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Silk Sakkath Hot

2026-05-04T00:30:01Z

NaomiLoftis490: started new data!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Silk Sakkath Hot
| image = Silk Sakkath Maga Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Trishul
| writer = Trishul
| starring = [[Veena Malik]] Akshay Sana [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| producer = Venkatappa
| music = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cinematography = Jai Anand
| editing = S. K. Nagendra Urs
| runtime = 135 minutes
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|08|02}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Silk Sakkath Hot''''' ({{Translation|[[Silk Smitha|Silk]], very hot}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[biographical film]] written and directed by Trishul. The film was produced by Venkatappa and stars [[Veena Malik]], making her debut in [[South India]], in the lead role. The supporting cast consists of Akshay, Sana,<ref>{{cite news|title=Sana plays a stunning vamp|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/news-interviews/32763780_1_vamp-veena-malik-kannada-film|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414084447/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/news-interviews/32763780_1_vamp-veena-malik-kannada-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-14|access-date=27 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2012-07-20}}</ref> Anitha Bhat <ref name="N">{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article552761.ece|title=Psycho Anita now in Kannada 'Dirty Picture'|author=|date=|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=29 November 2013|archive-date=23 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523010758/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article552761.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Srinivasa Murthy]]. Jassie Gift composed the music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/silk-sakkath-hot-imagegallery-kannada-nh5qsxidhgf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803025630/http://www.sify.com/movies/Silk-Sakkath-Hot-imagegallery-Kannada-nh5qsxidhgf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-03|title=Silk? Sakkath Hot|author=|date=|work=Sify}}</ref>

The film portrays the story of an aspiring actress who is ready to go to any extent to make it big in the cinema industry. It was inspired by the life of [[Silk Smitha]], a South Indian actress noted for her erotic roles.<ref name="M">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/dirty-picture-silk-sakkath-maga-is-not-biopic-473624.html|title='Dirty Picture: Silk Sakkath Maga' is not biopic|date=12 May 2012|access-date=21 July 2020|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721132531/https://www.news18.com/news/india/dirty-picture-silk-sakkath-maga-is-not-biopic-473624.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Silk Sakkath Hot'' released to mixed reviews and was financially successful.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/news-interviews/41662330_1_silk-smitha-film-several-theatres | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904190642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-01/news-interviews/41662330_1_silk-smitha-film-several-theatres | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-09-04 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Veena Malik's Silk a BO hit?| date=2013-09-01}}</ref> It was also film was dubbed in Tamil as ''Kick'' and in Telugu as ''Red Mirchi.''

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Veena Malik]] as Silk
* Akshay as Shiva
* [[Shanoor Sana|Sana]] as Ammani
* Anitha Bhat as Ragini
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Stephanie Siriwardhana]] as [[item number]]
}}

==Production==
The film was originally titled ''Dirty Picture'' before it was changed to ''Silk Sakkath Hot Maga'' and shortened to ''Silk Sakkath Hot''.<ref name="N"/><ref name="M"/><ref name="T"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Silk Sakkath Maga
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Jassie Gift]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|02|}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
}}
[[Jassie Gift]] has composed 5 songs to the lyrics of [[Kaviraj (Lyricist)|Kaviraj]].<ref>{{cite web |author=black jaguar |url=http://kannadageethe.blogspot.in/2013/07/silk-sakkath-maga-2013-kannada-movie.html |title=Silk Sakkath Maga 2013 songs |publisher=Kannadageethe |date=2013-07-27 |access-date=7 April 2015 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205065328/http://kannadageethe.blogspot.in/2013/07/silk-sakkath-maga-2013-kannada-movie.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| lyrics_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Undadi Gundamma
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Suchitra (singer)|Suchitra]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Punaha Punaha
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Bhaayi Haakubaa
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Jassie Gift]], [[Malgudi Subha]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Mutthanu Kodu
| extra4 = Jassie Gift, Rajalakshmi
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
| title5 = Mattina Kannalle
| extra5 = [[Mamta Sharma]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 =
}}

==Release==
''Silk Sakkath Hot'' was reported to have housefull theaters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veena Malik's Silk Sakkath is houseful|date=5 August 2013|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/veena-malik-s-silk-sakkath-is-houseful/1151367/|access-date=5 August 2013|archive-date=7 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807235638/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/veena-malik-s-silk-sakkath-is-houseful/1151367|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "A Veena Malik show all the way. Be it a sentimental or a bold and beautiful sequence, Veena scores over others with excellent portrayal of her character".<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/silk-sakkath-hot/movie-review/21584487.cms|title=SILK SAKKATH HOT MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2023|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321085624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/silk-sakkath-hot/movie-review/21584487.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|12748344}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:HIV/AIDS in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Indian pregnancy films]]

Penn Kulathin Pon Vilakku

2026-05-04T00:27:37Z

NaomiLoftis490: added first stub needs work!

{{More plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Penn Kulathin Pon Vilakku.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[B. Vittalacharya]]
| producer = S. Soundappan C. Chennakesavan
| writer =
| screenplay = Muhavai Rajamanickam
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[M. N. Rajam]]
| narrator =
| music = [[M. Venu]]
| cinematography = J. G. Vijayam
| editing = P. G. Mohan
| studio = Asoka Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|7|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Penn Kulathin Pon Vilakku''''' ({{translation|Golden Lamp of Womanhood}}) is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[B. Vittalacharya]]. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[M. N. Rajam]]. It was released on 10 July 1959.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1959 – பெண் குலத்தின் பொன் விளக்கு – அசோக பி.க |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails38.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205025035/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails38.asp |archive-date=5 December 2016 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil |access-date=5 December 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Majordasan |title=Potpourri of tidbits about Tamil cinema – Vittalacharya |url=http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Oct11_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Vittalacharya_page2.html |website=Kalyanamalai |access-date=21 May 2024 |archive-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122104103/http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Oct11_16_31/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Vittalacharya_page2.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film deals with three ladies – Parvathi, a perfect wife and an epitome of womanhood, her sister-in-law Kala, a staunch believer in woman's liberation, and Kala's friend Lalitha, a divorcee, who has no qualms in living with anybody for a little wealth. Kodandam, a self proclaimed bachelor comes to Kala's house to teach her music. He is forcibly married to her and is burdened with the task of taming the shrew. The rest of the movie deals with the lessons the ladies learn through the experiences they undergo in life.

== Cast ==
Cast list are from the film credits.
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[Gemini Ganesan]]
* [[M. N. Nambiar]]
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]]
* [[A. Karunanidhi]]
* [[S. A. Asokan|S. A. Asokan {{small|B.A.}}]]
* [[K. K. Soundar]]
* [[Nagesh]]
* S. R. Gopal
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[M. N. Rajam]]
* [[Sriranjani, Jr.|Sriranjani]]
* [[K. V. Shanthi]]
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]]
* Vittoba
* Kalyani Ammal
Dance
* [[Sukumari]]-Mathangi
{{col-end}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music was scored by [[Master Venu|M. Venu]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7JevgDCLbuNWldwNE5IZkNwV3c/view |title=பெண்குலத்தின் பொன் விளக்கு |publisher=Ashok Pictures |year=1959 |language=Ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=21 May 2024}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration(m:ss)
|-
| "Kadavul Padaikkavillai" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] & [[P. Leela]] || rowspan=5|Villiputhan ||
|-
| "Vinothamaana Ulagathile" || [[Seergazhi Govindarajan]] || 03:35
|-
| "Vizhivaasal Azhagaana Manimandapam" || Seergazhi Govindarajan [[P. Susheela]] || 03:26
|-
| "Vanakkam Vaanga Maappille" || Seergazhi Govindarajan P. Susheela || 04:02
|-
| "Maalaiyitta Mangai Ival" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] || 03:15
|-
| "Patta Kaalile Padum" || P. Leela || rowspan=5|Muhavai Rajamanickam || 03:09
|-
| "Vanna malarkodiyaalaiye" || [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 02:37
|-
| "Ambigai Nee Gathiye Thaye" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Pattu Pattaadai Katti" || K. Jamuna Rani Salem Govindan || 02:19
|-
| "Kaalamellaam Aha" || K. Jamuna Rani ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1950s feminist films]]
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 drama films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Vittalacharya]]
[[Category:Films scored by Master Venu]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Kotasattemma Temple, Nidadavolu

2026-05-04T00:21:05Z

NaomiLoftis490: Adding a place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|architecture=[[Eastern Chalukyas|Vengi Chalukyan]]
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|district=[[East Godavari]]
|image=
|coordinates = {{coord|16.971|N|81.773|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|locale=[[Nidadavolu]], [[East Godavari district]]
|name=Kotasattemma Temple
|map_caption=Location in Andhra Pradesh
|map_type=India Andhra Pradesh
|state=[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|deity=Kotasattemma
|website={{URL|http://srikotasattemmaammavaridevasthanam.com/inde1.php}}
}}

'''Kotasattemma Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] pilgrimage center in [[Nidadavolu]] of [[East Godavari district]] in the [[Indian State|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srikotasattemmaammavaridevasthanam.com/temple.php|title=Sri Kotasattemma Temple|last=Kotasattemma temple|first=Nidadavolu|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415143412/http://srikotasattemmaammavaridevasthanam.com/temple.php|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
During [[Eastern Chalukyas|Chalukya]] period, Kotasattemma temple was constructed by Chalukya Veerabadhra, the spouse of [[Rudrama Devi]]. The idol of Kotasattemma was immersed by several calamities during the [[Reddy dynasty]]. In 1934, the idol was found by Devulapalli Rama Murthy Sastri in his land and later he constructed the temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://srikotasattemmaammavaridevasthanam.com/temple.php|title=Kotasattemma Temple History|last=Kotasattemma temple|first=History|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415143412/http://srikotasattemmaammavaridevasthanam.com/temple.php|archive-date=15 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hindu Temples in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in East Godavari district]]

{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}
{{EastGodavari-geo-stub}}

Dil Dosti etc.

2026-04-30T07:59:06Z

NaomiLoftis490: Started A Info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = dildostietc.jpg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Dil Dosti Etc''
| starring = [[Shreyas Talpade]] [[Nikita Anand]] [[Imaad Shah]] [[Smriti Mishra]] Dinesh Kumar [[Ishita Sharma]]
| writer = [[Pawan Sony]]
| director = [[Manish Tiwary]]
| producer = [[Prakash Jha]]
| music = Siddarth Suhas [[Agnee (band)|Agnee]]
| editing = Hina Saiyada
| cinematography = Arvind Kumar
| released = {{Film date|2007|09|28|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 132 minutes
}}

'''''Dil Dosti etc.''''' ({{Langx|en|Heart, Friendship, et cetera|italic=yes}}) is a 2007 Indian [[coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[black comedy]] film starring [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Imaad Shah]], [[Nikita Anand]], [[Smriti Mishra]], [[Ishita Sharma]], and Dinesh Kumar. It was directed by [[Manish Tiwary]] and produced by [[Prakash Jha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/28manish.htm|title=The 'two Indias' in Dil Dosti Etc|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=28 September 2007}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Apurv is a rich, aimless, and cynical 18-year-old young man who has just entered college in Delhi. Juxtaposed against the aimlessness of Apurv is also the story of Sanjay Mishra, an ambitious Bihari student and politician with limited means. They represent two divergent world views—the liberal versus the conservative, the no-strings-attached versus the committed, and the elite versus the middle class. Directionless and laidback, Apurv searches for meaning in life through amorous escapades with different girls, including a sex worker Vaishali, and a schoolgirl Kintu. Meanwhile, Sanjay works single-mindedly to win the college presidential elections and yet catches the attention of a rich model, Prerna. Dil Dosti Etc. is woven together with an ensemble of other characters who have their own stories to tell. Set against all these is a silly wager that the two protagonists engage in. Sanjay will win the elections, and Apurv will manage to have sex with three women in a day. As the film moves towards a volatile climax, you get to test the film's premise; when you're young, you believe the possibilities are endless.

== Cast ==
* [[Imaad Shah]] as Apurv
* [[Nikita Anand]] as Prerna
* [[Smriti Mishra]] as Vaishali
* [[Ishita Sharma]] as Kintu
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Sanjay Mishra
* Dinesh Kumar as Sonu
* [[Soni Razdan]] as Apurv's mother
* [[Feroze Gujral]] as herself
==Reception==
[[Martin D'Souza]] of Glamsham.com noted that, Minor flaws apart, college students are going to identify with this flick and I suspect there will be mass bookings in the days to come.<ref>{{cite web |last1=D'Souza |first1=Martin |authorlink1=Martin D'Souza |title=Dil Dosti Etc movie review |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/movie_review_dil_dosti_etc_090712.asp |website=glamsham |accessdate=2020-01-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013234223/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/reviews/movie_review_dil_dosti_etc_090712.asp |archivedate=2007-10-13 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> Nikhat Kazmi of Times of India rated the movie 2 out of 5 stars and opined that, "The film's too slow and the scene's are too repetitive and you do get the feeling things aren't really going anywhere. But wait patiently, and the mood will catch up".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Dil-Dosti-Etc/movie-review/2412871.cms|title = Dil Dosti Etc Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Dil Dosti Etc by Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of [[The Indian Express]] wrote ″Jha has some of the characters down pat, particularly the Bihari sidekick of Sanjay; even, to an extent, Sanjay himself. That's because Shreyas is an earnest trier. But the director gets lost with Apoorva: maybe there are some young men who walk into college and hostel desperate to notch up numbers on their belts, but Shah is trying to be so cool and so laidback, that he doesn't really register. Neither does the film.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dil-dosti-etc/222622/|title=Dil Dosti etc - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Ruchi Naresh of [[Rediff.com]] called it a ″Brainless college flick.″<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/sep/28dil.htm|title=Dil Dosti: Brainless college flick|website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{| class=wikitable
! #
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Lyricist(s)
! Composer
! Duration
|-
|1
|"Dum Laga"
|[[Siddharth-Suhas]], [[Suraj Jagan]], [[Hamza Faruqui]]
|[[Raam Goutam]], [[Prashant Pandey]], Siddharth-Suhas, [[Kumaar]]
|Siddharth-Suhas
|04:10
|-
|2
|"Lamha Ye Jayega Kahan"
|[[K. Mohan]]
|Prashant Pandey
|[[Agnee (band)|Agnee]]
|04:25
|-
|3
|"Sambhalo Dil Ko"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|Raam Goutam, Prashant Pandey, Siddharth-Suhas, Kumaar
|Siddharth-Suhas
|04:51
|-
|4
|"More Banke Chhaliya"
|[[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]
|Raam Goutam
|Agnee
|04:40
|-
|5
|"Man Moniye"
|[[Labh Janjua]]
|Kumaar
|Siddharth-Suhas
|04:38
|-
|6
|"Dum Laga - Remix"
|Siddharth-Suhas, Suraj Jagan, Hamza Faruqui
|Raam Goutam, Prashant Pandey, Siddharth-Suhas, Kumaar
|Siddharth-Suhas
|05:26
|-
|7
|"Man Moniye - Remix"
|[[Mohana Sarkar]], Labh Janjua
|Kumaar
|Siddharth-Suhas
|04:34
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=1099196}}

[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian teen films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age comedy-drama films]]

S. Hussain Zaidi

2026-04-30T00:44:18Z

NaomiLoftis490: added some entry w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1968)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=December 2020}}
{{BLP one source|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = S. Hussain Zaidi
| image = S. Hussain Zaidi.jpg
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Syed Hussain Zaidi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1968|2|28}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[journalist]], Movie Producer
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Nonfiction, fiction, crime, mafia, investigation, documentary
| movement =
| notableworks =
*''[[Black Friday: The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts|Black Friday]]''
*''[[Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia]]''
*''Mumbai Avengers''
| spouse = Velly Thevar<ref>[http://mumbaiboss.com/2012/08/27/my-mumbai-s-hussain-zaidi/ My Mumbai]. S. Hussain Zaidi.</ref>
| children =
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Syed Hussain Zaidi''' (born 28 February 1968) is an [[India|Indian]] author and former [[investigative journalist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/a-conversation-with-author-and-journalist-s-hussain-zaidi/?_r=0|title=A Conversation With: Author and Journalist S. Hussain Zaidi|date=20 July 2012 }}</ref> His works include ''[[Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia]]'', ''[[Mafia Queens of Mumbai]]'', ''[[Black Friday: The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blasts|Black Friday]]'', ''My Name is Abu Salem'' and ''Mumbai Avengers''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/its-a-dons-life/article6797062.ece|title=It's a don's life|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 January 2015 }}</ref>

S. Hussain Zaidi is a prolific writer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|date=2020-10-20|title=Painful to see journalism reduced to soap opera: S Hussain Zaidi|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/painful-to-see-journalism-reduced-to-soap-opera-s-hussain-zaidi|access-date=2020-12-04|website=The National Herald|language=en}}</ref> He publishes under the Blue Salt imprint.<ref name="indiatoday_217140">{{Cite web|date=11 November 2013|first=Debashish|last=Mukerji|title=Penguin India to launch new imprint 'Blue Salt'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/india/story/penguin-india-to-launch-new-imprint-blue-salt-217140-2013-11-11|access-date=2020-07-27|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Penguin India explores Bollywood with its new imprint|url=https://www.printweek.in/News/penguin-india-explores-bollywood-imprint-13721|access-date=2020-07-27|website=printweek.in|language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Organised crime in India|Mumbai mafia]] has been his focus in books such as ''Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia'', ''Mafia Queens of Mumbai'', ''[[Abu Salem|My Name is Abu Salem]]'' and ''[[Byculla to Bangkok]]''.

== Career ==
Zaidi began his career in journalism while working for the newspaper ''[[The Asian Age]]'', where he became the resident editor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_boss-hussain-zaidi-stands-by-jigna-vora_1617485 |title=Boss Hussain Zaidi stands by Jigna Vora | Latest News & Updates at |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=26 November 2011 |accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> Zaidi later worked for several other periodicals, including ''[[The Indian Express]]'',<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite web|title=List of articles by S. Hussain Zaidi|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/columnist/shussainzaidi/|website=Indianexpress|publisher=The Indian Express Ltd.|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref> ''[[Mid-Day]]'' and ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]''. His in-depth research on the Mumbai mafia has been used by international authors, including [[Misha Glenny]] in ''[[McMafia]]'' and [[Vikram Chandra (novelist)|Vikram Chandra]] in his book ''[[Sacred Games (novel)|Sacred Games]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne072906Page_14.asp |title=The People's Paper |publisher=Tehelka |date=29 July 2006 |accessdate=5 February 2014 |archive-date=11 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111213547/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne072906Page_14.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ne240312Coverstory.asp |title=India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |publisher=Tehelka |accessdate=5 February 2014 |archive-date=14 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014193159/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main52.asp?filename=Ne240312Coverstory.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Zaidi was once kidnapped in Iraq.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/amitabh-bachchan-saved-my-life-when-i-was-kidnapped-in-iraq-s-hussain-zaidi/article1-1339542.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422001932/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/amitabh-bachchan-saved-my-life-when-i-was-kidnapped-in-iraq-s-hussain-zaidi/article1-1339542.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2015|title=Amitabh Bachchan saved my life when I was kidnapped in Iraq}}</ref>

Zaidi has covered the [[Mumbai]] mafia for several decades. His 2002 book ''Black Friday'' detailed the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Mumbai bombings]], an attack consisting of thirteen explosions that killed 250 people. The book was adapted two years later, in 2004, into a film by [[Anurag Kashyap]] also titled ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]''. Subsequent to a petition by a group of accused perpetrators of the bombings, the [[Bombay High Court]] stayed the release of the film until a verdict was reached in the case. It was finally released on 9 February 2007 after the [[Supreme Court of India]] allowed it following the TADA court verdict in the '93 Bombay blast case.

In ''Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia'', a historical account of the [[Mumbai]] mafia, Zaidi conducted an interview with crime boss [[Dawood Ibrahim]], who is suspected of having orchestrated the bombings. The book was adapted into the film ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' by Sanjay Gupta.<ref name="NYTIndiaBlog">{{cite news|last1=Vyawahare|first1=Malavika|title=A Conversation With: Author and Journalist S. Hussain Zaidi|url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/07/20/a-conversation-with-author-and-journalist-s-hussain-zaidi/?_r=0|accessdate=18 April 2015|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=20 July 2012}}</ref>

Zaidi was an associate producer of the HBO documentary ''[[Terror in Mumbai]]'', which is based on the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emanuellevy.com/pop-culture/hbo-documentary-terror-in-mumbai-narrated-by-fareed-zakaria-debuts-nov-19-6/|title=HBO documentary Terror in Mumbai, narrated by Fareed Zakaria, debuts Nov. 19|work=emanuellevy.com|accessdate=18 April 2015|archive-date=14 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414184605/http://emanuellevy.com/pop-culture/hbo-documentary-terror-in-mumbai-narrated-by-fareed-zakaria-debuts-nov-19-6/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="HBO">{{cite web|url=http://www.hbo.com/documentaries/terror-in-mumbai/synopsis.html#/|title=HBO: Terror in Mumbai: Synopsis|work=hbo.com|accessdate=18 April 2015}}</ref>

Zaidi interviewed former Indian spy [[Lucky Bisht]] in June 2022. Bisht was accused of murder of civilians, for which he was jailed, but was later acquitted due to insufficient evidence.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=Lucky Bisht - a prisoner or a patriot? Prolific writer S Hussain Zaidi delves into this dilemma in detail |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/lifestyle/lucky-bisht-a-prisoner-or-a-patriot-prolific-writer-s-hussain-zaidi-delves-into-this-dilemma-in-detail |website=Free press journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2023 |title=एस हुसैन जैदी की किताब पर बनेगी बायोपिक, दिखाई जाएगी एक्स रॉ एजेंट लकी बिष्ट की कहानी |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/biopic-to-be-made-on-crime-writer-s-hussain-zaidis-book-story-of-ex-raw-agent-lucky-bisht-to-be-shown-4110942 |website=NDTVइण्डिया.com |language=hi}}</ref>

Zaidi's book [[R.A.W. Hitman: The Real Story of Agent Lima]] about the [[Killings of Raju Pargai and Amit Arya|assassination of Raju Pargai and Amit Arya]], is partially based on his interview with Bisht.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Diwan |title=Biopic of PM’s former bodyguard Lucky Bisht written by Hussain Zaidi becomes the best seller book in just 3 weeks |url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/biopic-of-pms-former-bodyguard-lucky-bisht-written-by-hussain-zaidi-becomes-the-best-seller-book-in-just-3-weeks/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Cineblitz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एक्स रॉ एजेंट लकी बिष्ट की ज़िन्दगी से रूबरू होगी दुनिया, एस. हुसैन जैदी ने लिखी 'रॉ हिटमैन' बायोग्राफी |url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/news/delhi/nsg-commando-ex-raw-agent-lucky-bishts-biography-raw-hitman-published-s-hussain-zaidi-is-the-author-6112950/ |website=www.india.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

The 2015 [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]] film ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]'', starring [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]], is an adaptation of Zaidi's book ''Mumbai Avengers''; the screenplay was written in conjunction with the author.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/kabir-khan-to-cast-saif-ali-khan-in-post-2611-counter-terror-film-630685.html|title=Kabir Khan to cast Saif Ali Khan in post 2611 counter terror film|work=ibnlive.com|accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8479|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603234409/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/8479|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2015|title=Book review - Mumbai Avengers (Arriving as Saif-Katrina's Phantom)|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

[[Farhan Akhtar]] and [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] of [[Excel Entertainment]] produced the web series ''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]'', an adaptation of Zaidi's book. The series focuses on [[Dawood Ibrahim]]'s early life and the Mumbai underworld.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paharia|first=Rashmi|date=2020-01-01|title=Dongri to Dubai - Farhan Akhtar's Next Web Series After Inside Edge 2|url=https://www.binged.com/news/dongri-to-dubai-farhan-akhtars-next-web-series-after-inside-edge-2/|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Binged|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bollywood is making a TV series based on Dawood Ibrahim's life|url=https://somethinghaute.com/bollywood-is-making-a-tv-series-based-on-gangster-dawood-ibrahims-life/|website=somethinghaute.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Farhan Akhtar-Ritesh Sidhwani to make web series on 'Dongri to Dubai' crime bestseller|url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/webcast-news/news/24327/Exclusive-Farhan-Akhtar-Ritesh-Sidhwani-to-make-web-series-on-Dongri-to-Dubai-crime-bestseller.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=peepingmoon.com/|date=11 January 2019|language=en}}</ref>

[[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s production house [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] released the [[Netflix]] film ''[[Class of '83]]'', starring [[Bobby Deol]] and directed by Atul Sabharwal, based on Zaidi's book of the same name.<ref>{{Citation|title=Class of 83|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt10306444/|access-date=2020-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-16|title=Class of 83 first look: Bobby Deol plays a dean in uniform in Shah Rukh Khan's Netflix release|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/class-of-83-first-look-bobby-deol-plays-a-dean-in-uniform-in-shah-rukh-khan-s-netflix-release/story-fWXVuLvmihyn9UFpL23tEO.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]'' is a Hindi-language biographical crime film directed by [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] and produced by Bhansali Productions in conjunction with [[Jayantilal Gada]]'s Pen India Ltd. The film is based on Zaidi's book ''Mafia Queens of Mumbai''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taneja|first=Parina|date=2020-01-16|title=Story of Gangubai Kathiawadi, whose husband sold her at a brothel for Rs 500|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-gangubai-kathiawadi-husband-sold-rs-500-alia-bhatt-sanjay-leela-bhansali-film-580029|access-date=2020-07-27|website=indiatvnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-15|title=Alia Bhatt as Madam of Kamathipura: Who was Gangubai Kathiawadi, inspiration behind Sanjay Leela Bhansali film?|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-alia-bhatt-as-madam-of-kamathipura-who-was-gangubai-kathiawadi-inspiration-behind-sanjay-leela-bhansali-film-2809499|access-date=2020-07-27|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-15|title=Gangubai Kathiawadi first look: Alia Bhatt will pierce your soul as a gun-wielding brothel owner. Who was Gangubai?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gangubai-kathiawadi-first-look-alia-bhatt-will-pierce-your-soul-with-her-gaze-as-a-gun-wielding-brothel-owner/story-FMEBsfXGZPl8vhHEbx8k3L.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

''[[London Confidential: The Chinese Conspiracy]]'' is a Hindi-language spy thriller film streaming on [[ZEE5]] since September 2020. Written by Zaidi and directed by Kanwal Sethi, it stars [[Mouni Roy]] and [[Purab Kohli]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='London Confidential' trailer: Mouni Roy, Purab Kohli in spy thriller with a Chinese connection|url=https://scroll.in/reel/972443/london-confidential-trailer-mouni-roy-purab-kohli-in-spy-thriller-with-a-chinese-connection|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Scroll.in|date=7 September 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=London Confidential: The Chinese Conspiracy is a rather staid and slow affair|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/this-early-bird-misses-the-worm-144791|access-date=2020-10-16|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-26|title=Mouni Roy & Purab Kohli's 'London Confidential' Is An Espionage Saga Reveals S. Hussain Zaidi|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/mouni-roy-purab-kohlis-london-confidential-is-an-espionage-saga-reveals-s-hussain-zaidi/|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref>

Zaidi mentored journalist Jigna Vora. The filming rights to her memoir ''Behind Bars in Byculla: My Days in Prison'' were acquired by Matchbox Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Journalist Jigna Vora's prison memoir 'Behind Bars in Byculla' to be made into a film|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/oct/16/journalist-jigna-voras-prison-memoir-behind-bars-in-byculla-to-be-made-into-a-film-2048080.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=India-West|first=R. M. VIJAYAKAR/Special to|title=Matchbox Pictures Acquires Rights to Jigna Vora's 'Behind Bars in Byculla'|url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/matchbox-pictures-acquires-rights-to-jigna-vora-s-behind-bars-in-byculla/article_6a6a3a6e-fa6a-11e9-8f54-f3bd6dd38bc3.html|access-date=2020-07-27|website=India West|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2019|title=Jigna Vora's jail ordeal to be depicted on film|url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jigna-voras-jail-ordeal-to-be-depicted-on-film/articleshow/71607103.cms|access-date=2020-07-27|website=Pune Mirror|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]''
| Based on Zaidi’s book on the 1993 Bombay bombings
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]''
| Inspired by events documented in Zaidi’s works
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]''
| Based on ''Mumbai Avengers''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Class of '83]]''
| Based on the book of the same name
|-
| ''[[London Confidential: The Chinese Conspiracy]]''
| Written by Zaidi
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''[[Lahore Confidential]]''
| Part of the ''Confidential'' film series
|-
| ''Dongri to Dubai''
| Web series adaptation
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Gangubai Kathiawadi]]''
| Based on ''Mafia Queens of Mumbai''
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023
| ''[[Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld]]''
| Netflix documentary
|-
| ''[[Scoop (2023 TV series)|Scoop]]''
| TV series based on Jigna Vora’s memoir
|-
| ''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]''
| Crime drama web series
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Indian Police Force (TV series)|Indian Police Force]]''
| TV series
|-
| 2026
| ''[[O'Romeo]]''
| Based on ''Mafia Queens of Mumbai'', also story writer
|}

==Publications==
* ''[[Black Friday: The True Story of the Bombay Bomb Blast]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Mafia Queens of Mumbai|Mafia Queens of Mumbai: Women who Ruled the Ganglands]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Dongri to Dubai: Six Decades of the Mumbai Mafia]]'' (2012)
* ''Headley and I'' (2012)
* ''[[Byculla to Bangkok]]'' (2014)
* ''My Name Is Abu Salem'' (2014)
* ''Mumbai Avengers'' (2015)
* ''Dangerous Minds'' (2017)
* ''The Wily Old Woman of Dongri'' (2017)
* ''Eleventh Hour'' (2018)
* ''Dawood's Mentor'' (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/jul/01/hussain-zaidis-new-novel-eleventh-hour-a-tribute-to-men-in-uniform-1836542.html|title=Hussain Zaidi's new novel 'Eleventh Hour' a tribute to men in uniform|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-17}}</ref>
* ''The Class of 83: The Punishers of Mumbai Police'' (2019)
* ''The Endgame'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hussain Zaidi pens new novel 'The Endgame' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/hussain-zaidi-pens-new-novel-the-endgame/articleshow/77327987.cms|access-date=2020-12-04|website=The Times of India|date=3 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''Zero Day'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Zero Day Online By S. Hussain Zaidi - HarperCollins India |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/zero-day/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India}}</ref>
* ''[[R.A.W. Hitman: The Real Story of Agent Lima]]'' (2023)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/R-A-W-Hitman/S-Hussain-Zaidi/9789392099632 |title=R.A.W. Hitman |date=2023-07-04 |isbn=978-93-92099-63-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-15 |title=Biopic of Lucky Bisht, former Personal Security Officer of PM Modi to be out soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/biopic-of-lucky-bisht-former-personal-security-officer-of-pm-modi-to-be-out-soon/articleshow/101022828.cms |access-date=2023-06-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/commandos-candour-criticism-what-marked-hussain-zaidis-raw-hitman-book-launch-in-delhi/1698129/?amp |title= Commandos, candour, criticism–what marked Hussain Zaidi’s ‘RAW Hitman’ book launch in Delhi |website=The Print|first=Anurag|last=Chaubey|language=en|access-date=2023-08-03}}</ref>
* ''The Black Orphan'' (2024)
* ''The Dangerous Dozen: Hitmen of the Mumbai Underworld'' (2024)
* ''R.A.W. Hitman 2: The Assassinations'' (2024)
* ''Mafia Queens of India'' (2025)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zaidi, Hussain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian investigative journalists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Twelvers]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male journalists]]

Prateik Smita Patil

2026-04-28T19:56:16Z

NaomiLoftis490: added first article needs work

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1986)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prateik Smita Patil
| image = Prateik Babbar at Lilly Singh's party (cropped).jpg
| caption = Babbar in 2017
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1986|11|28}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|birth_name=Prateik Babbar
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2008–present
| father = [[Raj Babbar]]
| mother = [[Smita Patil]]
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Sanya Sagar|23 January 2019|January 2023|end=divorce}}<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/after-divorce-with-sanya-sagar-prateik-babbar-makes-relationship-with-priya-banerjee-insta-official/videoshow/97953776.cms?from=mdr After divorce with Sanya Sagar, Prateik smita patil makes relationship with Priya Banerjee Insta official], Times of India.
Partner - Priya Banerjee</ref>|{{marriage|[[Priya Banerjee]]|14 February 2025}}
}}
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film clans#Babbar family|Babbar family]]
}}

'''Prateik Smita Patil'''<ref>{{Cite news |last=HT Entertainment Desk |date=6 June 2023 |title=Prateik Babbar changes name due to 'part superstitious, part sentimental' reason. Check out his new screen name |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/prateik-babbar-changes-name-to-prateik-patil-babbar-101686045394653-amp.html |access-date=6 June 2023}}</ref> (born '''Prateik Babbar'''; 28 November 1986), is an Indian actor who predominantly appears in [[Bollywood|Hindi films]]. The son of late actress [[Smita Patil]] and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] and actor [[Raj Babbar]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details From Prateik Babbar And Sanya Sagar's Wedding Festivities: Raj Babbar's Dance To Upcoming Party |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/details-from-prateik-babbar-and-sanya-sagars-wedding-festivities-raj-babbars-dance-to-upcoming-party-1983068 |website=NDTV.com |date=24 January 2019 |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=12 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812042139/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/details-from-prateik-babbar-and-sanya-sagars-wedding-festivities-raj-babbars-dance-to-upcoming-party-1983068 |url-status=live}}</ref> he began his career as a production assistant before pursuing an acting career. Prior to his screen debut, Prateik appeared in television advertisements for a variety of products, including [[Nestle]] [[KitKat]], on recommendation of the filmmaker [[Prahlad Kakkar]]. Since his debut in Bollywood, Patil has received accolades such as a [[Filmfare Award]] and a [[Stardust Award]].

Patil made his screen debut with the 2008 [[coming of age]] drama ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering the best moments of Prateik Babbar as the annoying but sweet brother from Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-prateik-babbar-4957475/ |date=28 November 2017 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011182931/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/happy-birthday-prateik-babbar-4957475/ |url-status=live}}</ref> He garnered nominations at various award ceremonies including the Filmfares, [[Screen Awards]], and the Stardust Awards for best debut, winning the last of the three. Babbar played a variety of roles in 2011, appearing in commercially viable projects such as the crime thriller ''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]'' and the political drama ''[[Aarakshan]]'', while drawing the attention of critics for his performances in [[independent films]], including the drama ''[[Dhobi Ghat]]'' and the romantic comedy ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''. Following a number of box-office failures, he had his biggest successes with the thriller ''[[Baaghi 2]]'' (2018), the comedy ''[[Chhichhore]]'' (2019) and the action drama film ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'' (2020).

==Early life==
Prateik was born on 28 November 1986 and is the son of the actor-politician [[Raj Babbar]] and the actress [[Smita Patil]].<ref name="dad" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Prateik-upsets-Babbar-family/articleshow/7662667.cms |title=Prateik upsets Babbar family |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=8 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316194300/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Prateik-upsets-Babbar-family/articleshow/7662667.cms |archive-date=16 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prateik Babbar's Biography |url=http://www.koimoi.com/actor/prateik-babbar/ |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307140903/http://www.koimoi.com/actor/prateik-babbar/ |archive-date=7 March 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Dhingra |first=Deepali |title=Prateik's learning curve |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/prateiks-learning-curve/172626 |access-date=27 July 2014 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=16 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721134039/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/prateiks-learning-curve/172626 |archive-date=21 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> His mother died due to complications in childbirth soon after Prateik was born.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prateik Babbar on mother Smita Patil: Got to be her sunshine kid |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/prateik-babbar-on-mother-smita-patil-got-to-be-her-sunshine-kid-458026 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=8 July 2014 |date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612025136/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/prateik-babbar-on-mother-smita-patil-got-to-be-her-sunshine-kid-458026 |archive-date=12 June 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Prateik was raised by his maternal grandparents in [[Mumbai]]. He has said in interviews that he had a strained relationship with his father while growing up, as his father was "always busy with his other family". However, he also said that he and his father reconciled after Prateik grew into adulthood.<ref name="dad"/>

Prateik's stepmother is the actress [[Nadira Babbar]] and his paternal half-siblings are [[Arya Babbar]] and [[Juhi Babbar]], also actors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saroj |first1=Shikha |title=I don't meet Juhi, Arya often: Pratik |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-dont-meet-Juhi-Arya-often-Pratik/articleshow/5842930.cms |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=22 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930063321/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-dont-meet-Juhi-Arya-often-Pratik/articleshow/5842930.cms |archive-date=30 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Prateik Babbar assisted advertisement filmmaker [[Prahlad Kakkar]] for a year as a production assistant. During this time Babbar was cast in advertisement films for several companies, including [[KitKat]].<ref name="desirable">{{cite news |title=Times Most Desirable Men 2011 |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/times-most-desirable-men-2011/articleshow/11756807.cms |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720184212/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/times-most-desirable-men-2011/articleshow/11756807.cms |archive-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Prateik made his acting debut in the [[Aamir Khan]] production, ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]'' alongside [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]]. His portrayal of the annoying, attention-seeking brother of Genelia's character won him critical appreciation as well as numerous awards.<ref name="journey">{{cite web |title=Prateik talks about 'My Friend Pinto' and his Bollywood journey |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prateik-talks-about-my-friend-pinto-and-his-bollywood-journey/189852-13.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |access-date=8 July 2014 |date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715210209/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/prateik-talks-about-my-friend-pinto-and-his-bollywood-journey/189852-13.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[54th Filmfare Awards]], Patil received a [[Filmfare Special Award|Special Jury certificate]], as well as nominations for [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="filmfare">{{cite news |title=Filmfare: 'Jodha...' bags 5, Priyanka, Hrithik shine |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/filmfare/Filmfare-Jodha--bags-5-Priyanka-Hrithik-shine/articleshow/4205152.cms |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=1 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023085344/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com//home/specials/filmfare/Filmfare-Jodha--bags-5-Priyanka-Hrithik-shine/articleshow/4205152.cms |archive-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/27732 |title=Prateik Babbar | Latest Celebrity Awards |access-date=8 July 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107210008/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/27732 |archive-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> The film went on to become a major commercial success.<ref name="desirable"/>

Following this initial success, he appeared in films that earned him little recognition.<ref name="fathers">{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Shefali S. |title=Famous fathers and their not-so-lucky sons! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Famous-fathers-and-their-not-so-lucky-sons/articleshow/22485477.cms |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=15 September 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Patil appeared in four films, the first of which was [[Kiran Rao]]'s [[Dhobi Ghaat]], which opened to positive reviews at film festivals worldwide.<ref name="journey"/>
Patil also featured in the action-thriller ''[[Dum Maro Dum (film)|Dum Maro Dum]]'' alongside [[Abhishek Bachchan]] and [[Rana Daggubati]], and in the [[Prakash Jha]]-directed social drama ''[[Aarakshan]]'' with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Deepika Padukone]]. Also, in 2011, he acted opposite [[Kalki Koechlin]] in ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''. His subsequent films include ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]'' and ''[[Issaq]]'', both of which underperformed at the box office.<ref name="fathers"/> In 2014, he made [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] debut in film titled ''Auroni Taukhon'' with [[Paoli Dam]].<ref name="dad">{{cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=Dad was not around while I was growing up |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Dad-was-not-around-while-I-was-growing-up/articleshow/35462990.cms?imageid=29941634#slide7 |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=22 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525050739/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Dad-was-not-around-while-I-was-growing-up/articleshow/35462990.cms?imageid=29941634#slide7 |archive-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

After gaining sobriety over substance abuse, he attended acting school taking up a course in method acting at the Jeff Goldberg Studio in 2016. Patil Babbar's first role after the course was in a short film entitled ''The Guitar''. He made his feature film comeback with the comedy-drama ''[[Umrika]]'', which opened at the [[2015 Sundance Film Festival]] to a positive response.<ref name="comeback">{{cite news |title=Interview: Prateik Babbar's frank talk on drugs, love, and missing parents |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/interview-prateik-babbars-frank-talk-on-drugs-love-and-missing-parents/17165159 |last=Atray Banan |first=Aastha |access-date=10 May 2017 |date=24 April 2016 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511144311/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/interview-prateik-babbars-frank-talk-on-drugs-love-and-missing-parents/17165159 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, he starred in a video titled "#DilSeAzaad", which highlighted the stigmas around addictions and addicts.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |title=Accepting that addiction is not a moral failing helps in de-addiction, says Prateik Babbar |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/aug/2/7306 |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

In 2018, he made a comeback with the film ''[[Baaghi 2]]'', with [[Tiger Shroff]] in lead role, where Prateik for the first time portrayed an antagonist role as Sunny.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/prateik-babbar-to-play-negative-role-against-childhood-friend-tiger-shroff-in-baaghi-2-3812149.html |title=Prateik Babbar to play negative role against childhood friend Tiger Shroff in Baaghi 2? |access-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108160007/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/prateik-babbar-to-play-negative-role-against-childhood-friend-tiger-shroff-in-baaghi-2-3812149.html |archive-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He appeared in two more films; [[Anubhav Sinha]]'s ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' where he played Shahid Mohammed and Nitin Kakkar's ''[[Mitron]]''.<ref name="toifilms" />

In 2019, he appeared in a comedy-drama film, ''[[Chhichhore]]'' directed by [[Nitesh Tiwari]] and produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]], a story of seven friends.<ref name="toichch">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chhichhore-co-stars-sushant-singh-rajput-and-shraddha-kapoor-plan-to-meet-their-friends-on-the-special-screening-of-their-film/articleshow/70906563.cms |title='Chhichhore' co-stars Sushant and Shraddha Kapoor plan to meet their friends on the special screening of their film |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830225719/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/chhichhore-co-stars-sushant-singh-rajput-and-shraddha-kapoor-plan-to-meet-their-friends-on-the-special-screening-of-their-film/articleshow/70906563.cms |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared in the 2019 Tamil language [[action thriller]] film ''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]'', written and directed by [[AR Murugadoss]] and produced by [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] starring [[Rajinikanth]]. The film was a major commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Darbar' box office collection: Superstar Rajinikanth's starrer enters 200 crore club in 11 days - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-box-office-collection-superstar-rajinikanths-starrer-enters-200-crore-club-in-11-days/articleshow/73514596.cms |website=The Times of India |date=22 January 2020 |language=en |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413151343/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/darbar-box-office-collection-superstar-rajinikanths-starrer-enters-200-crore-club-in-11-days/articleshow/73514596.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Patil later starred in ''[[Mumbai Saga]]'' (2021).

==Personal life==
In 2011, during the filming of ''Ekk Deewana Tha'', which is a remake of the Tamil-Telugu Bilingual film [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]/[[Ye Maaya Chesave]], he began a relationship with [[Amy Jackson]], a British actress. They broke up the following year.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lalwani |first=Vickey |title=Prateik, Amy's romance comes to an end |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Prateik-Amys-romance-comes-to-an-end/movie-review/15324009.cms |access-date=8 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2012}}</ref>

Following a battle with substance abuse in 2013, a problem that Babbar had struggled with in the past, he went through rehab and counseling and has stayed sober since.<ref name="comeback" />

Babbar married film producer, Sanya Sagar, on 23 January 2019 after dating for quite a few years. The couple separated in 2020 and divorced in January 2023.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/after-divorce-with-sanya-sagar-prateik-babbar-makes-relationship-with-priya-banerjee-insta-official/videoshow/97953776.cms?from=mdr After divorce with Sanya Sagar, Prateik Babbar makes relationship with Priya Banerjee Insta official], Times of India.</ref>

In January 2024, he got engaged to his girlfriend, actor [[Priya Banerjee]].<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/prateik-babbar-and-priya-banerjee-are-engaged-to-marry-soon-reports-2488022-2024-01-12 Prateik Babbar and Priya Banerjee are engaged, to marry soon], India Today.</ref> On 14 February 2025, they got married.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prateik Babbar opens up on marrying Priya Banerjee in Smita Patil's home without Babbar family: 'The best way to honour her in spirit'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/prateik-babbar-opens-up-on-marrying-priya-banerjee-in-smita-patils-home-without-babbar-family-the-best-way-to-honour-her-in-spirit/articleshow/118260380.cms |access-date=15 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=15 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=ABP Live |date=2025-05-12 |title=Prateik Smita Patil Explains Why Raj Babbar Wasn't Invited To His Wedding: 'It Was The Right..' |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/prateik-smita-patil-explains-why-raj-babbar-wasn-t-invited-to-his-wedding-with-priya-banerjee-1771690 |access-date=2025-05-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2025, he changed his name from Prateik Patil Babbar to Prateik Smita Patil. Babbar stated that the reason behind this because his father was absent from his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-25 |title=Prateik Babbar honours late mother Smita Patil with name change, wife Priya Banerjee addresses family estrangement: 'There was never anything there'; expert on sense of belonging |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/prateik-babbar-smita-patil-name-change-priya-banerjee-family-estrangement-9904851/ |access-date=2025-04-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!Notes
|-
| 2008
!scope="row"| ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
| Amit Mahant<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/bollywood-news-prateik-babbar-says-hes-in-a-happy-space-emotionally-and-looking-forward-to-growing-as-an-artist-3566303/ |title=Prateik Babbar Says He's in a Happy Space Emotionally And Looking Forward to Growing as an Artist |work=India.com |access-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902170307/https://www.india.com/showbiz/bollywood-news-prateik-babbar-says-hes-in-a-happy-space-emotionally-and-looking-forward-to-growing-as-an-artist-3566303/ |archive-date=2 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|
|-
|2010
!scope="row"| ''[[Dhobi Ghat (film)|Dhobi Ghat]]''
| Zohaib "Munna" Shaikh<ref name="toifilms">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/prateik-babbar-i-dont-take-opportunities-for-granted/articleshow/69445067.cms |title=Prateik Babbar: I don't take opportunities for granted |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 May 2019}}</ref>
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]]''
| Lawrence Gomes<ref name="toifilms" />
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Aarakshan]]''
| Sushant Seth
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[My Friend Pinto]]''
| Michael Pinto
|
|-
| 2012
!scope="row"| ''[[Ekk Deewana Tha]]''
| Sachin Kulkarni
|
|-
| 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Issaq (2013 film)|Issaq]]''
| Rahul Mishra
|
|-
| 2014
!scope="row" | ''Auroni Taukhon''
| Darshan Singh Mithaiwala
|
|-
| 2015
!scope="row"|''[[Umrika]]''
| Uday Rajkumar
|
|-
| 2017
!scope="row"|''Aroni Tokhon''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
!scope="row"|''[[Baaghi 2]]''
|Sunny Salgaonkar
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]''
|Shahid Mohammed
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Mitron]]''
|Vikram Oberoi
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Chhichhore]]''
| Raggie<ref name="toichch" />
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Yaaram]]''
|Rohit Bajaj<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |title=Romcom to capture the beauty of Mauritius - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/romcom-to-capture-the-beauty-of-mauritius/articleshow/64816297.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926011708/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/romcom-to-capture-the-beauty-of-mauritius/articleshow/64816297.cms |archive-date=26 September 2018 |access-date=30 July 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|
|-
|2020
!scope="row"|''[[Darbar (film)|Darbar]]''
|Ajay Malhotra
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
!scope="row"|''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''
|Ranjeet Venkat Shankarnarayanan
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mumbai Saga]]''
| Arjun Rao<ref name="auto">{{cite web |date=27 August 2019 |title=Sanjay Gupta nervous to shoot for 'Mumbai Saga' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-gupta-nervous-to-shoot-for-mumbai-saga/articleshow/70854273.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827182446/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sanjay-gupta-nervous-to-shoot-for-mumbai-saga/articleshow/70854273.cms |archive-date=27 August 2019 |access-date=27 August 2019 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |2022
!scope="row"|''[[Bachchhan Paandey]]''
|Virgin<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 January 2021 |title=Akshay Kumar, Kriti Sanon starrer 'Bachchan Pandey' goes on floors in Jaisalmer |language=en-US |newspaper=Daily News & Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-akshay-kumar-kriti-sanon-jacqueline-fernandez-arshad-warsi-bachchan-pandey-goes-on-floors-in-jaisalmer-2866304 |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2021 |title=Akshay Kumar announces 'Bachchan Pandey' release date with a deadly still |work=Daily News & Analysis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-akshay-kumar-announces-bachchan-pandey-release-date-kriti-sanon-jacqueline-fernandez-arshad-warsi-2870086 |access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref>
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[India Lockdown]]''
| Madhaw<ref name="auto"/>
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Cobalt Blue (film)|Cobalt Blue]]''
|The paying guest{{efn-la|Unnamed}}<ref name="auto"/>
|
|-
|2024
!scope="row"|''[[Khwaabon Ka Jhamela]]''
|Zubin Readymoney
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
!scope="row"|''[[Dhoom Dhaam (2025 film)|Dhoom Dhaam]]''
|Arya
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]''
|Arjun Pradhan<ref>{{cite web |title=Sathyaraj and Prateik Babbar begin shooting for Salman Khan's 'Sikandar'|date=4 July 2024 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/sathyaraj-prateik-babbar-shooting-salman-khan-sikandar-ar-murugadoss-rashmika-mandanna-2562177-2024-07-04}}</ref>
|
|-
!scope="row"|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|Alpha
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] film
|-
|2026
|{{pending film|[[The Great Grand Superhero - Aliens Ka Aagman]]}}
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
|
|-
|2016
|''Shockers''
|Karan
|
|-
|2023
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Guest
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Skyfire (TV series)|Skyfire]]''
| Chandrashekhar
| [[ZEE5]]
| <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/prateik-babbar-is-super-excited-to-be-part-of-sci-fi-web-series-skyfire-1525328-2019-05-15 |title=Prateik Babbar is super-excited to be part of sci-fi web series Skyfire |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=May 15, 2019 |magazine=India Today |language=en |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527003338/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/prateik-babbar-is-super-excited-to-be-part-of-sci-fi-web-series-skyfire-1525328-2019-05-15 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/prateik-babbar-says-he-took-the-sci-fi-project-skyfire-to-see-how-things-work-behind-the-scene-529588 |title=Prateik Babbar says he took the sci-fi project 'Skyfire' to see how things work behind the scene |last=siva |date=15 May 2019 |website=thehansindia.com |access-date=20 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620050632/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/prateik-babbar-says-he-took-the-sci-fi-project-skyfire-to-see-how-things-work-behind-the-scene-529588 |archive-date=20 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–present
|''[[Four More Shots Please!]]''
| Jeh Wadia
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
| 3 seasons
|-
|2021
|''[[Chakravyuh – An Inspector Virkar Crime Thriller|Chakravyuh]]''
|Inspector Virkar
|[[MX Player|MX]] Original Series
| 1 Seasons
|-
| 2021
|''Hiccups and Hookups''
|Akhil Rao
| Lionsgate Play
|
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Film
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"| 2009
| rowspan="5"| ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
| rowspan="3"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Special Award|Special Jury Award]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="filmfare"/>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5P4KKS3Lu0&t=8m44s |title=Filmfare awards 2009 part4 HD |via=YouTube |quote=Event occurs at 8:44 |date=28 February 2009 |access-date=29 October 2014}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="awards"/>
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Prateik to be accompanied by Amy at award shows| date=19 November 2011 | url=
https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/prateik-to-be-accompanied-by-amy-at-award-shows/story-MlV2SWu1NKckgFz5kcIHcK.html
|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Stardust Awards]]
|[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male|Breakthrough Performance – Male]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Star Screen Awards Nominations – 2008 |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/star-screen-awards-nominations-2008/ |publisher=Indicine |access-date=8 July 2014 |date=8 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029105439/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/star-screen-awards-nominations-2008/ |archive-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2012
|''[[Dhobi Ghaat]]''
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Male|Superstar of Tomorrow – Male]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="awards"/>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babbar, Prateik}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]

Baldev Singh Ballamgarh

2026-04-28T11:13:31Z

NaomiLoftis490: Done

'''Baldev Singh Ballamgarh''' is an [[India]]n politician. He was born circa 1948.<ref name="eci-archive-report-pb12"/> During his college years he was active in student movement, and was the state president of the [[All India Students Federation|Punjab Students Federation]].<ref name=tri11/> He studied up to BA second year at Government College, [[Muktsar]].<ref name=tri11/> He abandoned his studied as the 1972 Moga students protests began.<ref name=tri11/>

For 25 years Baldev Singh Ballamgarh was a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI).<ref name=pb99/><ref name=ie12/> He stood as the CPI candidate for the [[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout seat]] in the [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 22,298 votes (48.34%).<ref name="eci-archive-report-pb80">{{cite web|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318023135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReport%20Punjab%201980.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab}}</ref> He lost the election by a margin of just 157 votes.<ref name=ie12/> He contested the [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] on an independent ticket, finishing in third place with 9,944 votes (17.69%).<ref name="eci-archive-report-pb85">{{cite web|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318023135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReportPunjab1985.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab}}</ref>

Baldev Singh Ballamgarh broke with CPI, and joined the [[United Communist Party of India]] (UCPI).<ref name=pb99/> He contested the Malout seat in the [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], standing as a UCPI candidate. He won the seat, obtaining 14,442 votes (36.96%).<ref name=tri11>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|title=Exam, election both important for this ex-MLA|author=Balwant Garg|date=November 12, 2011|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111112/bathinda.htm#2}}</ref><ref name="eci-archive-report-pb92">{{cite web|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509072652/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1992/StatisticalReport%20Punjab%201992.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1992 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab}}</ref> He joined the Congress-I in 1993.<ref name=ie12/> On July 15, 1993 Baldev Singh Ballamgarh, being the sole UCPI legislator, requested to be recognised as part of the Congress-I Legislature Party. His request was endorsed by Sardar [[Beant Singh (politician)|Beant Singh]], as the head of the Punjab Pradesh Congress-I Committee. On July 16, 1993 Deputy Speaker (acting as the Speaker) [[Romesh Chander Dogra]] approved the merger of the erstwhile UCPI legislator into the Congress-I Legislature Party.<ref>Malhotra, G. C.. ''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Anti_defection_Law_in_India_and_the_Comm/Ko0nAQAAMAAJ Anti-defection Law in India and the Commonwealth]''. [Published for] Lok Sabha Secretariat [by] Metropolitan Book Company, 2005. pp. 531-532</ref> He was the chairman of the Punjab Scheduled Caste Corporation.<ref name=tri99/>

He contested the Malout seat in the [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent candidate, finishing in third place with 12,149 votes (14.89%).<ref name="eci-archive-report-pb97">{{cite web|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505094610/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1997/StatiscialReport-PU97.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1997 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 parliamentary election]], Baldev Singh Ballamgarh joined the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] 'unconditionally', at a meeting attended by [[Sukhbir Singh Badal]].<ref name=tri99>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99aug14/punjab.htm|title=Where political scene changes fast|date=August 14, 1999|author=Chander Parkash}}</ref><ref name=pb99>''[https://www.google.at/books/edition/Punjab_1999/bnRuAAAAMAAJ Punjab 1999: Political and Socio-economic Developments]''. Anamika Publishers & Distributors, 2000. p. 15</ref>

Baldev Singh Ballamgarh stood as the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) candidate in Malout in the [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]], but [[Captain Amarinder Singh]] managed to convince him to withdraw his candidature and pledged to support the Congress-CPI combine. After the announcement, Captain Amarinder Singh visited Baldev Singh Ballamgarh's house.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020315/punjab1.htm|title=Cong to back CPI nominee in Malout|date=March 15, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020316/punjab1.htm|title=Malout: acid test for Congress|date=March 15, 2002|author=Prabhjot Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020318/punjab1.htm|title=It's Amarinder vs Badal in Malout|date=March 18, 2002}}</ref>

On January 6, 2012 Baldev Singh Ballamgarh announced that he would contest the Malout seat in the [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] as an independent, in reaction to the Congress having nominated Nathu Ram as its candidate.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120107/bathinda.htm|title=Denial of ticket creates rumblings in Congress|date=January 7, 2012|author=SP Sharma}}</ref><ref name=ie12>{{cite news|newspaper=The Indian Express|title=Denied Cong leaders to stand Independent|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/denied-cong-leaders-to-stand-independent/|date=January 7, 2012|author=Navjeevan Gopal}}</ref> Baldev Singh Ballamgarh finished in fourth place with 3,949 votes (3.16%).<ref name="eci-archive-report-pb12">{{cite web|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318023135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_PB_2012.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Punjab}}</ref> Later the same year, on September 4, 2012 he and other local Congress leaders joined the Shiromani Akali Dal at a Muktsar meeting attended by SAD president Sukhbir Singh Badal.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cong leaders join SAD|newspaper=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/punjab-and-haryana/isi-patronage-to-sikh-militant-groups-govt/|date=September 5, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120905/punjab.htm|title=Jolt for Congress in Muktsar too|date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> On December 18, 2014 Sukhbir Singh Badal inducted Baldev Singh Ballamgarh into the SAD Political Affairs Committee.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/sukhbir-badal-expands-sad-s-pac/story-ox4W7PatRqTu7seaqCxKLN.html|date=December 18, 2014|title=Sukhbir Badal expands SAD's PAC}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:United Communist Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1992–1997]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

P. M. Kamalamma

2026-04-25T00:59:57Z

NaomiLoftis490: added basic post added tags!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''P. M. Kamalamma''' (born 1956) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in Andhra Pradesh representing the Indian National Congress from [[Badvel Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in YSR Kadapa district.

Kamalamma is from [[Porumamilla]] village. She married J Prabhakara. She did her M.Sc. in chemistry from the PG Centre in Anantapur in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamalamma P. M.(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BADVEL (SC)(KADAPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2272 |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She served as the Principal of the Government Junior College for 30 years. She also served as a member of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-06 |title=Former MLA is Congress' Badvel bypoll candidate |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/former-mla-is-congress-badvel-bypoll-candidate/articleshow/86789963.cms |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She resigned her teaching job to contest the elections in 2009. She won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-06 |title=Congress fields ex-MLA for Badvel bypoll, YSRC hopeful of big majority |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/Oct/06/congress-fields-ex-mla-for-badvel-bypoll-ysrc-hopeful-of-big-majority-2368264.html |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She contested the Badvel by-election on Congress ticket in 2021 but lost the election.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-02 |title=YSRCP retains Badvel assembly seat with majority of over 90,000 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/ysrcp-retains-badvel-assembly-seat-with-majority-of-over-90000-votes/articleshow/87487299.cms |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-03 |title=YSRCP retains Badvel seat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-retains-badvel-seat/article37314975.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kamalamma, P. M.}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]

Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)

2026-04-23T18:36:14Z

NaomiLoftis490: Done.

{{Short description|Indian actress and model (born 2002)}}
{{Other people|Ayesha Khan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ayesha Khan
| image = Ayesha Khan in 2026.jpg
| caption = Khan in 2026
| birth_name = Ayesha Khan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|09|13|dm=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]

| citizenship =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2018–present
| known_for = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss S-17]]''
* ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
* ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]''
}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Ayesha Khan''' is an Indian actress who works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Hindi]] films. She is well known from ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 17)|Bigg Boss Season 17]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss 17: Ayesha Khan is back, picks up fight with Munawar Faruqui and Anurag Dobhal. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bigg-boss-17-ayesha-khan-is-back-picks-up-fight-with-munawar-faruqui-and-anurag-dobhal-watch-101704101742277.html|date=1 January 2024|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Khan ने जूनियर आर्टिस्ट के तौर पर की थी अपनी शुरुआत, इस पॉपुलर शो में था इतना सा किरदार - Bigg Boss 17 Fame Ayesha Khan Worked as Junior Artist in Ekta Kapoor Star Plus Show Kasautii Zindagi Kay |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-bigg-boss-17-fame-ayesha-khan-worked-as-junior-artist-in-ekta-kapoor-star-plus-show-kasautii-zindagi-kay-23663538.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2023 |title=From playing a negative role in Baalveer to making headlines for her controversy with Munawar Faruqui: All you need to know about Bigg Boss 17 wildcard contestant Ayesha Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-playing-a-negative-role-in-baalveer-to-making-headlines-for-her-controversy-with-munawar-faruqui-all-you-need-to-know-about-bigg-boss-17-wildcard-contestant-ayesha-khan/photostory/106144767.cms?picid=106144843 |access-date=20 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> debuted in TV series with, ''[[Baalveer Returns]]'' (2019). Ayesha later made her film debut in Telugu with ''[[Mukhachitram]]'' (2022) and also starred in ''[[Om Bheem Bush]] (2024) and [[Manamey]] (2024)''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/bigg-boss-17-ayesha-khan-journey-playing-villain-in-baalveer-to-controversy-with-munawar-faruqui-10121980|title=Bigg Boss 17: Ayesha Khan's Journey Playing Villain In Baalveer To Controversy With Munawar Faruqui|date=21 December 2023|work=[[Jagran Prakashan|Jagran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2024 |title=Glam girl Ayesha Khan seeks 'acting roles' |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/glam-girl-ayesha-khan-seeks-acting-roles |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> She also received recognition and praise for her dance in song "Shararat" in the 2025 film ''[[Dhurandhar]]''. She also starred alongside [[Kapil Sharma]] in the film ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]'' in 2025.

==Early life==
Ayesha was born in Mumbai. Her father, Shahab Khan, was born in [[Pakri Barawan|Pakribarawan, Bihar]] and settled in Mumbai. Her brother, Shahbaz Khan, is an officer in the [[Indian Merchant Navy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bigg Boss 17: Know Everything About Munawar Faruqui's Ex-Girlfriend Ayesha Khan, Age, Affairs, Career, and More|url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/ayesha-khan-biography-everything-about-munawar-faruqui-ex-girlfriend-and-bb17-wild-card-entry-age-career-and-more-rc1048354|date=19 December 2023|work=jagrantv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2023 |title=पकरीबरावां की आयशा खान की बिग बॉस में इंट्री |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/nawada/story-pakribarawan-39-s-ayesha-khan-39-s-entry-in-bigg-boss-9083331.html |work=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=पकरीबरावां की निवासी आयशा की बिग बॉस में इंट्री |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/nawada/news/pakribarawan-resident-ayeshas-entry-in-bigg-boss-132302820.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Career==
Khan began her career as a junior artist with her television debut in [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s daily soap ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasauti Zindagi Kay]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Khan ने जूनियर आर्टिस्ट के तौर पर की थी अपनी शुरुआत, इस पॉपुलर शो में था इतना सा किरदार - Bigg Boss 17 Fame Ayesha Khan Worked as Junior Artist in Ekta Kapoor Star Plus Show Kasautii Zindagi Kay |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-bigg-boss-17-fame-ayesha-khan-worked-as-junior-artist-in-ekta-kapoor-star-plus-show-kasautii-zindagi-kay-23663538.html |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> In 2020, she was seen in the television show ''[[Baalveer Returns|Balveer Returns]]'' as Birba.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bigg Boss 17: From junior artist in Kasautii Zindagii Kay to Baalveer 3's negative role; Know Ayesha Khan|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-17-from-junior-artist-in-kasautii-zindagii-kay-to-baalveer-3s-negative-role-know-ayesha-khan-1265939|date=18 December 2023|website=pinkvilla.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayesha Khan interview: A film with Ram Charan is on my wishlist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ayesha-khan-interview-i-overcame-language-barriers-to-do-good-work-in-telugu-101709025796151.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> She then entered [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] with ''[[Mukhachitram]]'' (2022), in which she had a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2022-12-09 |title='ముఖచిత్రం' రివ్యూ : సినిమా చూశాక ప్రేక్షకుల ముఖచిత్రాలు ఎలా ఉంటాయంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/mukhachitram-review-priya-vadlamani-vikas-vasistha-chaitanya-rao-sandeep-raj-s-mukhachitram-review-rating-in-telugu-66787 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref>

Khan was a contestant on the 17th season of reality show [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|''Bigg Boss'']] (2023). She gained significant recognition after her appearance in the show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2024 |title=Bigg Boss 17's Ayesha Khan opens up on casting couch in film industry, reveals when a man older than her father made her feel uncomfortable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-17s-ayesha-khan-opens-up-on-casting-couch-in-film-industry-reveals-when-a-man-older-than-her-father-made-her-feel-uncomfortable-9252513/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Bigg Boss 17 Fame Ayesha Khan Talks About Love, Relationships And More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-17-fame-ayesha-khan-talks-about-love-relationships-and-more-article-110845309 |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> She then played [[Karan Grover]]'s love interest in [[Ravi Dubey]]'s romantic series, ''[[Dil Ko Rafu Karr Lei]]'', which aired on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-22 |title=Ayesha Khan Talks About Her Memorable Experience on 'Dil Ko Rafu Kar Lei' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/ayesha-khan-talks-about-her-memorable-experience-on-dil-ko-rafu-kar-lei-1862842 |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayesha Khan: I am glad that makers are moving towards the finite show format |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ayesha-khan-i-am-glad-that-makers-are-moving-towards-the-finite-show-format/articleshow/116678759.cms |access-date=2025-12-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

She was slated to appear in the Telugu film ''[[Lucky Baskhar]]'' (2024) but backed out due to schedule conflict.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayesha Khan Reveals Why She Was Dropped From Dulquer Salmaan's Lucky Baskhar - News18 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ayesha-khan-reveals-why-she-was-dropped-from-dulquer-salmaans-lucky-baskhar-aa-9326955.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250508053731/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/ayesha-khan-reveals-why-she-was-dropped-from-dulquer-salmaans-lucky-baskhar-aa-9326955.html |archive-date=2025-05-08 |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, Khan played a supporting role in [[Sriram Adittya]]'s ''[[Manamey]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Manamey Movie Review: Sharwanand Charms In A Visually Captivating Narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manamey/movie-review/110790923.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607143540/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manamey/movie-review/110790923.cms |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=21 December 2025|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Manamey Review - Sharwanand's charming performance wins your heart in this predictable yet feel-good family drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/manamey-review-sharwanands-charming-performance-wins-your-heart-in-this-predictable-yet-feel-good-family-drama/376635dfa8469 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> She also made a special appearance in the music video for the song ''Motha'' from the Telugu film, ''[[Gangs of Godavari]]'' (2024).<ref>{{cite news|title='Bigg Boss 17' fame Ayesha Khan to be seen in a special song in Telugu film 'Gangs of Godavari'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/music/bigg-boss-17-fame-ayesha-khan-to-be-seen-in-a-special-song-in-telugu-film-gangs-of-godavari20240219212141/|date=19 February 2024|work=[[Asian News International|ANI News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=South First |date=26 March 2024 |title=Ayesha Khan's item number in 'Gangs of Godavari' becomes instant hit |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/ayesha-khan-makes-fans-drool-with-an-item-number-in-gangs-of-godavari/ |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref>

She had a minor role as a police officer in [[Gopichand Malineni]]'s ''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]'' (2025), which starred [[Sunny Deol]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rambabu |date=20 October 2024 |title=Who are the female leads in Sunny Deol Jaat |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/113101/who-are-the-female-leads-in-sunny-deol-jaat.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=cinejosh.com |language=english}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Jaat: Saiyami Kher, Ayesha Khan & 7 other actresses join hands with Sunny Deol |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/jaat-saiyami-kher-ayesha-khan-7-other-actresses-join-hands-with-sunny-deol-23480006?button=next |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Khan appeared in the song "Shararat" alongside [[Krystle D'Souza]] in [[Aditya Dhar]]'s ''[[Dhurandhar]]'' for which she received praise among the social media. She then played Ruhi Mirza in [[Kapil Sharma]]'s comedy film ''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]'' (2025). Both these roles, besides ''Jaat'', marked her entry to mainstream [[Hindi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayesha Khan on entering mainstream cinema with Dhurandhar and Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2: This phase didn’t happen overnight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ayesha-khan-on-entering-mainstream-cinema-with-dhurandhar-and-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-this-phase-didnt-happen-overnight/articleshow/125951084.cms |access-date=2025-12-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='धुरंधर' और 'किस किसको प्यार करूं 2' में काम करने पर बोलीं आयशा खान, 'जिस चीज के लिए मेहनत की थी, वह...' |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/ayesha-khan-on-entering-mainstream-cinema-with-dhurandhar-and-kis-kisko-pyaar-karoon-2-2025-12-14 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-12 |title=Dhurandhar’s Ayesha Khan says she was told to ‘fix’ her nose, teeth for roles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dhurandhars-ayesha-khan-says-she-was-told-to-fix-her-nose-teeth-for-roles-2835025-2025-12-12 |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2022
|''[[Mukhachitram]]''
|Maya Fernandez
| rowspan="4" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Om Bheem Bush]]''
|Ratthalu
|
|-
|''[[Gangs of Godavari]]''
|Herself
|Special appearance in the song "Motha"
|-
|''[[Manamey]]''
|Smitha
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Jaat (film)|Jaat]]''
|[[Constable]] Ayesha Khan
|rowspan="3"|[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|''[[Dhurandhar]]''
|[[Dance|Dancer]] in the song "Shararat"
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Kis Kisko Pyaar Karoon 2]]''
|Roohi
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|2018-2020
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasauti Zindagi Kay]]''
|{{Unknown|Unnamed}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Hindi]]
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Baalveer Returns|Balveer Returns]]''
|Birba
|
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 17|Bigg Boss 17]]''
|Contestant
|8th place
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Dil Ko Rafu Karr Lei]]''
|Nikki
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm11961509}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ayesha}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nawada district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]

P. A. Deepak

2026-04-20T14:14:15Z

NaomiLoftis490: added a pg from scratch

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{COI|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Adrushta Deepak Pallikonda
|image = P.A.Deepak_with_his_Grammy_Award.jpg
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|1|10}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3464699/|title=Pallikonda Adrushta Deepak|website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>
|occupation = [[Mix engineer]] and [[record producer]]
|spouse = Ramani
|children = 2
}}

'''P.A.Deepak''' ('''Adrushta Deepak Pallikonda''') is a [[mix engineer]] and [[record producer]]. He is the winner of two Grammy Awards and a Grammy Certificate of Honor, including the [[2010 Grammy Awards|2010 Grammy Award]] for the "[[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media]]" for the movie ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''.<ref name=Gopal>{{cite web|last=Gopal|first=B. Madhu|title=Vizag youth strikes a high note|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/09/stories/2010060960830600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612214809/http://www.hindu.com/2010/06/09/stories/2010060960830600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 June 2010|accessdate=2 September 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|year=2010}}</ref><ref name=":1">Grammy Website. "http://www.grammy.com/nominees/search?artist=deepak&field_nominee_work_value=Slumdog&year=All&genre=All". Retrieved 2 September 2013.</ref>

Deepak also won the Grammy for his work as mixer and engineer on Divine Tides, which won the Best New Age Album at the 64th Grammys, as well as received a Certificate Of Honour in the year 2015 from [[The Recording Academy]] in recognition of his participation as Surround Mix Engineer on the Grammy Award Winning recording Winds of Samsara in the category [[Grammy Award for Best New Age Album]] of [[57th Annual Grammy Awards]].

== Awards and recognition ==
<gallery>
File:P A Deepak-In The Mix Studio.jpg|P.A. Deepak with his Grammy Awards for ''Slumdog Millionaire'' (2010) and ''Divine Tides'' (2022)
File:P A Deepak-In The Mix-2 Grammys 2.jpg|P.A. Deepak’s Grammy Awards for ''Slumdog Millionaire'' (2010) and ''Divine Tides'' (2022), photographed at In The Mix studio
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Award/Recognition !! Category !! Work !! Role(s)
|-
| 2022 || [[64th Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]] || [[Grammy Award for Best New Age Album|Best New Age Album]] || ''Divine Tides'' || Recording engineer; Mixing engineer; Mastering engineer
|-
| 2015 || [[57th Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]] || Recognition of participation (associated with [[Grammy Award for Best New Age Album|Best New Age Album]]) || ''Winds of Samsara'' || Surround mix engineer
|-
| 2012 || Chevrolet Star GiMA Awards || Best Engineer || ''Rockstar'' || —
|-
| 2011 || Vijay Music Awards || Best Sound Mixing || ''Enthiran'' || —
|-
| 2010 || [[52nd Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy Awards]] || [[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media]] || ''Slumdog Millionaire'' || Recording engineer; Mixing engineer; Music producer
|-
| 2009 || [[2nd Mirchi Music Awards|Airtel Mirchi Music Award]] || Best Song Mixing & Engineering || ''Delhi-6'' || —
|-
| 2005 || [[AV MAX]] Award || Best Recording Engineer || ''Paheli'' || —
|}

==Career==

Deepak started his career as a guitarist and later became a [[recording engineer]].<ref>Gopal, B. Madhu (2007). "http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/02/10/stories/2007021002650100.htm". Andhra Pradesh. The Hindu. Retrieved 2 September 2013.</ref> Apart from being a full-time mix engineer, he plays various [[string instruments]] and does [[music programming]] out of passion & interest.

He is currently collaborating with various renowned artists and performing as a mix engineer & music producer.

==His works==
As a musician, he played [[guitar]] and [[oud]] for the movie [[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]].<ref name=":0" /> He has done [[music programming]] for various songs and of which the ''Blue Theme'' was described as a ''Killer Mix''.<ref>Rahmaniac (2009). "http://browse.feedreader.com/c/A_R_Rahman_Exclusive_Blog_Rahmaniac/7758263". Retrieved 4 September 2013</ref>

Deepak worked as a music composer for the film ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]'' in which, the single Hum Na Tode, is an adapted track of the popular Tamil song composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], Appadi Podu. This track – boasted of ferocious and aggressive vocals by [[Vishal Dadlani]], adapted by P. A. Deepak and lyrics by Kumaar which consolidated the album's positive impact on its audiences.

Deepak mixed the Deluxe Edition of 'Winds of Samsara' in 5.1 Blu-ray HD Surround Sound that won the 57th [[Grammy Award for Best New Age Album]]. 'Winds of Samsara' was the first collaboration between award-winning South African flautist [[Wouter Kellerman]] and award-winning Indian Composer/Producer/Artist [[Ricky Kej]]. The Album headed to the Number 1 spot on the Billboard New Age Charts.<ref>SheerPublishing (2014).
"http://www.sheerpublishing.co.za/wouter-kellerman-tops-billboard-new-age-charts/". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref><ref>Raru (2014).
"http://raru.co.za/music/1890967-wouter-kellerman-ricky-kej-winds-of-samsara-cd". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref><ref>ReviewsNewAge (2014).
"http://www.reviewsnewage.com/2014/07/09/winds-of-samsara-conecta-la-india-de-mahatma-gandhi-y-la-sudafrica-de-nelson-mandela/" . Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref><ref>Top40Charts (2014).
"http://top40-charts.com/news.php?nid=101224". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref><ref>DjPanjabi (2014).
"http://djpanjabi.in/detail/aDn-y3-N9N8". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref>

[[The Recording Academy]], previously known as 'NARAS' or National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, presented a Certificate Of Honour to Deepak in recognition of his participation as Surround Mix Engineer on the Grammy Award Winning recording 'Winds of Samsara' in the category of [[Grammy Award for Best New Age Album]] of [[57th Annual Grammy Awards]] in the year 2015.<ref>Official Website of P. A. Deepak (2019).
"http://padeepak.com/recognition/". Retrieved 23 February 2019</ref>

The Recording Academy feted Deepak in appreciation and recognition of 15 years of membership with the academy and for supporting the academy's mission to improve the environment for music and the lives of all members of their community in the year 2017.<ref>Official Website of P. A. Deepak (2019). "http://padeepak.com/honor/". Retrieved 23 February 2019</ref>

Deepak has been recently honoured with Life Membership of International Film and Television Club of AAFT by Dr. Sandeep Marwah Chancellor of AAFT University on his visit to Noida Film City.

==Personal life==
Deepak is married to Ramani. They have two sons.<ref>Official Website of P. A. Deepak. "http://padeepak.com/personal-life/". Retrieved 23 February 2019.</ref>

==Discography==
This is a partial discography

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Language
! Genre
! Role
! Music composer(s)
|-
| 2020
| [[Dil Bechara (soundtrack)|Dil Bechara]]
| Hindi & English
| Feature Film
| Sound Mixing for the songs (Track 1,2): ''Dil Bechara'' & ''Taare Ginn''
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
|-
| 2020
| [[Master (soundtrack)|Master]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Additional Mixing
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2020
| [[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|Soorarai Pottru]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Additional Mixing
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G.V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Nuvvu Thopu Raa]]'' || Telugu || Feature Film || Additional Composer || Suresh Bobbili
|-
| 2015
| [[I (soundtrack)|I]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Mixing & Additional Programming for the song ''Merasalaayiten (Remix)''<ref>http://www.arrahman.com Discography-I (2015). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography_details.aspx?id=272". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref>
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2014
|Winds of Samsara<ref>"http://www.windsofsamsara.com/"</ref>
| English
| Studio Album
| Surround Mix for the Deluxe Edition<ref>Kalhari Page for Winds of Samsara (2014). "http://www.kalahari.com/Music/Winds-Of-Samsara_p_48969113". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref>
| [[Ricky Kej]], [[Wouter Kellerman]]
|-
| 2014
| [[Lingaa (soundtrack)|Lingaa]]
| Telugu & Tamil
| Feature Film
| Additional programming for the song "''Mona Gasolina''", Surround Mixing for Score, Songs & Album<ref>IMDb Page for Lingaa (2014). "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4020624/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref>
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2015
| [[O Kadhal Kanmani (soundtrack)|O Kadhal Kanmani]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Additional Music Programming for the songs ''Kaara Aattaakkaara'' & ''Aye Sinamika'', Song Mixer<ref>IMDb Page for OK Kanmani (2015). "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4271820/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ql_1". Retrieved 09 February 2019</ref>
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2019
| [[Sarvam Thaala Mayam]]
| Telugu & Tamil
| Feature Film
| Mixing
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2014
| [[Gulaab Gang]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Co-Music Composer, Mastering & Mix Engineer<ref>IMDb Page for Gulab Gang (2014). "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2573750/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm". Retrieved 18 January 2015</ref>
| [[Soumik Sen]]
|-
| 2013
| [[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Music Composer<ref>IMDb Page for Boss (2013). "https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2571140/fullcredits?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm". Retrieved 4 September 2013</ref>
| P.A.Deepak
|-
| 2018
| [[Sarkar (soundtrack)|Sarkar]]
| Tamil & Telugu
| Feature Film
| Additional Programming, Mixing for the songs "Simtaangaran" & "Top Tucker"
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2010
| [[Jhootha Hi Sahi (soundtrack)|Jhootha Hi Sahi]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Jootha hi Sahi-2010). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-joothahisahi.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A. R. Rahman|A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2010
| [[Enthiran (soundtrack)|Enthiran]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Endhiran-2010). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-tamil-endhiran.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2009
| [[Delhi-6 (soundtrack)|Delhi-6]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Dilli6-2009). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-dilli6.html". Retrieved on 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2010
| [[Semmozhiyaana Thamizh Mozhiyaam]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Mixing
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2010
| [[Raavanan (soundtrack)|Raavanan]] / [[Raavan (soundtrack)|Raavan]]
| Tamil & Hindi
| Feature Film
| Musician, Sound Engineer, Mixing, Programming<ref name=":0">Discography-Raavan-2010 "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-raavan.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2012
| [[Kadal (soundtrack)|Kadal]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Programming & Mix (Track: "''Magudi''")<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography- Kadal). "{{cite web |url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography/kadal.html |title=A. R. Rahman :: The Official Website |accessdate=2016-06-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325083514/http://www.arrahman.com/discography/kadal.html |archivedate=25 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}". Retrieved on 4 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2009
| [[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Blue-2009). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-blue.html" Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2010
| [[Puli (soundtrack)|Puli]]
| Telugu
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Puli-2010). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-telugu-puli.html". Retrieved 4 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2012
| [[Ekk Deewana Tha (soundtrack)|Ekk Deewana Tha]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Ekk Deewana Tha-2012). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-ekkdeewanatha.html". Retrieved 4 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2011
| [[Rockstar (soundtrack)|Rockstar]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Rockstar-2011). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-rockstar.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2009
| [[Jai Ho! (You Are My Destiny)|Jai Ho! ( You are my Destiny)]]
| English
| Single Album
| Sound Engineer<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Jai Ho! ( You are my Destiny)-2009). " http://www.arrahman.com/discography/singles-jaiho_you_are_mydestiny.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2012
| [[Jab Tak Hai Jaan (soundtrack)|Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Jab Tak Hai Jaan-2012). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/jabtakhaijaan.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2012
| [[Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman|Classic Incantations]]
| English
| Live Album
| Sound Engineer<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Classic Incantations-2012). "{{cite web |url=http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-english-classicIncantations.html |title=A. R. Rahman :: The Official Website |accessdate=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519151143/http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-english-classicIncantations.html |archivedate=19 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2011
| [[127 Hours: Music from the Motion Picture|127 Hours]]
| English
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-127 Hours-2011). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-english-127hours.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2010
| [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (soundtrack)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]
| Tamil
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Mixing, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa-2010). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-tamil-vinnaithaandivaruvaaya.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2008
| [[Ghajini (2008 film)#Soundtrack|Ghajini]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Ghajini-2008). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-ghajini.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2008
| [[Yuvvraaj#Soundtrack|Yuvvraaj]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Yuvvraaj-2008). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-yuvvraaj.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2008
| [[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na#Music|Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Sound Engineer, Additional Programming<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na-2008). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-jaanetuyajaanena.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2008
| [[Jodhaa Akbar#Soundtrack|Jodhaa Akbar]]
| Hindi
| Feature Film
| Recording Engineer<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Jodhaa Akbar-2008). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/films-hindi-jodhaaakbar.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|-
| 2008
| [[Connections (album)|Connections]]
| Hindi
| Compilation Album & Studio Album
| Additional Programming for Track "''Kural''"<ref>http://www.arrahman.com (Discography-Connections-2008). "http://www.arrahman.com/discography/album-nokiaconnections.html". Retrieved 5 September 2013</ref>
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|url=https://padeepak.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|3464699}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deepak, P. A.}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]

Goripalayam, Madurai

2026-04-15T00:57:37Z

NaomiLoftis490: Started Details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Goripalayam, Madurai
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Goripalayam, [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|coordinates = {{coord|9|55|58.8|N|78|07|44.4|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 158.72
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 625002
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code
|area_code = +91452*******
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madurai]], [[Sellur (Madurai)|Sellur]], [[Alwarpuram]], [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]], [[Simmakkal, Madurai|Simmakkal]], [[Yanaikkal, Madurai|Yanaikkal]], [[Thathaneri]], [[Koodal Nagar, Madurai|Koodal Nagar]], Anna Nagar, [[Nelpettai]], Keelavasal, [[South Gate, Madurai|South Gate]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Corporation]]
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]]
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]]
|blank3_info_sec1 = M. S. Sangeetha, [[Indian Administrative Service|I. A. S.]]
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency|Madurai]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[S. Venkatesan]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[G. Thalapathi]]
|website = https://madurai.nic.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Goripalayam''' is a locality situated in Madurai city of [[Madurai district]]<ref>{{Cite book |author=Arun Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=af8LJ6-JnQMC&q=Goripalayam%252C%2520Madurai&pg=PA439 |title=National Human Rights Commission of India: Formation, Functioning and Future Prospects |date=2003 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist |isbn=978-81-85495-76-7 |language=en}}</ref> in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in the peninsular [[India]].

== Details ==

It is located with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of {{coord|19|55|58.8|N|78|07|44.4|E}} in Madurai. There is an important junction of roads such as Albert Victor bridge road, Allhagar Kovil road, Panagal road and Kalpalam road, in Goripalayam. At the intersection of these roads, there is a memorable statue for [[Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar]], late freedom fighter<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2023-10-30 |title=Marking 116th Thevar Jayanthi, T.N. CM Stalin garlands Thevar statue in Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/marking-116th-thevar-jayanthi-tn-cm-stalin-garlands-thevar-statue-in-madurai-city/article67475454.ece |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> and twentieth century political leader. [[Mattuthavani Bus Stand, Madurai]] which is 4 km from Goripalayam, serves the people who travel to and fro Madurai from various places of Tamil Nadu by road transport. There is a road flyover project parallel to the existing Albert Victor bridge to connect [[Tallakulam (Madurai)|Tallakulam]] (Tamukkam junction) and [[Nelpettai]] via. Goripalayam.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2023-10-30 |title=Stalin lays foundation stones for two flyovers in Madurai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/tn-cm-lays-foundation-stones-for-two-flyovers-in-madurai-city/article67475578.ece |access-date=2023-12-03 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This flyover with a length of about 2 km will be constructed with an estimated amount of ₹190.4 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-31 |title=Stalin flags off work on flyovers at Goripalayam, Apollo Junction |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/stalin-flags-off-work-on-flyovers-at-goripalayam-apollo-junction/articleshow/104840227.cms |access-date=2023-12-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Goripalayam is located at about 4 km from [[Madurai Junction railway station]] and at about 16 km from [[Madurai Airport]] which is at [[Avaniapuram]].

There are two educational institutions in Goripalayam viz., Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for Women<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Meenakshi Government Arts College for Women, Madurai, Tamil Nadu |url=https://targetstudy.com/institute/31163/sri-meenakshi-government-college-for-women/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=targetstudy.com}}</ref> and [[American College, Madurai|American College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The American College, Goripalayam, Madurai - 625 002, Madhurai, Madhurai, MADURAI, Tamilnadu |url=https://www.manabadi.co.in/C/812/The |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.manabadi.co.in}}</ref>

There is a State Government medical facility, [[Government Rajaji Hospital]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Rajaji Hospital Goripalayam Madurai |url=https://www.infohind.com/Government-Rajaji-Hospital-Goripalayam-Madurai.aspx |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.infohind.com}}</ref> in Goripalayam.

== Religion ==
Located at about 2 km from Goripalayam, there is a historical [[Hindu temple]] viz., [[Meenakshi Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenakshi Amman Temple / Sri Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple in Madurai (Entry Fee, Timings, Entry Ticket Cost, Price) - Madurai Tourism 2023 |url=https://maduraitourism.co.in/sri-meenakshi-amman-sundareswarar-temple-madurai |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=maduraitourism.co.in}}</ref>

At the heart of Goripalayam is built a worshipping place for Muslims named [[Goripalayam Mosque]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ta6AD7MNFioC&q=Goripalayam%2520Mosque&pg=PA109 |title=Tourist Guide to South India |date=2003 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-175-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Goripalayam area falls under the [[Madurai North Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-18 |title=மதுரை மாநகராட்சி பகுதியில் - வார்டு வாரியாக சட்டப்பேரவை தொகுதிகள் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/todays-paper/regional01/647019-.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> Also, this area belongs to [[Madurai Lok Sabha constituency]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://smgacw.org/]
* [https://americancollege.edu.in/]

[[Category:Madurai]]
[[Category:Madurai district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods and suburbs of Madurai]]

Sudiksha (Sant Nirankari mission)

2026-04-13T03:52:42Z

NaomiLoftis490: started data!

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader (born 1985)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| background = #0095DE
| honorific_prefix = Satguru Mata
| name = Sudiksha
| predecessor = Savinder Hardev
| title = 6th Satguru of Sant Nirankari Mission
| honorific_suffix = Ji Maharaj
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1985|03|13}}
| birth_name = Sudiksha Nirankari
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{nowrap|Head of the [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]}} (2018–)
| period = 2018–present
| employer =
| religion = [[Sant Nirankari Mission]]
| notable_works =
| father = [[Baba Hardev Singh|Hardev Singh]]
| mother = Mata Savinder Hardev
| spouse = {{unbulleted list
| {{marriage|Avneet Setya|2015|2016|reason=died}}
| {{marriage|Ramit Chandana|2017||}}
}}
}}
'''Sudiksha Savinder Hardev''' (born 13 March 1985), better known simply as '''Sudiksha''' is an Indian spiritual leader and sixth and current [[Satguru]] of the Sant Nirankari Mission,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Meet Sister Sudiksha, The New Head Of Sant Nirankari Mission|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/meet-sister-sudiksha-the-new-head-of-sant-nirankari-mission/313640|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Outlook India}}</ref> a position held by both her parents.

== Background ==
=== Early life ===
Sudiksha was born to Hardev Singh (1961-2016) and Savinder Hardev on March 13, 1985. She is the youngest of three children. Her father was the fourth Sat Guru of the Sant Nirankari Mission, and her mother was the fifth.

=== Personal life ===
Sudiksha married Avneet Setya in 2015. On May 13, 2016, both her father and husband were killed in an automobile accident near Montreal, Quebec, Canada.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nirankari spiritual head Baba Hardev Singh dies in road accident - The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nirankari-spiritual-head-baba-hardev-singh-dies-in-road-accident/articleshow/52254011.cms|accessdate=13 May 2016|work=The Economic Times|archive-date=16 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516144009/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/nirankari-spiritual-head-baba-hardev-singh-dies-in-road-accident/articleshow/52254011.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> She married Ramit Chandana in 2017.

== Satguru ==
Sudiksha was appointed as the head of the Sant Nirankari Mission in 2018<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 Jul 2018|title=ਸੰਤ ਨਿਰੰਕਾਰੀ ਮਿਸ਼ਨ ਦੀ ਨਵੀਂ ਮੁਖੀ ਬਣੀ ਬਾਬਾ ਹਰਦੇਵ ਸਿੰਘ ਦੀ ਧੀ ਸੁਦਿਕਸ਼ਾ, ਮਾਂ ਨੇ ਧੀ ਲਈ ਛੱਡੀ ਗੱਦੀ|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://punjabi.hindustantimes.com/india/story-sant-nirakari-mission-declares-sister-sudiksha-ji-as-new-head-1801232.html}}</ref> after her mother Satguru Mata Savinder Hardev's health deteriorated.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Aug 6, 2018|title=Sant Nirankari: Mata Savinder Hardev Ji Maharaj of Sant Nirankari Mission passes away {{!}} Delhi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mata-savinder-hardev-ji-maharaj-of-sant-nirankari-mission-passes-away/articleshow/65288694.cms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, '''Satguru Mata Sudiksha Ji Maharaj''' attended a three-day Nirankari Youth Symposium in the UK and met civic leaders in Sandwell.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Her Holiness meets Leader and Mayor in Sandwell|url=https://issuu.com/phoenixnewspaper/docs/the_phoenix_newspaper_-_september_2019e|access-date=2021-12-17|website=The Phoenix Newspaper - September 2019 by The Phoenix Newspaper - Issuu|page=40|language=en}}</ref> She also gave her first [[Talk to Her|talk to her]] Indian followers in Pathankot in the same year<ref>{{Cite web|title=सतगुरु रूप में पहली बार पठानकोट पहुंचीं निरंकारी प्रमुख माता सुदीक्षा, सवा लाख श्रद्धालु नतमस्तक|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/chandigarh/satguru-mata-sudiksha-given-message-of-humanity-in-pathankot|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref> and inaugurated a mega blood donation camp in Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Josain|first=Rakshit|title=SELFLESSNESS IS ESSENTIAL FOR SERVICE TO HUMANITY – Nirankari Satguru Mata Sudiksha Ji {{!}} A News Of India|url=https://anewsofindia.com/2019/04/25/selflessness-is-essential-for-service-to-humanity-nirankari-satguru-mata-sudiksha-ji/|access-date=2020-12-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2021 she provided a virtual new year message to her followers<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Anu|date=2021-01-02|title=Nirankari Satguru Mata Sudiksha Ji Maharaj|url=http://www.chandigarhcitynews.com/nirankari-satguru-mata-sudiksha-ji-maharaj/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Chandigarh City News|language=en-US}}</ref> and promoted human values at the 54th Nirankari conference held in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Embrace Human values to be True Humans-Satguru Mata Sudiksha Ji Maharaj|url=https://www.newznew.com/embrace-human-values-to-be-true-humans-satguru-mata-sudiksha-ji-maharaj/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=NewZNew|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Awards and recognitions ===
In 2019, Satguru Mata Sudiksha Ji Maharaj received an Honorary Citizenship of Blacktown, Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ਸਤਿਗੁਰੂ ਮਾਤਾ ਸੁਦੀਕਸ਼ਾ ਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਆਸਟ੍ਰੇਲੀਆ ਸਰਕਾਰ ਨੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਨਾਗਰਿਕਤਾ ਦਾ ਸਨਮਾਨ – Punjab Global|url=http://punjabglobal.com/2019/03/17/%e0%a8%b8%e0%a8%a4%e0%a8%bf%e0%a8%97%e0%a9%81%e0%a8%b0%e0%a9%82-%e0%a8%ae%e0%a8%be%e0%a8%a4%e0%a8%be-%e0%a8%b8%e0%a9%81%e0%a8%a6%e0%a9%80%e0%a8%95%e0%a8%b8%e0%a8%bc%e0%a8%be-%e0%a8%9c%e0%a9%80/|access-date=2020-12-24|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Female religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century religious leaders]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women religious leaders]]

Biswa Bangla Convention Centre

2026-04-12T21:21:23Z

NaomiLoftis490: Started Page.

{{Short description|Convention Centre in Kolkata, India}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Biswa Bangla Convention Centre
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = Biswa Bangla Convention Centre logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Logo of Biswa Bangla Convention Centre
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|57.9|N|88|28|26.6|E|display=inline,title}}

| address = [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]], Block-DG, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], 700156
| location = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| owner = [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation|HIDCO]]
| operator = HIDCO
| architect = Dulal Mukherjee & Associates
| cost = {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on|year=2017}}
| public_transit = {{rint|Kolkata|m}} [[Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station]] (under construction)
| website = {{URL|www.wbhidcoltd.com/projects/convention-centre}}
}}

'''Biswa Bangla Convention Centre''' is a [[Convention center|convention centre]] in [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[West Bengal|West Bengal, India]]. It was built by [[West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation]] (HIDCO) and opened in the year 2017. It was built to attract meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) tourism in the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=January 13, 2018|first=Suman|last=Chakraborti|title=New Town coming up as MICE destination of South Asia|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/new-town-coming-up-as-mice-destination-of-south-asia-/articleshow/62487848.cms|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to TENSYMP 2019|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r10/calcutta/tensymp2019/venue.html|access-date=2021-11-11|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref>

== Location ==
[[File:Biswa Bangla Convention Centre Under Construction - Major Arterial Road - Rajarhat - Kolkata 2017-06-21 2801.JPG|left|thumb|Under construction Biswa Bangla Convention Centre in 2017]]
It is located on [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]], [[New Town, Kolkata#Planning|Action Area I]] of New Town, near [[Biswa Bangla Gate]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=HIDCO Bhawan {{!}} Biswa Bangla Convention Centre|url=https://www.wbhidcoltd.com/projects/convention-centre|access-date=2021-11-09|website=www.wbhidcoltd.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Biswa Bangla Convention Centre, Kolkata|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredibleindia/en/discover-india/mice/biswa-bangla-convention-centre.html|access-date=2021-11-09|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> Other nearby notable structures include [[Rabindra Tirtha]], [[Naval Aircraft Museum (Kolkata)|Naval Aircraft Museum]] and [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University New Town Campus]]. The under construction [[Biswa Bangla Convention Centre metro station]] (previously CBD 1 metro station) of [[Kolkata Metro Orange Line]] will serve this area. The earlier named Convention Centre metro station was renamed to be the [[Eco Park metro station (Kolkata)|Eco Park metro station]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Name change proposal for Metro stations|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/name-change-proposal-for-metro-stations/cid/1802963|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 4, 2021|first=Suman|last=Chakraborti|title=West Bengal govt renames nine New Town Metro stations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-govt-renames-nine-new-town-metro-stations/articleshow/80090047.cms|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is {{convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]] and {{convert|14|km|mi}} from [[Bidhannagar Road railway station]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Brief Summary of the Project "Biswa Bangle Convention Centre"|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/Brief_Summary/11_Sep_2017_164815513EKV5S791Annexure-BriefSummaryofProject.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=12 Nov 2021|website=environmentclearance.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111190334/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/Brief_Summary/11_Sep_2017_164815513EKV5S791Annexure-BriefSummaryofProject.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-11 }}</ref>

== Details ==
It is a ten-storeyed building which houses a convention hall, two auditoriums and four banquet cum exhibition halls, with each having 3200 seats, 400 seats and 270–72 seats respectively. There are 822 parking spaces, executive lounges, swimming pool, gymnasiums etc. It also has a hotel behind the main building, with 100 rooms, which is operated on a [[Public–private partnership|Public Private Partnership]] (PPP) basis. The convention centre is spread over a {{convert|40470|m2|sqft}} area, with total built up area of {{convert|56932|m2|sqft}} which includes parking spaces, roads and service areas.<ref name=":2" /> The total cost of construction was {{INRConvert|500|c|lk=on|year=2017}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=See Pics: Mamata Banerjee inaugurates Biswa Bangla Convention Centre; calls it 'biggest in Eastern India'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-see-pics-mamata-banerjee-inaugurates-biswa-bangla-convention-centre-calls-it-biggest-in-eastern-india-2552664|access-date=2021-11-11|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> [[Larsen & Toubro]] was the contractor and Dulal Mukherjee & Associates was the architecture firm behind this project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HIDCO – Biswa Bangla Convention Centre – Kolkata - Project Profile|url=https://www.marketresearch.com/Timetric-v3917/HIDCO-Biswa-Bangla-Convention-Centre-11100347/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.marketresearch.com}}</ref> The basic idea was taken from [[Vigyan Bhawan|Vigyan Bhavan]], a convention centre in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 16, 2016|first=Suman|last=Chakraborti|title=Post-Puja push for Biswa Bangla centre {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/post-puja-push-for-biswa-bangla-centre/articleshow/54875065.cms|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> It is one of the largest convention centre in India and [[South Asia]]. With this Kolkata became a meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) destination in the country.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Under single roof seats for 3,200|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/under-single-roof-seats-for-3-200/cid/1391989|access-date=2021-11-09|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The convention centre was also used for [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|COVID-19 vaccination]] drive.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 11, 2021|first=Suman|last=Chakraborti|title=New Town Kolkata Development Authority lets out centres for private vaccination camps|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nkda-lets-out-centres-for-private-vax-camps/articleshow/83413849.cms|access-date=2021-11-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Rabindra Sadan]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [https://www.wbhidcoltd.com/projects/convention-centre Official website]
{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in India]]

Pankaj Patel (politician)

2026-04-11T14:40:59Z

NaomiLoftis490: added basic pg more to come!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pankaj Patel
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Mungra Badshahpur Assembly constituency]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| predecessor1 =
| birth_date = 1990
| birth_place =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = Bundel Khand Degree College
}}
'''Pankaj Patel''' (born 20 January 1990)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18368/18 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Mungra Badshahpur Assembly constituency in [[Jaunpur district]]. He won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mungra Badshahpur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Pankaj of SP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/mungra-badshahpur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4852571.html |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Patel is born in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh. He is the son of Phool Chand Patel. He completed his LLB in 2013 at Bundel Khand Degree College, [[Jhansi]]. and got married recently<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Pankaj(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- MUNGRA BADSHAHPUR(JAUNPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4712 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Patel won from the Mungra Badshahpur Assembly constituency representing the Samajwadi Party in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 92,048 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ajay Dubey of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 5,230 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mungra Badshah, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 Live Updates: Mungra Badshahpur विधानसभा सीट पर Pankaj ने Ajay Shankar Dubey को हराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/mungra-badshah-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-result-winner-loser-news-in-hindi-1425981-2022-03-10 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mungra Badshah, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: SP's Pankaj wins Mungra Badshahpur with 92048 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/mungra-badshah-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923397-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Mungra Badshahpur Uttar Pradesh Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: SP Candidate PANKAJ wins from Mungra Badshahpur , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/mungra-badshahpur-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518511 |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Pankaj}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Jaunpur district]]

Mohan Parasaran

2026-04-04T21:15:47Z

NaomiLoftis490: new some data basic info.

{{Short description|Solicitor General of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Senior Advocate]]
| name = Mohan Parasaran
| birth_date =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| home_town =
| office = [[Solicitor General of India]]
| term_start = February 2013
| term_end = May 2014
| prime_minister1 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| predecessor = [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]]
| successor = [[Ranjit Kumar]]
| office2 = [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2013
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]], [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]], [[University of Cambridge]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| relations = [[K. Parasaran]] (father), Saroja Parasaran (mother)
|
}}
'''Mohan Parasaran''' is a [[Senior counsel|Senior Advocate]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]]. In February 2013 he was appointed the Solicitor General of India and continued in this post till May 2014. He served as part of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] led [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA 2]] government.<ref>[http://www.barandbench.com/brief/2/3182/mohan-parasaran-to-replace-rohinton-nariman-as-solicitor-general Mohan Parasaran to replace Rohinton Nariman as Solicitor General – Bar and Bench] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref> Previously he held the post of Additional Solicitor General of India for nine years.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mohan-parasaran-appointed-as-the-solicitor-general-of-india-328410 Mohan Parasaran appointed as the Solicitor General of India - NDTV] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref> In 2012, he resigned from the post of Additional Solicitor General but the resignation was not accepted by the Government.<ref>[http://barandbench.com/brief/2/3203/in-conversation-with-the-new-solicitor-general-of-india-mohan-parasaran In Conversation with Mohan Parasaran, Bar & Bench] Last Retrieved 6 March 2013</ref> He was designated senior advocate in 2002.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040810045949/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/30/stories/2004073007571100.htm Additional Solicitors General - The Hindu] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref>

==Personal life==
Parasaran is the son of the former [[Attorney General of India]] and Senior Advocate, [[K. Parasaran]] and Saroja Parasaran.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040810045949/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/30/stories/2004073007571100.htm Additional Solicitors General - The Hindu] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref> He has two brothers and two sisters.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130411022034/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/07/stories/2010070758621200.htm The Hindu: Saroja Parasaran passes away] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref> He lives in New Delhi, but frequents Chennai, where he grew up. His mother Mrs Saroja Parasaran is first cousin of actor [[Kamalahasan]].

==Education==
Parasaran has received the [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A. (Economics)]] First Class from the University of Madras in 1981, a [[Bachelor of Law]] degree from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1984 and a [[Master of Laws]] from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref>[http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/resources/clean-energy-investment-us-india/project-leaders Mohan Parasaran, Senior Advocate and Additional Solicitor General of India] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305102158/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-05-08/news/27626748_1_rnrl-counsel-manu-sharma-ril-counsel Meet the legal eagles who’re the real game-changers] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref>

==Appointment as Solicitor General==
Parasaran was appointed as the [[Solicitor General of India]] after this post become vacant due to resignation of [[Rohinton Nariman]] before completion of his tenure. Rohinton Nariman had resigned from the post, allegedly, following a difference of opinion with the Law Minister, Ashwini Kumar.<ref>[http://www.legallyindia.com/201302083426/Bar-Bench-Litigation/asg-parasaran-to-replace-rohinton-nariman-as-solicitor-general Legally India]</ref> Mohan Parasaran's appointment as [[Solicitor General of India]] came to an end in May 2014 with the change in Government, and in his place, [[Ranjit Kumar]] has been appointed as the new [[Solicitor General of India]] with effect from 7 Jun 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Law Officers of Government of India|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/la/lawofficers.htm|publisher=Law Ministry|accessdate=13 June 2014}}</ref>

==Notable cases==
Parasaran has represented the [[Government of India]] in landmark cases, including the dispute between the Ambani brothers on the KGD6 gasfields, international tax matters with revenue effect of over $3.2 billion in the [[Vodafone]] case, the levy of luxury tax, sports regulation, and public interest matters concerning food security and shelter.<ref>[http://web.law.columbia.edu/climate-change/resources/clean-energy-investment-us-india/project-leaders Mohan Parasaran, Senior Advocate and Additional Solicitor General of India] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref> He has also appeared in the Commission of Inquiry, which probed into the Boeing 737 crash in [[Mangalore]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040810045949/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/30/stories/2004073007571100.htm Additional Solicitors General - The Hindu] Last Retrieved 8 February 2013</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[http://legalera.in/interviews/item/11182-several-quixotic-developments-which-were-beyond-my-control-and-destiny-ultimately-landed-me-into-becoming-a-lawyer-mohan-parasaran-solicitor-general-of-india LegalEra Magazine Interview]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parasaran, Mohan}}
[[Category:Solicitors general of India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Additional solicitors general of India]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]

Rajeshwari Raychowdhury

2026-03-31T02:57:35Z

NaomiLoftis490: added initial stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Rajeshwari Raychowdhury
| image = Rajeshwari Raychowdhury.jpeg
| caption = Raychowdhury in 1987
| birth_date = 1952
| birth_place = [[Bhowanipore]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = 1994
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal
| citizenship = Indian
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Beltala Girls' High School]]|[[Jogamaya Devi College]]}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress{{sfn|Biswas|1991|p=201}}}}
| mother = [[Kabita Sinha]]<ref name=":KS">{{Cite web |title=ফিরে দেখা কবিতা সিংহ |url=https://www.kaliokalam.com/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| father = Bimal Raychowdhury
| partner = [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] (1986—1991)
| children = 3
| years_active = 1973, 1979—1994
}}
'''Rajeshwari Raychowdhury''' (1952—1994) was an Indian actress who is recognized for her work in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-09 |title=অভিষেকের কোলে বয়সে বড় রাজেশ্বরী, অসম লিভইন সম্পর্ক নিয়ে চর্চা |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/abhishek-chatterjee-rajeswari-roychowdhury-livein-relationship/tid/155329 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=Jago |date=2024-01-13 |title=খলচরিত্রে বাংলার অভিনেত্রীরা |url=https://jagobangla.in/bengali-actresses-as-villain/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=JagoBangla |language=en-US}}</ref> The daughter of the eminent [[Feminism|faminist]] writer [[Kabita Sinha]], she made her big screen debut in [[Purnendu Patri]]'s ''[[Strir Patra]]'' (1973) which was based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s short story of the same name.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Actor Live In Relation: বয়সে বড় ও তিন সন্তানের মায়ের সঙ্গে লিভ-ইন সম্পর্ক, কেমন ছিল অভিষেক-রাজেশ্বরীর অসম প্রেম কাহিনি? |url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/abhishek-chatterjee-live-in-relationship-with-late-actress-rajeshwari-raychowdhury-8965172 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=bengali.indianexpress.com |language=bn}}</ref> Afterwards, she appeared in films such as ''Job Charnaker Bibi'' (1979), ''Sansarer Itikatha'' (1983), ''Rajpurush'' (1987), ''Dolonchanpa'' (1987), ''Devi Baran'' (1988), ''[[Shatru Pakhha]]'' (1989). Her relationship with [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] attracted significant media attention.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=কেরিয়ারে ধাক্কা, ভুল নারীসঙ্গ, অবসাদ! ভাসান হল টলিউডের কার্তিক ঠাকুরের |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/abhishek-chatterjee-life-story/tid/68231 |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=ThewWall |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rajeshwari was born in 1952, to the Bengali Writer Bimal Raychowdhury and the Bengali poet [[Kabita Sinha]]. Parameshwari Raychowdhury and Konad Raychowdhury are her younger siblings.<ref name=":KS" /> Her parents had to work very hard to make both ends meet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=নারীর রূপকে কবিতা সিংহ নারীর মননশীল অস্তিত্বের শত্রু বলে মনে করতেন |url=https://robbar.in/daily-update/an-article-about-kabita-singha/ |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Robbar |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Career==
Raychowdhury made her debut in [[Purnendu Patri]]'s ''[[Strir Patra]]'' (1973) which was based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s short story of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=2025-01-13 |title=বয়সে ছোট নায়কের সঙ্গে 'লিভ ইন'! কী ভাবে মৃত্যু হয় নায়িকা রাজেশ্বরীর? |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/how-did-90s-actress-rajeswari-roychowdhury-died-1153745.html |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> The film well documents the subjugated and dominated womanhood of the 20th century Indian society. It stars [[Madhabi Mukherjee]] in the lead. Rajeshwari portrayed Bindu, a teenage girl who is sheltered by the in-laws of her elder sister. Bindu is considered a burden in the family and is compelled to overwork throughout the entire day. The only person who is kind to her is Mrinal played by Mukherjee. Bindu later marries an insane person and kills herself to end the oppression by her in-laws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=স্ত্রীর পত্র (১৯৭৩) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/UW14NFIwNHZlRGg1VVd3ck9FVjZPVkZYYUVGTFFUMDk= |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref> Upon release, the film won critical favour.

Rajeshwari took a six-year sabbatical to complete her education and returned to silver screen with ''Job Charnaker Bibi'' (1979) based on [[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]'s novel of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |title=কলকাতার কড়চা: প্রান্তিক ইতিহাসের অনুসন্ধান |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/kolkata-korcha-in-search-for-the-terminal-history-of-dumdum-1.1024198 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619113604/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/kolkata-korcha-in-search-for-the-terminal-history-of-dumdum-1.1024198 |archive-date=19 June 2024 |access-date=2025-05-22 |language=bn |url-status=live }}</ref> The film starred [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as [[Job Charnock]] while she portrayed the role of Leela, Charnock's wife.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=জব চার্নকের বিবি (১৯৭৯) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/Y1RGbFpqYzFWSFp6YmxoUVlWbHJWRWRzVVdGWlFUMDk= |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref> She performed in the lead opposite [[Tapas Paul]] in the drama ''Rupasi''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=সংলাপ যেন ঠোঁটে লেগে থাকে, বলতেন তাপস |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/bengali-actor-tapas-paul-death-tapas-paul-used-to-say-dialogue-should-be-in-lips-1.1111149 |access-date=24 May 2025 |website=www.anandabazar.com}}</ref> She featured in [[Sujit Guha]]'s love-triangle ''Dolanchanpa'' (1987) alongside [[Sandhya Roy]] and [[Ranjit Mallick]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=দোলন চাঁপা (১৯৮৭) |url=https://banglacinema100.com/movie-details/WWxKSFVXdFJjMDloUzJkQ1dHMTRXVEo1Tms0elFUMDk= |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=banglacinema100.com}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rajeshwari had two daughters and a son. In late 1980s, She left her husband to settle with [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] in the latter's apartment in [[South Kolkata]]. Her relationship with Chatterjee was highly speculated in media.<ref name=":2" />

==Death==
After her separation from [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], Raychowdhury turned alcoholic and eventually developed [[cirrhosis]]. In 1994, she died of [[Hepatitis B]] in Kolkata.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"|Year
!scope="col"|Title
!scope="col"|Role
!scope="col"|{{Refh|multi=yes}}
|-
|1973
! scope="row" | ''[[Strir Patra]]''
|Bindu
|
|-
|1979
! scope="row" | ''Job Charnocker Bibi''
|Leela
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|rowspan="2"|1983
! scope="row" | ''Sansarer Itikatha''
|
|{{sfn|Sur|1999|p=207}}
|-
! scope="row"|''Utsarga''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utsarga (1983) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTYwNw== |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1984
! scope="row"|''Rashiphal''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashiphal (1984) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTYyOQ== |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Uncle''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uncle (1984) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTYzOA== |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |1986
! scope="row"|''Abhishap''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''Anurager Choya''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Daktar Bou''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daktar Bou (1986) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTY4MA== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Dui Adhyay''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dui Adhyay (1986) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTY4MQ== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Shyam Saheb''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shyam Saheb (1986) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTY5NA== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Tin Purush''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Urbashi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1987
! scope="row"|''Dabar Chal''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dabar Chal (1987) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/ |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Dolan Chanpa''
|Dolan
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dolanchanpa (1987) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTcxMA== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1988
! scope="row"|''Aghat''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aghat (1988) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTczOQ== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Devibaran''
|Lalita
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Deepsikha''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Parashmoni''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1989
! scope="row"|''Asha''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Jhankar''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Shatru Pakhha]]''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Srimati Hangsaraj''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srimati Hangsaraj (1989) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTgxMw== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1990
! scope="row"|''Bhanga-Gara''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhanga Gara (1990) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTgyNw== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Chakranta''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Garmil''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Garmil (1990) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MTgzNw== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Nyaydanda''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
! scope="row"|''Jiban Pradip''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Prem Pujari''
|
|
|-
!scope="row"|''Rajnartaki''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Shubho Kamana''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
! scope="row"|''Ananya''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''Krodhi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1993
! scope="row"|''Krantikal''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Krantikal (1993) |url=http://www.gomolo.com/krantikal-movie/14835 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001000118/http://www.gomolo.com/krantikal-movie/14835 |archive-date=2017-10-01 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=gomolo.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Shakti''
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Shanka]]''
|
|
|-
|1994
! scope="row"|''Mahabharati''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
!scope="row"|''Jiban Yuddha''
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Mashal''
|
|
|-
|1996
! scope="row"|''Sinthir Sindur''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1997
! scope="row" |''Sarbajaya''
|
|
|-
! scope="row" |''Jiban Sandhan''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiban Sandhan (1997) |url=https://www.bengalfilmarchive.com/filmography-details.php?t=MjA5OQ== |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Bengal Film Archive}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book|last=Biswas|first=Krishnakali|title=A Nagarir Nari Katha|year=1991|publisher=Firma K L M Private Limited|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.266229/page/n208/mode/1up}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sur|first=Ansu|title=Bengali Film Directory|year=1999
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-hkAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajeshwari+Raychowdhury}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=3778322}}

{{Subject bar
|commons =
|commons-search =
|d-search = Q98276975
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = India
|portal3 = Films
}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

State Bank of Mysore

2026-03-28T07:53:11Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{Short description|Former associate bank of State Bank of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{distinguish|SBM Bank India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = State Bank of Mysore
| logo = State bank of mysore.png
| native_name =
| type = [[Public sector]]
| traded_as = {{BSE was|532200}} {{NSE was|MYSOREBANK}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE651A01020}}
| industry = [[Banking]], [[Insurance]], [[Capital Markets]] and allied industries
| genre = 
| fate = Merged with State Bank of India
| predecessor = The Bank of Mysore Ltd.
| successor = [[State Bank of India]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1913|10|02|df=yes|br=yes}} as The Bank of Mysore Ltd.
| founder = [[M. Visvesvaraya|Sir M. Visvesvaraya]]
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|2017|03|31}}
| location_city =
| locations = 1074 branches and 9 extension counters<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/state-bank-of-mysore-into-the-sunset-after-104-years/article9610612.ece|title = State Bank of Mysore: Into the sunset after 104 years| date=31 March 2017 }}</ref>
| area_served = India
| key_people = * Chairman: [[Arundhati Bhattacharya]]
* Managing Director: N.K.Chari
| products = [[Deposit (finance)|Deposits]], [[Personal banking|Personal Banking Schemes]], C & I Banking Schemes, Agri Banking Schemes, [[Small and medium enterprises|SME Banking Schemes]]
| production =
| services = Loans, Deposits, [[Mobile Banking]], [[Automated teller machine|ATM Services]], NRI Services, [[Real-time gross settlement|Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)]] Transactions, [[National Electronic Fund Transfer|National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)]], Internet Banking, Debit Card<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/finance/bank/nationalised-banks/state-bank-of-mysore.html|title = State Bank of Mysore - SBM - State Bank of Mysore (SBM) India}}</ref>
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{Profit}}{{INR|link=Image:Indian Rupee symbol.svg}}276 Crores{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity = {{nowrap|{{profit}}3988 Crores}} as on 31 Mar 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statebankofmysore.co.in/index.php/our-profile.html#financial |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205205110/http://statebankofmysore.co.in/index.php/our-profile.html |archive-date=5 December 2011 |title=Our Profile}}</ref>
| owner =
| num_employees = 10,226 (31 December 2016)<ref name="auto"/>
* 3,600 supervisory staff
* 6,626 non-supervisory staff
| parent = [[State Bank of India]] (90%)
| divisions =
| subsid =
| footnotes =
| location_country = [[Bangalore]]
| homepage = {{URL|bank.sbi}}
}}

'''State Bank of Mysore''' was a Public Sector bank in India, with headquarters at [[Bangalore]]. It was one of the five associate banks of [[State Bank of India]], all of which were consolidated with the State Bank of India with effect from 1 April 2017.

State Bank of Mysore was established in the year 1913 as The Bank of Mysore Ltd. under the patronage of Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], at the instance of the banking committee headed by the great Engineer-Statesman, [[Bharat Ratna]] Sir M.[[Visvesvaraya]]. During 1953, "Mysore Bank" was appointed as an agent of [[Reserve Bank of India]] to undertake Government business and treasury operations, and in March 1960, it became a subsidiary of the State Bank of India under the State Bank of India (subsidiary Banks) Act 1959. Now the bank is an Associate Bank under State Bank Group and the State Bank of India holds 92.33% of shares.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statebankofmysore.co.in/index.php/history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111205201727/http://statebankofmysore.co.in/index.php/history.html |archive-date=5 December 2011 |title=History}}</ref> The Bank's shares were listed in Bangalore, Chennai, and Mumbai stock exchanges.

This bank had 976 branches and 10627 employees (June 2014) and the Bank has 772 branches (79%) in Karnataka State.<ref>Prajavani Newspaper, Bangalore.Date:26.9.2012</ref> The bank had regional offices in Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Mandya, Hassan, Shimoga, Davangere, Bellary, Tumkur, Kolar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mumbai and New Delhi. The bank's turnover in the year 2013-2014 was around US$19 Billion and Profit about US$46 Million.

== History ==

=== 20th Century ===

*1913 - The Bank was established as 'Bank of Mysore Ltd.', on 19 May, with an authorised capital of Rs. 20.00 lakhs.
*Commenced its business on 2 October 1913.
*1953 - During the year, the Bank was appointed as an Agent of Reserve Bank of India to conduct Government business & treasury operations.
*1959 - With effect from 10 September, the Bank was constituted as State Bank of Mysore as a Subsidiary of State Bank of India, under State Bank of India [Subsidiary Banks] Act, 1959 enacted through an Act of Parliament, [Act No. 38 of 1959s].
*1959 -The bank has formulated schemes for financing coffee planters/coffee traders against coffee curers certificate, financing coffee traders, coffee exporters & coffee curers who also engage in trading.

=== Government Schemes ===

- The Bank actively participated in all Government sponsored schemes and contributed its share of financial assistance or the economically weaker sections through DIR, IRDP, Prime Minister Rojgar Yojna & SUME schemes.

*The Bank has sponsored two Regional Rural Banks, Cauvery Grameena Bank & Kalpatharu Gameena Bank which were merged to form Kaveri-Kalpatharu Gramin Brank, headquartered at Mysore with more than 250 branches for growth of agriculture & rural industries.
*The Bank, as part of State Bank Group has been engaged in financing agriculture and MSME in 1960 & introduced the concept of need based rather than security oriented finance & the Entrepreneur scheme under which technically qualified persons were financed the entire requirement up to Rs. 2 lacs.
*The Bank has 3 specialised SSI branches to assist the SSI units & proposes to establish 3 more such 551 branches shortly.
*The Bank has correspondent & agency arrangements all over the world & offers spot services in 18 major approved currencies.
* State Bank of Mysore handles a significant part of day-to-day banking business of both the Central & State Governments in the State of Karnataka & is a Banker to various Public Sector Undertakings in various sectors of Economy.
*The Bank has been actively participating in welfare banking needs of public through its community services.
* The Bank is a member of society for worldwide Inter Bank Financial Telecommunication [SWIFTs] which was established to offer cost effective & fast transmission of financial messages globally, 2 branches of Bank are presently covered under the scheme and an additional 15 branches are proposed to be covered under SWIFT shortly.
*1992 - The State Government has also taken up vigorously 'ASHRAYA', a new housing scheme for weaker sections & 'VISHWA', a new rural & cottage industry scheme. A new programme called 'AKSHAYA' has also been launched to help the children in primary education. The Konkan Railway Project & the New Mangalore Port Project are also progressing satisfactorily.
*1994 - Several important measures have been introduced in the busy season credit policy of November 1993 & slack season credit policy of May 1994, announced by Reserve Bank of Indi

[[File:State Bank of Mysore, Mysore.jpg|thumb|State Bank of Mysore, Main Branch in [[Mysore]].]]

=== 21st Century ===

*2001 - State Bank of Mysore has opened a foreign exchange cell at its Hirehally Industrial estate branch in Tumkur district to enable small-scale industrialists to manage their foreign exchange transactions.

- The Bank has closed its issue of unsecured non-convertible debentures after raising the target of Rs 60 crore.

*2002

-Enters the market with a coupon of 6.4% per annum for its Tier-II capital bonds issue of Rs. 60cr on a private placement basis.

-Slashes interest rate on domestic term deposits & on NRE deposits by 25-50 basis points.

*2003

-Considers new method of appraisal for lending to the agricultural sector more on the lines of industrial credit given to trade & commerce.

-Declared a dividend of 40% on equity capital for year ended.

-Ties up with HMT Ltd & launches SBM-HMT Agri Farm Scheme, to promote agricultural mechanisation in south India.

-Maruti Udyog forges alliances with SBM to offer car finance.

*2004

-Mr. Vijayanand assumes charges as managing director of bank from 01/03/2004

-State Bank of Mysore has joined the Real Time Gross Settlement Systems [RTGSs] network that facilitates inter-bank funds settlement on 22 July.

* 2005 : 100% computerisation and Core Banking Solutions (CBS) introduced.
* 2005 : SBM unveils new single window system{{clarify|date=September 2011}}
*2006 : Mr P.P. Pattanayak has assumed charge as managing director of State Bank of Mysore. Mr Pattanayak was earlier Deputy Managing Director [DMDs] & Chief Credit Officer of State Bank of India, Mumbai.
*2009 : The Company splits its share with face value from Rs. 100/- to Rs. 10/-.
*2009 : Sri Dilip Mavinkurve takes charge as managing director of the Bank. He was earlier Chief General Manager of the Bank.
*2012 : Shri Sharad Sharma takes charge as managing director of the bank.
*2013 : The Bank celebrated its centenary year during the period 2 October 2012 to 1 October 2013.
*2017 : After 104 years of banking history, State Bank of Mysore was merged with [[State Bank of India]] on 1 April 2017.<ref name="auto"/>

==See also==

{{Portal|Banks}}

* [[List of banks that have merged to form the State Bank of India]]
* [[Indian banking]]
* [[List of banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* Official Website [https://bank.sbi SBI - Loans, Accounts, Cards, Investment, Deposits, Net Banking - Personal Banking]
* Internet Banking Website [http://www.onlinesbi.sbi State Bank of India]

{{Banking in India}}
{{SBI}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:State Bank of Mysore}}
[[Category:State Bank of India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Defunct banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1913]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1913]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Banks disestablished in 2017]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Arjandas Tulsidas Gajwani

2026-03-25T21:57:13Z

NaomiLoftis490: New

{{Short description|Sindhi politician and advocate (born 1915)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Arjandas Tulsidas Gajwani.jpg
| name = Arjandas Tulsidas Gajwani
| native_name = ارجنداس تلسيداس گجواڻي
| honorific_suffix =
| office1 = [[Ajmer Legislative Assembly|Member of Ajmer Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 5 May 1952
| term_end1 = 1 November 1956
| constituency1 = Ajmer-I (South West)
| office2 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1 April 1957
| term_end2 = 6 March 1962
| constituency2 = Ajmer City (West)
| birth_place = [[Rohri]], [[Sindh]]
| profession = Lawyer, Politician
| birth_date = 3 January 1915
}}

'''Arjandas Tulsidas Gajwani''' ([[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]: '''ارجنداس تلسيداس گجواڻي''') was a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] politician.<ref name="Bharadwaj1988">{{cite book|author=Prakash Bharadwaj|title=Sindhis Through the Ages: Far-East & South-East Asian countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tnpCAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=World-Wide Publishing Company|page=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India: A Reference Annual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qb9FAQAAIAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.|page=479}}</ref>

==Life==
Gajwani was born on 3 January 1915.<ref name="SudSud1953">{{cite book|author1=S. P. Singh Sud|author2=Ajit Singh Sud|title=Indian Elections and Legislators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATs0AAAAIAAJ|year=1953|publisher=All India Publications|page=288}}</ref> He became an advocate in 1936.<ref name="SudSud1953"/> Arjandas was a member of the municipal council of [[Rohri]] from 1942 to 1944 and served as the president of the municipality.<ref name="SudSud1953"/> He published the [[Sindhi language]] newspaper ''Hindu'', founded in [[Ajmer]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|title=Press in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuEfAQAAIAAJ|year=1964|publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers.|page=378}}</ref>

==Political career==
Gajwani was a member of the Working Committee of the political party [[Pursharathi Panchayat]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Times of India Directory & Yearbook, Including Who's who|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V3IiAQAAIAAJ|year=1955|publisher=Times of India Press|page=978}}</ref> Arjandas was elected to the [[Ajmer Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1952 Ajmer Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]]. He stood as a candidate of Pursharathi Panchayat in the two-member constituency Ajmer-I (South West). He obtained 5,549 votes (21.66%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4110-ajmer-1951/ Ajmer, 1951]''</ref> He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]], standing as an independent candidate in the Ajmer City West constituency. He obtained 14,400 votes (52.42%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3379-rajasthan-1957/ Rajasthan, 1957]''</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]
[[Category:People from Sukkur District]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Members of the Ajmer Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1957–1962]]

Jacob Muricken

2026-03-25T10:14:00Z

NaomiLoftis490: Adding a pg - done

{{Short description|Syro-Malabar Catholic Auxiliary Bishop of Palai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific_prefix = Mar
| name = Jacob Muricken
| image =
| caption =
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Auxiliary Bishop of Palai Emeritus]]
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]]
| see = [[Pala, Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmurick.html|title=Bishop Jacob Muricken|website=Catholic-Hierarchy.org}}</ref>
| ordination = 27 December 1993
| consecration = 1 October 2012
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Muttuchira, [[Kottayam District]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
}}

'''Jacob Muricken''' (born 16 June 1963) is an Indian Catholic [[Christian monasticism|monk]], [[Catholic prelate|prelate]] and [[theologian]], who is the former [[auxiliary bishop]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2021-02-24|title=K.M. Mani gets memorial in Pala|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/km-mani-gets-memorial-in-pala/article33925675.ece|access-date=2021-12-19|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai]] (2012–2022).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Syro Malabar Church Bishop ::Mar Jacob Murickan Auxiliary Bishop ::Palai Eparchy|url=http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishop.php?id=80|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.syromalabarchurch.in|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131101933/http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/bishop.php?id=80|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was ordained as a priest by [[Joseph Pallikaparampil]] on 27 December 1993. He served as an assistant vicar, boarding house rector, professor, secretary of Corporate Educational Agency, vicar at Chakkampuzha and Neeloor parishes. He was declared auxiliary bishop of [[Pala, Kerala|Palai]] on 24 August 2012 while serving as the diocesan pastoral coordinator. His episcopal ordination was on 1 October 2012 by [[Joseph Perumthottam]] at [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala]]i.

In August 2022, Muricken said that "God inspires me to go into solitude" and resigned from his post as auxiliary bishop to continue his life as a hermit, moving to the hermitage following approval from the Syro-Malabar synod.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-bishop-quits-to-become-a-hermit/98500|title=Indian bishop quits to become a hermit|publisher=[[Union of Catholic Asian News|UCA News]]|date=23 August 2022|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Jacob Muricken was born at [[Muttuchira]] village in [[Kerala]]. After his collegiate studies at [[Deva Matha College, Kuravilangad|Deva Matha College]], [[Kuravilangad]] from where he took a degree in economics and master's degree in economics from Government College Nattakom Kottayam and he joined Good Shepherd Minor Seminary, Palai. He did his ecclesiastical studies from St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary, [[Kottayam]]. He was ordained priest by then Bishop Mar Joseph Pallikaparampil on 27 December 1993 at his home parish [[Muttuchira]]. After a short period of service as assistant vicar at St. Mary's Forane Church [[Kuravilangad]], he was appointed rector of Savio Home Boarding House, attached to St. Joseph's EMHS, [[Neeloor]]. Later he served the diocese in various capacities as professor at the diocesan minor seminary, secretary of Corporate Educational Agency, vicar at Chakkampuzha and [[Neeloor]] parishes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Auxiliary Bishop of Palai Diocese Jacob Muricken {{!}} UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/bishops/bishop-muricken/829|access-date=2021-12-19|website=www.ucanews.com}}</ref>

== Pastoral ministry ==
He was declared [[auxiliary bishop]] of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Palai|Diocese of Palai]] on 24 August 2012 while serving as the pastoral coordinator of the diocese. His episcopal ordination was on 1 October 2012 by [[Joseph Perumthottam]] at [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Pala]]i.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

On 19 September 2013, he along with the other newly appointed bishops from around the world, was received in audience by [[Pope Francis]] at the [[Vatican City|Vatican]]. As the general convenor, he was instrumental in the successful conduct of the 31st Plenary Assembly of [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|Catholic Bishop's Conference of India]] (CBCI) which was hosted by the eparchy from 5 to 12 February 2014. At present he is serving as the chairman of [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council|KCBC]] Commission for SC/ST/BC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala must discuss concerns raised by Pala bishop, says KCB ..|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/state-must-discuss-concerns-raised-by-pala-bishop-kcbc/articleshow/86129000.cms}}</ref> He attended [[Ad Limina|''ad limina'']] visit from 2 to 10 October 2019, along with Kallarangatt. He is also the manager of [[St. Thomas College, Palai]], Alphonsa College, Palai and St. Thomas Teacher Training College, Palai.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

== Living as a hermit ==
In August 2022, The Synod of Syro-Malabar Bishops approved Muricken's request to relieve himself from his post as auxiliary bishop of Palai to live his life as a [[hermit]] and still remain his title as a Bishop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian bishop quits to become a hermit - UCA News |url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-bishop-quits-to-become-a-hermit/98500 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=ucanews.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Services ==
Muricken donated his kidney to a youth<ref>{{Cite news|title=Act of mercy: Kerala bishop offers his kidney to Hindu man|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/act-of-mercy-kerala-bishop-offers-his-kidney-to-hindu-man/story-wLpWJ5gceYf55Vae26bXXO.html&usg=AOvVaw1x-XqBSOdl88G-S4cUvd3Y}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=CNA|title=This bishop in India is donating his kidney to save a Hindu life|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/33970/this-bishop-in-india-is-donating-his-kidney-to-save-a-hindu-life|access-date=2021-12-19|website=Catholic News Agency|language=en}}</ref> who had a kidney malfunction.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This Article is From May 29, 2016 Kerala Bishop Donates Kidney To Hindu Man, Says Religion Not A Concern|work=NDTV News|url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/kerala-bishop-donates-kidney-to-hindu-man-says-religion-not-a-concern-1413155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title="Do Unto Others": Bishop Muricken donates his kidney......|work=Mathrubhumi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/offbeat/-do-unto-others-bishop-muricken-donates-his-kidney-english-news-1.1091089}}</ref>

In 2020, he launched an online campaign – Justice for M3 (Maira, Minor, Minority) –— to "collectively take a stand against, and strongly condemn, the contemporary scenario of interminable discrimination against minorities, women, and specifically children around the globe." His campaign was focused on severe injustice towards women in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian bishop carries on fight against Pakistan abductions|work=UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/indian-bishop-carries-on-fight-against-pakistan-abductions/89393}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-16|title=A Christian Girl in Pakistan Pleas for Justice|url=https://thetablet.org/a-christian-girl-in-pakistan-pleas-for-justice/|access-date=2021-12-19|website=The Tablet|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Catholic altar girl in hiding in Pakistan after escaping abductor|work=UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/catholic-altar-girl-in-hiding-in-pakistan-after-escaping-abductor/893431}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muricken, Jacob}}
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kottayam]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mysore pak

2026-03-22T08:23:41Z

NaomiLoftis490: /* External links */Added courtesy and reference link from the Bengaluru South: bengalurusouth.nic.in

{{Short description|Sweet dish in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Mysore pak
| image = Mysore_pak.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| type = [[Dessert]]
| region = [[Mysore]], Karnataka
| country = India
| year =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Sugar]], [[gram flour]], [[ghee]]
| variations =
| calories =
}}
[[File:South Indian sweets or dessert called Mysore pak made from gram flour, powdered sugar and clarified butter.jpg|thumb|Regular Mysorepak pieces]]
'''Mysore pak''' (Kannada: ಮೈಸೂರು ಪಾಕ್, lit. 'Mysore's confection') is a traditional [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|Indian confectionery]] made primarily from [[gram flour]] (besan), [[sugar]], and [[ghee]] and often flavoured with [[cardamom]]. It originated in the royal kitchens of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], located in the present-day state of [[Karnataka]], India. The texture of this sweet is similar to both a [[fudge]] and a buttery dense [[cookie]]. Known for its rich, melt-in-the-mouth texture, Mysore pak is a signature sweet of Karnataka and is widely consumed across southern India during weddings, festivals, and celebrations. The sweet is also popular in [[Bangladesh]] (locally referred to as '''Monsur''') and [[Pakistan]].

==History==

Mysore pak was first prepared during the reign of [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], in the early 20th century. The Maharaja was known for his passion culinary arts of fine cuisine, maintained an elaborate royal kitchen in [[Mysore Palace]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysore Pak |url=https://ramanagara.nic.in/en/culinary-delight/mysore-pak/}}</ref>

According to tradition, a palace chef named '''Kakasura Madappa''' experimented with a simple mixture of gram flour, sugar, and ghee to create a new variant of [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|mithai]]. This resulted a confectionary which had a distinctive golden color with a soft, fudgy but slightly crunchy texture, and a rich taste. When asked by the Maharaja for the name of the dish, Madappa reportedly called it ''Mysorepak'', simply referring to the city Mysore with the suffix ''pak'' resembling the cooking process.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-26 |title=Guru Sweets In Mysore And The History of Mysore Pak |url=https://www.karnataka.com/recipe-and-food/guru-sweets-mysore-the-history-of-mysore-pak/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Karnataka.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Impressed by the dessert, the Maharaja encouraged the chef, Madappa to open a sweet shop outside the premises of the palace, leading to the establishment of the now-famous '''''Guru Sweets''''' in [[Devaraja Market]], Mysore. Today, the shop is run by Kumar, Nataraj and Shivanand, great-grandsons of Madappa and is still operated by Madappa's descendants. While the recipe had evolved over time, the shop continues to prepare Mysorepak using the original recipe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=Guru Sweets Mart - Mysuru |url=https://bxmysuru.com/guru-sweets-mart-mysuru/}}</ref>

[[File:Monsur - Bangladeshi Sweets from Banoful.jpg|thumb|Mysorepak in a [[Bangladesh]]i sweetshop labelled as ''Monsur'']]

After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Mysorepak was introduced to Bengali commons of [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]] by [[Stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh|Bihari Muslim immigrants]] in [[East Pakistan]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]) who settled in northern Bengal. It became referred to as ''Monsuri Mithai'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মনসুরী মিঠাই), or more commonly just as ''Monsur (''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মনসুর) and became a popular dessert in weddings and milad gatherings in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=আলম |first=এম আর |date=2023-08-08 |title=বেসন আর ছোলার ডালে বানানো সৈয়দপুরের মনসুরী মিঠাই |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/zx759605yg |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=প্রতিনিধি |first=নীলফামারী |date=2023-08-11 |title=মনসুরী মিঠাইয়ে মজেছে সৈয়দপুরবাসী |url=https://www.songbadprokash.com/country/mansuri-sweets-are-fun/61899 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=songbadprokash.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=হোটেল মালিক-কারিগরে টিকে রয়েছে মনসুরি মিঠাই |url=https://www.jagonews24.com/country/news/892173}}</ref>

This tradition was passed down through generations of an immigrant businessman Md Bholar Dabi with his shop originally named '''Dilkhusha Sweetmeat''' (later as ''Dilkhusha Mishtanna Bhandar'') in [[Saidpur, Bangladesh|Saidpur]]. However, unlike as a south Indian sweet, locals had traced its origins to an [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] confectioner Monsur Pathan whom its name had derived, flourished by the patronage of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal emperors]] in imperial [[Delhi]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> So called Monsur and Mysorepak had no major distinction and is considered as the same delicacy.

== Preparation ==
The preparation involves cooking sugar syrup to a precise consistency—traditionally known as ''paaka''—then gradually adding roasted [[Gram flour|gram flour (besan)]] and hot [[ghee]]. It is hard and porous when made with combination of ghee and oil. Moisture from the sugar syrup escapes as steam through the greased gram flour rendering Mysorepak porous. Excess ghee, if any, may fill in such pores rendering it dense. Constant stirring is required to ensure smoothness and prevent lumps. The mixture is cooked until it begins to leave the sides of the pan and is then poured into a greased tray, where it sets and is cut into cubes or rectangular blocks.

A key feature of Mysorepak is the mastery required to control the [[Candy making#Sugar stages|sugar-syrup stage]], ranging from thread consistency to [[Candy making#Sugar stages|softball]] stage which influences the final fudgy and crunchy texture of the sweet. Some modern adaptations use refined oil along with or instead of ghee, and may include cardamom for flavor or baking soda for texture. It is The classic version, however, is known for using generous amounts of ghee to achieve a rich flavor and melt-in-the-mouth consistency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitchen |first=Hebbars |date=12 February 2019 |title=mysore pak recipe | easy homemade mysore pak recipe |url=https://hebbarskitchen.com/mysore-pak-recipe-easy-homemade/ |website=Hebbar's Kitchen}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Cuisine of Karnataka]]
* [[Dharwad pedha]]
* [[Maddur vada]]
* [[Mangalore bajji]]
{{portal|Food
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Mysore pak}}
* [https://www.indianmirror.com/culture/indian-specialties/mysorepak.html Mysore pak] – Indian Mirror
*[https://bengalurusouth.nic.in/en/culinary-delight/mysore-pak/ Mysuru paka] – Bengaluru South
{{Mysore topics}}
{{Indian Dishes}}

[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Culture of Mysore]]
[[Category:Chickpea dishes]]

E. M. S. Namboodiripad

2026-03-19T06:27:36Z

NaomiLoftis490: expanded lead additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician (1909–1998)}}
{{Hatnote|This is an Indian name; Elamkulam is the name of the place, Manakkal is the family name, Sankaran is his given name and Namboodiripad is the caste title.}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = E. M. S. Namboodiripad
| honorific_prefix = ''[[Comrade]]''
| image = EMS Namboodiripad 2001 stamp of India.jpg
| office = 1st [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| term_start = 6 March 1967
| term_end = 1 November 1969
| predecessor = [[R. Shankar]]
| successor = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
| term_start1 = 5 April 1957
| term_end1 = 31 July 1959
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = [[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai|Pattom Thanu Pillai]]
| office2 = [[General Secretary]] of [[Communist Party of India]]
| term_start2 = 29 April 1962
| term_end2 = 11 April 1964
| predecessor2 = [[Ajoy Ghosh]]
| successor2 = [[Chandra Rajeswara Rao]]
| office3 = [[General Secretary]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start3 = 8 April 1978
| term_end3 = 9 January 1992
| predecessor3 = [[P. Sundarayya]]
| successor3 = [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
| birth_name = Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad
| birth_date = {{birth date|1909|6|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Perinthalmanna]], Madras Presidency, British India (now [[Malappuram district]], Kerala, India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1998|3|19|1909|6|13}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, India
| spouse = Arya Antharjanam (1937–2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/EMS-wife-passes-away/articleshow/1302677556.cms|title=EMS' wife passes away|website=The Times of India|date=3 January 2002 |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (from 1964)|otherparty=[[Communist Party of India]] (before 1964)
| children = 4<ref>{{cite news |title=E.M. Sreedharan dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/11/15/stories/2002111505110400.htm |date=15 November 2002 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 June 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| residence = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20070818124625/http://www.keralacm.gov.in/ems.htm Government of Kerala]
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
}}
'''Elamkulam Manakkal Sankaran Namboodiripad''' ({{ipa|ml|eːlɐŋɡuɭɐm mɐnɐjkːɐl ʃɐŋɡɐɾɐn n̪ɐmbuːd̪iɾipːaːɖə̆|lang}}, 13 June 1909 – 19 March 1998) was an Indian communist politician, theorist, author and statesman who served as the first [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] in 1957–1959 and then again in 1967–1969. As a member of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), he became the first [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]] in India not to be a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1964, he led a faction of the CPI that broke away to form the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)).

As chief minister, Namboodiripad pioneered radical land and educational reforms in Kerala, which helped it become the country's [[Kerala model|leader in social indicators]]. It is largely due to his commitment and guidance that the CPI(M), of which he was Politburo member and general secretary for 14 years, has become such a domineering political force, playing a vital role in India's new era of coalition politics.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-e-m-s-namboodiripad-1153957.html | newspaper=[[The Independent]] | first=Kuldip | last= Singh | date=1 April 1998 | title=Obituary: E. M. S. Namboodiripad | access-date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
E. M. Sankaran Namboodiripad was born on 13 June 1909, as the fourth son of Parameswaran Namboodiripad and Vishnudatha Antharjanam, at [[Elamkulam, Malappuram|Elamkulam]], situated on the banks of [[Thuthapuzha]] River, in [[Perinthalmanna taluk]] of the present [[Malappuram district]]. He belonged to a prominent Malayali [[Nambudiri|Nambudiri Brahmin]] family. His two elder brothers died before he was born, and the third brother was intellectually disabled. He lost his father when he was five.

During the 1921 [[Malabar rebellion]] he moved to [[Irinjalakuda]] as the belligerent attacked his house.{{Clarify|reason=Who is "the belligerent" in this case?|date=August 2025}} In his early years, he was a close friend of Sr. P. M. Mathew. He was associated with [[V. T. Bhattathiripad]], [[M. R. Bhattathiripad]] and many others in the fight against the casteism and conservatism that existed in the [[Namboothiri]] community. He became one of the office-bearers of [[Valluvanad (southern Malabar)|Valluvanad]]u Yogaskshema Sabha, an organization of progressive Namboothiri youth.

Namboodiripad graduated from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]. During his college days, he was deeply associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Indian independence movement]]. It is said{{By whom|date=August 2025}} he would walk 5–8 km to hear the firebrand Cochin politician [[V. J. Mathai]] speak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/aug/18/resurrecting-the-legend-of-vettath-mathai-800849.html|title=Resurrecting the Legend of Vettath Mathai|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 August 2015 |access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>

Namboodiripad was well known for his stammer.<ref>{{cite news|author=K. M. Tampi|date=17 May 2001|title=A colourful personality fades out from the Kerala scene|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://hindu.com/2001/05/17/stories/0217000m.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030506234204/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/17/stories/0217000m.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 May 2003}}</ref> When asked if he always stammered, he would reply, "No, only when I speak."<ref name="Smita Mitra and John Mary">{{cite magazine|author=Smita Mitra and John Mary|date=14 March 2011|title=Streaming Syllables|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?270735|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]}}</ref>

== Socialism ==
[[File:E-M-S-Namboodiripad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Namboodiripad in the late 1940s]]
In 1934, he was one of the founders of [[Congress Socialist Party]], a socialist wing within the [[Indian National Congress]], and elected as its All India Joint Secretary from 1934 to 1940. He edited the Malayalam newspaper ''[[Prabhatham]]'' which was the organ of the Congress Socialist Party in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Mass Media |url=http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf |publisher=[[University of Calicut]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019033306/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/cuonline/exnotif/ex4235.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |accessdate=11 February 2023 |pages=15–16}}</ref> During this period, he was also elected to the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]] (1939).

He remained committed to socialist ideals, and his compassion towards the working class led him to join the [[Communism in India|Communist movement]]. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] considered him to be one of the founders of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) in [[Kerala]], forcing him to go into hiding.{{When|date=March 2015|reason=from what year to what year?}} During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian war]], he was among leaders who aired China's view on the border issue. When the [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|CPI split in 1964]], EMS stood with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M)). He was the leader of the [[Kerala]] state committee of CPI(M). He served as a member of the [[Central Committee]] and the [[Politburo]] of the CPI(M) until his death in 1998. EMS became [[general secretary]] in 1977, a designation he held until 1992. A [[marxism|Marxist]] scholar, he influenced the development of [[Kerala]], of which he was the first [[chief minister]].

== Election to state government ==
===Early days===
[[File:Swearing in of CPI cabinet in Kerala, April 1957.jpg|thumb|Swearing-in ceremony of Namboodiripad as first [[Chief Minister of Kerala]], April 1957]]
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+ Kerala Assembly election results
|-
! |Election
! |Year
! |Party
! |Constituency
! |Result
|-
|[[Madras Legislative Assembly]]
|[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|Kozhikode
|{{No2|Lost}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Thrikaripur Assembly constituency|Thrikaripur]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Pattambi Assembly constituency|Pattambi]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
|[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan = "3"| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Alathur Assembly constituency|Alathur]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|}
A [[Communist Party of India|Communist]]-led government under E. M. S. Namboodiripad resulted from the first elections for the new Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1957, making him the first communist leader in India to head a popularly elected government.<ref name=tornquist91>{{cite journal | author= Olle Törnquist | year= 1991 | title= Communists and democracy: Two Indian cases and one debate | journal= Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars | publisher= Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars | volume= 23 | issue= 2 | pages= 63–76 | issn= 0007-4810 | url= http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v23n02.pdf | doi= 10.1080/14672715.1991.10413152 | quote= The first democratically elected communist-led government in India actually came to power in 1957 in the southwest-Indian state of Kerala. Two years later this government was undemocratically toppled-by the union government and the Congress-I party with Indira Gandhi in the forefront. But the communists were reelected and led several of the following state governments. | access-date= 20 September 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110811034858/http://criticalasianstudies.org/assets/files/bcas/v23n02.pdf | archive-date= 11 August 2011 | url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name="SinghKarafin2009">{{cite book|author1=Sarina Singh|author2=Amy Karafin|author3=Anirban Mahapatra|title=South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnLFpjEHpUC|access-date=6 January 2013|date=1 September 2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74179-155-6}}</ref> It was the second ever communist government to be democratically elected, after communist success in the 1945 elections in the [[Republic of San Marino]], a [[European microstate|microstate in Europe]].<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=50 years of development|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/50-years-of-development/article1655056.ece?ref=archive|access-date=30 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 April 2007|author=K.G. Kumar}}</ref><ref name="Desai2006">{{cite book|author=Manali Desai|title=State Formation and Radical Democracy in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=60m9znJQmmkC&pg=PA142|access-date=31 August 2013|date=27 November 2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-96774-4|page=142}}</ref><ref name="ChitkaraŚarmā1997">{{cite book|author1=Madan Gopal Chitkara|author2=Baṃśī Rāma Śarmā|title=Indian Republic: Issues and Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YrmNURVoroC&pg=PA134|access-date=18 November 2012|date=1 January 1997|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-836-1|page=134}}</ref><ref name="Mayne1999">{{cite book|author=Alan James Mayne|title=From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA59|access-date=30 August 2013|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96151-0|page=59}}</ref> On 5 April 1957 he was appointed as the first chief minister of Kerala.

===Liberation struggle===
{{main|Liberation Struggle (Kerala)}}

His government introduced the [[Land reform in Kerala|Land Reform Ordinance]] and [[Kerala Education Bill, 1957|Education Bill]]. In 1958, a period of anticommunist protest, the [[Vimochana Samaram]], began in response to the bills.

====Visit from Nehru====
On June 22, 1959, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] had a meeting with EMS, and others. Nehru made the visit to personally examine the collapse of the state's law and order after the "liberation struggle" (vimochansamaram) against the EMS government. The movement was led by Christian churches and Hindu caste organisations such as the [[Nair Service Society]] (NSS) headed by [[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]]. The movement saw widespread violence and counter-violence. All along the Nehru's route from the airport to the Raj Bhavan, crowds demanded EMS ministry’s dismissal by the centre. Nehru asked EMS, "How could you make so many enemies in such a short time?" Upon Nehru's return to Delhi, EMS government was dismissed on July 31.<ref name="z061">{{cite book | last=Lal | first=Shiv | title=1991 Electoral Politics, Sectarian Or Dynastic: Manifestoes & statewise reports | publisher=Election Archives | date=1991 | isbn=978-81-7051-078-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bOKAAAAMAAJ& | access-date=2025-11-23 | page=92}}</ref><ref name="f637">{{cite web | last=Radhakrishnan | first=M G | title=Rectification: An official party joke | website=mathrubhumi | date=2024-07-13 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/columns/view-from-my-window/rectification-an-official-party-joke-column-by-m-g-radhakrishnan-96380de2 | access-date=2025-11-23}}</ref><ref name="t811">{{cite book | last=Sundararajan | first=Saroja | title=Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography | publisher=Allied Publishers | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7764-326-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyFuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2025-11-23 | page=543|quote=Nair Service Society organised a violent campaign in Kerala in 1959 to " liberate " that State from the Communists}}</ref> Initially, Nehru was hesitant to dismiss a democratically elected government, but he was convinced by Congress President and his daughter, [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref>Moynihan, ''Dangerous Place'', 41</ref><ref>Godbole, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mYTmd3Kc0uEC&pg=PA84 ''Public Accountability and Transparency: The Imperatives of Good Governance''], 84.</ref>

===Later times===

[[File:Nicolae Ceaușescu and E. M. S. Namboodiripad.jpg|thumb|Namboodiripad with Romanian President [[Nicolae Ceauşescu]] in 1979.]]
Namboodiripad became the Chief Minister of Kerala for the second time in 1967 as the leader of a seven-party coalition ([[Saptakakshi Munnani]]) which included the CPI and Muslim League. Soon after becoming Chief Minister again, on 31 January 1968 he inaugurated a mechanized coir factory called Floorco in Pozhikkara, Paravur. This time Namboodiripad's tenure lasted for two and a half years, and the government fell on 24 October 1969 due to internal conflicts within the constituent parties.

Namboodiripad was the Leader of Opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from 1960 to 1964 and again from 1970 to 1977. His vision of decentralization of power and resources ([[People's Plan]]) and the Kerala Literacy Movement influenced Kerala society. He authored several books in English and Malayalam. Chintha Publication, Kerala has published all his books under the title, "E M S Sanchika". He also was well known as a journalist.

During the 1962 [[Sino-Indian war]], other parties portrayed left-wing parties as pro-China, since both were communist. Namboodiripad stated that the left was focused on solving the border dispute through talks.<ref name="Namboodiripad's writings">{{cite news | url= http://www.hindu.com/br/2004/11/16/stories/2004111600451403.htm | title= Book Review: Namboodiripad's writings | first=B. R. P. |last=BHASKAR | newspaper= [[The Hindu]] | date= 16 November 2004 | access-date= 14 March 2015 }}</ref>

=== Ministries ===
Namboodiripad led two ministries in Kerala.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Details of the Ministries led by E. M. S. Namboodiripad
!Sl no.
!Ministry
!Date formed
!Date dissolved
!Remarks
|-
|1
|[[First E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministry]]
|5 April 1957
|31 July 1959
|Dismissed under Article 356 in the aftermath of the so-called ''[[Vimochana Samaram|Liberation Struggle]]'' <ref>{{cite web|url=http://firstministry.kerala.gov.in/2017/04/01/vimochana-samaram/|title=Vimochana Samaram|website=First Ministry|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-date=14 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414040714/http://firstministry.kerala.gov.in/2017/04/01/vimochana-samaram/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[Second E. M. S. Namboodiripad ministry]]
|6 March 1967
|1 November 1969
|Tendered resignation as a result of internal dissensions and subsequent loss of majority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-chronicles-when-coalition-7-political-parties-came-together-only-fall-apart-63905|title=Kerala chronicles: When a coalition of 7 political parties came together only to fall apart|website=Live Mint|date=19 June 2017|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>
|}

== Association with Progressive Movement for Arts and Letters ==
Namboodiripad, [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai]], [[Joseph Mundassery]], [[M. P. Paul]] and [[K. Damodaran]] were architects of "JeevalSahitya Prastanam", renamed Purogamana Sahitya Prastanam ([[Progressive Association for Arts and Letters]]). Though the party considered Kesari one of the visionaries of the Progressive Movement for Arts and Letters in Kerala, serious differences of opinion emerged between full-time Communist Party activists and other personalities, namely Kesari and Mundassery. In this context, Namboodiripad famously accused Kesari of being a "[[petit-bourgeois]] intellectual", an appellation he retracted. Namboodiripad also acknowledged some of the earlier misconceptions of the Communist Party with respect to the Progressive Literature and Arts Movement. This debate is known as "Rupa Bhadrata Vivadam", an important milestone in the growth of modern [[Malayalam literature]].

== Death ==
[[File:Ems hospital.JPG|thumb|The E.M.S. Memorial Co-operative Hospital in [[Perinthalmanna]]]]
Despite his age and failing health, Namboodiripad was still active in political and social fields. He actively campaigned during the [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general election]]. Soon after the results were declared, he contracted pneumonia, and was admitted to the Cosmopolitan hospital in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], where he died at 3:40 p.m. ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 19 March 1998, aged 88.<ref>{{cite news |title=E M S Namboodiripad dead |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/mar/19ems.htm |access-date=7 November 2018 |work=Rediff.com |date=19 March 1998}}</ref> This was barely hours after he had dictated two articles for ''[[Deshabhimani]]'', a CPI (M) daily, and replies to a few letters.<ref name="death">{{cite magazine |last=Krishnakumar |first=R. |date=4–17 April 1998 |title=Farewell to EMS |url=http://www.frontlineonline.com/fl1507/15070040.htm |magazine=Frontline |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010219001750/http://www.frontlineonline.com/fl1507/15070040.htm |volume=15 |issue=7 |archive-date=19 February 2001}}</ref>

The state government declared a seven-day mourning. His body was draped in the CPI (M) flag and was taken to AKG Centre in the city where members of his family paid their respects, before it was taken to Durbar Hall and was kept for [[Viewing (funeral)|viewing]], where members of the public, and party leaders and workers paid their respects. Thousands of people joined the funeral procession and he was [[State funeral|cremated with full state honours]] in Thycaud electric crematorium in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name="death"/>

President [[K. R. Narayanan]] condoled his death and stated: "A scholar, historian and journalist, he was above all an educator of the people as well as their leader. Unremittingly, for the last several decades, he analysed the socio-political scene from the firm-rootedness of his intellectual position and enriched Indian political thought to his very last days." [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], who took office on the same day Namboodiripad died, recalled that Namboodiripad had brought to politics a sense of commitment and purpose and that he was a champion of the cause of the working classes and the downtrodden.<ref name="death"/>

Three more deaths occurred in his family within five years after his death, starting with his daughter-in-law Dr. Yamuna in August 2001, and later followed by his wife Arya Antharjanam in January 2002 and elder son E. M. Sreedharan in November 2002. E. M. Sasi, his younger son, died on 24 January 2022 after suffering from a massive heart attack.

== Family ==
Namboodiripad was married to Arya Antharjanam and had two sons – E. M. Sreedharan and E. M. Sasi – and two daughters – E. M. Malathy and E. M. Radha. His grandson (Sreedharan's son) [[Sujith Shankar]] is an actor.

== Writing ==
{{Main|E. M. S. Namboodiripad bibliography}}
He was a writer and author of [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad bibliography|several literary works]] and his book on the history of Kerala is notable.<ref name="Namboodiripad's writings" /><ref>[[Ramachandra Guha]], ''[[India after Gandhi]]'', p 294</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In the 2014 film ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'', [[Sudheesh]] reprises the role of Namboodiripad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/vasanthathinte-kanal-vazhikalil-film-on-p-krishna-pillai/article6590825.ece|title=Ode to a brave patriot|first=Saraswathy|last=Nagarajan|date=13 November 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kerala Council of Ministers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Citation
| last = Bakshi
| first = S. R.
| title = E. M. S. Namboodiripad: The Marxist Leader
| publisher = Anmol Publisher
| place = New Delhi
| year = 1994
| isbn = 978-8-1704-1703-3
}}
* {{Citation
| last = P. Govinda Pillai
| author-link = P. Govinda Pillai
| title = E. M. S. Namboodiripad
| publisher = [[National Book Trust]]
| place = New Delhi
| year = 2007
| language = ml
}}
* {{Citation
| last = Multiple authors
| title = History Maker: E. M. S. Namboodiripad (1909–1998)
| publisher = Frontline
| url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1507/fl150700.htm
| place = Chennai
| year = 1998
}}
* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|last=|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|E. M. S. Namboodiripad}}
* [https://www.andrewwhitehead.net/communist-voices-ems-namboodiripad.html EMS Namboodiripad talking about how he became a communist in the 1930s and the development of the Indian communist movement]

{{s-start}}
{{S-off
}}
{{s-bef
| before = (none)
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| years = 1957–1959
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Pattom Thanupillai]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[R. Sankar]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]
| years = 1967–1969
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[C. Achutha Menon]]
}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ppo}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[P. Sundarayya]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| years = 1978–1992
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Harkishan Singh Surjeet]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namboodiripad, E. M. S.}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Government Victoria College, Palakkad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:St. Thomas College, Thrissur alumni]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Kerala]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Communist Party of India]]
[[Category:General secretaries of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1960–1964]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1970–1977]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian political philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Indian economics writers]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Marxist writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Brahmins who fought against discrimination]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1965–1967]]

Kharagpur–Puri line

2026-03-15T17:34:09Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{Short description|Railway route of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Kharagpur–Puri Line ''including'' Cuttack–Paradip Line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Cuttack railway station.JPG
| image_width = 330px
| caption = [[Cuttack Junction railway station|Cuttack Junction]] is an important railway station on Kharagpur-Puri line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Kharagpur}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Puri}}
| stations =
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open = 1901
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]], [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|407|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = up to {{convert|130|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Kharagpur–Puri line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Kharagpur–Puri Line''' is a railway line connecting {{stnlnk|Kharagpur}} in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] and {{stnlnk|Puri}} in [[Odisha]]. The total line can be divided into sections. The Kharagpur–Khurda Road portion of this line, which is a part of the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] and Khurda Road - Puri portion.

== Kharagpur–Khurda Road Section ==
This section lies on the main Howrah-Chennai line. The length of this section is 363.1 km, and there are 65 intermediary stations.
The important stations in this sections are {{stnlnk|Balasore}}, {{stnlnk|Bhadrak}}, {{stnlnk|Jajpur Keonjhar Road}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/3540/167/219 | title=Full Time-Table for Kharagpur - Khurda Road Express/18021: Kharagpur to Khurda Road - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

== Khurda Road- Puri Section ==
The length of this section is 43.8 km, and there are 9 intermediary stations.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/34490/219/217 | title=Full Time-Table for Khurda Road - Puri Passenger Special (UnReserved)/08403: Khurda Road to Puri - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

==Geography==
The Kharagpur–Puri line traverses the northern part of the [[Eastern Coastal Plains]] crossing such rivers as [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]], [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]] and [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]]. The coastal plains lying between the [[Eastern Ghats]] and the [[Bay of Bengal]] are fertile agricultural lands with high density of population. The line enters the large delta of the {{convert|900|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long [[Mahanadi River|Mahanadi]], with a series of channels, near [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/india/Coastal-Plains-of-India/3029| title = Coastal Plains of India| publisher = Country facts – the world at your finger tips| access-date = 2013-01-17| archive-date = 30 May 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530005857/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/india/Coastal-Plains-of-India/3029| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.zahie.com/categories/details/social-studies/the-coastal-plains-of-india.html| title = The Coastal Plains of India| publisher = Zahie.com| access-date = 2013-01-17| archive-date = 18 September 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190918025928/http://www.zahie.com/categories/details/social-studies/the-coastal-plains-of-india.html| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.geol.lsu.edu/WDD/ASIAN/Mahanadi/mahanadi.htm |title = Mahanadi River Delta, India, Asia|publisher= The World Delta Database| access-date = 2013-01-17 }}</ref>

==History==
===Howrah–Chennai main line===
During the period 1893 to 1896, {{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of [[East Coast State Railway]] was built and opened to traffic. It necessitated construction of some of the largest bridges across rivers like [[Brahmani River|Brahmani]], [[Kathajodi River|Kathajodi]], Kuakhai and Birupa. [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]]'s line to Cuttack was fully opened after completion of the bridge over the [[Mahanadi]] in 1901.<ref name=ser>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | access-date = 2013-01-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archive-date = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The {{convert|514|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} long northern section of the East Coast State Railway was merged with BNR in 1902.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261 | title = History | publisher = East Coast Railway | access-date = 2013-01-02 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110131114416/http://www.eastcoastrail.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C261 | archive-date = 31 January 2011 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

The Khurda Road–Puri section was opened to traffic on 1 February 1897.<ref name=ser/>

The Khurda Road–Puri section have double lines in operation since July 2015.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/94803-ecors-rs279-cr-plan-for-bhubaneswar-puri.html| title = ECoR's Rs. 279-cr plan for Bhubaneswar, Puri| work = The Pioneer| date = 16 September 2012| access-date = 2013-01-02| archive-date = 26 September 2013| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130926030421/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhubaneswar/94803-ecors-rs279-cr-plan-for-bhubaneswar-puri.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Mayurbhanj links===
"Work has been begun by the Bengal–Nagpur Railway on the construction of a line from Kalimati to [[Gorumahisani|Gurumaishini]] hill, from which the iron ore is to be obtained."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P10_5B-S9D0C&q=Mayurbhanj+gazetteer+railway+kalimati&pg=PA217|title=Bengal District Gazetteers – Singhbhum, Saraikela and Kharsawan (first published 1910)|last=O'Malley|first=L. S. S.|publisher=Logos Press, Building No. 4788-90, Street No. 23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi–110002|work=page 217|year=2011|isbn=9788172682156|access-date=2013-01-02}}</ref>(Kalimati later became Jamshedpur/Tatanagar). That was the railway's early foray into Mayurbhanj State.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-22 |title=Railway museum to come up in Baripada |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/Nov/22/railway-museum-to-come-up-in-baripada-2226525.html |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> (Details of the Tatanagar–Gourmahisani line are available in [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line]].)

However, even before that [[Mayurbhanj State Railway]] linked [[Rupsa, India|Rupsa]] on the [[Howrah–Chennai main line]] with {{stnlnk|Baripada}} through a narrow-gauge line in 1905 and then extended it further.<ref name=Mayurbhanj>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mayurbhanj-state-railway/474611 |title = Mayurbhanj State Railway | last= Singh|first= Vikas|publisher= Express News Service|date=11 June 2009| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref> In his ''The East Coast'', Ian Manning has jotted down the experience of his travel in the narrow-gauge train.[http://www.irfca.org/articles/manning/rupsa.html] The [[Rupsa-Baripada-Bangriposi line|Rupsa–Baripada–Bangriposi line]] was converted to broad gauge between 1996 and 2006.<ref name=Mayurbhanj/>

===Paradip and other port links===
The foundation stone of the Cuttack–Paradip line was laid by Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] on 31 January 1962. It was opened to traffic in 1973.<ref name=ser/>

Opened in 1966, [[Paradip Port]] has laid out plans to expand its cargo-handling capacity from 76 million tonnes annually to 237 million tonnes by 2020. The entrance and approach channels are being deepened to handle vessels up to 1,25,000 DWT (slightly smaller than [[capesize]] vessels).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/paradip-port| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130803021423/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/paradip-port| url-status = dead| archive-date = 3 August 2013|title = Paradip port in expansion mode|date=4 April 2011| work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.paradipport.gov.in/| title = Paradip Port Trust| access-date = 2013-01-02| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180224035244/http://paradipport.gov.in/| archive-date = 24 February 2018| url-status = dead}}</ref>

[[Dhamra Port]], opened in 2011, has the capacity to handle [[capesize]] vessels up to 1,80,000 DWT. It is linked to Bhadrak with a 62 km long railway line. It is a joint venture of [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Tata Steel]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://m.indianexpress.com/story_mobile.php?storyid=889344|title = Finally, Dhamra port commissioned|newspaper= The Indian Express| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://article.wn.com/view/2011/12/18/Dhamra_port_dedicated_to_nation/ |title = Dhamra port dedicated to nation|work= Deccan Chronicle|date=18 December 2011| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=19348 |title = Singapore Co Gets Odisha Nod for Dhamra Port|work= Business Standard|date=3 April 1998| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref>

Apart from Dhamra, new ports are coming up at [[Kirtania port|Kirtania]] at the mouth of the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]], [[Astaranga]] in [[Puri district]] and Chudamani in [[Bhadrak district]]<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121451090500.htm |title = Odisha to become a State of ports | work=The Hindu Business Line|date=14 December 2009 | access-date = 2010-04-27 }}</ref> The 41 km long newly sanctioned line connecting {{stnlnk|Digha}} in West Bengal with Jaleswar on the Kharagpur–Puri line is expected to serve the new port at Kirtania.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,2,412,753,764| title = Upcoming projects in South Eastern Railway| publisher = South Eastern Railway| access-date = 2013-01-02| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401094258/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in//view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C2%2C412%2C753%2C764| archive-date = 1 April 2013| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Astaranga port will be connected to Bhubaneswar New Station on the Khurda Road–Puri line.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.odishatoday.com/Business/MoU_signed_for_Greenfield_port_at_Astaranga_231208-45187541797.html| title = MoU signed for Greenfield port at Astaranga| work = Odisha Today| access-date = 2013-01-02| archive-date = 20 February 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100220192907/http://www.odishatoday.com/Business/MoU_signed_for_Greenfield_port_at_Astaranga_231208-45187541797.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>

===Coalfield and iron ore mines links===
[[Talcher Coalfield]] with reserves of 38.65 billion tonnes, the highest in India,<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf | title =Coal Resources of India (As on 1.1.2004) | publisher =Coal Wing, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata | access-date =2012-11-30 | url-status =dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120327022156/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/gsiDoc/pub/IndiaCoalResources2004.pdf | archive-date =27 March 2012 | df =dmy-all }}</ref> is located on the [[Cuttack–Sambalpur line]].

The Barbil–Joda region is the highest iron ore-producing region in the country, with an annual output of around 40 million tonnes of lump and fines.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://business-standard.com/india/news/poor-demand-higher-scrap-import-hit-iron-ore-lump-rates/479428/ |title =Poor demand, higher scrap import hit iron ore lump prices|last= Mohapatra |first= Sadananda| work= Business Standard|date=5 July 2012| access-date = 2012-12-10 }}</ref> This region, as well as the Daitari-Kalinganagar mining-industrial region is linked through the Padapahar–Jakhapura and Kharasuan–Barbil lines. (See [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section]] for more information.)

==Electrification==
[[Howrah–Chennai Mail]] was the first train in South Eastern Railway to be hauled by a diesel engine ([[WDM-1]]) in 1965.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947-1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref>

The Howrah–Chennai route was completely electrified by 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html |title = IR History Part VII (2000–present) | publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref> Electrification was in stages. Hijli–Bakhrabad was electrified in 1998–99, Bakhrabad–Jaleswar in 2000–01, Jaleswar–Amarda Road in 2001–02, Amarda Road–Balasore in 2002–03, Balasore–Ranital in 2003–04, Bhadrak–Kenduapara in 1998–99, Kapilas Road–Rajatgarh in 2003–04, Rajatgarh–Barang in 2002–03, Barang–Bhubaneswar in 2002–03, and Bhubaneswar-Khurda Road in 2001–02.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref>

==Speed limits==
The entire Kharagpur–Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada main line is classified as a "Group B" line which can take speeds up to 130 km/h. Some of the branch lines such as Talcher–Rajatgarh–Salegaon–Nergundi, Cuttack–Paradeep, Radhakishorepur–Rajathgarh–Barang, Kapilas Road–Salegaon and Radhakishorepur–Machapur are classified as Group 'D Spl' lines. These sections already carry high traffic density or are likely to grow substantially in future. The sanctioned speed limit for such lines is 100 km/h.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRPWM/PermanentWayManualCh2_data.htm |title = Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way| access-date = 2013-01-02 }}</ref>

==Railway reorganization==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref name=ser/>[[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947 - 1970)| publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April 2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones/>

==Passenger movement==
{{stnlnk|Kharagpur}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack}}, {{stnlnk|Bhubaneswar}} and {{stnlnk|Puri}}, on this line, are amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |publisher=IRFCA |access-date=2012-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Accidents==
{{main|2023 Odisha train collision}}
In June 2023, at least 280 were killed after [[trains collide]]d near [[Bahanaga Bazar railway station]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-03 |title=India train crash kills over 280, injures 900; Modi visits disaster site |language=en-CA |work=The Globe and Mail |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-no-more-survivors-found-after-india-train-crash-kills-over-280-injures/ |access-date=2023-06-03}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1= [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvXclgA__sU Faluknama Express passing over Mahanadi bridge]
}}

|{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kharagpur-Puri line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division|*]]
[[Category:Kharagpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Kharagpur]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]

Farhan Akhtar

2026-03-13T02:34:12Z

NaomiLoftis490: quick fix

{{short description|Indian actor, filmmaker and singer (born 1974)}}
{{Good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farhan Akhtar
| image = FarhanAkhtar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Akhtar at an event for [[Karthik Calling Karthik]] in 2012
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|01|09}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| citizenship = 
| alma_mater = [[H.R. College of Commerce and Economics|H. R. College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker|singer}}
| years_active = 2001{{endash}}present
| parents = [[Javed Akhtar]] (father) [[Honey Irani]] (mother)
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage | [[Adhuna Bhabani]] | 2000 |2017|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage | [[Shibani Dandekar]]|2022}}
}}
| children = 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/wazir-shadow-creeps-up-on-farhan-marriage/cid/1513451|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401232520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160122/jsp/nation/story_65249.jsp|url-status=dead|title=Wazir shadow creeps up on Farhan marriage|archive-date=1 April 2017|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
| relatives = [[List of Hindi film clans#Akhtar-Azmi family|Akhtar family]]
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Farhan Akhtar|Full list]]
}}

'''Farhan Akhtar''' (born 9 January 1974)<ref>{{cite web|date=9 January 2008|title=Farhan Akhtar turns 34|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/09slid1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jan/09slid1.htm|archive-date=15 July 2011|access-date=1 March 2011|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] actor, filmmaker and singer who works in [[Hindi films]]. Born to screenwriters [[Javed Akhtar]] and [[Honey Irani]], he established the production company [[Excel Entertainment]], along with [[Ritesh Sidhwani]], in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Excel Entertainment|url=https://www.excelmovies.com/|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Excel Entertainment|language=en-US|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916215553/https://www.excelmovies.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Akhtar made his directorial debut with the coming-of-age film ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title=Farhan Akhtar shot in minus 10 degrees celsius in Ladakh for '120 Bahadur' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farhan-akhtar-shot-in-minus-10-degrees-celsius-in-ladakh-for-120-bahadur/articleshow/122972504.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> receiving critical acclaim for portraying realistic modern Indian youth, and winning the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|National Award for Best Hindi Film]] and Filmfare Awards for [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=National Awards Winners 2001: Complete list of winners of National Awards 2001|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2001/108|access-date=17 September 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/national-awards-winners/2001/108|url-status=live}}</ref> He then directed the war film ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-18 |title=Farhan Akhtar celebrates 16 years of 'Lakshya': Respect & gratitude to the Indian Army for their inspiration and support |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farhan-akhtar-celebrates-16-years-of-lakshya-respect-gratitude-to-the-indian-army-for-their-inspiration-and-support/articleshow/76438713.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> the action thriller ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' (2006) and its sequel ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-29 |title=Farhan Akhtar shot in minus 10 degrees celsius in Ladakh for '120 Bahadur' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/farhan-akhtar-shot-in-minus-10-degrees-celsius-in-ladakh-for-120-bahadur/articleshow/122972504.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As an actor, Akhtar made his screen debut with the musical drama ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-30 |title=Abhishek Kapoor: I faced difficulties while casting for Rock On!!, never had Arjun Rampal in mind |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/abhishek-kapoor-i-faced-difficulties-while-casting-for-rock-on-never-had-arjun-rampal-in-mind/articleshow/103178008.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> for which he won a second National Film Award for Best Hindi Film (as producer) as well as the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]]. He starred in, wrote the dialogues for, and produced the buddy-road film ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-15 |title='Zindagi Na Milega Dobara' turns 12: A look at heartwarming poems from film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zindagi-na-milega-dobara-turns-12-a-look-at-heartwarming-poems-from-film/articleshow/101775502.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> which won him Filmfare Awards for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]. Akhtar then portrayed athlete [[Milkha Singh]] in the biopic ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' (2013),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Priyanka |date=2025-07-14 |title=Farhan Akhtar's Bhaag Milkha Bhaag to re-release in theatres on August 8 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/farhan-akhtar-bhaag-milkha-bhaag-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-july-18-2755516-2025-07-14 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> winning the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. His subsequent roles were in the family drama ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'' (2015), the crime thriller ''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]'' (2016), and the dramas ''[[The Sky Is Pink]]'' (2019) and ''[[Toofaan]]'' (2021).

==Early life and family==
Farhan Akhtar was born in [[Mumbai]], the second child of screenwriters [[Javed Akhtar]] and [[Honey Irani]]. He has one elder sister, the writer–director [[Zoya Akhtar]]. His ancestors belonged to [[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He was very young when his parents divorced; his father married actress [[Shabana Azmi]] in 1984.<ref name="TB1">{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/216515/farhan-akhtar-for-the-love-of-friendship/ |title=Farhan Akhtar: For the love of friendship |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016213958/http://tribune.com.pk/story/216515/farhan-akhtar-for-the-love-of-friendship/ |archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> His mother retained the family home in [[Bandstand Promenade|Bandra Bandstand]] and raised her children there. Akhtar studied at Maneckji Cooper School in [[Mumbai]] and then pursued a law degree at [[HR College]], also in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-stars/20120112.htm |title=Just How Educated Are These Bollywood Actors? |publisher=Rediff |date=12 January 2012 |access-date=20 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716113043/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-stars/20120112.htm |archive-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> Akhtar's father, a [[Muslim]] by birth and culture, is a socialist and has described himself as an [[Atheism|atheist]]; Akhtar's mother, born into an [[Iranis (India)|Irani Zoroastrian]] family in India, is indifferent to religion, and was content to let her children grow up with no religion. Akhtar has stated that he is an atheist.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebs who are atheist |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-who-are-atheist/Farhan-Akhtar/articleshow/45068648.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004000245/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/celebs-who-are-atheist/Farhan-Akhtar/articleshow/45068648.cms |archive-date=4 October 2016 |access-date=16 September 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Akhtar's family hails from [[Khairabad, Sitapur|Khairabad]] in the [[Avadh]] region of present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], and he comes from a long lineage of [[Urdu]] poets. He is the grandson of Urdu poet [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]] and great-grandson of Urdu poet [[Muztar Khairabadi]].<ref name="sat">[https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1796 Jan Nisar Akhtar Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302184009/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1796 |date=2 March 2018 }} ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'' (Volume Two) (D -J). by Amaresh Datta. [[Sahitya Akademi]], 2006. {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}. pp. 1796–97.</ref><ref name="Muztar">{{Cite web|url=http://urduadab4u.blogspot.com/2012/02/muztar-khairabadi-renowned-urdu-poet.html|title=URDU ADAB: Muztar Khairabadi; a Renowned Urdu Poet|first=Israr|last=Ahmad|date=20 February 2012|access-date=29 January 2020|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129063928/http://urduadab4u.blogspot.com/2012/02/muztar-khairabadi-renowned-urdu-poet.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On his mother's side, Akhtar is the nephew of the child actress [[Daisy Irani (actress)|Daisy Irani]] and the first cousin of choreographer & director [[Farah Khan]] and film director [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]].<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/contributors/contributions/neeru-saluja/Farhan-Rocks/articleshow/10931800.cms |title=Farhan Rocks... |author=Neeru Saluja |date=30 November 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034636/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/neeru-saluja/30459201_1_farhan-akhtar-karthik-directorial-debut |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/17/bollywood-journal-career-favorites-from-farah-khan/ |title=Bollywood Journal: Career Favorites from Farah Khan |work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Beth |last=Watkins |date=17 January 2012 |access-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319054343/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/01/17/bollywood-journal-career-favorites-from-farah-khan/ |archive-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Farhan Akhtar and Shibani Dandekar at Homebound screening.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Akhtar with wife [[Shibani Dandekar]] in 2025]]
Akhtar married [[Adhuna Bhabani]] in 2000, after being in a relationship with her for 3 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2009/may/04/slide-show-7-actors-whose-spouses-are-not-from-film-world.htm |title=Stars, and their lesser known loves |publisher=Rediff |date=4 May 2009 |access-date=27 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017001221/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2009/may/04/slide-show-7-actors-whose-spouses-are-not-from-film-world.htm |archive-date=17 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Haimanti Mukherjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Men-hit-on-Farhan-Akhtar/articleshow/10028637.cms |title=Men hit on Farhan Akhtar |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=27 September 2012 |archive-date=15 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615100615/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-19/news-interviews/30172336_1_characters-actor-child |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> They first met during the filming of his directorial debut ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'', which also marked Bhabani's debut as a Bollywood hairstylist.<ref>{{cite web|title=It's official: Farhan Akhtar and Adhuna call it quits after 15 years of marriage|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-and-wife-adhuna-call-it-quits-after-16-years-of-marriage-2593660.html|website=Firstpost|access-date=5 March 2016|date=22 January 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223030113/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-and-wife-adhuna-call-it-quits-after-16-years-of-marriage-2593660.html|archive-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> The couple has two daughters named Shakya and Akira.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-bollywoods-cougar-couples-2322669.html |title=Bollywood's cougar couples! |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |first=Bincy |last=Pillai |date=3 August 2011 |access-date=17 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511194045/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-bollywoods-cougar-couples-2322669.html |archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref> On 21 January 2016, they announced their separation after 16 years of marriage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/farhan-akhtar-and-wife-adhuna-split-after-15-years-of-marriage/16884179|title=Farhan Akhtar and wife Adhuna split after 16 years of marriage|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=21 January 2016|access-date=21 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122162710/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/farhan-akhtar-and-wife-adhuna-split-after-15-years-of-marriage/16884179|archive-date=22 January 2016}}</ref> Their divorce was finalised on 24 April 2017, with Bhabani having custody of their children.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|date=25 April 2017|title=Farhan Akhtar divorces Adhuna Bhabani, she gets custody of daughters|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-divorces-adhuna-bhabani-she-gets-custody-of-daughters-4627352/|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628042705/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-divorces-adhuna-bhabani-she-gets-custody-of-daughters-4627352/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Akhtar started dating [[VJ (media personality)|video jockey]] [[Shibani Dandekar]] in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farhan Akhtar confirms he's dating Shibani Dandekar for a year, hints wedding may be on the cards|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-confirms-he-s-dating-shibani-dandekar-for-a-year-hints-wedding-may-be-on-the-cards/story-m3IbAxNQu6RPfNxO36Ns7J.html|date=6 March 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910181703/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-confirms-he-s-dating-shibani-dandekar-for-a-year-hints-wedding-may-be-on-the-cards/story-m3IbAxNQu6RPfNxO36Ns7J.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 February 2022, they got married in a non-religious ceremony at his [[Khandala]] farmhouse.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farhan Akhtar-Shibani Dandekar wedding: Javed Akhtar reads out poem for the occasion|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-shibani-dandekar-wedding-first-pictures-of-the-married-couple-hrithik-roshan-rhea-chakraborty-among-guests-at-khandala-venue-371298|date=19 February 2022|website=The Tribune|language=en|access-date=19 February 2022|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219235821/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/farhan-akhtar-shibani-dandekar-wedding-first-pictures-of-the-married-couple-hrithik-roshan-rhea-chakraborty-among-guests-at-khandala-venue-371298|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Akhtar worked as an apprentice in film distribution and direction for [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lamhe (1991) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/lamhe-7061/cast-crew|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=16 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916194741/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/lamhe-7061/cast-crew|url-status=live}}</ref> when he was 17 years old and later moved to an advertisement production house named "Script Shop" to spend an approximate 3 years there.<ref name="HT1">{{cite news |url=http://htsummit.hindustantimes.com/speakers/farhan-akhtar.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206014346/http://htsummit.hindustantimes.com/speakers/farhan-akhtar.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2011 |title=Farhan Akhtar |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=17 March 2012 |date=2 December 2011 |author=Sanjoy Narayan}}</ref> He also assisted [[Pankaj Parashar]] as a director in ''[[Himalay Putra]]'' (1997)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Himalay Putra (1997) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/himalay-putra-8215/cast-crew|access-date=16 September 2020|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=17 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917042657/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/himalay-putra-8215/cast-crew|url-status=live}}</ref> before launching himself into direction and writing.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/ny2009/TalkingPicture.aspx?pagenum=4&type=movies&ID=84&&caption= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113642/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/ny2009/TalkingPicture.aspx?pagenum=4&type=movies&ID=84&&caption= |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2011 |title=Fresh faces of 2008 |work=NDTV |first=Gauri |last=Katyal |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Directing, writing and producing ===
Akhtar made his writing and directorial debut with the critically acclaimed coming-of-age comedy-drama ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), produced by [[Excel Entertainment]], a production company he established along with [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Peerzade |first1=Samnun |url=https://www.hindientertainment.co.in/2019/03/direction-is-on-aishwaryas-mind.html |title=Direction Is on Aishwarya's Mind |work=[[hindientertainment.co.in]] |date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207022301/http://www.livemint.com/2008/08/29234827/Culture-list--Farhan-Akhtar.html |archive-date=7 December 2008}}</ref> It was shot over a period of three months in [[Sydney]], [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/06dimple.htm |title=Dimple: The Dil Chahta Hai surprise |publisher=Rediff |date=6 August 2001 |access-date=12 May 2012 |archive-date=13 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613193655/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/06dimple.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to its acclaim, he called it a "turning point" in his career.<ref name="IT1">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindientertainment.co.in/2019/03/Arbaaz-Khan-Gives-Funny-Reaction-About-Ex-Wife-Malaika-Aroras-Marriage.html |title=Arbaaz Khan Gives Funny Reaction About Ex-Wife, Malaika Arora's Marriage in Hindi |work=hindientertainment.co.in|date=31 March 2019 |access-date=1 April 2019 |first1=Sonali |last1=Joshi |first2=Lipika |last2=Varma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210082004/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/farhan-akhtar-don-2-director-kishore-kumar-shah-rukh-khan/1/166300.html |archive-date=10 February 2012}}</ref> The film dealt with the lives of [[westernised]] urban youth in [[Mumbai]]. Akhtar had written the script based on his trips to [[Goa]] and [[New York City]], as well as a narration of a story outline by a friend of his, Kassim Jagmagia, who would eventually become a co-producer at Excel Entertainment in the future.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/23farh.htm |title=Farhan Akhtar tells it like it is |publisher=Rediff |date=23 September 2002 |first=Aseem |last=Chhabra |access-date=2 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015130530/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2002/sep/23farh.htm |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref> It received international critical acclaim and attained an iconic status, with Akhtar receiving credit for starting a "new wave" in Indian cinema.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/farhan-akhtars-trade-fare/885567/0 |title=Farhan Akhtar's Trade Fare |work=The Indian Express |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=2 April 2012 |author=Dipti Nagpaul-D'Souza |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135614/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/farhan-akhtars-trade-fare/885567/0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Critic Ziya Us Salam praised Akhtar's direction and commented for ''[[The Hindu]]'': "In his maiden venture, [[Javed Akhtar]]'s son shows enough glimpses of his pedigree to indicate that promise will attain fulfilment sooner than later."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/09170225.htm |title=Film Review: Dil Chahta Hai |work=[[The Hindu]] |first=Ziya Us |last=Salam |date=17 August 2001 |access-date=18 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514034822/http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/09170225.htm |archive-date=14 May 2012}}</ref> Various award shows conferred accolades on the film and nominated it for several categories. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] for 2002, in addition to the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics)]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lagaan sweeps national film awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Lagaan-sweeps-national-film-awards/articleshow/17201060.cms |date=28 July 2002 |access-date=27 January 2009 |archive-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930133851/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-27/mumbai/27299580_1_film-on-social-issues-49th-national-film-awards-playback-singer |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Dil Chahta Hai to be screened at IFFI |date=30 July 2002 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dil-Chahta-Hai-to-be-screened-at-IFFI/articleshow/17589284.cms |access-date=19 March 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024020136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-30/news-interviews/27297321_1_kannada-film-indian-panorama-international-film-festival |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> the [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Palm Springs finds Bose just fine |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 February 2003 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/18049/ |access-date=19 March 2012 |author=United News of India}}</ref> and the [[Austin Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cinematic Convergence |work=The Austin Chronicle |date=15 October 2004 |url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:233369 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225022043/http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Issue/story?oid=oid:233369 |archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref> In the same year, he and his sister [[Zoya Akhtar]] assisted their [[Javed Akhtar|father]] in writing the English lyrics of a song in ''[[Lagaan]]'', for which the soundtrack was scored by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jun/01lagaan.htm |title=Lagaan: A ready reckoner |publisher=Rediff |first=Sukanya |last=Verma |date=1 June 2001 |access-date=20 May 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227022213/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/jun/01lagaan.htm |archive-date=27 February 2011}}</ref>

Akhtar's next project was the war drama ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004), a film about an aimless youngster finally setting a goal for himself, starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Preity Zinta]]. It was shot in [[Ladakh]], [[Dehra Dun]] and [[Mumbai]], and marked the beginning of the collaborations between Akhtar and Roshan.<ref name="RF1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/08farhan.htm |title=Lakshya is about Hrithik, about finding yourself |publisher=[[Rediff]] |first=Syed Firdaus |last=Ashraf |date=8 April 2004 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607050325/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/08farhan.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> He had to research the army before writing the script and directing the venture.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/More-painful-times-ahead-for-Farhan/articleshow/12649181.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715170035/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/More-painful-times-ahead-for-Farhan/articleshow/12649181.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=More painful times ahead for Farhan! |work=The Times of India |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> The theme of the film, as stated by Akhtar, was about "finding oneself". He also believed that if the same characters and situation were set elsewhere, the main core of the story would remain the same as the film was not about war, as it had been reported.<ref name="RF1" /> Post-release, the film failed to make a mark at the box office and became a commercial failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210&catName= |title=Box Office 2004 |publisher=Box office India |access-date=18 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151943/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=210 |archive-date=30 August 2012 }}</ref> Parul Gupta of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it a negative review and explained that "It's hard to reconcile to such triviality when it comes from Farhan Akhtar, considered the ultimate symbol of cool in Hindi filmdom."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/745334.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701143236/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-06-18/movie-reviews/27170093_1_preity-zinta-hrithik-roshan-romila |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Lakshya: Farhan misses target |first=Parul |last=Gupta |date=18 June 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> On the contrary, Manish Gajjar from ''[[BBC]]'' wrote, in his positive review: "Young Farhan Akhtar, proves yet again that he is one of the finest directors [[Bollywood]] has to date. He has paid full attention to the script and the technical aspects, giving rise to a polished product".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/06/lakshya_review.shtml |title=Lakshya review |work=BBC |access-date=18 March 2012 |first=Manish |last=Gajjar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617041624/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2004/06/lakshya_review.shtml |archive-date=17 June 2015}}</ref> Over the years, the film became a cult classic and was praised to be one of the best movies ever made.<ref name="i.t.lakshya">{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Tatsam |title=12 years of Lakshya: The film many did not get |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/lakshya-12-years-hrithik-roshan-farhan-akhtar-javed-akhtar-cult-14935-2016-06-18 |access-date=25 March 2022 |work=India Today |date=18 June 2016 |location=Delhi |language=en |archive-date=31 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831195259/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/lakshya-12-years-hrithik-roshan-farhan-akhtar-javed-akhtar-cult-14935-2016-06-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> 20 years after Lakshya was released, Akhtar, in an interview, stated that the movie made a huge impact in motivating youth across India to join the [[Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://medium.com/@harry.harikesh87/how-this-indian-movie-created-an-impact-amongst-indian-youth-back-in-2004-dd68e4250ee7|title= How this Indian Movie created an impact amongst Indian Youth back in 2004.|date= 13 August 2023}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Akhtar wrote the English lyrics of [[Gurinder Chadha]]'s [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film ''[[Bride and Prejudice]]'' (2004), along with his sister, [[Zoya Akhtar]], after being recommended by his [[Javed Akhtar|father]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?223942 |title=Farhan Akhtar |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |first=Saumya |last=Roy |date=17 May 2004 |access-date=19 March 2012 |archive-date=25 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125233217/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?223942 |url-status=live }}</ref> The music for the film was composed by [[Anu Malik]] and consisted of a mixture of [[Bollywood songs|Hindi songs]], ''[[West Side Story]]'', ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]'' and ''[[Grease (musical)|Grease]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-28/news/27544303_1_aishwarya-rai-bride-and-prejudice-indian-market |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707004032/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-04-28/news/27544303_1_aishwarya-rai-bride-and-prejudice-indian-market |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=Bride And Prejudice finds a Kiwi groom! |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=28 April 2003 |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref>

In 2006, Akhtar directed, produced and wrote the screenplay of ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the title role alongside [[Priyanka Chopra]], a remake of ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]'' (1978), starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Zeenat Aman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |title=Don — The Chase Begins Again Cast & Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526010131/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534291/Don+-+The+Chase+Begins+Again |archive-date=26 May 2012}}</ref> It marked his first project holding the status of a remake. The character of [[Don (character)|Don]] became iconic and popular. Despite this, he noted that he did not mean to be a "torchbearer of the remake brigade" and did not feel comfortable with being credited for the trend of remakes in the film industry.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/17farhan.htm |title=Farhan, his dad and the Don |publisher=Rediff |first1=Prem |last1=Panicker |first2=Raja |last2=Sen |date=17 October 2006 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020091131/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/17farhan.htm |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> The film released on 20 October 2006 and was declared a "hit" at the box office, grossing around {{INRConvert|1.05|b|year=2006}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat=< |title=Box Office worldwide |access-date=27 January 2009 |publisher=Box office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat= |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> The film was particularly noted for its dialogues.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/memorable-dialogues-from-don-news-bollywood-kkfviaiciif.html |title=Memorable dialogues from Don |website=[[Sify]] |date=27 September 2006 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225123052/http://www.sify.com/movies/memorable-dialogues-from-don-news-bollywood-kkfviaiciif.html |archive-date=25 February 2012 }}</ref> However, critics predominantly condemned Akhtar's direction and screenplay. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' said Akhtar had "climbed the ladder as far as craftsmanship is concerned [every frame is well decorated and makes a spellbinding impact] but despite a readymade classic at his disposal, the storyteller just doesn't get it right this time."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/534291 |title=Don — The Chase Begins Again |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |first=Taran |last=Adarsh |author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=20 October 2006 |access-date=19 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607030108/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/534291 |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2007, Akhtar produced the film ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'', directed by debutant [[Reema Kagti]] and starring [[Abhay Deol]], [[Minissha Lamba]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Boman Irani]]. The music for the film was composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]], marking their first collaboration with him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514805 |title=Honeymoon Travels Pvt Ltd. Cast & Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427093639/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/514805 |archive-date=27 April 2012}}</ref> Akhtar was supposed to make his acting debut with the film, but he had to be replaced by [[Abhay Deol]] as he was involved with ''Don''.<ref name="perfect choice" /> The film was financed and funded by Exim Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/news/banking-on-bollywood-is-not-easy/201517/0 |title=Banking on Bollywood is not easy |work=The Financial Express |date=12 July 2007 |access-date=25 September 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135617/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/banking-on-bollywood-is-not-easy/201517/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This was the first time Excel Entertainment collaborated with a different director as all their previous projects had been involving Akhtar as a director. The story of the film revolved around six couples who went to [[Goa]] on a honeymoon.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} The film opened up on 23 February and received mixed reviews from critics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/honeymoon-travels-pvt-ltd-review-bollywood-14395784.html |title=Honeymoon Travels Pvt Ltd. |website=[[Sify]] |first=Deepa |last=Gahlot |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410145632/http://www.sify.com/movies/honeymoon-travels-pvt-ltd-review-bollywood-14395784.html |archive-date=10 April 2014 }}</ref> and ended up with an "average" box office result.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115083410/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=214&catName=MjAwNw== |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2008 |title=Box Office 2007 |access-date=27 January 2009 |publisher=Box office India}}</ref>

In the same year, Akhtar directed ''[[Positive (2007 film)|Positive]]'', a film produced by Shernaz Italia and Frenzy Kodaiji, starring [[Boman Irani]] and [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/13754/index.html |title=Positive (2007) – Under Production |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 March 2012 }}{{dead link|date=July 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It was a short film running for 12 minutes. Dealing with a family's attitude towards a person suffering from [[HIV/AIDS|HIV-AIDS]], the film was shot in [[Mumbai]] and aimed at creating awareness about the problem. It also introduced [[Arjun Mathur]] in the film industry. Speaking about the purpose of the project, Akhtar stated that "Just as a social stigma, many people believe that an [[HIV]] patient should be isolated. They also have certain misconceptions about dealing with the disease. And since [[India]] has a lot of joint families, it becomes very important for them to understand the value of support to the person who has acquired this disease. This is exactly what Positive talks about." The film had its background score composed by [[Ram Sampath]] but had no soundtrack.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/image-farhan-akhtar-s-positive-outlook-on-hiv-news-bollywood-kkfuzUijbhf.html |title=Image: Farhan Akhtar's Positive outlook on HIV |website=[[Sify]] |author=Bollywood Hungama |date=18 October 2007 |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001190736/http://www.sify.com/movies/image-farhan-akhtar-s-positive-outlook-on-hiv-news-bollywood-kkfuzUijbhf.html |archive-date=1 October 2012 }}</ref> It was a part of the "AIDS JaaGo" ("AIDS Awake"), a series of four short films, directed by [[Mira Nair]], [[Santosh Sivan]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] and himself, in a joint initiative of [[Mira Nair]]'s [[Mirabai Films]], voluntary organisations [[Avahan]] and the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/22mira.htm |title=Mira Nair, Farhan Akhtar to make films on AIDS |publisher=Rediff |date=31 December 2004 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305171037/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/22mira.htm |archive-date=5 March 2007}}</ref>

Akhtar's first project in 2011 as a writer and producer was the [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] ''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]'', directed by [[Abhinay Deo]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Game (April 1, 2011) – Released |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/game-3/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116184721/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/game-3/cast/ |archive-date=16 November 2017 |access-date=21 March 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=April 2011 }}</ref> The lead cast consisted of [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Boman Irani]] and [[Jimmy Shergill]]. The film received highly negative reviews post release, with critics panning almost all the aspects of it.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Game/Article1-680275.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421042605/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Game/Article1-680275.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 April 2011 |title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Game |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |first=Mayank |last=Shekhar |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> At the box office, it had a poor opening, and later resulted in giving losses for the distributors, due to a heavily negative word-of-mouth. It was described as a "washout" by trade analysts.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/box-office/Game-is-FALTU-film-Viewers-game-for-FALTU/articleshow/7875058.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709172446/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-05/box-office/29384186_1_faltu-films-weekend-collection |url-status=live |archive-date=9 July 2012 |title=Game is FALTU film; Viewers game for FALTU |first=Gaurav |last=Malani |date=5 April 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>

Later that year, Akhtar wrote, produced and directed ''[[Don 2]]'', a sequel to his previous venture ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' (2006). It marked his return to direction after a gap of nearly 5 years. His decision of making a sequel was explained by him in an interview: "I am wary of sequels having to be made. With ''Don 2'' I could finally make an action thriller the way I wanted to. Good story, classic action and simple plot which has one goal and work towards it effectively and dramatically."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_don-2-will-touch-upon-don-s-past-farhan-akhtar_1623284 |title=Don 2 will touch upon Don's past: Farhan Akhtar |work=DNA India |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125064818/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_don-2-will-touch-upon-don-s-past-farhan-akhtar_1623284 |archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> The film was a major success in [[India]] and went on to become the year's highest-grossing [[Bollywood]] production in overseas markets<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108080927/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 January 2012 |title=Don 2 Top Overseas Grosser 2011 |publisher=Box Office India |date=4 January 2012 |access-date=4 January 2012}}</ref> with a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|2.1|b|year=2012}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120416-high-and-mighty-list-pawan-munjal-shah-rukh-khan-rahul-bhatia-ruias-malvinder-mohan-sajjan-jindal-758006-2012-04-07 |title=High and Mighty 2012: Rank 23 to 32 |work=India Today |date=7 April 2012 |access-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529015241/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/high-and-mighty-list-pawan-munjal-shah-rukh-khan-rahul-bhatia-ruias-malvinder-mohan-sajjan-jindal/1/183366.html |archive-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> It received predominantly positive reviews from critics,{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} with [[Khalid Mohammed]] stating: "Throughout, you can't help feeling that Farhan Akhtar could have made three far more valuable films out of the budget squandered on this thriller where cars are smashed as if they were tea cups."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/don-2-review-what-yawn-2-879 |title=Don 2 review: What a Yawn 2! |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=23 December 2011 |access-date=13 April 2012 |first=Khalid |last=Mohammed |author-link=Khalid Mohammed |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208095043/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/bollywood/don-2-review-what-yawn-2-879 |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, Akhtar produced and wrote the script of the [[neo-noir]] thriller ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Talaash: The Answer Lies Within|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=1 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902131241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/545485|archive-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> His production work was followed by the comedy films ''[[Fukrey]]'' (2013), ''[[Bangistan]]'' (2015) and ''[[Fukrey Returns]]'' (2017), the time-travel romance ''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]'' (2016) and the action film ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/farhan-akhtar-on-why-the-film-fukrey-is-close-to-his-heart-1.603607/|title=Farhan Akhtar on why the film Fukrey is close to his heart|last=Khan|first=Ujala Ali|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=10 June 2013|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211064211/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/film/farhan-akhtar-on-why-the-film-fukrey-is-close-to-his-heart|archive-date=11 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bangistan-movie-review/|title=Bangistan review: Riteish Deshmukh is a bit too grim, Pulkit Samrat a tad too chirpy|last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|work=The Indian Express|date=8 August 2015|access-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210140042/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bangistan-movie-review/|archive-date=10 December 2015}}</ref>

In 2024 he produced the film ''[[Boong (film)|Boong]].'' In January 2026, it was nominated in the [[BAFTA Award for Best Children's & Family Film|Best Children's and Family Film]] category at the [[79th British Academy Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |title=BAFTA 2026 nominations: Farhan Akhtar's Indian film Boong makes the cut |work=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2026 |url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/bafta-2026-nominations-announced-farhan-akhtars-indian-film-boong-makes-the-cut-in-childrens-category/articleshow/127627319.cms |access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref>

=== Acting and singing ===
In 2008, Akhtar made his solo acting and singing debut in the musical drama ''[[Rock On!!]]'', for which he wrote the script and also produced. The film was directed by [[Abhishek Kapoor]], and co-starred [[Prachi Desai]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Purab Kohli]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rock-on/cast/ |title=Rock On!! (August 29, 2008) – Released |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001606/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rock-on/cast/ |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> As he had been learning guitar ever since the start of his directing career, he had been well-versed with it and used it for the film. He played the role of Aditya, the lead singer of the rock band "Magik". He sang five songs for the soundtrack album.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080803/jsp/graphiti/story_9633305.jsp |title=Rock on, Farhan |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)]] |first=Aarti |last=Dua |date=3 August 2008 |access-date=20 March 2012 |location=Kolkata, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008040807/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080803/jsp/graphiti/story_9633305.jsp |archive-date=8 October 2013}}</ref> ''Rock On!!'' received critical acclaim upon release. Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' wrote that the film seemed to be "clearly designed by Farhan Akhar as his own acting debut and he doesn't let himself down. Lending voice to all his songs helps him to get into his character with effortless ease. One could certainly overlook the lisp in his dialogue delivery."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-29/news/27695630_1_rock-concert-abhishek-kapoor-farhan-akhtar |title=Rock On: Movie Review |work=The Economic Times |first=Gaurav |last=Malani |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-date=27 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227034406/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-08-29/news/27695630_1_rock-concert-abhishek-kapoor-farhan-akhtar |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manish Gajjar of ''BBC'' wrote of his performance: "Director-turned-actor, Farhan Aktar surprises all with his superb, flawless performance, transforming from a hippy-style lead-singer to a subdued, dismal workaholic banker."<ref>{{cite web |author=Rock OnReview by Manish Gajjar |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/09/05/bollywood_reviews_rock_on_feature.shtml |title=Shropshire — Entertainment — Rock On |publisher=BBC |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=2 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110213155553/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/09/05/bollywood_reviews_rock_on_feature.shtml |archive-date=13 February 2011}}</ref> Akhtar received several accolades for his debut performance. The film, in addition won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. However, it did not create an impact at the box office and turned out to be an "average" grosser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA== |title=Box Office 2008 |access-date=27 January 2009 |publisher=BoxOffice India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010804/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&catName=MjAwOA== |archive-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After refusing an offer to sing a song for [[A. R. Rahman]]'s album ''[[Blue (2009 film)|Blue]]'' (2009),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/sep/080909-Bollywood-Farhan-Akhtar-A-R-Rahman-song-Blue.htm |title=Farhan refuses A R Rahman's offer to sing a song in Blue |work=[[MiD-DAY]] |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |date=8 September 2009 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213042320/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/sep/080909-Bollywood-Farhan-Akhtar-A-R-Rahman-song-Blue.htm |archive-date=13 December 2012}}</ref> Akhtar acted in, and produced his sister [[Zoya Akhtar|Zoya]]'s directorial and written debut ''[[Luck By Chance]]'', alongside [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/luck-by-chance/cast/ |title=Luck By Chance (January 30, 2009) – Released |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=30 January 2009 |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116184846/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/luck-by-chance/cast/ |archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> He was cast in the film after being deemed as a "perfect choice" for it.<ref name="perfect choice">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/farhan-was-the-perfect-choice-for-luck-by-chance-zoya-akhtar-37673-2009-01-20 |title=Farhan was the perfect choice for Luck By Chance: Zoya Akhtar |work=India Today |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=20 January 2009 |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121090337/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Farhan+was+the+perfect+choice+for+Luck+By+Chance:+Zoya+Akhtar/1/25812.html |archive-date=21 January 2014}}</ref> The story of the film revolved around a struggling actor who arrives in [[Mumbai]] to become a [[movie star]]. It was released on 30 January 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_farhan-akhtar-doubly-anxious-for-sister-s-film_1218882 |title=Farhan Akhtar doubly anxious for sister's film |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=5 January 2009 |newspaper=[[DNA India]] |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031170719/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_farhan-akhtar-doubly-anxious-for-sister-s-film_1218882 |archive-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> Though failing to do well at the box office and being declared a "flop", the film received widespread critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2009 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510045009/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=288&catName=MjAwOQ== |archive-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger from ''[[The New York Times]]'' said: "It is Mr. Akhtar whose understated performance holds together this far-ranging, cameo-filled film. He manages to remain sympathetic even while wreaking romantic havoc."<ref>{{cite news |title=A Bollywood Satire |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2009/01/30/movies/30luck.html?partner=Rotten%20Tomatoes&ei=5083 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Neil |last=Genzlinger |date=29 January 2009 |access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] noted: "Farhan Akhtar delivers a simple-enough likeable performance that is just what the film required — no showy flourishes, no loud outbursts, just a straight off spontaneous act that works like a dream."<ref>{{cite news |title=Masand Verdict: Luck By Chance inspiring, fun |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-luck-by-chance-insightful-funny/84108-8.html |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |first=Rajeev |last=Masand |author-link=Rajeev Masand |date=4 February 2009 |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401221657/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masands-movie-review-luck-by-chance-insightful-funny/84108-8.html |archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref>

Following ''Luck By Chance'', Akhtar acted in a film titled ''[[The Fakir of Venice]]'', which was initially scheduled to release before ''[[Rock On!!]]'' and was supposed to be his acting debut. Due to several delays, it was premiered at the 2009 [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]]. It was written and directed by Anand Surapur, and accepted by Akhtar after he described its script as "very powerful", while emphasising that it "touches upon weaknesses and confusions in all human beings".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240656 |title=Farhan Akhtar |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=7 May 2012 |first=Lata |last=Khubchandani |archive-date=20 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120213751/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?240656 |url-status=live }}</ref> Before release, it premiered at the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Farhan-to-get-Hollywood-agent/articleshow/4491122.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708113550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-07/news-interviews/28155751_1_farhan-akhtar-indian-film-festival-hollywood |url-status=live |archive-date=8 July 2012 |title=Farhan to get Hollywood agent |date=7 May 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 May 2012}}</ref> and the [[Venice Film Festival]] at the [[ArcLight Hollywood]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-apr-16-et-screening16-story.html |title=Indian and Polish film festivals |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=16 April 2009 |access-date=12 May 2012 |first=Susan |last=King |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016080114/http://articles.latimes.com/2009/apr/16/entertainment/et-screening16 |archive-date=16 October 2012}}</ref> Kirk Honeycutt of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' praised the film and felt that "Akhtar, a producer, director and writer making his film debut here as an actor, is talented and handsome enough – and with looks that could translate into any number of ethnicities – to have a huge career ahead of him."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/fakir-venice-film-review-93083 |title=The Fakir of Venice – Film Review |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |first=Kirk |last=Honeycutt |date=26 April 2009 |access-date=14 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529025214/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/fakir-venice-film-review-93083 |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

Akhtar acted in, and produced his next film ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' (2010), a psychological thriller directed by Vijay Lalwani. He played Karthik, an introvert,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/karthik-calling-karthik-not-easy-%E2%80%93-farhan-akhtar |title=Karthik Calling Karthik is not easy – Farhan Akhtar |work=[[The Siasat Daily]] |author=Siasat Agencies |date=15 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919152458/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/karthik-calling-karthik-not-easy-%E2%80%93-farhan-akhtar |archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> paired opposite [[Deepika Padukone]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/karthik-calling-karthik/cast/ |title=Karthik Calling Karthik (February 26, 2010) – Released |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=26 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116185011/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/karthik-calling-karthik/cast/ |archive-date=16 November 2017}}</ref> Preparation for the role involved working on the [[Rubik's Cube]], which he learnt from the director.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Farhans-obsessed-about-Rubiks-cube/articleshow/4648442.cms |title=Farhan's obsessed about Rubik's cube |first=Kunal M. |last=Shah |date=12 June 2009 |access-date=21 March 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025201707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-12/news-interviews/28183899_1_rubik-cube-farhan-akhtar-s-homepage |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received mixed reviews, but Akhtar's performance received praise, with Sukanya Verma highlighting that "He conveys the anxiety, simplicity and frailty of Karthik even when the script isn't doing it for him. Perhaps it's his innate filmmaker instinct."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/25/review-karthik-calling-karthik.htm |title=Lots of static! |publisher=Rediff |first=Sukanya |last=Verma |date=25 February 2010 |access-date=21 March 2012 |archive-date=18 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618042512/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/25/review-karthik-calling-karthik.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film had a good opening at the box office, as it was targeted towards the youth of the multiplexes.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} However, it failed to do well at the box office and became a "below average" grosser.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918072239/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA== |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 September 2010 |title=Box Office 2010 |publisher=Box office India |access-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Abhay Deol Farhan Akhtar still6.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Akhtar with [[Abhay Deol]] promoting ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'']]

Akhtar produced and appeared as one of the three leads in his sister, [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' along with [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Abhay Deol]], [[Katrina Kaif]] and [[Kalki Koechlin]]. He was also credited as the scriptwriter for the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara/cast/ |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (July 15, 2011) – Released |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112060441/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara/cast/ |archive-date=12 November 2017}}</ref> He was the first actor to be cast in the film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/oct/291009-zoya-akhtar-road-movie-farhan.htm |access-date=21 July 2011 |title=Zoya Akhtar's next a road movie, brother Akhtar to play lead |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=29 October 2009 |author=Indo-Asian News Service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223131827/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2009/oct/291009-zoya-akhtar-road-movie-farhan.htm |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref> and described his role as a "fun character" and a "guy who for the longest time takes nothing seriously".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/don-2-follows-srks-character-into-a-different-adventure-farhan/ |title="Don 2 follows SRK's character into a different adventure" – Farhan |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 February 2012 |date=19 February 2011 |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001402/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/don-2-follows-srks-character-into-a-different-adventure-farhan/ |archive-date=17 November 2017}}</ref> His real life father, [[Javed Akhtar]] wrote poetry for the film, which he performs as a [[voice-over]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2238243.ece?homepage=true |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720133719/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2238243.ece?homepage=true |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2011 |title=Love, life and friends |work=The Hindu |first=Sangeetha Devi |last=Dundoo |date=18 July 2011 |access-date=27 March 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> His performance received widespread critical acclaim, with Shaikh Ayaz of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' highlighting his lines as "gentle, they won't make you ROFL; they are more like tender dig in the ribs."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-is-fresh/20110715.htm |title=Review: Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara is fresh |work=Rediff.com |first=Shaikh |last=Ayaz |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716232056/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-is-fresh/20110715.htm |archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref> Kaveree Bamzai of ''[[India Today]]'' called his acting "sensitive, soulful", further saying that he was "perfectly capable of reading out his father's poetry."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/zindagi-milegi-na-dobara-movie-review-137555-2011-07-14 |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara review |work=India Today |first=Kaveree |last=Bamzai |date=15 July 2011 |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320015411/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/zindagi-milegi-na-dobara-movie-review/1/144897.html |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The film made {{INRConvert|1.53|b|year=2011}} worldwide and was declared a major commercial success at the box office.<ref name=boiworldwidegross>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |title=Top Worldwide Grossers ALL TIME: 37 Films Hit 100 Crore |publisher=Box office India |access-date=3 February 2012 |date=3 February 2012 |author=BOI Trade Network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |archive-date=5 February 2012}}</ref> It also became one of the highest grossing [[Bollywood]] films overseas, earning around US$7.25 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat= |title=Top Overseas Grossers ALL TIME: Three Idiots Number One |publisher=Box office India |author=BOI Trade Network |date=21 January 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215000432/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3946&nCat= |archive-date=15 February 2012 }}</ref> It won two [[National Film Awards|National Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vidya Balan wins National Award for 'The Dirty Picture' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Vidya-Balan-wins-National-Award-for-The-Dirty-Picture/articleshow/12173411.cms |date=7 March 2012 |access-date=27 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430015945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-07/news-interviews/31131831_1_lyrics-award-chillar-party-nitesh-tiwari |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=30 April 2013}}</ref>

Following ''Don 2'', his next acting venture was the biopic ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' (2013), based on the Indian athlete [[Milkha Singh]], popularly known as 'the Flying Sikh'. His performance received critical acclaim and earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3240 |title=Farhan Akhtar as Milkha Singh in Bhaag Milkha Bhaag |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406014258/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3240 |archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref> He also had to prepare his looks to depict a 17-year-old [[army recruit]] and endure an on-the-spot preparation at an army [[cantonment]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Farhan-Akhtar-to-play-a-teen/articleshow/12634011.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710160250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/news-interviews/31330539_1_milkha-singh-farhan-akhtar-mehra |url-status=live |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=Farhan Akhtar to play a teen |series=Mumbai Mirror |date=12 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 April 2012}}</ref>

In 2014, Akhtar starred alongside [[Vidya Balan]] in the [[romantic comedy]] ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]'' directed by [[Saket Chaudhary]] and produced by [[Pritish Nandy]]. It was a sequel to ''[[Pyaar Ke Side Effects]]'' (2006).<ref name="SKSE">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Vidya-Farhan-to-team-up-for-a-sequel/articleshow/13774787.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104004056/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-04/news-interviews/32007467_1_skse-farhan-akhtar-sequel |url-status=live |archive-date=4 January 2013 |title=Vidya, Farhan to team up for a sequel |date=4 June 2012 |author=Upala KBR |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 June 2012}}</ref> In 2015, Akhtar starred in his sister [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]'', an ensemble family comedy-drama starring [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Shefali Shah]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Ranveer Singh]] and [[Anushka Sharma]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Guha|first=Kunal|title=Film Review: Dil Dhadakne Do|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Dil-Dhadakne-Do/articleshow/47547376.cms|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=5 June 2015|access-date=5 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606131650/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Film-review-Dil-Dhadakne-Do/articleshow/47547376.cms|archive-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2016, Akhtar played the lead role of an [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] officer in [[Bejoy Nambiar]]'s ''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]''. It was his first action role as an actor, and for which he went through intense physical training and put on eight kilograms of weight.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-on-his-first-action-film-wazir-i-got-to-beat-people-up/|title=Farhan Akhtar on his first action film 'Wazir'|last=Bajwa|first=Dimple|work=The Indian Express|date=6 January 2016|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109091504/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-on-his-first-action-film-wazir-i-got-to-beat-people-up/|archive-date=9 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/farhan-akhtar-undergoes-vigorous-training-for-wazir/15782169|title=Farhan Akhtar undergoes vigorous training for 'Wazir'|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=21 November 2014|access-date=16 December 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094304/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/farhan-akhtar-undergoes-vigorous-training-for-wazir/15782169|archive-date=22 December 2015}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] in his review called him "pretty good [..] in the initial portions, but his performance starts to unravel once the film hits hysterical gear and he is required to do more than frown."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-wazir-is-a-childish-game-of-chess/20160108.htm|title=Review: Wazir is a childish game of chess|last=Sen|first=Raja|work=Rediff.com|date=8 January 2016|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-wazir-is-a-childish-game-of-chess/20160108.htm|archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> Akhtar also sang the duet "Atrangi Yaari" with [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for the flm.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bhachan-farhan-akhtar-record-duet-for-wazir/|title=Amitabh Bhachan, Farhan Akhtar record duet for 'Wazir'|work=The Indian Express|date=13 December 2015|access-date=9 January 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111190111/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bhachan-farhan-akhtar-record-duet-for-wazir/|archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> The film emerged as a box-office success.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-numbers-not-disappointing-vidhu-vinod-chopra/|title='Wazir' numbers not disappointing: Vidhu Vinod Chopra|work=The Indian Express|date=2 February 2016|access-date=3 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203093131/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/wazir-numbers-not-disappointing-vidhu-vinod-chopra/|archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> Akhtar's final release of the year was the [[rock musical]] drama ''[[Rock On 2]]'', a sequel to ''Rock On!!'' (2008). He reprised his role of Aditya Shroff, the lead singer of his band.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-rock-on-2-review-farhan-alhtar-s-movie-doesn-t-become-the-sequel-we-all-expected-2272399|title=Rock on 2 Review: Farhan Akhtar's movie doesn't become the sequel we all expected!|last=Joshi|first=Tushar|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=11 November 2016|access-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205142823/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-rock-on-2-review-farhan-alhtar-s-movie-doesn-t-become-the-sequel-we-all-expected-2272399|archive-date=5 December 2016}}</ref> The film was Akhtar's attempt to bring [[Northeast India]] into popular culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/rock-on-2-an-attempt-to-bring-north-east-into-pop-culture-farhan-akhtar/story-T2lLEkuZEICMX5KAWv9cKO.html|title=Rock On 2 an attempt to bring North-East into pop culture: Farhan Akhtar|last=Jha|first=Subhash K|work=Hindustan Times|date=16 August 2016|access-date=10 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107011858/http://www.hindustantimes.com/hollywood/rock-on-2-an-attempt-to-bring-north-east-into-pop-culture-farhan-akhtar/story-T2lLEkuZEICMX5KAWv9cKO.html|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Akhtar essayed the role of a [[Dawood Ibrahim]]-alike mafia don Maqsood in ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]'', co-starring [[Arjun Rampal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/daddy-2/critic-review/daddy-2-movie-review/|title=Daddy Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 September 2017 |access-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911102328/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/daddy-2/critic-review/|archive-date=11 September 2017}}</ref> His next release was the prison drama ''[[Lucknow Central]]'', co-starring [[Diana Penty]], [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Deepak Dobriyal]]. The film was about a prison escape drama planned by a group of prisoners who also form a music band and was inspired by a real incident.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-did-you-know-farhan-akhtar-s-lucknow-central-is-inspired-by-a-true-story-2542906|title=Did you know? Farhan Akhtar's 'Lucknow Central' is inspired by a true story|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=4 September 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905095610/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-did-you-know-farhan-akhtar-s-lucknow-central-is-inspired-by-a-true-story-2542906|archive-date=5 September 2017}}</ref> ''Lucknow Central'' was released on 15 September 2017 and met with mixed reviews and low financial returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-simran-lucknow-central-get-poor-opening/20170918.htm|title=Box Office: Simran, Lucknow Central get poor opening|last=Mirani|first=Vinod|work=Rediff.com|date=18 September 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921132300/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-simran-lucknow-central-get-poor-opening/20170918.htm|archive-date=21 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/simran-lucknow-central-box-office-collection-both-films-record-marginal-rise-over-weekend-4054949.html|title=Simran, Lucknow Central box office collection: Both films record marginal rise over weekend|publisher=Firstpost|date=18 September 2017|access-date=22 September 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923002423/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/simran-lucknow-central-box-office-collection-both-films-record-marginal-rise-over-weekend-4054949.html|archive-date=23 September 2017}}</ref>

Akhtar's next release, the biographical drama ''[[The Sky Is Pink]]'' (2019), co-starring Priyanka Chopra, [[Zaira Wasim]] and [[Rohit Saraf]], premiered at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and received a 15-minute standing ovation from the audience at the [[Roy Thomson Hall]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-17 |title='The Sky Is Pink' Gets Standing Ovation At Its World Premiere At TIFF 2019 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/entertainment-news-the-sky-is-pink-gets-standing-ovation-at-its-world-premiere-at-tiff-2019-news-338836 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> The film received widespread critical acclaim,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Suparno |date=2019-10-10 |title=Sky Is Pink movie review and rating: Critics can't stop praising Priyanka Chopra-Farhan Akhtar starrer |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sky-pink-movie-review-rating-critics-cant-stop-praising-priyanka-chopra-farhan-akhtar-starrer-806940 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> but failed to do well commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=19 October 2019 |title=Priyanka Chopra and Farhan Akhar's The Sky Is Pink - A commercial flop that deserves better |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/priyanka-chopra-and-farhan-akhars-the-sky-is-pink-a-commercial-flop-that-deserves-better-4549841.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122111930/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/priyanka-chopra-and-farhan-akhars-the-sky-is-pink-a-commercial-flop-that-deserves-better-4549841.html |archive-date=2025-01-22 |access-date=1 February 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref> Akhtar received training for boxing<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-thrilled-to-have-paresh-rawal-on-board-toofan-2223288.html|title=Farhan Akhtar 'thrilled' to have Paresh Rawal on board 'Toofan'|website=Zee News|last=Shikha|first=Shruti|date=30 July 2019|access-date=31 July 2019|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731052143/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-thrilled-to-have-paresh-rawal-on-board-toofan-2223288.html|url-status=live}}</ref> for his next release ''[[Toofan (2021 film)|Toofan]]'', a sports drama, directed by [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]], which premiered on 21 May 2021 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Farhan Akhtar's pugilist drama Tofaan to release on OTT on May 21, confirms director Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtars-pugilist-drama-tofaan-release-ott-may-21-confirms-director-rakeysh-omprakash-mehra/|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=10 March 2021|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310060009/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtars-pugilist-drama-tofaan-release-ott-may-21-confirms-director-rakeysh-omprakash-mehra/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2026 it was announced he would portray musician [[Ravi Shankar]] in ''[[The Beatles – A Four-Film Cinematic Event]]'', a biographical film series about [[the Beatles]] directed by [[Sam Mendes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=2026-02-12 |title=Sam Mendes’ Beatles Biopic Movies Add Lucy Boynton, Farhan Akhtar, Morfydd Clark, Harry Lawtey |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/beatles-movies-lucy-boynton-morfydd-clark-1236503570/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Other work ==

[[File:Farhan-Akhtar.jpg|thumb|Akhtar at a tree planting event in 2012]]
Akhtar appeared as one of the nine judges in the beauty pageant [[Femina Miss India]] (2002).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/1338411300.cms|title=Mumbai flags off catwalk to centre of the universe|work=The Times of India|date=13 January 2002|access-date=13 April 2012|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011135624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mumbai-flags-off-catwalk-to-centre-of-the-universe/articleshow/1338411300.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was the judge on the first season of the dance-reality show ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' (2005). He hosted a TV show on [[NDTV Imagine]], called ''[[Oye! It's Friday!]]'' in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811260904.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210100632/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200811260904.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2008 |title=Farhan Akhtar to dabble in television production now |access-date=27 January 2009 |work=The Hindu |date=26 November 2008 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He has endorsed several brands as a part of his career, especially after the release of ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''. These include [[Hindustan Unilever]]'s [[water purifier]] product titled Pureit, [[United Breweries Group#United Spirits|Chivas Regal]], [[Britannia Industries|Britannia]] Nutri Choice Biscuits, [[IndusInd Bank]], [[Dulux|Dulux Paint]], [[Titan Industries]] and [[Paracetamol|Crocin+2]].

[[Men Against Rape and Discrimination]], or MARD ({{lit|Man}}), is a social campaign launched by Akhtar. The idea came to him when, in August 2012, Pallavi Purkayastha, a lawyer by profession, was sexually assaulted and then killed by her residence's watchman.<ref name=ToI>{{cite news |title=Farhan Akhtar launches campaign against 'rape and discrimination' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Farhan-Akhtar-launches-campaign-against-rape-and-discrimination/articleshow/18947551.cms |access-date=15 March 2013 |archive-date=30 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330222419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-13/news-interviews/37681387_1_farhan-akhtar-shaadi-ke-side-effects-milkha-singh |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live }}</ref>

He is the board member of [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Academy of Moving Image - Trustees Site |url=https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |website=www.mumbaifilmfestival.com |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120104803/https://www.mumbaifilmfestival.com/festival/trustees |url-status=live }}</ref> He has also been the Regional [[UN Women Goodwill Ambassador|UN Women Ambassador for South Asia]] since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UN Women Goodwill Ambassador Farhan Akhtar |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/goodwill-ambassadors/farhan-akhtar |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=UN Women |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117200350/https://www.unwomen.org/en/partnerships/goodwill-ambassadors/farhan-akhtar |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, Farhan received the Kamla Bhasin Award<ref>{{Cite web |last=BHATTACHARYA |first=ROSHMILA |title='Farhan surprised me by gifting me a BMW' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/honey-irani-my-son-farhan-akhtar/20240109.htm |access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Rediff |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525055207/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/honey-irani-my-son-farhan-akhtar/20240109.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> for his efforts in promoting gender equality in [[South Asia]].

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="3" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Director
!Writer
!Producer
|-
|2001
! scope=row |''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2004
! scope=row |''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|2006
! scope=row |''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don – The Chase Begins Again]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
! scope=row |''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-

! scope=row |''[[Positive (2007 film)|Positive]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| Short film
|-

|2008
! scope=row |''[[Rock On&excl;!]]''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2009
! scope=row |''[[Luck by Chance]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2010
! scope=row |''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
! scope=row |''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Don 2]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2012
! scope=row |''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]''
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2013
! scope=row |''[[Fukrey]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
! scope=row |''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
|
|{{Partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Bangistan]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
! scope=row |''[[Baar Baar Dekho]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Rock On 2]]''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
! scope=row |''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Fukrey Returns]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2018
! scope=row |''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[3 Storeys]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2019
! scope=row |''[[Gully Boy]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
! scope=row |''[[Toofaan]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Hello Charlie]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2022
! scope=row |''[[Sharmaji Namkeen]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Phone Bhoot]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
! scope=row |''[[Friday Night Plan]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Fukrey 3]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2024
! scope=row |''[[Madgaon Express]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Boong (film)|Boong]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Yudhra]]''
|
|{{partial|Dialogues}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row | [[Agni (2024 film)|''Agni'']]
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2025
! scope=row |''[[Superboys of Malegaon]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]''
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Songs of Paradise]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[120 Bahadur]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|<ref>{{cite news |date=4 September 2024 |title=Farhan Akhtar to play Param Vir Chakra recipient Major Shaitan Singh in 120 Bahadur; shoot commences to tell the tale of Battle of Rezang La |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-play-param-vir-chakra-recipient-major-shaitan-singh-120-bahadur-shoot-commences-tell-tale-battle-rezang-la/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|}

====Acting credits====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2008
! scope=row | ''[[Rock On&excl;!]]''
| Aditya Shroff
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2009
! scope=row | ''[[Luck by Chance]]''
|Vikram Jaisingh
|
|-
! scope=row |''[[The Fakir of Venice]]''
|Adi
|
|-
| 2010
! scope=row | ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]''
| Karthik Narayan
|
|-
| 2011
! scope=row | ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''
| Imran Qureshi
|
|-
| 2013
! scope=row | ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]''
| [[Milkha Singh|Sardar Milkha Singh]]
|
|-
| 2014
! scope=row | ''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''
| Siddharth Roy
|
|-
| 2015
! scope=row | ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| Sunny Gill
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
! scope=row | ''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]''
| Danish Ali
|
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Rock On 2]]''
| Aditya Shroff
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
! scope=row | ''[[Daddy (2017 film)|Daddy]]''
| Maqsood
| Cameo appearance
|-
! scope=row | ''[[Lucknow Central]]''
| Kishan Mohan Girhotra
|
|-
| 2019
! scope=row | ''[[The Sky Is Pink]]''
| Niren Chaudhary
|
|-
| 2021
! scope=row | ''[[Toofaan]]''
| Aziz Ali
|
|-
| 2023
! scope=row | ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''
| Ben Andrews
| Voiceover
|-
| 2025
! scope=row | ''[[120 Bahadur]]''
| [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Shaitan Singh]]
|<ref>{{cite news |date=4 September 2024 |title=Farhan Akhtar to play Param Vir Chakra recipient Major Shaitan Singh in 120 Bahadur; shoot commences to tell the tale of Battle of Rezang La |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/farhan-akhtar-play-param-vir-chakra-recipient-major-shaitan-singh-120-bahadur-shoot-commences-tell-tale-battle-rezang-la/ |access-date=4 September 2024 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2028
! scope=row {{pending film|italic=yes|[[The Beatles – A Four-Film Cinematic Event]]}}
| [[Ravi Shankar]]
| Filming
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2005
! align="left" | ''[[Nach Baliye]]''
| Judge
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/staying-in-step/cid/1538409|title=Staying in step|date=24 December 2005|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=1 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2009
! align="left" | ''[[Oye! It's Friday!]]''
| rowspan="2" | Host/presenter
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/after-oye-it-s-friday-farhan-akhtar-is-returning-to-tv/story-07IOIzpy52UIyrCzSAsLOM.html|title=After Oye! It's Friday, Farhan Akhtar is returning to TV|date=27 August 2015|work=Hindustan Times|location=Mumbai|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501025725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/after-oye-it-s-friday-farhan-akhtar-is-returning-to-tv/story-07IOIzpy52UIyrCzSAsLOM.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
! align="left" | ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 2017–present
! align="left" | ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]''
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="4" | Executive producer
|-
| 2018–present
! align="left" | ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2019–present
! align="left" | ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2019
! align="left" | ''Fukrey Boyzzz''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2022
! align="left" |''[[Ms. Marvel (miniseries)|Ms. Marvel]]''
|Waleed
| Episode "[[Seeing Red (Ms. Marvel)|Seeing Red]]"
|-
| 2022
! align="left" |''[[Eternally Confused and Eager for Love]]''
| {{n/a}}
| rowspan="3" | Executive producer
|-
| 2023
! align="left" |''[[Dahaad]]''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2023–present
! align="left" |''[[Bambai Meri Jaan]]''
| {{n/a}}
|-
| 2024
! align="left" |''[[Angry Young Men (mini series)|Angry Young Men]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
! scope="row" | ''[[The Roshans]]''
| Documentary |<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-roshans-trailer-netflix-docu-series-explores-hrithik-roshan-and-familys-legacy-priyanka-chopra-srk-feature-too-101736418693020.html|title=The Roshans trailer: Netflix docu-series explores Hrithik Roshan and family's legacy; Priyanka Chopra, SRK feature too|last=Nyayapati|first=Neeshita|work=Hindustan Times|date=2025-01-09|accessdate=2025-01-11}}</ref>
|-
! align="left" |''[[Dabba Cartel]]''
| {{n/a}}
| Executive producer
|}

== Discography ==
2019 – ''Echoes'' Album (Songs from the album)
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*Rearview Mirror
*Seagull
*Solitary Childhood
*My Friend Who Was,
*Why Couldn't It Be Me?
*If Love Isn't Enough
*Pain Or Pleasure
*Bird On A Wire
*Be All You Can Be
*Let's Be Friends Again
*Don't Say It's The End
*Rearview Mirror- Ash Howes Mix
*Seagull- Ash Howes Mix
{{div col end}}

=== Playback singer ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Title || Song
|-
|rowspan=6|2008
|rowspan=6|''[[Rock On!!]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rock-on!!/id285598633 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823151811/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/rock-on!!/id285598633 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2014 |title=Rock On!! |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| "Socha Hai"
|-
| "Pichle Saat Dinon Mein"
|-
| "Rock On!!"
|-
| "Tum Ho Toh"
|-
| "Sinbad The Sailor"
|-
|rowspan=4|2011
|rowspan=4|''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-original/id508346358 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515154649/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/zindagi-na-milegi-dobara-original/id508346358 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 May 2014 |title=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=iTunes |access-date=21 May 2012}}</ref>
|-
| "[[Señorita (ZNMD song)|Señorita]]"
|-
| "Toh Zinda Ho Tum"
|-
| "Señorita" (Remix)
|-
|rowspan=3|2014
|rowspan=3|''[[Shaadi Ke Side Effects]]''
| "Yahaan Wahaan"
|-
| "Bawla Sa Sapna"
|-
| "Aahista Aahista"
|-
|rowspan=2|2015
|rowspan=2|''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
| "Dil Dhadakne Do"
|-
| "Gallan Goodiyan"
|-
||2016
||''[[Wazir (film)|Wazir]]''
| "Atrangi Yaari"
|-
|rowspan=4|2016
|rowspan=4| ''[[Rock On 2]]''
| "Jaago"
|-
| "You Know What I Mean"
|-
| "Manzar Naya"
|-
| "Woh Jahaan"
|-
||2018
||''[[Bharat Ane Nenu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/310318/farhan-akhtar-telugu-song-debut-bharat-ane-nenu.html|title=Farhan Akhtar makes his Telugu song debut with Bharat Ane Nenu|date=31 March 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=31 March 2018|archive-date=31 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173955/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/310318/farhan-akhtar-telugu-song-debut-bharat-ane-nenu.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| "I Don't Know"
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Farhan Akhtar}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* {{IMDb name|1027719}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|farhan-akhtar}}
* {{Official website|https://www.excelmovies.com/}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Farhan Akhtar
|list =
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay}}
{{IIFAAwardBestActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestSupportingActor}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role}}
{{ScreenAwardBestActor}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMaleDebut}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestActorMale}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorMale}}
}}
{{Farhan Akhtar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akhtar, Farhan}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:United Nations goodwill ambassadors]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]

Protestantism

2026-03-12T06:20:22Z

NaomiLoftis490: fix

{{Short description|Major branch of Christianity}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
[[File:Lutherstadt_Wittenberg_09-2016_photo06.jpg|thumb|The door to [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg|All Saints' Church]] in [[Wittenberg]], where [[Martin Luther]] posted his ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' in 1517 detailing his concerns with what he saw as the [[Catholic Church]]'s abuse and corruption. The ''Ninety-five Theses'' gave rise to Christian Protestantism as one of the world's primary religions, making Wittenberg the "cradle of Protestantism".]]
{{Protestantism|expanded=Topics}}{{Christianity|expanded=hide}}
'''Protestantism''' is a form of [[Christianity]]{{efn|Protestantism is typically classified as a division of [[Western Christianity]] defined by opposition to the [[Catholic Church]], though [[Eastern Protestant Christianity|Eastern Protestant]] denominations have developed in protest of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]] instead.}} that emphasizes [[Justification (theology)|justification]] of sinners [[Sola fide|through faith alone]], the teaching that [[Salvation in Christianity|salvation]] comes by unmerited [[Grace in Christianity|divine grace]], the [[priesthood of all believers]], and the [[Bible]] as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.<ref name="WELS2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs|title=Methodist Beliefs: In what ways are Lutherans different from United Methodists?|year=2014|publisher=Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod|access-date=22 May 2014|quote=The United Methodists see Scripture as the primary source and criterion for Christian doctrine, emphasizing the importance of tradition, experience, and reason for Christian doctrine. Lutherans teach that the Bible is the sole source for Christian doctrine. The truths of Scripture do not need to be authenticated by tradition, human experience, or reason. Scripture is self-authenticating and is true in and of itself.|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522105449/http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/questions-answers/christian/methodist-beliefs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YGqVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|title=Mothering the Fatherland: A Protestant Sisterhood Repents for the Holocaust|first=George|last=Faithful|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0199363476|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=YGqVAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[five solae|five ''solae'']] summarize the basic theological beliefs of mainstream Protestantism.

Protestants follow the [[Christian theology|theological]] tenets of the [[Reformation|Protestant Reformation]], a movement that began in the 16th century with the goal of reforming the [[Catholic Church]] from perceived [[Criticism of the Catholic Church|errors, abuses, and discrepancies]].<ref>Löffler, K. (1910), [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm Pope Leo X] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501164045/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09162a.htm |date=1 May 2012 }}, [[The Catholic Encyclopedia]], New York: Robert Appleton Company, "The immediate cause was bound up with the odious greed for money displayed by the Roman Curia, and shows how far short all efforts at reform had hitherto fallen...Abuses occurred during the preaching of the Indulgence. The money contributions, a mere accessory, were frequently the chief object, and the "Indulgences for the Dead" became a vehicle of inadmissible teachings...(The pope) gave himself up unrestrainedly to his pleasures and failed to grasp fully the duties of his high office."</ref>{{efn|Some movements such as the [[Hussites]] or the [[Lollards]] are also considered Protestant today, although their origins date back to centuries before the launch of the Reformation. Others, such as the [[Waldensians]], were later incorporated into another branch of Protestantism; in this case, the Reformed branch.}} The Reformation began in the [[Holy Roman Empire]]{{efn|Especially in German contexts, [[Saxony]] is often described as the "motherland of the Reformation" ({{langx|de|Mutterland der Reformation}}).}} in 1517, when [[Martin Luther]] published his ''[[Ninety-five Theses]]'' as a reaction against abuses in the sale of [[indulgence]]s by the Catholic Church, which purported to offer the remission of the [[Purgatory|temporal punishment]] of sins to their purchasers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC|title=Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania 1517–1740|first=C. Scott|last=Dixon|date=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1444328110|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002943/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC|url-status=live}}</ref> Luther's statements questioned the Catholic Church's role as negotiator between people and God, especially when it came to the indulgence arrangement, which in part granted people the power to purchase a certificate of pardon for the penalization of their sins. Luther argued against the practice of buying or earning forgiveness, claiming instead that salvation is a gift God gives to those who have faith.<ref name="auto2">{{Citation |last=Methuen |first=Charlotte |editor-first1=Ulinka |editor-last1=Rublack |title=Education in the Reformation |date=2015-12-10 |work=The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646920.013.20 |access-date=2025-05-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199646920.013.20 |isbn=978-0-19-964692-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Lutheranism]] spread from Germany{{efn|At the time Germany and the surrounding region was fragmented into [[States of the Holy Roman Empire|numerous states]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Areas which turned Protestant were primarily located in northern, central and eastern areas of the Empire.}} into [[Denmark–Norway]], [[History of Sweden (1523–1611)|Sweden]], [[Finland under Swedish rule|Finland]], [[Terra Mariana|Livonia]], and [[History of Iceland#Iceland under Norwegian and Danish kings (1262–1944)|Iceland]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA9|title=Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism|first1=Günther|last1=Gassmann|first2=Duane H.|last2=Larson|first3=Mark W.|last3=Oldenburg|date=2001|publisher=Scarecrow Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0810866201|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610070110/https://books.google.com/books?id=Htz8M1Xlqi4C&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Calvinist]] churches spread in Germany,{{efn|Several states of the Holy Roman Empire adopted Calvinism, including the [[Electoral Palatinate|County Palatine of the Rhine]].}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Hungary]], the [[Habsburg Netherlands|Netherlands]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]], [[France in the early modern period|France]], [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]], led by [[Protestant Reformers]] such as [[John Calvin]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]] and [[John Knox]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1asvyE-1DUkC&pg=PT19|title=Calvinism|first=Abraham|last=Kuyper|orig-year=1899|year=2015|publisher=Primedia E-launch LLC|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1622090457|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610070117/https://books.google.com/books?id=1asvyE-1DUkC&pg=PT19|url-status=live}}</ref> The political separation of the [[Church of England]] from the Catholic Church under [[Henry VIII|King Henry VIII]] began [[Anglicanism]], bringing England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement, under the leadership of reformer [[Thomas Cranmer]], whose work forged Anglican doctrine and identity.{{efn|For further information, see [[English Reformation]]. In this article, Anglicanism is considered a branch of Protestantism as a part of movements derived directly from the 16th century Reformation. While today the [[Church of England]] often considers itself to be a ''[[via media]]'' between Protestantism and the Catholic Church, until the rise of the [[Oxford Movement]] in the 1830s the church generally considered itself to be Protestant. (Neill, Stephen. ''Anglicanism'' Pelican 1960, pp. 170, 259–260)}}

Protestantism is divided into various denominations on the basis of [[Christian theology|theology]] and [[Protestant ecclesiology|ecclesiology]].<ref name="Hillerbrand">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Hillerbrand |editor-given=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |volume=1–4 |year=2004 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92472-6 |url={{Google books|id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=59}} |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349 |url-status=live}}</ref> Protestants adhere to the concept of an [[Church invisible|invisible church]], in contrast to the Catholic, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the [[Assyrian Church of the East]], and the [[Ancient Church of the East]], which all understand themselves as the only original church—the "[[one true church]]"—founded by [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] (though certain Protestant denominations, including historic Lutheranism, hold to this position).<ref name="Karl Heussi 1956 pp. 317–319">Heussi, Karl (1956). ''Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte'', 11., Tübingen (Germany), pp. 317–319, 325–326</ref><ref name="Remensnyder1893" /><ref name="Frey1918" /> A majority of Protestants{{efn|In 2011, the Pew Research Center estimated that there were 800,640,000 Protestants. Of these, 61.8%, or 494,795.520 people, were members of the largest Protestant denominational families. This includes: 10.8 Historical pentecostal churches (86,469,120 people),10.6% (84,867,840 people) Anglican, 9.7% (77,662,080 people) Lutheran, 9% (72,057,600 people) Baptist, 7.5% (60,048,000 people) Presbyterian/Reformed/Congregational (7% Presbyterian/Reformed, or 56,044,800 people and 0.5%, or 4,003,200 people, Congregational), 7.2% (57,646,080 people) United Church, 3.4% (27,221,760 people) Methodist, 2.7% (21,617,280 people) Adventist, 0.5% (4,003,200 people) Brethren, 0.3% (2,401,920 people) Salvation Army and 0.1% (80,0640 people) Moravians.<ref name="Pew Research Center's Forum on Religion and Public Life 21, 70">{{citation |author=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Forum on Religion and Public Life |date=19 December 2011 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |title=Global Christianity |pages=21, 70 |access-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134849/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref>}} are members of a handful of Protestant denominational families; [[Anglicanism|Anglicans/Episcopalians]], [[Baptists]], [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinist/Reformed]],{{efn|This branch was first called ''Calvinism'' by Lutherans who opposed it, but many find the word ''Reformed'' to be more descriptive.<ref name="Hägglund 2007">{{cite book |last=Hägglund|first=Bengt|title=Teologins Historia|language=de|trans-title=History of Theology|others=Translated by Gene J. Lund|edition=Fourth Revised|year=2007|location=Saint Louis|publisher=Concordia Publishing House}}</ref> It includes [[Presbyterianism]], [[Congregational church|Congregationalism]], many of [[united and uniting churches]], as well as historic [[Continental Reformed church]]es in France, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, and elsewhere.}} [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Methodism|Methodists]] and [[Moravian Church|Moravians]].<ref name="pewforum1">{{cite web |date=19 December 2011 |title=Pewforum: Global Christianity |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101114257/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2013 |access-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Adventism|Adventists]], [[Pentecostals]], [[Quakerism|Quakers]], [[Plymouth Brethren]], independent churches also known as [[Nondenominational Christianity]], and [[Charismatic movement|Charismatic Christianity]] can also be considered part of Protestantism broadly speaking. Independent/Non-Denominational churches are on the rise, having recently expanded rapidly throughout much of the world.<ref>[http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/evangelical-churches World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107095948/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/evangelical-churches/ |date=7 January 2015 }}: "Evangelical churches have grown exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and continue to show great vitality, especially in the global South. This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement, which are closely associated with evangelicalism. However, there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition "per se" has become one of the major components of world Christianity. Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches. In regions like Africa and Latin America, the boundaries between "evangelical" and "mainline" are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities."</ref><ref>[https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-traditions/ Christian Traditions], [[Pew Research Center]], 2011, "The third group broadly defined as Protestants in this report is independent Christians. Independent Christians have developed ecclesial structures, beliefs and practices that are claimed to be independent of historic, organized Christianity.10 Independent Christians include denominations in sub-Saharan Africa that identify as independent from historically Protestant denominations, churches in China that are not affiliated with official religious associations and nondenominational churches in the United States."</ref><ref>Anckar, Carsten (2022), Religion and Democracy: A Worldwide Comparison, p103, "Wide definition of Protestantism...includes Protestants, Marginal Christians, Anglicans, Christian Independents, and unaffiliated Christians"</ref><ref>Johnstone, Patrick, ''The Future of the Global Church: History，Trends and Possibilities'', p115</ref><ref name="CSGC">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Todd M. |last2=Zurlo |first2=Gina A. |last3=Hickman |first3=Albert W. |last4=Crossing |first4=Peter F. |title=Christianity 2017: Five Hundred Years of Protestant Christianity |journal=International Bulletin of Mission Research |date=January 2017 |volume=41 |issue=1 |page=42 |doi=10.1177/2396939316669492 |quote=If Independent churches are considered as offshoots of Protestantism, then the “wider” Protestants’ share of global Christians is even higher. For example, Protestants and Independents together represent more than 40 percent of all Christians in 2017.}}</ref> These various movements, collectively labeled "popular Protestantism"{{efn|A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation.}} by scholars such as [[Peter L. Berger]], have been called one of the contemporary world's most dynamic religious movements.<ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16|title=Religion in Global Civil Society|editor-first=Mark|editor-last=Juergensmeyer|chapter=Religion and Global Civil Society|last=Berger|first=Peter L.|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0198040699|access-date=8 January 2016|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319211612/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ic5pyiIkTxAC&pg=PA16|url-status=live}}</ref>

Strictly and historically speaking however, Protestantism includes only the denominations that emerged directly during the [[Protestant Reformation]], and does not include later branches such as [[non-denominational Christianity]] and others.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pentecostal movement and charismatization |date=24 May 2022 |publisher=Evangelische Verlagsanstalt |isbn=978-3-374-07096-1 |page=16 |language=en |quote=It is equallly impossible to find a common description for all the traditional churches that emerged from the Reformation. This study document refers to them all as historical Protestant churches or traditional confessional churches - over against the Pentecostal churches that emerged in the 20th century. In the broadest sense, this subsumes the traditional Protestant denominations which see themselves directly or indirectly as Reformation churches, such as Lutherans, Reformed, United, Presbyterians, Mennonites, Baptists and Methodists. In Germany, the term "historical Protestant churches" is usually taken to mean the regional churches belonging to the EKD, together with the traditional Reformation free churches (Baptists, Mennonites and Methodists among others).}}</ref><ref name="Voorst2014">{{cite book |last1=Voorst |first1=Robert E. Van |title=Readings in Christianity |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-1-305-14304-3 |page=164 |language=en |quote=The Magisterial Reformation denotes the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican churches; this is sometimes labeled the mainstream of the Reformation. ''Magisterial'' means that secular authorities ("magistrates") had a role in the life of the church; church and state were closely tied.}}</ref> In 2004, Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total Protestant population of 833,457,000,<ref name="books.google.pl">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Hillerbrand |editor-given=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |volume=1–4 |year=2004 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92472-6 |page=2 |url={{Google books|id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=2}} |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[World Christian Encyclopedia|World Christian Database]] estimated 637,856,000 Protestants and 426,370,000 Independents (mostly non-denominational Pentecostals who do not self-identify as Protestants) in early 2026.<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase">{{cite web |last1=Zurlo |first1=Gina A. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |last3=Crossing |first3=Peter F. |title=Status of Global Christianity, 2026, in the Context of 1900 –2075 |url=https://dev.worldchristiandatabase.org/static/downloads/Status-of-Global-Christianity-2026.2b54be19fc0c.pdf |website=www.worldchristiandatabase.org |publisher=Brill |language=en |date=2026}}</ref><ref name="Independents">{{cite web |title=Independent Christianity |url=https://www.gordonconwell.edu/blog/independent-christianity/ |website=Gordon Conwell |language=en |date=13 May 2020 |quote=Independent Christians are defined as Christians who do not self-identify with the other major traditions: Orthodox, Protestant or Catholic. They are independent of historic, organized, institutionalized and denominationalist Christianity...Most Independent movements originating in Africa, Europe and Latin America are also Pentecostal/Charismatic in belief and practice.}}</ref><ref name="CSGC" />{{TOC limit|3}}

==Terminology==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Gedaechtniskirche Speyer Sued.jpg
| caption1 = [[Gedächtniskirche, Speyer|Memorial Church]], finished and consecrated in 1904 in [[Speyer]], Germany, commemorates the [[Protestation at Speyer|Protestation]].
| image2 = Protestierende-Speyer Worms Lutherdenkmal (37a).jpg
| caption2 = ''The Protesting Speyer'', part of the [[Luther Monument (Worms)|Luther Monument]] in [[Worms, Germany]]
}}

Six princes of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and rulers of fourteen [[Imperial Free City|Imperial Free Cities]], who issued [[protestation at Speyer|a protest]] (or dissent) against the edict of the [[Diet of Speyer (1529)]], were the first individuals to be called Protestants.<ref name="etymonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=protestant|title=protestant – Origin and meaning of protestant |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=31 December 2014|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231135327/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=protestant|url-status=live}}</ref> The term ''protestant'', though initially purely political in nature, later acquired a broader sense, referring to a member of any Western church which subscribed to the main Protestant principles.<ref name="etymonline.com"/> A Protestant is an adherent of any of those Christian bodies that separated from the Church of Rome during the Reformation, or of any group descended from them.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Definition of Protestant |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protestant |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015034937/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/protestant |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the Reformation, the term ''protestant'' was hardly used outside of German politics. People who were involved in the religious movement used the word ''evangelical'' ({{langx|de|evangelisch}}). Gradually, ''protestant'' became a general term, meaning any adherent of the Reformation in the German-speaking area. It was ultimately somewhat taken up by Lutherans, even though [[Martin Luther]] himself insisted on ''Christian'' or ''evangelical'' as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed faith in Christ. [[Huguenots|French]] and [[Reformation in Switzerland|Swiss Protestants]] instead preferred the word ''reformed'', which became a popular, neutral, and alternative name for Calvinists.

The word ''evangelical'', which refers to [[the gospel]], was widely used for those involved in the religious movement in the German-speaking area beginning in 1517.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmaid |title=The Reformation: A History |location=New York |publisher=Penguin |year=2003 |author-link=Diarmaid MacCulloch |page=xx|title-link=The Reformation: A History}}</ref> ''Evangelical'' is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran, Calvinist, and United (Lutheran and Reformed) Protestant traditions in Europe, and those with strong ties to them. Above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the [[German-speaking Europe|German-speaking area]], such as the [[Protestant Church in Germany]]. Thus, the [[German language|German]] word ''{{lang|de|evangelisch}}'' means Protestant, while the German ''{{lang|de|evangelikal}}'', refers to churches shaped by [[Evangelicalism]]. The English word ''evangelical'' usually refers to [[evangelical Protestant]] churches, and therefore to a certain part of Protestantism rather than to Protestantism as a whole. The English word traces its roots back to the [[Puritans]] in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the [[United States]].

Martin Luther always disliked the term ''Lutheran'', preferring the term ''evangelical'', which was derived from ''euangelion'', a Greek word meaning "good news", i.e. "[[The Gospel|gospel]]".<ref name=OOE796>Espín, Orlando O. and Nickoloff, James B. ''An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies''. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press, p. 796.</ref> The followers of [[John Calvin]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], and other theologians linked to the [[Reformed tradition]] also began to use that term. To distinguish the two evangelical groups, others began to refer to the two groups as ''Evangelical Lutheran'' and ''Evangelical Reformed''. Lutherans themselves began to use the term ''Lutheran'' in the middle of the 16th century, in order to distinguish themselves from other groups such as the [[Philippists]] and [[Calvinists]].

The [[German language|German]] word ''{{lang|de|reformatorisch}}'', which roughly translates to English as "reformational" or "reforming", is used as an alternative for ''{{lang|de|evangelisch}}'' in German, and is different from English ''reformed'' ({{langx|de|reformiert}}), which refers to churches shaped by ideas of [[John Calvin]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], and other Reformed theologians. Derived from the word "Reformation", the term emerged around the same time as ''Evangelical'' (1517) and ''Protestant'' (1529).

==Theology==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Mikolow protestant church pulpit.jpg
| caption1 = Two central figures of the [[Reformation]], [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]], depicted on a church [[pulpit]]; both Luther and Calvin emphasized making preaching a centerpiece of worship.
| image2 = Lutherbibel.jpg
| caption2 = The [[Bible]] translated into [[vernacular]] by Martin Luther. In Protestantism, the Bible is the supreme authority.
}}

Many experts have proposed criteria to determine whether a Christian denomination should be considered part of Protestantism. A common consensus approved by most of them is that if a Christian denomination is to be considered Protestant, it must acknowledge the following three fundamental principles of Protestantism.<ref name = "Encyclopedia of Protestantism">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Melton |editor-given=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y|page=}} |isbn=0-8160-5456-8 |archive-date=2021-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323181207/https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PR11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sola Scriptura ===
{{main|Sola scriptura}}
The belief, emphasized by Luther, in the Bible as the highest source of authority for the church. The early churches of the Reformation believed in a critical, yet serious, reading of scripture and holding the Bible as a source of authority higher than that of [[Sacred Tradition|tradition]], though Lutherans cherish tradition for its role in maintaining order and transmitting the Gospel.<ref name="Jahn2014">{{cite book |last1=Jahn |first1=Curtis A. |title=A Lutheran Looks At Catholics |date=1 January 2014 |publisher=Northwestern Publishing House |isbn=978-0-8100-2613-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Webber1992">{{cite web |last1=Webber |first1=David Jay |title=Why is the Lutheran Church a Liturgical Church? |url=https://blc.edu/comm/gargy/gargy1/liturgical_church.html |publisher=[[Bethany Lutheran College]] |access-date=16 May 2025 |date=1992}}</ref> The many abuses that had occurred in the Western Church before the Protestant Reformation led the Reformers to reject certain Roman Catholic traditions.<ref name="Jahn2014"/> In the early 20th century, a less critical reading of the Bible developed in the United States—leading to a "[[Christian fundamentalism|fundamentalist]]" reading of Scripture. Christian fundamentalists read the Bible as the "inerrant, [[Biblical infallibility|infallible]]" Word of God, as do the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches, but interpret it in a [[Biblical literalism|literalist]] fashion without using the [[historical-critical method]]. Methodists and Anglicans differ from Lutherans and the Reformed on this doctrine as they teach ''[[prima scriptura]]'', which holds that Scripture is the primary source for Christian doctrine, but that "tradition, experience, and reason" can nurture the Christian religion as long as they are in harmony with the Bible ([[Protestant Bible|Protestant canon]]).<ref name="WELS2014"/><ref name="Humphrey2013">{{cite book|last=Humphrey|first=Edith M.|title=Scripture and Tradition |year=2013|publisher=Baker Books|language=en |isbn=978-1-4412-4048-4|page=16|quote=historically Anglicans have adopted what could be called a prima Scriptura position.}}</ref>

[[Quakers]] and [[Methodist]]s (inclusive of the [[holiness movement]]), as well as [[Radical Pietism|Radical Pietists]], [[Pentecostal]]s and [[Spiritual Christianity|Spiritual Christians]] emphasize the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]] and personal closeness to God.<ref>Woodhead, Linda. ''Christianity: A Very Short Introduction'' (Oxford University Press, 2014). pp. 57–70.</ref>

There was also a time when scripture became the new religious imagery. [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed (Calvinist) theology]] drew out iconoclastic events when John Calvin arrived in Geneva in 1536. Calvin inherited a city where the old medieval Christian world, with its rituals, images, and pilgrims were taken apart. After the events of the iconoclast in 1566, scripture began to take place of the religious images that were previously removed. These new text images turned scripture into a visual tool. The absence of traditional images created room for the joint idea of scripture with visual objects, generating a new imagery culture that focused on reading, understanding, and reflecting over observations.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Bruce |title=The Oxford handbook of Calvin and calvinism |last2=Trueman |first2=Carl R. |date=2021 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-872881-8 |edition=First |series=Oxford handbooks |location=Oxford New-York (N.Y.)}}</ref>

=== Justification by faith alone ===
{{main|Sola fide}}

Justification by faith alone is the belief that believers are [[justification (theology)|justified]], or pardoned for sin, solely through faith in [[Jesus|Christ]] rather than a combination of faith and [[good works]]. For Protestants, good works are a necessary consequence rather than cause of justification.<ref name="SchaffHerzog">{{cite book|first1=Johann Jakob|last1=Herzog|last2=Philip Schaff|first2=Albert|title=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge|year=1911|page=419|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906050433/https://books.google.com/books?id=AmYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA419|url-status=live}}</ref> However, while justification is by faith alone, there is the position that faith is not ''nuda fides''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Justification by Faith in Catholic-Protestant Dialogue|last=Lane|first=Anthony|publisher=T & T Clark|year=2006|isbn=0567040046|location=London|page=27}}</ref> John Calvin explained that "it is therefore faith alone which justifies, and yet the faith which justifies is not alone: just as it is the heat alone of the sun which warms the earth, and yet in the sun it is not alone."<ref name=":0" /> At the time of the justification of an individual, the Lutheran Churches teach that the process of [[sanctification in Christianity|sanctification]] commences, which is defined as "the Holy Spirit’s work which follows justification through faith and consists of renewing the believer and bringing forth in him works of renewal."<ref name="Harstad1997">{{cite web |last1=Harstad |first1=Adolph L. |title=Justification Through Faith Produces Sanctification |url=https://els.org/resources/document-archive/convention-essays/essay1997-harstad/ |publisher=[[Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] |date=10 May 2016}}</ref> These [[good works]] done by Christians are rewarded by God.<ref name="Preus2025">{{cite web |last1=Preus |first1=James |title=Rewards for Good Works |url=https://christforus.org/NewSite/index.php/2025/01/02/rewards-for-good-works/ |publisher=Christ for Us |access-date=14 May 2025 |date=2 January 2025}}</ref> Lutheran and Reformed Christians differ from Methodists in their view of the possibility of entire sanctification, with Methodists affirming it as a [[second work of grace]].<ref name="White2008">{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Charles E. |title=The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian |date=2 September 2008 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1-7252-2173-4 |page=121 |language=en |quote=Wesley also taught that Christians experience several distinct acts of God's grace as they grow into the image of Christ. Two of these acts of grace are justification and entire sanctification. Justification occurs when a sinner is forgiven, regenerated, and made right with God. Entire sanctification happens when the carnal nature within a Christian is finally destroyed, and the believer is then enabled to love God with the whole heart, soul, mind, and strength. Entire sanctification makes Christians perfect in their love for God, but in no other way. Their hearts are so filled with the love of God that there is no room for a contrary affection. Hence they are sinless in that while in this state they do not willingly violate the known law of God. Although believers' hearts are filled with love and freed from sin, sanctified people still suffer the effects of sin on their minds and bodies. They are not free from errors in judgment or mistakes in action. Thus, they continually need the blood of Christ to cleanse them from these accidental "fallings short of the glory of God."}}</ref><ref name="Bucher2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.orlutheran.com/html/methodism.html|title=Methodism|last=Bucher|first=Richard P.|year=2014|publisher=Lutheran Church Missouri Synod|location=Lexington|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725061927/http://www.orlutheran.com/html/methodism.html|archive-date=25 July 2014|quote=Also, for Methodists full salvation involves not only justification by faith, but repentance and holy living as well. Whereas in Lutheran theology the central doctrine and focus of all our worship and life is justification by grace through faith, for Methodists the central focus has always been holy living and the striving for perfection. Wesley gave the analogy of a house. He said repentance is the porch. Faith is the door. But holy living is the house itself. Holy living is true religion. “Salvation is like a house. To get into the house you first have to get on the porch (repentance) and then you have to go through the door (faith). But the house itself—one’s relationship with God—is holiness, holy living” (Joyner, paraphrasing Wesley, 3).}}</ref>

=== Universal priesthood of believers ===
The universal [[Priesthood of all believers|priesthood of believers]] implies the right and duty of the Christian laity not only to read the Bible in the [[vernacular]], but also to take part in the government and all the public affairs of the Church. It is opposed to the hierarchical system which puts the essence and authority of the Church in an exclusive priesthood, and which makes ordained priests the necessary mediators between God and the people.<ref name="SchaffHerzog" /> It is distinguished from the concept of the priesthood of all believers, which did not grant individuals the right to interpret the Bible apart from the Christian community at large because universal priesthood opened the door to such a possibility.<ref name="willsky">{{Cite book|title=American Unitarianism and the Protestant Dilemma: The Conundrum of Biblical Authority|last=Willsky-Ciollo|first=Lydia|publisher=Lexington Books |year=2015 |isbn=978-0739188927|location=Lanham, MD|pages=9–10}}</ref> There are scholars who cite that this doctrine tends to subsume all distinctions in the church under a single spiritual entity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life|last=Chan|first=Simon|publisher=IVP Academic|year=1998|isbn=978-0830815425|location=Downers Grove, IL|page=105}}</ref> Calvin referred to the universal priesthood as an expression of the relation between the believer and his God, including the freedom of a Christian to come to God through Christ without human mediation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Church in the Theology of the Reformers|last=Avis|first=Paul|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2002|isbn=1592441009|location=Eugene, OR|page=95}}</ref> He also maintained that this principle recognizes Christ as [[prophet]], priest, and king and that his priesthood is shared with his people.<ref name=":1" /> In this view, [[apostolic succession]] is not grounded in an unbroken [[Episcopal polity|chain of ordination]], but in the [[Fidelity|faithfulness]] of believers to the Word of God, expressed in both faith and practice.

===Trinity===
{{See also|Trinity|Nontrinitarianism}}
[[File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Trinity]] is the belief that [[God in Christianity|God]] is one God in three persons: [[God the Father|the Father]], [[Jesus|the Son]] ([[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]]), and the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]].]]

Protestants who adhere to the [[Nicene Creed]] believe in three [[Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)|person]]s ([[God the Father]], [[God the Son]], and the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|God the Holy Spirit]]) as one God.

Movements that emerged around the time of the Protestant Reformation, but are not a part of Protestantism (e.g. [[Unitarianism]]), reject the [[Trinity]]. This often serves as a reason for exclusion of the [[Unitarian Universalism]], [[Oneness Pentecostalism]], and other movements from Protestantism by various observers. Unitarianism continues to have a presence mainly in [[Transylvania]], England, and the United States.<ref name="willsky" />

===Five solae===
{{Main|Five solae}}

The Five ''{{lang|la|solae}}'' are five [[Latin]] phrases (or slogans) that emerged during the [[Protestant Reformation]] and summarize the reformers' basic differences in theological beliefs in opposition to the teaching of the [[Catholic Church]] of the day.<ref name="WELS2014" /> The Latin word ''{{lang|la|sola}}'' means "alone", "only", or "single".

The use of the phrases as summaries of teaching emerged over time during the Reformation, based on the overarching Lutheran and Reformed principle of ''{{lang|la|[[sola scriptura]]}}'' (by scripture alone).<ref name="WELS2014"/> This idea contains the four main doctrines on the Bible: that its teaching is needed for salvation (necessity); that all the doctrine necessary for salvation comes from the Bible alone (sufficiency); that everything taught in the Bible is correct (inerrancy); and that, by the Holy Spirit overcoming sin, believers may read and understand truth from the Bible itself, though understanding is difficult, so the means used to guide individual believers to the true teaching is often mutual discussion within the church (clarity). The necessity and inerrancy were well-established ideas, garnering little criticism, though they later came under debate from outside during the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]]. The most contentious idea at the time though was the notion that anyone could simply pick up the Bible and learn enough to gain salvation.

The second main principle, ''{{lang|la|[[sola fide]]}}'' (by faith alone), states that faith in Christ is sufficient alone for eternal salvation and justification. Though argued from scripture, and hence logically consequent to ''{{lang|la|sola scriptura}}'', this is the guiding principle of the work of Luther and the later reformers. Because ''{{lang|la|sola scriptura}}'' placed the Bible as the only source of teaching, ''{{lang|la|sola fide}}'' epitomizes the main thrust of the teaching the reformers wanted to get back to, namely the direct, close, personal connection between Christ and the believer, hence the reformers' contention that their work was Christocentric.

The other solas, as statements, emerged later, but the thinking they represent was also part of the early Reformation.
* ''{{lang|la|[[Solus Christus]]}}'': ''Christ alone''
: The Protestants characterize the dogma concerning the Pope as Christ's representative head of the Church on earth, the concept of works made meritorious by Christ, and the Catholic idea of a treasury of the merits of Christ and his saints, as a denial that Christ is the ''only'' mediator between [[God in Christianity|God]] and man.
* ''{{lang|la|[[Sola Gratia]]}}'': ''Grace alone''
: Protestants perceived Catholic salvation to be dependent upon the grace of God and the merits of one's own works. The reformers posited that salvation is a gift of God (i.e., God's act of free grace), dispensed by the Holy Spirit owing to the redemptive work of Jesus Christ alone.
* ''{{lang|la|[[Soli Deo Gloria]]}}'': ''Glory to God alone''
: All glory is due to God alone since salvation is accomplished solely through his will and action. The reformers believed that human beings—even saints [[canonization|canonized]] by the Catholic Church, the popes, and the ecclesiastical hierarchy—are not worthy of the glory.

===Christ's presence in the Eucharist===
{{Main|Eucharistic theology}}

[[File:Abendmahl-1547-LC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|A 1547 [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] depiction of the [[Last Supper]] by [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]]]]

The Protestant movement began to diverge into several distinct branches in the mid-to-late 16th century. One of the central points of divergence was controversy over the [[Eucharist]]. Early Protestants rejected [[transubstantiation]], the Catholic [[dogma]] of the [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist]] explaining the "transformation from bread and wine to the body and blood of Christ".<ref name="Sproul2006">{{cite web |author1=[[R. C. Sproul]] |title=The Battle for the Table |url=https://www.ligonier.org/learn/articles/battle-table/ |publisher=[[Ligonier Ministries]] |access-date=2 August 2020 |language=en |date=1 November 2006|quote=It is important to note at this point that there is major agreement among Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Anglicans, the Reformed (Calvinist), that Christ is truly present in the Lord's Supper. They all go beyond the view of the Supper as a bare sign or memorial ... The debate among Catholics, Lutherans, and Reformed people is one that focuses on the mode of Christ's presence in the Lord's Supper. At the bottom, this debate is not so much sacramental as it is christological.}}</ref><ref name="Pattison2017"/> They disagreed with one another concerning the presence of Christ and his body and blood in Holy Communion, with Lutherans affirming, along with Catholics, a corporeal presence,<ref name="MattoxRoeber2012">{{cite book |last1=Mattox |first1=Mickey L. |last2=Roeber |first2=A. G. |title=Changing Churches: An Orthodox, Catholic, and Lutheran Theological Conversation |date=27 February 2012 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-6694-3 |page=54 |language=en |quote=In this "sacramental union," Lutherans taught, the body and blood of Christ are so truly united to the bread and wine of the Holy Communion so that the two may be identified. They are at the same time body and blood, bread and wine. This divine food is given, more-over, not just for the strengthening of faith, nor only as a sign of our unity in faith, nor merely as an assurance of the forgiveness of sin. Even more, in this sacrament the Lutheran Christian receives the very body and blood of Christ for the strengthening of the union of faith. The "real presence" of Christ in the Holy Sacrament is the means by which the union of faith, effected by God's Word and the sacrament of baptism, is strengthened and maintained.}}</ref><ref name="Pattison2017">{{cite web |last1=Pattison |first1=Mark |title=How Catholic-Lutheran ecumenical efforts have borne fruit in past 50 years |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2017/09/18/how-catholic-lutheran-ecumenical-efforts-have-borne-fruit-past-50-years |publisher=[[America Magazine]] |access-date=15 May 2020 |language=en |date=18 September 2017|quote=“There is no substantial difference in Lutheran and Catholic belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist,” she added.}}</ref> and the Reformed affirming a [[Lord's Supper in Reformed theology|real spiritual presence]].<ref name="Sproul2006"/>
* Lutherans hold that in the [[Eucharist|Lord's Supper]], the Body and Blood of Christ are [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist#Lutheran|corporeally present]] "in, with, and under the form" of bread and wine,<ref>Engelder, T.E.W., [https://archive.org/details/MN41551ucmf_1 ''Popular Symbolics'']. St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1934. p. 95, Part XXIV. "The Lord's Supper", paragraph 131.</ref> a doctrine that the [[Formula of Concord]] calls the [[Sacramental union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html |title=The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord, Article 8, The Holy Supper |publisher=Bookofconcord.com |access-date=19 November 2010 |archive-date=21 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121030003/http://bookofconcord.com/fc-sd/supper.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In the Eucharist, Lutherans teach that the faithful receive "the very body and blood of Christ."<ref name="MattoxRoeber2012"/>
* The [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed Churches]] ([[Continental Reformed]], [[Presbyterian]], [[Reformed Anglican]] and [[Congregationalist]] traditions) emphasize the [[Real presence#Reformed|real ''spiritual'' presence]], or ''sacramental presence'', of Christ in the Lord's Supper, holding that "Christ is 'spiritually present' in the sacrament by the ministry of the Holy Spirit and is received by faith". At the time of the Reformation, Anglicans (and consequently Methodists) inherited the Reformed view of the Eucharist as a real spiritual presence,<ref name="Elwell2001">{{cite book |last1=Elwell |first1=Walter A. |title=Evangelical Dictionary of Theology |date=May 2001 |publisher=Baker Academic |isbn=978-0-8010-2075-9 |page=990 |language=en|quote=For Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger (''Second Helvetic Confession'' 21.10), John Calvin, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and most of the Reformed tradition (e.g. ''Westminster Confession'' 29.7) as well as the Anglican ''Thirty-Nine Articles'' (28), Christ is "spiritually present" in the sacrament by the ministry of the Holy Spirit and is received by faith. They affirm Christ's "true" and thus real presence, even "substantial" presence (Calvin, ''Institutes of the Christian Religion'' [1559] 4.17.19), distinguishing this from physical presence.}}</ref><ref name="González1987">{{cite book |last1=González |first1=Justo L. |title=A History of Christian Thought: From the Protestant Reformation to the twentieth century |date=1987 |publisher=Abingdon Press |isbn=978-0-687-17184-2 |language=en|quote=It is clear that, in rejecting Roman Catholic doctrine on this point, Cranmer has also rejected Luther's views and adopted Calvin's position. The sacrament is not merely a symbol of what takes place in the heart, but neither is it the physical eating of the body of Christ. This must be so, because the body of Christ is in heaven and therefore our participation in it can only be spiritual. Only the believers are the true partakers of the body and blood of Christ, for the unbelievers eat and drink no more than bread and wine—and condemnation upon themselves, for the profanation of the Lord's Table. These views are reflected in the Thirty-nine articles, of which the twenty-eighth says that "the Body of the Christ is given, taken, and eaten, in the Supper, only after an heavently and spiritual manner. The next article says of the wicked that "in no wise are they partakers of Christ," although "to their condemnation [they] do eat and rink the sign or Sacrament of so great a thing." This marked Calvinistic influence would prove very significant for the history of Christianity in England during the seventeenth century}}</ref><ref name="Mahoney2024">{{cite web |last1=Mahoney |first1=James |title=The Methodist's Duty: Wesley's "Constant Communion" and the 21st Century Methodist |url=https://firebrandmag.com/articles/the-methodists-duty-wesleys-constant-communion-and-the-21st-century-methodist |publisher=Firebrand Magazine |access-date=4 April 2025 |language=English |date=9 July 2024 |quote=Methodists say with Wesley that Holy Communion is a sacrament, and though we choose not to define our understanding along the lines of transubstantiation or consubstantiation (Methodist Articles of Religion, Art. XVIII), we do nonetheless believe in the Real Presence (that Jesus is present “after a spiritual manner,” Art. XVIII) and that this sacrament is both medicine and food.}}</ref><ref name="Collins2025">{{cite web |last1=Collins |first1=Kenneth J. |title=Worship and the Sacraments (Part 2)|url=https://www.biblicaltraining.org/learn/institute/th511-wesleyan-theology-ii/th511-17-worship-and-the-sacraments-part-2 |publisher=Biblical Training |access-date=4 April 2025 |language=en |date=2025 |quote=Wesley says that there is a spiritual presence of Jesus in the Lord’s Supper.}}</ref> and hold that the way that this real spiritual presence is manifested is a mystery.<ref name="Neal2014">{{cite book|last=Neal|first=Gregory S.|title=Sacramental Theology and the Christian Life|year= 2014|publisher=WestBow Press|isbn=978-1490860077|page=111|quote=For Anglicans and Methodists the reality of the presence of Jesus as received through the sacramental elements is not in question. Real presence is simply accepted as being true, its mysterious nature being affirmed and even lauded in official statements like ''This Holy Mystery: A United Methodist Understanding of Holy Communion.''}}</ref>
* Anabaptists hold a popular simplification of the [[Theology of Huldrych Zwingli|Zwinglian view]], without concern for theological intricacies as hinted at above, may see the Lord's Supper merely as a symbol of the shared faith of the participants, a commemoration of the facts of the crucifixion, and a reminder of their standing together as the body of Christ (a view referred to as ''memorialism'').<ref name="Balmer2002">{{cite book|last1=Balmer|first1=Randall Herbert|last2=Winner|first2=Lauren F.|title=Protestantism in America|url=https://archive.org/details/protestantismame00balm_593|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=[[New York City|New York]]|isbn=978-0231111300|page=[https://archive.org/details/protestantismame00balm_593/page/n42 26]}}</ref>

=== Other beliefs ===
Protestants reject the Catholic doctrine of [[papal supremacy]], and have variant views on the number of [[sacrament]]s, the [[Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist|real presence]] of [[Jesus in Christianity|Christ]] in the [[Eucharist]], and matters of [[ecclesiastical polity]] and [[apostolic succession]].<ref name="Haffner1999">{{cite book |last=Haffner |first=Paul |title=The Sacramental Mystery |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=978-0852444764 |page=11 |quote=The [[Augsburg Confession]] drawn up by Melanchton, one of Luther's disciples admitted only three sacraments, Baptist, the Lord's Supper and Penance. Melanchton left the way open for the other five sacred signs to be considered as "secondary sacraments". However, Zwingli, Calvin and most of the later Reformed tradition accepted only Baptism and the Lord's Supper as sacraments, but in a highly symbolic sense.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dixon |first=C. Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC |title=Protestants: A History from Wittenberg to Pennsylvania 1517–1740 |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1444328110 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002943/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLBa5aO7fgQC |archive-date=23 May 2020 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Protestantism}}

===Pre-Reformation===
{{See also|Proto-Protestantism|Girolamo Savonarola}}
[[File:lollardmap.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Spread of [[Lollardy]] in [[Medieval England]] and [[Medieval Scotland]]]]
[[File:Muttich, Kamil Vladislav - Mistr Jan Hus na hranici v Kostnici 1415.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The execution of [[Jan Hus]] in 1415]]
[[File:Girolamo-Savonarola----w.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Girolamo Savonarola]]]]
[[File:Portret van Johan Wessel Gansfort, RP-P-1906-1520.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Wessel Gansfort]]]]

Many of the individual ideas that were taken up by various reformers had historical pre-cursors; however, calling them ''proto-reformers'' is controversial, as often their theology also had components that are not associated with later Protestants, or that were asserted by some Protestants but denied by others, or that were only superficially similar.

One of the earliest persons to be praised as a Protestant forerunner is [[Jovinian]], who lived in the fourth century AD. He attacked [[monasticism]], [[Asceticism|ascetism]] and believed that a saved believer can never be overcome by Satan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume III: Nicene and Post-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 311–600 – Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.vii.xix.html|access-date=2021-12-21|website=ccel.org|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221094001/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc3.iii.vii.xix.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 9th century, the theologian [[Gottschalk of Orbais]] was condemned for heresy by the Catholic Church. Gottschalk believed that the salvation of Jesus was limited and that his redemption was only for the elect.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gottschalk Of Orbais {{!}} Roman Catholic theologian {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottschalk-of-Orbais|access-date=2021-12-13|website=britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121161752/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Gottschalk-of-Orbais|url-status=live}}</ref> The theology of Gottschalk anticipated the Protestant reformation.<ref>{{cite web|last=caryslmbrown|date=2017-07-18|title=Reformation parallels: the case of Gottschalk of Orbais|url=https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2017/07/18/reformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais/|access-date=2021-10-27|website=Doing History in Public|language=en|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028215011/https://doinghistoryinpublic.org/2017/07/18/reformation-parallels-the-case-of-gottschalk-of-orbais/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lockridge|first=Kenneth R.|title=Gottschalk "Fulgentius" of Orbais|url=https://www.academia.edu/11213309|access-date=13 December 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114133600/https://www.academia.edu/11213309|url-status=live}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=August 2023}} [[Ratramnus]] also defended the theology of Gottschalk and denied the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; his writings also influenced the later Protestant reformation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ratramnus {{!}} Benedictine theologian {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus|access-date=2021-12-14|website=britannica.com|language=en|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121090330/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ratramnus|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Claudius of Turin]] in the 9th century also held Protestant ideas, such as [[Sola fide|faith alone]] and rejection of the supremacy of Peter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Milner|first=Joseph|title=The History of the Church of Christ Volume 3|quote=A comment on the epistle to the Galatians, is his only work which was committed to the press. In it he every where asserts the equality of all the apostles with St. Peter. And, indeed, he always owns Jesus Christ to be the only proper head of the church. He is severe against the doctrine of human merits, and of the exaltation of traditions to a height of credibility equal to that of the divine word. He maintains that we are to be saved by faith alone; holds the fallibility of the church, exposes the futility of praying for the dead, and the sinfulness of the idolatrous practices then supported by the Roman see. Such are the sentiments found in his commentary on the epistle to the Galatians.}}</ref>

In the late 1130s, [[Arnold of Brescia]], an Italian [[canon regular]] became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on [[apostolic poverty]] gained currency among [[Arnoldists]], and later more widely among [[Waldensians]] and the [[Spiritual Franciscans]], though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, [[Peter Waldo]] founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as [[Waldensian Evangelical Church|a part of the wider Reformed tradition]].

In the 1370s, Oxford theologian and priest [[John Wycliffe]]—later dubbed the "Morning Star of Reformation"—started his activity as an English reformer. He rejected papal authority over secular power (in that any person in mortal sin lost their authority and should be resisted: a priest with possessions, such as a pope, was in such grave sin), may have [[Wycliffe's Bible|translated the Bible]] into [[vernacular]] English, and preached anticlerical and biblically centred reforms. His rejection of a real divine presence in the elements of the Eucharist foreshadowed Huldrych Zwingli's similar ideas in the 16th century. Wycliffe's admirers came to be known as "[[Lollardy|Lollards]]".<ref>{{Cite book |author=MacCulloch, Diarmaid |title=A history of Christianity : the first three thousand years |oclc=1303898228 }}</ref>

Beginning in the first decade of the 15th century, [[Jan Hus]]—a Catholic priest, Czech reformist and professor—influenced by John Wycliffe's writings, founded the [[Hussite]] movement. He strongly advocated his reformist [[Bohemia]]n religious denomination. He was [[excommunication|excommunicated]] and [[burned at the stake]] in [[Konstanz|Constance]], [[Prince-Bishopric of Constance|Bishopric of Constance]], in 1415 by secular authorities for unrepentant and persistent heresy. After his execution, a revolt erupted. Hussites defeated five continuous crusades proclaimed against them by the [[Pope]].

Later theological disputes caused a split within the Hussite movement. [[Utraquism|Utraquists]] maintained that both the bread and the wine should be administered to the people during the Eucharist. Another major faction were the [[Taborites]], who opposed the Utraquists in the [[Battle of Lipany]] during the [[Hussite Wars]]. There were two separate parties among the Hussites: moderate and radical movements. Other smaller regional Hussite branches in [[Bohemia]] included [[Adamites]], [[Orebites]], [[Sirotci|Orphans]], and Praguers.

The Hussite Wars concluded with the victory of [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], his Catholic allies and moderate Hussites and the defeat of the radical Hussites. Tensions arose as the [[Thirty Years' War]] reached Bohemia in 1620. Both moderate and radical Hussitism was increasingly persecuted by Catholics and Holy Roman Emperor's armies.

In the 14th century, a German mysticist group called the [[Friends of God|Gottesfreunde]] criticized the Catholic church and its corruption. Many of their leaders were executed for attacking the Catholic church and they believed that God's judgement would soon come upon the church. The Gottesfreunde were a democratic lay movement and forerunner of the Reformation and put heavy stress of holiness and piety,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Friends of God {{!}} religious group |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Friends-of-God|access-date=2021-12-13|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125125434/https://www.britannica.com/event/Friends-of-God|url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting in 1475, an Italian Dominican friar [[Girolamo Savonarola]] was calling for a Christian renewal. Later on, Martin Luther himself read some of the friar's writings and praised him as a martyr and forerunner whose ideas on faith and grace anticipated Luther's own doctrine of justification by faith alone.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517 |work=Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.v.html|access-date=2021-11-17|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117065912/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.v.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some of Hus' followers founded the [[Unitas Fratrum]]—"Unity of the Brethren"—which was renewed under the leadership of [[Zinzendorf|Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf]] in [[Herrnhut]], [[Saxony]], in 1722 after its almost total destruction in the [[Thirty Years' War]] and the [[Counter-Reformation#Politics|Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation")]]. Today, it is usually referred to in English as the [[Moravian Church]] and in German as the [[Moravian Church|Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine]].

In the 15th century, three German theologians anticipated the reformation: [[Wessel Gansfort]], [[Johann Ruchrat von Wesel|Johann Ruchat von Wesel]], and [[Johannes von Goch]]. They held ideas such as [[predestination]], [[sola scriptura]], and the [[church invisible]], and denied the Catholic view on justification and the authority of the Pope, also questioning [[Christian monasticism|monasticism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VI: The Middle Ages. A.D. 1294–1517 |via= Christian Classics Ethereal Library|url=https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html|access-date=2021-11-14|website=ccel.org|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114121627/https://ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc6/hcc6.iii.x.iv.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many protestant reformers also identified the pope as AntiChrist  Some reasons as to why, include that in the canon law [[Decretum Gratiani]] Distinctio 96 Chapter "satis evideter", protestants considered the pope claiming illegitimate divine authority including the name "god" which rightly belonged to God. Some also took issue with the interpretation of canon law by some Catholics such as the canonist Zelensinus De Cassanus who wrote the phrase "[[Dominum Deum Nostrum Papam]]" or others such as "Deus in Terra" (God on earth) to refer to the pope.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ELLIOTT |first=Edward Bishop |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XviOjpgLUFIC&dq=dominum+deum+nostrum+papam&pg=PA597 |title=Horæ Apocalypticæ; Or a Commentary on the Apocalypse Critical and Historical; Including Also an Examination of the Chief Prophecies of Daniel |date=1862 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Derry.) |first=George DOWNAME (Bishop of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TF_hvA2Gl9cC&dq=dominum+deum+nostrum+papam&pg=PA71 |title=A Treatise Concerning Antichrist, ... Proving that the Pope is Antichrist ... Against All the Objections of R. Bellarmine, Etc |date=1603 |publisher=Imprinted for C. Barbie |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferraris |first=Lucius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AYz-KzJXTkC&dq=%22Deus+in+terra%22+prompta+bibliotheca+canonica&pg=PA438 |title=Prompta bibliotheca, canonica, juridica, moralis, theologica, nec non ascetica, polemica, rubricistica, historica... |date=1772 |language=la}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Guinness |first=Henry Grattan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GFv-xn0vKNoC&dq=%22Deus+in+terra%22+god+on+earth&pg=PA26 |title=Romanism and the Reformation: From the Standpoint of Prophecy |date=1887 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |language=en}}</ref>

Wessel Gansfort also denied [[transubstantiation]] and anticipated the Lutheran view of justification by faith alone.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016|title=The forms of communication employed by the Protestant Reformers and especially Luther and Calvin|url=http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf|journal=Pharos Journal of Theology|volume=98|quote=John of Wessel was one member in the group who attacked indulgences (Reddy 2004:115). The doctrine of justification by faith alone was the teaching of John of Wessel (Kuiper 1982:151). He rejected the doctrine of transubstantiation where it is believed when the priest pronounces the sacraments then the wine and bread is turned into the real body and blood of Christ|access-date=14 December 2021|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105230957/http://www.pharosjot.com/uploads/7/1/6/3/7163688/article_25_vol_98_2017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reformation===
{{Main|Protestant Reformation}}

[[File:HolyRomanEmpire 1618.png|thumb|upright=1.1|Distribution of Protestantism and [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] in Central Europe on the eve of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in 1618]]
{{multiple image
| align =
| direction = vertical
| width = 200
| image1 = 1491 Henry VIII.jpg
| caption1 = [[Henry VIII of England]], who [[English Reformation|separated]] the [[Church of England]] from the [[Catholic Church]].
| image2 = JohnKnox.jpg
| caption2 = [[John Knox]], who led the [[Reformation in Scotland]], founding [[Presbyterianism]]
}}

{{Reformation}}
The [[Protestant Reformation]] began as an attempt to reform the [[Catholic Church]].

On 31 October 1517, [[Martin Luther]] allegedly nailed his [[Ninety-five Theses]], also known as the Disputation on the Power of Indulgences, on the door of the [[All Saints' Church, Wittenberg|All Saints' Church]] in [[Wittenberg]], Germany, detailing doctrinal and practical abuses of the Catholic Church, especially the selling of [[indulgence]]s. The theses debated and criticized many aspects of the Church and the papacy, including the practice of [[Purgatory#Protestantism|purgatory]], [[Particular judgment#Reformation concepts|particular judgment]], and the authority of the pope. Luther would later write works against the Catholic devotion to [[Virgin Mary]], the intercession of and devotion to the saints, mandatory clerical celibacy, monasticism, the authority of the pope, the ecclesiastical law, censure and [[excommunication]], the role of secular rulers in religious matters, the relationship between Christianity and the law, good works, and the sacraments.<ref name=Schofield122>Schofield ''Martin Luther'' p. 122</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = William the Silent 16th century.jpg
| caption1 = William the Silent (1533–1584, also known as William of Orange) was the leader of the Dutch Revolt in the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands; first politically from 1559–1568, then militarily from 1568–1584. He is considered one of the most significant figures in Dutch history, known as the Father of the Fatherland, including in European history of the 16th century.

William was a stadtholder (administrator/steward) for King Philip II of Spain (1556–1598) who ruled the Low Countries (Netherlands) after his father, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–1556) resigned. Charles V instituted the Inquisition into the Low Countries to subdue the heresies of the Protestant Reformation (according to him), as Philip II carried on his policies but with much greater motivation and gravity. He first granted Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517–1586) as head to the Inquisition and then gave the duty to Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba (1507–1582) in 1567, whose oppressions resulted in the thousands of deaths and William's flight to his hometown of Dillenburg.

William developed an uprising, and returned in 1568, leading the Dutch Protestant forces against those of Catholic Spain until his assassination in 1584. The role of leader then went to his son, Maurice of Orange (1567–1625), followed by another son, Frederick Henry (1584–1647), who continued his father's vision until his death one year before the end of the Eighty Years' War and complete Dutch independence.<ref name="menprotestant">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Men of the Protestant Reformation |encyclopedia=World History Encyclopedia |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/collection/206/men-of-the-protestant-reformation/}}</ref>
| image2 = Martin-Bucer 1.jpg
| caption2 = Martin Bucer (1491–1551) was a German reformer and theologian who was a Dominican friar and priest until his conversion to the Lutheranism in 1518. He is most famous for his focus on unity among all Christians, and therefore, he never settled his own sect but influenced many instead.

Similar to other reformers, Bucer was attracted to the works of the humanist theologian and scholar Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536) before discovering Martin Luther speak in 1518. Erasmus' humanism persuaded Bucer that Luther's beliefs were legit, even though Luther and Erasmus disagreed on many key issues. After departing from the Dominican order in 1521, Bucer preached the Lutheran faith and welcomed the new movement, marrying the former nun Elisabeth Silbereisen in 1522.<ref name="menprotestant"/>
}}

The [[Reformation]] was a triumph of literacy and the new [[printing press]] invented by [[Johannes Gutenberg]].<ref name=Cameron>Cameron ''European Reformation''{{page needed|date=March 2015}}</ref>{{efn|In the end, while the Reformation emphasis on Protestants reading the Scriptures was one factor in the development of literacy, the impact of printing itself, the wider availability of printed works at a cheaper price, and the increasing focus on education and learning as key factors in obtaining a lucrative post, were also significant contributory factors.<ref name=Pettegree543>Pettegree ''Reformation World'' p. 543</ref>}} Luther's translation of the Bible into German was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy, and stimulated as well the printing and distribution of religious books and pamphlets. From 1517 onward, religious pamphlets flooded much of Europe.<ref name=Edwards>Edwards ''Printing, Propaganda, and Martin Luther''{{page needed|date=March 2015}}</ref>{{efn|In the first decade of the Reformation, Luther's message became a movement, and the output of religious pamphlets in Germany was at its height.<ref name=PettegreeHall786>Pettegree and Hall "Reformation and the Book ''Historical Journal'' p. 786</ref>}} During the Reformation, the Bible was translated into the native tongues of various European peoples, granting the common man access to sacred scripture, rather than relying solely on the Church's Latin version and interpretation. These translations, once forbidden, stirred a profound shift in religious thought, literacy, education, and the spread of Protestant ideas across parts of Holy Roman Empire and independent kingdoms.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacCulloch |first=Diarmaid |title=The Reformation: A History |publisher=Viking Penguin |year=2003 |page=115}}</ref> Reformers such as Martin Luther translated the Bible into German, making it accessible to ordinary German speakers.<ref>{{cite book |last=McGrath |first=Alister E. |title=Christianity's Dangerous Idea: The Protestant Revolution |publisher=HarperOne |year=2007 |page=87}}</ref> William Tyndale produced an English translation, although his efforts were met with resistance and he was captured in Antwerp before it was completed. Condemned for heresy, he was executed by strangulation and then burned at the stake at Vilvoorde in 1536.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Tyndale |title=William Tynedale |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=31 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Daniell |first=David |title=William Tyndale: A Biography |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1994 |page=123}}</ref> Similar translations into other native tongues took place across Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gordon |first=Bruce |title=The Swiss Reformation |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=2002 |page=145}}</ref>

Following the excommunication of Luther and condemnation of the Reformation by the Pope, the work and writings of [[John Calvin]] were influential in establishing a loose consensus among various groups in Switzerland, Scotland, Hungary, Germany and elsewhere. After the expulsion of its Bishop in 1526, and the unsuccessful attempts of the [[Bern]] reformer [[William Farel]], Calvin was asked to discipline the city of [[Geneva]]. His ''Ordinances of 1541'' involved a collaboration of Church affairs with the city council and consistory to bring morality to all areas of life. After the establishment of the Geneva academy in 1559, Geneva became the unofficial capital of the Protestant movement, providing refuge for Protestant exiles from all over Europe and educating them as Calvinist missionaries. The faith continued to spread after Calvin's death in 1563.

Protestantism also spread from the German lands into France, where the Protestants were nicknamed [[Huguenots]]. Despite heavy persecution, the Reformed tradition made steady progress across large sections of the nation, appealing to people alienated by the obduracy and the complacency of the Catholic establishment. French Protestantism came to acquire a distinctly political character, made all the more obvious by the conversions of nobles during the 1550s. This established the preconditions for a series of conflicts, known as the [[French Wars of Religion]]. The civil wars gained impetus with the sudden death of [[Henry II of France]] in 1559. Atrocity and outrage became the defining characteristics of the time, illustrated at their most intense in the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] of August 1572, when the Catholic party annihilated between 30,000 and 100,000 Huguenots across France. The wars only concluded when [[Henry IV of France]] issued the [[Edict of Nantes]], promising official toleration of the Protestant minority, but under highly restricted conditions. Catholicism remained the official [[state religion]], and the fortunes of French Protestants gradually declined over the next century, culminating in [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV's]] [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] which revoked the Edict of Nantes and made Catholicism the sole legal religion. In response to the Edict of Fontainebleau, [[Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg]] declared the [[Edict of Potsdam]], giving free passage to Huguenot refugees. In the late 17th century, many Huguenots fled. A significant community in France remained in the [[Cévennes]] region.

Parallel to events in Germany, a movement began in Switzerland under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli. Although the two movements agreed on many issues of theology, some unresolved differences kept them separate. A long-standing resentment between the German states and the [[Swiss Confederation]] led to heated debate over how much Zwingli owed his ideas to Lutheranism. The German Prince [[Philip of Hesse]] saw potential in creating an alliance between Zwingli and Luther. A meeting was held in his castle in 1529, now known as the [[Colloquy of Marburg]], which has become infamous for its failure. The two men could not come to any agreement due to their disputation over one key doctrine.

In 1534, [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] put an end to all papal jurisdiction in [[England]], after the Pope failed to [[annul]] his marriage to [[Catherine of Aragon]] (due to political considerations involving the Holy Roman Emperor);<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wakefield |first=Gordon S. |date=August 1990 |title=The Study of Anglicanism. Edited by Stephen Sykes and John Booty. London, SPCK and Fortress Press, 1988. Pp. xviii + 468. $17.50. |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0036930600032786 |journal=Scottish Journal of Theology |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=406–408 |doi=10.1017/s0036930600032786 |issn=0036-9306|url-access=subscription }}</ref> this opened the door to reformational ideas. Later on, King Henry rejected the Pope's authority, instead of creating and accepting authority over the Church of England, a type of hybrid church that clashed together some Catholic doctrine and some Protestant ethics.<ref name="auto2"/> Within the next 20 years, there was religious disturbance in England as Queen Mary (1553–1558) restored Catholicism in England while persecuting and exiling Protestants, only to have Queen Elizabeth I and her Parliament try to lead the country back toward Protestantism during her reign (1558–1603).<ref name="auto2"/> Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (''{{lang|la|via media}}'') between the Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the [[English Reformation]] came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as "the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England". Between 1535 and 1540, under [[Thomas Cromwell]], the policy known as the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] was put into effect. Following a brief Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of [[Elizabeth I]]. The [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]] largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or [[English Civil War]] in the 17th century.

The success of the Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") on the Continent and the growth of a [[Puritans|Puritan party]] dedicated to further Protestant reform polarized the [[Elizabethan Age]]. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England whose proponents desired for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially that of Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as [[dissenters]] and [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformists]], eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

The [[Scottish Reformation]] of 1560 decisively shaped the [[Church of Scotland]].<ref>Article 1, of the [[Articles Declaratory of the Constitution of the Church of Scotland]] 1921 states 'The Church of Scotland adheres to the Scottish Reformation'.</ref> The Reformation in Scotland culminated ecclesiastically in the establishment of a church along Reformed lines, and politically in the triumph of English influence over that of France. John Knox is regarded as the leader of the Scottish Reformation. The [[Scottish Reformation Parliament]] of 1560 repudiated the pope's authority by the [[Papal Jurisdiction Act 1560]], forbade the celebration of the Mass and approved a Protestant Confession of Faith. It was made possible by a revolution against French hegemony under the regime of the regent [[Mary of Guise]], who had governed Scotland in the name of her absent [[Mary, Queen of Scots|daughter]].

Some of the most important activists of the Protestant Reformation included [[Jacobus Arminius]], [[Theodore Beza]], [[Martin Bucer]], [[Andreas von Carlstadt]], [[Heinrich Bullinger]], [[Balthasar Hubmaier]], [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[William Farel]], [[Thomas Müntzer]], [[Laurentius Petri]], [[Olaus Petri]], [[Philipp Melanchthon]], [[Menno Simons]], [[Louis de Berquin]], [[Primož Trubar]] and [[John Smyth (Baptist minister)|John Smyth]].

In the course of this religious upheaval, the [[German Peasants' War]] of 1524–25 swept through the [[Bavaria]]n, [[Thuringia]]n and [[Swabia]]n principalities. After the [[Eighty Years' War]] in the [[Low Countries]] and the [[French Wars of Religion]], the confessional division of the states of the Holy Roman Empire eventually erupted in the [[Thirty Years' War]] between 1618 and 1648. It devastated much of [[Early Modern history of Germany|Germany]], killing between 25% and 40% of its population.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375 |title=History of Europe – Demographics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723052625/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics#ref=ref310375 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref> The main tenets of the [[Peace of Westphalia]], which ended the Thirty Years' War, were:
* All parties would recognize the [[Peace of Augsburg]] of 1555, by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, the options being Catholicism, Lutheranism, and now Calvinism. (the principle of ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]'')
* Christians living in principalities where their denomination was ''not'' the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.
* The treaty also effectively ended the papacy's pan-European political power. [[Pope Innocent X]] declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his bull ''{{lang|la|Zelo Domus Dei}}''. European sovereigns, Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict.<ref name=ODCCWestphalia>Cross, (ed.) "Westphalia, Peace of" ''Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 700
| direction = vertical
| image1 = The Protestant Reformation.svg
| caption1 = Peak of the [[Reformation]] and beginning of the Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") (1545–1620)
| image2 = The Counterreformation.svg
| caption2 = End of the Reformation and Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") (1648)
| footer = Religious situation in Europe, late 16th and early to mid-17th century
}}

===Post-Reformation===
{{See also|Great Awakening|Restorationism|Azusa Street Revival}}
[[File:1839-meth.jpg|thumb|An 1839 [[Methodism|Methodist]] camp meeting during the [[Second Great Awakening]] in the U.S.]]

The Great Awakenings were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo-American religious history.

The [[First Great Awakening]] was an evangelical and revitalization movement that swept through Protestant Europe and [[British America]], especially the [[Thirteen Colonies|American colonies]] in the 1730s and 1740s, leaving a permanent impact on [[Protestantism in the United States|American Protestantism]]. It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. Pulling away from ritual, ceremony, sacramentalism and hierarchy, it made Christianity intensely personal to the average person by fostering a deep sense of spiritual conviction and redemption, and by encouraging introspection and a commitment to a new standard of personal morality.<ref>Thomas S. Kidd, ''The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America'' (2009)</ref>

The [[Second Great Awakening]] began around 1790. It gained momentum by 1800. After 1820, membership rose rapidly among [[Baptist]] and [[Methodism|Methodist]] congregations, whose preachers led the movement. It was past its peak by the late 1840s. It has been described as a reaction against skepticism, [[deism]], and [[rationalism]], although why those forces became pressing enough at the time to spark revivals is not fully understood.<ref>[[Nancy Cott]], "Young Women in the Great Awakening in New England", Feminist Studies 3, no. 1/2 (Autumn 1975): 15.</ref> It enrolled millions of new members in existing [[evangelical]] denominations and led to the formation of new denominations.

The [[Third Great Awakening]] refers to a hypothetical historical period that was marked by religious activism in [[American history]] and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century.<ref>William G. McLoughlin, ''Revivals Awakenings and Reform'' (1980)</ref> It affected [[pietistic]] Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism.<ref>[[Mark A. Noll]], ''A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada'' (1992) pp. 286–310</ref> It gathered strength from the [[postmillennial]] belief that the [[Second Coming]] of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire earth. It was affiliated with the [[Social Gospel]] Movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the Awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the [[Holiness movement|Holiness]], [[Church of the Nazarene|Nazarene]], and [[Christian Science]] movements.<ref name=Fogel>Robert William Fogel, ''The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism'' (2000)</ref>

The [[Fourth Great Awakening]] was a Christian religious awakening that some scholars—most notably, [[Robert Fogel]]—say took place in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s, while others look at the era following [[World War II]]. The terminology is controversial. Thus, the idea of a Fourth Great Awakening itself has not been generally accepted.<ref>Robert William Fogel (2000), ''The Fourth Great Awakening & the Future of Egalitarianism''; see the review by Randall Balmer, ''Journal of Interdisciplinary History'' 2002 33(2): 322–325</ref>

In 1814, [[Réveil|Le Réveil]] swept through Calvinist regions in Switzerland and France.

In 1904, a [[1904–1905 Welsh revival|Protestant revival in Wales]] had a tremendous impact on the local population. A part of British modernization, it drew many people to churches, especially Methodist and Baptist ones.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbard |first1=Noel |title=Fire on the Altar: A History and Evaluation of the 1904–05 Welsh Revival |date=2005 |publisher=[[Bryntirion Press]] |location=Bridgend |isbn=978-1850492115}}</ref>

A noteworthy development in 20th-century Protestant Christianity was the rise of the modern [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal movement]]. Sprung from Methodist and [[John Wesley|Wesleyan]] roots, it arose out of meetings at an urban mission on [[Azusa Street]] in Los Angeles. From there it spread around the world, carried by those who experienced what they believed to be miraculous moves of God there. These Pentecost-like manifestations have steadily been in evidence throughout history, such as seen in the two Great Awakenings. Pentecostalism, which in turn birthed the [[Charismatic movement]] within already established denominations, continues to be an important force in [[Western Christianity]].

In the United States and elsewhere in the world, there has been a marked rise in the [[Evangelicalism|evangelical wing]] of Protestant denominations, especially those that are more exclusively evangelical, and a corresponding decline in the [[Mainline Protestant|mainstream liberal churches]]. In the post–[[World War I]] era, [[Liberal Christianity]] was on the rise, and a considerable number of seminaries held and taught from a liberal perspective as well. In the post–[[World War II]] era, the trend began to swing back towards the conservative camp in America's seminaries and church structures.

In Europe, there has been a general move away from religious observance and belief in Christian teachings and a move towards [[secularism]]. The [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] is largely responsible for the spread of secularism. Some scholars debate the link between Protestantism and the rise of secularism, and take as argument the wide-ranging freedom in Protestant-majority countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/geneveith/2012/03/has-lutheranism-caused-secularism/|title=Has Lutheranism caused secularism?|last=Cranach|date=22 March 2012|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=30 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630182929/http://www.patheos.com/blogs/geneveith/2012/03/has-lutheranism-caused-secularism/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the sole example of France demonstrates that even in Catholic-majority countries, the overwhelming impact of the Enlightenment has brought even stronger secularism and freedom of thought five centuries later. It is more reliable to consider that the Reformation influenced the critical thinkers of the subsequent centuries. Initial philosophers of the Enlightenment were defending a Christian conception of the world, but it was developed together with a fierce and decisive criticism of the Church, its politics, its ethics, its worldview, its scientific and cultural assumptions, leading to the devaluation of all forms of institutionalized Christianity, which extended over the centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.cairn.info/pouvoir-et-religion-en-europe--9782200272135-page-209.htm |title=Chapitre 6 – Les Lumières, ou la sécularisation de l'État |publisher=Cairn.info |date=2016 |isbn=978-2200272135 |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512113444/https://www.cairn.info/pouvoir-et-religion-en-europe--9782200272135-page-209.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Radical Reformation==
{{Main|Radical Reformation}}

[[File:Täuferdisputation 1525.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Dissatisfaction with the outcome of a disputation in 1525 prompted [[Swiss Brethren]] to part ways with [[Huldrych Zwingli]].]]
Unlike mainstream [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], [[Calvinist]] and Zwinglian movements, the [[Radical Reformation]], which had no state sponsorship, generally abandoned the idea of the "Church visible" as distinct from the "Church invisible". It was a rational extension of the state-approved Protestant dissent, which took the value of independence from constituted authority a step further, arguing the same for the civic realm. The Radical Reformation was non-mainstream, though in parts of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, a majority would sympathize with the Radical Reformation despite the intense persecution it faced from both Catholics and Magisterial Protestants.<ref name=horsch>{{cite book|last=Horsch|first=John|author-link=John Horsch|title=Mennonites in Europe|date=1995|publisher=Herald Press|isbn=978-0836113952|page=299}}</ref>

The early [[Anabaptists]] believed that their reformation must purify not only theology but also the actual lives of Christians, especially their political and social relationships.<ref name="ReferenceA">Gonzalez, ''A History of Christian Thought'', 88.</ref> Therefore, the church should not be supported by the state, neither by tithes and taxes, nor by the use of the sword; [[Christianity]] was a matter of individual conviction, which could not be forced on anyone, but rather required a personal decision for it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Protestant ecclesial leaders such as [[Balthasar Hubmaier|Hubmaier]] and [[Melchior Hoffman|Hofmann]] preached the invalidity of infant baptism, advocating baptism as following conversion ([[Believers baptism|"believer's baptism"]]) instead. This was not a doctrine new to the reformers, but was taught by earlier groups, such as the [[Catharism|Albigenses]] in 1147. Though most of the Radical Reformers were Anabaptist, some did not identify themselves with the mainstream Anabaptist tradition. [[Thomas Müntzer]] was involved in the [[German Peasants' War]]. [[Andreas Karlstadt]] disagreed theologically with Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther, teaching nonviolence and refusing to baptize infants while not rebaptizing adult believers.<ref name=GAMEO-Karlstadt>{{cite web|last=Hein|first=Gerhard|title=Karlstadt, Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein von (1486–1541)|url=https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Karlstadt,_Andreas_Rudolff-Bodenstein_von_(1486-1541)|website=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online|access-date=19 April 2014|archive-date=24 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424213846/https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Karlstadt,_Andreas_Rudolff-Bodenstein_von_(1486-1541)|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kaspar Schwenkfeld]] and [[Sebastian Franck]] were influenced by [[German mysticism]] and [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritualism]].

In the view of many associated with the Radical Reformation, the [[Magisterial Reformation]] had not gone far enough. Radical Reformer, [[Andreas Karlstadt|Andreas von Bodenstein Karlstadt]], for example, referred to the Lutheran theologians at [[Wittenberg]] as the "new papists".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reformationhappens.com/movements/magisterial/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704053158/http://www.reformationhappens.com/movements/magisterial/|url-status=dead|title=Welcome reformationhappens.com - BlueHost.com|archive-date=4 July 2007|website=}}</ref> Since the term "magister" also means "teacher", the Magisterial Reformation is also characterized by an emphasis on the authority of a teacher. This is made evident in the prominence of Luther, Calvin, and Zwingli as leaders of the reform movements in their respective areas of ministry. Because of their authority, they were often criticized by Radical Reformers as being too much like the Roman Popes. A more political side of the Radical Reformation can be seen in the thought and practice of [[Hans Hut]], although typically Anabaptism has been associated with pacifism.

Anabaptism in shape of its various diversification such as the [[Amish]], [[Mennonites]] and [[Hutterites]] came out of the Radical Reformation. Later in history, [[Schwarzenau Brethren]], and the [[Apostolic Christian Church]] would emerge in Anabaptist circles.

==Denominations==
{{See also|List of Christian denominations#Protestant|List of the largest Protestant churches}}

Protestants refer to specific groupings of congregations or churches that share in common foundational doctrines and the name of their groups as [[List of Christian Denominations#Protestant|denominations]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhVtAEwZckC&pg=PA135|title=Occupational Outlook Handbook, 1996–1997|date=1996|publisher=Diane Publishing|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0788129056|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002953/https://books.google.com/books?id=QkhVtAEwZckC&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref> The term denomination (national body) is to be distinguished from branch (denominational family; tradition), communion (international body) and congregation (church). An example (this is no universal way to classify Protestant churches, as these may sometimes vary broadly in their structures) to show the difference:

:Branch/denominational family/tradition: [[Methodism]]
::Communion/international body: [[World Methodist Council]]
:::Denomination/national body: [[United Methodist Church]]
::::Congregation/church: [[First United Methodist Church (Paintsville, Kentucky)]]

Strictly and historically speaking however, Protestantism does not include any branch/denomination of Christianity that did not emerge during the [[Protestant Reformation]]. This strict definition considers denominations, particularly Non-Denominationalism to be part of a "Post-Protestant/Post-Denominational" culture, or simply an unrelated offshoot of Protestantism.<ref>[https://journals.uts.edu/volume-xxiv-2023/352-the-post-protestant-thesis-the-decline-of-cultural-consensus-and-path-to-its-recovery? Edgerly, James (2023)]. “As American Protestantism declines, it has entered a post-denominational era. Even within the larger Mainline denominations, particularly the Southern Baptist Convention, individual churches do not strongly identify with their “denominational brand.” Mainline, Pentecostal, and Evangelical believers move freely among congregations. “Many, if not most, non-denominational churches are effectively Baptist in theology and polity, governed congregationally through elders, and practicing believers’ baptism."</ref><ref>[[Encyclopedia.com]], "The postdenominational church is an amorphous entity with roots in the 1960s counter-cultural reaction to organized religion. Members of the so-called Jesus movement held worship in parks and on beaches, feeling that the spirit of Christianity was antithetical to the bricks and mortar, clerical vestments, ritual practice, and theological dogma that were associated with "institutional" religion. In recent years the focus of the post-denominational church has not been associated with countercultural reaction but instead is part of a restorationist movement to recapture the spirit of the early Christian church"</ref><ref>Anatoliy, Denysenko, Post-Protestantism: Contemporary Exclusions, Critical Theology and Reformation 500 in the Context of the Phenomenon of the "Emerging Church", p1-2.</ref> This is due to a multitude of reasons such as the Protestant Reformation ending centuries before many of the offshoot denominations or unaffiliated churches found today (including [[Pentecostalism]], [[Seventh-day Adventism]], [[non-denominational Christianity]], and more). These branches of Christianity do not share historical heritage to the beginnings of Protestantism.<ref>[https://www.worldhistory.org/Protestant_Reformation/ World History Encyclopedia (2021)], "The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church"</ref> Furthermore, they differ on multiple key points of theology of historical/confessional Protestant denominations (such as the importance and efficacy of the sacraments), and denominations which came after the Protestant Reformation (most of which are closer to [[Restorationism]]) lack the official creeds and confessions that defined the doctrines of the historic Protestant denominations.<ref>Jensen, A. Gordan, Martin Luther’s Sacramental Theology (2016), "Martin Luther’s emphasis on the sacraments as a visible, tactile means by which the justifying action of God is conveyed to the believer brings the pastoral heart of the Reformation into clear focus." https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.359</ref><ref>Allen, Michael, 19 Sacraments in the Reformed and Anglican Reformation (2016), "...this chapter offers commentary on Reformed and Anglican confessional statements as they address the two sacraments: baptism and Eucharist. These contested areas of sacramental theology are considered following an initial focus upon the question of authority. The chapter concludes by returning to the material concern of the Reformed Reformation—the doctrine of grace—and an analysis of its operative effect upon sacramental faith and practice." https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199659067.013.35</ref><ref>Sochor, Andy, The Reformation and the Restoration: A Tale of Two Movements (2021): "Just as the Reformation Movement was born as a response to the problems that existed in the Roman Catholic Church, another movement was born as a response to the problem of division that existed within the Protestant churches that were part of the Reformation Movement. This new movement which began in the 1800’s in this country was the Restoration Movement"</ref><ref>Foster, Douglas. A, "Chapter 11. Restorationists and New Movements in North America", The Oxford History of Protestant Dissenting Traditions, Volume III: The Nineteenth Century, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199683710.003.0012</ref> This stricter definition of Protestantism includes only branches such as [[Lutheranism]], [[Anglicanism]], and [[Reformed Christianity|Calvinist/Reformed]], the latter of which includes denominations such as [[Presbyterianism]] and [[Continental Reformed]], [[Methodism]], [[Congregationalism]], and [[Baptist]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lutheranism Lutheranism] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Hillerbrand, Hans: Lutheranism (2023), "Lutheranism, branch of Christianity that traces its interpretation of the Christian religion to the teachings of Martin Luther and the 16th-century movements that issued from his reforms. Along with Anglicanism, the Reformed and Presbyterian (Calvinist) churches, Methodism, and the Baptist churches, Lutheranism is one of the five major branches of Protestantism"</ref>

Protestants reject the [[Catholic Church]]'s doctrine that it is the [[one true church]], with some teaching belief in the ''invisible church'', which consists of all who profess faith in Jesus Christ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.antiochian.org/node/17076|title=An Orthodox Response to the Recent Roman Catholic Declaration on the Nature of the Church|publisher=Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese|website=antiochian.org|access-date=28 July 2014|archive-date=2 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802015235/http://antiochian.org/node/17076|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Lutheranism|Lutheran Church]] traditionally sees itself as the "main trunk of the historical Christian Tree" founded by Christ and the Apostles, holding that during the Reformation, the [[Holy See|Church of Rome]] fell away.<ref name="Remensnyder1893">{{cite book |author1=Junius Benjamin Remensnyder |title=The Lutheran Manual |date=1893 |publisher=Boschen & Wefer Company |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |language=English |access-date=27 April 2021 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427020003/https://books.google.com/books?id=rWA3AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Frey1918">{{cite book |last=Frey |first=H. |title=Is One Church as Good as Another? |publisher=[[The Lutheran Witness]] |year=1918 |volume=37 |pages=82–83 |language=English |quote=There can only be one ''true'' visible Church. ...Only that one is the true visible Church which teaches and confesses the entire doctrine of the Word of God in all its purity, and in whose midst the Sacraments are duly administered according to Christ's institution. Of all Churches, this can only be said of our Lutheran Church.}}</ref> Individual denominations also have formed over very subtle theological differences. Other denominations are simply regional or ethnic expressions of the same beliefs. Because the five solas are the main tenets of the Protestant faith, [[Nondenominational Christianity|non-denominational]] groups and organizations are also considered Protestant.

Various [[Christian ecumenism|ecumenical movements]] have attempted cooperation or reorganization of the various divided Protestant denominations, according to various models of union, but divisions continue to outpace unions, as there is no overarching authority to which any of the churches owe allegiance, which can authoritatively define the faith. Most denominations share common beliefs in the major aspects of the Christian faith while differing in many secondary doctrines, although what is major and what is secondary is a matter of idiosyncratic belief.

Several countries have [[state religion|established]] their [[national church]]es, linking the ecclesiastical structure with the state. Jurisdictions where a Protestant denomination has been established as a state religion include several [[Nordic countries]]; Denmark (including Greenland),<ref name=DenmarkConstitution>{{cite web|url=http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da00000_.html|title=ICL > Denmark > Constitution|website=servat.unibe.ch|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=10 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710092702/http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/da00000_.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[the Faroe Islands]] ([[Church of the Faroe Islands|its church]] being independent since 2007),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.folkakirkjan.fo/default.aspx?pageid=6235&sectionid=207|title=Føroyska kirkjan|website=Fólkakirkjan|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308090058/http://www.folkakirkjan.fo/default.aspx?pageid=6235&sectionid=207|archive-date=8 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iceland<ref name=IcelandConstitution>[http://www.government.is/constitution/ Constitution of the Republic of Iceland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040211190819/http://www.government.is/constitution/ |date=11 February 2004 }}: Article 62, [http://www.government.is/ Government of Iceland] .</ref> and Norway<ref name="abcnyheter">[http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/080410/losere-band-men-fortsatt-statskirke Løsere bånd, men fortsatt statskirke] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108043939/http://www.abcnyheter.no/nyheter/080410/losere-band-men-fortsatt-statskirke|date=8 January 2014}}, ABC Nyheter</ref><ref>[http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8076910 Staten skal ikke lenger ansette biskoper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418121937/http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.8076910 |date=18 April 2012 }}, NRK</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=8840|title=Ingen avskaffelse: Slik blir den nye statskirkeordningen|first=Human-Etisk|last=Forbund|date=15 May 2012|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120093721/https://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=8840|url-status=live}}</ref> have established [[Lutheranism|Evangelical Lutheran]] churches. [[Tuvalu]] has [[Church of Tuvalu|the only established church in Reformed tradition]] in the world, while [[Tonga]]—[[Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga|in the Methodist tradition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=13338&lg=eng|title=Address data base of Reformed churches and institutions|first=Christoph|last=Fasse|website=reformiert-online.net|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=8 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708165003/http://www.reformiert-online.net/adressen/detail.php?id=13338&lg=eng|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Church of England]] is the officially established religious institution in England,<ref name=Eberle>{{cite book|title=Church and State in Western Society|first=Edward J.|last=Eberle|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4094-0792-8|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oYkzkVc_sG0C&pg=PA2|quote=The Church of England later became the official state church, with the monarch supervising church functions.|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002945/https://books.google.com/books?id=oYkzkVc_sG0C&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Fox>{{cite book|title=A World Survey of Religion and the State|first=Jonathan|last=Fox|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-521-88131-9|page=120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&pg=PA120|quote=The Church of England (Anglican) and the Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) are the official religions of the UK.|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002951/https://books.google.com/books?id=rE0NcgxNaKEC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Ferrante>{{cite book|title=Sociology: A Global Perspective|first=Joan|last=Ferrante|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8400-3204-1|page=408|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA408|quote=the Church of England [Anglican], which remains the official state church|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002953/https://books.google.com/books?id=AwnIIXI6y38C&pg=PA408|url-status=live}}</ref> and also the [[Mother Church]] of the worldwide [[Anglican Communion]].

In 1869, Finland was the first Nordic country to [[disestablishment|disestablish]] its [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland|Evangelical Lutheran church]] by introducing the Church Act.{{efn|Finland's State Church was the [[Church of Sweden]] until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia 1809–1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and a state church separate from Sweden, later named the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland]], was established. It was detached from the state as a separate judicial entity when the new church law came to force in 1869. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom was declared in the constitution of 1919 and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland lost its position as a state church but gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the [[Finnish Orthodox Church]], whose position, however, is not codified in the constitution.}} In 2000, Sweden was the second Nordic country to do so.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Sweden.1.pdf|title=Maarit Jänterä-Jareborg: Religion and the Secular State in Sweden|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110072754/http://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Sweden.1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===United and uniting churches===
{{Main|United and uniting churches}}

{{See also|Continuing churches}}
[[File:Union luthercalvin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Glass window in the town church of [[Wiesloch]] featuring [[Martin Luther]] and [[John Calvin]] commemorating the 1821 union of [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] and [[Calvinism|Reformed]] churches in the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]]]
United and uniting churches are churches formed from the merger or other form of union of two or more different Protestant denominations.

Historically, unions of Protestant churches were enforced by the state, usually in order to have a stricter control over the religious sphere of its people, but also for other organizational reasons. As modern [[Christian ecumenism]] progresses, unions between various Protestant traditions are becoming more and more common, resulting in a growing number of united and uniting churches. Some of the recent major examples are the [[Church of North India]] (1970), [[United Protestant Church of France]] (2013), and the [[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]] (2004). As mainline Protestantism shrinks in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] due to the rise of [[secularism]] or in areas where Christianity is a minority religion as with the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Reformed church|Reformed]], [[Anglican]], and [[Lutheran]] denominations merge, often creating large nationwide denominations.

What is perhaps the oldest official united church is found in [[Germany]], where the [[Protestant Church in Germany]] is a federation of [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]], United ([[Prussian Union of churches|Prussian Union]]), and [[Reformed churches]], dating back to 1817.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nassau-info.de/geschichte-jb-kirche.htm |title=Staatlicher Dirigismus und neue Gläubigkeit (Die Kirche im Herzogtum Nassau) |publisher=Nassau-info.de |language=de |access-date=27 May 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234050/http://www.nassau-info.de/geschichte-jb-kirche.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Around the world, each united or uniting church comprises a different mix of predecessor Protestant denominations. Trends are visible, however, as most united and uniting churches have one or more predecessors with heritage in the [[Calvinism|Reformed tradition]] and many are members of the [[World Alliance of Reformed Churches]].

==Major branches==
Protestants can be differentiated according to how they have been influenced by important movements since the Reformation, today regarded as branches. Some of these movements have a common lineage, sometimes directly spawning individual denominations. Due to the earlier stated multitude of [[List of Christian denominations|denominations]], this section discusses only the largest denominational families, or branches, widely considered to be a part of Protestantism. These are: [[Lutheran]]ism, [[Anglican]]ism, [[Calvinism|Calvinism (Reformed Christianity)]], [[Methodist|Methodism]], [[Hussite|Hussitism]], [[Adventism]], [[Pentecostal]]ism, [[Quaker]]ism, [[Plymouth Brethren]] and [[Baptist]]s. The small but historically significant branch of [[Anabaptist|Anabaptism]] is also discussed.

The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main Protestant denominational families, or their parts. Due to factors such as [[Counter-Reformation#Politics|Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation")]] and the legal principle of ''[[Cuius regio, eius religio]]'', many people lived as [[Nicodemite]]s, where their professed religious affiliations were more or less at odds with the movement they sympathized with. As a result, the boundaries between the denominations do not separate as cleanly as this chart indicates. When a population was suppressed or persecuted into feigning an adherence to the dominant faith, over the generations they continued to influence the church they outwardly adhered to.

Because Calvinism was not specifically recognized in the Holy Roman Empire until the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, many Calvinists lived as [[Crypto-Calvinists]]. Due to Counterreformation ("Catholic Reformation") related suppressions in Catholic lands during the 16th through 19th centuries, many Protestants lived as [[crypto-protestantism|Crypto-Protestants]]. Meanwhile, in Protestant areas, Catholics sometimes lived as [[crypto-papist]]s, although in continental Europe emigration was more feasible so this was less common.
[[File:Protestant branches.svg|thumb|upright=2.95|center|Historical chart of the main branches of Protestantism]]

===Lutheranism===
{{Main|Lutheranism}}

[[File:LutherRose.jpg|[[Luther rose|Luther's rose seal]], a symbol of [[Lutheranism]]|thumb]]

[[Lutheranism]] identifies with the [[theology of Martin Luther]]. It advocates a doctrine of justification "by [[Sola gratia|grace alone]] through [[Sola fide|faith alone]] on the basis of [[Sola scriptura|Scripture alone]]", the doctrine that scripture is the final authority on all matters of faith, rejecting the assertion made by Catholic leaders at the [[Council of Trent]] that authority comes from both Scriptures and [[Sacred tradition|Tradition]].<ref>''Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent'', Fourth Session, Decree on Sacred Scripture (Denzinger 783 [1501]; Schaff 2:79–81). For a history of the discussion of various interpretations of the Tridentine decree, see Selby, Matthew L., ''The Relationship Between Scripture and Tradition according to the Council of Trent'', unpublished Master's thesis, University of St Thomas, July 2013.</ref> In addition, Lutherans accept the teachings of the first four [[ecumenical councils]] of the undivided Christian Church.<ref name="Olson1999">{{cite book |last=Olson |first=Roger E. |url=https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/158 |title=The Story of Christian Theology: Twenty Centuries of Tradition & Reform |date=1999 |publisher=InterVarsity Press |isbn=978-0830815050 |page=[https://archive.org/details/storyofchristian00olso/page/158 158] |quote=The magisterial Protestant denominations such as major Lutheran, Reformed and Anglican (Church of England, Episcopalian) denominations recognize only the first four as having any special authority, and even they are considered subordinate to Scripture.}}</ref><ref name="Kelly2009">{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Joseph Francis |title=The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History |publisher=Liturgical Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0814653760 |page=64 |quote=The Church of England and most Lutheran churches accept the first four councils as ecumenical; Orthodox churches accept the first seven.}}</ref>

Unlike the Reformed tradition, Lutherans retain many of the [[Christian liturgy|liturgical]] practices and [[Sacraments#Lutheran teaching|sacramental]] teachings of the pre-Reformation Church with an emphasis on the [[Sacramental union|Eucharist]], or Lord's Supper. Lutheran theology differs from Reformed theology in [[Scholastic Lutheran Christology|Christology]], the purpose of [[Law and Gospel#Lutheran and Reformed differences|God's Law]], divine [[Irresistible grace#Lutheran|grace]], the concept of [[Perseverance of the saints#Lutheran view|perseverance of the saints]], and [[Predestination#Lutheranism|predestination]].

Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest branches of Protestantism. With approximately 80 million adherents,<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.lutheran.org.nz/about-us/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401192904/http://www.lutheran.org.nz/about-us/ |archive-date=1 April 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015 |website=Lutheran Church of New Zealand}}</ref> it constitutes the third most common Protestant confession after historically [[Pentecostal]] denominations and [[Anglicanism]].<ref name="pewforum1" /> The [[Lutheran World Federation]], the largest global communion of Lutheran churches represents over 72 million people.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 May 2013 |title=Member Churches – The Lutheran World Federation |url=http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/member-churches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129164641/http://www.lutheranworld.org/content/member-churches |archive-date=29 January 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref> Both of these figures miscount Lutherans worldwide as many members of more generically Protestant LWF member church bodies do not self-identify as Lutheran or attend congregations that self-identify as Lutheran.<ref>{{cite web |title=Survey Shows 70.5 Million Members in LWF-Affiliated Churches |url=http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/index.php/member-statistics-2011.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715071837/http://www.lutheranworld.org/lwf/index.php/member-statistics-2011.html |archive-date=15 July 2012 |access-date=22 July 2012 |website=The Lutheran World Federation}}</ref> Additionally, there are other international organizations such as the [[Global Confessional and Missional Lutheran Forum]], [[International Lutheran Council]] and the [[Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference]], as well as [[List of Lutheran denominations|Lutheran denominations]] that are not necessarily a member of an international organization.

===Anglicanism===
{{Main|Anglicanism}}

[[File:Thomas Cranmer by Gerlach Flicke.jpg|[[Thomas Cranmer]], one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity|thumb]]

[[Anglicanism]] consists of the [[Church of England]] and churches which are historically tied to it or hold similar beliefs, worship practices and church structures.<ref name="cofe">{{cite web |title=What it means to be an Anglican |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/faith/anglican/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830191043/http://www.churchofengland.org/our-faith/being-an-anglican.aspx |archive-date=30 August 2011 |access-date=16 March 2009 |publisher=Church of England}}</ref> The word ''Anglican'' originates in ''{{lang|la|ecclesia anglicana}}'', a [[medieval Latin]] phrase dating to at least 1246 that means the ''English Church''. There is no single "Anglican Church" with universal juridical authority, since each national or regional church has full [[autonomy]]. As the name suggests, the communion is an association of churches in [[full communion]] with the [[archbishop of Canterbury]]. The great majority of Anglicans are members of churches which are part of the international [[Anglican Communion]],<ref name="acomm">{{cite web |title=The Anglican Communion official website – homepage |url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319004737/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/ |archive-date=19 March 2009 |access-date=16 March 2009}}</ref> which has 85 million adherents.<ref>{{cite web |last=Office |first=Anglican Communion |title=Member Churches |url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/index.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307165129/http://www.anglicancommunion.org/tour/index.cfm |archive-date=7 March 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=anglicancommunion.org}}</ref>

The [[Church of England]] declared its independence from the Catholic Church at the time of the [[Elizabethan Religious Settlement]].<ref name="CTS">{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Jonathon |author-link=Jonathon Green |title=Chasing the Sun: Dictionary Makers and the Dictionaries They Made |publisher=[[Henry Holt (publisher)|Henry Holt]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8050-3466-0 |edition=1st US |location=New York |pages=58–59 |chapter=Chapter 2: The Middle Ages}}</ref> Many of the new Anglican formularies of the mid-16th century corresponded closely to those of contemporary Reformed tradition. These reforms were understood by one of those most responsible for them, the then archbishop of Canterbury, [[Thomas Cranmer]], as navigating a middle way between two of the emerging Protestant traditions, namely Lutheranism and Calvinism.<ref>[[Diarmaid MacCulloch]], ''Thomas Cranmer: A Life'', Yale University Press, p. 617 (1996).</ref>

Unique to Anglicanism is the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'', the collection of services that worshippers in most Anglican churches used for centuries. While it has since undergone many revisions and Anglican churches in different countries have developed other service books, the Book of Common Prayer is still acknowledged as one of the ties that bind the Anglican Communion together. The [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] and the [[Books of Homilies]] explicate historic Anglican doctrine and along with the Book of Common Prayer, were developed under the reformer Thomas Cranmer.<ref name="Samuel2020">{{cite book |last1=Samuel |first1=Chimela Meehoma |title=Treasures of the Anglican Witness: A Collection of Essays |date=28 April 2020 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-5437-5784-2 |language=en |quote=In addition to his emphasis on Bible reading and the introduction to the ''Book of Common Prayer'', other media through which Cranmer sought to catechize the English people were the introduction of the First Book of Homilies and the 39 Articles of Religion. Together with the ''Book of Common Prayer'' and the Forty-Two Articles (which were later reduced to thirty-nine), the Book of Homilies stands as one of the essential texts of the Edwardian Reformation, and they all helped to define the shape of Anglicanism then, and in the subsequent centuries. More so, the Articles of Religion, whose primary shape and content were given by Archbishop Cranmer and Bishop Ridley in 1553 (and whose final official form was ratified by Convocation, the Queen, and Parliament in 1571), provided a more precise interpretation of Christian doctrine to the English people. According to John H. Rodgers, they "constitute the formal statements of the accepted, common teaching put forth by the Church of England as a result of the Reformation."}}</ref>

===Calvinism (Reformed Christianity)===
{{Main|Reformed Christianity}}

[[File:John Calvin - Young.jpg|[[John Calvin]]'s theological thought influenced a variety of [[Congregational church|Congregational]], [[Continental Reformed church|Continental Reformed]], [[United and uniting churches|United]], [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]], and other Reformed churches.|thumb]]

[[Calvinism]], also called the Reformed tradition, was advanced by several theologians such as [[Martin Bucer]], [[Heinrich Bullinger]], [[Peter Martyr Vermigli]], and Huldrych Zwingli, but this branch of Christianity bears the name of the French reformer John Calvin because of his prominent influence on it and because of his role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 16th century.

This term also refers to the doctrines and practices of the [[Reformed churches]] of which Calvin was an early leader. Less commonly, it can refer to the individual teaching of Calvin himself. The particulars of Calvinist theology may be stated in a number of ways. Perhaps the best known summary is contained in the [[five points of Calvinism]], though these points identify the Calvinist view on [[Christian soteriology|soteriology]] rather than summarizing the system as a whole. Broadly speaking, Calvinism stresses the sovereignty or rule of God in all things—in salvation but also in all of life. This concept is seen clearly in the doctrines of [[predestination (Calvinism)|predestination]] and [[total depravity]].

The biggest Reformed association is the [[World Communion of Reformed Churches]] with more than 80 million members in 211 member denominations around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Theology and Communion |url=http://wcrc.ch/theology/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220021929/http://wcrc.ch/theology/ |archive-date=20 December 2013 |access-date=5 December 2013 |website=World Communion of Reformed Churches}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Member Churches |url=http://wcrc.ch/wcrc-member-churches/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412134752/http://wcrc.ch/wcrc-member-churches/ |archive-date=12 April 2014 |access-date=5 December 2013 |website=World Communion of Reformed Churches}}</ref> There are more conservative Reformed federations like the [[World Reformed Fellowship]] and the [[International Conference of Reformed Churches]], as well as [[List of Reformed denominations|independent churches]].

===Methodism===
{{Main|Methodism}}

[[File:The history of Methodism (1902) (14742412186).jpg|[[John Wesley]], founder of Methodism, [[Open-air preaching|preaching in the open air]]|thumb]]

[[Methodism]] identifies principally with [[Wesleyan theology|the theology]] of [[John Wesley]]. This evangelical movement originated as a [[Christian revival|revival]] within the 18th-century [[Church of England]] and became a separate Church following Wesley's death. Because of vigorous missionary activity, the movement spread throughout the [[British Empire]], the United States, and beyond, today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Member Churches |url=http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303123750/http://worldmethodistcouncil.org/about/member-churches/ |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=17 June 2013 |publisher=World Methodist Council}}</ref> Originally it appealed especially to laborers and slaves.

[[Soteriology|Soteriologically]], most Methodists are [[Arminian]], emphasizing that Christ accomplished salvation for every human being, and that humans must exercise an act of the will to receive it (as opposed to the traditional Calvinist doctrine of [[monergism]]). Methodism is traditionally [[low church]] in liturgy, although this varies greatly between individual congregations; the Wesleys themselves greatly valued the Anglican liturgy and tradition. Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition; John Wesley's brother, [[Charles Wesley|Charles]], was instrumental in writing much of the [[hymnody]] of the Methodist Church,<ref name="Methodist Hymnbody">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qScPAAAAIAAJ |title=A Collection of Hymns, for the use of the people called Methodists |publisher=T. Blanshard |year=1820 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003032/https://books.google.com/books?id=qScPAAAAIAAJ |archive-date=23 May 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and many other eminent hymn writers come from the Methodist tradition.
The Holiness movement refers to a set of practices surrounding the doctrine of Christian perfection that emerged within 19th-century Methodism, along with a number of evangelical denominations and [[parachurch organization]]s (such as [[camp meeting]]s).<ref name="Winn">{{cite book |last1=Winn |first1=Christian T. Collins |title=From the Margins: A Celebration of the Theological Work of Donald W. Dayton |date=2007 |publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers |isbn=978-1630878320 |page=115 |language=en |quote=In addition to these separate denominational groupings, one needs to give attention to the large pockets of the Holiness movement that have remained within the United Methodist Church. The most influential of these would be the circles dominated by Asbury College and Asbury Theological Seminary (both in Wilmore, KY), but one could speak of other colleges, innumerable local campmeetings, the vestiges of various local Holiness associations, independent Holiness oriented missionary societies and the like that have had great impact within United Methodism. A similar pattern would exist in England with the role of Cliff College within Methodism in that context.}}</ref> There are an estimated 12 million adherents in denominations aligned with the Wesleyan-holiness movement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Holiness churches |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/holiness-churches |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225232719/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/church-families/holiness-churches/ |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=oikoumene.org}}</ref> The [[Free Methodist Church]], the [[Salvation Army]] and the [[Wesleyan Church|Wesleyan Methodist Church]] are notable examples, while other adherents of the Holiness Movement remained within mainline Methodism, e.g. the [[United Methodist Church]].<ref name="Winn" />

===Hussitism===
[[Hussitism]] follows the teachings of Czech reformer Jan Hus, who became the best-known representative of the [[Bohemian Reformation]] and one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation. An early hymnal was the hand-written ''[[Jistebnice hymn book]]''. This predominantly religious movement was propelled by social issues and strengthened [[Czech people|Czech]] national awareness. Among present-day Christians, Hussite traditions are represented in the [[Moravian Church]], [[Unity of the Brethren (Texas)|Unity of the Brethren]] and the [[Czechoslovak Hussite Church]].<ref name="Nĕmec">Nĕmec, Ludvík "The Czechoslovak heresy and schism: the emergence of a national Czechoslovak church", American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, 1975, {{ISBN|0-87169-651-7}}</ref>

===Adventism===
{{Main|Adventism}}

Adventism began in the 19th century in the context of the [[Second Great Awakening]] revival in the [[United States]]. The name refers to belief in the imminent [[Second Coming of Christ]]. [[William Miller (preacher)|William Miller]] started the Adventist movement in the 1830s. His followers became known as [[Millerism|Millerites]].<ref name="Bergman">{{cite book |surname=Bergman |given=Jerry |year=1995 |chapter=The Adventist and Jehovah's Witness Branch of Protestantism |editor-surname=Miller |editor-given=Timothy |editor-link=Timothy Miller |title=America's Alternative Religions |publisher=SUNY Press |place=Albany, NY |pages=33–46 |isbn=978-0-7914-2397-4 |chapter-url={{Google books|id=og_u0Re1uwUC|plainurl=y|page=33|keywords=|text=}} |url={{Google books|id=og_u0Re1uwUC|plainurl=y}} |url-status=live |archive-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724210513/https://books.google.com/books?id=og_u0Re1uwUC}}</ref>

Although the Adventist churches hold much in common, their [[Christian theology|theologies]] differ on whether the [[Intermediate state (Christianity)|intermediate state]] is [[Soul sleep|unconscious sleep]] or consciousness, whether the ultimate punishment of the wicked is [[annihilationism|annihilation]] or eternal torment, the nature of immortality, whether or not the wicked are resurrected after the millennium, and whether the sanctuary of [[Daniel 8]] refers to the one in [[heavenly sanctuary|heaven]] or one on earth.<ref name="Handbook">{{Cite book | section = Adventist and Sabbatarian (Hebraic) Churches | pages = 256–276 |year=2005| editor-first1 = Frank S | editor-last1 = Mead | editor-first2 = Samuel S | editor-last2 = Hill | editor-first3 = Craig D | editor-last3 = Atwood | title = Handbook of Denominations in the United States | edition = 12th | place = Nashville | publisher = Abingdon Press}}</ref> The movement has encouraged the examination of the whole [[Bible]], leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the [[Sabbath in Seventh-day Adventism|Sabbath]]. The [[General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists]] has compiled that church's core beliefs in [[the 28 Fundamental Beliefs]] (1980 and 2005), which use Biblical references as justification.

In 2010, Adventism claimed some 22 million believers scattered in various independent churches.<ref name="pewforum1"/> The largest church within the movement—the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]]—has more than 18 million members.

===Pentecostalism===
{{Main|Pentecostalism}}

[[File:Charlesparham.png|[[Charles Fox Parham]], who associated [[Speaking in tongues|glossolalia]] with the baptism in the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]|thumb]]

[[Pentecostalism]] is a movement that places special emphasis on a direct personal experience of [[God in Christianity|God]] through the [[baptism with the Holy Spirit]]. The term ''Pentecostal'' is derived from [[Pentecost]], the [[Greek language|Greek]] name for the Jewish [[Feast of Weeks]]. For Christians, this event commemorates the descent of the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] upon the followers of [[Jesus Christ]], as described in the [[Second Chapter of Acts|second chapter]] of the [[Book of Acts]].

This branch of Protestantism is distinguished by belief in the baptism with the Holy Spirit as an experience separate from [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion]] that enables a Christian to live a life empowered by and filled with the Holy Spirit. This empowerment includes the use of [[spiritual gift]]s such as [[speaking in tongues]] and [[divine healing]]—two other defining characteristics of Pentecostalism. Because of their commitment to biblical authority, spiritual gifts, and the miraculous, Pentecostals tend to see their movement as reflecting the same kind of spiritual power and teachings that were found in the [[Apostolic Age]] of the [[early church]]. For this reason, some Pentecostals also use the term ''Apostolic'' or ''[[Full Gospel]]'' to describe their movement.

Pentecostalism eventually spawned hundreds of new denominations, including large groups such as the Assemblies of God and the Church of God in Christ, both in the United States and elsewhere. There are over 279 million Pentecostals worldwide, and the movement is growing in many parts of the world, especially the [[global South]]. Since the 1960s, Pentecostalism has increasingly gained acceptance from other Christian traditions, and Pentecostal beliefs concerning Spirit baptism and spiritual gifts have been embraced by non-Pentecostal Christians in Protestant and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] churches through the [[Charismatic Movement]]. Together, [[Charismatic Christianity|Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity]] numbers over 500 million adherents.<ref name="PewGlobalChristianity67">{{Citation |title=Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population |date=19 December 2011 |page=67 |url=http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |access-date=25 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723134849/http://www.pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Religious_Affiliation/Christian/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Pew Forum]] on Religion and Public Life}}</ref>

===Quakerism===

[[File:Fox by Lely 2.jpg|[[George Fox]] was an [[English dissenter]] and a founder of the [[Religious Society of Friends]], commonly known as the Quakers or Friends.|thumb]]

[[Quakers]], or Friends, are members of a family of religious movements collectively known as the Religious Society of Friends. The central unifying doctrine of these movements is the [[priesthood of all believers]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quaker Faith & Practice |url=http://qfp.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp11-01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719234710/http://qfp.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp11-01.html |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=5 June 2015 |publisher=Britain Yearly Meeting}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Baltimore Yearly Meeting Faith & Practice 2011 draft |url=http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html#vocal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413213340/http://www.bym-rsf.org/publications/fandp/11worship.html#vocal |archive-date=13 April 2012}}</ref> Many Friends view themselves as members of a Christian denomination. They include those with [[evangelicalism|evangelical]], [[Holiness movement|holiness]], [[Mainline Protestant|liberal]], and traditional [[Conservative Friends|conservative Quaker]] understandings of [[Christianity]]. Unlike many other groups that emerged within Christianity, the Religious Society of Friends has actively tried to avoid [[creed]]s and hierarchical structures.<ref>[http://www.quaker.org/quest/ministers-1.htm The Trouble With "Ministers"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019042905/http://www.quaker.org/quest/ministers-1.htm|date=19 October 2013}} by Chuck Fager gives an overview of the hierarchy Friends had until it began to be abolished in the mid-eighteenth century. Retrieved 25 April 2014.</ref>

===Plymouth Brethren===
The [[Plymouth Brethren]] are a [[conservative]], low church, evangelical denomination, whose history can be traced to [[Dublin]], Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from [[Anglicanism]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Abigail |first=Shawn |date=June 2006 |title=What is the history of the 'Brethren'? |url=http://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160518150855/http://brethrenonline.org/faqs/Brethren.htm#3 |archive-date=18 May 2016 |access-date=12 June 2009 |website="Plymouth Brethren" FAQ}}</ref><ref name="mackay1981">{{Cite book |last=Mackay |first=Harold |url=https://archive.org/details/assemblydistinct0000mack |title=Assembly Distinctives |publisher=Everyday Publications |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-88873-049-7 |location=Scarborough, Toronto |oclc=15948378 |url-access=registration}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</ref> Among other beliefs, the group emphasizes ''{{lang|la|sola scriptura}}''. Brethren generally see themselves not as a denomination, but as a network, or even as a collection of overlapping networks, of like-minded independent churches. Although the group refused for many years to take any denominational name to itself—a stance that some of them still maintain—the title ''The Brethren'', is one that many of their number are comfortable with in that the Bible designates all believers as ''brethren''.

===Baptists===
{{Main|Baptists}}

[[File:Baptism by immersion.jpg|Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed [[believer's baptism|only for professing believers]].|thumb]]

[[Baptists]] subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers ([[believer's baptism]], as opposed to [[infant baptism]]), and that it must be done by complete [[Immersion baptism|immersion]] (as opposed to [[affusion]] or [[Aspersion|sprinkling]]). Baptists also claim that infant baptisms are false due to the infant's lack of understanding of virtues and sins, making them not able (according to Baptists) to confess their faith, which also regarded their lack of being able to speak at such a young age, compared to adults.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9798216957768 |title=American Religious History: Belief and Society through Time |date=2020 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |isbn=979-8-216-95776-8 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Gary Scott |edition=1 |doi=10.5040/9798216957768}}</ref> Other [[Dogma|tenets]] of Baptist churches include [[soul competency]] (liberty), [[salvation]] through [[Sola fide|faith alone]], [[Sola scriptura|Scripture alone]] as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local [[Congregationalist polity|congregation]]. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, [[pastor]]s and [[deacon]]s. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.<ref name="Baptist Origins">Buescher, John. "[https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329 Baptist Origins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920071007/http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/22329|date=20 September 2015}}." [http://www.teachinghistory.org/ Teaching History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926205612/https://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24484|date=26 September 2018}}. Retrieved 23 September 2011.</ref>

Diverse from their beginning, those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe, how they worship, their attitudes toward other Christians, and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship.<ref name="Shurden turning">{{cite web |last=Shurden |first=Walter |year=2001 |title=Turning Points in Baptist History |url=http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/pamphlets/style/turningpoints.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710040901/http://www.centerforbaptiststudies.org/pamphlets/style/turningpoints.htm |archive-date=10 July 2010 |access-date=16 January 2010 |publisher=The Center for Baptist Studies, Mercer University |location=Macon, GA}}</ref> The separation of Church and state is also a huge belief of Anabaptists. They have strongly supported this because they believe its a Biblical concept to follow, and they were persecuted by Protestant and Catholic authorities. Arguing that Christ did not give magistrates the power to form churches or constrain citizens in matters of religion.<ref name="auto1"/> There is some disagreement regarding the precise origins of the Anabaptists, but majority of scholars claim that the Anabaptist religion began around 1525 in Zurich, Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/encyclopedia?docid=b-9798216957751 |title=American Religious History: Belief and Society through Time |date=2020 |publisher=ABC-CLIO, LLC |isbn=979-8-216-95775-1 |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Gary Scott |edition=1 |doi=10.5040/9798216957751}}</ref>

Historians trace the earliest church labeled ''Baptist'' back to 1609 in [[Amsterdam]], with [[English Dissenters|English Separatist]] [[John Smyth (Baptist minister)|John Smyth]] as its pastor.<ref name="Gourley">Gourley, Bruce. "A Very Brief Introduction to Baptist History, Then and Now." ''The Baptist Observer.''</ref> Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christ's atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to [[Election (Christianity)|the elect]]. In 1638, [[Roger Williams]] established the [[first Baptist church in America|first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies]]. In the mid-18th century, the [[First Great Awakening]] increased Baptist growth in both New England and the South.<ref name="EBOself">{{cite web |last=Hudson |first=Winthrop S. |title=Baptist |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52364/Baptist |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426193803/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/52364/Baptist |archive-date=26 April 2015 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref> The [[Second Great Awakening]] in the South in the early 19th century increased church membership, as did the preachers' lessening of support for [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolition]] and [[manumission]] of [[slavery]], which had been part of the 18th-century teachings. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent.<ref name="ODCC self">{{citation |title=The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church |year=2005 |editor-last=Cross |editor-first=FL |contribution=Baptists |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

The [[Baptist World Alliance]] reports more than 41 million members in more than 150,000 congregations.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 May 2008 |title=Member Body Statistics |url=http://www.bwanet.org/bwa.php?site=Resources&id=19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401120508/http://www.bwanet.org/bwa.php?site=Resources&id=19 |archive-date=1 April 2010 |access-date=6 May 2010 |publisher=Baptist World Alliance}}</ref> In 2002, there were over 100 million Baptists and Baptistic group members worldwide and over 33 million in North America.<ref name="ODCC self" /> The largest Baptist association is the [[Southern Baptist Convention]], with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 14 million.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pipes |first=Carol |date=23 May 2019 |title=SBC: Giving increases while baptisms continue decline |url=http://www.bpnews.net/52962/acp--giving-increases-baptisms-attendance-continue-decline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525014132/http://www.bpnews.net/52962/acp--giving-increases-baptisms-attendance-continue-decline |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |publisher=Baptist Press}}</ref>

===Anabaptism===
{{Main|Anabaptism}}

[[File:Lancaster County Amish 03.jpg|thumb|An [[Amish]] family in a horse-drawn square buggy in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States]]]]

Anabaptism traces its origins to the [[Radical Reformation]]. Anabaptists believe in delaying [[baptism]] until the candidate confesses his or her faith. Although some consider this movement to be an offshoot of Protestantism, others see it as a distinct one.<ref>{{Citation |last=McGrath |first=William |title=CBC 4 me |df=dmy-all |url=http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227060547/http://www.cbc4me.org/articles/Baptist/04-McGrath.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=dead |contribution=Neither Catholic nor Protestant}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Gilbert |first=William |title=The Anabaptists and the Reformation |access-date=4 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106004243/http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html |archive-date=6 January 2019 |url-status=live |chapter=15 The Radicals of the Reformation |chapter-url=http://vlib.iue.it/carrie/texts/carrie_books/gilbert/15.html}}</ref> The [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], and [[Mennonites]] are direct descendants of the movement. [[Schwarzenau Brethren]], [[Bruderhof]], and the [[Apostolic Christian Church]] are considered later developments among the Anabaptists.

The name ''Anabaptist'', meaning "one who baptizes again", was given to them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants.<ref>{{Citation |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Online Etymological Dictionary |year=2010 |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anabaptist |access-date=25 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806065325/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Anabaptist |archive-date=6 August 2011 |url-status=live |contribution=Anabaptist |orig-year=2001}}</ref> Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected [[infant baptism|baptism of infants]]. The early members of this movement did not accept the name ''Anabaptist'', claiming that since infant baptism was unscriptural and null and void, the baptizing of believers was not a re-baptism but in fact their first real baptism. As a result of their views on the nature of baptism and other issues, Anabaptists were heavily persecuted during the 16th century and into the 17th by both [[Magisterial Reformation|Magisterial Protestants]] and Catholics. While most Anabaptists adhered to a [[Sermon on the Mount#Analysis and interpretation|literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount]], which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government, some who practiced re-baptism felt otherwise.<ref group="lower-alpha">For example, the [[Münster Rebellion|followers of Thomas Müntzer]] and [[Balthasar Hubmaier]].</ref> They were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative [[Amish]], [[Mennonites]], and [[Hutterites]] and some historians tend to consider them as outside of true Anabaptism. Anabaptist reformers of the Radical Reformation are divided into Radical and the so-called Second Front. Some important Radical Reformation theologians were [[John of Leiden]], [[Thomas Müntzer]], [[Kaspar Schwenkfeld von Ossig|Kaspar Schwenkfeld]], [[Sebastian Franck]], and [[Menno Simons]]. Second Front Reformers included [[Hans Denck]], [[Conrad Grebel]], [[Balthasar Hubmaier]] and [[Felix Manz]]. Many Anabaptists today still use the ''[[Ausbund]]'', which is the oldest hymnal still in continuous use.

===Other Protestants===
{{Main|List of Christian denominations#Protestant}}

There are many other Protestant denominations that do not fit neatly into the mentioned branches, and are far smaller in membership. Some groups of individuals who hold basic Protestant tenets identify themselves simply as "Christians" or "[[born-again]] Christians". They typically distance themselves from the [[confessionalism (religion)|confessionalism]] or creedalism of other Christian communities<ref>Confessionalism is a term employed by historians to refer to "the creation of fixed identities and systems of beliefs for separate churches which had previously been more fluid in their self-understanding, and which had not begun by seeking separate identities for themselves—they had wanted to be truly Catholic and reformed." (MacCulloch, ''The Reformation: A History'', p. xxiv.)</ref> by calling themselves "[[Non-denominational Christianity|non-denominational]]" or "[[evangelical]]". Often founded by individual pastors, they have little affiliation with historic denominations.<ref name="Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey">{{cite web |title=Classification of Protestant Denominations |url=http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092522/http://religions.pewforum.org/pdf/report2religious-landscape-study-appendix3.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2015 |access-date=27 September 2009 |publisher=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life / U.S. Religious Landscape Survey}}</ref>

Although [[Unitarianism]] developed from the Protestant Reformation,<ref>{{cite web |title=Unitarianism: Unitarianism at a glance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/unitarianism/ataglance/glance.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050504/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/unitarianism/ataglance/glance.shtml |archive-date=9 August 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |publisher=BBC – Religions}}</ref> it is excluded from Protestantism due to its [[Nontrinitarian]] theological nature.<ref name="willsky" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Unitarian Christianity |url=http://www.americanunitarian.org/AUCChristian.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805035309/http://americanunitarian.org/AUCChristian.htm |archive-date=5 August 2017 |access-date=1 August 2017 |website=americanunitarian.org}}</ref> Unitarianism has been popular in the [[Transylvania|region of Transylvania]] within today's [[Romania]], England, and the United States.<ref name="willsky" /> It originated almost simultaneously in Transylvania and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]].

[[Spiritual Christianity]] is the group of Russian movements ([[Doukhobors]] and others), so-called folk Protestants. Their origins are varied: some were influenced by western Protestants, others from disgust of the behavior of official [[Russian Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] priests.<ref>{{cite journal |date=1999 |title=Spiritual Christianity and Sectarianism in Russia |url=http://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html |url-status=live |journal=Russkaya Mysl ("Russian Thought") |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719084458/https://www.berdyaev.com/berdiaev/berd_lib/1916_252a.html |archive-date=19 July 2023 |access-date=19 July 2023 |via=Berdyaev.com |given=Nikolai |surname=Berdyaev |author-link=Nikolai Berdyaev |translator=S. Janos |orig-year=1916}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |surname=Tarasoff |given=Koozma J. |title=Spirit Wrestlers: Doukhobor Pioneers' Strategies for Living |publisher=Legas |year=2006 |isbn=1-896031-12-9 |place=Ottawa |chapter=Overview |access-date=19 July 2023 |chapter-url=http://www.spirit-wrestlers.com/excerpts/2006_Doukhobors_Overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223110138/http://www.spirit-wrestlers.com/excerpts/2006_Doukhobors_Overview.html |archive-date=23 December 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Messianic Judaism]] is a movement of the Jews and non-Jews, which arose in the 1960s within Evangelical Protestantism and absorbed elements of the [[Jewish Christian|messianic]] traditions in Judaism.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |entry=Messianic Judaism |publisher=Facts On File |place=New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC |access-date=19 July 2023 |editor-surname=Melton |editor-given=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |page=373 |isbn=0-8160-5456-8 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630153122/https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC |archive-date=30 June 2024 |quote="Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith.…By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews." |entry-url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y|page=373|keywords=|text=}}}}</ref>

==Interdenominational movements==
[[File:Messiah Cathedral in Night.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|An [[Indonesian Reformed Evangelical Church]] [[megachurch]]]]
There are also Christian movements which cross denominational lines and even branches, and cannot be classified on the same level previously mentioned forms. [[Evangelicalism]] is a prominent example. Some of those movements are active exclusively within Protestantism, some are Christian-wide. Transdenominational movements are sometimes capable of affecting parts of the Catholic Church, such as does it the [[Charismatic Movement]], which aims to incorporate beliefs and practices similar to [[Pentecostals]] into the various branches of Christianity. [[Neo-charismatic churches]] are sometimes regarded as a subgroup of the Charismatic Movement. Both are put under a common label of [[Charismatic Christianity]] (so-called ''Renewalists''), along with Pentecostals. [[Nondenominational Christianity|Nondenominational churches]] and various [[house church]]es often adopt, or are akin to one of these movements.

[[Megachurch]]es are usually influenced by interdenominational movements. Globally, these large congregations are a significant development in Protestant Christianity. In the United States, the phenomenon has more than quadrupled in the past two decades.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=tflynn_26_5|title=Redirect|website=secularhumanism.org|access-date=10 February 2016|archive-date=19 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619065320/http://secularhumanism.org/index.php?section=library&page=tflynn_26_5|url-status=live}}</ref> It has since spread worldwide.

The chart below shows the mutual relations and historical origins of the main interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism.

[[File:Interdenominational movements & other Protestant developments.svg|thumb|upright=2.95|center|Links between interdenominational movements and other developments within Protestantism]]

===Evangelicalism===
{{Main|Evangelicalism}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-0798-29, Düsseldorf, Veranstaltung mit Billy Graham.jpg|[[Billy Graham]], a prominent evangelical revivalist, preaching in [[Duisburg|Duisburg, Germany]], in 1954|thumb]]

Evangelicalism, or evangelical Protestantism,{{efn|Primarily in the United States, where Protestants are usually placed in one of two categories—[[Mainline Protestant|Mainline]] or Evangelical.}} is a worldwide, transdenominational movement which maintains that the essence of [[the gospel]] consists in the doctrine of salvation by [[Grace in Christianity|grace]] through [[Faith in Christianity|faith]] in [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]]'s [[atonement in Christianity|atonement]].<ref name=Oxf>{{cite book|title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary | year=1978| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url=https://www.operationworld.org/glossary | title=Operation World | access-date=4 June 2015 | archive-date=18 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118153156/http://operationworld.org/glossary | url-status=live }}</ref>

Evangelicals are [[Christians]] who believe in the centrality of the conversion or [[Born again (Christianity)|"born again" experience]] in receiving salvation, believe in the authority of the Bible as God's revelation to humanity and have a strong commitment to evangelism or sharing the Christian message.

It gained great momentum in the 18th and 19th centuries with the emergence of [[Methodism]] and the [[Great Awakenings]] in Britain and North America. The origins of Evangelicalism are usually traced back to the English [[Methodist]] movement, [[Nicolaus Zinzendorf]], the [[Moravian Church]], [[Lutheran]] [[Pietism]], [[Presbyterianism]] and [[Puritanism]].<ref name="pewforum1"/> Among leaders and major figures of the Evangelical Protestant movement were [[John Wesley]], [[George Whitefield]], [[Jonathan Edwards (theologian)|Jonathan Edwards]], [[Billy Graham]], [[Harold John Ockenga]], [[John Stott]] and [[Martyn Lloyd-Jones]].

There are an estimated 285,480,000 Evangelicals, corresponding to 13% of the [[Christianity by country|Christian population]] and 4% of the [[World population|total world population]]. The Americas, Africa and Asia are home to the majority of Evangelicals. The United States has the largest concentration of Evangelicals.<ref name="How Many Evangelicals Are There">{{Citation | title=How Many Evangelicals Are There? | url=http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/How-Many-Are-There/ | publisher=Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals | place=Wheaton College | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130062242/http://www.wheaton.edu/ISAE/Defining-Evangelicalism/How-Many-Are-There | archive-date=30 January 2016 | df=dmy-all}}</ref> Evangelicalism is gaining popularity, especially in Latin America and the [[developing world]].

===Charismatic movement===
{{Main|Charismatic movement}}

[[File:Hillsong Church Konstanz 2018.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Hillsong Church, an evangelical charismatic church, in [[Konstanz]], Germany]]
The Charismatic movement is the international trend of historically mainstream congregations adopting beliefs and practices similar to [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostals]]. Fundamental to the movement is the use of [[spiritual gift]]s. Among Protestants, the movement began around 1960.

In the United States, Episcopalian [[Dennis Bennett (priest)|Dennis Bennett]] is sometimes cited as one of the charismatic movement's seminal influence.<ref>{{Citation | first = Randall | last = Balmer | title = Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism: Revised and Expanded Edition | edition = 2nd | place = Waco | publisher = Baylor | year = 2004 | contribution = Charismatic Movement}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Colin Urquhart]], [[Michael Harper (priest)|Michael Harper]], [[David Watson (evangelist)|David Watson]] and others were in the vanguard of similar developments. The [[Massey University|Massey]] conference in New Zealand, 1964 was attended by several Anglicans, including the Rev. Ray Muller, who went on to invite Bennett to New Zealand in 1966, and played a leading role in developing and promoting the ''Life in the Spirit'' seminars. Other Charismatic movement leaders in New Zealand include [[Bill Subritzky]].

Larry Christenson, a Lutheran theologian based in [[San Pedro, California]], did much in the 1960s and 1970s to interpret the charismatic movement for Lutherans. A very large annual conference regarding that matter was held in [[Minneapolis]]. Charismatic Lutheran congregations in Minnesota became especially large and influential; especially "Hosanna!" in Lakeville, and North Heights in St. Paul. The next generation of Lutheran charismatics cluster around the Alliance of Renewal Churches. There is considerable charismatic activity among young Lutheran leaders in California centered around an annual gathering at Robinwood Church in Huntington Beach. [[Richard A. Jensen]]'s ''Touched by the Spirit'' published in 1974, played a major role of the Lutheran understanding to the charismatic movement.

In Congregational and Presbyterian churches which profess a traditionally [[Calvinist]] or [[Reformed theology]] there are differing views regarding present-day [[continuationism|continuation]] or [[cessationism|cessation]] of the gifts (''{{lang|la|charismata}}'') of the Spirit.<ref name="phen">{{Cite book | last1 = Masters | first1 = Peter | last2 = Whitcomb | first2 = John | title = Charismatic Phenomenon| publisher = Wakeman | location = London | page = [https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/113 113] | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-1870855013 | url = https://archive.org/details/charismaticpheno0000mast/page/113}}</ref><ref name="epidemic">{{Cite book | last1 = Masters | first1 = Peter | last2 = Wright | first2= Professor Verna| title = Healing Epidemic | publisher = Wakeman Trust | location = London| page = 227 | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-1870855006}}</ref> Generally, however, Reformed charismatics distance themselves from renewal movements with tendencies which could be perceived as overemotional, such as [[Word of Faith]], [[Toronto Blessing]], [[Brownsville Revival]] and [[Lakeland Revival]]. Prominent Reformed charismatic denominations are the [[Sovereign Grace Churches]] and the [[Every Nation]] Churches in the US, in Great Britain there is the [[Newfrontiers]] churches and movement, which leading figure is [[Terry Virgo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tateville.com/churches.html |title=Reformed and Presbyterian Denominations: A Primer |date=15 February 2014 |website=Tateville |access-date=5 January 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183209/http://www.tateville.com/churches.html |archive-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>

A minority of [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventists]] today are charismatic. They are strongly associated with those holding more [[Progressive Adventism|"progressive" Adventist beliefs]]. In the early decades of the church charismatic or ecstatic phenomena were commonplace.<ref>{{cite web| last = Patrick| first = Arthur| author-link = Arthur Patrick| title = Early Adventist worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Preliminary Historical Perspectives| website = Spiritual Discernment Conference| publisher = SDAnet AtIssue| date = 25 October 1999 | url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm| access-date = 15 February 2008| archive-date = 7 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181007140636/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/holyspirit.htm| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last = Patrick| first = Arthur| author-link = Arthur Patrick| title = Later Adventist Worship, Ellen White and the Holy Spirit: Further Historical Perspectives| website = Spiritual Discernment Conference| publisher = SDAnet AtIssue| date = 27 August 1999 | url = http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm| access-date = 15 February 2008| archive-date = 11 October 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181011052704/http://www.sdanet.org/atissue/discern/flesh.htm| url-status = live}}</ref>

===Neo-charismatic churches===
{{Main|Neo-charismatic churches}}

Neo-charismatic churches are a category of churches in the Christian [[Renewal (religion)|Renewal]] movement. Neo-charismatics include the [[Third Wave of the Holy Spirit|Third Wave]], but are broader. Now more numerous than Pentecostals (first wave) and charismatics (second wave) combined, owing to the remarkable growth of [[postdenominational churches|postdenominational]] and independent charismatic groups.<ref name = NIDPCM>{{Citation | editor1-first = Stanley M | editor1-last = Burgess | editor2-first = Eduard M | editor2-last = van der Maas | title = The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements | place = Grand Rapids | publisher = Zondervan | year = 2002 | contribution = Neocharismatics| title-link = The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements}}</ref>

Neo-charismatics believe in and stress the post-Biblical availability of [[gifts of the Holy Spirit]], including [[glossolalia]], healing, and prophecy. They practice laying on of hands and seek the "infilling" of the [[Holy Spirit in Christianity|Holy Spirit]]. However, a specific experience of [[baptism with the Holy Spirit]] may not be requisite for experiencing such gifts. No single form, governmental structure, or style of church service characterizes all neo-charismatic services and churches.

Some nineteen thousand denominations, with approximately 295 million individual adherents, are identified as neo-charismatic.<ref>{{Citation | editor1-first = Stanley M | editor1-last = Burgess | editor2-first = Eduard M | editor2-last = van der Maas | title = The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements | place = Grand Rapids | publisher = Zondervan | year = 2002 | pages = 286–287}}</ref>

==Protestant offshoots==
===Arminianism===
{{Main|Arminianism|Remonstrants}}

{{See also|History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate}}
[[File:James Arminius 2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Jacobus Arminius]], a [[Dutch Reformed Church]] theologian, whose views influenced parts of Protestantism. A small [[Remonstrants]] community remains in the [[Netherlands]].]]
[[Arminianism]] is based on [[Christian theology|theological]] ideas of the [[Dutch Reformed]] theologian [[Jacobus Arminius]] (1560–1609) and his historic supporters known as [[Remonstrants]]. His teachings held to the [[five solae]] of the Reformation, but they were distinct from particular teachings of [[Martin Luther]], [[Huldrych Zwingli]], [[John Calvin]], and other [[Protestant Reformers]]. Jacobus Arminius was a student of [[Theodore Beza]] at the Theological University of Geneva. Arminianism is known to some as a [[soteriological]] diversification of [[Calvinism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chambers Biographical Dictionary|editor-first1=Magnus|editor-last1=Magnusson|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|page=62}}</ref> However, to others, Arminianism is a reclamation of early Church theological consensus.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Kenneth D. |last1=Keathley|chapter=The Work of God: Salvation|title=A Theology for the Church|editor-first1=Daniel L. |editor-last1=Akin|location=Nashville|publisher=B&H Academic|year=2007|page=703}}</ref> Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement signed by 45 ministers and submitted to the [[States General of the Netherlands]]. Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views on the will of man being freed by grace prior to regeneration, notably the [[Baptists]] in the 16th century,<ref>Robert G. Torbet, ''A History of the Baptists'', third edition</ref> the [[Methodists]] in the 18th century and the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] in the 19th century.

The original beliefs of Jacobus Arminius himself are commonly defined as Arminianism, but more broadly, the term may embrace the teachings of [[Hugo Grotius]], [[John Wesley]], and others as well. [[Arminianism#Classical Arminianism|Classical Arminianism]] and [[Wesleyan-Arminianism|Wesleyan Arminianism]] are the two main schools of thought. Wesleyan Arminianism is often identical with Methodism. The two systems of Calvinism and Arminianism share both history and many doctrines, and the [[History of Christianity|history of Christian theology]]. However, because of their differences over the doctrines of divine [[predestination]] and election, many people view these schools of thought as opposed to each other. In short, the difference can be seen ultimately by whether God allows His desire to save all to be resisted by an individual's will (in the Arminian doctrine) or if God's grace is irresistible and limited to only some (in Calvinism). Some Calvinists assert that the Arminian perspective presents a synergistic system of Salvation and therefore is not only by grace, while Arminians firmly reject this conclusion. Many consider the theological differences to be crucial differences in doctrine, while others find them to be relatively minor.<ref>Gonzalez, Justo L. ''The Story of Christianity, Vol. Two: The Reformation to the Present Day'' (New York: Harpercollins Publishers, 1985; reprint – Peabody: Prince Press, 2008) 180</ref>

===Pietism===
{{Main|Pietism|Haugean movement}}

[[File:Philipp Jakob Spener.jpg|[[Philipp Jakob Spener]], a German pioneer and founder of [[Pietism]]|thumb]]

[[Pietism]] was an influential movement within [[Lutheranism]] that combined the 17th-century Lutheran principles with the [[Calvinism|Reformed]] emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous [[Christianity|Christian]] life.<ref>In places, such as parts of England and America, where Pietism was frequently juxtaposed with Catholicism, Catholics also became naturally influenced by Pietism, helping to foster a stronger tradition of congregational hymn-singing, including among Pietists who converted to Catholicism and brought their pietistic inclination with them, such as [[Frederick William Faber]].</ref>

It began in the late 17th century, reached its zenith in the mid-18th century, and declined through the 19th century, and had almost vanished in America by the end of the 20th century. Pietistic Lutheranism influenced Lutheranism as a whole and resulted in the formation of certain Pietistic Lutheran denominations (such as the [[Church of the Lutheran Brethren]] and [[Laestadian Lutheran Church]]); additionally some of its theological tenets influenced Protestantism generally, inspiring the [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] priest [[John Wesley]] to begin the [[Methodism|Methodist]] movement and [[Alexander Mack]] to begin the [[Schwarzenau Brethren]] denomination in the [[Anabaptist]] tradition.<ref>Meier, Marcus (2008). The Origin of the Schwarzenau Brethren. Philadelphia: Brethren Encyclopedia. p. 144.</ref>

Though Pietism shares an emphasis on personal behavior with the [[Puritan]] movement, and the two are often confused, there are important differences, particularly in the concept of the role of religion in government.<ref>Calvinist Puritans believed that government was ordained by God to enforce Christian behavior upon the world; pietists see the government as a part of the world, and believers were called to voluntarily live faithful lives independent of government.</ref>

===Puritanism, English dissenters and nonconformists===
{{Main|Puritans|English Dissenters|Independent (religion)|Nonconformist (Protestantism){{!}}Nonconformism|English Presbyterianism|Ecclesiastical separatism|17th-century denominations in England}}

[[File:The Landing of the Pilgrims (1877) by Henry A. Bacon.jpg|[[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrims]] landing at [[Plymouth Rock]] in [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]], in 1620|thumb]]

The [[Puritans]] were a group of English Protestants in the [[Christianity in the 16th century|16th]] and [[Christianity in the 17th century|17th centuries]], which sought to purify the [[Church of England]] of what they considered to be Catholic practices, maintaining that the church was only partially reformed. Puritanism in this sense was founded by some of the returning [[Marian exiles|clergy exiled under Mary I]] shortly after the accession of [[Elizabeth I of England]] in 1558, as an activist movement within the [[Church of England]].

Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within, and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. Their beliefs, however, were transported by the emigration of congregations to the Netherlands (and later to New England), and by evangelical clergy to Ireland (and later into Wales), and were spread into lay society and parts of the educational system, particularly certain colleges of the [[University of Cambridge]]. The first Protestant sermon delivered in England was in Cambridge, with the pulpit that this sermon was delivered from surviving to today.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latimer's Pulpit|url=https://www.50treasures.divinity.cam.ac.uk/treasure/latimers-pulpit/|access-date=2020-12-30|website=Faculty of Divinity 50 Treasures|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205203447/https://www.50treasures.divinity.cam.ac.uk/treasure/latimers-pulpit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Despite Cambridge's Protestant history, Catholic students are at home here|url=https://catholicherald.co.uk/despite-cambridges-protestant-history-catholic-students-are-at-home-here/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=Catholic Herald|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927001656/https://catholicherald.co.uk/despite-cambridges-protestant-history-catholic-students-are-at-home-here/|url-status=live}}</ref> They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the [[Episcopal polity|episcopal]] system, particularly after the 1619 conclusions of the [[Synod of Dort]] they were resisted by the English bishops. They largely adopted [[Puritan Sabbatarianism|Sabbatarianism]] in the 17th century, and were influenced by [[millennialism]].

They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of [[worship]] and [[doctrine]], as well as personal and group [[pietism|piety]]. Puritans adopted a [[Reformed theology]], but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation from all other Christians, in favor of autonomous [[gathered church]]es. These separatist and [[independent (religion)|independent]] strands of Puritanism became prominent in the 1640s. Although the [[English Civil War]] (which expanded into the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]) began over a contest for political power between the [[King of England]] and the [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]], it divided the country along religious lines as [[Episcopalianism|episcopalians]] within the Church of England sided with the Crown and Presbyterians and Independents supported ''Parliament'' (after the defeat of the Royalists, the [[House of Lords]] as well as the Monarch were removed from the political structure of the state to create the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]]). The supporters of a [[Presbyterian polity]] in the [[Westminster Assembly]] were unable to forge a new English national church, and the Parliamentary [[New Model Army]], which was made up primarily of Independents, under [[Oliver Cromwell]] first purged Parliament, then abolished it and established [[The Protectorate]].

[[English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|England's trans-Atlantic colonies in the war]] followed varying paths depending on their internal demographics. In the older colonies, which included [[Virginia]] (1607) and its offshoot [[Bermuda]] (1612), as well as [[Barbados]] and [[Antigua]] in the West Indies (collectively the targets in 1650 of [[An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego]]), Episcopalians remained the dominant church faction and the colonies remained Royalist 'til conquered or compelled to accept the new political order. In Bermuda, with control of the local [[Government of Bermuda|government]] and the ''army'' (nine infantry companies of Militia plus [[coastal artillery]]), the Royalists forced Parliament-backing religious Independents into exile to settle the [[Bahamas]] as the [[Eleutheran Adventurers]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Langford Oliver |first=Vere |date=1912 |title=Pym Letters. Caribbeana: Being Miscellaneous papers Relating to the History. Genealogy, Topography, and Antiquities of the British West Indies. Volume II. |location=London |publisher=Mitchell Hughes and Clarke, 140 Wardour Street, W |page=14 |quote=The Government is changed. Within twenty days after his arrival, the Governor called an assembly, pretending thereby to reform certain things amiss. All the ministers in the island, Mr. White, Mr. Goldinge, and Mr. Copeland, were Independents, and they had set up a Congregational Church, of which most gentlemen of Council were members or favourers. The burgesses of this [[House of Assembly of Bermuda|assembly]] were picked out of those who were known to be enemies to that way, and they did not suffer a Roundhead (as they term them) to be chosen.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lefroy |first=Major-General Sir John Henry |date=1981 |title=Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands 1515-1685, Volume I |location=Bermuda |publisher=The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (the first edition having been published in 1877, with funds provided by the Government of Bermuda), printed in Canada by The University of Toronto Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm |title=Eleuthera Island: History Notes |work=eleuthera-map.com |access-date=2021-10-17 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101125402/http://www.eleuthera-map.com/eleuthera-island.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Episcopalian was re-established following the [[Stuart Restoration#Church of England settlement|Restoration]]. A century later, non-conforming Protestants, along with the Protestant refugees from continental Europe, were to be among the primary instigators of the [[American War of Independence|war of secession]] that led to the founding of the United States of America.

===Neo-orthodoxy and paleo-orthodoxy===
{{Main|Neo-orthodoxy|Paleo-orthodoxy}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 194-1283-23A, Wuppertal, Evangelische Gesellschaft, Jahrestagung.jpg|upright=1|thumb|[[Karl Barth]], often regarded as the greatest Protestant theologian of the 20th century<ref name = "McGrath2011">{{cite book| first= Alister E| last= McGrath| title= Christian Theology: An Introduction| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bus5TyjTfxYC&pg=PA76| year= 2011| publisher= John Wiley & Sons| isbn= 978-1-4443-9770-3| page= 76| access-date= 27 June 2015| archive-date= 6 September 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041426/https://books.google.com/books?id=bus5TyjTfxYC&pg=PA76| url-status= live}}</ref><ref name = "BrownCollinson2012">{{cite book | first1 = Stuart | last1 = Brown | first2 = Diane | last2 = Collinson | first3 = Robert | last3 = Wilkinson | title = Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52 | year = 2012 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | isbn = 978-0-415-06043-1 | page = 52 | access-date = 27 June 2015 | archive-date = 6 September 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150906044607/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hz8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA52 | url-status = live }}</ref>]]
A non-fundamentalist rejection of liberal Christianity along the lines of the [[Christian existentialism]] of [[Søren Kierkegaard]], who attacked the [[Right Hegelians#Hegelian theologians|Hegelian]] state churches of his day for "dead orthodoxy", neo-orthodoxy is associated primarily with [[Karl Barth]], [[Jürgen Moltmann]], and [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]]. Neo-orthodoxy sought to counter-act the tendency of liberal theology to make theological accommodations to modern scientific perspectives. Sometimes called "crisis theology", in the existentialist sense of the word crisis, also sometimes called ''neo-evangelicalism'', which uses the sense of "evangelical" pertaining to continental European Protestants rather than [[American evangelicalism]]. "Evangelical" was the originally preferred label used by Lutherans and Calvinists, but it was replaced by the names some Catholics used to [[Labelling#Labelling in argumentation|label]] a heresy with the name of its founder.

[[Paleo-orthodoxy]] is a movement similar in some respects to neo-evangelicalism but emphasizing the ancient Christian consensus of the undivided church of the first millennium AD, including in particular the early creeds and church councils as a means of properly understanding the scriptures. This movement is cross-denominational. A prominent theologian in this group is [[Thomas Oden]], a Methodist.

===Christian fundamentalism===
{{Main|Christian fundamentalism}}

In reaction to liberal Bible critique, [[fundamentalism]] arose in the 20th century, primarily in the United States, among those denominations most affected by Evangelicalism. Fundamentalist theology tends to stress [[Biblical inerrancy]] and [[Biblical literalism]].{{sfn|Ammerman|1991}}

Toward the end of the 20th century, some have tended to confuse evangelicalism and fundamentalism; however, the labels represent very distinct differences of approach that both groups are diligent to maintain, although because of fundamentalism's dramatically smaller size it often gets classified simply as an ultra-conservative branch of evangelicalism.

===Modernism and liberalism===
{{Main|Liberal Christianity}}

Modernism and liberalism do not constitute rigorous and well-defined schools of theology, but are rather an inclination by some writers and teachers to integrate Christian thought into the spirit of the [[Age of Enlightenment]]. New understandings of history and the natural sciences of the day led directly to new approaches to theology. Its opposition to the fundamentalist teaching resulted in religious debates, such as the [[Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy]] within the [[Presbyterian Church in the United States of America]] in the 1920s.

==Protestant culture==
{{Main|Protestant culture}}

[[File:Die protestantische Ethik und der 'Geist' des Kapitalismus original cover.jpg|thumb|[[Max Weber]]'s ''[[The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism]]'']]
Although the [[Reformation]] was a religious movement, it also had a strong impact on all other aspects of life, including marriage and family, education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy, and the arts.<ref name="Karl Heussi 1956 pp. 317–319"/> Protestant churches reject the idea of a celibate priesthood and thus allow their clergy to marry.<ref name = "Encyclopedia of Protestantism" /> Many of their families contributed to the development of intellectual elites in their countries.<ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', p. 319</ref> Since about 1950, women have entered the ministry in most mainline Protestant churches, and some have assumed leading positions (e.g. [[bishop]]s).

Protestantism has promoted economic growth and entrepreneurship, especially in the period after the [[Scientific Revolution|Scientific]] and the [[Industrial Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cantoni |first=Davide |date=2015 |title=The Economic Effects of the Protestant Reformation: Testing the Weber Hypothesis in the German Lands |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24539263 |journal=Journal of the European Economic Association |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=561–598 |doi=10.1111/jeea.12117 |jstor=24539263 |hdl=10230/11729 |s2cid=7528944 |issn=1542-4766 |hdl-access=free |access-date=5 July 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518061700/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24539263 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait|first=Reinhard|last=Bendix|year=1978|isbn=978-0520031944|page=60|publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Scholars have identified a positive correlation between the rise of Protestantism and [[human capital]] formation,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Boppart|first1=Timo|last2=Falkinger|first2=Josef|last3=Grossmann|first3=Volker|date=1 April 2014|title=Protestantism and Education: Reading (the Bible) and Other Skills|journal=Economic Inquiry |volume=52|issue=2|pages=874–895|doi=10.1111/ecin.12058|s2cid=10220106|issn=1465-7295|url=https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3314.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo1_wp3314.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Protestant work ethic|work ethic]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schaltegger|first1=Christoph A.|last2=Torgler|first2=Benno|date=1 May 2010|title=Work ethic, Protestantism, and human capital|journal=Economics Letters|volume=107|issue=2|pages=99–101|doi=10.1016/j.econlet.2009.12.037|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32407/1/COVERSHEET_C32407.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://eprints.qut.edu.au/32407/1/COVERSHEET_C32407.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |issn = 0165-1765 }}</ref> [[economic development]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Spater|first1=Jeremy|last2=Tranvik|first2=Isak|date=1 November 2019|title=The Protestant Ethic Reexamined: Calvinism and Industrialization|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=52|issue=13–14|pages=1963–1994|doi=10.1177/0010414019830721|s2cid=204438351|issn=0010-4140}}</ref> the rise of early [[experimental science]],<ref>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = I. Bernard |title = Puritanism and the rise of modern science: the Merton thesis|publisher = Rutgers University Press | location = New Brunswick, New Jersey | year = 1990 | isbn = 978-0-8135-1530-4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Cohen | first = H. | author-link = H. Floris Cohen | title = The scientific revolution: a historiographical inquiry | publisher = University of Chicago Press | pages = [https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00cohe/page/320 320–321] | location = Chicago | year = 1994 | isbn = 978-0-226-11280-0 | url = https://archive.org/details/scientificrevolu00cohe/page/320 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=2iieLX7nrEAC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA320 Google Print, pp. 320–321] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406083709/https://books.google.com/books?id=2iieLX7nrEAC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA320 |date=6 April 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Ferngren | first = Gary B. | author-link = Gary B. Ferngren | title = Science and religion: a historical introduction | publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press | page = 125 | location = Baltimore, Maryland | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-8018-7038-5 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=weOOCfiDhDcC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA125 Google Print, p.125] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718185019/https://books.google.com/books?id=weOOCfiDhDcC&dq=Merton+thesis&pg=PA125 |date=18 July 2023 }}</ref> and the development of the [[Government|state system]].{{sfn|Becker|Pfaff|Rubin|2016}}

As the Reformers wanted all members of the church to be able to read the Bible, education on all levels was strongly encouraged. By the middle of the eighteenth century, the literacy rate in England was about 60 percent, in Scotland 65 percent, and in Sweden 80 percent.<ref>Heinrich August Winkler (2012), ''{{lang|de|Geschichte des Westens. Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert}}'', Third, Revised Edition, Munich (Germany), p. 233</ref> Colleges and universities were founded. For example, the [[Puritans]] who established [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] in 1628 founded [[Harvard College]] only eight years later. About a dozen other colleges followed in the 18th century, including [[Yale]] (1701). [[Pennsylvania]] also became a center of learning.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead (1960), ''History of Religion in the United States'', Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 69–80, 88–89, 114–117, 186–188</ref><ref>M. Schmidt, ''Kongregationalismus'', in ''Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 1770</ref>

Members of [[mainline Protestant]] denominations have played [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|leadership roles in many aspects of American life]], including politics, business, science, the arts, and education. They founded most of the country's leading institutes of higher education.<ref name=mainline2000>McKinney, William. "Mainline Protestantism 2000." ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'', Vol. 558, Americans and Religions in the Twenty-First Century (July 1998), pp. 57–66.</ref>

=== Visitation Articles ===
In the Visitation Articles, also known as the first Protestant Confession of Faith, it declared that "we do not send this forth as a rigid command, lest we set up new papal decrees, but as a history, as a witness of our faith and he expresses the hope that all who hold to the Gospel will thankfully accept it until God shall bring something better." These articles helped serve as a way to document the Lutheran faith and its doctrines. In 1538 and 1545, Luther published new versions of these articles. Luther also added work to The Three Symbols (1538) stating: "I have observed in all histories of the Universal Christian Church that all those who hold to the cardinal doctrines of Jesus Christ have remained sure and steadfast in the Christian faith, and even if they have erred and come short in other respects, they are still preserved." Stating that by following Jesus Christ (specifically with the Lutheran practices in this case) one will be saved.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fortenbaugh |first=Robert |date=September 1933 |title=The Lutheran Church in American History By Abdel Ross Wentz. Second Edition, Revised. Philadelphia: The United Lutheran Publication House, 1933. 465 pages. $2.00. |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3159853 |journal=Church History |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=179–180 |doi=10.2307/3159853 |jstor=3159853 |issn=0009-6407|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Thought and work ethic===
{{See also|Protestant work ethic}}
The Protestant concept of God and man allows believers to use all their God-given faculties, including the power of reason. That means that they are allowed to explore God's creation and, according to Genesis 2:15, make use of it in a responsible and sustainable way. Thus a cultural climate was created that greatly enhanced the development of the [[humanities]] and the [[sciences]].<ref>[[Gerhard Lenski]] (1963), ''The Religious Factor: A Sociological Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family Life'', Revised Edition, A Doubleday Anchor Book, Garden City, New York, pp. 348–351</ref> Another consequence of the Protestant understanding of man is that the believers, in gratitude for their election and redemption in Christ, are to follow God's commandments. Industry, frugality, calling, discipline, and a strong sense of responsibility are at the heart of their moral code.<ref>Cf. [[Robert Middlekauff]] (2005), ''The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789'', Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-516247-9}}, p. 52</ref><ref>Jan Weerda, ''{{lang|de|Soziallehre des Calvinismus}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Evangelisches Soziallexikon}}'', 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 934</ref> In particular, Calvin rejected luxury. Therefore, craftsmen, industrialists, and other businessmen were able to reinvest the greater part of their profits in the most efficient machinery and the most modern production methods that were based on progress in the sciences and technology. As a result, productivity grew, which led to increased profits and enabled employers to pay higher wages. In this way, the economy, the sciences, and technology reinforced each other. The chance to participate in the economic success of technological inventions was a strong incentive to both inventors and investors.<ref>[[Eduard Heimann]], ''Kapitalismus'', in ''Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart'', 3. Auflage, Band III (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 1136–1141</ref><ref>Hans Fritz Schwenkhagen, ''Technik'', in ''Evangelisches Soziallexikon'', 3. Auflage, col. 1029–1033</ref><ref>Georg Süßmann, ''{{lang|de|Naturwissenschaft und Christentum}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 1377–1382</ref><ref>C. Graf von Klinckowstroem, ''{{lang|de|Technik. Geschichtlich}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 664–667</ref> The [[Protestant work ethic]] was an important force behind the unplanned and uncoordinated [[mass action (sociology)|mass action]] that influenced the development of [[capitalism]] and the [[Industrial Revolution]]. This idea is also known as the "Protestant ethic thesis".<ref name="SEP">{{cite web | url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ | title=Max Weber | publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, CSLI, Stanford University | website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy | date=Fall 2008 | access-date=21 August 2011 | author=Kim, Sung Ho | archive-date=27 May 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527021109/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

However, eminent historian [[Fernand Braudel]] (d. 1985), a leader of the important [[Annales School]] wrote, "all historians have opposed this tenuous theory [the Protestant Ethic], although they have not managed to be rid of it once and for all. Yet it is clearly false. The northern countries took over the place that earlier had been so long and brilliantly been occupied by the old capitalist centers of the Mediterranean. They invented nothing, either in technology or business management."<ref>Braudel, Fernand. 1977. Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism. Baltimore: Johns Hopskins University Press.</ref> Social scientist [[Rodney Stark]] moreover comments that "during their critical period of economic development, these northern centers of capitalism were Catholic, not Protestant—the Reformation still lay well into the future",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/protestant-objections/protestant-modernity.html|title=Protestant Modernity|last=Manager|date=31 January 2017 |access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120113716/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/controversy/protestant-objections/protestant-modernity.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper (d. 2003) said, "The idea that large-scale industrial capitalism was ideologically impossible before the Reformation is exploded by the simple fact that it existed."<ref>Trevor-Roper. 2001. The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century. Liberty Fund</ref>

In a [[factor analysis]] of the latest wave of [[World Values Survey]] data, [[Arno Tausch]] ([[Corvinus University of Budapest]]) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of [[liberalism]]. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensions such as trust in the state of law, no support for shadow economy, postmaterial activism, support for democracy, a non-acceptance of violence, xenophobia and racism, trust in transnational capital and Universities, confidence in the market economy, supporting gender justice, and engaging in environmental activism, etc.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/63349.html|title=Towards new maps of global human values, based on World Values Survey (6) data|first=Arno|last=Tausch|date=31 March 2015|via=ideas.repec.org|journal=Mpra Paper|access-date=27 May 2015|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214174710/https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/63349.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalians]] and [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|Presbyterians]], as well as other [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASPs]], tend to be considerably wealthier<ref name="THE EPISCOPALIANS">{{cite news |author=B. Drummond Ayers Jr. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html |title=The Episcopalians: An American Elite with Roots Going Back To Jamestown |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612230306/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/28/us/the-episcopalians-an-american-elite-with-roots-going-back-to-jamestown.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and better educated (having [[Academic degree|graduate]] and [[post-graduate]] degrees per capita) than most other religious groups in [[United States]],<ref>Irving Lewis Allen, "WASP – From Sociological Concept to Epithet", ''Ethnicity'', 1975 154+</ref> and are disproportionately represented in the upper reaches of American [[business]],<ref>{{cite journal |first=Andrew |last=Hacker |title=Liberal Democracy and Social Control |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |year=1957 |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1009–1026 [p. 1011] |doi=10.2307/1952449 |jstor=1952449|s2cid=146933599 }}</ref> [[law]] and [[politics]], especially the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Baltzell |title=The Protestant Establishment |url=https://archive.org/details/protestantestabl00baltrich |year=1964 |page=[https://archive.org/details/protestantestabl00baltrich/page/9 9]|publisher=New York, Random House }}</ref> Numbers of the most [[Old money|wealthy and affluent American families]] as the [[Vanderbilts]], the [[Astor family|Astors]], [[Rockefeller family|Rockefellers]], [[Du Pont family|Du Ponts]], [[Roosevelt family|Roosevelts]], [[Forbes family|Forbes]], [[Ford family|Fords]], [[Whitney family|Whitneys]], [[Mellon family|Mellons]], the [[Morgan family|Morgans]] and Harrimans are [[Mainline Protestant]] families.<ref name="THE EPISCOPALIANS"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression|first=Peter|last= W. Williams|year= 2016| isbn= 978-1469626987| page =176|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|quote=The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees.}}</ref>

===Science===
{{See also|Merton thesis}}
[[File:Butler Library - 1000px - AC.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Columbia University]], an [[Ivy League]] university in [[New York City]], was initially established by the [[Church of England]].]]

Protestantism has had an important influence on science. According to the [[Merton Thesis]], there was a positive [[correlation]] between the rise of English [[Puritanism]] and German [[Pietism]] on the one hand and early [[experimental science]] on the other.<ref name=sztompka2003>{{cite book|last=Sztompka|first=P.|author-link=Piotr Sztompka|chapter=Chapter 1. Robert K. Merton|title=[Extract from] the Blackwell ... Social Theorists|pages=12–33|publisher=Wiley|date=2003|doi=10.1002/9780470999912.ch2|isbn=978-0470999912|chapter-url=http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g97814051059584|via=blackwellreference.com|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116190223/http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405105958_chunk_g97814051059584|url-status=live}}</ref> The Merton Thesis has two separate parts: Firstly, it presents a theory that science changes due to an accumulation of observations and improvement in experimental technique and [[methodology]]; secondly, it puts forward the argument that the popularity of science in 17th-century England and the religious [[demography]] of the [[Royal Society]] (English scientists of that time were predominantly Puritans or other Protestants) can be explained by a [[correlation]] between Protestantism and the scientific values.<ref name=gregory1998>{{cite web|last=Gregory |first=Andrew|year=1998|title=Lecture 14|type=course handout|series=215 – The Scientific Revolution|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/215/handouts/h14_srel.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513160014/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/sts/gregory/215/handouts/h14_srel.doc|archive-date=2006-05-13}}</ref> Merton focused on English Puritanism and German Pietism as having been responsible for the development of the [[scientific revolution]] of the 17th and 18th centuries. He explained that the connection between [[religious affiliation]] and interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the [[ascetic]] Protestant values and those of modern science.<ref name=becker1992>{{cite journal|last=Becker|first=George|date=December 1992|title=The Merton thesis: Oetinger and German Pietism, a significant negative case|journal=[[Sociological Forum]]|volume=7|issue=4|pages=642–660|doi=10.1007/bf01112319|s2cid=56239703}}</ref> Protestant values encouraged scientific research by allowing science to identify God's influence on the world—his creation—and thus providing a religious justification for scientific research.<ref name=sztompka2003/>

According to ''Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States'' by [[Harriet Zuckerman]], a review of American [[Nobel Prize]]s awarded between 1901 and 1972, 72% of American [[Nobel Prizes|Nobel Prize]] laureates identified a Protestant background.<ref name="Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United Statesh">[[Harriet Zuckerman]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=HAHCzJfmD5IC Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003039/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAHCzJfmD5IC |date=23 May 2020 }}'' New York, The Free Press, 1977, p. 68: Protestants turn up among the American-reared laureates in slightly greater proportion to their numbers in the general population. Thus 72 percent of the seventy-one laureates but about two-thirds of the American population were reared in one or another Protestant denomination-)</ref> Overall, 84% of all the Nobel Prizes awarded to Americans in [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]],<ref name="Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United Statesh"/> 60% in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]],<ref name="Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United Statesh"/> and 59% in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]]<ref name="Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United Statesh"/> between 1901 and 1972 were won by Protestants.

According to ''100 Years of Nobel Prize (2005)'', a review of Nobel Prizes awarded between 1901 and 2000, 65% of [[Nobel Prizes|Nobel Prize]] Laureates, [[List of Christian Nobel laureates|have identified Christianity]] in its various forms as their religious preference (423 prizes).<ref name="Nobel prize">Baruch A. Shalev, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3jrbmL-DgZQC 100 Years of Nobel Prizes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003140/https://books.google.com/books?id=3jrbmL-DgZQC |date=23 May 2020 }}'' (2003), Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, p. 57: between 1901 and 2000 reveals that 654 Laureates belong to 28 different religion Most 65% have identified Christianity in its various forms as their religious preference.
While separating Catholics from Protestants among Christians proved difficult in some cases, available information suggests that more Protestants were involved in the scientific categories and more Catholics were involved in the Literature and Peace categories.

Atheists, agnostics, and freethinkers constitute 11% of total Nobel Prize winners; but in the category of Literature, these preferences rise sharply to about 35%. A striking fact involving religion is the high number of Laureates of the Jewish faith—over 20% of total Nobel Prizes (138); including: 17% in Chemistry, 26% in Medicine and Physics, 40% in Economics and 11% in Peace and Literature each. The numbers are especially startling in light of the fact that only some 14 million people (0.02% of the world's population) are Jewish. By contrast, only 5 Nobel Laureates have been of the Muslim faith—1% of total number of Nobel prizes awarded—from a population base of about 1.2 billion (20% of the world's population)</ref> While 32% have identified with Protestantism in its various forms (208 prizes),<ref name="Nobel prize"/> although Protestants are 12% to 13% of the world's population.

===Government===
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During the [[Middle Ages]], the Church and the worldly authorities were closely related. Martin Luther separated the religious and the worldly realms in principle ([[doctrine of the two kingdoms]]).<ref>Heinrich Bornkamm, ''{{lang|de|Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums}}'' in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937</ref> The believers were obliged to use reason to govern the worldly sphere in an orderly and peaceful way. Luther's doctrine of the [[priesthood of all believers]] upgraded the role of laymen in the church considerably. The members of a congregation had the right to elect a minister and, if necessary, to vote for his dismissal (Treatise ''On the right and authority of a Christian assembly or congregation to judge all doctrines and to call, install and dismiss teachers, as testified in Scripture''; 1523).<ref>Original German title: ''{{lang|de|Dass eine christliche Versammlung oder Gemeine Recht und Macht habe, alle Lehre zu beurteilen und Lehrer zu berufen, ein- und abzusetzen: Grund und Ursach aus der Schrift}}''</ref> Calvin strengthened this basically democratic approach by including elected laymen ([[church elder]]s, [[presbyter]]s) in his representative church government.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 4–10</ref> The [[Huguenot]]s added regional [[synod]]s and a national synod, whose members were elected by the congregations, to Calvin's system of church self-government. This system was taken over by the other reformed churches<ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', 11. Auflage, p. 325</ref> and was adopted by some Lutherans beginning with those in [[United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg|Jülich-Cleves-Berg]] during the 17th century.

Politically, Calvin favored a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of [[democracy]]: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords."<ref>Quoted in Jan Weerda, ''Calvin'', in ''{{lang|de|Evangelisches Soziallexikon}}'', 3. Auflage (1958), Stuttgart (Germany), col. 210</ref> Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances ([[separation of powers]]). Thus he and his followers resisted political [[Absolute monarchy|absolutism]] and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', p. 10</ref> Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like [[Baruch Spinoza]] and [[Pierre Bayle]]. [[Hugo Grotius]] was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.<ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', pp. 396–397</ref>

Consistent with Calvin's political ideas, Protestants created both the English and the American democracies. In seventeenth-century England, the most important persons and events in this process were the [[English Civil War]], [[Oliver Cromwell]], [[John Milton]], [[John Locke]], the [[Glorious Revolution]], the [[English Bill of Rights]], and the [[Act of Settlement 1701|Act of Settlement]].<ref>Cf. M. Schmidt, ''{{lang|de|England. Kirchengeschichte}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band II (1959), Tübingen (Germany), col. 476–478</ref> Later, the British took their democratic ideals to their colonies, e.g. Australia, New Zealand, and India. In North America, [[Plymouth Colony]] ([[Pilgrim Fathers]]; 1620) and [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] (1628) practised democratic self-rule and [[separation of powers]].<ref>Nathaniel Philbrick (2006), ''[[iarchive:mayflowerstoryof00phil 0|Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War]]'', Penguin Group, New York, {{ISBN|0-670-03760-5}}</ref><ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 65–76</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html|title=Plymouth Colony Legal Structure|website=The Plymouth Colony Archive Project |first1=Christopher |last1=Fennell |access-date=1 November 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413182727/http://www.histarch.illinois.edu/plymouth/ccflaw.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html|title=The Massachusetts Body of Liberties (1641) |website=Hanover College History Department |access-date=13 March 2013|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020095602/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/masslib.html|url-status=live}}</ref> These [[Congregationalist]]s were convinced that the democratic form of government was the will of God.<ref>M. Schmidt, ''{{lang|de|Pilgerväter}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, 3. Auflage, Band V}}'' (1961), col. 384</ref> The [[Mayflower Compact]] was a [[social contract]].<ref>Christopher Fennell, ''Plymouth Colony Legal Structure''</ref><ref>Allen Weinstein and David Rubel (2002), ''The Story of America: Freedom and Crisis from Settlement to Superpower'', DK Publishing, Inc., New York, {{ISBN|0-7894-8903-1}}, p. 61</ref>

===Rights and liberty===
[[File:JohnLocke.png|thumb|upright=1.1|[[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] philosopher [[John Locke]] argued for individual conscience, free from state control and helped influence the political ideology of [[Thomas Jefferson]] and other [[Founding Fathers of the United States]].]]

Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for [[religious freedom]]. Freedom of conscience had a high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy Spirit and could, therefore, not be forced on a person.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', p. 5</ref> The persecuted Anabaptists and Huguenots demanded freedom of conscience, and they practiced [[separation of church and state]].<ref>Heinrich Bornkamm, ''{{lang|de|Toleranz. In der Geschichte des Christentums}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band VI (1962), col. 937–938</ref> In the early seventeenth century, Baptists like [[John Smyth (Baptist minister)|John Smyth]] and [[Thomas Helwys]] published tracts in defense of religious freedom.<ref>H. Stahl, ''{{lang|de|Baptisten}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 863</ref> Their thinking influenced [[John Milton]] and [[John Locke]]'s stance on tolerance.<ref>G. Müller-Schwefe, ''Milton, John'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band IV, col. 955</ref><ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', p. 398</ref> Under the leadership of Baptist [[Roger Williams]], Congregationalist [[Thomas Hooker]], and Quaker [[William Penn]], respectively, [[Rhode Island]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Pennsylvania]] combined democratic constitutions with freedom of religion. These colonies became safe havens for persecuted religious minorities, including [[Jews]].<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 99–106, 111–117, 124</ref><ref>Edwin S. Gaustad (1999), ''Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America'', Judson Press, Valley Forge, p. 28</ref><ref>Hans Fantel (1974), ''William Penn: Apostle of Dissent'', William Morrow & Co., New York, pp. 150–153</ref>

The [[United States Declaration of Independence]], the [[United States Constitution]], and the American [[United States Bill of Rights|Bill of Rights]] with its fundamental human rights made this tradition permanent by giving it a legal and political framework.<ref>Robert Middlekauff (2005), ''The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763–1789'', Revised and Expanded Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, {{ISBN|978-0-19-516247-9}}, pp. 4–6, 49–52, 622–685</ref> The great majority of American Protestants, both clergy and laity, strongly supported the independence movement. All major Protestant churches were represented in the First and Second Continental Congresses.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 192–209</ref> In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the American democracy became a model for numerous other countries and regions throughout the world (e.g., Latin America, Japan, and Germany). The strongest link between the American and [[French Revolution]]s was [[Marquis de Lafayette]], an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] was mainly based on Lafayette's draft of this document.<ref>Cf. R. Voeltzel, ''{{lang|de|Frankreich. Kirchengeschichte}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band II (1958), col. 1039</ref> The [[Declaration by United Nations]] and [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] also echo the American constitutional tradition.<ref>Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), ''American Life and Institutions'', Ernst Klett Verlag, Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34</ref><ref>G. Jasper, ''{{lang|de|Vereinte Nationen}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 1328–1329</ref><ref>Cf. G. Schwarzenberger, ''{{lang|de|Völkerrecht}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band VI, col. 1420–1422</ref>

Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state—these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by [[Age of Enlightenment]] thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment—[[Thomas Hobbes]], [[John Locke]], [[John Toland]], [[David Hume]], [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], [[Christian Wolff (philosopher)|Christian Wolff]], [[Immanuel Kant]], and [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]—had Protestant backgrounds.<ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', 11. Auflage, pp. 396–399, 401–403, 417–419</ref> For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions",<ref>Jeremy Waldron (2002), ''God, Locke, and Equality: Christian Foundations in Locke's Political Thought'', Cambridge University Press, New York, {{ISBN|978-0521-89057-1}}, p. 13</ref> derived the equality of all humans, including the equality of the genders ("Adam and Eve"), from Genesis 1, 26–28. As all persons were created equally free, all governments needed "the [[consent of the governed]]".<ref>Jeremy Waldron, ''God, Locke, and Equality'', pp. 21–43, 120</ref>

Also, other human rights were advocated for by some Protestants. For example, [[torture]] was abolished in [[Prussia]] in 1740, [[slavery]] in Britain in 1834 and in the United States in 1865 ([[William Wilberforce]], [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]—against Southern Protestants).<ref>Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, ''The Story of America'', pp. 189–309</ref><ref>Karl Heussi, ''{{lang|de|Kompendium der Kirchengeschichte}}'', 11. Auflage, pp. 403, 425</ref> [[Hugo Grotius]] and [[Samuel Pufendorf]] were among the first thinkers who made significant contributions to [[international law]].<ref>M. Elze,''Grotius, Hugo'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band II, col. 1885–1886</ref><ref>H. Hohlwein, ''Pufendorf, Samuel'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band V, col. 721</ref> The [[Geneva Convention]], an important part of humanitarian [[international law]], was largely the work of [[Henry Dunant]], a reformed [[pietist]]. He also founded the [[Red Cross]].<ref>R. Pfister, ''{{lang|de|Schweiz. Seit der Reformation}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band V (1961), col. 1614–1615</ref>

===Social teaching===
Protestants have founded hospitals, homes for disabled or elderly people, educational institutions, organizations that give aid to developing countries, and other social welfare agencies.<ref>Clifton E. Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 484–494</ref><ref>H. Wagner, ''{{lang|de|Diakonie}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 164–167</ref><ref>J.R.H. Moorman, ''{{lang|de|Anglikanische Kirche}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 380–381</ref> In the nineteenth century, throughout the Anglo-American world, numerous dedicated members of all Protestant denominations were active in social reform movements such as the abolition of slavery, prison reforms, and [[woman suffrage]].<ref>Clifton E.Olmstead, ''History of Religion in the United States'', pp. 461–465</ref><ref>Allen Weinstein and David Rubel, ''The Story of America'', pp. 274–275</ref><ref>M. Schmidt, ''{{lang|de|Kongregationalismus}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band III, col. 1770</ref> As an answer to the "social question" of the nineteenth century, Germany under Chancellor [[Otto von Bismarck]] introduced insurance programs that led the way to the [[welfare state]] ([[health insurance]], [[accident insurance]], [[disability insurance]], [[old-age pension]]s). To Bismarck this was "practical Christianity".<ref>K. Kupisch, ''Bismarck, Otto von'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', 3. Auflage, Band I, col. 1312–1315</ref><ref>P. Quante, ''{{lang|de|Sozialversicherung}}'', in ''{{lang|de|Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart}}'', Band VI, col. 205–206</ref> These programs, too, were copied by many other nations, particularly in the Western world.

===Liturgy===
{{main|Protestant liturgy}}

===Arts===
{{further|Reformation#Music and art}}

[[File:Martin-Luther-Denkmal, Worms.JPG|[[Luther Monument (Worms)|Luther Monument in Worms]], which features some of the [[Reformation]]'s crucial figures|thumb]]

The arts have been strongly inspired by Protestant beliefs.

[[Martin Luther]], [[Paul Gerhardt]], [[George Wither]], [[Isaac Watts]], [[Charles Wesley]], [[William Cowper]], and other authors and composers created well-known church hymns.

Musicians like [[Heinrich Schütz]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[George Frideric Handel]], [[Henry Purcell]], [[Johannes Brahms]], [[Philipp Nicolai]] and [[Felix Mendelssohn]] composed great works of music.

Prominent painters with Protestant background were, for example, [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Hans Holbein the Younger]], [[Lucas Cranach the Elder]], [[Lucas Cranach the Younger]], [[Rembrandt]], and [[Vincent van Gogh]].

World literature was enriched by the works of [[Edmund Spenser]], [[John Milton]], [[John Bunyan]], [[John Donne]], [[John Dryden]], [[Daniel Defoe]], [[William Wordsworth]], [[Jonathan Swift]], [[Johann Wolfgang Goethe]], [[Friedrich Schiller]], [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Matthew Arnold]], [[Conrad Ferdinand Meyer]], [[Theodor Fontane]], [[Washington Irving]], [[Robert Browning]], [[Emily Dickinson]], [[Emily Brontë]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Thomas Stearns Eliot]], [[John Galsworthy]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[William Faulkner]], [[John Updike]], and many others.

==Catholic responses==
{{Main|Anti-Protestantism|Counter-Reformation#Politics|Council of Trent|Criticism of Protestantism}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Matanzas Inlet Aerial view.jpg
| caption1 = [[Matanzas Inlet]], Florida, where Protestant shipwreck [[Spanish assault on French Florida#Massacre at Matanzas Inlet|survivors were executed]] by [[Pedro Menéndez de Avilés|Menéndez]] "because they had built it there without Your Majesty's permission, and were disseminating the Lutheran religion"
| image2 = La masacre de San Bartolomé, por François Dubois.jpg
| caption2 = [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] of French Protestants, 1572
}}

The view of the [[Catholic Church]] is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ''ecclesial communities'' or ''specific faith-believing communities'' because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood{{efn|this varies among Protestants today. In Sweden, the bishops switched to Lutheranism during the Reformation and there was no break in ordinations. See [[Apostolic succession#Lutheran claims to apostolic succession|Apostolic succession in Sweden]] for more on this. Today, as a result of shared ordinations, the entire [[Porvoo Communion]] can trace an unbroken chain of Archbishop-level ordinations going back to before the Reformation through the Swedish line. However, today Rome does not accept these ordinations as valid not because there was a break in the chain, but rather because the occurred apart from papal permission.}} and therefore lack true [[apostolic succession]].<ref>Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church, 29 June 2007, Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.</ref><ref name=AFAC>{{cite book|last1=Stuard-will|first1=Kelly|title=A Faraway Ancient Country|year=2007|publisher=Gardners Books|location=United States|isbn=978-0-615-15801-3|page=216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PP1|author2=Emissary|editor=Karitas Publishing|access-date=30 December 2019|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003149/https://books.google.com/books?id=q469xc7mbksC&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Bishop [[Hilarion (Alfeyev)]] the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] shares the same view on the subject.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orthodoxeurope.org/page/14/124.aspx#2 |title=Bishop Hilarion of Vienna and Austria: The Vatican Document Brings Nothing New |publisher=Orthodoxeurope.org |access-date=14 May 2014 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025084339/http://www.orthodoxeurope.org/page/14/124.aspx#2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a ''catholic'' or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the ''catholic'' or ''universal church'' was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted.{{efn|For more on this, see [[crypto-paganism]] and the [[Great Apostasy#Overview|Great Apostasy]]. In some areas, pagan Europeans were forced to adopt Christianity at least outwardly, such as after being defeated in battle by Christians. However, outlawing their paganism did not just make it go away. Rather, it persisted as crypto-paganism. For example, [[Philip Melanchthon]], in his 1537 [[Apology of the Augsburg Confession]] identified the mechanical character of [[ex opere operato]] sacraments as being a form of pagan [[Deterministic system (philosophy)|deterministic philosophy]].}} Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Catholic Church that had left them. The Protestant Reformers formed a new and radically different theological opinion on ecclesiology, that the visible Church is "catholic" (lower-case "c") rather than "Catholic" (upper-case "C"). Accordingly, there is not an indefinite number of parochial, congregational or national churches, constituting, as it were, so many ecclesiastical individualities, but one great spiritual republic of which these various organizations form a part,{{efn|This is the position of the Protestants who believe the church is visible. For those who think the church is invisible, organizations are irrelevant, as only individual sinners can be saved.}} although they each have very different opinions. This was markedly far-removed from the traditional and historic Catholic understanding that the Catholic Church was the one true Church of Christ.{{efn|See [[Augustine of Hippo#Ecclesiology|Ecclesiology of Augustine of Hippo]] for an example of a church father who discussed the invisible church.}}

Yet, in the Protestant understanding, the ''visible church'' is not a genus, so to speak, with so many species under it.{{efn|This is a reference to the [[Marks of the Church (Protestantism)|Marks of the Church]] in Reformed theology. It is thus you may think of the State, but the visible church is a ''totum integrale'', it is an empire, with an ethereal emperor, rather than a visible one. The churches of the various nationalities constitute the provinces of this empire; and though they are so far independent of each other, yet they are so one, that membership in one is membership in all, and separation from one is separation from all.... This conception of the church, of which, in at least some aspects, we have practically so much lost sight, had a firm hold of the Scottish theologians of the seventeenth century. James Walker in ''The Theology of Theologians of Scotland''. (Edinburgh: Rpt. Knox Press, 1982) Lecture iv. pp. 95–96.}} In order to justify their departure{{efn|At least at first, Protestants did not depart per se. Rather, they were excommunicated such as in the 1520 ''[[Exsurge Domine]]'' and the 1521 ''[[Edict of Worms]]''. Some Protestants avoided excommunication by living as [[crypto-Protestant]]s.}} from the Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument,{{efn|Some Protestants claim the church is visible today, this is a matter of dispute.}} saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a ''spiritual, invisible, and hidden church''—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

Wherever the Magisterial Reformation, which received support from the ruling authorities, took place, the result was a reformed national Protestant church envisioned to be a part of the whole ''invisible church'', but disagreeing, in certain important points of doctrine and doctrine-linked practice, with what had until then been considered the normative reference point on such matters,{{efn|The assertion of papal supremacy varied through history. For example, in 381 the [[First Council of Constantinople]] recognized the sees of Rome and Constantinople as being equal in authority. Papal supremacy continued to evolve after the Reformation with the [[First Vatican Council]].}} namely the Papacy and central authority of the Catholic Church. The Reformed churches thus believed in some form of Catholicity, founded on their doctrines of the five solas and a visible [[ecclesiastical]] organization based on the 14th- and 15th-century [[Conciliarism|Conciliar movement]], rejecting the [[papacy]] and [[papal infallibility]] in favor of [[ecumenical council]]s, but rejecting the latest ecumenical council, the [[Council of Trent]].{{efn|Lutherans did not completely reject Trent. In fact, some attended it, although they were not given a vote. Instead, [[Martin Chemnitz]] on the basis that all councils are subject to examination, wrote the ''[[Examination of the Council of Trent]]'' in which some parts of Trent were accepted and others dissented from.}} Religious unity therefore became not one of doctrine and identity but one of invisible character, wherein the unity was one of faith in Jesus Christ, not common identity, doctrine, belief, and collaborative action.

There are Protestants,{{efn|In history, Catholic sympathizing Protestants were termed [[crypto-papist]]s and lived as such because Catholicism was illegal in some areas under the legal principle of ''[[cuius regio, eius religio]]''. However, outlawing Catholics did not always force them to emigrate. Instead, they remained continued to influence the dominant church in their area.}} especially of the [[Reformed tradition]], that either reject or downplay the designation ''Protestant'' because of the negative idea that the word invokes in addition to its primary meaning, preferring the designation ''Reformed'', ''Evangelical'' or even ''Reformed Catholic'' expressive of what they call a ''Reformed Catholicity'' and defending their arguments from the traditional Protestant confessions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_theca.htm |title=''The Canadian Reformed Magazine'', 18 (20–27 September, 4–11 October, 18, 1, 8 November 1969) |access-date=15 May 2007 |archive-date=6 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806081139/http://www.spindleworks.com/library/faber/008_theca.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Ecumenism==
{{Main|Christian ecumenism}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Marburger-Religionsgespräch.jpg
| caption1 = The [[Marburg Colloquy]] (1529) was an early attempt at uniting [[Martin Luther|Luther]] and [[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]]. It failed as both reformers and their delegations could not agree on the sacrament of the [[Eucharist]]. Similar discussions were held in 1586 during the [[Colloquy of Montbéliard]] and from 1661 to 1663 during the [[Syncretistic controversy]]. Anonymous woodcut, 1557.
| image2 = The 1910 World Missionary Conference, the Edinburgh Missionary Conference.jpg
| caption2 = The Edinburgh Missionary Conference is considered the symbolic starting point of the contemporary ecumenical movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/what-we-do/cwme/history|title=History – World Council of Churches|website=oikoumene.org|access-date=30 July 2014|archive-date=25 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725221218/https://www.oikoumene.org/en/what-we-do/cwme/history/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

The ecumenical movement has had an influence on [[Mainline (Protestant)|mainline]] churches, beginning at least in 1910 with the [[Edinburgh Missionary Conference]]. Its origins lay in the recognition of the need for cooperation on the mission field in Africa, Asia and Oceania. Since 1948, the [[World Council of Churches]] has been influential, but ineffective in creating a united church. There are also ecumenical bodies at regional, national and local levels across the globe; but schisms still far outnumber unifications. One, but not the only expression of the ecumenical movement, has been the move to form united churches, such as the [[Church of South India]], the [[Church of North India]], the US-based [[United Church of Christ]], the [[United Church of Canada]], the [[Uniting Church in Australia]] and the [[United Church of Christ in the Philippines]] which have rapidly declining memberships. There has been a strong engagement of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] churches in the ecumenical movement, though the reaction of individual Orthodox theologians has ranged from tentative approval of the aim of Christian unity to outright condemnation of the perceived effect of watering down Orthodox doctrine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0804/__P1T.HTM |title=Orthodox Church: text – IntraText CT |publisher=Intratext.com |access-date=19 November 2010 |archive-date=27 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527224429/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0804/__P1T.HTM |url-status=live }}</ref>

A Protestant [[baptism]] is held to be valid by the Catholic Church if given with the trinitarian formula and with the intent to baptize. However, as the ordination of Protestant ministers is not recognized due to the lack of [[apostolic succession]] and the disunity from Catholic Church, all other sacraments (except marriage) performed by Protestant denominations and ministers are not recognized as valid. Therefore, Protestants desiring full communion with the Catholic Church are not re-baptized (although they are confirmed) and Protestant ministers who become Catholics may be ordained to the [[Catholic priesthood|priesthood]] after a period of study.

In 1999, the representatives of [[Lutheran World Federation]] and Catholic Church signed the [[Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification]], apparently resolving the conflict over the nature of [[Justification (theology)|justification]] which was at the root of the Protestant Reformation, although [[Confessional Lutheran]]s reject this statement.<ref name=WELS-JD>{{cite web|url=https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=6741 |website=WELS Topical Q&A |title=Justification |publisher=[[Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod]] |quote=A document which is aimed at settling differences needs to address those differences unambiguously. The Joint Declaration does not do this. At best, it sends confusing mixed signals and should be repudiated by all Lutherans. |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090927213720/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=19&cuItem_itemID=6741 |archive-date=27 September 2009}}</ref> This is understandable, since there is no compelling authority within them. On 18 July 2006, delegates to the World Methodist Conference voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.1863123/k.FF49/World_Methodists_approve_further_ecumenical_dialogue.htm |title=News Archives |publisher=UMC.org |access-date=19 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060721210415/http://www.umc.org/site/c.gjJTJbMUIuE/b.1863123/k.FF49/World_Methodists_approve_further_ecumenical_dialogue.htm |archive-date=21 July 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0604186.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060725190303/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0604186.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 July 2006 |title=CNS Story: Methodists adopt Catholic-Lutheran declaration on justification |publisher=Catholicnews.com |access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Protestantism by country}}

{{See also|Christianity by country}}
[[File:St. Peter's Church, Bermuda, Front.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[St. Peter's Church, St. George's|St. Peter's Church]] in [[Bermuda]], built in 1612, is the oldest surviving Protestant church in the "New World", including the [[Americas]] and certain Atlantic Ocean islands. It was the first of nine [[Parish church]]es established in Bermuda by the [[Church of England]]. Bermuda also has the oldest [[Presbyterian]] church outside the British Isles, the [[Church of Scotland]]'s [[Christ Church in Warwick|Christ Church]] (1719).]]

Estimates for Protestants worldwide vary from 600 million to 1 billion,<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005">Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. ''World Religions and Democracy''. 2005, p. 119. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CTqTeiBfdxEC&pg=PA119 link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003137/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTqTeiBfdxEC&pg=PA119|date=23 May 2020}} (saying "''Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population—about 800 million people—but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.''")</ref><ref name="Hillerbrand2">{{cite book |last1=Hillerbrand |first1=Hans J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349 |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set |date=2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-96028-5 |language=en |quote=Core Protestants 342,002,000 Non-Core Protestants 491,455,000 Totals 833,457,000}}</ref>{{efn|Estimates vary considerably, from 400 up to more than a billion. Hans Hillerbrand estimated a total 2004 Protestant population of 833,457,000,<ref name="books.google.pl"/> while the World Christian Database estimated 637,856,000 Protestants and 426,370,000 Independents (mostly non-denominational Pentecostals) in early 2026.<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase" />}} among approximately 2.4 billion Christians.<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase" /><ref name="World">~34% of ~7.2 billion world population (under the section 'People') {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|title=World|date=15 November 2021|publisher=CIA world facts|access-date=24 January 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity">{{cite web |author=Analysis |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=17 August 2012 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730062627/http://www.pewforum.org/christian/global-christianity-exec.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Osborn, Ian, ''Can Christianity Cure Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Psychiatrist Explores the Role of Faith in Treatment'', 2008, p46, "Almost a billion Protestants in the present day owe their religious identity to Luther's insights."</ref><ref>Pack, David C., ''Saturday Or Sunday: Which Is the Sabbath?'', 2009, p8, "About 1 billion Protestants also observe Sunday."</ref><ref name="pewforum1" /><ref name="Hillerbrand" /><ref name="Clarke, Beyer">{{Cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&pg=PA510 |title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations |last2=Beyer |first2=Peter |date=2009 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781135211004 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210203239/https://books.google.com/books?id=rBgn3xB75ZcC&pg=PA510 |archive-date=10 February 2022 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Stephen F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lplJPBYWefcC&pg=PA13 |title=Protestantism |date=2018 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=9781604131123 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003040/https://books.google.com/books?id=lplJPBYWefcC&pg=PA13 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |url-status=live |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="Noll">{{Cite book |last=Noll |first=Mark A. |author-link=Mark Noll |url={{Google books|id=1GKBgK00JSsC|plainurl=y|page=9}} |title=Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780191620133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003134/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GKBgK00JSsC&pg=PA9 |archive-date=2020-05-23 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|Current sources are in general agreement that Christians make up about 33% of the world's population—slightly over 2.4 billion adherents in mid-2015.}} The main reason for this wide range is the lack of a common agreement among scholars as to which denominations constitute Protestantism. For instance, most sources include [[Anabaptism]], [[Anglicanism]], [[Baptists]] and [[non-denominational Christianity]] as part of Protestantism. However, widely used references like the ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', which has been documenting the changing status of World Christianity over the past 120 years, classifies Independent Christians or non-denominational Pentecostals as a separate category from Protestantism.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=World Christian Encyclopedia |url=https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/book-world-christian-encyclopedia.html |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Edinburgh University Press Books |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Independents" /><ref name="Shurden1995">{{cite book |last1=Shurden |first1=Walter B. |title=Not a Silent People: Controversies that Have Shaped Southern Baptists |date=1995 |publisher=Smyth & Helwys Publishing, Inc. |isbn=978-1-57312-021-0 |page=48 |language=en}}</ref> As such, in 2026, the [[World Christian Encyclopedia|World Christian Database]] reported 638 million historic Protestants and 426 million Independent [[Non-denominational Christianity|non-denominational]] Pentecostals.<ref name="WorldChristianDatabase" />

In 2010, a total of more than 800 million included 300 million in Sub-Saharan Africa, 260 million in the Americas, 140 million in the Asia-Pacific region, 100 million in Europe and 2 million in Middle East-North Africa.<ref name="pewforum1" /> Protestants account for at least one third of Christians worldwide and more than one tenth of the total human population.<ref name="pewforum1" /> Various estimates put the percentage of Protestants in relation to the total number of world's Christians at 33%,<ref name="Clarke, Beyer" /> 36%,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/rel04-demograph.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318101547/http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/rel04-demograph.htm|url-status=dead|title=Protestant Demographics and Fragmentations|archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref> 36.7%,<ref name="pewforum1" /> and 40%,<ref name="Hillerbrand" /> while in relation to the world's population at 11.6%<ref name="pewforum1" /> and 13%.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005" />

Within Europe, Protestantism remains the most practiced religion in the [[Nordic countries]] and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="Clarke, Beyer" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Populations in England |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824122412/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=954 |archive-date=24 August 2011 |access-date=8 April 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics}}</ref> In other historical Protestant strongholds such as Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Latvia, and Estonia, it remains one of the most popular religions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA42|title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2012|first=Edgar|last=Thorpe|date=2018|publisher=Pearson Education India|via=Google Books|isbn=9788131761908|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003139/https://books.google.com/books?id=I9OyQ9mEpxkC&pg=SL1-PA42|url-status=live}}</ref> Although the Czech Republic was the site of [[Hussites|one of the most significant pre-reformation movements]],<ref name="museeprotestant.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia/|title=Protestantism in Bohemia and Moravia (Czech Republic) – Musée virtuel du Protestantisme|website=museeprotestant.org|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015211407/http://www.museeprotestant.org/en/notice/protestantism-in-the-republic-of-czechoslovakia/|url-status=live}}</ref> there is only a small Protestant population today;<ref>{{cite web|language=cs |url=http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/$File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf |title=Tab 7.1 Population by religious belief and by municipality size groups |publisher=Czso.cz |access-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221184947/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_1_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_municipality_size_groups/%24File/PVCR071_ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|language=cs |url=http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/$File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf |title=Tab 7.2 Population by religious belief and by regions |publisher=Czso.cz |access-date=19 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104224923/http://www.czso.cz/sldb2011/eng/redakce.nsf/i/tab_7_2_population_by_religious_belief_and_by_regions/%24File/PVCR072_ENG.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2013}}</ref> mainly due to historical reasons like persecution of Protestants by the [[Catholic]] [[Habsburgs]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqJNavelP3UC&pg=PA108|title=Frommer's Prague & the Best of the Czech Republic|first=Hana|last=Mastrini|date=2008|publisher=Wiley|via=Google Books|isbn=9780470293232|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003043/https://books.google.com/books?id=pqJNavelP3UC&pg=PA108|url-status=live}}</ref> restrictions during the [[Communism|Communist rule]], and also the ongoing [[secularization]].<ref name="museeprotestant.org"/> Over the last several decades, religious practice has been declining as secularization has increased.<ref name="Clarke, Beyer" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/arts/31iht-idlede1.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | first=Mark | last=Lilla | title=Europe and the legend of secularization | date=31 March 2006 | access-date=12 February 2017 | archive-date=30 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130062241/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/31/arts/31iht-idlede1.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all | url-status=live }}</ref> According to a 2019 study about Religiosity in the European Union in 2019 by [[Eurobarometer]], Protestants made up 9% of the [[EU]] population.<ref>{{citation |title=Discrimination in the EU in 2019 |work=[[Eurobarometer|Special Eurobarometer]] |year=2019 |series=493 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 |access-date=15 May 2020 |publisher=European Commission |location=European Union |archive-date=18 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518204808/https://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2251 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to [[Pew Research Center]], Protestants constituted nearly one fifth (or 18%) of the [[Christianity in Europe|continent's Christian population]] in 2010.<ref name="pewforum1"/> Clarke and Beyer estimate that Protestants constituted 15% of all Europeans in 2009, while Noll claims that less than 12% of them lived in Europe in 2010.<ref name="Clarke, Beyer"/><ref name="Noll"/>

Changes in worldwide Protestantism over the last century have been significant.<ref name="Hillerbrand"/><ref name="Noll"/><ref name = "Witte and Alexander">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|title=The Teachings of Modern Protestantism on Law, Politics, and Human Nature|first1=John|last1=Witte|first2=Frank S.|last2=Alexander|year=2018|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=9780231142632|via=Google Books|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003155/https://books.google.com/books?id=3Ie-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT44|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 1900, Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, Oceania and Latin America.<ref name = "Encyclopedia of Protestantism" /><ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/><ref name = "Witte and Alexander" /> That caused Protestantism to be called a primarily non-Western religion.<ref name="Noll"/><ref name = "Witte and Alexander" /> Much of the growth has occurred after [[World War II]], when [[decolonization of Africa]] and abolition of [[Anti-Protestantism|various restrictions against Protestants]] in [[Latin America]]n countries occurred.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/> According to one source, Protestants constituted respectively 2.5%, 2%, 0.5% of Latin Americans, Africans and Asians.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/> In 2000, percentage of Protestants on mentioned continents was 17%, more than 27% and 6%, respectively.<ref name="Diamond, Plattner, Costopoulos, 2005"/> According to Mark A. Noll, 79% of [[Anglicans]] lived in the United Kingdom in 1910, while most of the remainder was found in the United States and across the [[British Commonwealth]].<ref name="Noll"/> By 2010, 59% of Anglicans were found in Africa.<ref name="Noll"/> In 2010, more Protestants lived in India than in the UK or Germany, while Protestants in Brazil were as numerous as those in the UK and Germany combined.<ref name="Noll"/> Almost as many lived in each of [[Nigeria]] and China as in all of Europe.<ref name="Noll"/> China is home to world's largest Protestant minority.<ref name="pewforum1"/>{{efn|Estimates for China vary in dozens of millions. Nevertheless, in comparison to the other countries, there is no disagreement that China has the most numerous Protestant minority.}}

Protestantism is growing in Africa,<ref name = "Encyclopedia of Protestantism" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-20/christianity-growth-africa-europe/52125920/1|title=Study: Christianity grows exponentially in Africa|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=20 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193240/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-20/christianity-growth-africa-europe/52125920/1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TIME 2001">{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156277,00.html|title=The Battle for Latin America's Soul|first=Richard N.|last=Ostling|magazine=Time|date=24 June 2001|via=content.time.com|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926044305/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,156277,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Asia,<ref name = "Encyclopedia of Protestantism" /><ref name="TIME 2001"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/china-protestantisms-simplicity-yields-more-converts-catholicism-213465|title=In China, Protestantism's Simplicity Yields More Converts Than Catholicism|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=28 March 2012|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812085447/http://www.ibtimes.com/china-protestantisms-simplicity-yields-more-converts-catholicism-213465|url-status=live}}</ref> Latin America,<ref name="TIME 2001"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/201232593459332334.html|title=Evangelicals rise in Latin America|first=Chris|last=Arsenault|website=aljazeera.com|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308115716/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/03/201232593459332334.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Oceania,<ref name = "Encyclopedia of Protestantism" /><ref name = "Witte and Alexander" /> while declining in [[North America]]<ref name = "Witte and Alexander" /><ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ America's Changing Religious Landscape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054944/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |date=26 December 2018 }}, by [[Pew Research Center]], 12 May 2015</ref> and Europe.<ref name="Clarke, Beyer" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRLBF3KW8HkC&pg=PA59|title=Religion in a Secularizing Society: The Europeans' Religion at the End of the 20th Century|first1=Loek|last1=Halman|first2=Ole|last2=Riis|year=2018|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004126220|via=Google Books|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003154/https://books.google.com/books?id=XRLBF3KW8HkC&pg=PA59|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[France]],<ref name = "Jean-Paul Willaime">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DaJtXsY4ttQC&pg=PA99|title=Religious Newcomers and the Nation State: Political Culture and Organized Religion in France and the Netherlands|first1=Erik|last1=Sengers|first2=Thijl|last2=Sunier|date=2018|publisher=Eburon Uitgeverij B.V.|isbn=9789059723986|via=Google Books|access-date=27 June 2015|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003132/https://books.google.com/books?id=DaJtXsY4ttQC&pg=PA99|url-status=live}}</ref> Protestantism was driven underground from the 1685 [[Edict of Fontainebleau|revocation]] of the [[Edict of Nantes]] until shortly before the [[French Revolution]], its adherents are now claimed to be stable in number.<ref name = "Jean-Paul Willaime" /> According to some, [[Russia]] is another country to see a Protestant growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/april/protestant-revival-sweeps-moscow/|title=Moscow Church Spearheads Russia Revival|access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=27 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527024350/http://www.cbn.com/cbnnews/world/2011/April/Protestant-Revival-Sweeps-Moscow/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/28-1_093.pdf|title=Protestantism in Postsoviet Russia: An Unacknowledged Triumph|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=10 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110073012/http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rss/28-1_093.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/june10/13.22.html?paging=off|title=Growing Protestants, Catholics Draw Ire|author=Felix Corley and Geraldine Fagan|website=ChristianityToday.com|date=10 June 2002 |access-date=14 February 2015|archive-date=20 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120113934/https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/june10/13.22.html?paging=off|url-status=live}}</ref>

The United States is home to approximately 20% of the world's Protestants.<ref name="pewforum1" /> According to a 2019 study, the Protestant share of U.S. population dropped to 43%, ending its historical status as religion of the majority.<ref>"In US, Decline of Christianity Continues at Rapid Pace," Pew Research Center, 17 October 2019</ref><ref name="Nones of the Rise2">{{Cite web |title="Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation |url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826234925/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf |archive-date=26 August 2014 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 October 2012 |title=BBC News - US Protestants no longer a majority - study |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837 |access-date=14 February 2015 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837|title=US Protestants no longer majority|work=BBC News|date=10 October 2012|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042339/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19892837|url-status=live}}</ref> The decline is attributed mainly to the dropping membership of the [[Mainline Protestant]] churches,<ref name="Nones of the Rise">[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf "Nones" on the Rise: One-in-Five Adults Have No Religious Affiliation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826234925/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/10/NonesOnTheRise-full.pdf|date=26 August 2014}}, Pew Research Center (The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life), 9 October 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9303/articles/johnson.html|title=Mainline Churches: The Real Reason for Decline|website=leaderu.com|access-date=23 July 2014|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429115337/http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9303/articles/johnson.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Evangelical Protestant]] and [[Black church]]es are stable or continue to grow.<ref name="Nones of the Rise" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fahmy |first=Gregory A. Smith, Alan Cooperman, Becka A. Alper, Besheer Mohamed, Chip Rotolo, Patricia Tevington, Justin Nortey, Asta Kallo, Jeff Diamant and Dalia |date=2025-02-26 |title=Decline of Christianity in the U.S. Has Slowed, May Have Leveled Off |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2025/02/26/decline-of-christianity-in-the-us-has-slowed-may-have-leveled-off/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/659339/religious-preferences-largely-stable-2020.aspx |title=Religious Preferences Largely Stable in U.S. Since 2020 |author=Jeffrey M. Jones |date=April 17, 2025 |website=Gallup |access-date=August 25, 2025}}</ref>

Protestants have been projected to form a slim majority of the world's total Christian population by 2050 if existing trends continue.<ref name=":3">Johnstone, Patrick, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AVzFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 "The Future of the Global Church: History, Trends and Possibilities"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519062536/https://books.google.com/books?id=AVzFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 |date=19 May 2020 }}, p. 100, fig 4.10 & 4.11</ref>{{efn|Magisterial Protestant, Independent, Anabaptist and Anglican parties are understood as Protestant as stated previously in the article, as well as in the book: ''Statistics for the P, I and A megablocs are often combined because they overlap so much-hence the order followed here.''}} According to other experts such as Hans J. Hillerbrand, Protestants will be as numerous as Catholics.<ref name=":2">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Hillerbrand |editor-given=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |volume=1–4 |year=2004 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92472-6 |url={{Google books|id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=1815}} |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523003036/https://books.google.com/books?id=4tbFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3311 |url-status=live |page=1815 |quote="Observers carefully comparing all these figures in the total context will have observed the even more startling finding that for the first time ever in the history of Protestantism, ''Wider Protestants'' will by 2050 have become almost exactly as numerous as Catholics—each with just over 1.5 billion followers, or 17 percent of the world, with Protestants growing considerably faster than Catholics each year."}}</ref> According to [[Peter L. Berger]], popular Protestantism{{efn|A flexible term; defined as all forms of Protestantism with the notable exception of the historical denominations deriving from the Protestant Reformation.}} is the most dynamic religious movement in the contemporary world, alongside [[Islamic revival|resurgent Islam]].<ref name="books.google.com" />

In 2010, the largest Protestant denominational families were historically Pentecostal denominations (11%), Anglican (11%), Lutheran (10%), Baptist (9%), [[United and uniting churches]] (unions of different denominations) (7%), Presbyterian or Reformed (7%), Methodist (3%), Adventist (3%), Congregationalist (1%), [[Plymouth Brethren|Brethren]] (1%), [[The Salvation Army]] (<1%) and [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] (<1%). Other denominations accounted for 38% of Protestants.<ref name="pewforum1" />

<gallery widths="300px" heights="155px" class="center">
File:Protestant majority countries (2010).svg|Protestant-majority countries in 2010
File:Countries by percentage of Protestants (2010).svg|Countries by percentage of Protestants, 2010
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Anti-Catholicism]]
* [[Criticism of Protestantism]]
* [[European wars of religion]]
* [[Protestantism in Germany]]
* [[Church architecture#The Reformation and its influence on church architecture|The Reformation and its influence on church architecture]]
* [[Predestination in Protestantism]]
* [[Protestantism by country]]
* [[Pelagianism]]
* [[Semi-Pelagianism]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |surname=Ammerman |given=Nancy T. |author-link=Nancy Ammerman |chapter=North American Protestant Fundamentalism |chapter-url={{Google books|id=qd5yzP5hdiEC|plainurl=y|page=1|keywords=|text=}} |editor-surname=Marty |editor-given=Martin E. |editor-link=Martin E. Marty |editor-surname2=Appleby |editor-given2=R. Scott |editor-link2=R. Scott Appleby |year=1991 |title=Fundamentalisms Observed |series=[[Fundamentalism Project|The Fundamentalism Project]], 1 |place=Chicago, Il; London |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=1–65 |url={{Google books|id=qd5yzP5hdiEC|plainurl=y|page=}} |isbn=0-226-50878-1}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Sascha O.|last2=Pfaff |first2=Steven |last3=Rubin |first3=Jared |title=Causes and Consequences of the Protestant Reformation |journal=ESI Working Paper 16–13 |year=2016 |url=https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=esi_working_papers|issn=2572-1496|via=Chapman University Digital Commons}}

==Further reading==
'''General'''
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Hillerbrand |editor-given=Hans J. |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |volume=1–4 |year=2004 |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-92472-6 |url={{Google books|id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ|plainurl=y|page=}} |archive-date=2020-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523002949/https://books.google.com/books?id=PMSTAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA349 |url-status=live}} 2195 pp. Reprint 2014.
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-surname=Melton |editor-given=J. Gordon |editor-link=J. Gordon Melton |year=2005 |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions |url={{Google books|id=bW3sXBjnokkC|plainurl=y|page=}} |isbn=0-8160-5456-8}} 628 pp.

'''Special'''
* Bruce, Steve (2019). ''A house divided: Protestantism, Schism and secularization''. London; New York: Routledge.
* Cook, Martin L. (1991). ''The Open Circle: Confessional Method in Theology''. Minneapolis, Mn: Fortress Press. xiv, 130 p. N.B.: Discusses the place of Confessions of Faith in Protestant theology, especially in Lutheranism. {{ISBN|0-8006-2482-3}}
* [[John Dillenberger|Dillenberger, John]], and [[Claude Welch (theologian)|Claude Welch]] (1988). ''Protestant Christianity, Interpreted through Its Development''. Second ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. {{ISBN|0-02-329601-1}}
* Giussani, Luigi (1969), trans. Damian Bacich (2013). American Protestant Theology: A Historical Sketch. Montreal: McGill-Queens UP.
* Grytten, Ola Honningdal. "Weber revisited: A literature review on the possible Link between Protestantism, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth." (NHH Dept. of Economics Discussion Paper 08, 2020). [https://openaccess.nhh.no/nhh-xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/2657268/DP%2008.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y online]
* Howard, Thomas A. ''Remembering the Reformation: an inquiry into the meanings of Protestantism'' (Oxford UP, 2016).
* Howard, Thomas A. and Mark A. Noll, eds. ''Protestantism after 500 years'' (Oxford UP, 2016).
* Leithart, Peter J. ''The end of Protestantism: pursuing unity in a fragmented church'' (Brazos Press, 2016).
* {{cite book|title=Christianity's Dangerous Idea|last=McGrath|first=Alister E.|author-link=Alister McGrath|year=2007|location=New York|publisher=[[HarperOne]]|isbn=978-0060822132|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/christianitysdan00mcgr_0}}
* Nash, Arnold S., ed. (1951). ''Protestant Thought in the Twentieth Century: Whence & Whither''? New York: Macmillan Co.
* {{cite book|title=Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction|last=Noll|first=Mark A.|author-link=Mark Noll|year=2011|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* Ryrie, Alec ''Protestants: The Radicals Who Made the Modern World'' (HarperCollins, 2017).
* Ryrie, Alec "The World's Local Religion" [https://www.historytoday.com/alec-ryrie/worlds-local-religion ''History Today'' (Sept 20, 2017) online]

==External links==
{{Wiktionary|Protestant|Protestantism|evangelical}}
{{Commons category|Protestantism}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web|url=https://m.wikihow.com/Declare-Your-Personal-Christian-Statement-of-Faith-%28Protestant%29|title= Personal Christian Statement of Faith (Protestant)|work= wikiHow|language=en|publisher= [[wikiHow]]|date= 29 July 2015}}
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Protestantism.aspx Protestantism] ([[Encyclopedia.com]])
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Protestant |volume=22 |page=472 |short=1}}
* {{cite Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Protestantism |volume=21 |first=Joseph |last=Wilhelm }} from the 1917 ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://historyscoper.com/protestantscope.html The Historyscoper]
* [http://www.oikoumene.org/ World Council of Churches] – World body for mainline Protestant churches

{{Christianity footer}}
{{Religion topics}}
{{Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church}}
{{Western culture}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Christianity|Reformed Christianity|Evangelical Christianity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Protestantism| ]]
[[Category:16th-century introductions]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]

Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Double Decker Express

2026-03-12T03:19:47Z

NaomiLoftis490: stub

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| name = Mumbai Central – Ahmedabad Junction ''Double Decker Express''
| color = FF5C5C
| image = 12932 Double Decker Express trainboard.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type = [[Double Decker Express|Double Decker]]
| status =
| locale = [[Maharashtra]] & [[Gujarat]]
| first = {{start date and age|2012|09|19|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=WR to introduce Double decker AC super fast Exp |url=https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1018&did=1347886741065D38B1D39B493BFD0D4963527528187C1.web107 |date=2012-09-17 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401124225/https://wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1018&did=1347886741065D38B1D39B493BFD0D4963527528187C1.web107 |archive-date=2013-04-01 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| start = {{rws|Mumbai Central}} (MMCT)
| stops = 9
| end = {{rws|Ahmedabad Junction}} (ADI)
| distance = {{convert|491|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = 6 days a week
| trainnumber = 12931 / 12932
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]]
| access =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board Catering, E-Catering
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Double Decker]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|71|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average excluding halts.
| map = [[File:Shatabdi Express and Double Decker Express (Mumbai - Ahmadabad) Route map.png|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 12931 / 12932 '''Mumbai Central–Ahmedabad Double Decker Express''' is a [[Double Decker Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]] (MMCT) and [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]] (ADI) in India. It runs 6 days in week except Sunday. It operates as train number 12931 from [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]] to [[Ahmedabad railway station|Ahmedabad Junction]] and as train number 12932 in the reverse direction.

On 20 March 2017, the exteriors of the train departing Mumbai Central were covered with vinyl wrapping advertisements becoming the Indian Railway's first "branded" train. The advertisements were for soap brand [[Savlon]], as part of its Savlon Swasth India Mission, a social awareness initiative for promoting hand hygiene.<ref>{{cite web|title=First branded train to chug ahead on Monday - Mumbai Mirror -|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/first-branded-train-to-chug-ahead-on-monday/articleshow/57698791.cms|website=Mumbai Mirror|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref>

==Coach composition==
The train has a rake consisting of 13 AC Chair Car and 2 EOG cars. As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended depending on demand. And they pulled by [[WAP-7]] and [[WAP-5]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=12932/Ahmedabad - Mumbai Central AC Double Decker Express - Ahmedabad to Mumbai Chennai WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18710 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12931/Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad AC Double Decker Express - Mumbai Chennai to Ahmedabad WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18711 |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 13
!14
!15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" | 16
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]
|EOG
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FFD733;" |C13
|EOG
|}

==Service==
12931 / 12932 '''Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad Double Decker Express''' was first introduced on 19 September 2012.

It covers the distance of 491 kilometres in 6 hours 55 mins as 12931 '''Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad Double Decker Express''' and as 12932 '''Ahmedabad - Mumbai Central Double Decker Express''' (71 km/h).

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:12932 Double Decker Express.jpg|12932 Double Decker Express at [[Borivali railway station|Borivali]]
File:AC coach of 12932 Double Decker Express.jpg|AC coach of 12932 Double Decker Express
File:12932 Ahmedabad Mumbai Central Double Decker Express.jpg|12932 Ahmedabad Mumbai Central Double Decker Express
File:12932 Ahmedabad - Mumbai Central Double Decker Express.jpg|12932 Ahmedabad Mumbai Central Double Decker Express with a [[Vadodara Junction railway station|Vadodara]] based [[Amul]] [[WAP 5]] engine.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?dcd=1018&id=0,4,268|title=Western Railway|publisher=wr.indianrailways.gov.in|accessdate=30 May 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-Ahmedabad-travel-on-AC-double-decker-to-cost-Rs-471/articleshow/12872918.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425231714/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-26/mumbai/31409334_1_air-conditioned-double-decker-train-shatabdi-express-ac-chair-car-fare|url-status=live|archive-date=25 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad travel on AC double-decker to cost Rs 471|date=26 April 2012 |access-date=30 May 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Ahmedabad-Mumbai-AC-train-to-start-from-Wednesday/articleshow/16403280.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130918050551/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/mumbai/33862702_1_double-decker-coach-ac-train-karnavati-express|url-status=live|archive-date=18 September 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Ahmedabad-Mumbai AC train to start from Wednesday|date=15 September 2012 |access-date=30 May 2014}}

==Sister trains==
* [[Gujarat Queen]]
* [[Karnavati Express]]
* [[Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad Passenger]]
* [[Mumbai Central-Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express]]

{{Double Decker Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai Central - Ahmedabad Double Decker Express}}
[[Category:Mumbai–Ahmedabad trains]]
[[Category:Double-decker trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]

Daisy Edgar-Jones

2026-03-10T23:22:31Z

NaomiLoftis490: improved page as per guidelines and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|British actress (born 1998)}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Daisy Edgar-Jones
| image = Daisy Edgar-Jones at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (close-up).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Edgar-Jones in 2024
| birth_name = Daisy Jessica Edgar-Jones
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|5|24}}
| birth_place = [[Islington, London]], England
| alma_mater = [[Open University]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015–present
}}

'''Daisy Jessica Edgar-Jones''' (born 24 May 1998) is an English actress. She began her career with the television series ''[[Cold Feet]]'' (2016–2020) and ''[[War of the Worlds (2019 TV series)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2019–2021). She gained recognition for her starring role in the [[BBC]] / [[Hulu]] romantic drama limited series ''[[Normal People (TV series)|Normal People]]'' (2020), which earned her nominations for a [[British Academy Television Award]] and a [[Golden Globe Award]].

She has expanded her career taking film roles in the [[horror film|horror]]-[[thriller film|thriller]] ''[[Fresh (2022 film)|Fresh]]'' (2022), the [[mystery film|mystery]] ''[[Where the Crawdads Sing (film)|Where the Crawdads Sing]]'' (2022), the [[disaster film]] ''[[Twisters (film)|Twisters]]'' (2024), and the romantic drama ''[[On Swift Horses]]'' (2024).<ref name="twisters"/> On television, she played a [[Mormon]] murder victim in the [[FX on Hulu]] crime miniseries ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)|Under the Banner of Heaven]]'' earning a second [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Golden Globe Award]] nomination.

On stage, she has acted on the [[West End (theatre)|West End]] in plays such as the adaptation of [[Mohsin Hamid]]'s ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]'' (2017), and a revival of [[Tennessee Williams]]' ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'' (2024). She appeared on [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']]'s 2020 list of influential women.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Vogue 25: The Women Shaping 2020 |url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/the-vogue-25-the-women-shaping-2020 |website=British Vogue |date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116204923/https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/the-vogue-25-the-women-shaping-2020 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |access-date=10 August 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Edgar-Jones<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/who-daisy-edgar-jones-what-23221971 |title=Who is Daisy Edgar-Jones? What film is she set to star in next |last=Lupupa |first=Jill |website=[[Birmingham Mail]] |date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227095039/https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/showbiz-tv/who-daisy-edgar-jones-what-23221971 |archive-date=27 February 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fm104.ie/news/buzz/photo-dublin-boutique-discovers-daisy-edgar-jones-wore-their-clothes-in-normal-people/ |title=Photo: Dublin boutique discovers Daisy Edgar-Jones wore their clothes in Normal People |last=Mullan |first=Emma |work=FM104 |publisher=[[FM104]] |date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518143008/https://www.fm104.ie/news/buzz/photo-dublin-boutique-discovers-daisy-edgar-jones-wore-their-clothes-in-normal-people/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> was born on 24 May 1998<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.capitalfm.com/features/daisy-edgar-jones-age-height-dating-normal-people/daisy-edgar-jones-is-from-london/ |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones: Age, Height & Dating Details Of 'Normal People' Actress |publisher=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130033948/https://www.capitalfm.com/features/daisy-edgar-jones-age-height-dating-normal-people/daisy-edgar-jones-is-from-london/ |archive-date=30 November 2021 |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> in the borough of [[Islington]], [[London]]. Her [[Irish people|Irish]] mother, Wendy, is a former drama film editor who now works in real estate. Her [[Scottish people|Scottish]] father, Philip, is director of [[Sky Arts]] and head of entertainment at [[Sky (United Kingdom)|Sky]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lamont |first=Tom |date=26 February 2022 |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones on life after Normal People: 'Should I be living it up more? Is this how our 20s are supposed to be?' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/feb/26/daisy-edgar-jones-normal-people-intimacy-coaches |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226204906/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/feb/26/daisy-edgar-jones-normal-people-intimacy-coaches |archive-date=26 February 2022 |access-date=26 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Edgar-Jones grew up in [[Muswell Hill]], London, and first acted in a school play in [[Year 2]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Munankar |first=Vidita |date=15 March 2019 |title=RRR: Know all about Daisy Edgar Jones who plays the female lead opposite Jr NTR in SS Rajamouli's next |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/rrr-know-all-about-daisy-edgar-jones-who-plays-female-lead-opposite-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-s-next-443110?amp |website=PinkVilla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603234940/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/rrr-know-all-about-daisy-edgar-jones-who-plays-female-lead-opposite-jr-ntr-ss-rajamouli-s-next-443110?amp |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=26 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> She attended [[The Mount, Mill Hill International|The Mount School for Girls]] and [[Woodhouse College]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Woodhouse Drama student Daisy gets Cold Feet |url=https://www.woodhouse.ac.uk/newsdetails.aspx?m=2&ref=404 |website=Woodhouse College |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211180707/https://www.woodhouse.ac.uk/newsdetails.aspx?m=2&ref=404 |archive-date=11 December 2022 |date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and was admitted to the [[National Youth Theatre]].<ref name="National Youth Theatre">{{cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=8 August 2017 |title=Actor Daisy Edgar-Jones: 'It's good to play a character unlike myself...I'm usually cast as the smiley one!' |url=https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/etcetera/theatre/actor-daisy-edgar-jones-it-s-good-to-play-a-character-unlike-myself-i-m-usually-cast-as-the-smiley-one-1-5140712 |website=Ham & High |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921212649/https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/things-to-do/actor-daisy-edgar-jones-it-s-good-to-play-a-3565654 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She studied with the [[Open University]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Fitch Little |first=Harriet |date=16 March 2020 |title=Meet the Charismatic Stars of the Highly-Anticipated Normal People Adaptation |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/daisy-edgar-jones-paul-mescal-normal-people-stars |website=Vogue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422201944/https://www.vogue.com/article/daisy-edgar-jones-paul-mescal-normal-people-stars |archive-date=22 April 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Edgar-Jones also took ballet lessons until the age of seven, earning a Grade 1 certificate; she began going to ballet classes again in 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Greenwood |first1=Douglas |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones Takes The Lead |url=https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/culture/a64285879/daisy-edgar-jones-interview-2025/ |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |access-date=30 December 2025 |date=25 March 2025}}</ref>

==Career==
=== 2016–2019: Theater and television roles ===
[[File:Daisy Edgar-Jones by Patrick Lovell, July 2021 (cropped).jpg|thumb|160px|left|Edgar-Jones in 2021]]
After appearing in the 2016 ''[[Outnumbered (British TV series)|Outnumbered]]'' Christmas Special on [[BBC One]], at 17, Edgar-Jones was cast as Olivia Marsden in ITV's comedy drama ''[[Cold Feet]]'' alongside [[James Nesbitt]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Oife |last=Hanna |title=Who Is Daisy Edgar-Jones? 'Cold Feet's Olivia Got Her Training In One Of The UK's Best Drama Institutions |url=https://www.bustle.com/p/who-is-daisy-edgar-jones-cold-feets-olivia-got-her-training-in-one-of-the-uks-best-drama-institutions-15902153 |website=Bustle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925121924/https://www.bustle.com/p/who-is-daisy-edgar-jones-normal-peoples-marianne-trained-at-one-of-the-uks-best-drama-schools-15902153 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |date=28 January 2019 |access-date=25 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, she appeared as Jessica Timpson in ''[[Silent Witness]]'',<ref name="Radio">{{cite web |last=Dowell |first=Ben |date=18 February 2019 |title=Meet the cast of Cold Feet |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/2019-02-18/cold-feet-cast/ |website=Radio Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227230436/https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/entertainment/cold-feet-cast/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in independent coming-of-age feature film ''[[Pond Life (film)|Pond Life]]'', directed by Bill Buckhurst.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cast & Crew |url=https://www.pondlifefilm.co.uk/cast-crew |website=Pond Life |access-date=15 November 2019 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116002552/https://www.pondlifefilm.co.uk/cast-crew |archive-date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=14 March 2019 |title=Everything you need to know about Daisy Edgar Jones, the British actress playing the female lead opposite Jr NTR in RRR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-daisy-edgar-jones-the-british-actress-playing-the-female-lead-opposite-jr-ntr-in-rrr/articleshow/68408471.cms |website=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319010427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-daisy-edgar-jones-the-british-actress-playing-the-female-lead-opposite-jr-ntr-in-rrr/articleshow/68408471.cms |archive-date=19 March 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was in the National Youth Theatre production of ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Paskett |first=Zoe |date=3 August 2017 |title=Blue Stockings, The Reluctant Fundamentalist and The Host in NYT trio at The Yard |url=https://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/entertainment/theatre/blue-stockings-the-reluctant-fundamentalist-and-the-host-in-nyt-trio-at-the-yard-1-5134633 |website=Islington Gazette |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506212236/https://www.islingtongazette.co.uk/entertainment/theatre/blue-stockings-the-reluctant-fundamentalist-and-the-host-in-nyt-trio-at-the-yard-1-5134633 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |access-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Edgar-Jones had a recurring role as Delia Rawson in 2019 [[BBC]] and [[HBO]] series ''[[Gentleman Jack (TV series)|Gentleman Jack]]''. She played Emily Gresham for the first two seasons of ''[[War of the Worlds (2019 TV series)|War of the Worlds]]'' opposite [[Gabriel Byrne]] and [[Elizabeth McGovern]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New War Of The Worlds TV series cast, images, plot and more |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/go/59278 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726104840/https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/go/59278 |url-status=dead |website=Den of Geek |access-date=3 February 2020}}</ref>

=== 2020–present: Breakthrough and expansion ===
In May 2019, it was announced that Edgar-Jones had been cast in the main role of Marianne alongside [[Paul Mescal]] as Connell in the [[Hulu]] and [[BBC Three]] series ''[[Normal People (miniseries)|Normal People]]'', an adaptation of the 2018 novel of the same name by [[Sally Rooney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Nolan |first=Emma |date=30 May 2019 |title=Sally Rooney's Normal People is coming to BBC and Connell and Marianne have been cast |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/30/normal-people-bbc-hulu-series-adaptation-sally-rooney-filming-cast-lenny-abrahamson-9747565/ |website=Metro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531143104/https://metro.co.uk/2019/05/30/normal-people-bbc-hulu-series-adaptation-sally-rooney-filming-cast-lenny-abrahamson-9747565/ |archive-date=31 May 2019 |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Filming commences for TV adaptation of Sally Rooney's best-selling novel Normal People for BBC Three |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/normal-people |publisher=BBC |date=30 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731004945/https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/normal-people |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance was highlighted by critics, with [[Lucy Mangan]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' writing that "Edgar-Jones captures all of Marianne’s intensity and acumen, her brittleness and damage".<ref>{{cite web|last1= Mangan|first1= Lucy|url= https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/apr/26/normal-people-review-sally-rooney-bbc-hulu|title= Normal People review – Sally Rooney's love story is a small-screen triumph|website= [[The Guardian]]|date= 26 April 2020|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref> Jen Chaney of ''[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]'' praised her chemistry with Mescal, writing that "Edgar-Jones and Mescal are called upon to delve into deeper wellsprings of trauma and both do so credibly, without succumbing to the temptation to oversell the drama".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.vulture.com/2020/04/normal-people-hulu-review.html|title= Normal People Is an Honest, Absorbing Love Story|website= Vulture|first= Jen|last=Chaney|date= 28 April 2020|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref> She was nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film|Golden Globe Award]], [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress|BAFTA Award]], and [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries|Critics' Choice Award]] for Best Actress in a Limited Series.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://goldenglobes.com/tv-show/normal-people/|title= Normal People - Golden Globes|website= Golden Globes|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/normal-people-receives-seven-bafta-nominations-1.4550103|title= Normal People receives seven Bafta nominations|website= [[Irish Times]]|first=Aine |last=Kenny|date=28 April 2021|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2022/film/news/normal-people-daisy-edgar-jones-honored-locarno-1235321799/|title= 'Normal People' Star Daisy Edgar Jones to Be Honored by Locarno Film Festival|website= Variety|first=Nick |last=Vivarelli|date= 21 July 2022|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref>

Edgar-Jones starred in the February 2020 revival of ''Albion'' at the [[Almeida Theatre]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Wood |first=Alex |date=3 February 2019 |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones: Starring in Normal People was the best way to prepare for my stage debut at the Almeida |url=https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/daisy-edgar-jones-normal-people-albion_50829.html |website=WhatsOnStage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203184519/https://www.whatsonstage.com/london-theatre/news/daisy-edgar-jones-normal-people-albion_50829.html |archive-date=3 February 2020 |access-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> which was recorded and later broadcast by the [[BBC]] that August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC to air Albion, starring Victoria Hamilton and Daisy Edgar-Jones, on 16 August |url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/bbc-to-air-albion-starring-victoria-hamilton-and-daisy-edgar-jones-on-16-august |website=London Theatre |date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120132501/https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/bbc-to-air-albion-starring-victoria-hamilton-and-daisy-edgar-jones-on-16-august |archive-date=20 January 2022 |access-date=19 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> In her first post-''Normal People'' project, she starred opposite [[Sebastian Stan]] in the thriller dark-comedy film ''[[Fresh (2022 film)|Fresh]]'', which premiered at the [[2022 Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuby |first=Michael |date=15 February 2022 |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones & Sebastian Stan go on a date from hell in 'Fresh' trailer |url=https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/fresh-trailer-daisy-edgar-jones-sebastian-stan |website=Nylon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216080915/https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/fresh-trailer-daisy-edgar-jones-sebastian-stan |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Natalia Winkleman of ''[[IndieWire]]'' wrote "Jones is an absorbing screen presence, taking a role that could’ve been played as dopey...inject[s] it with a quiet psychological intensity".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiewire.com/criticism/movies/fresh-review-sebastian-stan-1234692738/|title= 'Fresh' Review: Sebastian Stan Is Captivating as Charismatic Maniac in Sleek and Stylish Horror Debut|website= [[IndieWire]]|first= Natalia |last=Winkelman|date= 21 January 2022|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref> Also in 2022, Edgar-Jones had the starring role in the [[Where the Crawdads Sing (film)|film adaptation]] of ''[[Where the Crawdads Sing]]'' by [[Delia Owens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=21 October 2020 |title='Where the Crawdads Sing': 'Normal People's Daisy Edgar-Jones Set As Lead In Film Adaptation From 3000 Pictures, Hello Sunshine & Sony |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/where-the-crawdads-sing-normal-people-daisy-edgar-jones-3000-pictures-hello-sunshine-sony-1234601420/ |website=Deadline |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101013423/https://deadline.com/2020/10/where-the-crawdads-sing-normal-people-daisy-edgar-jones-3000-pictures-hello-sunshine-sony-1234601420/ |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=14 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyland |first=Véronique |date=17 December 2020 |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones On Tackling Yet Another Literary Heroine |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a34980199/daisy-edgar-jones-where-the-crawdads-sing-interview/ |website=Elle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217171355/https://www.elle.com/culture/movies-tv/a34980199/daisy-edgar-jones-where-the-crawdads-sing-interview/ |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> That same year she also starred alongside [[Andrew Garfield]] in [[Dustin Lance Black]]'s [[FX on Hulu]] true crime miniseries ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)|Under the Banner of Heaven]]'', an adaptation of [[Jon Krakauer]]'s [[Under the Banner of Heaven|book of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otterson |first=Joe |date=25 June 2021 |title=Andrew Garfield, Daisy Edgar-Jones to Star in FX on Hulu Series 'Under the Banner of Heaven' From Dustin Lance Black |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/andrew-garfield-daisy-edgar-jones-under-the-banner-of-heaven-fx-on-hulu-1235004862/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628024822/https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/andrew-garfield-daisy-edgar-jones-under-the-banner-of-heaven-fx-on-hulu-1235004862/ |archive-date=28 June 2021 |access-date=24 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> She was nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film]].<ref name="gg23">{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-2-1235455667/ |title=Golden Globes 2023: Nominations List |magazine=Variety |date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104191341/https://variety.com/2022/awards/awards/golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-2-1235455667/ |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=12 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Schneider |first=Michael |date=18 January 2021 |title='Ozark,' 'The Crown' and Netflix Lead 26th Annual Critics' Choice Awards TV Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/awards/ozark-the-crown-schitts-creek-26th-annual-critics-choice-awards-tv-nominations-2021-1234887254/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118230541/https://variety.com/2021/tv/awards/ozark-the-crown-schitts-creek-26th-annual-critics-choice-awards-tv-nominations-2021-1234887254/ |archive-date=18 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Daisy Edgar-Jones at the 2024 Toronto International Film Festival (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|190px|Edgar-Jones in 2024]]
In 2024, Edgar-Jones had her first big-budget film release with a starring role in the disaster film ''[[Twisters (film)|Twisters]]'' opposite [[Glen Powell]], a standalone sequel to the 1996 film ''[[Twister (1996 film)|Twister]]''.<ref name="twisters">{{Cite news |last=Shaffer|first=Ellise|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/features/daisy-edgar-jones-twisters-carole-king-biopic-1236060598/ |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones Storms Hollywood: The 'Twisters' Star on Chasing a Real Tornado, Working With Glen Powell and Why She Exited the Carole King Biopic |magazine=Variety |date=9 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref> Jordan Hoffman of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praised the rapport and magnetism of its two leads Jones and Powell writing, "[They] do more than sell it; they make it compelling".<ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://ew.com/movie-reviews-twisters-glen-powell-daisy-edgar-jones-8675659|title= ''Twisters'' is hot, dumb, and fun — like a great summer movie should be|magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|first= Jordan |last=Hoffman|date=10 July 2024 |access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref> That same year, she also starred in the period romantic drama ''[[On Swift Horses]]'' opposite [[Sasha Calle]], [[Will Poulter]], [[Jacob Elordi]] and [[Diego Calva]], on which she was also credited as an executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=7 February 2025 |title=Jacob Elordi & Daisy Edgar-Jones Drama 'On Swift Horses' Sets Spring Release |url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/jacob-elordi-daisy-edgar-jones-on-swift-horses-release-date-1236281441/ |access-date=10 February 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Jourdain Searles of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' described her role as "her meatiest role since ''Normal People''" adding that she "gives an understated performance as Muriel, letting us get to know her through subtle gestures and expressions".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/on-swift-horses-review-jacob-elordi-and-daisy-edgar-jones-1235994968/|title= 'On Swift Horses' Review: Jacob Elordi and Daisy Edgar-Jones Light Up the Screen in a Ravishing Queer Epic|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Jourdain|last=Searles|date= 8 September 2024|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref>

That same year, she returned to the stage, which included being part of the rotating cast of ''[[White Rabbit Red Rabbit]]'' by [[Nassim Soleimanpour]] at [[@sohoplace|Soho Place]] on the [[West End theatre|West End]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/daisy-edgarjones-baby-reindeer-olly-alexander-nick-mohammed-alfred-enoch-b1176987.html|title=Daisy Edgar-Jones and Baby Reindeer creator in cast for White Rabbit Red Rabbit|journal=Evening Standard|first=Hannah|last=Roberts|date=16 August 2024|access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/theatre-news/news/daisy-edgar-jones-michael-sheen-and-richard-gadd-among-cast-for-white-rabbit|title=Daisy Edgar Jones, Michael Sheen, and Richard Gadd among cast for 'White Rabbit Red Rabbit'|website=London Theatre|first=Olivia|last=Rook|date=16 August 2024|access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> Later that year, she also acted opposite [[Kingsley Ben-Adir]] in the [[West End (theatre)|West End]] revival of the [[Tennessee Williams]] play ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'', directed by [[Rebecca Frecknall]] at the [[Almeida Theater]]. Andrzej Lukowski of ''[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]]'' praised the performance by Edgar-Jones, declaring her "truly phenomenal" and adding that "she is so, so good, inhabiting Maggie with a burning, vivacious swagger, alternatively self-mocking, self-pitying, compassionate and vicious".<ref>{{cite web|last1= Lukowski|first1= Andrzej|url= https://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof-1-review|title= Cat On a Hot Tin Roof review|website= Time Out|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref> In a mixed review, [[Arifa Akbar]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that Edgar-Jones "is a convincingly catlike Maggie, but she is not a pleading seductress", observing that her "angry energy" made "her character untextured and invulnerable, the first act feeling too long, loud and not intimate enough".<ref>{{cite web|last1= Akbar|first1= Arifa|url= https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2024/dec/18/cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof-review-daisy-edgar-jones-kingsley-ben-adir-almeida-london|title= Cat on a Hot Tin Roof review – Daisy Edgar-Jones is full of angry energy in a stylish family face-off|website= [[The Guardian]]|date= 18 December 2024|access-date= 24 April 2025}}</ref>

In 2025, Edgar-Jones was cast in the thriller film ''[[A Place in Hell]]'' starring opposite [[Michelle Williams (actress)|Michelle Williams]] and [[Andrew Scott (actor)|Andrew Scott]] directed by [[Chloe Domont]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://deadline.com/2025/02/michelle-williams-daisy-edgar-jones-chloe-domont-1236297333/|title= Michelle Williams & Daisy Edgar-Jones To Star In Chloe Domont's Next Film 'A Place In Hell' From MRC And T-Street|website= [[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=Justin|last=Kroll|author2=Matt Grobar|date= 21 February 2025|access-date= 25 June 2025}}</ref> That same year it was also announced that she would star as [[Elinor Dashwood]] in an adaptation of the [[Jane Austen]] novel ''[[Sense and Sensibility]]'', alongside [[ Esmé Creed-Miles]] as Marianne Dashwood, directed by [[Georgia Oakley]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rubin |first=Rebecca |date=25 June 2025 |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones to Star in New 'Sense and Sensibility' Movie |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/daisy-edgar-jones-sense-and-sensibility-movie-1236440135/ |access-date=25 June 2025 |website=Variety}}</ref> The film will be released in the US on September 11, 2026 and in the UK on September 25, 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Focus Features, Universal Pictures International, and Working Title Set Release Dates for Georgia Oakley's Sense and Sensibility |url=https://www.focusfeatures.com/article/sense-and-sensibility-sets-release-dates |date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=February 18, 2026 |website=[[Focus Features]]}}</ref>

In January 2026, Edgar-Jones was announced as a Global Brand Ambassador for Estée Lauder, representing the brand’s skincare, makeup, and fragrance lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rae |first=Sophie |date=2026-01-08 |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones Joins Estée Lauder |url=https://beautynewsdaily.com/daisy-edgar-jones-joins-estee-lauder/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=BeautyNewsDaily |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Acting credits ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Not yet released}}
|Denotes works that have not yet been released
|}
=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class=unsortable| {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Pond Life (film)|Pond Life]]''
| Cassie
|
| align=center|
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022
| ''[[Fresh (2022 film)|Fresh]]''
| Noa
|
| align=center|
|-
| ''[[Where the Crawdads Sing (film)|Where the Crawdads Sing]]''
| Catherine "Kya" Clark
|
| align=center| <ref>{{cite magazine|url= https://ew.com/movies/daisy-edgar-jones-star-where-crawdads-sing-movie-adaptation/|title= Daisy Edgar-Jones to star in Where the Crawdads Sing movie adaptation|magazine= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date= 25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024
| ''[[Twisters (film)|Twisters]]''
| Kate Carter
|
| align=center| <ref name="twisters" />
|-
| ''[[On Swift Horses]]''
| Muriel Edwards
| Also executive producer
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/on-swift-horses-movie-daisy-edgar-jones-jacob-elordi |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones, Jacob Elordi and Diego Calva to Star in Historical Drama 'On Swift Horses' |website=The Wrap |first=Harper|last=Lambert|date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228202211/https://www.thewrap.com/on-swift-horses-movie-daisy-edgar-jones-jacob-elordi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026
| {{Pending film|[[Sense and Sensibility (2026 film)|Sense and Sensibility]]}}
| [[Elinor Dashwood]]
| Post-production
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://deadline.com/2025/06/sense-and-sensibility-daisy-edgar-jones-focus-features-1236442278/ |title=Daisy Edgar-Jones To Topline Adaptation Of Jane Austen's 'Sense And Sensibility' For Focus Features & Working Title |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |first=Matt |last=Grobar |date=25 June 2025 |access-date=25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|[[Here Comes the Flood (film)|Here Comes the Flood]]}}
|Rose
| Post-production
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Grobar |first1=Matt |title=Denzel Washington, Robert Pattinson & Daisy Edgar-Jones Set For Netflix Heist Pic 'Here Comes The Flood' From Fernando Meirelles |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/denzel-washington-robert-pattinson-join-here-comes-the-flood-1236397634/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=14 May 2025 |date=May 14, 2025}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|[[A Place in Hell]]}}
| Cate Fine
| Post-production
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.indiewire.com/news/breaking-news/daisy-edgar-jones-michelle-williams-chloe-domont-a-place-in-hell-1235097675/|title= Chloe Domont Sets 'Fair Play' Follow-Up Legal Thriller 'A Place in Hell' with Michelle Williams and Daisy Edgar-Jones — Report|website= [[IndieWire]]|first= Samantha|last=Bergeson|date= 21 February 2025|access-date= 25 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow}}
| Sadie Green
| Pre-production
| align="center" |
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! class=unsortable| {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2016–2020
| ''[[Cold Feet]]''
| Olivia Marsden
| Recurring role; 27 episodes
| align=center|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Outnumbered (British TV series)|Outnumbered]]''
| Kate
| [[Television special]]
| align=center|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Silent Witness]]''
| Jessica Thompson
| 2 episodes
| align=center|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Gentleman Jack (TV series)|Gentleman Jack]]''
| Delia Rawson
| 2 episodes
| align=center|
|-
| 2019–2022
| ''[[War of the Worlds (2019 TV series)|War of the Worlds]]''
| Emily Gresham
| Main cast; 17 episodes
| align=center|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Normal People (miniseries)|Normal People]]''
| Marianne Sheridan
| Main cast; 12 episodes
| align=center|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven (miniseries)|Under the Banner of Heaven]]''
| Brenda Wright Lafferty
| Main cast; 7 episodes
| align=center|
|-
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! scope="col" | Venue(s)
! class=unsortable| {{Ref heading}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Reluctant Fundamentalist]]''
| April
| Yard Theatre, London
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/things-to-do/21360237.actor-daisy-edgar-jones-its-good-play-character-unlike-usually-cast-smiley-one-/|title= Actor Daisy Edgar-Jones: 'It's good to play a character unlike myself...I'm usually cast as the smiley one!'|website= [[Ham & High]]|first=Zoe|last=Paskett|date= 8 August 2017|access-date= 30 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''Albion''
| Zara
| [[Almeida Theatre]], London
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://almeida.co.uk/get-involved/resource-hub/albion-learning-resources/|title= Albion Learning Resources|website= [[Almeida Theatre]]|access-date= 30 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[White Rabbit Red Rabbit]]''
| Performer
| One night only [[@sohoplace]], London
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.radiotimes.com/going-out/tickets/white-rabbit-red-rabbit-west-end-cast/|title= Who is starring in White Rabbit Red Rabbit on the West End?|website= [[RadioTimes]]|first=Joanna |last=Magill|date=6 September 2024|access-date= 30 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]''
| Maggie
| [[Almeida Theatre]], London
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.londontheatre.co.uk/reviews/cat-on-a-hot-tin-roof-review-almeida-theatre|title= 'Cat on a Hot Tin Roof' review — Daisy Edgar-Jones is unbearably poignant in this scorching Tennessee Williams revival|website= London Theater|first=Holly |last=O'Mahony|date= 18 December 2024|access-date= 30 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Project
! Result
! class=unsortable| Ref
|-
| rowspan="6", align=center| 2021
| [[78th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film|Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film]]
| rowspan="6" |''[[Normal People (TV series)|Normal People]]''
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2021 |title=Golden Globes 2021: The Complete Nominations List |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/2021-golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-1234896457/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203222312/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/2021-golden-globes-nominations-list-nominees-1234896457/ |archive-date=3 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[11th Critics' Choice Television Awards|Critics' Choice Television Awards]]
| [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries|Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries]]
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |last=Giliberti |first=Luca |date=18 January 2021 |title=2021 Critics' Choice TV Awards: Full List of Nominations by Shows |url=https://www.goldderby.com/article/2021/critics-choice-tv-awards-2021-nominations-by-shows/ |access-date=19 January 2021 |website=[[Gold Derby]] |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20230327190321/https://www.goldderby.com/article/2021/critics-choice-tv-awards-2021-nominations-by-shows/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[10th AACTA International Awards|AACTA International Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Series
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=12 February 2021 |title=Australian Academy Announces Film & TV Nominees for AACTA International Awards |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/australian-academy-aacta-nominations-2021-1234907521/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |accessdate=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215031526/https://variety.com/2021/film/news/australian-academy-aacta-nominations-2021-1234907521/ |archive-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[Broadcasting Press Guild Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=17 February 2021 |title='Normal People,' 'I May Destroy You,' 'Small Axe,' 'Quiz,' Lead U.K.'s BPG Awards Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/awards/bpg-awards-nominations-normal-people-quiz-1234909443/ |journal=Variety |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218064328/https://variety.com/2021/tv/awards/bpg-awards-nominations-normal-people-quiz-1234909443/ |archive-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[RTS Programme Awards]]
| Actor (Female)
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=Nominations announced for the RTS Programme Awards 2021 |url=https://rts.org.uk/article/nominations-announced-rts-programme-awards-2021 |website=RTS |access-date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304120931/https://rts.org.uk/article/nominations-announced-rts-programme-awards-2021 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2021 British Academy Television Awards|British Academy Television Awards]]
| [[British Academy Television Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nominated}}
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web |title=Television - 2021 |url=https://awards.bafta.org/award/2021/television? |access-date=14 May 2022 |publisher=British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514185833/https://awards.bafta.org/award/2021/television |archive-date=14 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4", align=center| 2022
| [[5th Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Film Awards|Hollywood Critics Association Midseason Awards]]
| Best Actress
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Fresh (2022 film)|Fresh]]''
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Erik |date=1 July 2022 |title='Everything Everywhere All at Once' sweeps HCA Midseason Film Awards, Austin Butler named Best Actor |url=https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-sweeps-hca-midseason-film-awards-austin-butler-named-best-actor/ |access-date=2 July 2022 |website=AwardsWatch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702141727/https://awardswatch.com/everything-everywhere-all-at-once-sweeps-hca-midseason-film-awards-austin-butler-named-best-actor/amp/ |archive-date=2 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards|Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards]]
| Best Actress in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series or Movie
| {{Nominated}}
| align=center| <ref name="2nd HCA">{{Cite web |last=Schneider |first=Michael |date=7 July 2022 |title='Severance,' 'Ted Lasso' Lead Streaming Nominees for 2nd Annual HCA TV Awards |url=https://variety.com/2022/tv/awards/severance-ted-lasso-hca-tv-awards-2022-1235310661/ |access-date=8 July 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708235255/https://variety.com/2022/tv/awards/severance-ted-lasso-hca-tv-awards-2022-1235310661/ |archive-date=8 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Hollywood Critics Association TV Awards
| Best Supporting Actress in a Streaming Limited or Anthology Series or Movie
| ''[[Under the Banner of Heaven (TV series)|Under the Banner of Heaven]]''
| {{Nominated}}
| align=center| <ref name="2nd HCA" />
|-
| [[75th Locarno Film Festival]]
| Leopard Club Award
| {{mdash}}
| {{Won}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/festivals/daisy-edgar-jones-where-the-crawdads-sing-2-1235335426/ |title='Normal People' Star Daisy Edgar-Jones on 'Where the Crawdads Sing' and the 'Strangeness' of Stardom |last=Bałaga |first=Marta |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=11 August 2022 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211185932/https://variety.com/2022/film/festivals/daisy-edgar-jones-where-the-crawdads-sing-2-1235335426/ |archive-date=11 December 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| align=center| 2023
| [[80th Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film|Best Supporting Actress – Television Limited Series/Motion Picture]]
| ''Under the Banner of Heaven''
| {{nom}}
| align=center| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners & Nominees 2023 |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111081107/https://www.goldenglobes.com/winners-nominees |archive-date=11 January 2023 |access-date=13 December 2022 |website=goldenglobes.com |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*{{IMDb name}}
*{{Twitter}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edgar-Jones, Daisy}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century English actresses]]
[[Category:Actors from the London Borough of Haringey]]
[[Category:Actors from the London Borough of Islington]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Open University]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:English people of Northern Ireland descent]]
[[Category:English people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:National Youth Theatre members]]
[[Category:People from Muswell Hill]]

Aakashvani

2026-03-10T08:27:56Z

NaomiLoftis490: Stub.

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aakashvani
| image = Akashvani (2016 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Khais Millen]]
| writer = Vinod Jayakumar Vinod Vijayakumaran
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Pravin Arackal
| starring = [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] [[Kavya Madhavan]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Indrajith
| editing = [[Lijo Paul]]
| music = [[Rahul Subrahmanian]] Anil Gopalan [[Anna Katharina Valayil]] Sree Sankar 
| studio = Royal Splendour Creations Friday Tickets Release
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|2|19}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aakashvani''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Khais Millen]] and starring [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] and [[Kavya Madhavan]]. The film was released on 19 February 2016 to mixed reviews.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]] as Akash
*[[Kavya Madhavan]] as Vani
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Vani's father
*[[Saiju Kurup]] as Jamal
*[[Sreejith Ravi]] as Shibu
*[[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] as Thomas Kuruvila
*[[Sandra Thomas]] as Mariya
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aakashvani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rahul Subrahmanian]], Anil Gopalan, [[Anna Katharina Valayil]], Sree Sankar
| cover =
| released = 2016
| recorded =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 23:28
| language = Malayalam
| label = Satyam Audios
| producer =
| chronology =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|euJ-ypWPYek|Aakashvani – Jukebox}}}}
}}
The film has songs composed by [[Rahul Subrahmanian]], Anil Gopalan, [[Anna Katharina Valayil]], and Sree Sankar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aakashvani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/aakashvani |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |access-date=19 February 2025 |language=en |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530230752/https://gaana.com/album/aakashvani |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Maayum Sandhye
| length1 = 5:02
| lyrics1 = Vinayak
| extra1 = [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Arun Alat]]
| music1 = [[Rahul Subrahmanian]]
| title2 = Doorangal Thaandi
| length2 = 4:59
| lyrics2 = Sabeena Shajahan
| extra2 = [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| music2 = Anil Gopalan
| title3 = Mazhakonjal
| length3 = 4:48
| lyrics3 = Sabeena Shajahan
| extra3 = Sandeep
| music3 = Anil Gopalan
| title4 = Parannu Parannu
| length4 = 4:07
| lyrics4 = [[Anna Katharina Valayil]], Fazal
| extra4 = Anna Katharina Valayil
| music4 = Anna Katharina Valayil
| title5 = Kaalam Ni
| length5 = 4:32
| lyrics5 = [[Kavya Madhavan]]
| extra5 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], Anna Katharina Valayil
| music5 = Sree Sankar
| total_length = 23:28
}}

== Reception ==
The film generally received unflattering reviews. Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars and wrote, "While ''Akashvani'' does show that effective communication can breathe fresh life into most failing marriages, it has nothing new to offer and is a flick that you wouldn't mind giving a miss".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/akashvani/movie-review/51077354.cms|title=AKASHVANI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 February 2016|first=Sanjith|last=Sidhardhan|access-date=19 February 2025|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716172938/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/akashvani/movie-review/51077354.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Arathi Kannan of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' gave the film the same rating and wrote, "While the film tries to get the idea across that people have their reasons to want to do different things in life, the thought is marred by the many challenges that it puts forth, the foremost being sitting through it, without ambling into sensible pastures".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/akashvani-kavya-madhavan-vijay-babu-malayalam-movie-review.html|title='Akashvani' movie: Tie the not|work=[[Onmanorama]]|date=19 February 2016|first=Arathi|last=Kannan|access-date=19 February 2025|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130071313/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/akashvani-kavya-madhavan-vijay-babu-malayalam-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt5332142}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]

{{Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jab Tak Hai Jaan

2026-03-09T22:35:24Z

NaomiLoftis490: page updated

{{short description|2012 Indian romantic drama film}}
{{for|the 1975 song|Haa Jab Tak Hai Jaan}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jab Tak Hai Jaan
| image = Jab Tak Hai Jaan Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Yash Chopra]]
| writer = [[Aditya Chopra]] [[Devika Bhagat]]
| producer = Aditya Chopra
| starring = {{ubl|
*[[Shah Rukh Khan]]
*[[Katrina Kaif]]
*[[Anushka Sharma]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Anil Mehta]]
| editing = [[Namrata Rao]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{film date|2012|11|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 176 minutes<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web|title=''JAB TAK HAI JAAN'' (12A)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/jab-tak-hai-jaan-2012|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=7 November 2012 |access-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222913/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/jab-tak-hai-jaan-2012 |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}50 crore<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Prashant |last2=Bansal |first2=Robin |last3=Saini |first3=Minakshi |date=1 November 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn sends legal notice to YRF |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/Article1-953386.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi |access-date=6 August 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103022851/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/Article1-953386.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="businesstoday.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/off-track/jab-tak-hai-jaan-box-office-collections/story/189971.html|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan box office collections cross Rs 200cr|date=26 November 2012|location=New Delhi|work=Business Today|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927204525/https://www.businesstoday.in/lifestyle/off-track/jab-tak-hai-jaan-box-office-collections/story/189971.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR}}235.66 crore<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jab-tak-hai-jaan/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 November 2012 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''''' ({{translation}} ''As Long as I Live''), abbreviated as '''''JTHJ''''', is a 2012 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written by [[Aditya Chopra]] and directed by [[Yash Chopra]]. Produced by [[Yash Raj Films]], the film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Samar Anand, a bomb disposal expert for the [[Indian Army]], whose diary falls into the hands of Akira Rai, a documentary filmmaker ([[Anushka Sharma]]). It recounts his time as a struggling immigrant in [[London]] and whirlwind romance with Meera Thappar ([[Katrina Kaif]]).<ref name="Runtime" /><ref name="businesstoday.in" />

''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' marked Chopra's fourth film to feature Khan in the lead role, and the second collaboration between Khan and Sharma, following ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'' (2008), which was the debut film of Sharma. The film also marked the first collaboration between Khan and Kaif.<ref name="Grosstwo" /> Chopra made his return to direction after ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004). It was also the posthumous film of Chopra, who died in October 2012, prior to the film's release.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |title='King of Romance' Yash Chopra dies at 80 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=21 October 2012 |access-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110162227/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/King-of-Romance-Yash-Chopra-dies-at-80/Article1-948119.aspx |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref>

Released during the six-day [[Diwali]] weekend beginning on 13 November 2012, ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' received positive reviews from critics who praised Chopra's direction and the performances of Khan and Sharma, but criticised the predictable plot. The film earned {{INRConvert|235.66|c}} worldwide and emerged as [[List of Bollywood films of 2012#Box office collection|one of the year's top-earning films]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/generalnews/news/unfair-to-ask-anyone-to-reschedule-release-dates-for-jthj-srk/73921/|title=Unfair to ask anyone to reschedule release dates for JTHJ: SRK|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=29 October 2012|access-date=29 October 2012|archive-date=6 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806112902/https://www.business-standard.com/search?q=news|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the 3rd [[List of Bollywood highest-grossing films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Bollywood film overseas]] at that time after ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009) and ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-vs-son-of-sardaar-diwali-doesnt-ensure-success/302539-8-66.html|title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan' vs 'Son of Sardaar': Diwali doesn't ensure success|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=29 October 2012|access-date=29 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101040821/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-vs-son-of-sardaar-diwali-doesnt-ensure-success/302539-8-66.html|archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref>

At the [[58th Filmfare Awards]], the film received 7 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), and won 4 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Sharma) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (Gulzar for "Challa").<ref>{{cite web|title=''My Name Is Khan'' (2010) |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=mynameiskhan.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=31 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130043020/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=mynameiskhan.htm|archive-date=30 November 2012}}</ref>

==Plot==

Samar Anand, a major in the [[Indian Army]], defuses a bomb without fear or regard for his safety. Akira Rai, a [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]] filmmaker, later dives into [[Pangong Lake]] in [[Ladakh]] and is rescued by him. Samar gives her his jacket and leaves before retrieving it. Akira finds his diary in the jacket pocket and begins reading.

The diary recounts Samar's earlier years as a struggling immigrant in [[London]], working as a [[Street performance|street musician]] who performs other menial jobs to support himself and his roommate Zain. Samar is working part-time as a waiter when he meets Meera at her and her fiancé Roger's engagement party. Meera grew up, motherless, in an affluent Punjabi Indian family; her mother left for another man when she was twelve. The dominant person in her life is her father, whom she works for. Samar notices that Meera often prays when he sees her at the church. Samar and Meera befriend one another, but Meera promises to God not to fall in love with Samar and tells Samar about it. Meera asks Samar to help her speak and sing in Punjabi for her father’s retirement party, and in return, Samar asks her to help him improve his English speaking. As time passes by, Samar and Meera begin to fall in love after a night of wild street dancing. To face her past, Samar takes Meera to visit her estranged mother, and they reconcile. Some days later, Meera decides to confess to her father about her relationship with Samar and break her engagement. Samar has a serious accident on his motorcycle. Meera makes another promise that since she went back on her previous words, she will never see Samar again, but prays to save his life. Samar recovers, and Meera admits her vow to him. Angry, he leaves her and London. Samar challenges God to keep him alive while he risks his life every day because he believes his death is the only way to make Meera lose her faith in God. He goes to India and enlists in the army, becoming a [[bomb disposal]] expert.

When Akira finishes reading the diary, she obtains permission to make a documentary about a bomb disposal squad. She asks Samar for help to make her film and becomes acquainted with him and his team. Akira develops a crush on Samar; however, he does not reciprocate because of his unresolved love for Meera. Akira makes a successful film and leaves for London. She wants Samar to visit the city to help her publicise the film; after he reluctantly agrees to come to London, he is struck by a van.

Samar is diagnosed with [[retrograde amnesia]], and he remembers only the events before his first accident that took place in London 10 years ago. Concerned, Akira tracks Meera down and persuades her to aid in Samar's recovery. Meera agrees, pretending to be Samar's wife. In the meantime, Akira realises that Major Samar is only a fragment of the young Samar; he used to be happy and sociable but is now bitter and lonely. One day Samar finds a bomb planted in the [[London Underground]] and helps defuse it. The event jogs his memory, and he realises that Meera was lying to him. Samar confronts Meera with a choice: to be with him or see him keep risking his life until he is dead. He then leaves for [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], where he continues defusing bombs. During a conversation with Akira, Meera tells her that she never married her fiancé and realises that her beliefs and prayers subjected Samar to a fate worse than death, and as God only wants his people to be happy and spread love, he won't snatch his people's loved ones due to a broken promise or deal. Meera bids farewell to Akira and goes to Kashmir to reunite with Samar. Samar defuses his last bomb and then proposes to her.

==Cast==

* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Samar Anand, a bomb disposal expert for the [[Indian Army]]
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as Meera Thappar, a businesswoman who falls in love with Samar
* [[Anushka Sharma]] as Akira Rai, a documentary filmmaker for the [[Discovery Channel]]
* [[Sarika]] as Dr. Zoya Ali Khan, a [[neurologist]] and Samar's doctor
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Kamal Thappar, Meera's father (special appearance)
* [[Neetu Singh]] as Pooja Thappar Sharqazi, Meera's mother (special appearance)
* [[Rishi Kapoor]] as Imraan Sharqazi, Meera's step-father (special appearance)
* [[Sharib Hashmi]] as Zain Mirza, Samar's best friend
* Andrew Bicknell as Frank Zolawalle, Samar's boss
* Jasmine Jardot as Maria, Zain's wife
* [[Jay Conroy]] as Roger, Meera's fiancee
* [[Gireesh Sahdev]] as [[Captain]] Jagdeep Deewan
* Varun Thakur as [[Lieutenant]] Hari Krishnan
* Amarinder Sodhi as Captain Kamal Singh
* [[Manoj Bakshi]] as Mr. Kapoor

==Production==

=== Development ===
In June 2011, [[Yash Raj Films]] released a statement announcing a new directorial venture by [[Yash Chopra]] coinciding with the 50th anniversary of his career. The producers also announced that the film would be released during the [[Diwali]]{{efn|Diwali is a five-day Hindu festival which falls between mid-October and mid-November.}} 2012 weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=7ad18bc3-20ab-4159-be21-a88eeb0de670|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan|publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=9 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230030742/http://www.yashrajfilms.com/Movies/MovieIndividual.aspx?MovieID=7ad18bc3-20ab-4159-be21-a88eeb0de670|archive-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Chopra said the film was untitled at that time, similar to previous project ''[[Veer-Zaara]]'' (2004) (which was named on the day of its submission to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111219/jsp/entertainment/story_14899703.jsp |title='I'm nervous, tense, scared' |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph India]] |date=19 December 2011 |access-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060541/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111219/jsp/entertainment/story_14899703.jsp |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref> The producers considered a number of titles but were not satisfied with any of them. In September 2012, it was announced that the title of the film was ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''. It was inspired by a similarly titled song from the 1975 film, ''[[Sholay]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yash Chopra's Next Starring SRK Titled 'Jab Tak Hai Jaan'|url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/yash-chopras-starring-srk-titled-jab-tak-hai-jaan/50343 |newspaper=Business of Cinema |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 September 2012 |access-date=11 September 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913213950/http://businessofcinema.com/news/yash-chopras-starring-srk-titled-jab-tak-hai-jaan/50343 |archive-date=13 September 2012}}</ref>

[[Aditya Chopra]] wanted his father to make another film and approached him with the concept for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''. [[Shah Rukh Khan]] was their first choice for the role of Samar Anand, due to his long-standing relationship with the production house and the Chopra family, thus making it Chopra's fourth consecutive movie to feature Khan as a lead. Khan, who was working on other projects at that time, was unavailable for the shooting schedule so it was changed. As in his previous productions, Yash wanted to introduce a fresh pairing in ''JTHJ'' and chose [[Katrina Kaif]] to star with Khan. [[Anushka Sharma]] was cast in a supporting role by YRF, with whom she had previously worked on ''Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi'' (2008), ''[[Badmaash Company]]'', ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' (both 2010) and ''[[Ladies vs Ricky Bahl]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/280611-informer-2.htm|title=Yash Chopra's next to have Katrina, Anushka opposite SRK|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=28 June 2011|access-date=9 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111227013850/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/jun/280611-informer-2.htm|archive-date=27 December 2011}}</ref> Though casting was quickly completed, shooting was delayed because the lead actors were busy with other projects.<ref name="filming">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-film-yash-raj-chopra/1/167836.html|title=First SRK-Kat film to go on floors today|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=9 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109045132/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-film-yash-raj-chopra/1/167836.html|archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>

Khan's role spans two ages: one (age 28) as a [[London]]-based street musician and the other (ten years later) as an introverted, composed and dutiful [[army officer]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. In an interview, Khan revealed details about his character: "[Samar] is angry, unforgiving, with loads of emotional baggage. I play him sweet when he needs to be. Actually, he is a lot like I am. Samar is a combination of angst, tenderness, anger, and yeah, he's pretty unforgiving."<ref name="srkintv">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Harneet|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/screen-exclusive--love-me-tender-shah-rukh-khan/1025796/0|title=Screen exclusive! Love me tender: Shah Rukh Khan|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 November 2012|access-date=2 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530023443/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-exclusive--love-me-tender-shah-rukh-khan/1025796/0|archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref>

Kaif's role was described as "the archetypal Yash Chopra seductress, an unattainable beauty".<ref name="kaif">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-wants-to-do-a-Chandni-for-SRK/articleshow/11819696.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103143505/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-10/news-interviews/31042491_1_shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-yash-chopra |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Katrina wants to do a Chandni for SRK|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 February 2012|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref>

Sharma's character, Akira, was described as a "21-year-old who works for the [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]] and makes documentaries. She is on a quest to discover the truth behind the story of ''The Man Who Cannot Die'' (Samar Anand) in the film. She is extremely ambitious and will do anything to make it big and realize her dreams."<ref>{{cite news|last=Ranawat|first=Purnima|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=286714&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=286714|title=Revealed: Anushka Sharma's role in Jab Tak Hai Jaan|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=31 October 2012|access-date=31 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102190115/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=286714&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=286714|archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>

===Filming===
The film's [[principal photography]] was expected to begin in November 2011, but was delayed because Khan wanted to take a break after his two previous films, ''[[Ra.One]]'' and ''[[Don 2]]'' (both 2011).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-Khan-postpones-Yash-Chopras-film/articleshow/9704429.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707063205/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-23/news-interviews/29917987_1_yash-chopra-shah-rukh-khan-raone-and-don |url-status=live |archive-date=7 July 2012 |title=Shah Rukh Khan postpones Yash Chopra's film|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2011|access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> Principal photography began on 9 January 2012 at [[Yash Raj Studios]] in [[Mumbai]], where a significant part of movie was shot.<ref name="filming"/>

After filming in [[India]], the crew began a 35-day shooting schedule in London on 22 February 2012. It was shot under the working title ''Production 45''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/London-thrills-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/11963189.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=London thrills Katrina Kaif|date=21 February 2012|access-date=21 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/London-thrills-Katrina-Kaif/articleshow/11963189.cms|archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/srk-off-to-london-for-new-movie-shoot-12392 |title=SRK off to London for new movie shoot |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623034726/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/srk-off-to-london-for-new-movie-shoot-12392 |archive-date=23 June 2012}}</ref> Khan arrived in London on 21 February 2012, and finished filming on 26 March 2012.<ref name="stunt">{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Steven|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a372465/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-film-closes-streets-for-stunt-sequence.html?rss=|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif film closes streets for stunt sequence|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=21 March 2012|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> During the filming, photos of the actors on-set were leaked on the [[Internet]], triggering a camera ban by the producers and increased security.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a367581/katrina-kaif-shah-rukh-khan-mobbed-cars-chased-at-uk-film-shoot.html|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|author=Steven Baker and Satyananda Dhara|title=Katrina Kaif, Shah Rukh Khan mobbed, cars chased at UK film shoot|date=23 February 2012|access-date=27 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301230526/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a367581/katrina-kaif-shah-rukh-khan-mobbed-cars-chased-at-uk-film-shoot.html|archive-date=1 March 2012}}</ref> A number of locations throughout the city featured in ''JTHJ'', including the [[Borough Market]], [[Jubilee Walkway]], the Great Conservatory, the [[Palace of Westminster]], [[Westminster Bridge]], [[Trafalgar Square]], the [[Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges]], the [[The O2 Arena (London)|O2 Arena]], the [[Tower Bridge]], and [[Canary Wharf]]. A dance sequence was filmed next to [[King's College London]] law school in [[Somerset House]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Steven|title=Location|date=23 September 2012 |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a407676/jab-tak-hai-jaan-london-film-locations-revealed.html|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|access-date=21 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027113644/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a407676/jab-tak-hai-jaan-london-film-locations-revealed.html|archive-date=27 October 2012}}</ref> A car-crash scene was filmed at [[Shepherd's Bush]] by closing four streets in the area.<ref name="stunt"/> Filming was completed on 27 March 2012 at an indoor location in East London.<ref>{{cite web|last=Baker|first=Steven|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a372929/katrina-kaif-to-resume-shooting-on-ek-tha-tiger.html|title=Katrina Kaif to resume shooting on 'Ek Tha Tiger'|publisher=Digital Spy|date=24 March 2012|access-date=27 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326150948/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a372929/katrina-kaif-to-resume-shooting-on-ek-tha-tiger.html|archive-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>

The romantic scenes were directed by Chopra's son, Aditya, to give them a more contemporary feel.<ref name="katfollowskajol">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Katrina-Kaif-follows-Kajol/articleshow/12648033.cms|title=Katrina Kaif follows Kajol|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 April 2012|access-date=18 April 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103203026/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-14/news-interviews/31338111_1_love-scenes-romantic-scenes-katrina-kaif|archive-date=3 November 2013}}</ref> The "Ishq Shava" dance scene was shot with the leading duo and freestyle dancers in an underground club and aboard a boat on the [[River Thames]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Baker|first=Steven|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a410768/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-release-ishq-shava-from-jab-tak-hai-jaan.html|title=Shah Rukh Khan, Katrina Kaif release 'Ishq Shava' from Jab Tak Hai Jaan|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=6 October 2012|access-date=6 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007163148/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a410768/shah-rukh-khan-katrina-kaif-release-ishq-shava-from-jab-tak-hai-jaan.html|archive-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> The film's climax, initially planned by Chopra to be shot in the mountains of Jammu and Kashmir, was moved to [[Ladakh]]. This was reportedly suggested by Khan, whose ''[[Dil Se..]]'' (1998) was shot in the area many years earlier. Portions of ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' were filmed in three Kashmiri cities: [[Srinagar]], [[Pahalgam]], and [[Gulmarg]].<ref name="katfollowskajol"/>

Yash wanted to add scenes from the [[Swiss Alps]] to the title song; however, the scheduled shoot was cancelled after his death. Aditya wanted to keep the film as it was because he felt that doing otherwise would "tamper" with his father's vision.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2012/jab-tak-hai-jaan-yash-chopra-song-cancel-100597.html|title=Yash Chopra's last song for Jab Tak Hai Jaan will never be made!|publisher=One India|date=25 October 2012|access-date=25 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027101148/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/gupshup/2012/jab-tak-hai-jaan-yash-chopra-song-cancel-100597.html|archive-date=27 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://businessofcinema.com/news/without-yashji-adding-to-jab-tak-hai-jaan-would-be-tampering/52959|title=Without Yashji, Adding To 'Jab Tak Hai Jaan' Would Be Tampering|publisher=Business of Cinema|date=25 October 2012|access-date=27 October 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028192237/http://businessofcinema.com/news/without-yashji-adding-to-jab-tak-hai-jaan-would-be-tampering/52959|archive-date=28 October 2012}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main| Jab Tak Hai Jaan (soundtrack)}}
The music for the film was composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], marking his first collaboration with [[Yash Chopra]]. He signed to compose the soundtrack in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shah|first=Kunal M.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Yash-Chopra-signs-Rahman/articleshow/8386269.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403185321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-17/news-and-interviews/29551943_1_yash-chopra-yashji-music |url-status=live |archive-date=3 April 2012 |title=Yash Chopra signs Rahman|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2011 |access-date= 11 October 2012}}</ref> The first song of the soundtrack was completed in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/yash-chopras-srk-project-rahman-finalizes-first-song-060127214.html|title=Yash Chopra's SRK project: Rahman finalizes first song!|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|date=6 December 2011|access-date=10 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211095014/http://in.omg.yahoo.com/news/yash-chopras-srk-project-rahman-finalizes-first-song-060127214.html|archive-date=11 February 2012}}</ref> By February 2012, Rahman said in an interview with ''[[The Times of India]]'' that he had completed three songs for the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/I-am-in-touch-with-Danny-Boyle-AR-Rahman/articleshow/11965237.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=I am in touch with Danny Boyle: AR Rahman|date=20 February 2012|access-date=21 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203222913/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hollywood/news-interviews/I-am-in-touch-with-Danny-Boyle-AR-Rahman/articleshow/11965237.cms|archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref> He summarized the soundtrack album: "It's a combination. They wanted to do my kind of songs at the same time they wanted the old charm and soul of music that Indian audience would love and which I wanted to do for a long time."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/sep/280912-My-Hindi-film-career-complete-after-working-with-Yash-Chopra-Rahman.htm |title=My Hindi film career complete after working with Yash Chopra: Rahman|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=28 September 2012|access-date=17 October 2012}}</ref> The soundtrack features nine songs, with eight lyrics by [[Gulzar]] and the title track written by Aditya. It was released by YRF Music on 10 October 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jab-tak-hai-jaan-original/id569342865|publisher=[[iTunes]]|access-date=13 August 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425063530/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/jab-tak-hai-jaan-original/id569342865|archive-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> ''JTHJ's'' music proved to be popular with the songs "Ishq Shava", "Saans", "Heer" and "[[Jiya Re]]" becoming the most popular songs of the soundtrack.

==Release==

=== Legal issues ===
Two weeks before ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''{{'}}s release, [[Ajay Devgn FFilms]] sent a notice to the Competition Commission of India accusing Yash Raj Films of [[monopolistic]] business practices; the notice contended that they used "their dominant position in the Bollywood film market" to secure many desirable single-screen theatres for their release.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn sends legal notice to YRF |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/articleshow/17032584.cms |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031214747/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Ajay-Devgn-sends-legal-notice-to-YRF/articleshow/17032584.cms |archive-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> Yash Raj Films responded by saying that they were "shocked" and questioned Devgn's "motives". The studio denied Devgn's claim that high-quality single-screens were unavailable, pointing out that they had only booked 1,500 single-screens for ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' out of the 10,500 available in India.<ref name="scree">{{cite news |last=Tujeta |first=Joginder |date=1 November 2012 |title=For those asking, YRF confirms that this is indeed their *official statement* on Ajay's court notice on SOS v/s JTHJ |publisher=[[Twitter]] |url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/jrpulc |url-status=live |access-date=1 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103213935/http://www.twitlonger.com/show/jrpulc |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> After the rebuttal by Yash Raj Films, Devgn said he only managed to book 600 single-screens for ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'' (2012) and would take legal action if not allotted more. He accused Yash Raj Films of signing tie-in agreements for ''Ek Tha Tiger'' with exhibitors, requiring them to show ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' on Diwali and keep it in cinemas for at least two weeks thereafter.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2012 |title=ADF new response |publisher=[[Twitter]] |url=http://www.twitlonger.com/show/js41qp |url-status=live |access-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104220355/http://www.twitlonger.com/show/js41qp |archive-date=4 November 2012}}</ref>

A week before the release of ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' and ''Son of Sardaar'', the commission dismissed Devgn's claim. In an interview a commission spokesperson said: "We considered the plea application. We have not found any merit in the case as there is no case of abuse of dominant position. There is no violation."<ref>{{cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Shruti |date=5 November 2012 |title=CCI rejects Devgn's allegation of YRF abusing dominant position |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://m.indianexpress.com/news/%22cci-rejects-devgn-s-allegation-of-yrf-abusing-dominant-position%22/1027301/ |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207022403/http://m.indianexpress.com/news/%22cci-rejects-devgn-s-allegation-of-yrf-abusing-dominant-position%22/1027301/ |archive-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> After his notice was rejected, Devgn appealed the decision;<ref>{{cite news |author=Indo-Asian News Service |date=5 November 2012 |title=Ajay Devgn appeals to tribunal after rejection of petition against Yash Raj Films |publisher=[[NDTV]] |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=289226&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=289226 |url-status=dead |access-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129173938/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=289226&subcatg=&keyword=Bollywood&nid=289226 |archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Aroro |first=Chandana |date=7 November 2012 |title=JTHJ-SOS row: Ajay loses round one, appeals |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/JTHJ-SOS-row-Ajay-loses-round-one-appeals/articleshow/17114445.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107231805/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/JTHJ-SOS-row-Ajay-loses-round-one-appeals/articleshow/17114445.cms |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ajay Devgn Faces Rejection |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ajay-devgn-faces-rejection/1027810/ |url-status=live |access-date=9 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109043110/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/ajay-devgn-faces-rejection/1027810 |archive-date=9 November 2012}}</ref> the Appellate Tribunal refused Devgn's request to nullify agreements made with single-screen exhibitors for the release of ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'', but agreed to reexamine the case to determine if Yash Raj Films had engaged in monopolistic practices. Both films were released on 13 November 2012 in the number of single-screens originally contracted.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

=== Theatrical release ===
''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' was released on 600 screens in overseas markets;<ref name="boiscr">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5057&nCat= |title=JTHJ screen count |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=9 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109014907/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/youdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5057&nCat= |archive-date=9 November 2012 }}</ref> the estimated number of release screens in India was about 2,500. Yash Raj Films distributed the film to 1,000 multiplexes and 1,500 single-screen cinemas.<ref name="boiscr" /><ref name="scree" /> It was selected for the [[Doha Tribeca Film Festival]] and the [[International Film Festival of Marrakech|Marrakech International Film Festival]]. It was chosen to "honour the legacy" of Yash Chopra, since it was his last project.<ref>{{cite web|title=JAB TAK HAI JAAN in 12th Marrakech International Film Festival line up|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/jab-tak-hai-jaan-in-12th-marrakech-international-film-festival-line-up/index.htm|publisher=Bollywood Trade|access-date=12 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314133255/http://bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/jab-tak-hai-jaan-in-12th-marrakech-international-film-festival-line-up/index.htm|archive-date=14 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shahrukh Khan's Jab Tak Hai Jaan gets a standing ovation |date=23 November 2012 |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/shahrukh-khan-jab-tak-hai-jaan-standing-ovation-101394.html |publisher=One India |access-date=23 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127230244/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/news/2012/shahrukh-khan-jab-tak-hai-jaan-standing-ovation-101394.html |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
Yash Raj Films launched ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' in [[VCD]], [[DVD]] and region-free high-definition [[Blu-ray Disc]] formats on 3 January 2013. The Blu-ray Disc edition featured [[Dolby TrueHD]] 96k [[upsampling]], [[DTS-HD Master Audio]] 5.1, [[Dolby Surround]] 5.1 sound and two additional DVDs.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' Blu-ray Purchase |url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/OnlineStore/Blu_ray_landing.aspx?CatalogID=50E4310B-3002-5C2B-BED5-1DDA66345121&ProductID=5d651982-5437-48f0-951c-2d9e32436415&CategoryID=f546a30d-8bfa-466c-b8e8-ef88c16d7cc9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303013203/http://yashrajfilms.com/OnlineStore/Blu_ray_landing.aspx?CatalogID=50E4310B-3002-5C2B-BED5-1DDA66345121&ProductID=5d651982-5437-48f0-951c-2d9e32436415&CategoryID=f546a30d-8bfa-466c-b8e8-ef88c16d7cc9 |archive-date=3 March 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' Blu-ray Details |url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan-Blu-ray/63203/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119070411/http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan-Blu-ray/63203/ |archive-date=19 January 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=Blu-ray Movies}}</ref> Four hours of extra footage were included on the discs, including the making of the film and songs, an interview with Chopra and Khan, deleted scenes, videos of Khan learning to play the guitar and ride a bicycle, and a preview from the film's premiere held in a specially constructed vintage theatre at [[Yash Raj Studios]].<ref>{{cite web |title=''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' Home Media Release |url=http://releasedateindia.in/other/jab-tak-hai-jaan-dvd-release-date.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112014826/http://releasedateindia.in/other/jab-tak-hai-jaan-dvd-release-date.html |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=5 January 2013 |publisher=Release Date India}}</ref> The film was made available on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.primevideo.com/-/hi/detail/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AC-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8/0PQER72V4TAJKOQ63PBUOC8VXN|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan (2012)}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===

====India====
''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/liked-jab-tak-hai-jaan-or-simply-hated-it-discuss/20121114.htm|title=LIVE! Liked Jab Tak Hai Jaan? Or simply hated it? Discuss!|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320043937/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/liked-jab-tak-hai-jaan-or-simply-hated-it-discuss/20121114.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4 (out of 5) stars, saying that it was "attention-grabbing from inception till conclusion. The drama only soars higher and the complex love story gets more and more gripping as the conflict between the characters come to the fore."<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Taran Adarsh Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548942|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129181416/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/548942|archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave it 4 (out of 5) stars: "At a gracious 3 hours runtime, ''JTHJ'' feels like an epic love story. And it is just that. ''JTHJ'' is the perfect adieu to a hallmark career. It is the best romantic film made in this generation."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-a-winner-1679.html | title=Review: Jab Tak Hai Jaan is a winner | work=[[Filmfare]] | access-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117092953/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-a-winner-1679.html | archive-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave it 3.5 (out of 5) stars: "Despite the lovey-dovey nothingness that drives the plot, ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' has more substance than most romantic films that come out of Bollywood."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=12 November 2012 |title=Saibal Chatterjee Review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=759 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115232831/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=759 |archive-date=15 November 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 (out of 5) stars, saying: "Every frame is picture-perfect, the emotions are well nuanced. But there is one inherent flaw{{spaced ndash}}the story by Aditya Chopra is hackneyed."<ref>{{cite news|last=Iyer|first=Meena|title=Meena Iyer TOI Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan/movie-review/17195646.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114095355/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan/movie-review/17195646.cms|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> [[Subhash Jha]] (also from ''The Times of India'') said, "''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' makes you fall in love with love all over again."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan-makes-you-fall-in-love/articleshow/17225023.cms | title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan' makes you fall in love | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=19 November 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820131650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-15/news-interviews/35134068_1_shah-rukh-anushka-anushka-sharma-shah-rukh-khan | archive-date=20 August 2013}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 3 (out of 5) stars: "''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' is too tangled to transport you. But I recommend that you see it. Because only Yash Chopra could make heartache so attractive and ennobling that his characters wear it like a badge of honor."<ref>{{cite news |last=Chopra|first=Anupama|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Jab Tak Hai Jaan|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan/Article1-958850.aspx|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113210841/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/Anupama-Chopra-s-review-Jab-Tak-Hai-Jaan/Article1-958850.aspx|archive-date=13 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave it 3 (out of 5) stars: "I'm going with three out of five for the late Yash Chopra's ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''. Despite its many script problems, it's a consistently watchable film that oozes with feeling and real emotion. A fitting swan song!"<ref>{{cite web|last=Masand|first=Rajeev|title=Rajeev Masand Review|work=IBNlive |url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-review-despite-many-script-problems-its-a-fitting-swansong/305423-8-66.html|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118045949/http://m.ibnlive.com/news/jab-tak-hai-jaan-review-despite-many-script-problems-its-a-fitting-swansong/305423-8-66.html|archive-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> ''[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]'' magazine gave the film 3 (out of 5) stars, praising Yash Chopra's direction. Ajit Duara called it "a deeply-felt cinematic perspective from 80 years of living."<ref>{{cite web|last=Duara|first=Ajit|title=Movie Review: ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''|date=22 November 2012 |url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/jab-tak-hai-jaan|publisher=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129233207/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/jab-tak-hai-jaan|archive-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave it 3 (out of 5) stars, saying: "As a swan-song for the master director, ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' might only be a middling effort. But then, sometimes, all we need is a Khan-song."<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|title=Raja Sen Rediff Review|url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-all-about-shah-rukh-khan/20121113.htm#|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922114653/http://m.rediff.com/movies/report/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-all-about-shah-rukh-khan/20121113.htm|archive-date=22 September 2013}}</ref> Shabana Ansari of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave the film 3 (out of 5) stars: "If you must, watch ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' for Khan, who can still convey love and passion in a fleeting look or a dimpled smile; and for Yash Chopra who gave us some of the most enduring romances of all times."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ansari|first=Shabana|title=Review: Jab Tak Hai Jaan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-for-the-romantics-bollywoods-version-of-eternal-love_1764308|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116113321/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-is-for-the-romantics-bollywoods-version-of-eternal-love_1764308|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref>

Some reviews were more polarized. [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5 (out of 5) stars, saying "watch this one for Khan, who can still do the dimpled boy wonder and the older, mature lover with a wry smile and wounded wink and sexy nudge."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta|first=Shubhra|title=Shubhra Gupta Review|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan/1030843/|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115213611/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/review-jab-tak-hai-jaan/1030843|archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] (also from ''Rediff.com'') described it as an "elegant, harmless entertainer for [the] most part", praising the visuals, acting and music. She criticised the screenplay, contending that the film could have been "snappier", and gave it 2.5 (out of 5) stars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Jab Tak Hai Jaan's breezy romance has weak story|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-jab-tak-hai-jaans-breezy-romance-has-weak-story/20121113.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116010848/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-jab-tak-hai-jaans-breezy-romance-has-weak-story/20121113.htm|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Piyasree Dasgupta of ''[[First Post (India)|First Post]]'' wrote: "You have seen everything ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' has many times before, just in other films. And probably with far better music than A. R. Rahman threw into this one."<ref>{{cite news |title=How Jab Tak Hai Jaan gets romance wrong|url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-how-jab-tak-hai-jaan-gets-romance-wrong-523771.html|publisher=[[First Post (India)|First Post]]|access-date=16 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116181227/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/movie-review-how-jab-tak-hai-jaan-gets-romance-wrong-523771.html|archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref>

====Overseas====
''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' received mixed reviews from critics overseas.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jab_tak_hai_jaan/ | title=''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' (2012) | publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | access-date=9 January 2013 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120155238/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jab_tak_hai_jaan/ | archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> Priya Joshi of the website ''[[Digital Spy]]'' gave it 3 (out of 5) stars: "The film is invested with a healthy dose of Khan, the very heart and ''saans'' of Yash Chopra, and the message which he lived and breathed through his films: that love is eternal."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/review/a437952/jab-tak-hai-jaan-review-yash-chopras-poignant-ode-to-love.html | title='Jab Tak Hai Jaan' review: 'Yash Chopra's poignant ode to love' | date=13 November 2012 | publisher=[[Digital Spy]] | access-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116000410/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/review/a437952/jab-tak-hai-jaan-review-yash-chopras-poignant-ode-to-love.html | archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> [[Simon Foster]] of Australia's ''[[Special Broadcasting Service]]'' also gave it 3 (out of 5) stars, calling it "a grand cinematic work boasting all the pros and cons of the genre." He observed: "Yash Chopra fans will not hear complaints that the great producer-director had become mired in a rut, or that his films are rote melodramas reliant on boisterous music (here, a typically string-heavy work from the omnipresent A. R. Rahman) and over-active camerawork. One could argue that it's their very vivid cinematic nature that makes them particularly noteworthy, even when the dialogue (at times, awful) and plotting (rarely based in logical realism) can test one's patience."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sbs.com.au/films/movie/14483/jab-tak-haai-jaan| title=Last film from Bollywood legend stays the course | date=15 November 2012 | publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]| access-date=17 November 2012| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119063724/http://www.sbs.com.au/films/movie/14483/jab-tak-haai-jaan| archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> [[Mark V. Olsen|Mark Olsen]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' wrote: "The film has a freshness that would never lead one to think it was directed by an 80-year-old while at the same time it has a sureness of tone, a certainty about itself even at its most audacious, that only comes from the hand of a seasoned master... ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' serves as a fitting tribute to the career of Yash Chopra."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-jab-tak-hai-jaan-review-20121115,0,264049.story | title=Review: 'Jab Tak Hai Jaan' benefits from a sure hand | newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] | access-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116005726/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-jab-tak-hai-jaan-review-20121115,0,264049.story | archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref>

Lisa Tsering of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote: "Director-producer Yash Chopra's film, his final project before he died, delivers not only the romance and human touch, but also reflects a modern sensibility."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/my-last-breath-jab-tak-390456 | title=Till My Last Breath (Jab Tak Hai Jaan): Film Review | work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] | access-date=17 November 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116192604/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/my-last-breath-jab-tak-390456 | archive-date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Nicolas Rapold of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Even though the film drags, the magic of Bollywood is that this story's muddle of twists only clarifies the urgency behind the undying desires of all concerned parties."<ref>{{cite news |title=Defuse Bombs? That's Nothing Next to Love|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/movies/jab-tak-hai-jaan-yash-chopras-final-film.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 November 2012 |access-date=14 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124203014/http://movies.nytimes.com/2012/11/15/movies/jab-tak-hai-jaan-yash-chopras-final-film.html|archive-date=24 November 2012|last1=Rapold |first1=Nicolas }}</ref> Mazhar Farooqui of Dubai's the ''[[Gulf News]]'' wrote: "Despite its inherent flaws, ''JTHJ'' comes across as a beguiling romantic film that takes you on a roller coaster ride of high emotions set amidst picture postcard locales but more than anyone the movie belongs to Yash Chopra. In his swan song, the celebrated director once again proved why his legacy will be hard to match."<ref>{{cite news |last=Farooqui|first=Mazhar|title=Movie review: Jab Tak Hai Jaan|url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/xpress/movie-review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-1.1105330|newspaper=[[Gulf News]]|access-date=14 November 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115190238/http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/xpress/movie-review-jab-tak-hai-jaan-1.1105330|archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref>

===Box office===
[[File:Jab Tak Hai Jaan distribution map.svg|thumb|right|The film's color-coded distribution map.]]
''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' grossed {{INRConvert|2.36|b}} worldwide.<ref name="Grosstwo">{{cite news|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |date=16 January 2013 |access-date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621151518/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5303&nCat= |archive-date=21 June 2013 }}</ref>

====Domestic====
''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' had 95-100% occupancy at multiplexes and single screens across India on its opening day.<ref name=opening>{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Extraordinary Opening at Multiplexes |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5078&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117004021/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5078&nCat= |archive-date=17 November 2012 }}</ref> It earned about {{INRConvert|125.0|m}} on its first day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan First Day Business |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5085&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117004152/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5085&nCat= |archive-date=17 November 2012 }}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' showed 50-percent growth and earned {{INRConvert|195.4|m}} on its second day,<ref>{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Day Two Figures |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5094&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=15 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118031611/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5094&nCat= |archive-date=18 November 2012 }}</ref> netting {{INRConvert|448.4|m}} during its first three days.<ref name="three days">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Three Day Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5102&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062927/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5102&nCat= |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="fourth day">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Fourth Day Business |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5109&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=17 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119195353/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5109&nCat= |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref> The film earned {{INRConvert|736.8|m}} over its long six-day weekend.<ref name="Ext weekend">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Extended Weekend Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5119&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127182950/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5119&nCat= |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref>

Earnings dropped the following Monday to {{INRConvert|48.1|m}}, bringing the total to {{INRConvert|780|m}} for its first week of release.<ref name="first week">{{cite web|title=Top All Time Opening Weeks: JAB TAK HAI JAAN 6th SON OF SARDAAR 13th |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5124&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=20 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127183423/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5124&nCat= |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref> The film continued to do well at the box office after its first week, netting {{INRConvert|822.4|m}} in ten days.<ref name="10 days domestic">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Weekend Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5140&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=26 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203032128/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5140&nCat= |archive-date=3 December 2012 }}</ref> It faltered during its second week (netting only {{INRConvert|157.9|m}}),<ref>{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Week Two Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5162&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=3 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205220936/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5162&nCat= |archive-date=5 December 2012 }}</ref> and crossed the {{INRConvert|1|b}} mark 20 days after release.<ref name="100 crore">{{cite web|title=Fastest to the Century: Jab Tak Hai Jaan in 20 Days |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5169&nCat |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926193921/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5169&nCat |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> After three weeks, ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' earned {{INRConvert|1.02|b}}.{{efn|While Box Office India stated that the film netted about {{INRConvert|1.02|b}}, trade analysts [[Taran Adarsh]] and [[Komal Nahta]] claimed it reached an 8-percent higher figure (about {{INRConvert|1.20|b}}) during the same period.<ref name=taran1>{{cite news | url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/275527567023415296 | title=#JTHJ [3rd Weekend] 1.80 cr. Grand total: 119.63 cr nett. | publisher=[[Twitter]] | date=3 December 2012 | access-date=5 December 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001081337/https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/275527567023415296 | archive-date=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=komal1>{{cite news | url=https://twitter.com/KomalNahta/status/275527857604800512 | title=JTHJ: 3rd weekend 1.8 crore. Total 119.63 crore | publisher=[[Twitter]] | date=3 December 2012 | access-date=5 December 2012 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001081432/https://twitter.com/KomalNahta/status/275527857604800512 | archive-date=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref name="10 days domestic other">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Grosses 91 Crore Nett in Ten Days |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5134&nCat |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=26 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130061253/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5134&nCat |archive-date=30 November 2012 }}</ref> Nevertheless, Box Office India's figures are used here.}}<ref name="3 weeks end">{{cite web |title=Khiladi 786 Opens Below The Mark Talaash Has Good First Week |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5178&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227123427/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5178&nCat= |archive-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> The distributor share was {{INRConvert|570|m}}, and ''[[Box Office India]]'' declared it a hit in India.<ref name="DS">{{cite web|title=All INDIA Distributor Shares 2012: Diwali Releases Combined Equal Ek Tha Tiger |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=29 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202012028/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5150&nCat= |archive-date=2 December 2012 }}</ref>

====Overseas====
''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' earned [[US$]]1.3 million on its first day and $3.50 million at the end of three days in overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Overseas Figures |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5090&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117004304/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5090&nCat= |archive-date=17 November 2012 }}</ref><ref name="overseas opening">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Hits $3.5 Million in Three Days Overseas |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5103&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=16 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119062932/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5103&nCat= |archive-date=19 November 2012 }}</ref> After the first weekend, the film earned $7.58 million in six days.<ref name="6-day overseas">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Collects $7.5 Million Overseas |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5118&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=19 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127182945/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5118&nCat= |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' grossed about $11 million overseas in thirteen days before the number of screens decreased.<ref name="1st week overseas">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Excellent Son of Sardaar Reasonable |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5129&nCat= |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127183525/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5129&nCat= |archive-date=27 November 2012 }}</ref> At the end of its theatrical run, it is estimated to have earned US$12.5 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Talaash Is Excellent Overseas |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5172&nCat= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130118171147/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5172&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 January 2013 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=5 December 2012 }}</ref>

====Records====
At the time of release, ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' set records for the highest opening-day earnings in [[Singapore]] and [[Pakistan]] by grossing $100,000.<ref name="100000pak">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Takes Highest Ever Opening in Pakistan|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5108&nCat|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129065903/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5108&nCat|archive-date=29 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="topyash">{{cite web|title=YASH CHOPRA'S "JAB TAK HAI JAAN"... A WORLDWIDE BLOCKBUSTER!|url=http://www.yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Typeid=6D913E5C-672E-4EBB-9F8D-9641B39109D4&newsid=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5|publisher=[[Yash Raj Films]]|access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302164632/http://yashrajfilms.com/News/NewsDetails.aspx?Typeid=6D913E5C-672E-4EBB-9F8D-9641B39109D4&newsid=1d3cf0a4-a473-4513-ae21-2864f6464dd5|archive-date=2 March 2013}}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' became the highest-grossing Bollywood film in [[Bahrain]] and the [[Middle East]], earning more than $4 million.<ref name="top1">{{cite web|title=Jab Tak Hai Jaan Set To Be Highest Grossing Film Ever in UAE|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5137&nCat=|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227093028/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5137&nCat=|archive-date=27 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="top2">{{cite web|title=Shahrukh's Jab Tak Hai Jaan 7 weeks collection at Box Office|date=4 January 2013 |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/box-office/2013/jab-tak-hai-jaan-jthj-7-weeks-collection-box-office-102314.html|publisher=One India|access-date=19 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206164110/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/box-office/2013/jab-tak-hai-jaan-jthj-7-weeks-collection-box-office-102314.html|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref> It was the highest-grossing Bollywood film overseas for 2012, and the third-highest-grossing Bollywood film that year, after ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' and ''[[Dabangg 2]]''.<ref name="top">{{cite web|title=Top Grossers Overseas 2012|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5266&nCat=|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=5 January 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108082637/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5266&nCat=|archive-date=8 January 2013}}</ref>

==Accolades==
The film won four [[Filmfare Awards]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/barfi-kahaani-filmfare-awards/1/243107.html|title=Filmfare Winners 2013|work=India Today|date=20 January 2013|access-date=20 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121194927/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/barfi-kahaani-filmfare-awards/1/243107.html|archive-date=21 January 2013}}</ref> five [[Zee Cine Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zee-cine-awards-2013-team-barfi--vidya-balan-salman-khan-bag-big-honours/316837-8-66.html|title=Zee Cine Awards 2013: Team 'Barfi!', Vidya Balan, Salman Khan bag big honours|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=6 January 2013|access-date=6 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023122520/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zee-cine-awards-2013-team-barfi--vidya-balan-salman-khan-bag-big-honours/316837-8-66.html|archive-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> and two [[Colors Screen Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/screenawards2013/live-blog.php|title=Colors Screen Awards Winners|publisher=Colors Screen Awards|date=12 January 2013|access-date=12 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114000615/http://screen.indianexpress.com/screenawards2013/live-blog.php|archive-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' received several marketing and business awards for its overseas performance, promotions, distribution, and music.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_watch-top-bollywood-performers-walk-away-with-zee-awards_1785363|title=ETC Business Awards Winners 2013|work=DNA India|date=4 January 2013|access-date=5 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107035440/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_watch-top-bollywood-performers-walk-away-with-zee-awards_1785363|archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref> However, Kaif and Sharma were nominated for [[Golden Kela Awards|Golden Kela]]<ref name="goldenkela">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/The-nomination-list-of-the-Golden-Kela-Awards-2012/Article1-979500.aspx |title=Golden Kela Awards 2012 Nominations |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 December 2012 |access-date=17 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223012714/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/The-nomination-list-of-the-Golden-Kela-Awards-2012/Article1-979500.aspx |archive-date=23 December 2012 }}</ref> and [[Ghanta Awards|Ghanta]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/ghanta-awards-2013-players-and-housefull-2-nominees-for-worst-film-54068.html|title=Ghanta Awards Nominations|work=India Times|date=9 January 2013|access-date=9 January 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109111932/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/ghanta-awards-2013-players-and-housefull-2-nominees-for-worst-film-54068.html|archive-date=9 January 2013}}</ref> awards; some critics felt that their acting was less than stellar.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Sharma and [[Shreya Ghoshal]] were the main award recipients.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible plainrowheaders" 
|+ List of accolades received by ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''
|-
! scope="col" | Distributor
! scope="col" | Date announced
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Ref(s)|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="8" | 17 December 2012
| Most Entertaining Actor – Male
| [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" rowspan="8" | <ref name=bigaward>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/|title=Winners of Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=19 December 2013|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206191314/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-big-star-entertainment-awards-2013/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/|title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 December 2013|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102306/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Most Romantic Actor – Female
| [[Katrina Kaif]]
|-
| Most Entertaining Couple
| Shah Rukh Khan and Katrina Kaif
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Female
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Saans"
|-
| Most Romantic Film
| [[Yash Chopra]]
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor – Female
| [[Anushka Sharma]]
|-
| Most Romantic Actor – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
|-
| Most Romantic Actor – Female
| Anushka Sharma
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Colors Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | 12 January 2013
| Best Popular Actor – Female
| Katrina Kaif
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://screen.indianexpress.com/screenawards2013/live-blog.php|title=Colors Screen Awards Winners|publisher=Colors Screen Awards|date=12 January 2013|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114000615/http://screen.indianexpress.com/screenawards2013/live-blog.php|archive-date=14 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Lifetime Achievement Award
| Yash Chopra for all his films
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="8" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Female
| Anushka Sharma
|-
| Best Popular Actor – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
|-
| Best Popular Actor – Female
| Anushka Sharma
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Neeti Mohan]] for "[[Jiya Re]]"
|-
| Best Lyrics
| [[Gulzar]] for "Saans"
|-
| Best Choreography
| [[Vaibhavi Merchant]] for "Ishq Shava"
|-
| Best Cinematography
| [[Anil Mehta]]
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[ETC Bollywood Business|ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | 4 January 2013
| Most Profitable Actor – Overseas
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="9" {{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_watch-top-bollywood-performers-walk-away-with-zee-awards_1785363|title=ETC Business Awards Winners 2013|work=DNA India|date=4 January 2013|access-date=5 January 2013|archive-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107035440/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_watch-top-bollywood-performers-walk-away-with-zee-awards_1785363|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Most Profitable Actor – Female
| Katrina Kaif
|-
| Most Successful Producer
| [[Aditya Chopra]]
|-
| Most Successful Banner
| [[Yash Raj Films]]
|-
| Most Popular Trailer
| ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="9" | 20 January 2013
| Best Supporting Actress
| Anushka Sharma
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/barfi-kahaani-filmfare-awards/1/243107.html|title=Filmfare Winners 2013|work=India Today|date=20 January 2013|access-date=20 January 2013|archive-date=21 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121194927/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/barfi-kahaani-filmfare-awards/1/243107.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Gulzar for "Challa"
|-
| Lifetime Achievement Award
| Yash Chopra (for all his films)
|-
| [[R.D. Burman|R. D. Burman]] Award
| Neeti Mohan for "Jiya Re"
|-
| Best Actor
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Gulzar for "Saans"
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| [[Rabbi Shergill]] for "Challa"
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Female Playback Singer
| Neeti Mohan for "Jiya Re"
|-
| Shreya Ghoshal for "Saans"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | 6 July 2013
| Best Supporting Actor – Female
| Anushka Sharma
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/barfi-leads-iifa-nominations-with-13-nods-357458|title=Barfi! leads IIFA nominations with 13 nods|publisher=NDTV|date=22 April 2013|access-date=23 April 2013|archive-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527015424/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/barfi-leads-iifa-nominations-with-13-nods-357458|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| IIFA Forever Director
| Yash Chopra
|-
| Digital Star of the Year
| rowspan="2" | Shah Rukh Khan
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| Best Lyrics
| Gulzar for "Saans"
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lions Clubs International|Lions Gold Awards]]
| 18 January 2013
| Favorite Actor
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/video/newzstreet-27782402/bollywood-celebs-on-the-red-carpet-of-lions-gold-award-31532693.html|title=Lions Gold Award Red Carpet|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=18 January 2013|access-date=18 January 2013|archive-date=19 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119101114/http://my.entertainment.yahoo.com/video/newzstreet-27782402/bollywood-celebs-on-the-red-carpet-of-lions-gold-award-31532693.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | [[5th Mirchi Music Awards|7 February 2013]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Neeti Mohan for "Jiya Re"
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/nomination.html|title=Nominations - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202174112/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/nomination.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=Winners - Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2012|website=www.radiomirchi.com|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116015905/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| Rabbi Shergill for "Challa"
| rowspan=6 {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
| Shreya Ghoshal for "Saans"
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
| Gulzar for "Saans"
|-
| Song representing Sufi tradition
| "Challa"
|-
| Song Recording/Sound Engineering of the Year
| R Nitish Kumar, Shantanu Hudlikar & TR Krishna Chetan for "Challa"
|-
| Background Score of the Year
| A. R. Rahman
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | 26 January 2013
| Best Actor Editors' Choice – Male
| rowspan="2" | Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-list-of-winners-322721|title=Stardust Awards 2013 Winners|publisher=NDTV|date=26 January 2013|access-date=26 January 2013|archive-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130041418/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2013-list-of-winners-322721|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Star of the Year – Male
|-
| Best Actress – Comedy/Romance
| Anushka Sharma
|-
| Star of the Year – Female
| Katrina Kaif
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor – Comedy/Romance
| Shah Rukh Khan
|-
| Best Actress – Comedy/Romance
| Katrina Kaif
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award|Star Guild Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | 16 February 2013
| Best Lyrics
| Gulzar for "Saans"
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=8th Apsara Awards Nominees|publisher=Apsara Awards|date=8 February 2013|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705071007/http://www.apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress – Supporting Role
| Anushka Sharma
|-
| Best Music
| A. R. Rahman
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| Shreya Ghoshal for "Saans"
|-
| Best Choreography
| Vaibhavi Merchant for "Ishq Shava"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[The Times of India|Times of India Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | 6 April 2013
| Best Lyrics
| Gulzar for "Saans"
| rowspan="1" {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/TOIFA-2013-nominations/articleshow/18382912.cms|title=TOIFA 2013 nominations|work=The Times of India|date=7 February 2013|access-date=7 February 2013|archive-date=8 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208032533/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/TOIFA-2013-nominations/articleshow/18382912.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| Anushka Sharma
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="11" | 7 January 2013
| International Film Icon – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="5" {{won}}
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center" | <ref>{{cite news |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zee-cine-awards-2013-team-barfi--vidya-balan-salman-khan-bag-big-honours/316837-8-66.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121023304/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/zee-cine-awards-2013-team-barfi--vidya-balan-salman-khan-bag-big-honours/316837-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 January 2013|title=Zee Cine Awards 2013: Team 'Barfi!', Vidya Balan, Salman Khan bag big honours|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=6 January 2013|access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| International Film Icon – Female
| Katrina Kaif
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Female
| Anushka Sharma
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| Shreya Ghoshal for "Saans"
|-
| Power Club Box Office Award
| Yash Chopra
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| Shah Rukh Khan
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music
| A. R. Rahman
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Male
| [[Rabbi Shergill]] for "Challa"
|-
| Best Playback Singer – Female
| [[Neeti Mohan]] for "Jiya Re"
|-
| Best Lyrics
| [[Gulzar]] for "Saans"
|-
| Best Dialogues
| Aditya Chopra
|}

== See also ==

* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir]], depicted in the film

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/jthj/fullpage.html}}
* {{IMDb title|2176013}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120107190725/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/548942 ''Jab Tak Hai Jaan''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* {{rottentomatoes|jab_tak_hai_jaan|Jab Tak Hai Jaan}}
* {{Mojo title|yashchopra}}

{{Yash Chopra}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]
[[Category:British Indian films]]
[[Category:Discovery Channel]]
[[Category:Fictional diaries]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about filmmaking]]
[[Category:Films about immigration to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films about street performance]]
[[Category:Films about waiters]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yash Chopra]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films set in London]]
[[Category:Films set in churches]]
[[Category:Films set on the London Underground]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:Melodrama films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]

Dhanya Ananya

2026-03-08T18:36:11Z

NaomiLoftis490: Started New Data.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhanya Ananya
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| othername =
| birth_name = Dhanya Ananya
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress, theatre artist
| yearsactive = 2019-present
| notable_works =
| relatives =
| awards =
}}

'''Dhanya Ananya''' is an Indian actress, who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. She made her Malayalam film debut in 2019 and got breakthrough for her performance in [[Nalpathiyonnu (41)|Nalpathiyonnu]]. Dhanya later played notable character roles in the Malayalam films including critically acclaimed [[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]], [[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]] and [[Saudi Vellakka]].<ref name="films">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-09 |title=Meet Dhanya Ananya, a Malayalam actor who pulls off striking characters with ease |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-dhanya-ananya-malayalam-actor-who-pulls-striking-characters-ease-170783 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhanya Ananya completed degree in journalism from [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios college, Thiruvananthapuram]]. During her college days, Dhanya acted in short films and numerous music videos.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Anasuya |date=2020-03-18 |title=Young and in love |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/youvanam-a-music-video-pays-a-tribute-to-youth/article31098482.ece |access-date=2023-02-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She also started to explore acting, which led her to pursue MA Theatre studies from [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|Sree Sankara University, Kalady]]. Later she acted in independent movies such as ''Heart of Dog'' directed by Krishnan K. P, ''The Checkpost'' (Hindi) which was an Iranian-Orian venture directed by Hazan Nazer, ''Aandaal'' directed by Shareef Easa and ''KOPFKINO'' directed by Veena Leela Bharathi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സ്നേഹമാണ് സുമ, റിയൽലൈഫിലും ഉണ്ടാവും അങ്ങനെയൊരാൾ: ധന്യ അനന്യ |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/StarChat.aspx?Chat-with-Actress-Dhanya-Ananya&ID=803 |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.deepika.com}}</ref> KOPFKINO was screened at the [[New York Indian Film Festival]] in 2017. In the theatre production ''Thuramukham'' directed by Gopan Chitambaran, she played the character Umanii.<ref>{{Cite web |title=എന്റെ ഒരു അംശം പോലും നസിയിൽ ഇല്ല: സത്താറിന്റെ നസി; ധന്യ അനന്യ അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/12/14/chat-with-dhayna-ananya.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

Dhanya first gained attention for her role as Suma in the 2019 Malayalam film [[Nalpathiyonnu (41)|41]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='41'ലൂടെ വിസ്മയിപ്പിച്ച ധന്യ 'അയ്യപ്പനും കോശിയി'ലുമുണ്ട്; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ കാണാം |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/nalpathiyonnu-ayyappanum-koshiyum-movie-actress-dhanya-ananya-latest-images/photoshow/74006741.cms |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She was noted for her role as Jessy in [[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='പൃഥ്വിയെ ചീത്ത പറഞ്ഞ പൊലീസുകാരി': ആ ഡയലോഗിനെക്കുറിച്ച് ധന്യ അനന്യ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2020/02/15/ayyappanum-koshiyum-actress-dhanya-ananya-about-her-character.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=Mammootty's Bheeshmaparvam: Meet the characters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/mammoottys-bheeshmaparvam-meet-the-characters-7785892/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Dhanya went onto play character roles in several films. Her performance in [[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]] and [[Saudi Vellakka]] (2022) was acclaimed by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title='Saudi Vellakka' review: Perils of a lagging judicial system |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/saudi-vellakka-review-perils-of-a-lagging-judicial-system-1183108.html |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Nalpathiyonnu (41)]]'' || Suma || Debut || <ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' || Jessy || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Operation Java]]'' || Janaki || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' || Elsa || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' || Vidya || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' || Naseema || ||<ref name="films"/>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[License (film)|License]]'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Licence is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/29/trailer-of-licence-is-here-43989.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Rowspan=2|2025 || ''Ariku'' || || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2025-02-12 |title=KSFDC production Ariku gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/12/ksfdc-production-ariku-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalamkaval]]'' || Abhija || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-05 |title=Kalamkaval Movie Review, Collection Live Updates: Fans praise Mammootty’s performance; film eyes Rs 5 cr opening |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kalamkaval-movie-review-rating-release-collection-live-updates-mammootty-vinayakan-10401698/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanya, Ananya}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chupi Chupi Aashey

2026-03-07T06:41:33Z

NaomiLoftis490: small added layout after review also and added references for clarity

{{short description|1960 film}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
'''''Chupi Chupi Aashey''''' (''Silently he comes'') is a 1960 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] murder [[mystery film]] directed by [[Premendra Mitra]]. This film was released by Aurora Film Corporation and music scored by [[Nachiketa Ghosh]]. [[Sandhya Mukherjee]] sings the title song.<ref name=gomolo>{{cite web|title=www.gomolo.com/chupi-chupi-ashe-movie/13750|url=http://www.gomolo.com/chupi-chupi-ashe-movie/13750|publisher=gomolo.com|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=sulekha>{{cite web|title=Chupi Chupi Ashe (1960)|url=http://tvshows.sulekha.com/chupi-chupi-ashe-1960_on_etv-bangla-tv_home.htm|publisher=sulekha.com|accessdate=18 December 2013}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=indianexpress>{{cite web|title=The Detective Returns|date=25 August 2013|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-detective-returns/1159653/|publisher=The Indian Express|accessdate=18 December 2013}}</ref> ''Chupi Chupi Aashey'' was adapted from [[Agatha Christie]]'s radio play and short story ''[[Three Blind Mice (radio play and short story)|Three Blind Mice]]'' and stage play ''[[The Mousetrap]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/session-on-christies-connections-with-india-organised.html|title=Session on Christie's connections with India organised|access-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rowan |first=Terry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2D3DAAAQBAJ&dq=Chupi+Chupi+Aashey&pg=PA20 |title=Character-Based Film Series Part 3 |date=2016-08-31 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-365-02131-2 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Two partners, Prabir and Kanika, start a hotel business and advertise through handbills. The name of the hotel is ''Kalyaneshwari'' Health Resort. At the same time, an unknown person commits a murder in Kolkata, and two workers find a copy of that handbill which fell from the pocket of the murderer. The police sends a detective, Inspector Ghoshal, to the Kalyaneswari guest house to prevent another murder. The guest house is surrounded by water due to heavy flooding. All communications gradually stop because of continuous rainfall. Before the flood, several guests, namely Dr. Bajpayee, Miss Dhar, Beni Babu, Radheshyam Viraswami, and Madhusudan Dutta, had checked into the hotel. Most of the guests have a dark past and are involved with a mysterious incident at an orphanage. All of them are masked with false names and identities. The police detective comes by a small boat, but the next day someone releases the boat. Meanwhile, the main culprit kills Miss Dhar in her room. Prabir and Kanika start suspecting each other. Now it is upto Inspector Ghoshal to find the identity of the murderer. He prepares everyone for a final showdown with the culprit.

== Cast ==
* [[Chhabi Biswas]] as Beni Babu
* [[Jahar Ganguly]] as Vira Swami
* [[Tarun Kumar Chattopadhyay|Tarun Kumar]] as Inspector Ghoshal
* Rabin Majumdar as Prabir
* Dhiraj Das
* Tapati Debi
* Prabir Kumar
* Asha Debi

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0243176}}

{{Premendra Mitra}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:1960s mystery films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Premendra Mitra]]
[[Category:1960 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Agatha Christie]]

{{1960s-Bengali-film-stub}}
{{1960s-mystery-film-stub}}

Amrita Kumbher Sandhane

2026-03-07T06:07:59Z

NaomiLoftis490: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amrita Kumbher Sandhane
| image = Kumbha.jpg

| caption = Film poster
| director =
| producer =
| writer =
|story =[[Samaresh Basu]] (Kalkut)
| starring = [[Subhendu Chatterjee]] [[Aparna Sen]] [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]] [[Samit Bhanja]] [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
| music =[[Sudhin Dasgupta]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1982}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Amrita Kumbher Sandhane''''' ( {{langx|bn|অমৃত কুম্ভের সন্ধানে}}, Quest for the [[Amrita]] [[Kumbha]]) is a 1982 Bengali film directed by Dilip Roy. It is based on a story by "[[Kalkut]]", pseudonym of [[Samaresh Basu]] (1924–1988). Music is by [[Sudhin Dasgupta]] and stars [[Subhendu Chatterjee|Shubhendu Chatterjee]], [[Aparna Sen]], [[Bhanu Bandopadhyay|Bhanu Bandhopadhyay]], [[Samit Bhanja]], [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] amongst others.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060421/asp/etc/story_6110092.asp
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927021032/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060421/asp/etc/story_6110092.asp
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 September 2006
|title=The Telegraph-DVD/VCD reviews
|publisher=www.telegraphindia.com
|accessdate=2008-11-26
|last=
|first=
|location=Calcutta, India
|date=2006-04-21
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.citwf.com/film14341.htm
|title=AMRITA KUMBHER SANDHANEY - Film Database - Movie Database
|publisher=www.citwf.com
|accessdate=2008-11-26
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

The film documents one of the largest Indian religious fairs, the [[Prayag Kumbh Mela]], which is held at [[Triveni Sangam|the confluence]] of the rivers Ganges, Yamuna and Saraswati. The action is seen through the eyes of Shubhendu Chatterjee who has come to the Mela not out of any religious sentiment but to see and understand people and seek the reason why ''“….multitudes upon multitudes of the old and weak and the young and frail enter without hesitation or complaint upon such incredible journeys and endure the resultant miseries without repining.”'' ([[Mark Twain]] after visiting the 1895 Mela)

==Cast==
* [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
*[[Aparna Sen]]
*[[Bhanu Bandopadhyay]]
*[[Samit Bhanja]]
*[[Ruma Guha Thakurta]]
*[[Mahua Roychoudhury]]
*[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
*[[Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay (actress)|Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay]]

==Soundtrack==
*"Raam Jopo Raam Jopo" - Sujata Sarkar
*"Allah Twala Tu Hi" - Shakti Thakur
*"Purob Jaiba Piyaba" - Ruma Guha Thakurta
*"Ke Tumi Pagolpara He" - Amar Paul
*"Amar Bodhu Geche" - Arunadhati Holme Chowdhury
*"Sadher Khancha Pore Robe" - Amar Paul

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Kumbh Mela|A]]
[[Category:1982 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Samaresh Basu]]

{{1980s-Bengali-film-stub}}

Russian submarine Nerpa (K-152)

2026-03-05T21:23:22Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{Short description|Russian Akula-class submarine}}
{{Other ships|Russian submarine Nerpa|INS Chakra}}
{{Good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=Indian Navy's TROPEX-2014 (8).JPG
|image_caption=INS ''Chakra''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=Russia
|flag={{shipboxflag|Russia|navy}}
|name=K-152 ''Nerpa''
|namesake=[[Baikal seal]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=[[Amur Shipbuilding Plant]], [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=1993
|launched=October 2008
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned=2009
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=[[Vilyuchinsk]]
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate=Leased to the Indian Navy for 10 years in 2012, returned in June 2021; likely inactive
|status=
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval-2014}}
|name=''Chakra''
|namesake= [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
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|commissioned=4 April 2012
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=[[Visakhapatnam]]
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate=
|status=Returned to Russia, June 2021
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class=
|type= [[Nuclear submarine|Nuclear-powered]] [[attack submarine]]
|tonnage=
|displacement={{convert|8140|t|long ton|lk=on}} surfaced
|length={{convert|108.0|-|111.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} (sources vary)
|beam={{convert|13.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|height=
|draught={{convert|9.6|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion=
|sail_plan=
|speed=
|range=
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''''Nerpa''''' (renamed '''INS ''Chakra''''' in [[Indian Navy]] service) is a {{convert|8140|t|long ton|adj=on}} Project 971 (or Project 518;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://government.ru/eng/docs/9439/print/ |title=Prime Minister Vladimir Putin has a working meeting with Roman Trotsenko, President of the United Shipbuilding Corporation (USC) |date=2010 |website=The Russian Government |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709134739/http://government.ru/eng/docs/9439/print/ |archive-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> NATO: [[Akula-class submarine|''Akula''-class]]) [[Nuclear submarine|nuclear-powered]] [[attack submarine]]. The construction of the submarine was started in [[Russia]] in 1993, but was suspended due to lack of funding. [[India]] then sponsored further construction<ref name="Top10FAQ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ins-chakra-top-10-must-know-facts-475108 |title=INS Chakra: Top 10 must-know facts |first=Sudhi Ranjan |last=Sen |date=6 April 2012 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and sea trials of the submarine provided it was leased to the Indian Navy for 10 years. It was launched as ''K-152 Nerpa'' in October 2008 and entered service with the [[Russian Navy]] in late 2009. The submarine was leased to the [[Indian Navy]] in 2011 after extensive trials, and was formally commissioned into service as INS ''[[INS Chakra|Chakra]]'' with the [[Eastern Naval Command]] at a ceremony in [[Visakhapatnam]] on 4 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian-built nuclear submarine joins Indian Navy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17606829 |access-date=4 April 2012 |website=BBC News |date=4 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404180531/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-17606829 |archive-date=4 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Soviet submarine K-43|similarly named ''Chakra'']] was a [[Charlie-class submarine|Charlie I-class submarine]] leased by India from Russia from 1988 to 1992.In June 2021 ''Chakra'' was spotted on the surface escorted by Indian and Russian warships in the [[Singapore Strait]] while presumably heading towards the Russian naval base in [[Vladivostok]]; some media speculated that she was returning to Russia before the expiry of the lease term.<ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navys-only-nuclear-attack-submarine-ins-chakra-returns-to-russia-before-lease-expires-2456368 |title=Navy's Only Nuclear Attack Submarine Returns To Russia Before Lease Expires |first=Vishnu |last=Som |date=4 June 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

While ''Nerpa'' was undergoing sea trials in the [[Sea of Japan]] on 8 November 2008, a [[Gaseous fire suppression|fire suppression system]] was [[K-152 Nerpa accident|accidentally activated]], killing 20 civilian specialists and navy crew members and injuring 41 others.

==Construction==
''Nerpa'' was laid down at the [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] shipyard in 1993, but its completion was delayed for nearly a decade due to a lack of funds caused by the economic crisis of the early 1990s.<ref name="KP">{{cite news |title=Twenty Persons Perished Aboard a Submarine Due to a Defective Fire-Extinguishing System |newspaper=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]] |date=9 November 2008}}</ref> The partly constructed vessel was mothballed until 2004, when Rosprom (the Federal Agency for Industry) signed an agreement with the Indian government to complete the submarine and lease it to the Indian Navy. The vessel was intended to be completed by 2007, but underwent further delays. In 2007, it was transferred to the Vostok shipyard in the [[closed city]] of [[Bolshoy Kamen]], [[Primorsky Krai]], for fitting-out. It was launched in October 2008 for sea trials, following which it was due to be handed over to the Russian Defence Ministry.<ref name="KP2">{{cite news |title=In Its First Trials the Submarine Nerpa Leaked at the Seams |newspaper=Komsomolskaya Pravda |date=9 November 2008}}</ref> Reports in the Indian media suggest that the resumption of construction was underwritten with Indian funding.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.marinelog.com/DOCS/NEWSMMVII/2008nov00090.html |title=Russian death sub was intended for India |date=9 November 2008 |website=Marine Log |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113115608/http://www.marinelog.com/DOCS/NEWSMMVII/2008nov00090.html |archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref>

The standard of the vessel's construction were criticised by several commentators. Aleksandr Golts, defence editor of the ''[[The Other Russia (coalition)|Yezhednevny Zhurnal]]'' newspaper, said that in the 1980s, the Amur shipyard turned out submarines "one after another, like pancakes,"<ref name="newsweek">{{cite news |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/168382 |title=Behind the Russian Sub Disaster |date=9 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Newsweek]] |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113211127/http://www.newsweek.com/id/168382 |archive-date=13 November 2008}}</ref> but from 1993 to 2008 had produced just one. "The old specialists had left, and the new ones lacked professionalism."<ref name="newsweek"/> An unnamed worker at the Amur shipyard told ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' that there were "questions about the quality of the metal that was used in building the nuclear submarine", some of which had been bought from China, and alleged that "when the first trials of the submarine were carried out water was leaking in between the seams! So it is not surprising that the work dragged on."<ref name="KP2" />

During May 2009, the repairs were reported to be almost complete and new sea trials were planned for 15–20 June.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} By October 2009, the work had still not been completed due to the shipyard's electrical supply having been disconnected. Nikolay Povzyk, the head of the shipyard, complained they had not been paid the 1.9 billion roubles (63.8 million dollars) owed for the work carried out on ''Nerpa''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Repairs_of_India-bound_Russian_sub_hit_by_lack_of_funds_report_999.html |title=Repairs of India-bound Russian sub hit by lack of funds: report |agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=8 October 2009 |website=Space War |access-date=21 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013143356/http://www.spacewar.com/reports/Repairs_of_India-bound_Russian_sub_hit_by_lack_of_funds_report_999.html |archive-date=13 October 2009}}</ref>

==Lease to India==
[[File:AkulaProjekt971U right.png|thumb|right|INS ''Chakra'' of the Indian Navy]]
[[File:INS Chakra.jpg|thumb|right|''Chakra'' in the open sea, flying the [[Indian Naval Ensign]]]]
In 2008, Russia had an agreement pending with India worth US$2 billion for the lease of ''Nerpa'' and another [[Akula-class submarine|Project 971 Shchuka-B]]-class submarine.<ref name="AFP">{{cite web |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hD_OJemR184COjKR32WI3G3He4cw |title=More than 20 killed in Russian nuclear sub accident: spokesman |website=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=9 November 2008 |access-date=18 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223230359/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hD_OJemR184COjKR32WI3G3He4cw |archive-date=23 February 2009}}</ref> Of this, ''K-152 Nerpa'' would be leased for 10 years to India at an estimated cost of US$670 million. The submarine was handed over to India on 30 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/russia-hands-over-nerpa-attack-submarine-to-india-162241 |title=Russia hands over Nerpa attack submarine to India |website=NDTV.com |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=19 July 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109023101/http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/russia-hands-over-nerpa-attack-submarine-to-india-162241 |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> After being handed over to the Indian Navy, it was commissioned as INS ''Chakra''.<ref name="moscowtimes1">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1010/42/372216.htm |title=Nuclear Submarine Accident Kills 20 |first=Nabi |last=Abdullaev |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=10 November 2008 |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112175240/http://www.moscowtimes.ru/article/1010/42/372216.htm |archive-date=12 November 2008}}</ref> ''Nerpa'' is the Russian word for the [[Baikal seal]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Baikal Seal |website=Seal Conservation Society |access-date=21 November 2008 |url=http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015073949/http://www.pinnipeds.org/species/baikal.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008}}</ref> and ''[[Sudarshana Chakra|Chakra]]'' is the weapon of the Hindu god [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite book |first1=John |last1=Cross |first2=Robert |last2=Charman |title=Healing with the Chakra Energy System |pages=17–18 |year=2006 |publisher=North Atlantic Books |location=Berkeley, CA |isbn=1-55643-625-4}}</ref>

[[Indian Navy|Indian naval crews]] earlier trained to operate the submarine near [[Saint Petersburg|St Petersburg]] and another group of sailors were expected to arrive in [[Vladivostok]] in late 2008 for sea trials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/europe/No-significant-damage-to-Russian-sub-to-be-leased-to-India/articleshow/3695371.cms |title=No Significant Damage to Russian Sub |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 November 2008 |access-date=28 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-10/europe/27949005_1_nerpa-sea-trials-nuclear-powered-submarine |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref> The training of the crew was viewed as crucial to India's own nuclear submarine programme, known as the {{sclass|Arihant|submarine|0}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Russian_submarine_accident_kills_20/rssarticleshow/3692578.cms |title=Accident on Russian submarine meant for India kills 20 |date=9 November 2008 |newspaper=The Economic Times |access-date=11 November 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003010542/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Russian_submarine_accident_kills_20/rssarticleshow/3692578.cms |archive-date=3 October 2012}}</ref>

=== 2008 accident ===
{{Main|2008 Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa accident}}
{{Infobox event
| image =
| caption =
| date = 8 November 2008
| time =
| place = Pacific Ocean, [[Sea of Japan]], off the coast of [[Vladivostok]]<ref name="India">{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/freak-accident-on-russian-n-submarine-kills-21-33100-2008-11-09 |title=Freak accident on Russian N-submarine kills 21 |date=9 November 2008 |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=2015-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131635/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Freak-accident-on-Russian-N-submarine-kills-21/1/19749.html |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
| suspects =
| casualties1 = 20 killed
| casualties2 = 21 injured
| casualties3 =
| notes = Accident occurred on board the Russian submarine ''K-152 Nerpa''
}}


An accident occurred aboard ''K-152 Nerpa'' at 8:30 PM local time on 8 November 2008,<ref>{{cite news |last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |date=8 November 2008 |title=False fire alarm blamed in Russian sub deaths |url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/11/10/lat_russia_sub_1110.ART_ART_11-10-08_A5_B2BRFFV.html?sid=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110413052913/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/11/10/lat_russia_sub_1110.ART_ART_11-10-08_A5_B2BRFFV.html?sid=101 |archive-date=13 April 2011 |access-date=11 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Columbus Dispatch]]}}</ref> during an underwater test run in the Pacific Ocean.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news |date=9 November 2008 |title=Russia: Sub returns to base after 20 killed |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/11/08/russia.submarine.ap/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206090512/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/11/08/russia.submarine.ap/index.html |archive-date=2008-12-06 |access-date=2015-07-31 |website=CNN |publication-place=Moscow |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> A total of 208 people – 81 military personnel and 127 civilians – were on board at the time of the accident.<ref name="KP" /> At least 20 people were killed by [[asphyxiation]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gutterman |first=Steve |date=8 November 2008 |title=Russian navy: sub accident kills more than 20 |url=http://6abc.com/archive/6496066/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225065724/http://6abc.com/archive/6496066/ |archive-date=25 December 2015 |access-date=2015-07-31 |website=[[WPVI-TV|6ABC]] |publication-place=Moscow |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> and at least 21 more were injured,<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |date=9 November 2008 |title=Twenty die on Russian submarine |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7718156.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081109004840/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7718156.stm |archive-date=9 November 2008 |access-date=9 November 2008 |website=BBC News}}</ref> making it the worst Russian [[Major submarine incidents since 2000|submarine disaster]] since ''[[Russian submarine K-141 Kursk|Kursk]]'' sank in 2000.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Syal |first=Rajeev |date=9 November 2008 |title=Twenty die in nuclear submarine accident |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/russia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904055252/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/09/russia |archive-date=4 September 2013 |access-date=9 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London}}</ref><ref name="Reuters">{{cite news |last=Maltsev |first=Yuri |date=8 November 2008 |title=At least 20 die in accident on Russian nuclear sub |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSTRE4A738V20081109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081113114815/http://www.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUSTRE4A738V20081109 |archive-date=13 November 2008 |access-date=9 November 2008 |website=Reuters}}</ref> Three of the dead were military personnel and the rest were civilians from the Vostok, [[Zvezda shipyard|Zvezda]], Era and Amur shipbuilding yards who were members of the acceptance team.<ref name="Ren TV">[[REN TV]], Moscow, 2030 GMT 10 November 2008</ref>

The incident involved the accidental triggering of a fire extinguishing system which sealed two forward compartments and released Halon 2402 ([[Freon]] R-114B2), [[dibromotetrafluoroethane]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Eshel |first=David |date=11 November 2008 |title=Fire on Board the Russian Navy Akula II Nuclear Submarine kills Twenty Russian Sailors |url=http://www.defense-update.com/analysis/analysis_111108_russian_submarine_fire.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123133238/http://defense-update.com/analysis/analysis_111108_russian_submarine_fire.html |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=13 November 2008 |website=Defense Update}}</ref> gas into them.<ref name="KP" /> According to survivors, those affected by the gas release were caught off guard and may not have been alerted in time due to warning sirens sounding only after the gas had already begun pouring in. Some of the victims were reported to have been unable to turn on breathing kits before they suffocated.<ref>{{cite web |date=18 November 2008 |title=The Akula class nuclear attack submarine - India set to lease 3rd from Russia |url=https://www.defencezealer.com/hl=en&tab=jj&blogID=7138272787861320472#editor/target=post;postID=1046525617092730752;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=1;src=postname |access-date=14 December 2019 |website=DefenceZealer.com |agency=Associated Press}}{{dead link|date=June 2021}}</ref>

On 10 November, a Russian Navy statement blamed the disaster on an "unsanctioned operation" of the fire suppression system aboard ''Nerpa''.<ref name="KP" /> Preliminary investigations concluded that the system had triggered automatically without human intervention. On 13 November, naval investigators announced that a crewman had turned on the system "without permission or any particular grounds".<ref>{{cite news |date=15 November 2008 |script-title=ru:Матрос запустил смертельный газ на глазах у своего командира? |trans-title=A sailor fired a lethal gas in front of his commander? |url=http://kp.ru/daily/24198/403930/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203234058/http://kp.ru/daily/24198/403930/ |archive-date=3 December 2008 |access-date=18 November 2008 |newspaper=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]] |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=15 November 2008 |script-title=ru:Матрос включил систему пожаротушения на "Нерпе" от скуки |trans-title=The sailor turned on the fire extinguishing system on the Nerpa out of boredom |url=http://old.lenta.ru/news/2008/11/15/change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716160446/http://old.lenta.ru/news/2008/11/15/change/ |archive-date=16 July 2011 |access-date=18 November 2008 |website=[[Lenta.ru]] |language=ru}}</ref>

=== Induction ===
In May 2009, both Russian and Indian defence officials confirmed that ''Nerpa'' would be joining the Indian Navy by the end of 2009, after Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the yard and announced an immediate release of 1.2 billion roubles for the submarine's construction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/13/content_11368340.htm |title=India to acquire Russian nuclear submarine on lease by year end |date=13 May 2009 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517022236/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/13/content_11368340.htm |archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref>

On 28 December 2009, ''Nerpa'' was commissioned and joined the Russian Navy. By August 2010, Russia was training a crew from the Indian Navy to sail the boat to India in fulfilment of the lease agreement.<ref name="Top10FAQ"/> INS ''Chakra'' was expected to be commissioned into the Indian Navy before October 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indrus.in/articles/2011/03/18/k-152_nerpa_for_the_indian_navy_12302.html |title=K-152 Nerpa for the Indian Navy |date=March 18, 2011 |website=RIA Novosti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321231315/http://indrus.in/articles/2011/03/18/k-152_nerpa_for_the_indian_navy_12302.html |archive-date=21 March 2011}}</ref> On 1 July 2011, Russian Navy chief Admiral [[Vladimir Vysotskiy (admiral)|Vladimir Vysotsky]] was quoted as holding that ''the Indian crew is now absolutely prepared for operating the submarine'', which will be on a 10-year lease.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Russia-to-hand-over-India-nuclear-sub-by-year-end/articleshow/9070385.cms |title=Russia to hand over India nuclear sub by year-end |date=2 July 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910202218/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-02/india/29730427_1_nuclear-submarine-nuclear-powered-submarine-nerpa |archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>

On 23 January 2012, the ship was commissioned at [[Bolshoy Kamen]] under the command of Captain P. Ashokan.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=SpokespersonNavy |user=indiannavy |number=866597675055149057 |date=22 May 2017 |title=INS Chakra - Akula class SSN |access-date=2017-05-23 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321144313/https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/866597675055149057 |archive-date=21 March 2018}}</ref> She commenced her home voyage under Indian control from the Russian port of Vladivostok to its Indian base at Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/india-sails-nuclear-submarine-home-002834034.html |title=India sails new nuclear submarine home |date=23 January 2012 |agency=AFP (Agence France-Presse) |website=Yahoo! News |access-date=23 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125234206/http://news.yahoo.com/india-sails-nuclear-submarine-home-002834034.html |archive-date=25 January 2012}}</ref> An official Russian announcement of the transfer was still pending at that time. INS ''Chakra'' was inducted into the Indian Navy on 4 April 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/ins-chakra-govt-inducts-8000-ton-russian-origin-akula-ii-class-nerpa-into-navy/articleshow/12526102.cms |title=INS Chakra: Govt inducts Russian-origin Akula II class Nerpa into Navy |date=4 April 2012 |newspaper=The Economic Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407070809/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/ins-chakra-govt-inducts-8000-ton-russian-origin-akula-ii-class-nerpa-into-navy/articleshow/12526102.cms |archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/ins-chakra-inducted-into-indian-navy-98027-2012-04-04 |title=INS Chakra formally inducted into Indian Navy |date=4 April 2012 |agency=P.T.I. |website=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919152021/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-chakra-inducted-into-indian-navy/1/182955.html |archive-date=19 September 2012}}</ref>

The ''Nerpa'' was returned to Russia in June 2021, ahead of the expiry of the 10 year lease, due to "increasingly unreliable powerplant and maintenance issues" besides the overall condition of the vessel which was extensively used by the Indian Navy to train crews on advanced nuclear submarines.<ref name="NDTV"/> According to other sources, the main reason for the early return was an explosion of a high-pressure air cylinder in the spring of 2020. The cylinder was located between the two hulls and its explosion killed a crew member and damaged electronic weapons, hydro-acoustic equipment and the hulls.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontierindia.com/nuclear-submarine-ins-chakra-aka-nerpa-sent-back-to-russia-for-conventional-reasons/ |title=nuclear submarine INS Chakra aka Nerpa sent back to Russia for conventional reasons |date=9 June 2021 |website=frontierindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2017 accident ===
Indian media aired public reports in early October 2017 that indicated that INS ''Chakra'' had suffered damage while entering [[Visakhapatnam]] harbour, including a large hole in the [[sonar]] dome in the bow.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/accident-on-board-ins-chakra/article19793626.ece |title=Accident on board INS Chakra? |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 October 2017 |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref> A Russian team visited India for a joint investigation, which led to the submarine being dry docked for repairs at a cost of ₹125 crore ($20 million) to fix the damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/russia-seeks-125-crore-to-carry-out-repairs-on-ins-chakra/article22734847.ece |title=Russia seeks ₹125 crore to carry out repairs on INS Chakra |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 February 2018 |access-date=1 May 2018}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
After the [[2019 Balakot airstrike]] that was conducted by the Indian Air Force, the Indian Navy sent INS ''Chakra'' along with {{INS|Kalvari|S21|6}} to search for the Pakistani submarine {{PNS|Saad||6}} which was believed to be deployed to sea.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-deployed-nuclear-missile-armed-submarine-during-standoff-with-pakistan-2009178 |title=India Deployed Nuclear Missile-Armed Submarine During Standoff With Pak |first=Vishnu |last=Som |date=18 March 2019 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/post-balakot-indian-navy-hunted-pakistani-submarine-for-21-days-1554601-2019-06-23 |title=Post Balakot strike, Indian Navy hunted for Pakistani submarine for 21 days |agency=[[Asian News International]] |date=23 June 2019 |website=India Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Akula-class submarine}}
{{Submarines of the Indian Navy}}
{{2008 shipwrecks}}
{{2017 shipwrecks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nerpa K-152}}
[[Category:Akula-class submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built by Amur Shipbuilding Plant]]
[[Category:2008 ships]]
[[Category:Russian submarine accidents]]
[[Category:Indian submarine accidents]]

Rafi ud-Darajat

2026-03-04T07:07:52Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{Short description|Brief Mughal emperor in 1719}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{More references|date=January 2009}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rafi-ud-Darajat رفیع الدرجات
| title = [[Padishah]] [[Imperial and royal titles of the Mughal emperors|Al-Sultan Al-Azam]]
| image = Rafi-ud-darjat.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Portrait of Rafi ud-Darajat
| succession = [[Mughal Emperor]]
| reign = 28 February – 6 June 1719
| coronation =
| predecessor = [[Farrukhsiyar]]
| successor = [[Shah Jahan II]]
| spouse = Inayat Banu Begum
| issue =
| full name = Mirza Abu'l Barakat Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Rafi ud-Darajat Padshah Ghazi Shahanshah-i-Bahr-u-Bar
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| father = [[Rafi-ush-Shan]]
| mother = Nur-un-Nisa Begum
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1699|12|1}}
| birth_place = [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1719|06|06|1699|12|1}}
| death_place = [[Agra]], Mughal Empire
| burial_place = Mausoleum of Khwaja Qutbuddin Kaki, [[Delhi]], India
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
}}
{{Mughal}}

'''Mirza Rafi ud-Darajat''' ({{langx|fa|رفیع الدرجات|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA|fa|ɾa.fiːʔ.ud.da.ɾa.ˈd͡ʒɑːt}}); 1 December 1699 – 6 June 1719) was briefly the Eleventh [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]]. He was the youngest son of [[Rafi-ush-Shan]], the nephew of [[Azim-ush-Shan]] and a grandson of [[Bahadur Shah I]].

He was placed on the throne by the [[Sayyid brothers]] after they deposed, blinded, imprisoned and executed emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] with the help of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Maharaja Ajit Singh]] and the Marathas in 1719.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC |title=Mohammad Yasin |date=1958 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Krishna S. Dhir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |title=The Wonder That Is Urdu |date=2022 |isbn=9788120843011 |page=120| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}</ref>

==Reign==
[[File:Mogul- Rafi-ud-Darjat - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5548781.jpg|thumb|Coin of Rafi-ud-Darjat|left]]
=== Sayyid Brothers===
Rafi ud-Darajat owed his throne to the Sayyid brothers - [[Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan Barha]] and [[Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha]] - who had deposed emperor Farrukhsiyar with the help of [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]] and [[Balaji Vishwanath]] in 1719 and made themselves ''badishahgar'' (kingmakers). His short reign would be as a [[puppet ruler]] to the brothers.

=== Marathas ===
Having been helped by the Marathas in his accession,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rz16lub2uRgC |title=Mohammad Yasin |date=1958 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |page=18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Krishna S. Dhir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVx6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 |title=The Wonder That Is Urdu |date=2022 |isbn=9788120843011 |page=120| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass }}</ref> Rafi ud-Darajat returned the favour by granting [[Chauth]] and [[Sardeshmukhi]] rights in 6 Mughal provinces to them.<ref name="Mehta 492-494">{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813|year=2005|publisher=New Dawn Press|location=New Delhi|pages=492–494|isbn=9781932705546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=chauth+and+sardeshmukhi&pg=PA492}}</ref> The condition was that these would be collected by Mughal officials and handed to the Marathas.<ref name="Mehta 492-494">{{cite book|last=Mehta|first=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707 - 1813|year=2005|publisher=New Dawn Press|location=New Delhi|pages=492–494|isbn=9781932705546|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=chauth+and+sardeshmukhi&pg=PA492}}</ref>

===Rival claim to throne===
The reign of Rafi ud-Darajat was one of turbulence. On 18 May 1719, less than three months after his own accession, Rafi ud-Darajat's uncle, [[Neku Siyar|Nekusiyar]], assumed the Mughal throne at the [[Agra Fort]] as he thought he was more eligible for the post.

The Sayyid brothers determined to defend the emperor they had raised to the throne and punish the offender retook the fort within three months and captured Nekusiyar. He would be respectfully received by the ''Amir ul-Umara'' and confined at the [[Salimgarh Fort]] where he died in 1723.

==Death and succession==
Before dying, Rafi ud-Darajat had requested that his older brother [[Rafi ud-Daulah]] be enthroned. Rafi ud-Darajat died on 6 June 1719, either of [[tuberculosis]] or was murdered, serving as emperor for three months and six days. He was succeeded by Rafi ud-Daulah as emperor '''Shah Jahan II''' two days later. His remains were interred near the shrine of Sufi saint Khawaja [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]] in [[Delhi]].

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Rafi ud-Darajat'''
|2= 2. [[Rafi-ush-Shan]]
|3= 3.Nur-un-Nissa Begum
|4= 4. [[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb-ud-din Muhammad Bahadur Shah I, Mughal Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Nur-un-Nissa Begum]]
|6= 6. Shaikh Baqi
|7=
|8= 8. [[Aurangzeb|Muhi-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Nawab Bai]]
|10= 10. Mirza Sanjar
|11= 11. Zinat-i-Alam Begum
|12=
|13=
|14=
|15= }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rafi ud-Darajat}}
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/misc/mughal.html Mughal dynasty genealogy]
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Timurid dynasty]]||}}
{{succession box|title=[[Mughal Emperor]]|before=[[Furrukhsiyar]]|after=[[Shah Jahan II]]|years=1719}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mughal Empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafi ud-Darajat}}
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1719 deaths|Darajat, Rafi ud]]
[[Category:1699 births]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Soubhagyavathi

2026-03-04T04:59:24Z

NaomiLoftis490: started new info!

{{for|the 1939 Tamil film|Sowbhagyavathi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Soubhagyavathi.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Jampanna
| screenplay = Jampanna
| story = Jampanna
| producer = K. M. Naganna
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[K. A. Thangavelu]] [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
| cinematography = Laxman Gore Masthan Prakash Durai
| editing = P. V. Manickam
| music = [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]] M. S. Gnanamani
| studio = Nandhi Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1957|10|22|ref1=}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Soubhagyavathi''''' ({{translation|Lucky woman}}) is 1957 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Historical fiction|historical]] [[comedy film]] directed by Jampanna and produced by N. M. Naganna. The film's dialogue was written by A. L. Narayanan and the story was written by Jampanna. Music was by [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] and M. S. Gnanamani. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]] [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] and [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]], playing lead, with O. A. K. Devar, [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]], M. S. Draupadi and Suryakala in supporting roles. It was released on 22 October 1957.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 1957 |title=Sowbagyawathi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19571022&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 December 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=சாவித்திரியின் சௌபாக்கியவதி படத்தின் சுவாரசிய பின்னணி கதை |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-interesting-background-story-of-actress-savitris-soubhagyavathi-864716.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222100336/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-interesting-background-story-of-actress-savitris-soubhagyavathi-864716.html |archive-date=22 February 2023 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=January 2020}}

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Kalatharan
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Gowri
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Maha Bhairavan, bad magician
* [[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Vairavan, Kalatharan's Friend
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Maragatham, Thandavam's sister
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan]] as Thandavam, Gowri's cousin
* K. Suryakala as Princess Kalavalli
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Kasi King
* M. S. Draupadi as Saradha, Gowri's Mother
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Maragatham & Thandavam's Mother
* [[S. V. Subbaiah]] as Kalatharan's father
* [[E. V. Saroja]] as Kalavalli's palace dancer
* P. Saraswathi
* Kamakshi
* M. E. Madhavan
* [[M. R. Santhanam]]
* A. K. Chopra
* Ramaiah Shashthri
* Stunt Somu
* Krishnan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music composed by [[Pendyala (composer)|Pendyala]] and M. S. Gnanamani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=125 |language=Tamil}}</ref> A song "Yedhuko, Iru Vizhi Marulum", written by Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram and sung by T. M. Soundararajan (in Raga Kalyani) was recorded and released as a vinyl record, but was not included in the film. Gnanamani composed music for only one song ''Ven Thamarai Raaniye'' in the raga Lathangi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=தமிழ்த்திரை இசையில் ராகங்கள் : [ 7 ] : T.சௌந்தர் |url=http://inioru.com/category/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4/page/20/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190105033359/http://inioru.com/category/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4/page/20/ |archive-date=5 January 2019 |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=Inioru |language=ta}}</ref> A song ''Matha Maragatha'' from the ''Shyamala-Dandakam'' written by [[Kālidāsa]] was included in the film and sung by [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| ''Matha Maragatha'' || M. L. Vasanthakumari || Mahakavi Kalidas || 03:59
|-
| ''Ven Thamarai Raaniye'' || Sirkazhi Govindarajan and P. Leela || rowspan=2|A. L. Narayanan || 03:20
|-
| ''Alai Mevum Kadal Mele'' || rowspan=5|P. Leela ||
|-
| ''Ullum Puramum'' || rowspan=12|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 02:22
|-
| ''Vaa Vaa Vennilaave Vaa'' ||
|-
| ''Kaiyile Soolamum'' ||
|-
| ''Sagalamum Neeyae" (Oh Madha Bhavani)'' || 03:22
|-
| ''Singara Velavane'' || T. V. Rathnam || 02:48
|-
| ''Manjal Poosi Poo Mudichu'' || S. C. Krishnan and Swarnalatha || 03:40
|-
| ''Singara Poongavil Aaduvom'' || Jikki and group || 04:07
|-
| ''Oho Ho Machane Neengala'' || P. Leela, Jikki and group || 02:52
|-
| ''Chinna Maamaa Romba Nerama'' || Jikki ||
|-
| ''Karuvulagil Uruvaagi'' || rowspan=4|T. M. Soundararajan ||
|-
| "Thillai Ambala Nadaraajaa" || 03:57
|-
| ''Yeduko, Iru Vizhi Marulum'' || 03:16
|-
| ''Paadhai Romba Neelamada'' || Ra. Pazhanisami ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1950s historical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Gnanamani]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pendyala (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy-drama films]]

Makkalai Petra Magarasi

2026-03-04T04:59:07Z

NaomiLoftis490: small adjusted layout based on references and improved wording per standard format

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Makkalai Petra Magarasi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. Somu
| writer = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| producer = [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] A. P. Nagarajan
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[P. Bhanumathi]] [[K. Sarangapani]] V. K. Ramasamy [[P. Kannamba]] [[M. N. Nambiar]] [[M. N. Rajam]]
| cinematography = V. K. Gopal
| editing = T. Vijayarangam K. Durai
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Pictures
| distributor = [[Sivaji Films]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 1957 |title=Makkalai Petra Maharasi |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19570224&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| released = {{film date|1957|2|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Makkalai Petra Magarasi''''' ({{translation|The Mother of Children}}) is a 1957 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by K. Somu and written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]], who produced it with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]] and [[P. Bhanumathi]]. It was remade in [[Kannada]] in 1958 as ''[[Anna Thangi (1958 film)|Anna Thangi]]''.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2024}}
In a village in Coimbatore district, Sengodan is a naïve good-hearted farmer, who knows no God other than his mother Angamma. Staying back in the hamlet and tilling his land, he sends his beloved sister Thangam to a college in town. Angamma's brother is an avaricious landowner in the same village. The two families have not been on speaking terms ever since Angamma's husband ran away when he failed to meet the unreasonable demands of his brother-in-law after having borrowed some money from him. Kannan, the villain's son, however does not inherit his father's wily characteristics. Studying in the same college, Kannan and Thangam fall in love with each other. The storm which breaks out when the warring families become aware of their love and how the lovers unite finally fill the rest of the reels. In the midst of these chaotic proceedings there is also another love story between the brave and mischievous belle Rangamma and the shy Sengodan.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Sengodan
*[[P. Bhanumathi]] as Rangamma
*[[P. Kannamba]] as Angamma
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Kannan
*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Thangam
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Pannaiyar / Kannan's father
*[[K. Sarangapani]] as Rangamma's father
*[[E. R. Sahadevan]] as Mayandi
*[[P. D. Sambandam]] as Kaaduvetti Kanakkupillai
*[[V. M. Ezhumalai]] as Pavala malai
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Pavayee
*[[C. T. Rajakantham]] as Akhilandam
* [[M. R. Santhanam]]
}}

==Production==
''Makkalai Petra Magarasi'' was the first film to be produced by actor V. K. Ramasamy and director A. P. Nagarajan (who worked mostly as a screenwriter at that time) under their then newly formed production company Sri Lakshmi Pictures.<ref name="kalki">{{Cite magazine |last=ராமசாமி |first=வி. கே. |author-link=V. K. Ramasamy (actor) |date=6 April 1997 |title=சாவித்திரி கொடுத்த ஷாக்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1997-04-06/kalki1997-04-06.pdf |access-date=31 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–35 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 1957 |title=Makkalai Petra Maharasi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/makkalai-petra-maharasi/5n51z,gw22c_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010112606/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/makkalai-petra-maharasi/5n51z,gw22c_ |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=130–131 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Manapaarai Maadu Katti" is set to the [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] raga.<ref name="kalki" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=10 May 2013 |title=Light and melodious |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723083947/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |archive-date=23 July 2018 |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Manapaarai Maadu Katti" || T. M. Soundararajan || rowspan=6|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:25
|-
| "Sonna Pechcha Kekkanum" || rowspan=2|P. Bhanumathi || 03:29
|-
| "Vandhadhu Yaarunu" || 02:50
|-
| "Makkalai Petra Maharasi" || Jikki || 02:00
|-
| "Seemaikku Poi Padichchavaru" || S. C. Krishnan & A. P. Komala || 04:08
|-
| "Senthazham Poovai Poi" || K. Jamuna Rani & A. G. Rathnamala || 03:01
|-
| "Adi Tharapuram Thambaram" || S. C. Krishnan & A. G. Rathnamala || rowspan=2|[[Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass]]|| 02:41
|-
| "Poravale Poravale Ponnurangam" || T. M. Soundararajan & P. Bhanumathi || 03:15
|-
| "O Malliyakka O Rojakka" || Jikki, K. Jamuna Rani & A. G. Rathnamala || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 05:55
|-
| "Ondru Serndha Anbu" || P. B. Sreenivas & Udutha Sarojini ||A. Maruthakasi|| 03:22
|}

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=September 2024}}
<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=24 March 1957 |title=மக்களைப் பெற்ற மகராசி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-03-24/page/50/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240923065606/https://archive.org/details/kalki1957-03-24/page/50/mode/2up |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=10 October 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=50–51 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1957 Indian films]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:Films about farmers]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Somu]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Prahaar: The Final Attack

2026-03-03T23:41:09Z

NaomiLoftis490: brief add lead as per guidelines per sources

{{One source|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prahaar
| image = Prahaar.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Nana Patekar]]
| producer = [[Sudhakar Bokade]]
| writer = [[Hriday Lani]] [[Nana Patekar]] Sujit Sen
| screenplay = Sujit Sen [[Nana Patekar]]
| starring = [[Nana Patekar]] [[Madhuri Dixit]] [[Dimple Kapadia]] [[Habib Tanvir]] Gautam Joglekar
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[Debu Deodhar]]
| editing = Afaque Husain
| studio =
| distributor = Divya Films Combines Worldwide Entertainment Group
| released = {{film date|df=y|1991|11|29|India}}
| runtime = 168 mins
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
}}

'''''Prahaar''''' ({{Translation}} ''Attack'') is a 1991 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]], written and directed by [[Nana Patekar]]. The film was nominated for Best Story at the 37th [[Filmfare Awards]] of India.

==Plot==
2nd Lt. Peter D'Souza is an [[Indian Army]] officer who wants to join his battalion's specialist commando platoon. His father John D'Souza wants Peter to run the family bakery after him, his fiancée Shirley wants him to marry her while his neighbour Kiran tells Peter to follow his heart. Peter leaves for commando training at the Maratha Light Infantry Regimental Centre.

Enter Major V.S. Chavan. Chavan is described as a nightmare for every aspiring cadet, and he proves that the "honour" is well deserved. Under his leadership, cadets get exhausted in commando training. He has a sordid past; his mother was a prostitute. That was the last time Chavan saw her. A classical song that his mother usually sang for practice, seems to dominate his memories of his mother and his own childhood.

The unit resents Chavan's attitude, but this same attitude moulds them into a formidable unit. Peter hates Chavan's approach and decides to leave. Chavan tells him that if he flees his training, he will be considered a coward in the eyes of the people and his girlfriend. This motivates Peter, and as a result, he completes the training and tops his class. During a rescue operation, he loses the use of his legs and is honourably discharged from the Army. One commando (Diganto, or 2-by-2) loses his life in the operation. Later, he writes to Chavan inviting him to his wedding.

When Chavan arrives at Peter's house in Mumbai for the wedding, he is informed by a neighbour that Peter is dead. Chavan learns many shocking truths of Peter's locality. Kiran tells him that a group of goons was extorting money from the people of the area. Peter, having taken over his father's bakery, refused to pay and challenged them. The gang killed Peter in front of the whole locality, while Peter fought like a soldier until his end. Chavan finds that not a single person, not even Peter's father, is willing to testify against them out of fear.

Chavan takes matters into his own hands and speaks to the police and the media in pursuit of justice. The police cite the need for eyewitnesses for filing a case while the media is disinterested. Chavan felt that the part of civil society became corrupted and spineless. Later when the gang harasses Kiran, Chavan vents his fury on them. He kills the goons single-handedly, avenging Peter's murder.

Chavan is arrested and tried for killing the goons. In court, Chavan is accused of abusing his powers and taking the law into his hands. An outraged Chavan fervently reminds the people present of all the hardships suffered by their forefathers and security personnel to keep them safe. He states that people have become too feeble to oppose injustice and, unless this changes, society is lost.

In the end, the judge sends him to a mental institution, keeping his military designations intact. Kiran goes to meet him there with her son. The movie ends with a sequence of Major Chavan giving army training to hundreds of children.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Major V. S. Chavan (Maratha Light Infantry)
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Kiran
* [[Gautam Joglekar]] as 2nd Lieutenant Peter D'Souza (Maratha Light Infantry)
* [[Habib Tanvir]] as Joe D'Souza, Peter's father
* [[Madhuri Dixit]] as Shirley
* [[Makrand Deshpande]] as Shirley's brother
* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Chiku, Kiran's son
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Shirley's Father
* [[Shivkumar Subramaniam]] as 2nd Lieutenant Khandagle (Maratha Light Infantry)
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Commando (Maratha Light Infantry)
* [[V. K. Singh| General Vijay Kumar Singh]] as Lieutenant Colonel V K Singh (cameo)
*[[Ragesh Asthana]] as Terrorist
* Jahangir Khan as Terrorist
*[[Cheetah Yagnesh Shetty]] as Local Goon
*[[Aadesh Shrivastava]], who plays violin in the song "Dhadkan Zara Ruk Gayee Hain."
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==

The music of the film was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]. The lyrics were written by Mangesh Kulkarni.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1994">{{cite book | author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha | author2=Paul Willemen | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ | accessdate=26 June 2012 | year=1994 | publisher=British Film Institute | isbn=978-0-85170-455-5}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Dhadkan Zara Ruk Gayee Hai
| extra1 = [[Suresh Wadkar]]
| length1 = 5:31
| title2 = Hamari Hi Mutthi Mein 1
| extra2 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length2 = 4:36
| title3 = Hamari Hi Mutthi Mein 2
| extra3 = [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Hamari Hi Mutthi Mein (sad)
| extra4 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length4 = 2:51
| title5 = Yaad Piya Ki Aaye
| extra5 = [[Shobha Gurtu]]
| length5 = 6:31
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0102701|title=Prahaar: The Final Attack}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:1991 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]

Lucky Star (2013 film)

2026-03-03T20:44:03Z

NaomiLoftis490: new initial post from scratch.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lucky Star
| image = Luckystarposterofficial.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = Deepu Anthikkad
| producer = Milan Jaleel
| writer = Deepu Anthkkad
| starring = [[Jayaram]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] [[Pooja Ramachandran]]
| music = [[Ratheesh Vegha]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay Ulaganath]]
| editing = V T Sreejith
| studio = Galaxy Films
| distributor = [[Galaxy films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|3|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 2.6cr
| gross = 12 cr
}}
'''''Lucky Star''''' is a 2013 [[Malayalam]] [[comedy-drama|comedy-drama film]] written and directed by Deepu Anthikkad in his directorial debut, and produced by Milan Jaleel under his banner Galaxy Films. The film stars [[Jayaram]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] alongside [[Rachana Narayanankutty]], who debuts in cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/bollywood/jayaram-and-mukesh-in-lucky-star/61103/story.htm |title="Jayaram and Mukesh in 'Lucky Star'" |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221065524/http://www.nowrunning.com/bollywood/jayaram-and-mukesh-in-lucky-star/61103/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film is about how a child brings a sea of change in the life of his surrogate parents. ''Lucky Star'' released on 8 March 2013.

==Cast==
* [[Jayaram]] as Ranjith
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Dr. George Chitillapally
* [[Rachana Narayanankutty]] as Janaki
* [[Viroj Dasani]] as Lucky
* [[Pooja Ramachandran]] as Swapna
* [[Mamukoya]] as Pappan
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Bhaskaran
* [[Ammu Ramachandran]] as Sumithra
* [[ P. Sreekumar]]

==Reception==
Oneindia gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and stated "the first half is extremely funny and entertaining, the second half gets a little serious"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2013/lucky-star-movie-review-104932.html |title="Lucky Star Movie Review – Treat for the family Audience" |access-date=8 March 2013 |archive-date=18 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518191611/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/malayalam/reviews/2013/lucky-star-movie-review-104932.html |url-status=live }}</ref> while Indiaglitz called it "A light-hearted entertainer that's an easy watch."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130311190825/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/17286.html "Lucky Star – is a decent watch "]</ref> A review in [[The Times of India]] gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lucky Star|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/18890885.cms|newspaper=Times of India|accessdate=22 March 2013|archive-date=19 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319032701/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/18890885.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sify wrote "this film is not entirely bad and has its moments as well, but it could have been much better.”<ref>{{cite web|title=Lucky Star|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lucky-star-review-malayalam-15022504.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311144756/http://www.sify.com/movies/lucky-star-review-malayalam-15022504.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2013|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref> Rediff gave it 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Lucky Star'' could have been a much better film if a little more thought had been given to how the film should progress in the second half."<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Lucky Star could have been better|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-lucky-star-could-have-been-better/20130311.htm|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=22 March 2013|archive-date=18 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318123151/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-lucky-star-could-have-been-better/20130311.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The film's soundtrack contains 4 songs, all composed by [[Ratheesh Vegha]]. Lyrics by [[Rafeeq Ahamed]] and [[Arjun Vinod Varma]] (Ajju).

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Anchithal Poo Pookkum"
| [[Haricharan]]
|-
| 2
| "Angry Birds"
| [[Arjun Vinod Varma]]
|-
| 3
| "Kunjuvava Kayyil"
| [[Thulasi Yatheendran]]
|-
| 4
| "Parayoo Njaanoru"
| [[Sithara Krishnakumar]], [[Deepu Anthikkadu]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2780206|title=Lucky Star}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Malayalam remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]

Oops Ab Kya?

2026-03-02T20:14:02Z

NaomiLoftis490: added the entry basic info!

{{Short description|2025 Indian comedy-drama television series}}{{Infobox television
| image = Oops Ab Kya.jpg
| genre = [[Comedy-drama]], [[Romance film|Romantic comedy]]
| based_on = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Juana la virgen]]'' by [[Perla Farías]]
* ''[[Jane the Virgin]]'' by [[Jennie Snyder Urman]]
| director ={{Plainlist|
* Prem Mistry
* Debatma Mandal
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]]
* [[Aashim Gulati]]
* [[Abhay Mahajan]]
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]]
* [[Apara Mehta]]
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]]
}}
}}
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| company = Dice Media
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|02|20}}
}}

'''''Oops Ab Kya?''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] streaming television series directed by Prem Mistry and Debatma Mandal for [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2025 |title=Meet the cast of Hindi adaptation of Jane The Virgin |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/oops-ab-kya-character-guide-meet-cast-of-hindi-adaptation-of-jane-the-virgin/4a2422eaa1838 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |publisher=HT Digital Streams}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oops! Ab Kya?: Release date, OTT platform, cast, plot, and more about Shweta Basu Prasad's comedy show |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/oops-ab-kya-release-date-ott-platform-cast-plot-and-more-about-shweta-basu-prasads-comedy-show/b9c5c92de5450 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

It is the official Indian adaptation of the American series ''[[Jane the Virgin]]'', which itself was based on the Venezuelan [[telenovela]] ''[[Jane the Virgin (Venezuelan TV series)|Juana la virgen]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 February 2025 |title=Oops Ab Kya Season 1 Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/oops-ab-kya/oops-ab-kya-season-1/seasonreview/118239660.cms |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=The Times Group}}</ref>

The series stars [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as a young woman who becomes pregnant through accidental [[artificial insemination]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=20 February 2025 |title='Oops! Ab Kya?' review: Forced motherhood leads to easy laughs |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1079362/oops-ab-kya-review-forced-motherhood-leads-to-easy-laughs |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |publisher=Scroll Media Incorporated}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toleti |first=Siddartha |date=2025-02-21 |title=Oops Ab Kya Review: A Dose of Feel-Good Crime |url=https://www.m9.news/ott-review/oops-ab-kya-series-review/ |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='ऊप्‍स! अब क्‍या' रिव्‍यू: मजेदार है श्‍वेता बसु प्रसाद की सीरीज, कॉमेडी के साथ मर्डर मिस्‍ट्री भी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/web-series/review/oops-ab-kya-web-series-review-in-hindi-starring-shweta-basu-prasad-sonali-kulkarni-jaaved-jaaferi-jiohotstar/moviereview/118440764.cms |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

It premiered on 20 February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 January 2025 |title='Oops! Ab Kya?' to release on Disney+ Hotstar on THIS date |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/oops-ab-kya-to-release-on-disney-hotstar-on-this-date-1503390131.html |access-date=26 February 2026 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |publisher=The Statesman Ltd}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oops!Ab Kya? Review: Jaaved Jaaferi, Sonali Kulkarni Starrer Is A Blend Of Thrill, Drama, Murder And Rom-Com |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/oopsab-kya-season-1-review-a-blend-of-thrill-drama-murder-and-rom-com-review-118402906 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Roohi Jani, a young woman committed to remaining a virgin until marriage due to her grandmother's traditional upbringing, has her life upended when she is accidentally artificially inseminated during a routine check-up. The biological father is Samar Pratap Singh, her employer and a former crush. Roohi must navigate her unexpected pregnancy while managing her relationship with her fiancé, Omkar, and the conflicting expectations of three generations of women in her family.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Shweta Basu Prasad]] as Roohi Jani
* [[Aashim Gulati]] as Samar Pratap Singh
* [[Abhay Mahajan]] as Omkar Jadhav
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Paakhi Jani, Roohi's mother
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Subhadra Jani, Roohi's grandmother
* [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] as Vanraj Kapoor
* Amy Aela as Alisha Singh
* Rohit Varghese as the Narrator (voice)

== Reception ==
The series received generally positive reviews for its performances, though some critics felt the condensed eight-episode format was rushed compared to the original 22-episode seasons of ''Jane the Virgin''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2025 |title=Oops Ab Kya review: An ambitious adaptation |url=https://www.socialketchup.in/review/oops-ab-kya-review-8740030 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Social Ketchup}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the series 3 out of 5 stars, calling it a "pot-pourri of emotional highs and lows" and praising the performances.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/oops-ab-kya/oops-ab-kya-season-1/seasonreview/118239660.cms |title=Oops Ab Kya Season 1 Review: A pot-pourri of emotional highs and lows, drama and comedy |last=Sengupta |first=Sreeparna |last2= |last3= |last4= |last5=Is |first5= |access-date=2026-02-26 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

[[Scroll.in]] noted that the series "rolls out ample distractions from its archaic views on sex" and highlighted Shweta Basu Prasad's performance.<ref name=":0" />

[[OTTPlay]] described it as "effortlessly bingeable," noting the combination of traditional television style with contemporary dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2025 |title=Oops! Ab Kya? Is Effortlessly Bingeable |url=https://www.ottplay.com/features/jiohotstar-oops-ab-kya-is-effortlessly-bingeable/0d1b290e2a702 |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |publisher=HT Digital Streams}}</ref>

Hollywood Reporter India called it a "watchable but uninspired remake," stating that it "loses its bite in translation."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title='Oops! Ab Kya?' Series Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/oops-ab-kya-series-review-watchable-but-uninspired-remake-of-jane-the-virgin |access-date=26 February 2026 |website=Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35528920}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/oops-ab-kya/1971314002 Oops! Ab Kya?] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy web series]]

Demographics of Kerala

2026-02-25T19:14:12Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{Short description|None}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox place demographics
| place = [[Kerala]]
| image = Kerala Population Pyramid in 5-year age groups (2011 census).png
| image_size = 350px
| caption = Population pyramid taken from the 2011 census


| size_of_population = 33.4 million
| density = 859 per sq.km
| growth = 3.31% yearly (2021 estimate)
| birth = 11.06 per 1000 pop. (2023 estimate)
<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2023 |url=https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/publication-detail/annual-vital-statistics-report-2023 |website=Department of Economics and Statistics |publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
| death = 8.56 per 1000 pop. (2023 estimate)
<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2023 |url=https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/publication-detail/annual-vital-statistics-report-2023 |website=Department of Economics and Statistics |publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
| life =
| life_male = 75 years
| life_female = 80.15 years
| fertility = 1.35 births per woman (2023 estimate)
<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2023 |url=https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/publication-detail/annual-vital-statistics-report-2023 |website=Department of Economics and Statistics |publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
| infant_mortality = 5.26 per 1000 live births (2023 estimate)
<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2023 |url=https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/publication-detail/annual-vital-statistics-report-2023 |website=Department of Economics and Statistics |publisher=Department of Economics and Statistics, Government of Kerala |access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref>
| net_migration = −0.08 per 1000 (2019 estimate)

| age_0–14_years = 19%
| age_15–64_years = 70%
| age_65_years = 12%


| total_mf_ratio = 0.97 males/female
| sr_at_birth = 1.04 males/female
}}
[[Kerala]] is a state in south-western India. Most of Kerala's 33.4 million people (as per [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]) are ethnically [[Malayali]]s ([[Malayalam]] speakers).<ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA POPULATION STATISTICS AS PER 2011 CENSUS |url=https://scdd.kerala.gov.in/index.php/basic-details/kerala-population-statitics-asper-2011-census}}</ref> Additional ancestries derive from millennia of trade links across the Arabian Sea, whereby people of [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Jews|Jewish]], [[Syriac people|Syriac]], [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], [[English people|English]], [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] and other ethnic groups settled in Kerala. Many of these immigrants [[miscegenation|intermarried]] with native Malayalam speakers resulting in formation of many Muslim and Christian groups in Kerala.<ref>Western Influence on Malayalam Language and Literature by K. M. George, p2, {{ISBN|81-260-0413-4}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=MZqqyxVkufQC&q=Western+Influence+on+Malayalam+Language+and+Literature Google book]</ref><ref>Caste, Class and Catholicism in India 1789–1914 by [[Kenneth Ballhatchet]], p2, {{ISBN|0-7007-1095-7}}</ref> Some Muslims and Christians thus trace their lineage to Middle Eastern and European settlers who mixed with the native population.

[[Malayalam]] is Kerala's [[official language]] and is spoken by at least 97% of the people of Kerala; the next most common language is English. [[Tamil language|Tamil]] is spoken mainly in the districts bordering [[Tamil Nadu]], especially Idukki and Palakkad. [[Tulu language|Tulu]] is spoken in the northern parts of Kasaragod district. In addition, Kerala is home to 321,000 indigenous tribal ''[[Adivasi]]s'' (1.10% of the populace).<ref name="Kalathil_2004_10">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=10}}.</ref> Some 63% of tribals reside in the eastern districts of Wayanad (where 35.82% are tribals), Palakkad (1.02%), and Idukki (15.66%).<ref name="Kalathil_2004_12">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=12}}.</ref> These groups, including the Paniyars, Mooppans, Irulars, [[Kurumbar]]s, and Mudugars,<ref>{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|pp=13–14}}.</ref> speak their own native languages.<ref name="Kalathil_2004_30-32">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|pp=30–32}}.</ref><ref name="Kalathil_2004_37">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=37}}.</ref><ref name="Kalathil_2004_39">{{Harv|Kalathil|2004|p=39}}.</ref> [[Cholanaikkan]] tribe in the [[Silent Valley National Park]] were [[First contact (anthropology)|contacted]] only in the 1970s and they are the most isolated tribe in the state.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=Patrick |title=Social capital as a product of class mobilization and state intervention: Industrial workers in Kerala, India |journal=World Development |date=June 1996 |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=1055–1071 |doi=10.1016/0305-750X(96)00015-0|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Population==
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; font-size:85%; width:175px; margin:0 0 1em 1em;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#33c; color:white;"| '''Population density of Kerala'''
|- style="background:#fff; color:#555; text-align:center;"
| [[File:Kerala density map1.PNG|175px]]
|- style="background:#fff; color:#555; text-align:center;"
| Kerala's districts, shaded by population density {{Nowrap|(inhabitants per km2)}}
|- style="background:#eee; color:black; text-align:center;"
| Source:<ref>{{Harv|GOK|2001}}</ref>
|}

Kerala is home to 2.76% of India's population, and at 859 persons per km2;<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_results_paper1_india.html |title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals India : Paper1 : Census 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> its land is three times as densely settled as the rest of India. Kerala's western coastal regions are the most densely settled with population of 2,022 persons per km2, 2.5 times the overall population density of the state, 859 persons per km2, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast |publisher=National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests |author1=R Ramesh |author2=R Purvaja |author3=A Senthil Vel |access-date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=30 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530204904/http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, Kerala's [[population growth rate]] is far lower than the national average, although Kerala's population more than doubled between 1951 and 1991 – adding 15.6 million people to reach a total of 29.1 million residents in 1991 – the population stood at 31.8 million by 2001 and 33.3 million in 2011.<ref name="Census 2011"/> Kerala's people are most densely settled in the coastal region, leaving the eastern hills and mountains comparatively sparsely populated.{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}} Kerala is the [[Urbanisation in India|second-most urbanised major state]] in the country with [[List of cities in Kerala by urban area growth|47.7% urban population]] according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref name="ubn">{{cite web|url=http://mohua.gov.in/cms/level-of-urbanisation.php|title=Level of Urbanisation in Indian States|website=mohua.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

[[Hinduism]] is followed by the majority of Keralites (54.7%). The major religions followed in Kerala are [[Hinduism]] (54.7% — [[Hinduism in Kerala]]), [[Islam]] (26.6%) and Christianity (18.4%).<ref name="Indian Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/|title=Indian Census|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref>

Kerala also had a [[Cochin Jews|tiny Jewish population]] until recently, said to date from 587 BC when they fled the occupation of [[Jerusalem]] by [[Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon|Nebuchadnezzar]].<ref>[http://ednafernandes.com/ Edna Fernandes], The Last Jews of Kerala, Skyhorse Publishing, 2008</ref> The 2001 Indian census recorded only 51 Jews in Kerala. The [[Paradesi Synagogue]] in [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] is the oldest synagogue in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Oldest Commonwealth synagogue turns 450 | website=Business Standard| date=9 December 2018 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/oldest-commonwealth-synagogue-turns-450-118120900138_1.html | agency=Press Trust of India | access-date=2024-10-11}}</ref>

The state has many famous temples, mosques, and churches. The oldest church in India is found in Kerala, believed to be established by St. Thomas, the disciple of Jesus Christ and the [[Cheraman Juma Mosque|Cheramaan Juma Mosque]] is considered to be the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent which was built by an Islamic missionary [[Malik Dinar]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+Historical population
!Year
!Population
!Decadal growth
|-
|2011
|33,406,061
|4.91
|-
|2001
|31,841,374
|9.43
|-
|1991
|29,098,518
|14.32
|-
|1981
|25,453,680
|19.24
|-
|1971
|21,347,375
|26.29
|-
|1961
|16,903,715
|24.76
|-
|1951
|13,549,118
|22.82
|-
|1941
|11,031,541
|16.04
|-
|1931
|9,507,050
|21.85
|-
|1921
|7,802,127
|9.16
|-
|1911
|7,147,673
|11.75
|-
|1901
|6,392,620
| –
|}

=== Population graph of Kerala from 2005 to 20 ===
<graph>{"version":2,"width":558,"height":361.4,"data":[{"name":"table","values":[{"x":1901,"y":6396262},{"x":1911,"y":7147673},{"x":1999,"y":7802127},{"x":1931,"y":9507050},{"x":1941,"y":11031541},{"x":1951,"y":13549118},{"x":1961,"y":16903715},{"x":1971,"y":21347375},{"x":1981,"y":25453680},{"x":1991,"y":29098518},{"x":2001,"y":31841374},{"x":2011,"y":33406061}]}],"scales":[{"name":"x","type":"linear","range":"width","zero":false,"domain":{"data":"table","field":"x"}},{"name":"y","type":"linear","range":"height","nice":true,"domain":{"data":"table","field":"y"}}],"axes":[{"type":"x","scale":"x"},{"type":"y","scale":"y"}],"marks":[{"type":"area","from":{"data":"table"},"properties":{"enter":{"x":{"scale":"x","field":"x"},"y":{"scale":"y","field":"y"},"y2":{"scale":"y","value":10},"interpolate":{"value":"monotone"},"fill":{"value":"steelblue"}}}}]}</graph>
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=Population of Kerala - StatisticsTimes.com|url=http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-kerala.php|access-date=23 May 2020|website=statisticstimes.com|archive-date=8 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508104647/http://statisticstimes.com/demographics/population-of-kerala.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Features ==
[[File:Distribution of Population in Malappuram District.svg|thumbnail|Distribution of Population in [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], the most populous district of Kerala (2011).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |title= Census 2011, Malappuram}}</ref> The distribution is similar to this pattern in every part of the state. The western [[Arabian Sea]] coastline is densely populated while the eastern hilly region adjacent to the [[Western Ghats]] is sparsely populated compared to its western coastal counterpart.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.ncscm.org/cms/geo/pdf/research/kerala_fact_sheet.pdf |title=Shoreline change assessment for Kerala coast |publisher=National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management, Ministry of Environment and Forests |author1=R Ramesh |author2=R Purvaja |author3=A Senthil Vel}}</ref>]]

===Social development===
Kerala ranks highest in India with respect to social development indices such as elimination of poverty, primary education and healthcare. This resulted from significant efforts begun in 1911 by the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Cochin|Princely states of Cochin]] and [[Travancore]] to boost healthcare and education among the people. This central focus – deemed unusual in India – was then maintained after Kerala's post-independence inauguration as a state.<ref name="Varma_2005">{{cite book |last=Varma |first=A.R. Rajaraja |title=Keralapanineeyam |publisher=D C Books |year=2005 |location=Kottayam |isbn=81-7130-672-1}}</ref> Thus, Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India of 93.91% (2011);<ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2011: Chapter 6 State of Literacy |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903062239/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf/ |archive-date=3 September 2013 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> and life expectancy is now the highest in India. The suicide rates in Kerala are the highest in India.<ref>http://ncrb.nic.in/StatPublications/ADSI/ADSI2015/chapter-2%2520suicides-v1.pdf&ved=0ahUKEwibmOS41p_XAhUBLo8KHVjhCeUQFgh7MAk&usg=AOvVaw1qQ89yX7CZ0QKT6J9VigMn {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, Kerala and Puducherry are the only domiciles in India with a [[sex ratio|female-to-male ratio]] higher than 0.99. The ratio for Kerala is 1.084 – 1084 females per 1000 males – while the national figure is 0.940.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> It is also one of the states in India to have [[sub-replacement fertility]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://niti.gov.in/content/total-fertility-rate-tfr-birth-woman |title=| NITI Aayog |publisher=Niti.gov.in |date=25 April 2022 |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>

[[UNICEF]] and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) designated Kerala as the world's first "baby-friendly state" via its "[[Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative]]". The state is also known for [[Ayurveda]], a traditional system of medicine – this traditional expertise is currently drawing increasing numbers of [[Medical tourism|medical tourist]]s. However, drawbacks to this situation includes the population's steady ageing – indeed, 11.2% of Keralites are age 60 or over.<ref name="Varma_2005" />

Kerala's unusual socioeconomic and demographic situation was summarised by author and environmentalist [[Bill McKibben]]:<ref name="McKibben_2006">{{Harv|McKibben|1999}}.</ref>

===Expatriation and Emigration===
As of 2011, a total of 2,280,000 Keralites reside outside India. Largest populations are found in UAE (883,313) and US (68,076).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=127311 |title=Migration From Kerala Growing Steadily, Shows Study |publisher=Daijiworld.com |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>

The major concentrations of expat Keralites are in the following nations: ''(figures as of 2011)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emirates247.com/news/a-gulf-without-keralites-could-soon-be-a-reality-2012-10-18-1.479297 |title=A Gulf without Keralites could soon be a reality |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |date=18 October 2012 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>
* [[UAE]] – 883,313
* United States – 68,076 (mainly U.S. Citizens)
* [[KSA]] – 574,739
* Oman – 195,300
* Qatar – 410,000
* Kuwait – 127,782
* Bahrain – 216,000
* United Kingdom – 44,640
* Canada – 28,000
* Australia – 50,000
* Portugal – 2,000
* Italy – 25,000
* Germany – 10,000

===Diversity===
There are more than 2,500,000 recent migrants living in Kerala,<ref name="frontlineonnet.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2801/stories/20110114280104400.htm |title= Invisible people|website=www.frontlineonnet.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131141042/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2801/stories/20110114280104400.htm |archive-date=31 January 2011}}</ref> mostly from [[Assam]] and [[West Bengal]], constituting more than 8% of the population. There are also migrants from Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, and the North East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-migrants-own-country/821311/0 |title=In Migrants' Own Country |work=The Indian Express |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="frontlineonnet.com"/><ref>{{cite web|title=No Malayalam please, we're Bongs|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/no-malayalam-please-we-re-bongs/cid/549315|access-date=12 June 2020|website=The Telegraph (India)|language=en}}</ref>

Studies indicate that by the time of 2026 state elections, migrants will become a crucial voting block in many of the constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Kochi, Kozhikode, Thrissur and Kannur districts.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110420/jsp/nation/story_13877410.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102150628/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110420/jsp/nation/story_13877410.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=2 November 2012 | location=Kolkata, India | work=The Telegraph | first=K.M. | last=Rakesh | title=Missing voters | date=20 April 2011}}</ref>

==Lists==

===Urban centres===
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Kerala has six [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|1.5 million-plus urban agglomerations]]: [[Kochi metropolitan area|Kochi]], [[Kozhikode metropolitan area|Kozhikode]], [[Kollam]], [[Kannur]], [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|Thiruvananthapuram]], and [[Thrissur]], all of which has a population of at least 1.5 million.<ref name="emplo">{{cite web |url=http://www.govemployees.in/2015/06/02/revised-list-of-classification-cities-for-hra-of-central-government-employees/ |website=govemployees.in |title=Cities of India – statewise |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=25 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825063143/http://www.govemployees.in/2015/06/02/revised-list-of-classification-cities-for-hra-of-central-government-employees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/three-of-worlds-ten-fastest-growing-urban-areas-are-in-kerala-6205749/ |title=3 of world's 10 fastest-growing urban areas are in Kerala: Economist ranking |date=8 January 2020 |access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="oslo">{{cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |website=kerala.gov.in |title=Urban centres of Kerala |access-date=14 May 2021 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230044541/https://kerala.gov.in/documents/10180/622777/urban |url-status=dead }}</ref> Over a third of Keralites live in these large cities (a higher percentage than any other state), and over half the population lives in urban centres.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/One-in-3-Keralites-lives-in-big-cities/articleshow/10514023.cms | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126115926/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-28/india/30332125_1_million-plus-cities-big-city-urban-population | url-status=live | archive-date=26 January 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=One in 3 Keralites lives in big cities | date=28 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|Thiruvananthapuram]] is the largest city in Kerala in terms of population

{{Major cities in Kerala}}

The above table lists Kerala cities in terms of their respective corporation statistics.

According to the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], 7 of the top 50 [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|most populous metropolitan areas in India]] belong to Kerala. They are '''Kochi, Kozhikode, Kollam, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kannur''' and '''Thrissur''' ranking 17, 19, 21, 25, 26, 27 and 48 respectively.<ref name="oslo"/><ref name="emplo"/>

===Most populous urban agglomerations===

The following is a list of most populous [[urban agglomeration]]s in the [[Kerala]] state of India. Population statistics indicated are as of 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/ker_towns.pdf|title=ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS AND THEIR POPULATION|accessdate=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Analysis_Census_Data.pdf|title=Population Analysis with list of UAs and their Population|accessdate=22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/Analysis_Census_Data.pdf |title=Analysis of Census Date : 2011 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>

(Note that this is a list of metropolitan (UA) population and does not indicate the corporation populations. Cities in India are officially ranked in terms of these numbers)
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 50%; font-size: 0.90em;"
|-
! Rank !! UA !! Population (2011) !! Population (2001) !! District
|-
| 1 || [[Kochi metropolitan area|Kochi]] ||2,117,990 || 1,355,972 || [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|-
| 2 || [[Kozhikode metropolitan area|Kozhikode]] ||2,030,519|| 715,681 || [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
|-
| 3|| [[Thrissur]]||1,854,783 || 103,122 || [[Thrissurdistrict|Thrissur]]
|-
| 4 || [[Malappuram metropolitan area|Malappuram]] ||1,698,645 || 170,409 || [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
|-
| 5 || [[Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area|Thiruvananthapuram]] ||1,679,754 || 1,089,635 || [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
|-
| 6 || [[Kannur]] ||1,642,892 || 498,207 || [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
|-
| 7 || [[Kollam metropolitan area|Kollam]] ||1,110,005 || 380,091|| [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|-
| 8 || [[Cherthala]] ||455,408 || 141,558 || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|-
| 9 || [[Kayamkulam]] ||427,091 || 68,585 || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|-
| 10 || [[Kottayam]] ||357,533 || 172,878 || [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|-
| 11 || [[Palakkad]] ||293,566 || 283,369 || [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|-
| 12 || [[Alappuzha]] ||241,072 || 282,675 || [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|-
| 13 || [[Ottappalam]] ||238,238 || 49,242 || [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
|-
| 14 || [[Kanhangad]] ||229,706 || 129,367 || [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|-
| 15 || [[Kasaragod]] ||192,761 || 75,968 || [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]
|-
| 16 || [[Changanassery]] ||127,971 || 51,967 || [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|-
| 17 || [[Chalakkudy]] ||114,901 || 48,380 || [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
|-
| 18 || [[Kothamangalam]] ||114,574 ||37,173 || [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
|}

===Ethnic groups===
{{Main article|Ethnic groups in Kerala}}

The vast majority of residents of Kerala are [[Malayali]]s, but there are many smaller ethnic groups including [[Tuluva]]s, [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Kannadiga]]s, [[Konkani people|Konkanis]] and various tribals. In addition, as of early 2013 there are close to 2.5 million (7.5% of state population) migrant workers from other states of India in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Press Trust of India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/migrant-worker-population-in-kerala-touches-25-m/article4421810.ece |title=Migrant worker population in Kerala touches 2.5 m | Business Line |work=Business Line |date=16 February 2013 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref>

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|float=right
|caption='''Languages of Kerala''' (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=13–14}}</ref>
|value1=97.02|color1=#FE6F5E
|value2=1.49|color2=#FBE274
|value3=1.5|color3=#97BC62FF
|label1=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]|label2=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|label3=Others}}
[[Kerala]] is the most unilingual state of India in which about 97% of the total population speak [[Malayalam]] as their [[Native language]].<ref name="census2011-langreport"/> In addition, there is a significant [[Tamil language|Tamil]] population in [[Idukki district|Idukki]] district, which accounts for 17.48% of its total population.<ref name="lg">{{cite web |title=Census of India – Language |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |website= censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Kannada]] are spoken in the northern portions of [[Kasaragod district]], each of which account for 8.77% and 4.23% of total population in the district respectively.<ref name="lg"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala government to appoint officer to study issues of linguistic minorities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/government-to-appoint-officer-to-study-issues-of-linguistic-minorities/articleshow/59892625.cms |date=2 August 2017 |newspaper=The Times of India |department=City: Thiruvananthapuram |agency=TNN}}</ref> [[Konkani language|Konkani]] speakers are scattered throughout with major concentration in Kochi and Kasargod. Kochi also as a few Gujarati and Kacchhi speakers. There are also various minor tribal languages like Irula, Kuruma, Malavedan, Kanikkaran, Kurichiya etc found in the mountainous regions particularly in Wayanad and Idukki.
Dakhini Urdu is spoken In Manjeshwar, Uppala and Kasaragod by the muslim population.

===Religion===
{{Main article|Religion in Kerala}}
Hindus constitute 54.7% of the population of Kerala, followed by Islam with 26.6% population and Christianity at third with 18.4% population as per 2011 census.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of Kerala (1901–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|title = Kerala: Muslims will be double the number of Christians by 2051|date = 16 March 2016|access-date = 14 May 2021|archive-date = 12 November 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112001939/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/160316/kerala-muslims-will-be-double-the-number-of-christians-by-2051.html|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>[https://i.imgur.com/imH5BdY.png Photo] imgur.com</ref>
|-
! Census Year
| colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|[[Hinduism|'''Hindus''']]
| style="background:Orange;"| '''''Decadal Growth rate (%)'''''
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Islam|'''Muslims''']]
| style="background:Green;"| '''''Decadal Growth rate (%)'''''
| colspan="2" style="background:DodgerBlue;"|[[Christianity|'''Christians''']]
| style="background:DodgerBlue;"| '''''Decadal Growth rate (%)'''''
! colspan="2"| Total Population
! Decadal Growth rate (%)
|-
! 1901
| 4,378,305
| '''68.5%'''
| ''N/A''
| 1,119,473
| '''17.5%'''
| ''N/A''
| 891,767
| '''13.9%'''
| ''N/A''
| 6,389,545
| '''100.0%'''
| ''N/A''
|-
! 1911
| 4,762,393
| '''66.8%'''
| style="background:red;"| +8.77
| 1,263,602
| '''17.7%'''
| +12.87
| 1,101,289
| '''15.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +23.50
| 7,127,284
| '''100.0%'''
| +11.55
|-
! 1921
| 5,052,039
| '''64.9%'''
| style="background:red;"| +6.08
| 1,360,180
| '''17.5%'''
| +7.64
| 1,376,354
| '''17.7%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +24.98
| 7,788,573
| '''100.0%'''
| +9.28
|-
! 1931
| 6,021,982
| '''63.4%'''
| style="background:red;"| +19.20
| 1,624,112
| '''17.1%'''
| +19.40
| 1,856,024
| '''19.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +34.85
| 9,502,118
| '''100.0%'''
| +22.00
|-
! 1941
| 6,699,600
| '''61.8%'''
| style="background:red;"| +11.25
| 1,883,786
| '''17.4%'''
| +11.60
| 2,263,888
| '''20.9%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +21.98
| 10,847,274
| '''100.0%'''
| +14.16
|-
! 1951
| 8,344,351
| '''61.6%'''
| style="background:red;"| +24.55
| 2,374,598
| '''17.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +26.05
| 2,825,720
| '''20.9%'''
| +24.82
| 13,544,669
| '''100.0%'''
| +24.87
|-
! 1961
| 10,282,568
| '''60.9%'''
| style="background:red;"| +23.23
| 3,027,639
| '''17.9%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +27.50
| 3,587,365
| '''21.2%'''
| +26.95
| 16,897,572
| '''100.0%'''
| +24.75
|-
! 1971
| 12,683,277
| '''59.4%'''
| style="background:red;"| +23.35
| 4,162,718
| '''19.5%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +37.49
| 4,494,089
| '''21.1%'''
| +25.28
| 21,340,084
| '''100.0%'''
| +26.29
|-
! 1981
| 14,801,347
| '''58.2%'''
| +16.70
| 5,409,687
| '''21.3%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +30.00
| 5,233,865
| '''20.6%'''
| style="background:red;"| +16.46
| 25,444,899
| '''100.0%'''
| +19.24
|-
! 1991
| 16,668,587
| '''57.3%'''
| +12.62
| 6,788,354
| '''23.3%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +25.49
| 5,621,510
| '''19.3%'''
| style="background:red;"| +7.41
| 29,078,451
| '''100.0%'''
| +14.28
|-
! 2001
| 17,920,105
| '''56.3%'''
| style="background:red;"| +7.51
| 7,863,842
| '''24.7%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +15.84
| 6,057,427
| '''19.0%'''
| +7.75
| 31,841,374
| '''100.0%'''
| +9.50
|-
! 2011
| 18,282,492
| '''54.9%'''
| +2.02
| 8,873,472
| '''26.6%'''
| style="background:#03c04a;"| +12.84
| 6,141,269
| '''18.4%'''
| style="background:red;"| +1.38
| 33,406,061
| '''100.0%'''
| +4.91
|-
| colspan="3" style="background:red;"| ''Indicates Least growth rate''
| colspan="3" style="background:#03c04a;"| ''Indicates Most growth rate''
| colspan="7" style="font-size:95%; background:#cef; text-align:center;"| '''Source: Census of India (1901–2011)'''
|}
[[File:Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes.png|thumb|700px|left|Percent Distribution of District Population by Hindu Castes]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"
|+Detailed breakdown of religious demographics
!Religion !! 2001<ref name="religion1">{{cite web |title=Total population by religious communities |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=20 November 2014 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
!%!! 2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web |title=Indian Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015 |access-date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Census Department, Government of India}}</ref>
!%
|-
| Hinduism || 17,883,449
|56.16|| 18,282,492
|54.73
|-
| Islam || 7,863,842
|24.70|| 8,873,472
|26.56
|-
| Christianity || 6,057,427
|19.02|| 6,141,269
|18.38
|-
| Buddhism || 2,027
|>0.01|| 4,752
|0.01
|-
| Jainism || 4,528
|0.01|| 4,489
|0.01
|-
| Sikhism || 2,762
|>0.01|| 3,814
|0.01
|-
| Other || 2,256
|>0.01|| 7,618
|0.02
|-
| Not stated || —
|—|| 88,155
|0.26
|-
| '''Total'''|| '''31,841,374'''
|'''~100'''|| '''33,406,061'''
|'''~100'''
|}

===Religious demographics of Travancore (1816–1941)===
{{main article|Travancore}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of [[Travancore]] (1816–1941)
|-
! Census year
| colspan="2" style="background:Orange;"|[[Hinduism|'''Hindus''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:DodgerBlue;"|[[Christianity|'''Christians''']]
| colspan="2" style="background:Green;"|[[Islam|'''Muslims''']]
|'''Total population'''
|-
! 1816 – 1820
| 752,371
| '''82.99%'''
| 112,158
| '''12.37%'''
| 42,058
| '''4.64%'''
|906,587
|-
! 1881
| 1,755,610
| '''73.12%'''
| 498,542
| '''20.76%'''
| 146,909
| '''6.12%'''
|2,401,158
|-
! 1891
| 1,871,864
| '''73.18%'''
| 526,911
| '''20.60%'''
| 158,823
| '''6.21%'''
|2,557,736
|-
! 1901
| 2,063,798
| '''69.91%'''
| 697,387
| '''23.62%'''
| 190,566
| '''6.46%'''
|2,952,157
|-
! 1911
| 2,298,390
| '''67.03%'''
| 903,868
| '''26.36%'''
| 226,617
| '''6.61%'''
|3,428,975
|-
! 1921
| 2,562,301
| '''63.96%'''
| 1,172,934
| '''29.27%'''
| 270,478
| '''6.75%'''
|4,006,062
|-
! 1931
| 3,137,795
| '''61.57%'''
| 1,604,475
| '''31.46%'''
| 353,274
| '''6.93%'''
|5,095,973
|-
! 1941
| 3,671,480
| '''60.49%'''
| 1,963,808
| '''32.35%'''
| 434,150
| '''7.15%'''
|6,070,018
|}
''Sources:''<ref name="r1931">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5591/1/43534_1931_REP.pdf |title=Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report |publisher=Government of Travancore |year=1932 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=327, 331}}</ref><ref name="r1881">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5570/1/41740.pdf |title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1881) |publisher=Government of India |year=1884 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=135, 258}}</ref><ref name="r1891">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5571/1/42181.pdf |title=Report on the Census of Travancore (1891) |publisher=Government of India |year=1894 |location=Chennai |pages=10–11, 683}}</ref><ref name="r1941">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5598/1/20374_1941_REP.pdf |title=Travancore, Part I, Vol-XXV (1941) |publisher=Government of Travancore |year=1942 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=124–125}}</ref>

===Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871–1951)===
{{main article|Malabar District}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|+Religious Demographics of [[Malabar District]] (1871&1951)
|-
| colspan="2" style="background:Dodgerblue;"|[[Religion in Kerala|'''Religion''']]
| style="background:Orange;"|[[1871|'''1871''']]
| style="background:Green;"|[[1951|'''1951''']]
|-
! 1
| '''Hinduism'''
| 72.43%
| 63.25%
|-
! 2
| '''Islam'''
| 25.72%
| 33.49%
|-
! 3
| '''Christianity'''
| 1.43%
| 3.24%
|}
''Sources:<ref name="census1871">{{Cite book |last=Cornish |first=W. R. |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6348/1/140412_1871.pdf |title=Report on the Census of Madras Presidency – 1871 |publisher=Government of Madras |year=1874 |isbn= |location=Madras}}</ref><ref name="census1951">{{Cite book |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf |title=1951 census handbook – Malabar district |publisher=Government of Madras |year=1953 |location=Chennai}}</ref>''

===Communities===
{{Pie chart
|caption = '''Caste/communities of Kerala (2011)'''
|value1 = 16.7
|color1 = ForestGreen
|label1 = [[Mappila Muslims]]
|value2 = 9.92
|color2 = Blue
|label2 = [[Rowther ]]Muslims
|value3 = 12.2
|color3 = Yellow
|label3 = [[Ezhava]]s
|value4 = 10.4
|color4 = Red
|label4 = [[Tiyyar|Thiyyar]]
|color5 = OrangeRed
|value5 = 14.6
|label5 = [[Nair]]s
|value6 = 12.5
|color6 = White
|label6 = [[Saint Thomas Christians|Marthoma Nasrani]]
|value7 = 9.8
|color7 = DarkBlue
|label7 = [[List of Scheduled Castes in Kerala|Scheduled Castes]]
|value8 = 2.8
|color8 = Gold
|label8 = [[Dheevara (caste)|Dheevara]]s
|value9 = 2.5
|color9 = SkyBlue
|label9 = [[Latin Catholics of Malabar|Roman Catholic Latin Rite]]
|value10 = 1.7
|color10 = Orange
|label10 = [[Malayali Brahmin|Brahmins]]
|value11 = 1.1
|color11 = Black
|label11 = [[Tribals in Kerala|Scheduled Tribes]]
|value12 = 3.0
|color12 = AquaMarine
|label12 = [[Christianity in Kerala|Other Christians]]
|value13 = 2.9
|color13 = SandyBrown
|label13 = [[Hinduism in Kerala|Other Hindu Castes]]
|value14 = 0.3
|color14 = Purple
|label14 = [[Religion in Kerala|Others]]
}}
{{Main article|Religion in Kerala}}
{{See also|Caste system among South Asian Christians}}

==== SC and ST population in Kerala ====

The SC population of Kerala is 3,123,941 which is 9.80% of overall population. ST in Kerala, with a population of 364,000 constitute 1.14% of the population.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_kerala.pdf Census Tables] censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030145/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_kerala.pdf |date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>

'''Denominations groups among Christians:'''{{Refn|Denominations are not considered as caste or ethnic groups. Caste groups among Christians, which is a continuation of casteism in Hinduism, runs parallel to denominational divisions. One caste group may be spread over many denominations. One denomination may have more than one caste group in it. A person belonging to a denomination can convert to another denomination.}}

Catholic church (Syro-Malabar, Latin and Malankara) is the largest denomination among Kerala Christians,Among which Syro Malabar Is The Largest.Orthodox, Jacobite and Marthoma denominations claim Syrian roots. Major Protestant groups include CSI, various Pentecostal churches. Chaldean Syrian, Seventh Day Adventists, Salvation Army are some other denominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114125423/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/23/stories/2004092306010500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Kerala News : Increase in Muslim population in the State|date=23 September 2004|access-date=20 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/guess-whos-after-the-hindu-vote-in-kerala-hint-its-not-the-bjp-2619712.html|title=Guess who's after the Hindu vote in Kerala? (Hint: It's not the BJP)|date=10 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/caste-based-organisations-nss-sndp-form-hindu-grand-alliance-in-kerala-115305-2012-09-05|title=Caste-based organisations NSS, SNDP form Hindu Grand Alliance in Kerala|first1=M. G. |last1=Radhakrishnan|date=5 September 2012|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/the-communal-polarisation-of-keralas-voters/20110601.htm|title=The communal polarisation of Kerala's voters|first=T. V. R.|last=Shenoy|website=Rediff}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/dheevara-sabha-calls-for-redefining-minority-status/article3101517.ece|title=Dheevara Sabha calls for redefining minority status|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 July 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/brahmins-in-india/234783|title=Brahmins in India|date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

====Tribal communities====

Kerala has approximately 35 distinct scheduled tribes that constitute 1.3% of the population. Though entirely unique, their languages are often not highlighted as distinct in the census. The Paniyan, who are the numerically dominant tribe, live in north east of the state and practice settled cultivation. The Kattunaikan, Kurichian and Kuruman belong to the same region. Palleyan, Palliyan and Palliyar inhabit the Idukki region not far from the Anamalai and Palani hills of Tamil Nadu where you find the same population. The Kadar, Irular, Kurumbas, Maha malasar and Malasar inhabit the Palghat region close to their counterparts in Niligiri and Anamalai hills of Tamil Nadu. The same is the case of the Kudiya and Koraga living in the northern most tip of the state next to Kodagu and Dakshina Kannada region of Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demographie.net/atlasofindia/atlas91/files/pot_ker.htm|title=Population of Tribals Percentage of Population – Kerala|date=2003|access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px">
File:Tr-en1.png|Total number of tribal communities

File:Nkl.png|Tribes of North Kerala

File:C-skl.png|Tribes of Central-South Kerala

File:Southkl.png|Tribes of South Kerala
</gallery>

=== Age structure ===
[[File:Kerala Population Pyramid in 5-year age groups (2011 census).png|thumb|500px|Population pyramid for Kerala as of 2011]]

(2011 census)
:0–6 years: 9.95%
:7–14 years: 23.9%
:15–59 years: 54.3%
:60 years and over:12.8%

{| class="wikitable"
|+Population by age (2011)
!Age (Years):
!Male population
!Female population
|-
|0–4
|1247534
|1205558
|-
|5–9
|1303190
|1251922
|-
|10–14
|1438917
|1383853
|-
|15–19
|1328299
|1282253
|-
|20–24
|1298826
|1366983
|-
|25–29
|1203978
|1400114
|-
|30–34
|1128217
|1327284
|-
|35–39
|1161819
|1417854
|-
|40–44
|1117424
|1295074
|-
|45–49
|1105598
|1242932
|-
|50–54
|931191
|996954
|-
|55–59
|861527
|880881
|-
|60–64
|685136
|729535
|-
|65–69
|459232
|542902
|-
|70–74
|326562
|406810
|-
|75–79
|208317
|293050
|-
|80+
|204348
|337501
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Median age
!Year:
!1961
!1971
!1981
!1991
!2001
!2011
|-
|Age:
|19.28
|19.39
|21.81
|24.36
|28.87
|32
|}

===Urbanisation===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Urbanisation Rate in Kerala
!Year
!Rural
population

(%)
!Urban
Population

(%)
|-
|1961
|84.9
|15.11
|-
|1971
|83.76
|16.24
|-
|1981
|81.26
|18.74
|-
|1991
|73.61
|26.39
|-
|2001
|74.04
|25.96
|-
|2011
|52.26
|47.74
|}

===Birth rate===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Births !! Deaths !! Natural change !! Birth rate !! Death rate!! N. change rate
|-
| 1997 || 607,727 || 166,428 || 441,299 || 19.2 || 5.3 || 13.9
|-
| 1998 || 591,508 || 185,788 || 405,720 || 18.4 || 5.8 || 12.6
|-
| 1999 || 596,948 || 186,828 || 410,120 || 18.3 || 5.7 || 12.6
|-
| 2000 || 593,724 || 178,795 || 414,929 || 18.0 || 5.4 || 12.6
|-
| 2001 || 579,063 || 182,059 || 397,004 || 18.1 || 5.7 || 12.4
|-
| 2002 || 581,925 || 184,597 || 397,328 || 18.0 || 5.7 || 12.3
|-
| 2003 || 558,369 || 194,264 || 364,105 || 17.2 || 6.0 || 11.2
|-
| 2004 || 563,153 || 199,017 || 364,136 || 17.1 || 6.1 || 11.0
|-
| 2005 || 559,082 || 204,157 || 354,925 || 17.3 || 6.3 || 11.0
|-
| 2006 || 556,326 || 219,094 || 337,232 || 16.6 || 6.6 || 10.0
|-
| 2007 || 545,154 || 238,691 || 306,463 || 16.2 || 7.1 || 9.1
|-
| 2008 || 535,738 || 221,769 || 313,969 || 15.7 || 6.5 || 9.2
|-
| 2009 || 544,348 || 238,691 || 305,657 || 16.2 || 7.1 || 9.1
|-
| 2010 || 546,964 || 238,864 || 308,100 || 15.8 || 6.9 || 8.9
|-
| 2011 || 560,268 || 245,002 || 315,266 || 16.7 || 7.3 || 9.4
|-
| 2012 || 550,411 || 239,982 || 310,429 || 16.4 || 7.1 || 9.3
|-
| 2013 || 536,352 || 260,915 || 276,157 || 15.9 || 7.7 || 8.2
|-
| 2014 || 534,458 || 248,242 || 286,216 || 15.8 || 7.3 || 8.5
|-
| 2015 || 516,013 || 252,576 || 263,437 || 15.1 || 7.4 || 7.7
|-
| 2016 || 496,292 || 256,130 || 240,162 || 14.5 || 7.5 || 7.0
|-
| 2017 || 503,588 || 263,342 || 240,246 || 14.6 || 7.6 || 7.0
|-
| 2018 || 488,174 || 258,530 || 229,644 || 14.1 || 7.5 || 6.6
|-
| 2019 || 480,113 || 270,567 || 209,546 || 13.8 || 7.8 || 6.0
|-
| 2020 || 446,891 || 250,983 || 195,908 || 12.8 || 7.2 || 5.6
|-
| 2021 || 419,767 || 339,648 || 80,119 || 11.9 || 9.7 || 2.3
|-
|2022
|443,032
|323,929
|119,103
|12.5
|9.2
|3.4
|-
|2023
|393,231
|304,286
|88,945
|11.1
|8.6
|2.5
|}
* Source: [https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/publication-list?category=3043&scheme=4135&jurisdiction=&from=&to=&search=&published_from=&published_to=&tab=publications&sort=newest Kerala Department of Economics and Statistics | Vital statistics]

;Birth data by religion
{| class="wikitable"
|+Percentage Distribution of Live Birth by Religion of the Family<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html |title=Vital Statistics Reports |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=11 June 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607065625/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Religion
!2023<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=DES, Government of Kerala |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2023 |url=https://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=ecostat.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
! %
!2022<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=DES, Government of Kerala |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2022 |url=https://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=ecostat.kerala.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
! %
!2021<ref name="2021data">{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2021, Page Number 98 |url=https://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/storage/publications/656.pdf |access-date=30 May 2023 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>!! %
!2020<ref name="2020data">{{cite web |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2020, Page Number 109 |url=https://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/storage/publications/534.pdf |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division, Department of Economics & Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram}}</ref>!! %
!2019<ref name=2019data>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2019.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2019, Page Number 100|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607065625/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/index.php/reports/vital-statistics-reports.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! %
!2018<ref name=2018data>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2018, Page Number 92|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102023933/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! %
!2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2017.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2017, Page Number 90|publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620141704/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
!%!! 2016<ref>[http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2016.pdf Vital statistics 2016] kerala.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424210733/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2016.pdf |date=24 April 2021 }}</ref> !! % !!2015<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2015.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2015, Page Number 21 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=24 May 2017 |archive-date=21 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621062411/http://ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2014.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2014, Page Number 22 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 June 2016 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112013826/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2014.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2013.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2013, Page Number 22 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 July 2015 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206103819/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/annualvitalstat_2013.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2012.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2012, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 November 2014 |archive-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020211130/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ecostat/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2011, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 February 2014 |archive-date=6 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206103725/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/ecostat/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>!! % !! 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2010.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2010, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 23-24 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 March 2013 |archive-date=19 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919063417/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2009.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2009, Table – 2.7 (a), Page Number 19-20 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 October 2011 |archive-date=19 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919063205/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2008<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsbulletin2008.pdf |title= Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2008, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 19-20 |publisher= Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate= 1 March 2010 |archive-date= 19 September 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130919063542/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsbulletin2008.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2007<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2007, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 16 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |accessdate=1 June 2009 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323122536/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2006.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2006, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 34 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426192829/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! % !! 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2005.pdf |title=Annual Vital Statistics Report – 2005, Table – 1.7 (a), Page Number 28 |publisher=Government of Kerala, Vital Statistics Division Department of Economics & Statistics Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=26 August 2020 |archive-date=10 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110161845/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/Vital_Statistics/data/vital_statistics_2005.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> !! %
|-
|''Muslim''
|1,76,312
|44.84%
|2,00,325
|45.22%
|169,296||40.33%||196,138||43.89%|| 212,933 || 44.35% || 213,805 || 43.80% || 216,525 || 43.00% || 211,182 || 42.55% || 213,865 || 41.45% || 218,437 || 40.87%|| 214,257 || 39.96%|| 175,892|| 31.96% || 214,099 || 38.21% || 209,276 || 38.26% || 204,711 || 37.61% || 194,583 || 36.32% || 183,796 || 33.71% || 196,493 || 35.32% || 191,675 || 34.28%
|-
|''Hindu''
|1,58,399
|40.28%
|1,77,037
|39.96%
|181,396||43.21%||185,411||41.49%|| 197,061 || 41.04% ||203,158 || 41.61% || 210,071 || 41.71% || 207,831 ||41.88%|| 221,220 ||42.87% || 231,031 ||43.23% ||236,420 ||44.08% ||214,591 || 38.99% || 248,610 || 44.37% || 246,297 || 45.03% || 247,707 || 45.51% || 241,305 || 45.04% || 250,094 || 45.88% || 258,119 || 46.40% || 262,976 || 47.04%
|-
|''Christian''
|56,810
|14.47%
|64,168
|14.48%
|59,766||14.24%||62,265||13.93%|| 68,596 || 14.29% ||69,844 ||14.31%|| 75,335 || 14.96%|| 76,205 || 15.35%|| 79,565 || 15.42% || 83,616 || 15.65% || 84,660 || 15.78% || 102,546 || 18.63% || 94,664 || 16.90% || 88,936 || 16.26% || 90,451 || 16.62% || 94,175 || 17.58% || 98,220 || 18.02% || 96,469 || 17.34% || 98,353 || 17.59%
|-
|''Others''
|1,294
|0.33%
|1,235
|0.28%
|9,143||2.18%||2,967||0.66%|| 1,408 || 0.29% || 1,214 || 0.25% ||1,497 ||0.30%|| 852|| 0.18%|| 933|| 0.18% || 1,178 || 0.22% || 869 || 0.16% || 57,215 || 10.39% || 2,671 || 0.48% || 651 || 0.12% || 704 || 0.13% || 5,151 || 0.96% || 6,108 || 1.12% || 1,545 || 0.28% || 1,098 || 0.19%
|-
|''Not Stated''
|416
|0.11%
|267
|0.06%
|166||0.04%||110||0.02%|| 115 || 0.02% ||153 ||0.03%|| 169 || 0.03%|| 222 || 0.04%|| 430 || 0.08% || 196 || 0.03% || 146 || 0.02% || 167 || 0.03% || 224 || 0.04% || 1,806 || 0.33% || 775 || 0.14% || 524 || 0.10% || 6,936 || 1.27% || 3,700 || 0.66% || 4,980 || 0.89%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''3,93,231'''
|'''100%'''
|'''443032'''
|'''100%'''
|'''419,767'''||'''100%'''||'''446,891'''||'''100%'''||'''480,113'''||'''100%'''||'''488,174'''||'''100%'''||'''503,588'''||'''100%'''||'''496,292'''||'''100%'''||'''516,013'''||'''100%'''||'''534,458'''||'''100%'''||'''536,352'''||'''100%'''||'''550,411'''||'''100%'''||'''560,268'''||'''100%'''||'''546,964'''||'''100%'''||'''544,348'''||'''100%'''|| '''535,738''' || '''100%''' || '''545,154''' || '''100%''' || '''556,326''' || '''100%''' || '''559,082''' || '''100%'''
|}

17.1 births/1,000 population (1994–2001 est.)<ref>{{cite web |title=Family structure, women's education and work: Re-examining the high status of women in Kerala |url=http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210173440/http://www.cds.edu/download_files/341.pdf |archivedate=10 February 2012 |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>

Birth Rate was 17.1 in 1994–2001 (20.3 in 1984–1990 & 25.0 in 1974–1980). Pathanamthitta (14.5 in 1994–2001, 17.2 in 1984–1990 & NA in 1974–1980) had the lowest TBR and Malappuram(22.4, 29.5 & 33.6) had the highest TBR.

According to the 2011 Census, [[Thiruvalla taluk]] has the lowest birth rate and [[Tirurangadi]] taluk has the highest birth rate.<ref>http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/kerala/PPT2_Tables_2.pdf {{Dead link|date=August 2014}}</ref>

'''Lowest Birth Rate (2011):'''
# Thiruvalla – 10.63 per 1,000
# Mallappally – 10.69 per 1,000
# Kozhenchery – 10.86 per 1,000
# Chengannur – 10.93 per 1,000
# Adoor – 11.09 per 1,000

'''Highest Birth Rate (2011):'''
# Tirurangadi – 19.99 per 1,000
# Ernad – 19.68 per 1,000
# Perinthalmanna – 19.43 per 1,000
# Tirur – 19.16 per 1,000
# Nilambur – 18.34 per 1,000

'''Vital stats for the year 2011''':<ref name="kerala1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2011|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923233324/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2011.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Community
!Pop
!Births
!Birth Rate
!Deaths
!Death Rate
!NGR%
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''33,406,061'''
|'''560,268'''
|'''16.77'''
|'''245,002'''
|'''7.33'''
|'''0.94%'''
|-
|Hindu
|18,282,492
|248,610
|13.60
|148,097
|8.10
|0.55%
|-
|Muslim
|8,873,472
|214,099
|24.13
|45,305
|5.11
|1.90%
|-
|Christian
|6,141,269
|94,664
|15.41
|50,365
|8.20
|0.72%
|}
* In 2007, 61.55% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.50% from Muslims and, 19.75% from Christians.<ref name="ecostat.kerala.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2007|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=23 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323122536/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/pdf/reports/vital_stat/bulletin_07.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2008, 61.01% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 17.82% from Muslims and, 20.06% from Christians.<ref name="cr.lsgkerala.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.lsgkerala.gov.in/Docs/AnnualVitalStatisticalReport_2008.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2008|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref>
* In 2010, 60.79% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.31% from Muslims and, 20.36% from Christians.<ref name="ecostat.kerala.gov.in 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2010.pdf|title=Annual Vital Statistics Report 2010|publisher=Ecostat.kerala.gov.in|access-date=20 May 2015|archive-date=19 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919063417/http://www.ecostat.kerala.gov.in/docs/pdf/reports/vs/vsreport2010.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 2011, 60.45% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 18.48% from Muslims and, 20.56% from Christians.<ref name="kerala1"/>
* In 2018, 60.54% of the deaths were reported from Hindus, 19.15% from Muslims and, 19.86% from Christians.<ref name=2018data/>

===Net migration rate===
: (-)3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1991 est.)

Of the emigrants from Kerala, 42.2% were Muslims, 36.6% were Hindus and 21.2% were Christians in 1992–93. The most preferred destination was Saudi Arabia (37.8%), followed by UAE (25.9%), Other Gulf countries (13.0%), Oman (11.8%), Other Countries (7.5%) and USA(3.8%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Emigrants from India: A comparative study of Kerala and Punjab |url=http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728003925/http://www.iussp.org/Brazil2001/s20/S27_01_nangia.pdf |archivedate=28 July 2011 |accessdate=7 May 2022}}</ref>

===Sex ratio===
According to the 2011 census, women outnumber men in all the [[districts of Kerala]] with the highest proportion in [[Kannur]] and [[Pathanamthitta]] districts.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Districts !! Population !! Males !!%!! Females !!%
|-
| [[Kasargod district|Kasargod]] || 1,307,375 || 628,613||48.1% || 678,762||51.9%
|-
| [[Kannur district|Kannur]] || 2,523,003 || 1,181,446||46.8% || 1,341,557||'''53.2'''%
|-
| [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] || 817,420 || 401,684||49.1% || 415,736||50.9%
|-
| [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]] || 3,086,293 || 1,470,942||47.7% || 1,615,351||52.3%
|-
| [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]] || 4,112,920 || '''1,960,328'''||47.7% || '''2,152,592'''||52.3%
|-
| [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] || 2,809,934 || 1,359,478||48.4% || 1,450,456||51.6%
|-
| [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] || 3,121,200 || 1,480,763||47.4% || 1,640,437||52.6%
|-
| [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] || 3,282,388 || 1,619,557||49.3% || 1,662,831||50.7%
|-
| [[Idukki district|Idukki]] || 1,108,974 || 552,808||'''49.8'''% || 556,166||50.2%
|-
| [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] || 1,974,551 || 968,289||49% || 1,006,262||51%
|-
| [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] || 2,127,789 || 1,013,142||47.6% || 1,114,647||52.4%
|-
| [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] || 1,197,412 || 561,716||46.8% ||635,696||'''53.2'''%
|-
| [[Kollam district|Kollam]] || 2,635,375 || 1,246,968||47.3% || 1,388,407||52.7%
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] || 3,301,427 || 1,581,678||47.9% || 1,719,749||52.1%
|}

=== Vital statistics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Year
!Infant
Mortality

Rate

(per 1000 birth)
!Crude
Birth Rate

(per 100)
!Crude
Death Rate

(per 1000)
!Natural
Growth

Rate

(per 1000)
!Maternal
Mortality Rate

(Maternal death/

100000 live birth)
!Total
Fertility

Rate

(Birth/Woman)
|-
|2000
|14
|17.9
|6.4
|11.5
|
|1.7
|-
|2001
|11
|17.3
|6.6
|10.7
|
|1.8
|-
|2002
|10
|16.9
|6.4
|10.5
|
|1.8
|-
|2003
|11
|16.7
|6.3
|10.4
|
|1.8
|-
|2004
|12
|15.2
|6.1
|9.1
|95
|1.7
|-
|2005
|14
|15.0
|6.4
|8.6
|
|1.7
|-
|2006
|15
|14.9
|6.7
|8.2
|
|1.7
|-
|2007
|13
|14.7
|6.8
|7.9
|81
|1.7
|-
|2008
|12
|14.6
|6.6
|8.0
|
|1.7
|-
|2009
|12
|14.7
|6.8
|7.9
|
|1.7
|-
|2010
|13
|14.8
|7.0
|7.8
|66
|1.7
|-
|2011
|12
|15.2
|7.0
|8.2
|61
|1.7
|-
|2012
|12
|14.9
|6.9
|8.0
|
|1.7
|-
|2013
|12
|14.7
|6.9
|7.8
|
|1.6
|-
|2014
|12
|14.8
|6.6
|8.2
|46
|1.6
|-
|2015
|12
|14.8
|6.6
|8.2
|42
|1.6
|-
|2016
|10
|14.3
|7.6
|6.7
|
|1.7
|-
|2017
|10
|14.2
|6.8
|7.4
|
|1.7
|-
|2018
|7
|13.9
|6.9
|7.0
|31 (est)
|1.8
|}

=== Life expectancy at birth ===
Life expectancy at birth is 78 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=niti ayog|url=https://niti.gov.in/state-statistics}}</ref>

In 1991, Kerala had the lowest TFR (Children born per women) in the whole of India. Hindus had a TFR of 1.66, Christians had 1.78 and Muslims had 2.97. In 2000, the TFR was 1.73 with Muslims having 2.28, [[Nair]]s having a TFR of 1.47 and Syrian Christians having TFR of 1.55. TFR for Scheduled Castes was 1.52 in 1997–98 and 1.37 in 1992–93. The lowest Fertility rate recorded anywhere in India is TFR of 1.17 for Vettuvan caste in Kerala.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1023/B:POPU.0000020963.63244.8c| title=An Analysis of Fertility Differentials by Religion in Kerala State: A Test of the Interaction Hypothesis | year=2003 | last1=Alagarajan | first1=Manoj | journal=Population Research and Policy Review | volume=22 | issue=5/6 | pages=557–574 | s2cid=154895913 }}</ref>

As per the 2011 Census, the fertility rate per community is as Hindu: 1.544 children per woman, Muslim: 2.351 and Christian: 1.716. For SC, the fertility is 1.485 and for ST, it is 1.629.<ref name="censusindia">[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/F-series/f10/2011-F10-32-MDDS.XLS 2011 Census] censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221094733/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/F-series/f10/2011-F10-32-MDDS.XLS |date=21 December 2018 }}</ref>

For Hindus, the TFR is highest in Wayanad (1.710) and lowest in Thiruvananthapuram (1.435). For the Muslims, it is Kannur (2.779) and Pathanamthitta (1.707), while for the Christians the respective districts are Kasaragod (1.929) and Kollam (1.539).<ref name="censusindia" />

==See also==
* [[Non-Municipal Census Towns in Kerala]]
* [[Malabar District#Demography|Demographics of Malabar]]
* [[Travancore#Demographics|Demographics of Travancore]]
* [[History of Kerala]]
* [[Geography of Kerala]]
* [[Economy of Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Gulf diaspora]]
* [[Migrant labourers in Kerala]]
* [[Unemployment in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
* {{cite web |title=Ranking of districts by Sex Ratio and Population density |date=2001 |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/vitalstatistics/1.03.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215201110/http://www.kerala.gov.in/statistical/vitalstatistics/1.03.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=Government of Kerala |ref={{harvid|GOK|2001}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kalathil |first=MJ |year=2004 |veditors=Nair PR, Shaji H |title=Withering Valli: Alienation, Degradation, and Enslavement of Tribal Women in Attappady |series=Kerala Research Programme on Local Level Development |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-8187621690 |url=https://www.cds.ac.in/krpcds/publication/downloads/66.pdf |access-date=29 December 2008}}
* {{cite magazine |last=McKibben |first=Bill |title=Kerala, India |date=October 1999 |magazine=National Geographic Traveler |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1028kerala.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020413214205/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1028kerala.html |archive-date=13 April 2002}}
{{refend}}

{{Kerala}}
{{Kerala topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Demographics Of Kerala}}
[[Category:Society of Kerala|*]]
[[Category:Demographics of India by state or union territory|Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala-related lists]]

Pancharatha

2026-02-19T20:11:54Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{italic title}}
{{Distinguish|Pancharatna (architecture)}}
{{Hatnote|See also [[Pancha Rathas]], religious buildings in [[Bhubaneswar]]}}
[[Image:Plan of subsidiary shrines of Brahmeswara Temple.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Drawing of a ''pancharatha'' building]]

A [[Hindu temple]] is a '''''pancharatha''''' ({{langx|sa|पञ्चरथ}}, {{IAST3|pañcaratha}}) when there are five ''[[Ratha (architecture)|ratha]]'' (on plan) or ''paga'' (on elevation) on the tower of the temple (generally a ''[[shikhara]]'').<ref name="oriya">{{Cite web |url=http://tourism.oriyaonline.com/temple_architecture.html |title=Temple Architecture of Orissa |access-date=2012-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013100126/http://tourism.oriyaonline.com/temple_architecture.html |archive-date=2012-10-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The rathas are vertical offset projection or facets.
The name comes from the [[sanskrit]] ''Pancha'' (=five) and ''Ratha'' (=chariot), but the link with the concept of chariot is not clear.

There are also temples with three rathas (''triratha''), seven rathas (''saptaratha'') and nine rathas (''navaratha'').<ref name=oriya/>

[[File:Triratha-Pancharatha-Saptaratha.jpg|thumb|400px|center|''Triratha'', ''Pancharatha'' and ''Saptaratha'']]

==Examples of pancharatha temples==
* [[Lingaraja Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] in [[Khajuraho]]
* [[Rajarani Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Puri]], Odisha
* [[Jagannath Temple, Baripada|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Baripada]], Odisha
* [[Jagannath Temple, Nayagarh|Jagannath Temple]] in [[Nayagarh]], Odisha
* [[Isanesvara Siva Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteswar Temple]] in [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Brahmani temple]] in [[Balasore|Baleswar]], Odisha

{{Clear}}
{{gallery | title=Pancharatha temples | height=200 | width=200 | align=center
|File:Isanesvara.jpg|Isanesvara Siva Temple in Bhubaneswar
|File:Jagannath Temple baripada 4.jpg|Jagannath Temple in Baripada
|File:Lingaraj Temple bbsr10.jpg|Lingaraja Temple in Bhubaneswar
}}

==Notes==
<references/>

== See also ==
* [[Ratha (architecture)]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]

Phulia

2026-02-12T00:43:28Z

NaomiLoftis490: enhanced information additionally and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{For |the genus of butterflies |Phulia (butterfly)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Phulia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Fulia
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline = Weaving Tant Saree by Handloom - 2 Natun Phulia - Nadia 2016-11-12 1808.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Weaving a ''tant sari'' at Phulia
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2344|N|88.5062|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}}[[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.02
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 55653
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741402
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Phulia''' (also spelled '''Fulia''') is a [[census town]] in the [[Santipur (community development block)|Santipur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] of the [[Ranaghat subdivision]] in the [[Nadia district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm | title = District Wise List of Statutory Towns | access-date = 2007-10-06 | work = Census of India 2001, Urban Frame | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191128/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm | archive-date = 2007-09-30 }}</ref> It is birthplace of 'Adi kavi' of Bengal [[Krittibas Ojha]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|32|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Ranaghat subdivision of Nadia district''' M: municipal town/ city/notified area, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|13|53|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Nrisinghapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Nrisinghapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|14|0|N|88|25|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2=Ghoralia | numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ghoralia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|15|15|N|88|28|52|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Harinadibhastsala | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Harinadibhastsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|28|7|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Beharia | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Beharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|12|5|N|88|30|22|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Phulia | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= Phulia (CT)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black 
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|20|40|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Bagula | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Bagula]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|18|45|N|88|31|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Badkulla | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badkulla]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|18|50|N|88|30|55|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Patuli | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Patuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|17|20|N|88|31|47|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Gangni | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Gangni]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|50|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kamgachhi | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Kamgachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|12|55|N|88|33|40|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Raghabpur | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Raghabpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|12|0|N|88|32|18|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Panpara | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Panpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|33|32|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Aistala | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Aistala]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|55|N|88|33|2|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Satigachha | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Satigachha]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|8|15|N|88|33|6|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Anulia | numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Anulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|55|N|88|32|44|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Gopalpur | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Gopalpur, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|6|10|N|88|33|20|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Parbbatipur | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Parbbatipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|12|45|N|88|35|18|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Halalpur Krishnapur | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Halalpur Krishnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|15|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Hijuli | numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Hijuli, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|9|40|N|88|34|44|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Ranaghat (CT) | numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Ranaghat (CT)]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|8|5|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Nasra | numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Nasra, Ranaghat]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|7|51|N|88|38|38|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Gangnapur | numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gangnapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|5|50|N|88|31|45|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Belgharia | numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Belgharia, Nadia]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|30|N|88|31|40|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ranaghat |label-size24=13 | numbered24=M| mark-title24= [[Ranaghat]] (M)|label-color24=#800000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|16|4|N|88|26|13|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Shantipur |label-size25=13 | numbered25=M| mark-title25= [[Shantipur]] (M)|label-color25=#800000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|15|25|N|88|33|29|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Birnagar |label-size26=13 | numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Birnagar]] (M)|label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|8|50|N|88|35|21|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Cooper's Camp |label-size27=11 | numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Cooper's Camp]] (M)|label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|16|25|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Taherpur |label-size28=11 | numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Taherpur]] (M)|label-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|13|34|N|88|40|30|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Panikhali| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Panikhali]] (R)| shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|14|34|N|88|36|17|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Aranghata| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Aranghata]] (R)| shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|14|44|N|88|42|21|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Duttapulia| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Duttapulia]] (R)| shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|22|3|N|88|36|4|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Hanskhali| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Hanskhali]] (R)| shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|9|45|N|88|30|38|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Habibpur| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Habibpur, Nadia]] (R)| shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|11|58|N|88|37|50|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Dhantala| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Dhantala]] (R)| shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|10|27|N|88|35|48|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Nokari| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Nokari]] (R)| shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|6|50|N|88|31|25|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Payradanga| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Payradanga]] (R)| shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|18|0|N|88|21|0|E}}|label37= Bhagirathi| labela37=River|label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37=-75| label-pos37=top| label-size37=11| mark-size37=0| mark-title37=none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|19|40|N|88|35|0|E}}|label38= Churni |labela38 = River| label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38=-65| label-pos38=top| label-size38=11| mark-size38=0| mark-title38=none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|22|30|N|88|46|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=70| arc-gapA=3.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Fulia is located at {{Coord|23.2344|N|88.5062|E|}}.

===Area overview===
Nadia district is mostly alluvial plains lying to the east of [[Hooghly River]], locally known as Bhagirathi. The alluvial plains are cut across by such distributaries as Jalangi, Churni and Ichhamati. With these rivers getting silted up, floods are a recurring feature.<ref>Gangopadhyay, Basudev, ''Paschimbanga Parichay'', 2001, {{in lang|bn}}, p. 70, Sishu Sahitya Sansad</ref> The Ranaghat subdivision has the [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi]] on the west, with [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] districts lying across the river. Topographically, Ranaghat subdivision is spread across the Krishnanagar-Santipur Plain, which occupies the central part of the district, and the Ranaghat-Chakdaha Plain, the low-lying area found in the south-eastern part of the district. The [[Churni River|Churni]] separates the two plains. A portion of the east forms the boundary with [[Bangladesh]]. The lower portion of the east is covered by a portion of the [[North 24 Parganas district]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Nadia, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 13,14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref> The subdivision has achieved reasonably high urbanisation. 41.68% of the population lives in urban areas and 58.32% lives in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.2, 2.4(a) | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. All the four subdivisions are presented with maps on the same scale – the size of the maps vary as per the area of the subdivision.

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Santipur CD block are located at Buincha, as per Nadia District Census Handbook 2011. On page 422 in the Santipur CD Block map, Buincha is shown as part of Phulia census town.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook: Nadia, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Map of Nadia with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) and Map of Santipur CD Block (on page 422)|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 23 May 2017 }}</ref> According to the district administration, the Block Development Office is located at PO Fulia Colony.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ranaghat.gov.in/santipur-block.html | title = Ranaghat Sub-division | work= Slock | publisher = Rananaghat SDO |access-date = 23 May 2017}}</ref>
[[Image:Krittibas Memorial ver1.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Krittibas Memorial]]

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Nadia'', Phulia covered an area of 15.02 km2. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tap water from untreated sources, tube well, borewell. It had 3,200 domestic electric connections, 360 road light points. Among the medical facilities, the nearest dispensary/ health centre was 2 km away. Among the educational facilities it had 18 primary schools, 3 secondary schools, 3 senior secondary schools. It had 1 polytechnic, 2 recognised short-hand, type writing and vocational training institutes and 13 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shikhsha Abhiyan). Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 cinema theatre, 2 auditorium/ community halls, 2 public libraries, 2 reading rooms. Three important items it produced were handloom sari, ghee, poultry products. It had branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 1 private commercial bank, 1 agricultural credit society, 7 non-agricultural credit societies.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1910_PART_A_DCHB_NADIA.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Nadia, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 635-656; Statement I: Status and Growth History, Page 635; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 641; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Page 643; Statement IV: Medical Facilities, Page 646; Statement V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Page 655; Statement VI: Industry and Banking, Page 2833 | publisher = Directorate of census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 30 September 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
After partition of India, many skilled weavers of Dhaka came and settled in West Bengal around [[Shantipur]] in Nadia district and [[Kalna, India|Ambika Kalna]] of Bardhaman district, both traditionally renowned centres for hand-woven fabrics. With government encouragement and support, the talented weavers soon revived their ancestral occupation and the art of exquisite weaving once again flourished. Today, finely woven feather-touch textiles and saris in exotic designs and colours are being produced in the vast weaving belt of [[Shantipur]], Phulia, Samudragarh, [[Dhatrigram]] and [[Kalna, India|Ambika Kalna]]—each centre producing superb fabrics in its own unique weaving style. Dhatrigram produces jacquards and jamdanis while Kalna is famous for tangails and gorgeous jamdanis. Phulia and Samudragarh specialize in a combination of jacquard and jamdani work which are based on Tangail Saree Culture of Bangladesh while Santipur is known for superfine dhotis and jacquards. The produce is marketed through some whole sellers & co-operatives and various undertakings. But nowadays, the main problem in making the handicraft is the rising price of raw materials and inadequate supply of skilled labour (mainly from Cooch Behar district of West Bengal and Assam region). So, the economy based on Tant Saree is a diminishing economy and the next generation is not so much interested in this crafts. The weavers need some economic and administrative supports from the Government.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indiaprofile.com/art-crafts/bengal-art.htm |title = A Traditional Panorama - Bengal Art|access-date = 2007-09-08 | work = Arts and Crafts in India| publisher = India Profile}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Phulia railway station]] is a railway station of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system and operated by Eastern Railway. It is situated beside [[National Highway 12 (India)|National Highway 12]] at Chatkatala, Phulia on the [[Ranaghat–Shantipur line]] in [[Nadia district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].The distance between [[Sealdah]] to Phulia railway station is approximately 89 km.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Phulia had a total population of 55,653, of which 28,695 (52%) were males and 26,958 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 4,676. The total number of literate persons in Phulia was 41,752 (81.90% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India| access-date = 18 May 2017 }}</ref>

The following municipality, notified area, outgrowths and census towns were part of Shantipur Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: [[Shantipur]] (M), [[Taherpur]] (NA), Taherpur (OG), Barasat (OG), Bhaduri (OG), Mahisdanga (OG), Phulia (CT), [[Patuli, Nadia|Patuli]] (CT), [[Badkulla]] (CT), [[Ghoralia]] (CT), [[Beharia, Nadia|Beharia]] and [[Gangni]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Phulia had a population of 50,254. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Phulia has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 62%. In Phulia, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Education==
There are many schools and institutes in this region, some of the schools are listed below.
*Fulia Sikshaniketan High School
*Fulia Vidya Mandir High School
*Fulia Balika Vidyalaya
*Fulia Kritibas Smriti Vidyalaya
Training institutes are listed below.
*[[Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]], Fulia
*[[Industrial Training Institute]] (ITI), Fulia
*Agricultural Training Centre, Fulia

==Personalities==
[[Krittibas Ojha|Kabi Krittibas Ojha]] (15th century poet), who wrote the [[Ramayan|''Ramayana'']] in Bengali (''[[Krittivasi Ramayan]]'') used to live here.

==Healthcare==
Nabla (Fulia) Block Primary Health Centre, with 10 beds at Fulia Colony, is the major government medical facility in the Santipur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Block Primary Health Centres | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =4 October 2020 | archive-date =16 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200816074737/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/BPHC.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics – Primary Health Centres | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 October 2020 | archive-date = 21 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180421215645/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/PHC.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nadia District}}
{{Craft centres in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]

Ramya Barna

2026-02-08T12:12:13Z

NaomiLoftis490: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ramya Barna
| native_name_lang = kn
| image = Ramya Barna DS.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Kodagu]], Karnataka, India
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2008–2017
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Ramya Barna''' is an Indian actress, primarily appearing in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada films]].

==Personal life==
Ramya was born in the [[Coorg]] district of [[Karnataka]] in India. Her father is an Assistant general manager at the [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]]. She did her schooling in Bangalore and also in Mumbai. She has completed her bachelor's degree in Travel and Tourism from [[Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore]].<ref name="newindianexpress1">{{cite news |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article205673.ece |title=No more steamy roles: Ramya Barna |newspaper=The New Indian Express |accessdate=12 November 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112230232/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/article205673.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> She started her career with Wipro in a BPO in Navi Mumbai for a year as a customer service executive.<ref name="indiaglitz1">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/31993.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011031018/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/31993.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2008 |title=Ramya Barna Andrita Ray makes debut – Kannada Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=26 June 2007 |accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> In 2010 she was doing her MBA course from [[Sikkim Manipal University]] parallel to her cinema career.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/55732.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225426/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/55732.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2010 |title=Ramya Barna – Cool Going – Kannada Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=30 March 2010 |accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref>

She said that she never dreamt of becoming an actress. She first refused an offer by a producer but her friends insisted her to step into the industry and accepted to act as the second heroine in ''[[Hani Hani (film)|Hani Hani]]''.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/>

==Career==
Ramya's career as an actress began while she was still pursuing her degree. She made her debut as a supporting artiste in the 2008 released ''[[Hani Hani (film)|Hani Hani]]''<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |author=SHARADHA SRINIDHI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Way-to-go-Ramya/articleshow/4616349.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112224713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-05/news-interviews/28156577_1_tamil-film-gokul-star |url-status=live |archive-date=12 November 2013 |title=Way to go, Ramya! |date=5 June 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> and later acted in ''[[Neenyare]]'' directed by Sindesh. Though the film failed to create any impact at the box office, Ramya got recognised and then her career took off when she was cast for [[Yogaraj Bhat]]'s home production ''[[Pancharangi]]'' and Puneeth Rajkmar starer ''[[Hudugru]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ramya-Barna-has-no-qualms-in-doing-item-numbers/articleshow/24808114.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031150553/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-28/news-interviews/43461808_1_item-songs-item-numbers-ramya-barna |url-status=live |archive-date=31 October 2013 |title=Ramya Barna has no qualms in doing item numbers |date=28 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> For both roles she got a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/67258.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604004613/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/article/67258.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |title=Nominees of Idea Filmfare Awards South – Kannada Movie News |work=Indiaglitz.com |date=1 June 2011 |accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-suppoorting-female.php |title=Filmfare |publisher=Awards.filmfare.com |accessdate=12 November 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231357/http://awards.filmfare.com/kanadda/best-actor-suppoorting-female.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier she also ventured into Tamil and Telugu films, acting in ''Mathiya Chennai'' (Tamil) and ''Kshudra'' (Telugu).<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> She also acted in ''[[Nannedeya Haadu]]'' in which she played a music teacher<ref name="indiatimes1"/> and ''Nee Bandhu Ninthaaga'' for which she said she had to act in a song out of compulsion.<ref name="newindianexpress1"/> Her Tulu film ''[[Oriyardori Asal]]'' completed a 150-day run<ref>{{cite web |author=Megha Shenoy |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/203170/theres-tremendous-talent-tulu-industry.html |title='There's tremendous talent in Tulu industry' |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 May 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2013 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113013639/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/203170/theres-tremendous-talent-tulu-industry.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and became a blockbuster hit and was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ramya-Barna-back-on-track/articleshow/17951976.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112224707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-09/news-interviews/36236707_1_first-tulu-film-crime-thriller-ramya-barna |url-status=live |archive-date=12 November 2013 |title=Ramya Barna back on track |date=9 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> She also got a cameo role in the successful Kannada film ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' opposite [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref name="indiaglitz1"/> She was last seen in the film ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' which had Darshan and Rachita Ram in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Ramya-Barna-shoots-for-Premaya-Namaha/articleshow/22329008.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911012452/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-05/news-interviews/41800191_1_premaya-namaha-ramya-barna-duniya-rashmi |url-status=live |archive-date=11 September 2013 |title=Ramya Barna shoots for Premaya Namaha |date=5 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref>

She has completed shooting for ''Notorious''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Notorious-shoot-completed/articleshow/19835954.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112224709/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-02/news-interviews/38982792_1_karnataka-ayodhyapuram-ramya-barna-rakesh-adiga |url-status=live |archive-date=12 November 2013 |title=Notorious shoot completed |date=2 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 November 2013}}</ref> and has shot for an [[item number]] in ''Doodhsagar''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ramya-barna-goes-to-doodhsagar-news-kannada-nk2tlvdfadg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031014750/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramya-barna-goes-to-doodhsagar-news-kannada-nk2tlvdfadg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2013 |title=Ramya Barna goes to Doodhsagar |website=[[Sify]] |date=28 October 2013 |accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> Her other upcoming films are ''Premaya Namaha'' and ''Adrushta'' in which she plays the role of a NRI girl.<ref name="deccanchronicle1">{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131030/entertainment-sandalwood/article/she-has-song-her-step |title=She has a song in her step |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 October 2013 |access-date=12 November 2013 |archive-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112231951/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131030/entertainment-sandalwood/article/she-has-song-her-step |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''Thamashegagi'' || Soumya Aggarwal || rowspan="3" | [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Hani Hani (film)|Hani Hani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neenyare]]'' || Megha ||
|-
| ''Kshudra'' || || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Nannedeya Haadu]]'' || Pallavi || Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Mathiya Chennai]]'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''Nee Bandu Nintaaga'' || || rowspan="6" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Pancharangi]]'' || Latha || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011 || ''[[Hudugaru]]'' || Sushma || Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada
|-
| ''[[Panchamrutha]]'' || Navya || segment: "Droha: a betrayal"
|-
| ''[[Lifeu Ishtene]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || Pavithra ||
|-
| ''[[Oriyardori Asal]]'' ||Priya || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] || Nominated, [[RED FM Tulu Film Awards|Red FM Tulu Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| ''[[Mallikarjuna (film)|Mallikarjuna]]'' || Nandini || rowspan="5" | Kannada ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bulbul (2013 film)|Bulbul]]'' || Nisha ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 || ''Notorious'' || ||
|-
| ''Adrushta'' || ||
|-
| ''Doodhsagar'' || || Special appearance<ref name="deccanchronicle1"/>
|-
| ''[[Madime]]'' || || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Likith Shetty, Ramya Barna's Tulu film Madhime to kickstart |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Likith-Shetty-Ramya-Barnas-Tulu-film-Madhime-to-kickstart/articleshow/28622349.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2014 |accessdate=4 March 2014 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111164840/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Likith-Shetty-Ramya-Barnas-Tulu-film-Madhime-to-kickstart/articleshow/28622349.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || ''Sri Sathyanarayana'' || || rowspan="4" | Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''Anveshi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Toss (2015 film)|Toss]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Premaya Namah'' || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4715470}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130819180440/http://ramyabarna.com/ Official website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barna, Ramya}}
[[Category:Actresses from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:People from Kodagu district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Jyoti Nivas College]]

Janaky Athi Nahappan

2026-02-07T23:02:03Z

NaomiLoftis490: basic improve section for consistency

{{Short description|Founding member:Malaysian Indian Congress (1925–2014)}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay titles|Yang Berbahagia Puan Sri Datin]]
| name = Janaky Athi Nahappan
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 25 February 1925
| birth_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[British Malaya]] (now Malaysia)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2014|5|9|1925|2|25}}
| death_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = Figure of [[Indian independence movement]] And Malaysian independence movement, Co founder of [[Malaysian Indian Congress]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation =
| title = Notable commander of [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]] [[Indian National Army]], Puan Sri
| networth =
| height =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Malaysian Indian Congress]]
| boards =
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Athi Nahappan
| partner =
| children = 3
| footnotes =
}}
'''Janaky''' (25 February 1925 – 9 May 2014), better known as '''Janaky Athi Nahappan''', was a Malayan politician and activist who was founding member of the [[Malaysian Indian Congress]] and one of the earliest women involved in the fight for Malaysian (then [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]) independence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women Freedom Fighters |date=12 August 2017 |url=https://www.inuth.com/india/women-freedom-fighters-of-india/janaky-athi-nahappan-the-woman-who-led-rani-of-jhansi-regiment-of-the-indian-national-army/}}</ref>

Janaki grew up in a privileged Tamil family in Malaya and was only 16 when she heard [[Subhas Chandra Bose]]'s appeal to Indians to give whatever they could for their fight for Indian independence. Immediately she took off her gold earrings and donated them. She was determined to join the women's wing, the [[Rani of Jhansi Regiment]] of the [[Indian National Army]]. There was strong family objection especially from her father. But after much persuasion, her father finally agreed.

She was among the first women to join the Indian National Army organised during the [[Japanese occupation of Malaya]] to fight for Indian independence with the Japanese. Having been brought up in luxury, she initially could not adapt to the rigours of army life. However, she gradually got used to military life and her career in the regiment took off. She became second in command of the regiment.<ref>Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment By Joyce C. Lebra, p.xii</ref>

After [[World War II]] she emerged as a welfare activist.

Janaki found the [[Indian National Congress]]'s fight for Indian independence inspiring and joined the Indian Congress Medical Mission in then [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]]. In 1946 Nahappan helped [[John Thivy]] to establish the [[Malaysian Indian Congress|Malayan Indian Congress]], which was modelled after the [[Indian National Congress]]. The party saw Thivy as its first president.

The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of [[Padma Shri]] in 2000.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> She died at her house on 9 May 2014 due to pneumonia.<ref>{{in lang|ms}} [http://www.sinarharian.com.my/semasa/pejuang-kemerdekaan-janaky-meninggal-dunia-1.278632 Pejuang kemerdekaan Janaky meninggal dunia]</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Malaysia}}
* [[Rasammah Bhupalan]]
* [[Lakshmi Sahgal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521072500/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F20%2Fnation%2F18609040&sec=nation Mothers of substance], ''The Star'', 20 August 2007.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521072537/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F8%2F20%2Fnation%2F18608907&sec=nation They dared to take up public office], ''The Star'', 20 August 2007.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070425051646/http://www.s1942.org.sg/s1942/indian_national_army/freedom.htm Biographies of INA freedom Fighter National Archives of Singapore]
* {{Cite web |date=17 October 2012 |title=Shyam Benegal gets Netaji award '06 - Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shyam-Benegal-gets-Netaji-award-06/articleshow/1379778.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017115936/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-01-20/india/27822421_1_shyam-benegal-forgotten-hero-netaji-research-bureau |url-status=live |archive-date=17 October 2012 |access-date=17 May 2022 }}
* {{cite news |title=Subhas Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army |url=http://www.rsi.sg/english/theasianjournal/view/20060825172311/1/.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717083900/http://www.rsi.sg/english/theasianjournal/view/20060825172311/1/.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2007 |date=17 July 2007}}
* [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-14333914_ITM Biography of Janaky Athi Nahappan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224210/http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v7/newsindex.php?id=1037245 Puan Sri Janaky Athi Nahappan Passes Away At Age 89 ]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Azad Hind Fauj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Janaky, Athi Nahappan}} 
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Malaysian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Dewan Negara]]
[[Category:Women members of the Dewan Negara]]
[[Category:Malaysian Indian Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Women in Kuala Lumpur politics]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian women in war]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]
[[Category:Malayan collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Malayan people of World War II]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Tamil military personnel]]
[[Category:Women in war 1900–1945]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Malaysia]]

Berasia tehsil

2026-02-06T13:57:48Z

NaomiLoftis490: Created.

{{more citations needed|date=July 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Berasia tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.636762|N|77.430687|E|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhopal district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
|area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_note =
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|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total =

| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
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|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code = 463106
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Berasia tehsil''' is a tehsil in bhopal district,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of [[bhopal district]] of Madhya Pradesh. Assembly constituency is Berasia.

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bhopal district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Maeri

2026-02-05T22:29:50Z

NaomiLoftis490: new first article from scratch.

{{Short description|2024 Indian TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Maeri.jpeg
| genre = [[Crime drama]]
| creator =
| director = Sachin Darekkar
| composer =
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sachin Darekkar
| runtime =
| company = Zenith Pictures
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|12|06|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Maeri''''' is an Indian [[Crime film|crime drama]] series directed and produced by Sachin Darekkar under Zenith Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Maeri on ZEE5, a thrilling tale of family secrets, justice, and vengeance |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/watch-maeri-on-zee5-a-thrilling-tale-of-family-secrets-justice-and-vengeance-article-12878964.html |website=moneycontrol}}</ref> It stars [[Sai Deodhar]] as Tara Deshpande,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maeri: Sai Deodhar talks about her powerful role as Tara Deshpande |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maeri-sai-deodhar-talks-about-her-powerful-role-as-tara-deshpande/73803dd2f4780 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> a mother fighting for justice after her daughter's tragic gang rape.<ref name=":0" /> The cast also includes Tanvi Mundle, [[Chinmay Mandlekar]], Bhushan Patil, and Sagar Deshmukh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maeri OTT Release Date: When & Where To Watch Sai Deodhar's Web Series |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/maeri-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-sai-deodhars-web-series |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maeri on OTT: Meet Sai Deodhar aka Tara's daughter Manasvi struggles to rebuild her life {{!}} Check out new poster |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/maeri-on-ott-meet-sai-deodhar-aka-taras-daughter-tanvi-mundle-as-manasvi-struggles-to-rebuild-her-life-check-out-new-poster/91d2b0d7a4683 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was released in November 2024, and the series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 6 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2024-11-28 |title='Maeri' trailer: A woman seeks justice for her daughter |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1076191/maeri-trailer-a-woman-seeks-justice-for-her-daughter |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=Boyapati Srinu: కథ నచ్చి బోయపాటి శ్రీనుకు బ్లాంక్ చెక్ ఇచ్చిన అగ్ర నిర్మాత.. అసలు విషయం ఇది! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/producer-bellamkonda-suresh-gives-clarity-on-gave-blank-cheque-to-director-boyapati-srinu-for-jaya-janaki-nayaka-movie-121733465765818.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
Set in [[Mumbai]], the narrative follows the middle-class Deshpande family, consisting of Hemant (Sagar Deshmukh), his wife Tara ([[Sai Deodhar]]), and their daughter Manu (Tanvi Mundle). Their lives are upended when Manu is brutally gang-raped and left on the roadside, echoing the infamous Nirbhaya case. The perpetrators, led by Rohit Jamwal (Yash Malhotra), are entitled men from influential backgrounds. Tara's relentless quest for justice turns into a gripping battle against a corrupt system.

== Cast and characters ==

* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Tara Deshpande
* Sagar Deshmukh as Hemant Deshpande
* Tanvi Mundle as Manasvi Deshpande (Manu)
* Aryan Rajput as Aditya Jamwal
* Tejas Raut as Vikram Bhalla
* Ashish Gade as Varun Joshi
* Pratiksha Kote as Jadhav
* Yash Malhotra as Rohit Jamwal
* [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] as ACP Khandekar
* [[Bhushan Patil]] as Patil
* Ankita Lande as Madhu

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=##9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Anhoni
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Tara and Hemant, a content middle-class couple, center their lives around their daughter, Manasvi. A college student, Manasvi's life takes an unexpected turn after she rejects a proposal from her classmate, Rohit.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Zakhm
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Rohit and his friends abduct Manasvi, leaving her parents, Tara and Hemant, worried when she doesn't return on time. Their worst fears come true when they find her severely injured, clinging to life.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Andha Kanoon
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Manasvi decides against filing a complaint or pursuing legal action, a choice Hemant supports. While Tara fears the social stigma that could tarnish Manasvi's name, she remains determined to fight for justice.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Jaal
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Under the guidance of Shubhankar Pandit, Tara secretly begins her fight against the four perpetrators. She targets Rohit first, ensnaring him in a scandal. Shortly after, Rohit and his cousin Aditya are found dead.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Pratishodh
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Tara notices a change in Manasvi's behavior but faces new challenges as ACP Avinash starts investigating Rohit's death. Meanwhile, Vikram admits his role in the crime, adding another twist to the battle for justice.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Chunauti
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Vikram is arrested for assaulting Manasvi and reveals the involvement of Varun Joshi, the son of a prominent lawyer. In response, Varun's father, Jayesh, approaches Tara and Hemant, offering a settlement.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Ant-Yudh
|DirectedBy = Sachin Darekkar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|12|06}}
|ShortSummary = Hemant, Tara, and Manasvi plan a weekend getaway to a remote location. During their time there, Tara reveals her role in the incidents involving Rohit and Aditya. The situation takes a dramatic turn when Varun arrives at the bungalow for a final confrontation.
|LineColor = #9C958E
}}
}}

== Release ==
''Maeri'' was released for streaming on [[ZEE5]] on 6 December 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== Critical reception ==
Archika Khurana of the ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' rated the series 3.0 stars, commenting: "If you enjoy stories of maternal resilience, Maeri provides enough drama to engage, but it may leave you wishing for a more impactful execution."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Maeri Season 1 Review : Sai Deodhar shines in this familiar tale of maternal justice |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/maeri/maeri-season-1/seasonreview/115957555.cms |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Arpita Sarkar of ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' also gave the series 3.0 stars, stating: "Sai Deodhar impresses as a protective mother in a predictable but heartwarming story."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maeri Review: Sai Deodhar impresses as a protective mother in relevant storyline |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/maeri-review-zee5-sai-deodhar-impresses-as-a-protective-mother-in-a-gripping-storyline/e8ba2753b4116 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/maeri/0-6-4z5662726 Maeri] on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=34792559}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]

Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences

2026-02-05T03:46:23Z

NaomiLoftis490: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences, Teaching Hospital and Research Centre
| image =
| type = Private
| established = {{Start date|2018||}}
| founder = Dr. [[Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan]]
| affiliation = [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]]
| undergrad = 150
| address = [[Kanaka Mamidi]], Moinabad
| city = [[Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| postalcode = 501504
| country = [[India]]
| campus_type = [[Suburban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|25|acre}}
| website = http://aimshyd.in/
}}

'''Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences''' (AIMS) is a private [[Medical college in India|medical college]] located in [[Kanaka Mamidi]], [[Moinabad mandal|Moinabad]], [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] District, [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It was established in 2018 by Dr. [[Mohammed Vizarat Rasool Khan]], and is administered by Ayaan Educational Society.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ayaan Medical College Admission 2023-Cut off, Fees, Ranking, MBBS/PG/SS Courses |url=https://mbbscouncil.com/listing/ayaan-medical-college/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623120550/https://mbbscouncil.com/listing/ayaan-medical-college/ |archive-date=2024-06-23 |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=MBBSCouncil |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences, Moinabad: Courses, Admission 2025, Cutoff, Fees, Placements, Ranking |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/ayaan-institute-of-medical-sciences-moinabad |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Careers360 |language=en}}</ref> The institute is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC) and is affiliated with [[Kaloji Narayana Rao University of Health Sciences]] (KNRUHS) in [[Warangal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-01-13 |title=150 new MBBS seats for T, Siddipet college loses out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/150-new-mbbs-seats-for-t-siddipet-college-loses-out/articleshow/62482124.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324131501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/150-new-mbbs-seats-for-t-siddipet-college-loses-out/articleshow/62482124.cms |archive-date=2023-03-24 |access-date=2024-12-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Courses ==
Ayaan Institute of Medical Sciences offers undergraduate courses, primarily the [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS), with an annual intake of 150 students.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Hospital ==
The hospital associated with AIMS is a multi-specialty hospital with 300 beds, which can be expanded to 700 beds in the span of another 3 years. The hospital is located in the same campus as the college.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=AYAAN INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES :::.... |url=https://aimshyd.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114170430/http://aimshyd.in/ |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=aimshyd.in |language=en}}</ref>

== COVID19 pandemic effort ==
In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Telangana|COVID-19 pandemic]], the [[Telangana State Government|Telangana state government]] enlisted the support of 21 medical college hospitals, including AIMS, permitted to treat the patients in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of medical college hospitals that can treat Coronavirus in Telangana |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/list-of-medical-college-hospitals-that-can-treat-coronavirus-in-telangana/articleshow/75045893.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510234103/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/list-of-medical-college-hospitals-that-can-treat-coronavirus-in-telangana/articleshow/75045893.cms |archive-date=2020-05-10 |access-date=2020-06-02 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]] (DCMS)
* [[Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SIMS)

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://aimshyd.in/ Official website]
* [https://msmer.nmc.org.in/public/performaAdminCollegeDetails/aimstea College Details]

{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{coord missing|Telangana}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Telangana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2018]]
[[Category:Private medical colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]

{{Telangana-university-stub}}

Jaipal Singh Munda

2026-02-02T19:58:30Z

NaomiLoftis490:

{{Short description|Indian politician, writer, and sportsman (1903–1970)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{redirect|Jaipal Singh|the Indian politician|Jaipal Singh (politician)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jaipal Singh Munda
| full_name =
| birth_name = Jaipal Singh
| award =
| image = File:Jaipal Singh Munda- File Picture.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date|1903|01|03|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Takra Pahantoli, [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Bengal presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Khunti district]], [[Jharkhand]])<ref name="Jaipal Singh - Making Britain">{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/jaipal-singh|title=Jaipal Singh - Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607175405/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/jaipal-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1970|03|20|1903|01|03}}
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], India
|spouse ={{married|Tara Wienfried Majumdar|1931}} {{married|[[Jahanara Jaipal Singh|Jahanara Jeyaratnam]]|1954}}
| office2 =[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 1952
| term_end2 = 1972
| constituency2 = [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi (West)]]/ [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]{{efn|The [[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi (West)]] constituency was reorganised as [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]] from [[1967 Indian general election]].}}
| predecessor2 = ''seat established''
| successor2 = [[Niral Enem Horo]]
| party= [[Indian National Congress]] (1963–1970)
 [[Jharkhand Party]] (1949/1950–1963)
| otherparty = [[Adivasi Mahasabha]] (1939–1949/1950)
| education = [[Bachelor of Economics]]
| alma_mater = [[St John's College, Oxford]]
| module={{Infobox field hockey player
| image = Cricket_no_pic.png
| embed = yes
| height =
| position = [[Field hockey#Formations|Defender]]
| clubs1 = Wimbledon Hockey Club
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalcaps(goals)1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Field hockey|Field Hockey]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{flag link|India|at the 1928 Summer Olympics|variant=British}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold | [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Amsterdam]]|[[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
}}}}

'''Jaipal Singh Munda''' (3 January 1903 – 20 March 1970) was an Indian politician, writer, and sportsman. He was a member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], which debated the new [[Constitution of India|Constitution of the Indian Union]]. He also captained the [[India]]n [[field hockey]] team to a gold medal at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in Amsterdam.

Later, he emerged as a campaigner for the causes of [[Adivasi]]s and the creation of a separate homeland for them in central India. He is popularly known as "''Marang Gomke''" (meaning Great Leader in [[Santali language|Santali]]) by the Adivasis of Chhotanagpur.<ref name=Teligraph/><ref name=TOH/>

==Early life==
Jaipal Singh Munda, also known as Pramod Pahan, was born to Radhamani and Amru Pahan in a Christian [[Munda people|Munda]] family,<ref>{{cite web | title=House Of The People Whos Who (1952) | website=Internet Archive | date=2016-10-23 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505801/page/114/ | access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chaudhury |first=P C Roy |date=1978 |title=The Tribals of Bihar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23001630 |journal=India International Centre Quarterly |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=33–38 |issn=0376-9771}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sinha-Kerkhoff |first=Kathinka |date=2004-03-01 |title=Voices of difference: Partition memory and memories of Muslims in Jharkhand, India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1467271042000184616 |journal=Critical Asian Studies |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=113–142 |doi=10.1080/1467271042000184616 |issn=1467-2715|url-access=subscription }}</ref> on 3 January 1903 in Takra-Hatudami, Pahan Toli village, which was then part of the [[Khunti district|Khunti]] subdivision (now a district) of [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] in the [[Bengal presidency]] of British India (present-day [[Jharkhand]]).<ref>{{cite web | author=The Telegraph Online | title=The making of a people's prince | website=Telegraph India | date=2003-11-15 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/the-making-of-a-people-s-prince/cid/1567445 | access-date=2026-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bordia |first=Radhika |date=26 January 2017 |title=A 'Jungli' In The Constituent Assembly: Jaipal Singh Munda |url=http://www.ndtv.com/people/a-jungli-in-the-constituent-assembly-jaipal-singh-munda-1652949 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915161151/http://www.ndtv.com/people/a-jungli-in-the-constituent-assembly-jaipal-singh-munda-1652949 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |access-date=15 September 2017 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref name="Jaipal Singh - Making Britain">{{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/jaipal-singh|title=Jaipal Singh - Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=7 August 2016|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607175405/http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/jaipal-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his childhood, Munda's job responsibility was to look after the cattle herd. After receiving his early education in the village, he was brought by Rev. Kushalmai Sheetal to St. Pauls Church School. In 1910, he gained admission to St. Paul's School, Ranchi, which was run by the Christian missionaries of the SPG Mission of the Church of England. A gifted field hockey player, Munda was also a brilliant student who displayed exceptional leadership qualities from a young age.{{Peacock inline|date=January 2026}} Noticing his potential, the missionaries took him to England for higher studies, where he graduated with Honours in Economics from [[St. John's College, Oxford]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribalzone.net/people/jaipalsingh.htm|title=Jaipal Singh|website=www.tribalzone.net|access-date=2 April 2012|archive-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107202215/http://www.tribalzone.net/people/jaipalsingh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Munda was part of the [[British India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey team]] for the [[1928 Summer Olympics|1928 Olympic Games]]. Under his captaincy, the team played 17 league-stage matches, winning 16 and drawing one. However, due to a dispute with the English team manager, A. B. Rosser, Munda left the team after the league phase and could not participate in the knockout stage. In the final, the Indian team [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics#Gold medal match|defeated Holland 3–0]] to win the gold medal.

After returning to India, Munda became associated with Mohan Bagan Club of Calcutta and established its hockey team in 1929, leading them in various tournaments. Following his retirement from active hockey, he served as the Secretary of Bengal Hockey Association and as a member of the Indian Sports Council.

==Career==
Jaipal Singh Munda was selected to work in the [[Indian Civil Service]], from which he later resigned. In 1934, he became a teacher at the Prince of Wales College at [[Achimota]], [[Gold Coast (region)|Gold Coast]], Ghana. In 1937, he returned to India as the Principal of the [[Rajkumar College, Raipur|Rajkumar College]], [[Raipur district|Raipur]]. In 1938, he joined the [[Bikaner State|Bikaner princely state]] as foreign secretary.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article3254.html|title=Jaipal Singh Munda - Mainstream Weekly|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=24 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624220234/http://mainstreamweekly.net/article3254.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Munda thought that with his varied experience he could be more useful to the country if he worked in the sphere of education. He wrote letters to the Bihar Congress President, [[Rajendra Prasad]], asking to be allowed to contribute to [[Bihar]]'s education sector, but received no positive answers. In the last month of 1938, Munda visited [[Patna]] and Ranchi. During this visit, he decided to enter politics by seeing the poor condition of the tribal people.<ref>{{cite book | title=मरङ गोमके जयपाल सिंह मुंडा
| edition=2015| author=Ashwini Kumar Pankaj| year=2015|publisher=Vikalp Prakashan, Delhi| isbn=978-938269531-8}}</ref>

Munda became president of [[Adivasi Mahasabha]] in 1939. In 1940 at Ramgarh session of Congress, he discussed with Subash Chandra Bose the need to form separate state Jharkhand. Subash Chandra Bose replied that such request will affect the freedom struggle.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ&q=mukund+nayak|title=Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement|isbn=9789352660001|last1=Sinha|first1=Anuj Kumar|date=1 January 2017|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153639/https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ&q=mukund+nayak#v=onepage&q=mukund%20nayak&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1946 Indian provincial elections]], he lost the Khunti constituency to [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] candidate P.C. Mitra. However, he was subsequently elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] in the [[1946 Indian Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly election]] by the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] to represent tribal communities in drafting the [[Constitution of India]]. After the [[independence of India]], the Adivasi Mahasabha re-emerged as [[Jharkhand Party]] in 1949-50 and it accommodated non-tribal people to achieve long-term goals.<ref name=Telegraph>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090114/jsp/jharkhand/story_10387400.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915160413/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090114/jsp/jharkhand/story_10387400.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2017|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) - Jharkhand - Reunion bells ring for Jharkhand Party factions|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=TOH>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9T3zYvKVF98C&dq=Adivasi+Mahasabha+founder&pg=PA84|title=This is Our Homeland: A Collection of Essays on the Betrayal of Adivasi Rights in India|date=27 January 2018|publisher=EQUATIONS|via=Google Books|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161531/https://books.google.com/books?id=9T3zYvKVF98C&dq=Adivasi+Mahasabha+founder&pg=PA84|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Electoral history
! Election
! House
! Constituency
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Result
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Lok Sabha]]
| [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
| {{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| 46,737
| 25.99
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi West]]
| {{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Party|shortname=JKP|rowspan=3}}
| 103,310
| 52.56
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| 139,197
| 60.25
| {{won}}
|-
| [[1951 Indian general election|1951]]
| 139,275
| 60.86
| {{won}}
|-
|[[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946]]
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| Khunti
|
|n/a
|n/a
|n/a
|{{Lost}}
|-
|}

He contested the [[1951–52 Indian general election|first general election of independent India]] from Ranchi (West) as a candidate of the Jharkhand Party and won with a 60.85% vote share. The Jharkhand Party also won 32 seats and became the main [[Opposition (politics)|opposition party]] in the [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. In 1955, the party submitted a [[memorandum]] to the [[States Reorganisation Commission|States Reorganization Commission]], advocating for the creation of a separate [[Jharkhand]] state comprising the tribal regions of South Bihar. The proposal was not accepted due to the region’s [[linguistic diversity]], the absence of a common link language, the minority status of the [[Scheduled Tribe|tribal]] population, and concerns about the economic implications of such a separation.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1998|pages=115–118|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103090828/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368|access-date=29 January 2023|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307065102/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|url-status=live}}</ref> However, In the subsequent assembly elections of [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]], the party’s representation declined, with 31 and 20 seats won, respectively. Similar his vote share declined to 60.25% and 52.56% in the [[1957 Indian general election|1957]] and [[1962 Indian general election|1962 general election]], subsequently, through he managed to remain in seat.

Munda fied with the declining popularity of the Jharkhand Party and the rejection of the demand for a separate state by the States Reorganization Commission, merged the party with the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1963. However, not all members of the party’s rank and file joined the Congress.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company" /> Following the merger, he contested the [[1967 Indian general election|1967 general election]] from the [[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency]] (reorganized from the previous Ranchi (West) constituency) as a Congress candidate. He won the election with a 25.98% vote share, in margin of 5,277 votes and remained in office until his death in 1970.

=== Role in the Constituent Assembly debates ===

Munda was a gifted speaker and represented the tribal population of India at the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Constituent Assembly]], which was responsible for drafting the [[Constitution of India]]. The following is an excerpt from a famous speech made by him, where, while welcoming the Objectives Resolution, he highlighted the issues faced by the Indian tribals: {{blockquote|As an Adivasi, I am not expected to understand the legal intricacies of the Resolution. But my common sense tells me that every one of us should march in that road to freedom and fight together. Sir, if there is any group of Indian people that has been shabbily treated it is my people. They have been disgracefully treated, neglected for the last 6,000 years. The history of the Indus Valley civilization, a child of which I am, shows quite clearly that it is the newcomers — most of you here are intruders as far as I am concerned — it is the new comers who have driven away my people from the Indus Valley to the jungle fastness ... The whole history of my people is one of continuous exploitation and dispossession by the non-aboriginals of India punctuated by rebellions and disorder, and yet I take Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru at his word. I take you all at your word that now we are going to start a new chapter, a new chapter of independent India where there is equality of opportunity, where no one would be neglected.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=2018-03-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329161051/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/|archive-date=29 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Tribal Zone">{{cite web|title = Tribal Zone|url = http://www.tribalzone.net/people/jaipalsingh.htm|access-date = 2 April 2012|archive-date = 7 January 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130107202215/http://www.tribalzone.net/people/jaipalsingh.htm|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy| author=Ramachandra Guha| year=2008| isbn=978-006095858-9}}</ref>}}Jaipal Singh<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/search?tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=Jaipal+Singh&document_type%5B%5D=1&document_type%5B%5D=0&sort_by=Relevant+Day&filter_tag%5Bspeaker%5D%5B%5D=118&date_of_debate=|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=2018-03-12}}</ref> was a part of 3 Committees including Advisory Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jaipal_singh_|title=CADIndia|website=cadindia.clpr.org.in|access-date=2018-03-12|archive-date=13 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092236/http://cadindia.clpr.org.in/constituent_assembly_members/jaipal_singh_|url-status=live}}</ref> A seven-member delegation of Naga leaders consisting of [[Angami Zapu Phizo]], T. Sakhrie, Kezehol and others went to Delhi in July 1947 to declare their intention of a sovereign, independent Naga territory. There, they met [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], as well as Munda, who warned the Nagas against the folly of fighting a war against the Government of India forces. As a precautionary measure, 3000 [[Assam Rifles]] troops were already stationed in the Naga Hills by then.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 July 1947|title=Trouble Brewing in Naga Hills: Tribesmen seek Independence|page=1|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/750655195|access-date=17 January 2022|id={{ProQuest|750655195}}|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161531/https://www.proquest.com/docview/750655195|url-status=live}}</ref> During a Constituent Assembly debate, Singh rebuked the Nagas for seeking [[Independence]]. He pointed out that the situation in the [[Naga Hills]] might become very serious and dangerous soon. Along with others in the Interim Government, he had received a few telegraphs on the intention of the Nagas declaring independence. He stated,<blockquote>The Naga Hills have always been part of India and have never been anything like the Indian States; but the Nagas have been led to believing that they are not part of India and that as soon as the Dominion of India comes into being, the Naga Hills could be exclusively the property of the State of the Nagas... Those of us who came into contact with them [Nagas leaders who went to Delhi to represent their case] tried to tell them the plain truth. But I think it is necessary that something should be said on the floor of this Assembly clarifying the position... [In the latest telegram the Naga leaders rejected] an offer from the Assembly to come into the Union. There has been no question of any offer. No offer was necessary or called for. The Naga Hills have always been a part of India and will remain so.<ref>{{Cite news|last=UPI|date=31 July 1947|title=Legislative Powers Between Federation And Units: Assembly Postponed Debate on Question of Distribution|page=3|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/613263086|access-date=17 January 2022|id={{ProQuest|613263086}}|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101161532/https://www.proquest.com/docview/613263086|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

==Personal life==
Jaipal Singh Munda married Tara Wienfried Majumdar, the daughter of P. K. Majumdar and Janaki Agnes Penelope Majumdar (daughter of Hemangini and [[W. C. Bonnerjee]], the president of [[Indian National Congress]]), in a Christian marriage ceremony in [[Darjeeling]] in 1931. He and Tara had three children: two sons Birendra and Jayant, and a daughter, Janki.<ref name="hastakshep">{{Cite news |date=11 March 2021 |title=आज भी जयपाल सिंह मुंडा की प्रासंगिकता बरकरार है |url=https://m.hastakshep.com/article/jaipal-singh-munda-biography-in-hindi/12967 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022104236/https://m.hastakshep.com/article/jaipal-singh-munda-biography-in-hindi/12967 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=hastakshep}}</ref> Tara Majumdar was a cousin of General [[Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri]] and a granddaughter of Congress President [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 January 2021 |title=जयपाल सिंह मुंडा और तारा मजुमदार की लव स्टोरी |url=https://newswing.com/this-is-how-jaipal-singh-munda-married-tara-mazumdar/219634/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022101105/https://newswing.com/this-is-how-jaipal-singh-munda-married-tara-mazumdar/219634/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=newswing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Oxford blue who shaped tribal destiny |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/oxford-blue-who-shaped-tribal-destiny/cid/1567474 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102300/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/oxford-blue-who-shaped-tribal-destiny/cid/1567474 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=telegraphindia}}</ref> Munda’s second marriage was to Jahanara Jeyaratnam, the daughter of a Sri Lankan Tamil who joined the Indian Civil service in 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Rakesh |date=17 March 2005 |title=THE LEADER ARTICLE: Paternity Test: SCLEADER ARTICLE: Paternity Test: SC Fails to Question Father as "Natural Guardian" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/the-leader-article-paternity-test-sc-fails-to-question-father-as-natural-guardian/articleshow/1053857.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/edit-page/the-leader-article-paternity-test-sc-fails-to-question-father-as-natural-guardian/articleshow/1053857.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=timesofindia}}</ref> He had one son with Jahanara, Ranjit Jeyaratnam.<ref name="hastakshep" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=The return of the adibasi: the multiple worlds of Jaipal Singh Munda |url=https://www.southasia.ox.ac.uk/event/the-return-of-the-adibasi-the-multiple-worlds-of-jaipal-singh-munda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022103133/https://www.southasia.ox.ac.uk/event/the-return-of-the-adibasi-the-multiple-worlds-of-jaipal-singh-munda |archive-date=22 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |publisher=southasia.ox.ac.uk}}</ref>

Jaipal Singh Munda died of [[Intracerebral hemorrhage|cerebral hemorrhage]] on 20 March 1970 at his residence in [[New Delhi]]. He was 67, and left behind four children — a daughter and three sons. One of his sons is Jayant Jaypal Singh. He is the CEO of Calcutta cricket and football club.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jaipal Singh Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MmJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=855%2C3510514|access-date=10 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=21 March 1970|page=7|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103154140/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MmJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=855%2C3510514|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A stadium named after him opened in [[Ranchi]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title=Welcome hug from Hotwar sports hub|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130205/jsp/jharkhand/story_16522236.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180646/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130205/jsp/jharkhand/story_16522236.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 February 2018|access-date=10 February 2018|work=The Telegraph|date=5 February 2013}}</ref>

Jaipal Singh Munda stadium was opened in Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarakntak by VC Prof. T.V. Kattimani in 2019.

"Marang Gomke Jaipal Singh Munda Overseas Scholarship" -Recently the state government of Jharkhand under the able leadership of Chief Minister of Jharkhand Shri Hemant Soren has announced and launched an overseas scholarship scheme for students of Jharkhand to pursue master's degree and M.Phil. course in reputed institutions in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This scholarship is fully funded and the government of Jharkhand has also signed an MoU with the Government of England for educating the youths of Jharkhand, especially from the scheduled tribes, scheduled castes, minorities and backward classes. This scholarship is named after the great leader Jaipal Singh Munda in which the government aims to uplift the students belonging to socially and economically vulnerable groups and give them opportunity for a quality education henceforth bringing hope in the lives of youths of Jharkhand and instilling in them the thought to give back to their state and being a part of Jharkhand developmental story. In the year 2022,about 20 students were selected for this prestigious scholarship and these students are currently pursuing their courses in reputed institutions of United Kingdom.

==Published works==
*''Lo Bir Sendra : an autobiography'' : A memoir of Jaipal Singh Munda published in 2004. Edited by [[Rashmi Katyayan]] and published by Prabhat Khabar Publications, Ranchi.
*''Adivasidom'': a collection of the articles and speeches of Jaipal Singh Munda, written in the 1940-50s, published in July 2017. Edited by [[Ashwini Kumar Pankaj]] and it was published by the Pyara Kerketta Foundation, Ranchi.

==See also==
*[[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]
*[[Field hockey in India]]
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930064116/http://www.databaseolympics.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=SINGHJAI01 Jaipal Singh Munda at databaseOlympics.com]

{{India FH Squad 1928 Summer Olympics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jaipal}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1970 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Adivasi politicians]]
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Khunti district]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Munda people]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]

Hinganghat

2026-01-27T07:20:07Z

NaomiLoftis490: Expanded content with additional details

{{more citations needed|date=November 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hinganghat
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Hinganghat in Maharashtra
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.57|N|78.83|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wardha district|Wardha]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| governing_body = Hinganghat Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 82
| area_rank = 1 – [[Wardha district]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 217
| population_total = 160,436
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-maharashtra.php|title=Maharashtra (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = [[Maharashtra]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 442301
| area_code = 07153
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MH-32
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 936 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| footnotes =
| native_name_language =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| official_name =
| website ={{url|hinganghatmahaulb.maharashtra.gov.in/en}}}}
'''Hinganghat''' (Marathi Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[ɦiŋgəɳɡʱaːʈ]]]) is a city in [[Wardha district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The city is administered by a [[Municipal Council]].
Hinganghat is surrounded on two sides by the Wena River, which provides natural resources. National Highway 44 (old Name NH-7), a part of the [[North–South and East–West Corridor|North-South Corridor]], passes through the city. Hinganghat is located in the fertile Wardha Valley; it was historically a center of the Indian cotton trade<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hinganghat|volume=13|page=514}}</ref> and a major centre for grains. The tehsil of Hinganghat comprises about 76 villages. The main language spoken in Hinganghat is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Hinganghat is the ninth biggest city in [[Vidharbha]] and ranks 436 in India according to the 2011 census.

[[Baba Amte]], the social worker who helped people suffering from Leprosy, was born in Hinganghat. It hosts the largest cotton mandi in Maharashtra state.
[[File:Hinganghat.jpg|thumb|Hinganghat city update]]

==History==
Hinganghat is 1500 years old. The city was named ''Dandungram'' in the century 5 CE. Reign of Rani Prabhavati Gupta, the queen of the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka Dynasty]], was also here. The new name ''Hinganghat'' fall because of the availability of Hing (assafoetida) trees and ghats of the Vena river.
The development of Hinganghat was followed by the British and the Municipal Council of Hinganghat which was established on 17 May 1873. The first water tank here was built in 1873. The Municipal Council's Hall was built in 1904. The first Election of the Municipal Council was held in the year 1927. The Wena Dam was created by Municipal Council. Presently, seven water tanks are available. The city was historically a major centre of cotton and soyabean oil. Presently, Hinganghat is the largest industrial hub in Wardha District and ranking 4th in the Nagpur Division. The Dal mills and oil mills are also available here.

== Geography ==
Hinganghat is located at {{Coord|20.57|N|78.83|E|}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Hinganghat.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc. – Hinganghat |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> The city has an average elevation of {{Convert|215|m|feet|abbr=on}} above sea level, which is low in comparison to the surrounding region. So, the Wena river flows throughout the year and helps the city face no drought. Apart from the river, the average depth of groundwater is around {{Convert|120|feet|m|abbr=on}}.}
[[File:Lord Vithoba Statue on Wana River.jpg|thumb|Lord Vithoba statue on Wena River]]
The city is a hub of India's cotton industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-18 |title=First consignment from Wardha dispatched to Bangladesh – Indian Textile Journal |url=https://indiantextilejournal.com/first-consignment-from-wardha-dispatched-to-bangladesh/ |access-date=2022-09-07}}</ref> There is also a soybean oil industry and numerous small to medium scale [[dal]] mills and oil mills in the vicinity of Hinganghat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Fats and Proteins » Edible and Cotton Oil Mills in Hinganghat, Wardha, Maharashtra, India |url=https://commoditiesindia.net/listing/prakash-fats-and-proteins-in-hinganghat-wardha-maharashtra-india/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Commodities India}}</ref> Hinganghat is the largest industrial hub in Wardha District.

==Demographics==
In 2011, Hinganghat's population was 101,805.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/352-hinganghat.html |title=Hinganghat City Population Census 2011 | Maharashtra |publisher=Census2011.co.in |access-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> Males constituted 52% of the population.
Hinganghat's average [[literacy rate]] of 94% was higher than the Indian national average of 74%. The male literacy rate was 97% and the female literacy rate was 90%. According to the ''Times of India'', Hinganghat has the highest literacy rate of any city in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Nagpur-most-literate-among-states-big-cities/articleshow/15845182.cms|title=Nagpur most literate among state's big cities |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2012 }}</ref> Literacy data analysed by UNICEF for cities with populations of more than 100,000 puts Hinganghat at the top, with a literacy rate of 94.34%, followed by Wardha (94.05%), Panvel (93.98%) and Gondia (93.70%).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/UNICEF-data-puts-Nagpur-above-Mumbai-Pune-in-literacy-rate-in-state/articleshow/28809119.cms |title=UNICEF data puts Nagpur above Mumbai, Pune in literacy rate in state |work=The Times of India |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

==Religion==
Hinganghat is home to the world's largest statue of Lord [[Vithoba|Pandurang]], which is {{convert|16|m|ft}} tall.<ref>{{Cite web |last=author/admin |date=2017-07-05 |title=विठ्ठलाच्या दर्शनासाठी... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/vardha/vitthal-darshan/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

Bansilal Kochar developed the [[Jainism|Jain]] temple in 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jain Temple Details |url=https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-Vimalnath-Jain-Kaanch-Mandir,-Nehru-Ward,-Hinganghat,-District---Wardha-(Maharashtra) |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=jainmandir.org}}</ref> The decorations of the temple are made of glass. [[Islam]] is followed by around 6% of the population and the Jamia Masjid is located near the centre of the city.

In Hinganghat, Garba is worshipped in Mata Mandir, "a temple of Mata Devi". It is the most important place in [[Navratri]] in Hinganghat and the oldest temple in the city and the land space was donated by Ganpatro Sadashiv Mawle.<ref>{{Citation |title=NAVRATRI 2020🚩🚩🚩 {{!}} By Mata Mandir Hinganghat {{!}} Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/MATAMANDIR99/videos/navratri-2020/1099165470517111/|access-date=2022-09-08}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |47945
| style="text-align:right;" |44397
| style="text-align:right;" |92342
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| style="text-align:right;" |76.677
| style="text-align:right;" |7.979
| style="text-align:right;" |0.239
| style="text-align:right;" |0.179
| style="text-align:right;" |13.529
| style="text-align:right;" |1.306
| style="text-align:right;" |0.045
| style="text-align:right;" |0.045
|-
|2011<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |52577
| style="text-align:right;" |49228
| style="text-align:right;" |101805
| style="text-align:right;" |10.248
| style="text-align:right;" |77.094
| style="text-align:right;" |7.910
| style="text-align:right;" |0.171
| style="text-align:right;" |0.123
| style="text-align:right;" |13.359
| style="text-align:right;" |1.182
| style="text-align:right;" |0.097
| style="text-align:right;" |0.064
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.76677,0.77094
| y2=0.07979,0.0791
| y3=0.00239,0.00171
| y4=0.00179,0.00123
| y5=0.13529,0.13359
| y6=0.01306,0.01182
| y7=0.00045,0.00097
| y8=0.00045,0.00064
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.76677,0.77094
| y2=0.07979,0.0791
| y3=0.00239,0.00171
| y4=0.00179,0.00123
| y5=0.13529,0.13359
| y6=0.01306,0.01182
| y7=0.00045,0.00097
| y8=0.00045,0.00064
}}

==Transport==
[[File: Hinganghat Railway staion.jpg|thumb|Hinganghat Railway Station]]
The Hinganghat railway station lies on the main Delhi to Chennai railway line. It is the largest railway station in the region. Express services include the Navjeevan Express, [[Nandigram Express|Nandigram]] Express, Andaman Express, Ahilya Nagari Express, [[Sewagram Express|Sevagram]] Express, Dakshin Express, Grand Trunk Express, Raptisagar Expresses, Secunderabad Superfast Express, Pune - Kazipet Superfast Express, MGR Chennai Central - Jaipur Superfast Express, Gomtisagar Express, Korba Superfast Express, Trivandrum Central Expresses, Anandwan Superfast Express, Yesvantpur Superfast Express, Jaipur - Mysuru Express, and [[Coimbatore - Jaipur Superfast Express]].

The nearest airport is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur which is 70 km away from the city centre. National Highway 44 passes through Hinganghat.

==Notable people==
* [[Baba Amte]], social worker and activist
* [[William Lambton]], a soldier, surveyor, and geographer, died in Hinganghat on 19 January 1823
* [[Jaani Babu Qawwal|Jani Babu]], religious singer
* [[Sunil Pal]]{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}, the winner of Laughter Challenge-1 comedy show.
* [[Vaishali Made]], winner of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa, an Indian musical reality TV Show.
* [[Nisha Mohota]], chess player
* [[D.P. Kothari]], academic
* Satyapal Landage (Satyapal), actor and comedian <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-satyapal-landge-reveals-interesting-story-behind-badnaam-and-karishma-singhs | title=EXCLUSIVE! Satyapal Landge reveals an interesting story behind Badnaam and Karishma Singh's signature SLAP SCENE in Maddam Sir }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India}}

{{Wardha district topics}}
{{vidarbha}}
{{Maharashtra}}
{{Godavari basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Wardha district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]

Mithila Bihari Mandir

2026-01-24T03:10:33Z

NaomiLoftis490: new a data more to come

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Mithila Bihari Mandir|native_name=मिथिला बिहारी मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Lord Rama]]|festivals=[[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]]|location=Kachuri Dham, [[Mithila region]]|district=Dhanusha district|province=[[Madhesh Pradesh]]|country=[[Nepal]]|image=File:Mithila Bihari Temple.jpg|caption=Mithila Bihari Mandir at Kachuri Dham|governing_body=Mithila Bihari Management Committee|coordinates={{Coord|26.7788611|N|85.9812187|E}}|coordinates_footnotes=}}

'''Mithila Bihari Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: मिथिला बिहारी मंदिर) is a historical Hindu temple located at [[Kachuri Thera|Kachuri Dham]] in the [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in the Himalayan nation of [[Nepal]]. The [[Mithila Madhya Parikrama]] starts its journey from the ''Mithila Bihari Mandir''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=कचुरीधाम से शुरू मिथिला मध्यमा परिक्रमा यात्रा जनकपुरधाम पहुंची |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-traditional-mithila-parikrama-journey-reaches-janakpur-dhams-201740675375259.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Preparations for Mithila Madhyamiki Parikrama in full swing |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/57630 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=टाइम्स |first=अन्नपूर्ण |date=2023-02-20 |title=Mithila Madhya Parikrama & Holi in Mithila |url=https://annapurnatimes.com/archives/69303 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=अन्नपूर्ण टाइम्स |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Mithila Bihari Temple, Kachuri.png|thumb|View of the front side of the temple of Mithila Bihari.]]
Mithila Bihari Mandir is dedicated to Lord Rama. It is at a distance of approximately three kilometres from the capital city [[Janakpur]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाल से बिहार पहुंचा मिथिला बिहारी का डोला, जानिए रामायण काल की इस परंपरा के बारे में... - Dola of Mithila Bihari reached at Girija sthan of Madhubani |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-dola-of-mithila-bihari-reached-at-girija-sthan-of-madhubani-20062928.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is estimated to be around 500 years old. The Dola of Lord Rama called as ''Mithila Bihari Dola'' is carried out every year on the first day of the circumambulation Mithila Madhya Parikrama from this temple.<ref name=":0" /> The temple is managed by an organisation called ''Mithila Bihari Management Committee''. The present chairman of the committee is Ajay Jha.<ref name=":1" /> Similarly the rituals of the temple is looked after and performed by a ''Mahant'' (head priest). The present Mahant of the temple is ''Ram Naresh Sharan''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=प्रभु श्रीराम के मिथिला आगमन से जुड़ा मध्यमा परिक्रमा का इतिहास, जान‍िए कहां-कहां होती है पर‍िक्रमा - History of Madhyama Parikrama related to the arrival of Lord Shri Ram in Mithila know where the Parikrama takes place |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-history-of-madhyama-parikrama-related-to-the-arrival-of-lord-shri-ram-in-mithila-know-where-the-parikrama-takes-place-22513974.html |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Temples in Nepal]]
[[Category:Dhanusha District]]
[[Category:Culture of Mithila]]

{{Hindu-temple-stub}}

Expulsion of Danes from Balasore

2026-01-19T00:30:30Z

NaomiLoftis490: Started New Page.

{{Short description|1643/1644 ousting of Danes in Balasore}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Expulsion of Danes from Balasore
| place = [[Balasore]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[India]])
| partof = the [[Dano-Mughal War]]
| image = Festningen Gingee i Karnatik - Peter Anker (1744–1832) - Kulturhistorisk museum, UiO - UEM4446.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = The [[Gingee Fort|fortress of Gingee]] in Karnatik, part of the Mughal Empire. By [[Dano-Norwegian]] [[Peter Anker]].
| date = 1643/1644
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-OR_type:city(144,000)|qid=Q641098|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| territory = Danish factory at Balasore abandoned
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} Malik Beg
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} Unknown
| units1 = Unknown
| units2 = None
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = {{circa}} 40 people
| casualties1 = None
| casualties2 = c. 40 poisoned All goods seized
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Dano-Mughal War}}
}}

The '''Expulsion of Danes from Balasore''' ({{Langx|da|Udvisningen af danskerene fra Balasore}}) was a violent [[Deportation|expulsion]] and ousting of the [[Danish East India Company]] from the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] harbour and trading hub of [[Balasore]] in 1643 or 1644 by the local Mughal governor, Malik Beg.

== Background ==
In 1620, [[Danish India]] was established at [[Tranquebar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tranquebar, 1620-1845 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/trankebar |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da}}</ref> One year later, [[Roland Crappé]] became [[Governor of Tranquebar]], establishing a far-flung string of Danish factories from [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] to [[Sulawesi]].{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=446}} One of these factories was established at [[Balasore]] in [[Bengal]], where the Danes sat up an office and staff.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=13}}

== Expulsion ==
Balasore remained as a Danish trading post and factory until 1643 or 1644, when Malik Beg, the Mughal governor of Balasore, came in a quarrel with the Danish factors.{{Sfn|Bhaduri|2021|p=140}} It is said that Malik Beg poisoned the Danish inhabitants, which were about 40 people,{{Sfn|Diller|1999|p=216}} and seized their [[goods]], which they had acquired from the area.{{Sfn|Bhaduri|2021|p=140}} As a result, Malik Beg demolished the Danish factory at Balasore, and the Danes who lived there were either poised or expelled.{{Sfn|Bhaduri|2021|p=140}}

== Aftermath ==
{{Further|Dano-Mughal War}}
As a result of this and other incidents, the governor of the Danish East India Company, [[Bernt Pessart]], declared war on the [[Mughal Empire]], which would last until 1698. The Danes would reestablish their factory at Balasore in 1674 when 2 Danish vessels captured 5 Bengali ships, in which the Mughal governor, Malik Kasim, promised to give them the same trading privileges as the English.{{Sfn|Bhaduri|2021|p=140}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Skirmish at Pipli}}
* {{Annotated link|Loss of the St. Jacob}}
* {{Annotated link|Attack in Hooghly}}
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Dansborg (1624)}}

== References ==
{{Ref list}}

== Works cited ==

*{{Cite book |last=Bhaduri |first=Saugata |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcVOEAAAQBAJ&dq=malik+beg+danes+1643&pg=PA140 |title=Polycoloniality: European Transactions with Bengal from the 13th to the 19th Century |date=2021-12-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-89812-56-5 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |isbn= |edition= |location=}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}
*{{Cite book |last=Diller |first=Stephan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&dq=Danish+balasore+1673&pg=PA216 |title=Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620-1845) |date=1999 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3-447-04123-2 |language=de}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Expulsion of Danes from Balasore}}
[[Category:Battles involving Denmark|Balasore]]
[[Category:Battles involving Norway|Balasore]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Balasore]]
[[Category:1640 in India]]
[[Category:1640s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company|Balasore]]
[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]