |location=Westport, Connecticut |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-21390-9 |pages=349–356}}
* {{cite book |title=The Contested Legacy of Ayn Rand: Truth and Toleration in Objectivism |last=Kelley |first=David |author-link=David Kelley (philosopher) |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=2000 |isbn=0-7658-0863-3 |edition=paperback |location=New Brunswick, New Jersey}}
* {{cite book|title=Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life (The Companion Book) |last=Paxton |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Paxton |location=Layton, Utah |publisher=Gibbs Smith |year=1998 |isbn=0-87905-845-5}}
* {{cite magazine |title=Fact and Value |date=May 18, 1989 |last=Peikoff |first=Leonard |author-link=Leonard Peikoff |url=http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_fv |magazine=[[The Intellectual Activist]] |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |access-date=March 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217214134/http://www.aynrand.org/site/PageServer?pagename=objectivism_fv |archive-date=February 17, 2014 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite magazine |title=To Whom It May Concern |last=Rand |first=Ayn |magazine=[[The Objectivist]] |date=May 1968 |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=449–456}}
* {{cite magazine |first=Ayn |last=Rand |title=A Statement of Policy (Part I) |magazine=[[The Objectivist]] |date=June 1968a |volume=7 |issue=6}}
* {{cite book |last=Rand |first=Ayn |author-link=Ayn Rand |title=Atlas Shrugged |location=New York |publisher=Dutton |year=1992 |orig-year=1957 |edition=35th anniversary |isbn=978-0-525-94892-6 |title-link=Atlas Shrugged}}
* {{cite book |title=Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical |title-link=Ayn Rand: The Russian Radical |last=Sciabarra |first=Chris Matthew |author-link=Chris Matthew Sciabarra |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-271-01440-7}}
* {{cite journal |title=A Renaissance in Rand Scholarship |last=Sciabarra |first=Chris Matthew |journal=Reason Papers |date=Fall 1998 |volume=23 |pages=132–159 |url=http://www.reasonpapers.com/pdf/23/rp_23_16.pdf}}
* {{cite book |title=The Ayn Rand Cult |title-link=The Ayn Rand Cult |last=Walker |first=Jeff |location=La Salle, Illinois |publisher=Open Court Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=0-8126-9390-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aynrand.org/ Ayn Rand Institute]
* [http://www.aynrandsociety.org/ Ayn Rand Society]
* [http://www.objectivismonline.net/ ObjectivismOnline.Net]
* [http://www.atlassociety.org/ The Atlas Society]
* [http://peikoff.com/ Leonard Peikoff's site]
* [http://barbarabranden.com/ Barbara Branden's site]

{{Ayn Rand|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Ethical schools and movements]]
[[Category:Objectivism|*]]
[[Category:Political movements]]
[[Category:Political theories]]

Bijili Ramesh

2026-03-08T23:33:29Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: created new info

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor (died 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Bijili Ramesh
| image =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and given age|df=y|2024|08|26|46}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], India
| children =
| years_active = 2018–2024
| genre = [[Comedic genres|Comedy]]
| website =
}}
'''Bijili Ramesh''' (died 26 August 2024) was an Indian actor, comedian and YouTuber who predominantly featured in comedy roles. He was known for his supporting role in the sports drama film ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019).

== Career ==
Bijili initially rose to prominence and limelight after gaining fame through prank videos aired and uploaded in [[YouTube]], which also fetched him film acting opportunities which were awaiting in the pipeline.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Cooku With Comali fame Bijili Ramesh passes away at 46 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-bijili-ramesh-passes-away-at-46/articleshow/112827159.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143814/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/cooku-with-comali-fame-bijili-ramesh-passes-away-at-46/articleshow/112827159.cms |archive-date=27 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> His humor sense and on-screen antics quickly prompted him to be part of Tamil pop culture and became a meme material for social media influencers. He was eventually roped in by filmmaker [[Nelson Dilipkumar]] for his maiden directorial venture ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' (2018), where Bijili Ramesh appeared in a special appearance for a promotional song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Bijili Ramesh death: Tamil actor passes away due to alcohol-induced liver issues |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bijili-ramesh-death-tamil-actor-passes-away-due-to-alcohol-induced-liver-issues/articleshow/112825518.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143813/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bijili-ramesh-death-tamil-actor-passes-away-due-to-alcohol-induced-liver-issues/articleshow/112825518.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Tamil actor Bijili Ramesh dies at 46 after struggle with alcohol-induced liver issues |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-bijili-ramesh-dies-at-46-after-struggle-with-alcohol-induced-liver-issues-19466054.htm |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en |archive-date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143814/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/tamil-actor-bijili-ramesh-dies-at-46-after-struggle-with-alcohol-induced-liver-issues-19466054.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He made his presence felt with his comedic performances after entering as one of the contestants in television cooking reality show ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'', which was aired on [[Star Vijay]]. He got his breakthrough role in sports drama film ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019), where he played the uncle of [[Hiphop Tamizha Adhi]]'s character.

== Filmography ==
{{Colbegin}}
* ''[[Kolamaavu Kokila]]'' (2018)
* ''[[LKG (film)|LKG]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' (2019)
* ''[[A1 (film)|A1]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Aadai]]'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bijili-ramesh-bags-a-role-in-amala-paul-s-aadai-1352762-2018-09-30|title=Bijili Ramesh bags a role in Amala Paul's Aadai|date=30 September 2018|website=India Today|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828052422/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/bijili-ramesh-bags-a-role-in-amala-paul-s-aadai-1352762-2018-09-30|archivedate=28 August 2024|access-date=28 August 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Comali]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Zombie (2019 film)|Zombie]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Marijuana (2020 film)|Marijuana]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' (2020)
* ''[[IPC 376]]'' (2021)
* ''[[MGR Magan]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' (2024)
{{colend}}

== Death ==
He died on 26 August 2024 at the age of 46, after suffering a long-term illness related to liver failure and endured a prolonged illness. According to his immediate family members, he suddenly died while sleeping.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-27 |title=Tamil actor Bijili Ramesh dies after prolonged illness; last wish was to act with Rajinikanth, his favourite superstar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-actor-bijili-ramesh-dies-after-prolonged-illness-last-wish-was-to-act-with-rajinikanth-his-favourite-superstar-101724737678246.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241117201757/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/tamil-actor-bijili-ramesh-dies-after-prolonged-illness-last-wish-was-to-act-with-rajinikanth-his-favourite-superstar-101724737678246.html |archive-date=17 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en |access-date=27 August 2024 }}</ref> It was reported that two days prior to his untimely death, he returned to his house from hospital after an initial speedy recovery in order to celebrate his wedding anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 27, 2024 |title=Bijili Ramesh, Tamil Actor-Comedian And YouTube Sensation, Dies |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bijili-ramesh-tamil-actor-comedian-and-youtube-sensation-dies-6428903 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143814/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bijili-ramesh-tamil-actor-comedian-and-youtube-sensation-dies-6428903 |archive-date=27 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=NDTV.com |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref> However, his health conditioned deteriorated and worsened again and had his last breath while sleeping on 26 August 2024. He was deemed to be an alcoholic person as per his close social circles and his death was also associated with his addiction to alcohol leading to an excessive intake of alcoholic consumption.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-08-27 |title=Bijili Ramesh, Tamil actor-comedian and YouTube sensation, passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bijili-ramesh-tamil-actor-comedian-and-youtube-sensation-passes-away/article68571740.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827143814/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/bijili-ramesh-tamil-actor-comedian-and-youtube-sensation-passes-away/article68571740.ece |archive-date=27 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> His funeral was held on 27 August 2024 in [[MGR Nagar]], [[Chennai]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10569352}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramesh, Bijili}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]

Banihal railway station

2026-03-04T23:52:57Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: minor edit

{{short description| Railway station in Banihal, Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Banihal
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
{{Photomontage
| photo1a = Banihal railway.jpg
| photo2a = Banihal railway station.jpg
| size = 280
| spacing = 0
| color = white
| color_border = transparent
}}
| image_caption = Banihal Railway Station
| address = [[Banihal]],[[Jammu]] ,[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|33.4507|75.1892|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|1702|m|abbr=on}}
| line = [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]
| other =
| structure =
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| status = Functioning
| parking = Yes
| opened = 2013
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BAHL
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| mapframe = yes
| pass_system =
| map_state = collapsed
| route_map = {{Jammu–Baramulla line|inline=1}}
}}
'''Banihal''' railway station (station code: '''BAHL'''), a part of [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], is situated in notified area of [[Banihal]] in [[Ramban district]], of [[Jammu]][[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It was commissioned on 26 June 2013 and passenger trains run from Banihal to [[Qazigund]]. The station was inaugurated by former prime minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and UPA Chairperson [[Sonia Gandhi]] on the same day at 2.22 pm. They enjoyed the 12-minute ride in train through [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel|Pir Panjal tunnel]] up to Qazigund with 100 students, mostly girls, of the Banihal Higher Secondary School, and made the 17.8-km ride back to Banihal, passing through the tunnel again, the second longest in Asia.<ref name="Newspaper">{{cite web | url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/banihalqazigund-rail-link-opened/article4852785.ece/. | title=The Hindu Newspaper | website=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=19 August 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819233509/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/banihalqazigund-rail-link-opened/article4852785.ece/ | archive-date=19 August 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{stack|[[File:Banihal_railway_station_by_Mutahir_Showkat.jpg|thumb|Banihal Railway Station Aerial View]]}}

==Background==
The station has been built as part of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] megaproject, intending to link the [[Kashmir Valley]] with [[Jammu division]] and the rest of the Indian railway network.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

==Services==
The railway network in Kashmir from Banihal to [[Baramulla]] is now 137 km. Five trains run daily from Banihal to Baramulla. The services were paused for a prolonged period since 5 August 2019 after the [[Abrogation of Article 35A]] and at that period it were resumed only once for a special documentary shoot. However later the services were introduced from January 2020 onwards.

==Design==
The [[Reduced Level|RL]] of the station is {{convert|1702|m|abbr=on}} above [[mean sea level]]. Like all the other stations in this megaproject, this station also features Kashmiri wood architecture, with an intended ambience of a royal court which is designed to complement the local surroundings to the station. Station signage is predominantly in [[Urdu]], English and [[Hindi]].

===Platforms===
There are a total of 3 platforms and 4 tracks. The platforms are connected by [[foot overbridge]]. These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches express train.

=== Station layout ===
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=100 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=400 valign=top|Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=50 rowspan=6 valign=top|'''P1'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]], No-1 doors will open on the left/right
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 1'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 2'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 3'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|style="border-top:solid 1px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]], No- 2 doors will open on the left/right 
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Track 4'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=400|
|-
|}

===Track layout===
{{Routemap
| title = Banihal track layout
| title-bg =
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| float = none
| map = cd!~\\\\CONTg\
cd!~\\\\STR\ENDEa
cd!~\\\ENDEa\KRWgl\KRWg+r
cd!~\\\KRWg+l\KRWgr\STR
cd!~\\\STRg\STR\STRf
cd!~\\KRW+l\KRWgr\STR\STRf
cd!~\\\STRg\STRg\STR\KRWgl\KRW+r
cd!~\\ENDEa\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\STR\PSTR(L)\ENDEe ~~ ~~ ~~
cd!~\STR\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\STR\PSTR(L) ~~ ~~ ~~ {{stnlnk|Srinagar}}
\\STRg\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\STR\PSTR(L)\c!~c*1\BUILDING
cd!~\STR\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\STR\PSTR(L) ~~ ~~ ~~ to {{stnlnk|Sangaldan}}
cd!~\KRWl\KRWg+r\STRg\STR\STRf
cd!~\\KRWl\KRWg+r\STR\STRf
cd!~\\\STR\KRWg+l\KRWgr
cd!~\\\KRWgl\KRWg+r\ENDEe
cd!~\\\ENDEe\CONTf\
| bottom = {{center|Station with four tracks and two inland & one side platforms}}
}}

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|India|Trains}}}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Srinagar railway station]]
* [[Udhampur railway station]]
* [[Anantnag railway station]]
* [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station]]
* [[List of railway stations in India]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in India}}
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/banihal-bahl/10150#st Banihal station map]
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Banihal/@33.4509336,75.1882988,182m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m6!3m5!1s0x391df03a088c7937:0x75347c1b726c511!8m2!3d33.4509336!4d75.1889914!16s%2Fm%2F011q5gdj?authuser=0&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D|title=Banihal Railway station}}

{{Railway stations in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2013]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Ramban district]]
[[Category:Jammu railway division]]

Kozhikode–Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-03-04T17:32:02Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{Short description|Jan Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 87CEFA
| name = Thiruvananthapuram Central - Kozhikode ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| image = File:TVMCLTJsExpJul2015.JPG
| caption =
| type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| locale = [[Kerala]]
| first = '''{{start date and age|df=yes|2002|11|1}}''' (Inaugural run between {{abbrlink|ERS|Ernakulam Junction railway station}} and {{abbrlink|TVC|Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station}})<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2002/11/01/stories/2002110109330300.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Jan Shatabdi's maiden run today|date=1 November 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> '''{{start date and age|df=yes|2009|8|14}}''' ({{abbr|Extn.|Extended}} to {{abbrlink|CLT|Kozhikode railway station}})<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/Extended-Jan-Shatabdi-services-from-Friday/article16529956.ece|title=Jan-shadabdi extended to Kozhikode|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2009}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways (SR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Kozhikode}} '''(CLT)'''
| stops = 12
| end = {{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}} '''(TVC)'''
| distance = {{convert|399|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Daily service
| class = AC Chair Car, 2nd Class sitting (Non AC Chair Car)
| seating = [[Open coach]]
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| other facilities =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12075 / 12076
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Kozhikode- Trivandrum) Janshatabdi Express Route map.jpg|250px]] {{Kozhikode-Trivandrum Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The 12075/12076 '''Thiruvananthapuram - Kozhikode ''Jan Shatabdi SF Express''''' is a daily running [[Jan Shatabdi Express|Jan Shatabdi Superfast Express]] train belonging to Thiruvananthapuram Division of Southern Railway zone of [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Thiruvananthapuram Central|Thiruvananthapuram]] Central and [[Kozhikode railway station|Kozhikode]] stations in [[Kerala]] state of [[India]]. It clocks a maximum of 110km/h during its journey.

==Name of the train==
Jan Shatabdi Express is a more affordable variety of the [[Shatabdi Express]], which has both AC and non-AC accommodation. The word 'Jan' refers to common people.

==Route==
The train was initially running between [[Thiruvananthapuram Central]] and [[Ernakulam Junction]] via [[Alappuzha railway station|Alappuzha]]. The train was extended to [[Kozhikode]] on 14 August 2009. The train halts at 12 stations.

==Coach composition==
The train has 18 second class seating coaches named D1-D17 (including 2 SLRs- SL1 and SL2) and 3 AC Chair car coaches.

==Traction==
Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode]](ED) based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]]. Earlier it used to be hauled by an [[Diesel Loco Shed, Ernakulam|Ernakulam]] based [[WDM 3A|WDM-3A]] between CLT and SRR and an Erode/[[Electric Loco Shed, Arakkonam|Arakkonam]] based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]]/[[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] for rest of the journey

==See also==
*[[Kannur Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
*[[Indian Railways]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://indiarailinfo.com/train/843|Kozhikode-Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express}}

{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kozhikode - Thiruvananthapuram Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Transport in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]

Goonj (1989 film)

2026-03-03T23:48:47Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: cleaned up citations for clarity and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{more citations needed|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Goonj
| image = Goonj 1989 poster.png
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Jalal Agha]]
| producer = [[Joy Augustine]]
| writer = [[Jalal Agha]], [[Naqi Ahmed]]
| starring = [[Kumar Gaurav]] [[Juhi Chawla]] [[Tinnu Anand]] Binju Ali
| music = [[Biddu]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1989|03|07|India}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Goonj''''' is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language film directed by [[Jalal Agha]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mário Cabral e Sá |title=Location Goa |date=2006 |publisher=Department of Information and Publicity, Government of Goa}}</ref> and produced by [[Joy Augustine]], starring [[Kumar Gaurav]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Tinnu Anand]].

==Cast==
* [[Kumar Gaurav]] as Sanjeev Kamat
* [[Juhi Chawla]] as Sangeeta Kalekar
* [[Tinnu Anand]] as Father Mario
* Binju Ali as Peter Samuel
* [[Ashutosh Gowariker]] as Sammy
* [[Sulabha Arya]] as Mrs. Kamat
* [[Joy Augustine]] as Inspector Bandodkar
* [[Agha (actor)|Aghaa]]

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Sama Ye Suhana, Akele Tum Ho, Akele Hum Hai"
| [[Hema Sardesai]], [[Binjoo Ali]]
|-
| 2
| "Jawani Ke Din Hai Pyar Kiye Ja"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Hema Sardesai]], [[Binjoo Ali]]
|-
| 3
| "Jo Gunje Wohi Dil Ki Aawaz"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| 4
| "Suta Lagao Yaro, Lo Ek Dusre Ka Jhoota"
| [[Binjoo Ali]], Abhijeet
|-
| 5
| "Love Technology"
| Electra, [[Biddu]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
* Nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] (1990)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0172509|Goonj}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Hawas (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:31:11Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New the pg first draft - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hawas
| image = Hawas 1974 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]
| producer = Saawan Kumar Tak
| writer = Saawan Kumar Tak
| starring = [[Anil Dhawan]] [[Neetu Singh]] [[Vinod Mehra]] [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]
| music = [[Usha Khanna]] '''Lyrics by''' Sawan Kumar
| cinematography = [[Kaka Thakur]]
| editing = [[Y. G. Chouhan]]
| studio = [[Mercury Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|08|02}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Hawas''''' (English: ''Lust'') is a 1974 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film produced, directed, and written by [[Saawan Kumar Tak|Sawan Kumar]]. The film stars [[Anil Dhawan]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]], [[Vinod Mehra]] with a special appearance by [[Rekha]] during the song "Aao Yaro Gao". The film's score was made by [[Usha Khanna]]. According to film and music expert Rajesh Subramanian lyricist Majrooh Sultanpuri refused to reduce his price for the film and a humiliated Sawan Kumar Tak while leaving the writers residence instantly penned the lines Teri galiyon mein na rakhenge Kadam aaj ke baad. The song turned out to be an alltime classic.

== Synopsis ==
The handsome Anil Kumar is employed with Natwarlal, a criminal gangster. Natwarlal asks Anil to find employment with Shailendra Singh, and after doing so, seduce his beautiful young daughter (Neetu) and marry her, to get himself a share in their property and wealth. Anil agrees to do so, and finds employment with Shailendra. Things go topsy turvy when Shailendra's second wife Kamini, is heavily attracted to Anil and wants him for herself.

== Cast ==
* [[Anil Dhawan]] as Anil Kumar
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Neetu
* [[Rekha]] (Special appearance)
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Shailendra Singh
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Kamini
* [[Vinod Mehra]] as Dr. Bali
* [[Vidya Sinha]] as Vidya Kumar
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Inspector Mehmood
* [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]]
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]]
* [[Gurcharan Pohli]]
* [[Ashok Khanna]]
* [[Randhir (actor)|Randhir]]
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]]
* [[Sawan Kumar Tak]]
* [[Neelu]]
* [[Sharmilee]]
* Randhawa (hired goon)
* Jugnu as Jugnu
* Brahm Bhardwaj

== Production ==
The song "Aao Yaaron Gao Naacho" was initially planned to feature [[Faryal (actress)|Faryal]] as the main dancer, but after [[Rekha]] heard the song, asked to feature in it since she liked the tune. The costume that Rekha wears in the song was designed by herself.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2012-05-17 |title=My first break: Saawan Kumar Tak |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/my-first-break-saawan-kumar-tak/article3428814.ece |access-date=2022-11-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Usha Khanna and lyrics were by Sawan Kumar.<ref>{{cite web| title = Original Motion Pictures: Hawas (1974)| publisher = [[Saregama]]| url =http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/film?mode=get_album_info&albumId=20332}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Song
! Singer
|-
| "Teri Galiyon Mein"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Kal Raat Usne"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Aao Yaaron Gao Naacho"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Yeh Hawas Kya Hai"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
| "Apne Dil Mein Jagah"
| Asha Bhosle
|}

*The song "Teri Galiyon Men" was listed at #10 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1974]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Binaca Geetmala Annual List 1974| publisher = [[hindigeetmala.com]]| url =http://hindigeetmala.net/binaca_geetmala_1974.htm}}</ref>

==Accolades==
Rafi received a Film World Magazine Award for best male singer for the song "Teri Galiyon Mein".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatan |first=Raju |date=August 23, 2006 |title=How fair were they to Mohammed Rafi? |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/23sld1.htm |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film received [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] ([[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]]) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] (Asha Bhosle) for the song "Yeh Hawas Kya Hai".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}} |url=https://archive.org/download/FilmfareAwards/FilmfareAwards.pdf |access-date=9 November 2022 |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0304147}}

[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Usha Khanna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saawan Kumar Tak]]

Yare Nee Abhimani

2026-03-03T21:49:01Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: minor refine intro as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yare Nee Abhimani.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
| producer = Lakshman Pramod Kumar
| screenplay = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = P. K. H. Das
| editing = Shashikumar
| studio = Sri Jwalamalini Devi Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2000|01|10|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Yare Nee Abhimani''''' ({{translation|Who are you, my admirer?}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, written and directed by [[D. Rajendra Babu]] and produced by Lakshman Pramod Kumar. The film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Ramya Krishna]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]. The film is a remake of the 1993 Hindi film ''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&dq=Yare+Nee+Abhimani&pg=PA303-IA1 | isbn=9788193848210 | title=BollySwar: 1991 - 2000 | publisher=Mavrix Infotech Private Limited }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-18 |title=3 decades of 'Aaina': Jackie Shroff shares throwback picture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/3-decades-of-aaina-jackie-shroff-shares-throwback-picture/articleshow/101086239.cms |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as Adithya
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Prajna
* [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Utthara
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]] as Prajna & Utthara's Father
* [[Dwarakish]] as Gundlupete Gundanna
* [[Doddanna]] as Photographer
* [[Mandeep Roy]]
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
* [[Rekha Das]]
* M. S. Karanth
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Himself (reused footage from [[Padayappa]])
* [[Chiranjeevi]] as Himself (reused footage from [[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]])

==Soundtrack==
All the songs are composed and written by Hamsalekha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Yaare-Nee-Abhimani-K0000136|title=Yaare Nee Abhimani Songs|access-date=2014-12-22|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ramya Krishna" || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chithra]] || 05:06
|-
| 2 || "Mysore Seeme" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 05:12
|-
| 3 || "Shrungarada Kavyavo" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Rathnamala Prakash]] || 05:05
|-
| 4 || "Yaare Nee Abhimani" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Chithra || 05:16
|-
| 5 || "Hello Usire" || Rajesh Krishnan, Chithra|| 05:04
|-
| 6 || "Vasa Vasa Srinivasa" || Rajesh Krishnan, Chithra|| 04:51
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{D. Rajendra Babu}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Rajendra Babu]]
[[Category:2000 drama films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Mama Alludu

2026-03-03T18:23:48Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mama Alludu
| image =
| caption =
| writer = Kaasi Viswanath {{small|(story / dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Relangi Narasimha Rao
| producer = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]
| director = [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
| starring = [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] [[Vani Viswanath]]
| music = Vasu Rao
| cinematography = V. Pratap
| editing = B. Krishnam Raju
| studio = Dasari Cine Chitra
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1990|4|30}}
| runtime = 134 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mama Alludu''''' ({{translation|Father-in-law-Son-in-law}}) is a 1990 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]], produced by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and directed by [[Relangi Narasimha Rao]]. It stars [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] and [[Vani Viswanath]]. The film was remade in Kannada as ''Hendtheere Hushar'' (1992){{cn|date=January 2023}} and in Tamil as ''[[Purushanai Kaikulla Poottukanum]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=25 March 1994 |title=When wife rules the roost |pages=6 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y2FlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G5QNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1490%2C1377883 |access-date=20 January 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins with the inauguration of a book, ''Bhartanu Longadisukotam Ela,'' i.e., How to Grip Your Husband, written by a smug egomaniac Bhavani Devi. She authentically feels victorious in reality, too. Indeed, her wayward husband, Rajeswara Prasad, is an aged playboy. He knavishly keeps Bhavani Devi in a trance, and the couple has a daughter, Jaya. Besides, Vijay, an unemployed with integrity, sticks to the truth. In a crazy room, he acquits with Jaya, and they crush. Later, Vijay joined Rajeswara Prasad and gained credence. Chamudeswari Devi, a haughty antagonist to Bhavani Devi, envies her acclaim and tries to blacken her by various means. Whereat, Bhavani Devi challenges Chamundeswari to select a genuine for Jaya, though poor, and soften him into a jumping jack. Rajeswara Prasad gazes at Vijay & Jaya's love affair, and he is his mate Ramadasu's son. So, Rajeswara Prasad affirms making Vijay his son-in-law because of gratitude towards Ramadasu. Bhavani Devi announces a ''[[Svayamvara|Swayamvaram]]'' interview for Jaya's bridegroom. Rajeswara Prasad wants a lie from Vijay to take the test, saying he devotedly recited Bhavani Devi's book. Vijay denies it for his selfhood but agrees to request, implying that he will unveil the fact immediately. Soon after the nuptial, Vijay gets ready to come clean when Rajeswara Prasad bars him, and the two stand against their paths. Vijay argues that honesty is ideal for marriage blessings, whereas Rajeswara Prasad states that moving with wit according to time is inevitable. They both bet for six months to walk, whose theory is accurate when Rajeswara Prasad stipulates Vijay must be quiet no matter what he does outside.

Meanwhile, Bhavani Devi trains Jaya in her footsteps for marionette, her husband. Vijay discusses every aspect with Jaya, which leads to quarrels, and Rajeswara Prasad settles it nicely. He also spots his father-in-law artfully defying his wife but maintains silence. Vijay facilitates his secretary, Leela, who is her family's only breadwinner. Therein, domineering Jaya attributes a disgrace among the two and necks out Leela. She also subjects her husband to extreme agony with a depraved sense given by Bhavani Devi. Parallelly, mortified Leela attempts suicide, and Vijay joins her in the hospital. Here, a gorge erupts between the couple, culminating in divorce. So, Rajeswara Prasad intentionally divulges his dark shade when Bhavani Devi crumbles with breakdown, and Jaya comprehends Vijay's goodness. Suddenly, Vijay lands & accuses them of homicide, showing Leela's dead body, who became their conceit's victim. Now, he is about to quit to serve Leela's deprived family. Ergo, remorseful Jaya asks for forgiveness and to accompany him. Rajeswara Prasad conjoins them and promises to take up Leela's liabilities. Bhavani Devi hinders them when Rajeswara Prasad slaps her, stating the wedlock's eminence and wanting to take off, relinquishing all. At last, Bhavani Devi remorsefully pleads pardon from Rajeswara Prasad by tearing her book. Finally, the movie ends happily with the family's reunion.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Vijay
*[[Dasari Narayana Rao]] as Rajeswara Prasad
*[[Vani Viswanath]] as Jaya
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Deku
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*Kaasi Viswanath as Watchman
*[[Kallu Chidambaram]] as Constable
*[[Peketi Sivaram]]
*[[Jayachitra]] as Bhavani Devi
*[[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Chamundeswari
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Alochana Devi
*Devi as Lila
*Chandrika as Patrika
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by Vasu Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mama Alludu (1990) |url=https://musicindia.fm/album/Mama+Alludu+%281990%29 |access-date=20 January 2023 |website=musicindia.fm}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Idi Manmadha Samrajyam"
|Dasari Narayana Rao
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Radhika
|4:28
|-
|2
|"Mangalyam Tantunanena"
|Dasari Narayana Rao
|Mano, Radhika
|4:20
|-
|3
|"Gundelo Gusagusalu"
|Varma
|Mano, [[P. Susheela]]
|3:42
|-
|4
|"Seetapati Chapegathi"
|Dasari Narayana Rao
|Mano, Ravi Khanna, [[Vani Jayaram]], P. Susheela
|4:30
|-
|5
|"Maavo Maavo Vankaya"
|Dasari Narayana Rao
|Mano, Murali Krishna
|5:30
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0262598}}

{{Relangi Narasimha Rao}}

[[Category:1990 comedy films]]
[[Category:1990 films]]
[[Category:1990 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Relangi Narasimha Rao]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Gita Ramaswamy

2026-02-07T19:28:04Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: created new article

{{short description|Indian social activist and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gita Ramaswamy
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Geeta Ramaswamy.jpg
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'''Gita Ramaswamy''' (born 1953) is an Indian social activist and writer.

== Early life ==
Gita Ramaswamy was born in 1953 to K.H. Ramaswamy (Kizhakemadam Harihara Ramaswamy) and Lakshmi Ramaswami in [[Solapur|Sholapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. She was the fourth of five daughters. She began her education in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] at the Convent of Jesus and Mary School. However, her family moved to [[Chennai|Madras]] when she was nine years old, and stayed there till she was fifteen. In Madras, she studied at the Rosary Matriculation School in [[Santhome]] till she was fourteen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Gita |title=Land, Guns, Caste, Woman: The Memoir of a Lapsed Revolutionary |publisher=Navayana |isbn=9788194865414 |publication-date=14 April 2022 |pages=26–28 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ramaswamy became a grass-roots organizer and activist for women's rights and the rights of the poor while a student.<ref name="Ashoka citation">{{cite web |last1=web master |title=Gita Ramaswamy Ashoka Fellow |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-us/fellow/gita-ramaswamy |website=Ashoka |accessdate=18 July 2020}}</ref> She co-founded the Hyderabad Book Trust, a non-profit [[Telugu language|Telugu]] publishing collective. She has published books in both English and Telugu, as the sole author of ''India Stinking'' (2005), and as co-author of ''Taking Charge of Our Bodies'' (2004), ''On Their Own'' (2005), and ''The Oxford India Anthology of Telugu Dalit Writing'' (2016).

She has also translated Devulapalli Krishnamurthi’s autobiography ''Ooru, Vaada, Batuku'' into English as ''Life in Anantharam'' (2016). She also published an anthology of [[Gauri Lankesh]]’s writings in Telugu.<ref name="HLF">{{cite web |last1=web master |title=Gita Ramaswamy |url=https://www.hydlitfest.org/speaker/gita-ramaswamy/ |website=Hyderabad Literary Festival |accessdate=18 July 2020}}</ref>

==Works==
# ''Jeena Hai To Marna Seekho: The Life and Times of George Reddy''
# ''The Oxford India Anthology of Telugu Dalit Writing''
# ''Here I Am and Other Stories'' (translation, original by P. Sathyavati)
# ''Life in Anantharam'' (translation, original by Devulapalli Krishnamurti)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/LifeInAnantharam-English-TranslatedByGitaRamaswamy Life in Anantharam in Internet Archive]</ref>
# ''Taking Charge of Our Bodies: A Health Handbook for Women'' (with Veena Shatrugna)
# ''On their own: a socio-legal investigation of inter-country adoption in India''
# ''India Stinking: Manual Scavengers in Andhra Pradesh''
# ''The child and the law''
# ''Women and law''
# ''The Lambadas: a community besieged: a study on the relinquishment of Lambada girl babies in South Telangana''
# ''Nenu Communistuni'' (Telugu), Biography of C.K.Narayanareddy<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://kinige.com/book/Nenu+Communistuni |title=నేను కమ్యూనిస్టుని(Nenu Communistuni) by Gita Ramaswamy - తెలుగు పుస్తకాలు Telugu books - Kinige |access-date=2020-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108003453/http://kinige.com/book/Nenu+Communistuni |archive-date=2020-01-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>
# ''Maakoddii candaalam'' (Telugu)
# ''[[Land, Guns, Caste, Woman: The Memoir of a Lapsed Revolutionary]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://hyderabadbooktrust.com/ Hyderabad Book Trust]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Gita}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Telugu writers]]
[[Category:Indian translators]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu–English translators]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

Sarika Singh (Thangka painter)

2026-02-04T21:26:51Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Added biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2016}}
[[File:Dr. Sarika Singh.jpg|thumb|Dr. Sarika Singh, Thangka artist, Teacher and Co-Founder of Center for Living Buddhist Art, Thangde Gatsal Studio and Himalayan Art Museum, Dharamshala; alongside her Alchi Tara Thangka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Founders' Message |url=https://livingbuddhistart.com/pages/about-us |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=himalayanartmuseum |language=en}}</ref>]]
'''Dr. Sarika Singh''' is an Indian master painter and teacher in the Buddhist tradition of [[Thangka]] Painting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/10/24/sarika-singh-1st-woman-thangka-painter-arvind.html|title = Sarika Singh | Woman Thangla Painter | Lord Buddha | Dharamshala | Himalayan | Art School|date = 24 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2011/10/24/sarika-singh-1st-woman-thangka-painter-arvind.html|title=Sarika Singh | Woman Thangla Painter | Lord Buddha | Dharamshala | Himalayan | Art School|first=Arvind|last=Sharma|date=24 October 2011|website=Oneindia}}</ref> She is also the co-founder of the Center for Living Buddhist Art, Thangde Gatsal Thangka Studio, and the Himalayan Art Museum.

== Biography ==
Singh was born on August 13, 1976, in [[New Delhi]]. In 1966, she began her studies in the art of Thangka painting at the prestigious [[Norbulingka Institute|Norbulingka Institute in Dharamshala]] under the tutelage of her master, Tempa Choephel. She completed her master's degree in Buddhist and Tibetan studies from [[Panjab University|Punjab University]] in 2015, and PhD from [[Central University of Himachal Pradesh]] in 2021.

== Career ==
Singh co-founded the Center for Living Buddhist Art and the Thangde Gatsal Thangka Studio in 2001 with her husband, Master Locho. Locho is also a Master Thangka painter. They established the Himalayan Art Museum in 2019 to connect visitors to the rich cultural heritage of India and [[Tibet]].

=== The Himalayan Art Museum ===
The museum aims to generate awareness about [[Buddhist art]] through contemporary quality thangka works based on the tradition carried forward by Indian and Tibetan masters. This museum is a window to the 2,300 years old journey of the tradition of Buddhist paintings and the evolution of art through ages and geographies. The museum exhibits pieces created by Singh and Locho.

=== Publications ===
Singh, S. (2020). [http://www.uaos.unios.hr/artos/index.php/hr/thangka-slikarstvo/singh-painting-thangkas Painting Thangkas: Depicting Morality]. ''Artos'', 9.

Singh, S. (2020). [http://www.uaos.unios.hr/artos/index.php/hr/thangka-slikarstvo/singh-making-buddha Image and Imagery: Making Buddha]. ''Artos'', 9.

=== Thangka Painting Contributions ===
* Created over 300 Masterpiece Paintings in 25 years
* Commissions executed for prestigious 'Patrons' from around the world.
* Travelled and Exhibited across the Globe.
* Created Museum with 45 Masterpiece Paintings depicting 2300 years Journey of Buddhist Paintings.
* Researched and Recreated Ancient Indian Artistic Styles of [[Ajanta Caves]], Tabo and [[Alchi Monastery]].
* Painted Masterpiece Thangka of Dharamsala Tara announcing the Arrival of Thangka Paintings to the Indian Soil.
* Created Thangka artwork that merge ancient Thangka themes with Advanced Technology.

==== Workshops and Residencies ====
{| class="wikitable"
|2007
|Visiting Artist, The Jacques Marchais Tibetan Museum, Tibet Festival, Staten Island, New York, USA
|-
|2004
|Visiting Artist, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA
|-
|2000
|Artist Workshop, Graz, Austria
|}

==== Exhibitions and Commissions ====
'''2010''' Exhibition coinciding with the Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

'''2008''' Exhibition coinciding with the Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Sydney, Australia

Exhibition coinciding with the Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, London, United Kingdom

'''2007''' Featured Artist, Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New Zealand

Featured Artist, Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Germany

Featured Artist, Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New York, USA

Featured Artist, Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

'''2006''' Featured Artist, Teachings of His Holiness the Dalai Lama, New York, New York, USA

'''2005''' Official backdrop Paintings, [[Shantideva]] Teachings, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Commissioned by Arizona Teachings, Inc., Tucson, Arizona, USA

Exhibition coinciding with the Shantideva Teachings, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, Tucson, Arizona, USA

'''2003''' Radiant Transmission: Contemporary Masterpieces of Tibetan Buddhist Art, October Gallery, London, United Kingdom

'''2002''' Official backdrop paintings, Kālachakra Initiation Ceremony for World Peace, His Holiness the Dalai Lama, commissioned by the She Drup Ling Buddhist Centre, Graz, Austria.

Exhibition coinciding with the Kālachakra Initiation Ceremony for World Peace, Graz, Austria

=== Thangde Gatsal Studio: Teaching ===
* Committed to Teaching Indian and Foreign Students since 22 Years!
* Authored Thangka Textbooks based on Ancient Tradition.
* Providing Platform for teaching students and artists across ages and geographies.
* Training Materials customised and restructured like never before.
* With the help of the Technology, Designed Distant learning/Self Study Courses for the First Time.
* Collaboration with Indian and Foreign Universities and Museums
* Authored and Published Papers
* Preserved over 10,000 Thangka Drawings

=== Cultural Contributions ===
* Served as Expert Advisors to Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]].
* Ted- Speaker on Transformative Journey of Buddhist Painting
* Highlighting the anonymous lives of artists.
* Helping people cultivate love kindness compassion through Art

== Recognition ==
{| class="wikitable"
|2022
|Human story documented on Dr. Sarika Singh by [https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet RFA-Radio Free Asia], Tibetan ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtJ3-rVY5CQ Link to the talk])
|-
|2022
|Talk on Tibetan Paintings and the Deity Tara by [https://furhhdl.org/ Foundation For Universal responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama] ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HJpHQHEBHPY Link] )
|-
|2017
|Sarika, Tedx Speaker ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pX5DPAKEyC0 Link to the talk])
|-
|2015
|Sarika, Academic advisor to Fulbright-Nehru Research Scholar and Artist, Department of State, United States of America
|-
|2013
|Sarika, Expert Advisory Committee Member for ‘Preservation of Himalayan Cultural Heritage’, Ministry of Culture, Government of India
|-
|2012
|Sarika, Expert Advisory Committee Member for ‘Scholarships to Young Artists’, Ministry of Culture, Government of India
|-
|2011
|Sarika, Expert Advisory Committee Member for Preservation of Buddhist/Tibetan Culture and Art, Ministry of Culture, Government of India
|-
|2010
|Sarika, Perhaps the First Indian woman to become a Thangka painter and Teacher, The office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama
|-
|2006
|Sarika, Top 50 Most Distinguished Alumni, Lady Shri College for Women, Golden Jubilee Celebration
|-
|1997
|Sarika, ‘Prize for Art and Décor, Lady Shri Ram College, Government of India
|-
|
|Sarika, Gurukal Project Scholarship, Foundation for Universal Responsibility, His Holiness Dalai Lama
|-
|1996
|Sarika, Gurukal Project Scholarship, Foundation for Universal Responsibility, His Holiness Dalai Lama
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sarika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Painters from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]

Tejomayananda

2026-01-31T05:08:22Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{Short description|Indian Hindu spiritual leader}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader|
| name = H.H. Swami Tejomayananda Saraswati (Pujya Guruji)
| image = Tejomayananda-cropped.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| birth_name = Sudhakar Kaitwade
| guru = [[Chinmayananda Saraswati]]
| philosophy =
| honors =
| literary_works =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Swami Tejomayananda Saraswati''' (born 30 June 1950), also known as '''Pujya''' '''Guruji''' and born '''Sudhakar Kaitwade''', is an Indian spiritual leader. He was head of [[Chinmaya Mission]] from 1994 to 2017, until he was succeeded by Swami Swaroopananda in 2017.<ref name="ChinmayaHome">
{{cite web
|title = Swami Tejomayananda
|publisher = Chinamaya Mission
|url = https://www.chinmayamission.com/global/swami-tejomayananda
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080531224613/http://www.chinmayamission.com/swami-tejomayananda.php
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 31 May 2008
|access-date = 17 June 2013
}}
</ref>

==Initiation and disciplehood==
In 1970, Sudhakar Kaitwade was a physics student at [[Bhopal]], when he was about to complete his master's degree in physics. After attending couple of talks of [[Swami Chinmayananda]] on [[Bhagavad Gita]], Sudhakar Kaitwade was inspired to join Chinmaya Mission's residential Vedanta course at Sandeepany Sadhanalaya in Mumbai. Upon completing the course in 1975, he was initiated as Brahmachari Vivek Chaitanya and also studied under Swami [[Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)]] who was conducting the long-term resident course.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2009 |title=Swami Dayananda Saraswati. His Life and Work |url=http://www.arshavidya.in/Newsletter/Aug09/swamiji-his-life-and-work.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721042825/http://www.arshavidya.in/Newsletter/Aug09/swamiji-his-life-and-work.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 |access-date=22 May 2022 |website=www.arshavidya.in}}</ref><ref name="ChinmayaHome"/>

On 21 October 1983, Swami Chinmayananda initiated him into [[sannyasa]], bestowing upon him the name Swami Tejomayananda.<ref name="ChinmayaHome"/>

==Missionary work==
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Swami Tejomayananda, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 12, 2016.jpg|thumb|left|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Bhushan Award to Swami Tejomayananda, on April 12, 2016]]
As the Head of Chinmaya Mission Worldwide, Swami Tejomayananda – known in the Mission as Pujya Guruji – has been involved in several projects, including the [[Chinmaya International Residential School]] in Coimbatore, the Chinmaya Centre of World Understanding in New Delhi, the [[Chinmaya International Foundation]] near Cochin, the Chinmaya Heritage Centre in Chennai, the expansion of the Chinmaya Mission Hospital in Bangalore and the Chinmaya Vibhooti Vision Centre near Pune.

He has travelled internationally extensively. Throughout his travels, he conducts [[jnana yajna]]s (3-7 day Vedanta lecture series) in different cities and various countries every week.

==Roles==
Swami Tejomayananda has served several roles in Chinmaya Mission, including
* Acharya of the Sandeepany Sadhanalaya ashram in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]] (1983–1989)
* Acharya of Chinmaya Mission's center at [[San Jose, California]], USA (1989–1993)
* Head of Chinmaya Mission Worldwide (1993–2017)

==Awards==

* Swami Tejomayananda was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India, in 2016.<ref name=pib2016>{{cite press release |title=This Year's Padma Awards announced |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=135783 |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |date=25 January 2016 |access-date=25 January 2016}}</ref>

==Works==
Swami Tejomayananda has published more than 100 books on Vedanta.
<ref>
{{cite web
| title = Books written by Tejomayananda
| url = https://www.google.com/search?q=tejomayananda#sa=N&hl=en&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Swami+Tejomayananda%22&ei=do_AUfOxAoi28wSYq4CoBQ&ved=0CC8Q9AgwAA&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.r_qf.&bvm=bv.47883778,d.aWM&fp=bf0bc5b263787b9e&biw=1106&bih=530
| access-date = 17 June 2013}}
</ref> He is also a prolific composer and poet, amidst his fluency in four languages - English, Hindi, Marathi, and Sanskrit. His poetry describing Vedantic concepts are also renowned.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.chinmayamission.com/itinerary/itinerary_tejomayananda/ Swami Tejomayananda - Official Page]
* [http://www.chinmayamission.com/itinerary/itinerary_tejomayananda/ Swami Tejomayananda's Itinerary]
* [http://chinfo.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=89 Chinmaya International Foundation Trustees]
* [https://eshop.chinmayamission.com/collections/author-swami-tejomayananda Books By Swami Tejomayananda]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tejomayananda}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in other fields]]
[[Category:Indian public speakers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian religious writers]]
[[Category:Hindu writers]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]

Ahsan Ali Syed

2026-01-16T07:58:15Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: starting first bio basic info

{{short description|Indian businessman (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{COI|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ahsan Ali Syed
| image = Ahsan Alisyed.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1973|04|23}}
| birth_place = Hyderabad
| education = [[St Peter's College, Hyderabad|St Peter's College]], [[Hyderabad]]
| alma_mater = Swami Vivekananda Law College, [[Bangalore]]
| occupation = Businessman
| spouse = Nikhat Fatima Ali Syed
| partner = 
| children = 3
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ahsan Ali Syed''' (born 23 April 1973) is an Indian businessman. He is the founder of [[Western Gulf Advisory]], estimated to be worth approximately 8 billion pounds.<ref name = "lancashire">{{cite web |url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/sport/8313727.man-bidding-blackburn-rovers |title=The man bidding for Blackburn Rovers |last= Watkinson|first=David |date=August 13, 2010 |website=www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk|publisher=Lancashire Telegraph |access-date=April 20, 2021 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-20|title=Accused fraudster on the run|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/world/europe/10290793/Accused-fraudster-on-the-run|access-date=2021-01-13|website=Stuff|language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Syed is the founder of [[Western Gulf Advisory]].

==Controversies==
Syed has been accused of being involved in various scams and rumours of unpaid taxes in the UK. In Australia and New Zealand he has been linked to a scam whereby businesses paid upfront for loans which never materialised.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Western Gulf Advisory is a Fraud and Scam|url=https://wikifrauds.net/WGA.html|access-date=2021-01-13|website=wikifrauds.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.smh.com.au/national/victims-unite-in-bid-to-capture-100m-scammer-20110620-1gby3.html|title= Victims unite in bid to capture $100m scammer|last=Mcclymont |first=Kate |date=June 21, 2011 |website= www.smh.com.au|publisher= The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date= April 20, 2021|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-11163004 |title=Blackburn Rovers takeover man Syed left UK debt trail|last=Goldberg |first= Adrian|date= September 5, 2010|website=www.bbc.com |publisher=BBC |access-date= April 20, 2021|quote=}}</ref><ref name = "tele">{{cite web|title=Indian businessman denies accusations of Australian scam|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/8364643/Indian-businessman-denies-accusations-of-Australian-scam.html|date=6 March 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=UK|first=Jonathan|last=Pearlman|accessdate=8 June 2019}}</ref>

In July 2024, Syed, who had been remanded in custody, lost his final appeal against extradition from the UK to Switzerland.<ref name="extra">{{cite web|url=https://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2024/1959.html|accessdate=3 November 2024|title=Ahsan Ali Syed v Government of Switzerland and Secretary of State for the Home Department|date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syed, Ahsan Ali}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]

The Earthspinner

2026-01-15T06:19:18Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Added new post...

{{Short description|Novel by Anuradha Roy}}
{{Infobox book
|name = The Earthspinner
|author = [[Anuradha Roy (novelist)|Anuradha Roy]]
|language = English
|country = India
|genre = Fiction
|publisher = [[Hachette India]]
|media_type =
|cover_artist = Monica Reyes alvarez
|isbn =
|image = The Earthspinner.jpg
|caption = First Edition Cover by Monica Reyes Alvarez
|series =
|release_date =
|pages = 232
|awards =
}}
'''''The Earthspinner''''' is an Indian fictional novel written by [[Anuradha Roy (novelist)|Anuradha Roy]]. It is published by [[Hachette India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacob |first=Mira |date=2022-07-05 |title=Forbidden Art and Star-Crossed Lovers in 'The Earthspinner' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/05/books/review/the-earthspinner-anuradha-roy.html |access-date=2022-10-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: The Earthspinner By Anuradha Roy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/review-the-earthspinner-by-anuradha-roy/cid/1846488 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review: 'The Earthspinner' by Anuradha Roy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20211115-book-review-the-earthspinner-by-anuradha-roy-1873262-2021-11-05 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='The Earthspinner': Anuradha Roy delves into love and fury |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/the-earthspinner-anuradha-roy-delves-into-love-and-fury-319458 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[The Guardian]] wrote in a review "Anuradha Roy’s carefully crafted fifth novel shows how, in such a place, things can change in extraordinary ways, even if new beginnings and worlds are hard to come by."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Sana |date=2021-10-27 |title=The Earthspinner by Anuradha Roy – love, loss and longing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/oct/27/the-earthspinner-by-anuradha-roy-love-loss-and-longing |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Times of India]] wrote in a review "All in all, the novel "shows the many ways in which the East encounters the West, fanaticism wars tirelessly against reason, and the individual's creative desires struggle against a populace's basic instinct for destruction."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Micro review: 'The Earthspinner' by Anuradha Roy - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/micro-review-the-earthspinner-by-anuradha-roy/articleshow/88728221.cms |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

[[The Hindu]] wrote in a review "The third thing about The Earthspinner is its powerful description of the process of artistic creation."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahadevan-Dasgupta |first=Uma |date=2021-09-04 |title=Uma Mahadevan-Dasgupta reviews Anuradha Roy's 'The Earthspinner' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-little-master-of-kummarapet-uma-mahadevan-dasgupta-reviews-anuradha-roys-the-earthspinner/article36250708.ece |access-date=2022-10-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[The Indian Express]] wrote in a review "In the book, titled “The Earthspinner”, Roy delves into the “life and mind of Elango the potter, who must navigate complicated and impossible love, the dedication of a beloved pet, his own passion for creativity and a world turned upside down by the petty violence that characterises the present day."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-05 |title='The Earthspinner': Novelist Anuradha Roy's next to hit stands next month |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/the-earthspinner-novelist-anuradha-roys-next-to-hit-stands-next-month/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Earthspinner, The}}
[[Category:2021 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Hachette India books]]
[[Category:Novels by Anuradha Roy (novelist)]]
[[Category:English-language novels]]

Freedom Fight (film)

2026-01-12T21:20:29Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: created info

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Freedom Fight
| image = Freedom Fight Malayalam film poster.jpeg
| caption = Poster
| director = {{Unbulleted_list|Akhil Anil Kumar|[[Jeo Baby]]|Kunjila Mascillamani|Jithin Issac Thomas|Francis Louis}}
| producer = {{Unbulleted_list|Jomon Jacob|Dijo Augustine|Sajin S. Raj|Vishnu Rajan}}
| writer =
| starring = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Rajisha Vijayan]]|[[Joju George]]|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]|[[Sidhartha Siva]]}}
| music = {{Plain list|
* Mathews Pulickan
* Basil C. J.
* Maathan
* Arun Vijay
}}
| studio = {{Plain list|
* Mankind Cinemas
* Symmetry Cinemas
}}
| distributor =
| editing = {{Plain list|
* Francies Louis
* Kunjila Mascillamani
* Muhsin P. M.
* Rohith V. S. Variyath
}}
| cinematography = {{Plain list|
* Salu K. Thomas
* Nikhil S. Praveen
* Himal Mohan
}}
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2022|02|11|[[Kerala]]|df=y}}
| language = Malayalam
| runtime = 152 minutes
}}

'''''Freedom Fight''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[anthology film]]<ref name="toi">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com |title=Freedom Fight |access-date=11 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525143336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 }}</ref> directed by a team of directors including [[Jeo Baby]], Kunjila Mascillamani, Jithin Issac Thomas, Akhil Anilkumar, Francies Louis. The cast includes [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Joju George]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Sidhartha Siva]], and [[Srindaa]].<ref name="ie">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com |title=Freedom Fight, an Anthology worth your time |access-date=12 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622094128/https://indianexpress.com/ |archive-date=22 June 2019 }}</ref> The film was released on [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]], streamed through [[SonyLIV]] from 11 February 2022.

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Ep.
!Name
!Director
!Cast
!Writer
!Cinematography
!Editor
!Music director
|-
|1
|''Geethu Unchained''
|Akhil Anilkumar
|[[Rajisha Vijayan]], Renjit Sekhar Nair, Nilja K Baby,SruthySuresh
|Akhil Anilkumar
|Himal Mohan
|Mushin PM
|Maathan
|-
|2
|''Asanghadithar''
|Kunjila Mascillamani
|[[Srindaa]], Viji Penkoottu,
|Kunjila Mascillamani
|Salu K Thomas
|Kunjila Mascillamani
|Basil CJ
|-
|3
|''Ration''
|Francies Louis
|[[Jeo Baby]], Kabani, Mini I G
|Francies Louis, Vishnu K Udayan
|Nikhil S Praveen
|Francies Louis
|Tony Babu, MPSE
|-
|4
|''Old Age Home''
|Jeo Baby
|[[Joju George]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], Lali PM
|[[Jeo Baby]]
|Salu K Thomas
|Francies Louis
|Mathews Pulickan
|-
|5
|''Pra. Thoo. Mu.''
|Jithin Issac Thomas
|[[Sidhartha Siva]], [[Unni Lalu]], R Bala
|Jithin Issac Thomas
|Himal Mohan
|Rohit VS Variyath
|Arun Vijay
|}

== Reception ==
Manoj Kumar R. of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated "All of the movies deal with some of the most important social problems of the country. And each of these films is narrated from the point of view of those who are less fortunate and who always end up getting a raw deal in the rigid power structure of our society."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar R. |first=Manoj |date=2022-02-11 |title=Freedom Fight movie review: An anthology worth your time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/freedom-fight-movie-review-jeo-baby-7768211/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=The Indian Express }}</ref>

Writing in ''Firstpost'', [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] stated, "[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]’s director presents a solid anthology with a glaring blemish."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-11 |title=Freedom Fight movie review: The Great Indian Kitchen’s director presents a solid anthology with a glaring blemish |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/freedom-fight-movie-review-the-great-indian-kitchens-director-presents-a-solid-anthology-with-a-glaring-blemish-10367091.html |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=Firstpost }}</ref> She later ranked it fourth in her year-end list of best Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-malayalam-films-2022-a-year-so-good-that-keeping-this-list-down-to-10-was-impossible-11875531.html|title=Best Malayalam Films 2022: A year so good that keeping this list down to 10 was impossible|author=Anna M. M. Vetticad|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=15762830}}

[[Category:Films directed by Jeo Baby]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]

{{2020s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jadavpur University Ground

2025-12-23T16:22:05Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New some entry needs work - done

{{Short description|Cricket ground in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name =
| nickname =
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image = CAB Ground (2nd ) campus, university.jpg
| caption = during Ranji trophy match
| fullname = Jadavpur University Campus Stadium
| former_names = Jadavpur University Campus Ground
| location = [[Bidhannagar]], [[West Bengal]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground = 2004
| built =
| opened = 2004
| renovated =
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Jadavpur University]]
| operator = [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost =
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 5,000
| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| volume =
| tenants = [[Bengal cricket team]]
| embedded =
| website = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1995.html cricketarchive]
| public_transit =
}}
'''Jadavpur University Ground''' is a multi-purpose stadium located in [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]] Campus of [[Jadavpur University]], [[West Bengal]]. The ground is mainly used for organizing matches of football, cricket and other sports. The main ground at the Salt Lake campus has been leased out to the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] and it often plays host to inter- and intrastate cricket matches. The stadium was established in 2004 when the ground hosted [[Ranji Trophy]] match between [[Bengal cricket team]] and [[Karnataka cricket team]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/80/80982.html Bengal vs. Karanataka]</ref> Since then, it hosted four more [[First-class cricket]] matches.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1995_f.html First-class cricket]</ref><ref>[http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/templates/newpages/sportsboard.html Sportsboard]</ref>

The stadium is regular host of [[List A]]<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1995_a.html List A matches]</ref> and [[Twenty20]] cricket matches<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1995_tt.html Twenty20 cricket]</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1995.html cricketarchive]
* [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57986.html ESPNcricinfo]
* [http://www.jaduniv.edu.in/ Jadavpur University]

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports venues in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}
{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Boxing Federation of India

2025-11-10T00:16:40Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: page fix

{{Short description|Governing body for boxing}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{more footnotes|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = The Boxing Federation of India
|abbrev = BFI
|logo = Boxing Federation of India.png
|logosize =
|sport = [[Boxing]]
|caption =
|jurisdiction = {{IND}}
|founded =
|aff = [[World Boxing]]
|region = [[Asian Boxing]]
|president = Ajay Singh
|secretary = Pramod Kumar
|url = https://boxingfederation.in/
|countryflag = IND
}}
'''Boxing Federation of India''' is the official national governing body for amateur boxing in India.<ref name="bfi" >{{Cite web|title=Delhi High Court upholds Boxing Federation of India as only recognised national body for boxing|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/delhi-high-court-upholds-boxing-federation-of-india-as-only-recognised-national-body-for-boxing|date=29 May 2019|access-date=27 May 2022|website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> It is a member of [[World Boxing]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Boxing Federation of India agrees to join World Boxing|url=https://worldboxing.org/boxing-federation-of-india-agrees-to-join-world-boxing|website=World Boxing|access-date=28 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628231423/https://worldboxing.org/boxing-federation-of-india-agrees-to-join-world-boxing|archive-date=28 June 2024|language=en-gb|date=31 May 2024}}</ref> BFI is headquartered in [[Gurugram, Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Office Bearers of BFIBoxing Federation of India |url=https://boxingfederation.in/office-bearers-of-bfi/ |access-date=2024-07-11 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2021}}
In 1925, the first governing body for boxing in India, Bombay Presidency Amateur Boxing Federation was formed in Mumbai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Venkat |first=Rahul |date=2023-03-31 |title=History of boxing in India: From a staggered start to a global powerhouse |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/indian-boxing-history-olympics-asian-games-commonwealth-games |website=www.olympics.com}}</ref> Mostly due to the efforts of H.V.Pointon, the President of the Bombay Presidency Amateur Boxing Federation (1944–48), Indian Amateur Boxing Federation was founded on 25 February 1949.<ref name=":0" /> Major F.G.Baker became the first secretary at the inaugural meeting at the Governor's Pavilion of the Cricket Club of India in Mumbai. Bombay (Mumbai) became the headquarters of the body. The first national championships were held at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in Mumbai in March 1950.

Indian Boxing Federation was also known as Indian Amateur Boxing Federation (IABF) and was suspended by the [[International Amateur Boxing Association]] in 2014,<ref>[http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/boxing/item/200357-after-olympic-shame-now-indian-boxing-body-suspended Indian Boxing Federation suspended by International body, Sports Ministry asks for re-election]</ref> following which BFI was recognised as the recognised body.<ref name="bfi" />

==Background==
The IBF comprises about {{formatnum:6000}} registered Indian boxers and it maintains records of their personal and professional details which includes their achievements, medals won and championships participated. Registration to the IBF and possessing an identity card are mandatory for each boxer for participating in any championship organized by it.

The Indian Boxing Federation records are fully digitized. Its website is updated on a daily basis. The facility for online display of the live score of each championship conducted by it is available on its website, which is also availed by all of its affiliated state federations, boards, and units. Its website also provides information about the affiliated state federations, all registered male and female boxers and officials, coaches, and its training centers.

In November 2011 Indian Boxing Federation offered Arash Hashemi of Las Vegas, an Iranian descent and a former member of the 1996 United States of America Boxing Federation to coach the Olympic team, Hashemi rejected the tempting offer saying, "I am an Iranian/American and love my country and people. Hashemi feared they might face an Iranian or an American opponent in major tournaments. Gurbaksh Singh Sandhu, the national coach for about two decades has decided to hang his boots after the [[2012 Summer Olympics|London Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news| url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/Boxing-coach-Sandhu-to-retire-after-London-Olympics/articleshow/14800368.cms| title= Boxing coach Sandhu to retire after London Olympics| date= 10 July 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Sports governing bodies in India}}
{{National Members of World Boxing}}
{{National members of the International Boxing Association}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in India|B]]
[[Category:National members of the Asian Boxing Confederation]]
[[Category:Boxing in India]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1949]]
[[Category:National members of World Boxing]]

{{boxing-stub}}

Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University

2025-10-22T08:42:59Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{Short description|State university in Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University
|image = Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University transparent logo.png
|motto ="Arise! Awake! and stop not until the goal is reached."
|established = {{start date and age|2005}}
|chancellor = [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]]
|vice_chancellor = Dr. Arun Arora

|city = [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
|country =India
|students=
|type = [[Public university|Public]] [[State University]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[All India Council of Technical Education|AICTE]]
|website= [http://www.csvtu.ac.in www.csvtu.ac.in]
|logo =|logo_size=250px
|Address=}}
'''Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University''' ('''CSVTU''') is a state university located in [[Bhilai]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csvtu.ac.in/ew/|title=Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University – CSVTU|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-11}}</ref><ref name="Bhilai Steel Plant gives land for tech university">{{cite news|title=Bhilai Steel Plant gives land for tech university |url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Chhattisgarh/Bhilai_Steel_Plant_gives_land_for_tech_university_3096/ |access-date=9 July 2013 |newspaper=India Edunews |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024070213/http://indiaedunews.net/Chhattisgarh/Bhilai_Steel_Plant_gives_land_for_tech_university_3096/ |archive-date=24 October 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="HEoI Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University">{{cite news|title=Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/universities/chhattisgarh-swami-vivekananda.php|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=Higher Education on India}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Establishment ===
In early 2005 the State Government of Chhattisgarh decided to establish the university with the aim of providing "systematic, efficient and quality education" in the fields of engineering and technology. The relevant act was passed in the Chhattisgarh state assembly on 21 January 2005. [[Manmohan Singh]], then [[Prime Minister of India]], laid the foundation stone of the university in a ceremony held on 30 April 2005.<ref name="Bhilai Steel Plant gives land for tech university" />

=== Land and financial aid by Bhilai Steel Plant ===
According to a 2008 news report, the [[Bhilai Steel Plant]], one of the largest steel plants of the country, agreed to donate over 250 acres of land to the Chhattisgarh government for the establishment of the university, along with {{INRConvert|500|m}} for related infrastructure development.<ref name="Bhilai Steel Plant gives land for tech university" />

=== Adopting industry-academia linkage system ===
After the university adopted an "industry-academia linkage system", a similar system was adopted by five other state universities. The system apparently offers financial rewards for students working on industry-defined problems.<ref name="5 tech varsities follow GTU model">{{cite news|title=5 tech varsities follow GTU model |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/5-tech-varsities-follow-GTU-model/865580/ |access-date=9 July 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express|date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130710030607/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/5-tech-varsities-follow-GTU-model/865580/ |archive-date=10 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Management ==

=== Faculties ===
{{As of|2013}} the university offers courses in seven sections which are: Engineering & Technology, Applied Science, Management & Entrepreneurship, Pharmacy, Architecture, Humanities and Ecology & Environment.<ref name="CSVTU results 2011 declared">{{cite news|title=CSVTU results 2011 declared |url=http://english.samaylive.com/lifestyle/education-news/676481192/csvtu-results-2011-declared.html |access-date=9 July 2013 |newspaper=Samay Live |date=22 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123204159/http://english.samaylive.com/lifestyle/education-news/676481192/csvtu-results-2011-declared.html |archive-date=23 January 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="(official website) CSVTU faculty">{{cite web|title=CSVTU faculty |url=http://csvtu.ac.in/faculties.htm |publisher=CSVTU |access-date=9 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726205844/http://www.csvtu.ac.in/faculties.htm |archive-date=26 July 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Reservation of seats for SAIL ===

While the university was still in the planning stage, it was reported that 50 percent of certain postgraduate courses would be reserved for employees of the [[Steel Authority of India]] (SAIL), while a small number of places in other courses would be reserved for their children.<ref name="Bhilai Steel Plant gives land for tech university" />

=== Affiliations ===
The university affiliates a substantial number of Engineering and Polytechnics colleges in Chhattisgarh: over 60 Engineering colleges and 30 Polytechnics colleges are affiliated.<ref name="(official website) Affliated Engineering Colleges">{{cite web|title=Affiliated Engineering Colleges|url=http://csvtu.ac.in/pdf_doc/affiliated_engg%20_colleges%20with%20CSVTU.pdf|publisher=CSVTU|access-date=9 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820190429/http://csvtu.ac.in/pdf_doc/affiliated_engg%20_colleges%20with%20CSVTU.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref name="(official website) Affiliated Polytechnics colleges">{{cite web|title=Affiliated Polytechnics colleges|url=http://csvtu.ac.in/pdf_doc/affiliated%20_Poly_colleges%20with%20CSVTU_POLY_01.pdf|publisher=CSVTU|access-date=9 July 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820202803/http://csvtu.ac.in/pdf_doc/affiliated%20_Poly_colleges%20with%20CSVTU_POLY_01.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> Some of the notable colleges under the university include [[Bhilai Institute of Technology]], [[Rungta College Bhilai]], [[Government Engineering College, Bilaspur]], [[Raipur Institute of Technology]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

{{Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University}}
{{Universities in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:Education in Bhilai]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]

Sarojini – Ek Nayi Pehal

2025-09-22T03:51:35Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Added a stub...

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{redirect| Sarojini (TV series)|the 2025 series| Sarojini (2025 TV series)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Sarojini<ref name=toi1>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Know-the-cast-of-Sarojini-Ek-Nayi-Pehal/photostory/48144647.cms Know the cast of 'Sarojini-Ek Nayi Pehal' - The Times of India]</ref>
| image = Sarojini titlecard.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]]
| creator = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms Limited
| developer =
| writer =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Shiny Doshi]] [[Mohit Sehgal]] [[Aamir Ali Malik]] [[Pankaj Tripathi]] [[Ketki Kadam]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| cinematography =
| location = [[Bihar]] [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref name=m247/>
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| num_episodes = 246
| num_seasons = 1
| first_aired = {{start date|2015|07|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2016|4|30|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Sarojini – Ek Nayi Pehal''''' (International Title: Sarojini) is an Indian television drama series, which premiered on 20 July 2015.<ref name=toi1/> The show was produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms.<ref name=m247>[http://www.media247.co.uk/bizasia/zee-tv-to-launch-sarojini-in-july-2015 ZEE TV to launch 'Sarojini' in July - BizAsia UK]</ref> Starring [[Shiny Doshi]], [[Mohit Sehgal]] and [[Pankaj Tripathi]] in lead roles. Later [[Aamir Ali]] replaced [[Mohit Sehgal]] as his character was dead in the last few episodes .<ref name=m247/> It aired Monday through Saturday on [[Zee TV]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sarojini-On-the-sets/photostory/48397658.cms Sarojini On the sets - The Times of India]</ref> The show ended happily on 30 April 2016 with Sarojini and Rishabh's marriage with a family picture taken.

==Plot==
The show followed the journey of Sarojini, a strong-minded, well-educated girl who gets married into a family with a regressive patriarchal set up - a household governed, dominated and practically ruled by her overbearing, chauvinistic father-in-law.<ref name=toi1/>

==Cast==
===Main cast===
* [[Shiny Doshi]] as Sarojini Somendra Singh
* [[Mohit Sehgal]] as Somendra Dushyant Singh / Munna Singh
* [[Aamir Ali]] as Rishabh (2nd Male Lead)
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Dushyant Singh (Antagonist)
* [[Ketki Kadam|Ketaki Kadam]] as Indira Dushyant Singh

===Supporting cast===
* [[Purva Parag]] as Nirjhara Dushyant Singh
* [[Nitin Goswami]] as Bhaskar Dushyant Singh
* [[Salina Prakash]] as Sapna Bhaskar Singh
* [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as Gajanan Singh
* [[Minakshi Verma]] as Arundhati Gajanan Singh
* [[Aanchal Khurana]] as Maneesha / Mannu
* Ram Awana as Sangram Singh Mannu's Father
* [[Alka Kaushal]] as Tharkeshwari Singh (Antagonist)
* [[Soni Singh]] as Sangeeta / Bijili
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as Komal Singh (Antagonist)
* [[Sushil Bonthiyaal]] as Keshav
* [[Mayank Gandhi]] as Indira's husband
* [[Paaras Madaan]] as Mayank singh

==Controversy==
The show got into a controversy in March 2016, when the makers decided to do a big leap where Somendra gets killed. It became an issue when they did not tell [[Mohit Sehgal]] that he is off the show which made his fans a bit angry.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
| rowspan="11" | '''2015'''
| rowspan="11" | '''[[Zee Rishtey Awards]]'''
| ''Favourite Bahu ''
| [[Shiny Doshi]]
| {{won}}<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Zee-Rishtey-Awards-2015-Kumkum-Bhagya-Ek-Tha-Raja-get-lucky/articleshow/50077161.cms|title=Zee Rishtey Awards 2015: 'Kumkum Bhagya', 'Ek Tha Raja, Tashan-e-Ishq...' get lucky|work=The Times of India|accessdate=3 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''Favourite Nayi Jodi''
| [[Mohit Sehgal]] & [[Shiny Doshi]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Dulhara Dushman''
| [[Aanchal Khurana]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Dushmani/ Dard Bhara Rishta''
| [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Sautan''
| [[Aanchal Khurana]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Bhai''
| [[Mohit Sehgal]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Buzurg''
| [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Naya Sadasya - Male''
| [[Mohit Sehgal]]
|{{nom}}<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|url=http://www.zeetv.com/shows/sarojini}}

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]

Jagmanpur

2025-09-21T16:40:59Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New new article added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagammanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-
| blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|0|km|mi}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Jagammanpur''' is a fort situated 9 km from [[Rampura, Jalaun|Rampura]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="g579">{{cite web | title=Jagmanpur Fort | url=https://bundelkhand.in/jagamanpur-fort | access-date=2025-04-15 |publisher=Bundelkhand}}</ref> The major point of attraction here is a large masonry fort, which can be visited after obtaining permission from its owners.

Panch Nada, the conflux of five rivers, in the vicinity is another spot worth visiting. [[Kalpi]], on [[National Highway 25 (India)|National Highway 25]], is major tourist attraction nearby.

The nearest airport is at [[Lucknow]]; Jhansi (145 km), orai (45 km) and [[Kanpur]] (70 km) are the nearest railheads.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28|17|N|79|14|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalaun district]]

{{Jalaun-geo-stub}}

List of Indian football transfers winter 2012–13

2025-09-18T18:10:54Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: enhanced citations for consistency based on references

{{Short description|none}}
This is a list of [[Football in India|Indian football]] transfers in the winter transfer window 2012–13 by club.

==I-League==

===Air India===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Sandesh Gadkari]]|pos=FW|other=Free Agent}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Salgaocar Football Club vs Air India Lineups and Statistics|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ie/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/lineup-stats|work=Goal.com|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Churchill Brothers===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Lebanon|name=[[Bilal Najjarine]]|pos=DF|other=to {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Fujairah SC|Fujairah]]}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Lebanese defender Bilal Najjarin leaves Churchill Brothers|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/01/24/3697682/lebanese-defender-bilal-najjarin-leaves-churchill-brothers|work=Goal.com|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Dempo===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Liberia|name=[[Johnny Menyongar]]|pos=MF|other=on loan from [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]}}<ref name=DempoJohnny>{{cite web|title=Dempo rope in Liberian midfielder Menyongar|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-03/top-stories/36129508_1_nrb-vasco-rohan-ricketts-dempo-sports-club|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063736/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-03/top-stories/36129508_1_nrb-vasco-rohan-ricketts-dempo-sports-club|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Ghana|name=[[Stephen Ofei]]|pos=DF|other=released}}<ref name=DempoJohnny/>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=England|name=[[Rohan Ricketts]]|pos=MF|other=to {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Club Deportivo Quevedo]]}}<ref name=DempoJohnny/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===East Bengal===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Australia|name=[[Andrew Barisić]]|pos=FW|other=from {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Arema FC]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=East Bengal sign Aussie striker Andrew Barisic|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-10/top-stories/36257138_1_tolgay-ozbey-striker-transfer-window|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063700/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-10/top-stories/36257138_1_tolgay-ozbey-striker-transfer-window|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Seminlen Doungel]]|pos=FW|other=on loan to [[Pailan Arrows]]}}<ref name=Seminlen>{{cite web|title=Doungel joins Pailan Arrows on loan from East Bengal|url=http://arrowsfans.com/doungel-joins-pailan-arrows-on-loan-from-east-bengal/|work=Arrows Fans|accessdate=13 January 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130215133820/http://arrowsfans.com/doungel-joins-pailan-arrows-on-loan-from-east-bengal/|archivedate=15 February 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Sushanth Mathew]]|pos=MF|other=to [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]]}}<ref name=Mathew/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Mohun Bagan===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Namibia|name=[[Quinton Jacobs]]|pos=MF|other=Free Agent}}<ref name=JacobsBagan>{{cite web|last=Mitra|first=Atanu|title=Mohun Bagan replace Stanley Okoroigwe with Quinton Jacobs|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/01/26/3700150/mohun-bagan-replace-stanley-okoroigwe-with-quinton-jacobs|work=Goal.com|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Sushanth Mathew]]|pos=MF|other=from [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]}}<ref name=Mathew>{{cite web|title=Sushanth Mathew joins McDowell Mohun Bagan|url=http://www.mohunbaganac.com/news-detail/sushanth-mathew-joins-mcdowell-mohun-bagan|work=Mohun Bagan Athletic Club|accessdate=29 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Nigeria|name=Stanley Okoroigwe|pos=MF|other=Released}}<ref name=JacobsBagan/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Mumbai===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Chhangte Malsawmkima]]|pos=MF|other=Free Agent}}
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Pailan Arrows===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Seminlen Doungel]]|pos=FW|other=on loan from [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]}}<ref name=Seminlen/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Salgaocar===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Brazil|name=[[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]]|pos=FW|other=Free Agent}}<ref name=Angel>{{cite web|last=Mohan|first=Srinivasan|title=Salgaocar release Angel Guirado|url=http://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/4741/india-and-central-asia/2012/12/28/3633596/salgaocar-release-angel-guirado|work=Goal.com|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Singapore|name=[[John Wilkinson (footballer born 1979)|John Wilkinson]]|pos=MF|other=from {{flagicon|Singapore}} [[Home United FC|Home United]]}}<ref name=JohnWilkinson>{{cite web|last=Ghoshal|first=Amoy|title=Salgaocar release Quinton Jacobs and sign Nigerian striker Obatola|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2013/01/17/salgaocar-release-quinton-jacobs-and-sign-nigerian-striker-obatola/|work=Sportskeeda|accessdate=17 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Nigeria|name=[[O. J. Obatola]]|pos=FW|other=from {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[FC Dinamo Tbilisi|Dinamo Tbilisi]]}}<ref name=JohnWilkinson/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=Karan Atwal|pos=DF|other=Released}}<ref name=YoungstersSalgaocar>{{cite web|last=Bali|first=Rahul|title=Players cry foul as Salgaocar FC rescind their contracts|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/12/08/3587123/players-cry-foul-as-salgaocar-fc-rescind-their-contracts|work=Goal.com|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Chhangte Malsawmkima]]|pos=MF|other=Released}}<ref name=YoungstersSalgaocar/>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Sandesh Gadkari]]|pos=FW|other=Released}}<ref name=YoungstersSalgaocar/>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=India|name=[[Bijoy Basfore]]|pos=FW|other=Released}}<ref name=YoungstersSalgaocar/>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Australia|name=[[Sean Rooney (footballer)|Sean Rooney]]|pos=FW|other=Released}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Salgaocar FC rope in John Wilkinson to replace Sean Rooney|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/12/12/3595546/salgaocar-fc-rope-in-john-wilkinson-to-replace-sean-rooney|work=Goal.com|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref> 
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Philippines|name=[[Ángel Guirado]]|pos=FW|other=Released}}<ref name=Angel/>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Namibia|name=[[Quinton Jacobs]]|pos=MF|other=Released}}<ref name=JohnWilkinson/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Shillong Lajong===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Portugal|name=[[Edinho Júnior|Edinho Junior]]|pos=FW|other=on loan from [[Blackburn Rovers]]}}

{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Liberia|name=[[Johnny Menyongar]]|pos=MF|other=on loan to [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]}}<ref name=DempoJohnny/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===Sporting Goa===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Nigeria|name=[[Anoure Obiora]]|pos=MF|other=Released}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa parts with Obiora Richard Anorue|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/football/news/item/201660-sporting-clube-de-goa-parts-with-obiora-richard-anorue|work=Sports NDTV|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

===United Sikkim===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
'''In:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=United States|name=[[John Matkin]]|pos=MF|other=Free Agent}}<ref name=Landa/>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-2}}
'''Out:'''
{{fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=Togo|name=[[Dosseh Attivi]]|pos=MF|other=Released}}<ref name=Landa>{{cite web|title=An AIFF preview of United Sikkim-Mumbai FC match|url=https://www.facebook.com/unitedsikkimfc/posts/583326545026477|work=United Sikkim Football Club (Facebook)|accessdate=16 January 2013}}</ref>
{{Fs player|no=|nat=South Korea|name=[[Yoon Tae]]|pos=GK|other=Mutual Choice}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Biswas |first=Babua |title=United Sikkim's Yoon Tae Leaves For Bigger Challenges |url=http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=979D284B-FC75-4EBA-9856-5E554BB600E5 |work=FeverPitch |accessdate=17 January 2013 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131911/http://feverpitch.in/SiteWeb/Newsdesc.aspx?SID=979D284B-FC75-4EBA-9856-5E554BB600E5 |archivedate= 4 March 2016 }}</ref>
{{Fs end}}
{{Col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2012-13 in Indian football}}
{{Indian football transfers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Indian football transfers winter 2012-13}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian football transfers|2012–13]]
[[Category:2012–13 in Indian football|Transfers]]
[[Category:Football transfers winter 2012–13|India]]

Anand Mamani

2025-09-04T15:42:20Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1966-2022)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = 11th [[Deputy Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 24 March 2020
| term_end = 23 October 2022
| 1blankname = [[List of speakers of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| 1namedata = [[Vishweshwar Hegde Kageri]]
| predecessor = J. K. Krishna Reddy
| successor = [[Rudrappa Lamani]]
| office1 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 2022
| predecessor1 = ''Constituency created''
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency|Saundatti Yellamma]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1966|1|18}}
| birth_place = [[Saundatti]], [[Mysore State]], (Now [[Karnataka]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2022|10|23|1966|1|18}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Ratna
| children = 1 son & 1 daughter
| father = Chandrashekhar Mamani
| education = [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Anand Mamani''' also known as '''Vishwanath Chandrashekar Mamani''' was an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka]] who served as the Deputy Speaker of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from 24 March 2020 till his death. He was a three term Member of Legislative Assembly from [[Saundatti Yellamma Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-24 |title=BJP MLA Anand Mamani elected Karnataka Assembly Deputy Speaker |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-mla-anand-mamani-elected-karnataka-assembly-deputy-speaker-120032401505_1.html |access-date= |website=Business-Standard |language=}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka deputy speaker Anand Mamani passes away">{{cite news|title=Karnataka deputy speaker Anand Mamani passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-deputy-speaker-anand-mamani-passes-away/articleshow/95041268.cms|accessdate=16 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=23 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516150839/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-deputy-speaker-anand-mamani-passes-away/articleshow/95041268.cms|archivedate=16 May 2025}}</ref>

His father, Chandrashekar Mallikarjun Mamani, held the position of deputy speaker during the 1990s. Chandrashekar Mamani himself was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) four times. Once as an independent candidate and three times representing the [[Janata Parivar]]. Additionally, his uncle, Vishwanath Karibasappa Mamani, also known as Rajanna Mamani, served as an independent MLA in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-24 |title=Assembly deputy speaker Anand Mamani passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assembly-deputy-speaker-anand-mamani-passes-away-101666550416617.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, he died due to health complications. His condition worsened, leading to his admission to a hospital in [[Chennai]]. He was diabetic and had also faced a liver infection. Anand was transferred back to a hospital in [[Bangalore]], where he remained in a [[coma]] for the last few days before his passing.<ref name="Karnataka Assembly Deputy Speaker Anand Mamani passes away">{{cite news|title=Karnataka Assembly Deputy Speaker Anand Mamani passes away|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-assembly-deputy-speaker-anand-mamani-passes-away-8226375/|accessdate=16 May 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=25 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516150859/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-assembly-deputy-speaker-anand-mamani-passes-away-8226375/|archivedate=16 May 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Deputy Speaker Anand Mamani passed away">{{cite news|title=Karnataka Assembly Deputy Speaker Anand Mamani passes away|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-assembly-deputy-speaker-bjp-mla-anand-mamani-passes-away-2288556-2022-10-23|accessdate=16 May 2025|publisher=India Today|date=23 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250516150853/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-assembly-deputy-speaker-bjp-mla-anand-mamani-passes-away-2288556-2022-10-23|archivedate=16 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamani, Anand}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Belagavi district]]

Nellikkatta

2025-08-27T06:30:31Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: started new post.

{{Orphan|date=February 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
[[File:Nellikkatta. Badiadka.jpg|thumb|Nellikkatta Junction]]
'''Nellikkatta''' is a small village in Kasaragod district of Kerala state in India.

==Location==
Nellikkatta is located between Cherkkala junction and Badiyadkka town. It is six kilometers away from Cherkkala town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/routes-locations/nellikkatta/id/11580|title = Nellikkodu (Ii), Ottoor Panchayat, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, India}}</ref>

==Post Office==

The nearest post office is at Edneer and the pin code is 671541.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pin/pinsearch.aspx?Pin_On=edneer |title=Welcome to the Indiapost Website |publisher=Indiapost.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2012-07-05}}</ref>

==Education==
* P.M.B.E.Higher Secondary School is the biggest educational organization of this village.<ref>{{Cite web | title=pbmehssnellikatta {{!}} pbmemhss, nellikkatta, school {{!}} The P.B.M.English Medium Higher Secondary School Nellikkatta is a fast growing English Medium School .It is situated at the outskirts of Kasaragod .The inhabitants of this area belong to Muslim Minority Community and the School is run and managed by PBM Educational and charitable Trust. | url=http://pbmemhssnellikkatta.com/ | access-date=2025-05-17 | website=pbmemhssnellikkatta.com}}</ref>
* Government High School, Edneer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kerala-state.infoisinfo.co.in/search/school/7|title=The Best Schools in Kerala (State). Page 7|website=Infoisinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=List of polling stations | url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLLINGSTATION/AC002.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110712051716/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/POLLINGSTATION/AC002.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-12}}</ref>
* Swamiji's High School, Edneer.<ref>http://www.education.kerala.gov.in/oldsite/schoollist/hs/ksd.pdf{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Edneer Temple==
The famous Edneer Mutt is near Nellikkatta. '''Edneer Mutt''' (Shri Edneer Mutt) is a Hindu monastic institution renowned as a seat of art and learning located in [[Edneer]], [[Kasaragod]] district, [[Kerala]] State of [[India]] and it belongs to the [[parampara]] of Sri Thotakacharya, one of the first four disciples of Sri Adi [[Shankaracharya]] and follows the unique Smartha Bhagawatha tradition of [[Advaitha]] Tradition which has more than 1200 years of glorious history of religion, culture, art, music and social service.

Srimad Jagadguru Sri Sri Sankaracharya Thotakacharya [[Sri Kesavananda Bharati]] Sripadangalavaru (also known as Edneer Swamiji or Pontiff of Edneer/Kerala [[Shankaracharya]] or [[Shankaracharya]] of [[Kerala]]) is the present head and Guru of Sri Edneer Mutt. [[Sri Kesavananda Bharati]] is also the most referred name in the Indian Constitutional Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://barandbench.com/brief/3/2103/when-i-met-keshavananda-bharathi|title=When I met Keshavananda Bharathi | Bar and Bench|access-date=26 August 2020|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130117220404/http://barandbench.com/brief/3/2103/when-i-met-keshavananda-bharathi|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-case-that-saved-indian-democracy/article62107496.ece|title=The case that saved Indian democracy|date=23 April 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/257876/|title=Kesavananda Bharati ... vs State Of Kerala And Anr on 24 April 1973}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.supremecourtcases.com/index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=1&do_pdf=1&id=231 | title=Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala Who Wins? | access-date=1 October 2017 | archive-date=1 October 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001074837/http://www.supremecourtcases.com/index2.php?option=com_content&itemid=1&do_pdf=1&id=231 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?233587|title=Kesavananda Bharati's Case | Arijit Pasayat, Ashok Bhan, Y.K. Sabharwal, S.H. Kapadia, C.K. Thakker, P.K. Balasubramanyan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/extraordinary-case-study/|title=Extraordinary Case Study|date=22 October 2011}}</ref> He is the only [[Shankaracharya]] in the whole state of Kerala. It is also formally known as "Sri Shankaracharya Totakacharya Mahasamsthanam".

Edneer Mutt is also one of the important tourist destinations of [[Kasaragod district]], [[Kerala]] State of [[India]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/edneer-mutt-kasargod.php|title=Edneer Mutt, Kasaragod, Kerala, India|website=Kerala Tourism - Bekal}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated2>{{Cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsors_view.asp?s_id=2240 |title=D A I J I W O R L D |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-date=15 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815212608/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsors_view.asp?s_id=2240 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated4>{{Cite web|url=https://www.justkerala.in/tourism/kasaragod/places-to-see-in-kasaragod/edneer-mutt|title=Edneer Mutt Kasaragod - About Edneer Mutt}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated18>{{Cite web |url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Edneer-Mutt-Kasargod-Sightseeing-988-16278.html |title=Edneer Mutt, Kasargod {{!}} Edneer Mutt Photos {{!}} Kasargod Tourist Places |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920200611/http://www.holidayiq.com/Edneer-Mutt-Kasargod-Sightseeing-988-16278.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated15>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/tourist_spots/places_of_interests/edneer_mutt/329/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221023812/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/article/tourist_spots/places_of_interests/edneer_mutt/329/|url-status=dead |title=Edneer Mutt, Tourist Spots - Mathrubhumi Travel and Tourism|archivedate=21 February 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=autogenerated13>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1570144/report-govt-will-usurp-padmanabhaswany-temple-wealth-pontiff-of-edneer-mutt|title=Govt will usurp Padmanabhaswany temple wealth: Pontiff of Edneer Mutt - India - DNA}}</ref>
<ref name=autogenerated9>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/worship/temple/edneer-mutt-kasaragod-8568.php|title=Edneer Mutt, Seat of learning, Sri Sankaracharya, Kasaragod, Kerala, India, Video|website=IndiaVideo}}</ref>
<ref name=autogenerated7>{{Cite web |url=http://travelinfo247.com/2012/12/edneer-mutt-at-kasaragod/ |title=Edneer Mutt at Kasaragod {{!}} Travel Info 247 |access-date=1 October 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610225604/http://travelinfo247.com/2012/12/edneer-mutt-at-kasaragod/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=autogenerated11>{{Cite web|url=http://tourisminkerala.in/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=48|title=Edneer Mutt |website=tourisminkerala.in | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227084210/http://tourisminkerala.in/joomla/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=33&Itemid=48 | archive-date=2013-12-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kasaragod district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Villages in Kasaragod district]]

Pettavaithalai

2025-08-18T19:13:08Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: typo fix

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Expand Tamil|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pettavaithalai
| other_name = Tiruchirappalli District
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Panchayat town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.90|N|78.58|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Pettavaithalai
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank = Panchayath
| area_total_km2 = 10
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,000
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 10
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = 2021
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil,English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 639112
| registration_plate = TN48 Srirangam
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Pettavaithalai''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Srirangam taluk]] [[Tiruchirappalli district]] in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>



== History ==
This village is an iconic milestone for teenagers of 1970s. Balu Mahendra shot his famous second film Aziyatha Kollangal in 27 days at Pettavaithalai, Sirugamani and Inungoor at a modest budget of Rs 8 lacs and released it in 1979. The film comprehensively captures growing up and its challenges.

== Geography==
Pettavaithalai is by the river [[Cauvery]] and this is the takeoff point for the Uyyakondan canal which is the major irrigation canal for the fertile lands in Trichy district.


== Demographics ==


=== Languages ===
The native language of Pettavaithalai is Tamil

== Government and politics ==
Pettavaithalai is part of [[Srirangam (state assembly constituency)]] in [[Tiruchirappalli]] District of [[Tamil Nadu]] State in [[India]].



== Transport ==
=== By Air ===
'''Trichirapalli International Airport.'''

Pettavaithalai's nearest airport is Tiruchirapalli International Airport situated at 30.2 km distance. Few more airports around Pettavaithalai are Tiruchirapalli International Airport 30.2 km. Thanjavur Air Force Station 72.6 km. Salem Airport 109.0 km.

=== By Rail ===
'''Pettavaithalai Railway station.'''

The nearest railway station to Pettavaithalai is Pettavaithalai which is located in and around 4.0 kilometer distance.

=== By Road ===
'''Pettavaithalai bus stand.'''

The distance from Pettavaithalai to Trichy is 24 km and Pettavaithalai to Karur is 54 km.

== Education ==
Government higher secondary school Pettavaithalai 500 m
K.r.r. Nursery & Primary School, Pettavaithalai 2.4 km
Rathna Higher Secondary School Pettavaithalai 4.4 km.

Sevai Shandhi matriculation school, Pettavaithalai 5 km. Cabriyal metriculation school, palancovery 1 km. Government high school, Dhevasdhanam 3 km.



== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruchirappalli district]]

Mala Aravindan

2025-08-05T19:29:24Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian film actor (1939–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mala Aravindan
| image = Mala Aravindan.png
| birthname = T. K. Aravindan<ref name="mangalam0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/76258?page=0,0 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806045108/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/76258?page=0,0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1939|1|15}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marunadanmalayali.com/more/obituary/malayalam-actor-mala-aravindan-dead-12443|title = മാള അരവിന്ദൻ ഒടുവിൽ മരണത്തിന് കീഴടങ്ങി; മരണം വിളിച്ചത് ഹൃദയാഘാതത്തെ തുടർന്ന് ഒരാഴ്‌ച്}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Vadavucode]], [[Ernakulam]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|1|28|1939|1|15}}
| death_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername = Mala (മാള)
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actor
* [[tabla]] percussionist
}}
| yearsactive = 1976–2015
| spouse = Geetha
}}

'''Mala Aravindan''' (15 January 1939 – 28 January 2015) was an Indian actor. He was best known for his work as a comedian and character artist in [[Malayalam film]]s. He has acted in over 500 films.

==Early life==

Aravindan was born at [[Vadavucode]] in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], as the eldest son of Thanattu Ayyappan and Ponnamma. His father was an excise department employee, and his mother, a school music teacher. Soudamini, late Ramanathan (died in 2004), and Prakashan are his siblings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18301095&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online | Malayalam News | Latest News | |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131064643/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18301095&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Aravindan's father died when he was studying in seventh class.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18301015&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online | Malayalam News | Latest News |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131064640/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18301015&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later, when his mother got transferred, his family relocated to [[Mala, Kerala|Mala]] in the [[Thrissur district]], and he started using the place name as a prefix to his name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/76258 |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091455/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/76258 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He had his primary education from St. Antony's High School, Mala, where his mother was a music teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=18305476&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Kerala Local News | Thrissur | Local Features |access-date=29 January 2015 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202042501/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/localContentView.do?tabId=16&programId=1079897624&contentId=18305476&district=Thrissur&BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="mathrubhumi1">{{Cite web |title=mala_aravindan1 |url=http://images.mathrubhumi.com/pdf/mala/mala_aravindan1.pdf |website=images.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref> Seeing his talent in playing the [[Tabla]], his mother joined him with Cochin Mohammed Ustad, a famous Tabla artist.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/mala_aravindan/518608/index.html |title=മലയാളത്തിന്റെ മാള - Mala Aravindan, മാള അരവിന്ദന്‍ || Mathrubhumi Special |access-date=2015-01-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129000112/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/specials/mala_aravindan/518608/index.html |archive-date=29 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He joined for Pre-degree at [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]], but dropped out in between to concentrate on his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mala_aravindan3 |url=http://images.mathrubhumi.com/pdf/mala/mala_aravindan3.pdf |website=images.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>

==Career==

Aravindan started his career as a [[Tabla]] artist. He joined stage plays and started playing Tabla as a background artist. Later, he moved into acting and started performing in professional stage plays of Kottayam National Theaters, Nadakashala, Suryasoma Theatres etc. He continued acting in dramas for 12 years. He has won Kerala State Nataka Academy's Best Actor award for his role in Sooryasoma's play ''Nidhi''. He received State Award in 1978 and 6 other state level awards for the stage play ''Rasna''.<ref name="mathrubhumi1"/>

Aravindan started his film career with the movie ''Ente Kunju'', but the film was never released. His first movie released was ''Thalirukal'' in 1967 in which he acted as a mental patient among many.<ref name="mangalam0"/> His first full-fledged role was in the 1968 movie ''Sindhooram'', directed by Balakrishnan, although it is his critically acclaimed performance from the movie Tharavu which gave him the actual mileage. Since then he has acted in over 400 films for 33 years and established his own style which became his trademark. During the initial stages of his career, the Mala-[[Kuthiravattam Pappu|Pappu]]-[[Jagathy Sreekumar|Jagathy]] trio was a guaranteed crowd-puller among [[Malayalam film]] audiences. His last film was ''Noolppaalam,'' which is yet to be released. He was the president of the AMMA, the association of Malayalam film artistes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/456162/actor-mala-aravindan-dead.html|title = Actor Mala Aravindan is dead|date = 28 January 2015}}</ref>

Mala was well known for his different acting techniques which included gestures, vocal variations and his unique laughing style. He was a jovial person who could shoot jokes at any situation. In one interview, Mala remembered once a random guy who came to him and asked him to tell some jokes. during the 1980s, Mala was a really busy artist since he was part of most of the movies doing various comedy roles. He also sang the popular song "Neeyarinjo Melemanathu" along with [[Mohanlal]] in the 1985 movie ''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]''. His memorable characters are from the movies ''[[Bhoothakannadi]], [[Sallapam]], [[Thaaravu]], [[Mimics Parade]], [[Kanmadam]], [[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]], [[Meesha Madhavan]]'' etc. In the late 1990s, when the mimicry trend took over Malayalam Cinema, there were movies like ''[[Moonu Kodiyum Munnooru Pavanum]]'' and ''Mimics Super 1000'', which featured full-fledged spoof characters imitating Mala Aravindan by various mimicry artists. Mala was a great fan of actor [[Nagesh]] and his acting style was greatly influenced by Nagesh.

== Personal life ==

Aravindan is married to Geetha on 2 February 1971, after five years of dating. Geetha is a Christian, and was previously named Anna before changing her name.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18306554&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online | Malayalam News | Latest News | |access-date=28 January 2015 |archive-date=31 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131004801/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=18306554&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The couple has two children, Kishore (Muthu) and Kala. Kishore is married to Deepthi, and they have a son, Vedavyasan, and two daughters, Varalakshmi and Urvi. Kala is married to Surendran, and they have two children, Vishnu and Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/80119 |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203075741/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/80119 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Death==

Mala Aravindan was admitted to Kovai Medical Centre Hospital in [[Coimbatore]] on 19 January 2015, following a massive [[heart attack]] and was shifted to the ICU on 24 January, where he was diagnosed with diffused block. He was on ventilator support. The actor had earlier undergone an angiogram after being hospitalized.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/mala-aravindan-passes-away.html |title=Mala Aravindan passes away |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130060431/http://english.manoramaonline.com/news/just-in/mala-aravindan-passes-away.html |archive-date=30 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He died on 28 January 2015 at 6:30 AM, just five days short of his 44th wedding anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/kerala/2015/jan/28/actor-mala-aravindan-dies |title=Actor Mala Aravindan dies |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150128035041/http://www.madhyamam.com/en/kerala/2015/jan/28/actor-mala-aravindan-dies |archive-date=28 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He was 76.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/latest-news/actor-mala-aravindan-passes-away-157614.html |title=Actor Mala Aravindan passes away, Latest News - Mathrubhumi English News Online |access-date=2015-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128225014/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/news/latest-news/actor-mala-aravindan-passes-away-157614.html |archive-date=28 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He is survived by his wife, children and grandchildren.

==Awards==

* 2013 : [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards/2014/01/30/article2027269.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221232342/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/Drishyam-Bags-Kerala-Film-Critics-Association-Awards/2014/01/30/article2027269.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|title = 'Drishyam' Bags Kerala Film Critics Association Awards}}</ref> - Chalachitra Prathiba Puraskar
* [[Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Akademi]] Award for Best Actor - ''Nidhi'' (Suryasoma Theatres)

== Filmography ==

=== 1960s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1967 || ''[[Thalirukal]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Pathirapattu]]'' || || Uncredited role
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Thokkukal Kadha Parayunnu]]'' || ||
|-
|}

=== 1970s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1970 || ''[[Madhuvidhu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Olavum Theeravum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1976 || ''[[Sindhooram (1976 film)|Sindooram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Madhuram Thirumadhuram]]'' || Vakeel ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1978 || ''[[Samayamaayilla Polum]]'' || KK Kanichukulangara ||
|-
| ''[[Madhurikkunna Rathri]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1979 || ''Kannukal'' || Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Agnivyooham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Angakkuri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aavesham (1979 film)|Aavesham]]'' || Thirumeni ||
|-
|}

=== 1980s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1980 || ''[[Muthuchippikal]]'' || Sadashivan ||
|-
| ''[[Eden Thottam]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
| ''[[Thaliritta Kinakkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chakara]]'' || Kochu Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Arangum Aniyarayum]]'' || Ananthan ||
|-
| ''[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]]'' || Subrahmanyam ||
|-
| ''[[Adhikaram]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaavalmaadam]]'' || Rappai ||
|-
| ''[[Daaliya Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1981 || ''[[Oru Vilippadakale]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dwandha Yudham]]'' || S.I. Kuttapu ||
|-
| ''[[Thakilu Kottampuram]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Oru Dhikkari]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''Avatharam'' || Parasahayam Thankappan ||
|-
| ''[[Sphodanam]]'' || Vasu Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Thaaraavu]]'' || Thanki ||
|-
| ''[[Raktham]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''[[Thadavara]]'' || Karnan ||
|-
| ''[[Sambhavam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arayannam]]'' || Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Vayal]]'' || Naanu Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Sphodanam]]'' || Vasu Pilla ||
|-
| ''Swapnaraagam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Greeshmajwala]]'' || Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Aarathi (film)|Aarathi]]'' || Damu ||
|-
| ''[[Ariyappedatha Rahasyam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1982 || ''[[Kolakomban]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Komaram (film)|Komaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ethiralikal]]'' || Pareed ||
|-
| ''[[Mylanchi]]'' || Moosa ||
|-
| ''[[Kakka (film)|Kakka]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pooviriyum Pulari]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1983 || ''[[Coolie (1983 Malayalam film)|Coolie]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nizhal Moodiya Nirangal]]'' || Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Kolakomban]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maniyara]]'' || Moideenkutty ||
|-
| ''[[Thaavalam]]'' || Vaasu ||
|-
| ''[[Rathilayam]]'' || Lonappan ||
|-
| ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhanilavu]]'' || Mathukutty ||
|-
| ''[[Pourasham]]'' || Tomy ||
|-
| ''Aana'' || Thomas ||
|-
| ''[[Belt Mathai]]'' || Kuttan Pilla ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1984 || ''[[Sreekrishna Parunthu]]'' || Shankushar ||
|-
| ''[[Vepraalam]]'' || Jolly John ||
|-
| ''Theere Pratheekshikkathe'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Ethirppukal]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
| ''Velichamillatha Veethikal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pavam Krooran]]'' || Mathulan ||
|-
| ''[[NH 47 (film)|NH 47]]'' || PC Velu Pilla ||
|-
| ''Kadamattathachan'' || Ithappiri ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyil Alpam Karyam]]'' || Driver Shankarankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Swantham Sarika (film)|Swantham Sarika]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'' || "Shakthi" Raghavan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Vanitha Police]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manithali]]'' || Subaid ||
|-
| ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' || Govinda Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Thathamme Poocha Poocha]]'' || Balaraman ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 1985 || ''[[Shathru (1985 film)|Shathru]]'' || Thamarakshan/Kottada Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Saandham Bheekaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Akalathe Ambili]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Black Mail (1985 film)|Black Mail]]'' || Manikyam ||
|-
| ''[[Scene No. 7]]'' || Pankan Pilla ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || Pushpangathan ||
|-
| ''[[Akkachide Kunjuvava]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maniyara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]'' || Kittan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Nokku Kanan]]'' || Vidyadharan Mashu ||
|-
| ''[[Makan Ente Makan]]'' || Vasudevan ||
|-
| ''[[Akkare Ninnoru Maran]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[Koodum Thedi]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Premalekhanam (film)|Premalekhanam]]'' || Kunchan ||
|-
| ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Upahaaram]]'' || Sundareshan ||
|-
| rowspan=28 | 1986 || ''[[Ninnistham Ennishtam]]'' || Chakrapani ||
|-
| ''[[Love Story (1986 film)|Love Story]]'' || Krishnankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Akalangalil]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yugasandhya]]'' || Kuttappan ||
|-
| ''Ithramathram'' || Augustine ||
|-
| ''[[Katturumbinum Kathu Kuthu]]'' || Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnum Kudathinum Pottu]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Rareeram]]'' || Aravindakshan ||
|-
| ''[[Ice Cream (1986 film)|Ice Cream]]'' || Worker ||
|-
| ''[[Padayani (film)|Padayani]]'' || Ramu ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum]]'' || Driver Sreekar ||
|-
| ''[[Snehamulla Simham]]'' || Kuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Atham Chithira Chothi]]'' || Pushkaran ||
|-
| ''[[Prathyekam Sradhikkukka]]'' || Detective Veerabhadran ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnu Masangalku Mumbu]]'' || Ranjan ||
|-
| ''[[Aalorungi Arangorungi]]'' || Mathunni/Chakkunni||
|-
| ''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Geetham (film)|Geetham]]'' || Bose ||
|-
| ''[[Adukkan Entheluppam]]'' || Markose ||
|-
| ''[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]'' || Panikkar ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Entethu Mathrem]]'' || Sathyasheelan ||
|-
| ''[[Nyayavidhi]]'' || Mathunni ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]]'' || Sayipp ||
|-
| ''[[Naale Njangalude Vivaham]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjattakilikal]]'' || Panikkar ||
|-
| ''[[Oppam Oppathinoppam]]'' || Neelakandan ||
|-
| ''[[Pappan Priyappetta Pappan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Revathikkoru Pavakkutty]]'' || Vaidyar Rarichan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1987 || ''[[Manja Manthrangal]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[Kalam Mari Katha Mari]]'' || Koya ||
|-
| ''[[Athinumappuram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kottum Kuravayum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Mangalya Charthu'' || Pappan ||
|-
| ''Ivare Sookshikkuka'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormaykku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Muhurtham]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''Nirabhedangal'' || Krishan ||
|-
| ''Swargam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 1988 || ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]'' || Postman Pisharody ||
|-
| ''[[Janmandharam]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Loose Loose Arappiri Loose]]'' || Mala ||
|-
| ''[[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]'' || Appu ||
|-
| ''[[Unnikrishnante Adyathe Christmas]]'' || Swamy ||
|-
| ''[[Sanghunadam]]'' || Danger Thankapan ||
|-
| ''[[Athirthikal]]'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnam Mura]]'' || Bus Driver ||
|-
| ''[[Kandathum Kettathum]]'' || Sadananthan ||
|-
| ''[[Pattanapravesham]]'' || Damu ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1989 || ''V.I.P.'' || Kuttoos ||
|-
| ''Agnichirakulla Moham'' || Govindan ||
|-
| ''Prabhatham Chuvanna Theruvil'' || ||
|-
| ''Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu'' || Maducakkuzhi Achan ||
|-
| ''[[Ammavanu Pattiya Amali]]'' || Thomson ||
|-
| ''Kodugallur Bhagavathi'' || ||
|-
| ''Jeevitham Oru Ragam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Carnival (1989 film)|Carnival]]'' || Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Mahayanam]]'' || Govindankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Karukkal]]'' || Rajappan ||
|-
| ''Indhanam'' || ||
|-
|}

=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1990 || ''[[Kottayam Kunjachan]]'' || Anthru ||
|-
| ''[[Mukham]]'' || Agasthy ||
|-
| ''Enquiry'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnaranjanam]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1991 || ''[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]]'' || Drama Artist ||
|-
| ''Kalamorukkam'' || ||
|-
| ''Daivasahayam Lucky Centre'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mookilla Rajyathu]]'' || Ameen ||
|-
| ''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mahassar]]'' || Shivadasan ||
|-
| ''Kalari'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uncle Bun]]'' || Mathai ||
|-
| ''[[Amina Tailors]]'' || Jabbar ||
|-
| ''Agninilavu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[May Dinam]]'' || Coach Warrier ||
|-
| ''[[Keli (film)|Keli]]'' || Commentator ||
|-
| ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ganamela]]'' || Appukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Mimics Parade]]'' || Mammooty ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]'' || Nanappan ||
|-
| ''[[Sandesam]]'' || [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Aanandan ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1992 || ''Mr & Mrs'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'' || Mammooty ||
|-
| ''[[Congratulations Miss Anitha Menon]]'' || Achu ||
|-
| ''Neelakurukkan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maanyanmar]]'' || Professional killer ||
|-
| ''Oru Swapnam Pole'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Poochakkaru Mani Kettum]]'' || Venukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Welcome to Kodaikanal]]'' || Eradi ||
|-
| ''First Bell'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Simhadhwani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhara Ponnana]]'' || Anthappan ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Ponnu Thampuran]]'' || Ravunni ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalathe Adheham]]'' || Selvam ||
|-
| ''Annu Good Friday'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kallan Kappalil Thanne]]'' || Appunni Mashu ||
|-
| ''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]'' || Church Priest ||
|-
| ''Maanthrika Cheppu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Utsavamelam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 1993 || ''[[City Police (film)|City Police]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pravachakan]]'' || Velandi ||
|-
| ''Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sowbhagyam]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Venkalam]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Koushalam]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Sarovaram (film)|Sarovaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]'' || Head Constable Kunjeesho ||
|-
| ''[[Vakkeel Vasudev]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || Sukumaran Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Customs Diary]]'' || Skariachan ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnuchami]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1994 || ''Varanamalyam'' || Mathai ||
|-
| ''Kadal'' || Lasar ||
|-
| ''Kambolam'' || Kochappy ||
|-
| ''Dollar'' || Vettukili Damodharan ||
|-
| ''Gothram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Varaphalam]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Arunkumar ||
|-
| ''[[Manathe Kottaram]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Pingami]]'' || Velichappadu ||
|-
| ''Vadhu Doctoranu'' || Chinnappan ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1995 || ''[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]'' || Kuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Agnidevan]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Special Squad (film)|Special Squad]]'' || Kochaugasthy ||
|-
| ''Kokkarakko'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhavilkoodaram]]'' || Subair's father ||
|-
| ''Puthukottyile Puthu Manavalan'' || ||
|-
| ''Punnaram'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 1996 || ''Kinnam Katta Kallan'' || Constable Mathew Joseph ||
|-
| ''Excuse Me Ethu Collegila'' || ||
|-
| ''Harbour'' || ||
|-
| ''King Solomon'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dominic Presentation (film)|Dominic Presentation]]'' || Father Joseph Medayil ||
|-
| ''[[Saamoohyapaadam]]'' || Pushpangathan ||
|-
| ''[[Sallapam]]'' || Kunjookuttan Ashaari ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyabhamakkoru Premalekhanam]]'' || Koduval Prakasan ||
|-
| ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1997 || ''[[Kudamattam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Shobanam'' || ||
|-
| ''Poomarathanalil'' || Ambujakshan ||
|-
| ''Kaduva Thoma'' || D'Cruz ||
|-
| ''Snehadoothu'' || Veeramani ||
|-
| ''Anjarakalyanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ekkareyanente Manasam'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''Gajaraja Manthram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sammanam (1997 film)|Sammanam]]'' || Ramashan ||
|-
| ''[[Junior Mandrake]]'' || Maniyan Vaidhyan ||
|-
| ''[[Hitler Brothers]]'' || Ramankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Arjunan Pillayum Anchu Makkalum]]'' || Parameswaran ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliyoonjal]]'' || Paraman ||
|-
| ''Kalyana Unnikal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1998 || ''[[Manthri Maalikayil Manasammatham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Thirakalkkappuram'' || ||
|-
| ''Kulirkattu'' || ||
|-
| ''Thattakam'' || ||
|-
| ''Panchaloham'' || Karutha ||
|-
| ''[[Kanmadam]]'' || Swami Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''Magician Mahendralal from Delhi'' || Mammad ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Charlie Chaplin (1999 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || Driver Achu ||
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Meni]]'' || Sankaran ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2000 || ''[[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]]'' || C.K. Ayyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Ival Draupadi]]'' || Ravunni ||
|-
| ''[[Madhuranombarakattu]]'' || Abdulla ||
|-
| ''[[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]]'' || Kumarettan ||
|-
| ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' || Sankaran ||
|-
| ''Rapid Action Force'' || Jail warden ||
|-
| ''[[Varnakkazhchakal]]'' || Chathutti ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2001 || ''Ennum Sambavami Yuge Yuge'' || ||
|-
| ''Chithrathoonukal'' || ||
|-
| ''Kakki Nakshithrem'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''Pranayakalathu'' || ||
|-
| ''Thenthuli'' || ||
|-
| ''Kabani'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumadikkuttan]]'' || Aashan ||
|-
| ''[[Unnathangalil]]'' || Joseph ||
|-
| ''Bhadra'' || ||
|-
| ''Andolanam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=13 | 2002 || ''Ee Bhargaveenilayam'' || ||
|-
| ''Grandmother'' || ||
|-
| ''Swaraga Ganga'' || ||
|-
| ''Swapnahalliyil Oru Naal'' || ||
|-
| ''Suvarna Mohangal'' || ||
|-
| ''Desam'' || Marthandan ||
|-
| ''Aala'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kattuchembakam]]'' || Kattumooppan ||
|-
| ''[[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]]'' || Paanan ||
|-
| ''[[Meesha Madhavan]]'' || Mullani Pappan ||
|-
| ''[[Jagathy Jagadeesh in Town]]'' || Kallan Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''[[Oomappenninu Uriyadappayyan]]'' || Mooppan ||
|-
| ''[[Valkannadi]]'' || Unnithiri Vaidyar ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2003 || ''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]'' || Sankaran Mooshari ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]'' || Qadir ||
|-
| ''Chithrathoonukal'' || ||
|-
| ''Kaliyodam'' || ||
|-
| ''Varum Varunnu Vannu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Ex-military Gopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Mullavalliyum Thenmavum]]'' || Gopalan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''Chitrakoodam'' || Shankaran Thattan ||
|-
| ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' || Kuzhivetti Mathai ||
|-
| ''[[Rasikan]]'' || Shivankutti's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Perumazhakkalam]]'' || Kunjikkannan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2005 || ''[[Ponmudipuzhayorathu]]'' || Thankappan ||
|-
| ''OK Chacko Cochin Mumbai'' || Paramu ||
|-
| ''[[Finger Print]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chanthupottu]]'' || Kanaran ||
|-
| ''[[Kadha]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2006 || ''[[Moonnamathoral]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Achanteponnu Makkal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oruvan (2006 film)|Oruvan]]'' || Velu ||
|-
| ''Arunam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Athisayan]]'' || Justice Rama Moorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Panthaya Kozhi]]'' || Chakrapani ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2008 || ''[[Chithrasalabhangalude Veedu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mizhikal Sakshi]]'' || Kadarukutty Musaliar ||
|-
| ''Mayabazar'' || Kumarankutty Ashan ||
|-
| ''Thavalam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shalabam]]'' || Kumaran ||
|-
| ''[[Mulla (film)|Mulla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]'' || Cleetus ||
|-
| ''[[Positive (2008 film)|Positive]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|20]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2009 || ''[[Ee Pattanathil Bhootham]]'' || Judge ||
|-
| ''[[Dr. Patient]]'' || Thankachan ||
|-
| ''Venalmaram'' || Sankarankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Paribhavam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rahasya Police]]'' || Pushpan ||
|-
| ''Chagathikoottam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[T. D. Dasan Std. VI B]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
|}

=== 2010s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2010 || ''[[Swantham Bharya Zindabad]]'' || Sakhav ACS ||
|-
| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Canvas (2010 film)|Canvas]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policeum]]'' || Kunju ||
|-
| ''[[9 KK Road]]'' || S.I. Mathukkutty ||
|-
| ''[[Yakshiyum Njanum]]'' || Valmiki ||
|-
| ''Nanthuni'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2011 || ''[[Ninnishtam Ennishtam 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Priyappetta Nattukare]]'' || Pappan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Prabhuvinte Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thappana]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2013 || ''[[August Club]]'' || Lazer ||
|-
| ''[[Once Upon a Time (2013 film)|Once Upon a Time]]'' || Sage ||
|-
| ''[[God for Sale]]'' || Velayudan ||
|-
| ''[[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''KQ'' || Beeran ||
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || Ayyappan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Masala Republic]]'' || Rappayichan ||
|-
| ''[[Lal Bahadur Shastri (film)|Lal Bahadur Shastri]]'' || C. P. Damodharan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Nellikka]]'' || || Posthumously released
|-
| ''Chaminte Company'' || ||Posthumously released
|-
| 2016 || ''Noolpalam'' || || Posthumously released
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' || || Photograph of Mullani Pappan, reprisal from ''[[Meesa Madhavan]]''
|-
|}

=== 2020s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Kaalchilambu]]'' || || Posthumously released
|-
|}

==Television==
*Mouna Nombaram
*Vallarpadathamma
*[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0033245|name=Mala Aravindan}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Mala%20Aravindan&limit=233 Mala Aravindan at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravindan, Mala}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]

Mumbai billboard collapse

2025-07-28T12:34:41Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: Stub

{{Short description|2024 accident in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox disaster
| date = {{start date|df=y|2024|5|13}}
| location = [[Ghatkopar]], [[Mumbai]]
| cause = Collapse of an illegal [[billboard]] due to rains
| reported deaths = 17<ref name="Indian Express"/>
| reported injuries = 75
}}

On 13 May 2024, a [[billboard]] in the [[Ghatkopar]] suburb of [[Mumbai]], collapsed following heavy rains. 17 people were killed and more than 75 were injured.

== Background ==
Billboards in urban areas and political hoardings are commonly erected across India. There have been various incidents in the last few years wherein more than ten people have been killed in various accidents involving illegal erections in [[Chennai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Delhi]] and [[Pune]]. Despite the ruling of courts in India, the practice still existed in 2024.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/mumbai-hoarding-collapse-how-key-accused-bhavesh-bhinde-was-caught-124051700241_1.html|title=Mumbai hoarding collapse: How key accused Bhavesh Bhinde was caught|date=17 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

== Incident ==
On 13 May 2024, a large [[billboard]] measuring 120x120 ft in the [[Ghatkopar]] suburb of [[Mumbai]], collapsed following heavy rains.<ref>{{cite news |title=At least 14 killed as billboard collapses in Mumbai during thunderstorm |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/5/14/at-least-14-killed-as-billboard-collapses-in-mumbai-during-thunderstorm |date=14 May 2024| work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> 17 people were killed and more than 75 were injured.<ref name="BC">{{cite news |last1=Shaikh |first1=Ateeq |last2=Sah |first2=Purnima |last3=Mutha |first3=Snehal |date=13 May 2024 |title=Mumbai Rains: Massive billboard falls during Mumbai dust storm killing nine, injuring over 70 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/massive-dust-storm-rain-wind-in-mumbai-thane/article68171026.ece |access-date=27 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The billboard crashed onto a [[petrol station]], crushing vehicles and people who had taken shelter from the rains.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|date=22 May 2024 |title=Death toll in Ghatkopar hoarding crash rises to 17; 10 injured victims still in hospitals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ghatkopar-hoarding-crash-death-toll-rises-victim-hospitals-9344361/ |access-date=27 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The billboard was constructed illegally, against the maximum permitted size of 40×40 ft.<ref name="Toll rises">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/death-toll-rises-to-16-in-mumbai-hoarding-collapse/article68179015.ece|title=Mumbai hoarding collapse {{!}} Death toll rises to 16 |date=16 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The rescue operations continued for more than 66 hours and ended on 10:30 am on 16 May.<ref name="Toll rises"/><ref>{{cite news|date=14 May 2024 |title=Mumbai billboard collapse: Search and rescue operation continues after over 21 hours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-billboard-collapse-search-and-rescue-operation-continues-after-over-21-hours/article68174354.ece |access-date=27 May 2024| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 May 2024 |title=Mumbai's hoarding collapse: Two more bodies located under debris |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-hoarding-collapse-rescue-operation-death-toll-may-15-2024/article68177851.ece|access-date=27 May 2024| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
== Aftermath ==
Following the incident, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] issued orders for the immediate removal of similar hoardings nearby.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 May 2024 |title=Mumbai hoarding collapse: BMC issues notice to ad agency for immediate removal of three other hoardings in Ghatkopar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bmc-issues-notice-to-ad-agency-for-immediate-removal-of-three-other-hoardings-in-ghatkopar/article68172834.ece|access-date=27 May 2024| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On May 16, the owner of the hoarding was arrested for culpable homicide not amounting to murder and various other charges.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shaikh |first=Ateeq |date=17 May 2024 |title=Bhavesh Bhinde, owner of collapsed Mumbai hoarding arrested in Udaipur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/owner-of-collapsed-mumbai-hoarding-arrested-in-udaipur/article68183798.ece|access-date=27 May 2024| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Eknath Shinde]] announced an [[ex-gratia]] of {{INRconvert|500|k}} to the next of kin of each person killed in the incident.<ref name="BC"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2024}}

[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Mumbai]]
[[Category:May 2024 in India]]

Jnanendra Prasad Goswamy

2025-06-25T10:27:53Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: New new stub v1 - done

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = Acharya
| name = Jnanendra Prasad Goswamy
| image = Portrait of Jnanendra Prasad Goswami.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = আচার্য জ্ঞানেন্দ্রপ্রসাদ গোস্বামী
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1902|12|25|}}
| birth_place = [[Bishnupur, Bankura]], {{no wrap|[[Bengal Presidency]]}}, {{no wrap|[[British India]]}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1945|10|29|1902|12|25}}
| death_place = [[Bishnupur, Bankura]], {{no wrap|[[Bengal Presidency]]}}, {{no wrap|[[British India]]}}
| occupation = Singer
}}

'''Acharya Jnanendra Prasad Goswamy''' ({{langx|bn|আচার্য জ্ঞানেন্দ্রপ্রসাদ গোস্বামী}}; 25 December 1902 – 29 October 1945) {{aka}} '''Jnan Gossain''' ({{langx|bn|জ্ঞান গোসাই}}), from Bengal, was an Indian vocalist in the [[Hindustani classical music]] tradition.

A renowned exponent of the [[Bishnupur gharana]], he was known for the ''[[Khayal]]'', ''[[Dhrupad]]'', ''[[Thumri]]'' and ''[[Tappa]]'', along with ''Raga-pradhan'' songs.<ref name= itc>{{cite web|url= https://www.itcsra.org/TreasurePast.aspx?TreasuresId=12|title= Treasures from the Past |access-date =29 June 2019 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jnanendra's journey to the world of Indian classical music was initiated at his home under the guidance of his father Bipin Chandra Goswamy, who was a noted esraj player. His next guru was his uncle, Pandit [[Radhika Prasad Goswamy]], a great vocalist of his times. He also got his training form eminent vocalists such as Pandit Girija Shankar Chakrabarty and Ustad [[Faiyaz Khan]].<ref name= aa>{{cite web| url = https://www.sahapedia.org/baisanaupaura-gharaanaara-panadaita-saujaita-ganagaopaadhayaayaera-saathae-saakasaatakaara|title= বিষ্ণুপুর ঘরানার শাস্ত্রীয় সঙ্গীত |access-date=29 June 2019 }}</ref>

==Professional career==
Jnanendra Prasad was instrumental in popularizing Indian Classical music and created an audience of its own. In Bishnupur gharana, {{lang|sa|Dhrupad}} is the main form of music which is addressed to God, and in ancient times used to be sung in temples and king's chambers. He was a close friend of Kazi Nazrul Islam, and recorded many Nazrul Geeti in Bengali. He was associated with Gramaphone Company of India for many years.<ref name= kmm>{{cite web| url=http://kolkatamusicmapping.com/jnanendra-prasad-goswami-late-1930/|access-date=29 June 2019|title=BRIEFLY: About Jnanendra Prasad Goswami during late 1930}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswamy, Jnanendra Prasad}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Indian classical musicians of Bengal]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]

Department of Co-operation (Andhra Pradesh)

2025-06-08T08:06:03Z

Nasimahamad.vitaniya: created new post

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Co-operation of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Co-operation
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Sahakāra Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = K. Atchannaidu.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Co-operation
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andha Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| inaugural = [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://apcooperation.nic.in/|Official website}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Minister of Co-operation''', is the head of the Department of Co-operation or Co-operatives of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]].

The incumbent Minister of Co-operation is [[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]] from the [[Telugu Desam Party]].

== List of ministers ==
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]]''' {{small|(1949-2022) MLA for [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency|Srikalahasti]]}}
|8 June 2014
|1 April 2017
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|1 April 2017}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|rowspan=2 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-08 |title=19 ministers take oath along with Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/19-ministers-take-oath-along-with-chandrababu-naidu/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|
|'''[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy|Chadipiralla Adinarayana Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1958) MLA for [[Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency|Jammalamadugu]]}}
|2 April 2017
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|2 April 2017|29 May 2019}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. v r Subba |date=2017-04-02 |title=Chandrababu Naidu's son Nara Lokesh takes oath as Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-naidus-son-nara-lokesh-takes-oath-as-minister/article17762250.ece |access-date=2022-10-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!3
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Kurasala Kannababu]]''' {{small|(born 1970) MLA for [[Kakinada Rural Assembly constituency|Kakinada Rural]]}}
|30 May 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|30 May 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-30 |title=Jaganmohan Reddy sworn-in as Andhra Pradesh chief minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jaganmohan-reddy-sworn-in-as-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister/articleshow/69574758.cms |access-date=2024-08-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
!4
|
|'''[[Kakani Govardhan Reddy]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MLA for [[Sarvepalli Assembly constituency|Sarvepalli]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|11 June 2024}}'''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Indo-Asian News |date=2022-04-11 |title=25 members of Jagan Reddy's revamped Cabinet take oath |url=https://www.siasat.com/25-members-of-jagan-reddys-revamped-cabinet-take-oath-2306655/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!5
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File: K. Atchannaidu.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Kinjarapu Atchannaidu]]''' {{small|(born 1969) MLA for [[Tekkali Assembly constituency|Tekkali]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Full list of Andhra Pradesh Cabinet Ministers with portfolios: Who gets what |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-council-of-ministers-full-list/article68288989.ece |access-date=2024-07-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]