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Idhe Maa Katha

2026-05-29T06:40:43Z

Nandini Gowda KL: updated structure further and added references

{{short description|2021 film directed by Guru Pawan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Idhe Maa Katha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Guru Pawan
| producer = Golla Mahesh
| screenplay = Guru Pawan
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] [[Sumanth Ashwin]] [[Bhumika Chawla]] [[Tanya Hope]]
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| editing = Junaid Siddiqui
| studio = Gurappa Parameswara Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2021|10|2|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Idhe Maa Katha''''' ({{translation|This is my story}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romantic Drama|drama]] film written and directed by Guru Pawan, produced by Golla Mahesh through Gurrappa Parameswara Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=பைக் ரைடிங் கதைக்கு அஜித் கொடுத்த பாராட்டு - படக்குழு நெகிழ்ச்சி |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/ajith-likes-idhe-maa-katha-movie-teaser-msb-402843.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=News18 Tamil |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064206/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/ajith-likes-idhe-maa-katha-movie-teaser-msb-402843.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film has an [[ensemble cast]] of [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Sumanth Ashwin]], [[Bhumika Chawla]], and [[Tanya Hope]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Codingest |title=Srikanth-Bhumika's 'Idhe Maa Katha' Teaser unveiled! |url=http://www.ntvtelugu.com/post/srikanth-bhumikas-idhe-maa-katha-teaser-unveiled |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=NTV Telugu |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film is depicted as a road-trip.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} It was released on 2 October 2021.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Idhe Maa Katha Review: ‘ఇదే మా కథ’ మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Idhe Maa Katha Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/idhe-maa-katha-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1400551 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=2 October 2021 |language=te}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Mahendra
* [[Sumanth Ashwin]] as Ajay
* [[Bhumika Chawla]] as Lakshmi<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=15 March 2021 |title=Bhumika Chawla: I don't want to be standing next to the hero doing nothing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhumika-chawla-on-working-in-telugu-films-seetimaarr-paagal-idhe-maa-katha/article34073790.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101010135/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bhumika-chawla-on-working-in-telugu-films-seetimaarr-paagal-idhe-maa-katha/article34073790.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Tanya Hope]] as Meghana<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanya Hope gets ready for bike trip in Edhe Maa Katha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/sep/13/tanya-hope-gets-ready-for-a-bike-trip-in-edhe-maa-katha-20241.html |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=13 September 2020 |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001051533/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/sep/13/tanya-hope-gets-ready-for-a-bike-trip-in-edhe-maa-katha-20241.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Subbaraju]]
* [[Prudhvi Raj]]
* [[Sameer Hasan|Sameer]]
* Ram Prasad
* Badram
* Srijita Ghosh
* Sandhya Janak
* Madhumani
}}
== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] of the film was done in early 2020. The film's production was halted due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in March 2020 and in November 2020, the shooting of the film resumed, following the relaxation of [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |title=Bhumika Chawla hopes her biker role in 'Idhe Maa Katha' will inspire women |url=https://thenewsmen.co.in/entertainment/bhumika-chawla-hopes-her-biker-role-in-idhe-maa-katha-will-inspire-women/52140 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=thenewsmen |archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213130743/https://thenewsmen.co.in/entertainment/bhumika-chawla-hopes-her-biker-role-in-idhe-maa-katha-will-inspire-women/52140 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Focus |first=Filmy |title=A road journey film, Ide Maa Katha first look unveiled - Filmy Focus |date=19 November 2020 |url=https://filmyfocus.com/a-road-journey-film-ide-maa-katha-first-look-unveiled/ |access-date=13 February 2022 |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222121053/https://filmyfocus.com/a-road-journey-film-ide-maa-katha-first-look-unveiled/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics with ''The Times of India'' calling it "A biker film that’s neither adventurous nor engaging".<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |title=Idhe Maa Katha Movie Review: A biker film that's neither adventurous nor engaging |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/idhe-maa-katha/movie-review/86703776.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101010135/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/idhe-maa-katha/movie-review/86703776.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Idhe Maa Katha review: రివ్యూ: ఇదే మా కథ - telugu news srikanth idhe maa katha telugu movie review |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/telugu-news-srikanth-idhe-maa-katha-telugu-movie-review/0203/121202714 |website=eenadu.net |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124080215/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/newsarticle/telugu-news-srikanth-idhe-maa-katha-telugu-movie-review/0203/121202714 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Himanshu |date=3 October 2021 |title=Idhe Maa Katha Total Box Office Collection Report Income & Earning Till Now |url=https://socialtelecast.com/idhe-maa-katha-total-box-office-collection-report-income-earning-till-now/ |website=socialtelecast.com |access-date=1 November 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222121058/https://socialtelecast.com/idhe-maa-katha-total-box-office-collection-report-income-earning-till-now/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13921156}}

[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2020s drama road movies]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]

Act East policy

2026-05-16T13:15:11Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

<noinclude>{{Short description|India's foreign policy dealing with South-East Asian nations}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
[[File:Asia-map.png|right|thumb|300px|India, China, and the Southeast Asian countries]]
The '''Act East policy'''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bajpaee |first=Chietigj |date=2023-05-04 |title=Reinvigorating India's 'Act East' Policy in an age of renewed power politics |journal=The Pacific Review |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=631–661 |doi=10.1080/09512748.2022.2110609 |s2cid=251546937 |issn=0951-2748|doi-access=free }}</ref> is an effort by the [[Government of India]] to cultivate extensive economic and strategic relations with the nations of [[Southeast Asia]] to bolster its standing as a [[regional power]] and a counterweight to the strategic influence of the [[China|People's Republic of China]].

Initiated in 1991 as the '''Look East policy''' during the government of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narsimha Rao]] (1991–1996), it marked a strategic shift in India’s perspective of the world.<ref>Thongkholal Haokip, "India’s Look East Policy: Its Evolution and Approach," ''South Asian Survey'', Vol. 18, No. 2 (September 2011), [http://sas.sagepub.com/content/18/2/239.short pp. 239-257].</ref> It was rigorously pursued by the successive administrations of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (1998–2004) and [[Manmohan Singh]] (2004–2014).

In 2014, the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s administration announced the action-oriented, project- and outcome-based Act East Policy as a successor to the Look East Policy, emphasizing a more proactive role for India.<ref>
{{cite web | title= Sushma Swaraj tells Indian envoys to Act East and not just Look East | publisher= [[The Economic Times]] | date= 26 August 2014 | url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243802_1_india-and-asean-countries-east-asia-strategically-important-region| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140829043354/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-08-26/news/53243802_1_india-and-asean-countries-east-asia-strategically-important-region| url-status= dead| archive-date= 29 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="Jha-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://opedcolumnsyndication.news.blog/2019/03/23/vietnams-salience-in-indias-act-east-policy|title=Vietnam's Salience in India's Act-East Policy|last=Jha|first=Pankaj|date=March 23, 2019|website=Oped Column Syndication}}</ref>

==Background==
Ever since the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, China and India have been strategic competitors in [[South Asia|South]] and [[East Asia]].<ref name="PRIC">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0176) Sino-Indian relations]</ref> China has cultivated close commercial and military relations with India's neighbour [[Pakistan]] and competed for influence in [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>http://countrystudies.us/india/126.htm India-Nepal Treaty</ref> After [[Deng Xiaoping]]'s rise to power in China in 1979 and the subsequent [[reform and opening up]], China began reducing threats of expansionism and in turn cultivated extensive trade and economic relations with Asian nations. China became the closest partner and supporter of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] of Burma, which had been ostracised from the international community following the [[8888 Uprising|violent suppression of pro-democracy activities]] in 1988.<ref name="LG">[http://www.international-relations.com/CM7-2WB/Sino-Myanmar.htm Sino-Myanmar Relations: Analysis and Prospects by Lixin Geng, ''The Culture Mandala'', Vol. 7, no. 2, December 2006]</ref><ref name="V">{{cite book |last=Shambaugh|first=David |title=Power Shift: China and Asia's New Dynamics |pages=218 |year=2006 |publisher=[[University of California]] Press |isbn=978-0-520-24570-9 }}</ref> In contrast, during the [[Cold War]], India had a relatively hesitant relationship with many states in Southeast Asia as such diplomatic relations were given relatively low priority.<ref>{{cite book|author=David Brewster|url= https://www.academia.edu/8012918 |title=India as an Asia Pacific Power. Retrieved 19 August 2014}}</ref>

India's "Look East" policy was developed and enacted during the governments of [[Prime Minister of India|prime ministers]] [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] (1991–1996) and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (1998–2004).<ref name="PO">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2003/1011indiaasean.htm|title=India's 'Look East' Policy Pays off|website=archive.globalpolicy.org}}</ref> Along with [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation]] and moving away from Cold War-era policies and activities, India's strategy has focused on forging close economic and commercial ties, increasing strategic and security cooperation and the emphasis of historic cultural and ideological links.<ref name="PO" /><ref name="A">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df01.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news - India rediscovers East Asia |date=17 May 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517035426/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df01.html |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> India sought to create and expand regional markets for trade, investments and industrial development.<ref name="A" /> It also began strategic and military cooperation with nations concerned by the expansion of China's economic and strategic influence.<ref name="VJ">{{Cite web |url=http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia |date=22 May 2001 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |archive-date=22 May 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Actions ==

===Relations with East and Southeast Asia===
{{See also|East and Southeast Asian relations with Northeast India}}
[[File:2025-08-05 – PBBM State Visit to India signals deeper bilateral cooperation in Indo-Pacific (07).jpg|thumb|300px|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] (right) hosts Philippine President [[Bongbong Marcos]] in [[New Delhi]], August 2025]]
Although it had traditionally supported Burma's [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]] for many years, India's policy changed in 1993, making friendly overtures to the military junta.<ref name="VJ" /> India signed trade agreements and increased its investments in Burma; although private sector activity remains low, India's state corporations have landed lucrative contracts for industrial projects and the construction of major roads and highways, pipelines and upgrading of ports.<ref name="G">{{cite web| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm | work=BBC News | title=Explaining India's silence over Burma | date=26 September 2007 | access-date=11 May 2010}}</ref> India has also increased its competition with China over the harnessing of Burma's significant oil and natural gas reserves, seeking to establish a major and stable source of energy for its growing domestic needs, countering Chinese monopoly over Burmese resources and reducing dependence on oil-rich Middle Eastern nations. Although China remains Burma's largest military supplier,<ref name="VJ" /> India has offered to train Burma's military personnel and has sought their cooperation in curbing separatist militants and the heavy drug trafficking affecting much of [[Northeast India]].<ref name="G" /> Meanwhile China has won contracts harnessing more than 2.88–3.56 trillion cubits of natural gas in the A-1 Shwe field in the [[Rakhine State]] and has developed naval and surveillance installations along Burma's coast and the [[Coco Islands]]. This has provoked great concern and anxiety in India, which has stepped up its investment in port development, energy, transport and military sectors.<ref name="LG" /><ref name="VS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=129|title=India and China compete for Burma's resources|access-date=30 May 2008|archive-date=1 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601000136/https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/129/india-and-china-compete-for-burmas-resources|url-status=dead}}</ref>

India has also established strong commercial, cultural and military ties with the [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Cambodia]].<ref name="PO" /> India signed [[free trade agreement]]s with [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Thailand]] and stepped up its military cooperation with them as well. It has numerous free trade agreements with East Asian economies, including a [[Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]] with [[Malaysia]] and an [[Early Harvest Scheme]] with Thailand, while it is negotiating agreements with [[Japan]], [[South Korea]], and [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) member states. Ties have been strengthened with [[Taiwan]], [[Japan]] and [[South Korea]] over common emphasis on democracy, human rights and strategic interests. South Korea and Japan remain amongst the major sources of foreign investment in India.<ref name="A" /><ref name=LADWIG>Walter C. Ladwig III, "Delhi’s Pacific Ambition: Naval Power, ‘Look East,’ and India’s Emerging Role in the Asia-Pacific," ''Asian Security'', Vol. 5, No. 2 (June 2009), pp. 98–101</ref>

While India has remained a staunch supporter of the "[[One China]]" policy and recognised the sovereignty of the People's Republic of China on the mainland over the [[Taiwan|Republic of China]] authorities on Taiwan, India has nevertheless pursued a policy of increasing engagement with Taiwan. India has stepped up engagement with East Asia fueled by its need for cooperation on counter-terrorism, humanitarian relief, anti-piracy, maritime and energy security, confidence-building and balancing the influence of other powers, notably China. Driven by the fact that more than 50% of India's trade passes through the [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca Strait]], the Indian navy has established a [[Far Eastern Naval Command (Indian Navy)|Far Eastern Naval Command]] off [[Port Blair]] on the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. India has also been conducting joint naval exercises with Singapore ([[SIMBEX]]) since 1993, with Vietnam in 2000 and has engaged in joint patrols with Indonesia in the [[Andaman Sea]] since 2002. Japan and India were also members of the tsunami relief regional core group in the Indian Ocean in 2004 along with Australia and the United States of America.<ref name="C">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df02.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan |date=8 July 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708233222/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df02.html |archive-date=8 July 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Relations with China===
While India and China remain strategic rivals, India's "Look East" policy has included significant rapprochement with China.<ref name="LADWIG" /> In 1993, India began holding high-level talks with Chinese leaders and established [[confidence-building measures]]. In 2006, China and India opened the [[Nathu La]] pass for cross-border trade for the first time since the 1962 war.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/5093712.stm "India-China trade link to reopen"], BBC News, 19 June 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> On 21 November 2006 Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and the Chinese President [[Hu Jintao]] issued a 10-point joint declaration to improve ties and resolve long-standing conflicts.<ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/21jintao6.htm|title=India-China relations: Ten-pronged strategy|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Trade between China and India increases by 50% each year, and is set to reach the $60 billion target set for 2010 by both Indian and Chinese governments and industrial leaders.<ref name="P">{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/India-China-to-meet-trade-target-by-2010/288307/|title=India, China to meet trade target by 2010}}</ref> However, China's close [[China–Pakistan relations|relations with Pakistan]], skepticism about India's integration of [[Sikkim]], and Chinese claim over [[Arunachal Pradesh]] have threatened the improvement in bilateral relations.<ref name="APX">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6145866.stm|title=India and China row over border|date=14 November 2006|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> India is currently providing asylum to the political-spiritual leader, the [[14th Dalai Lama]] also causes some friction in bilateral ties.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=51fad3e0-f239-4ac6-a5f5-5ab608e6a30d&&Headline=Pranab+to+take+up+stress+in+ties+in+China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929041627/http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=51fad3e0-f239-4ac6-a5f5-5ab608e6a30d&&Headline=Pranab+to+take+up+stress+in+ties+in+China|url-status=dead|title=In China, Pranab to take up the stress in ties|archive-date=29 September 2008}}</ref>

Chinese [[state media]] commentators have been critical of India's Look East policy. A ''[[People's Daily]]'' editorial opined that the Look East policy was "born out of [the] failure" of India's trying to play the Soviet Union and the United States against each other for its own benefit during the Cold War, and that trying to do the same with China and Japan by strengthening its ties with the latter would also fail.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90002/96417/7179404.html|title=India's "Look East Policy" means "Look to encircle China" ?|date=27 October 2010|access-date=1 November 2010|first=Li|last=Hongmei|publisher=[[People's Daily]]}}</ref> A columnist at the [[China Internet Information Center]] criticized the Look East policy as being borne out of a misguided "fear of China" and as reflecting "a lack of understanding of the [[People's Liberation Army|PLA]]'s strategic ambitions".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2010-10/22/content_21181802.htm|title=India and China's great game in full swing|first=Dai|last=Bing|date=22 October 2010|access-date=1 November 2010|publisher=[[China Internet Information Center]]}}</ref>

===Participation in supranational organisations===
India has developed multilateral organisations such as, the [[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]] and [[BIMSTEC]], forging extensive cooperation on environmental, economic development, security and strategic affairs, permitting the growth of influence beyond South Asia and without the tense and obstructive presence of Pakistan and China that has stalled its efforts in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]].<ref name="PO" /><ref name="C" /> India became a sectoral dialogue partner with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]] in 1992, in 1995 was given an advisory status, a member of the Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia-Pacific, a member of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1996, and a summit level partner (on par with China, Japan and Korea) in 2002 and World cup 2002.<ref name="C" /> The first India-ASEAN Business Summit was held in New Delhi in 2002. India also acceded to ASEAN's [[Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia]] in 2003.<ref name="C" />

In many cases, India's membership to these forums has been a result of attempts by the region to balance China's growing influence in the area. Notably, Japan brought India into ASEAN+6 to dilute the ASEAN+3 process, where China is dominant, while Singapore and Indonesia played a significant role in bringing India into the [[East Asia Summit]]. The United States and Japan have also lobbied for India's membership in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC). Numerous infrastructure projects also serve to tie India closer to East Asia. India is participating in the [[United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific]] and the Pacific initiatives for an [[Asian Highway Network]] and the [[Trans-Asian Railway]] network. Discussions are also proceeding on reopening the [[World War II]]-era [[Stilwell Road]] linking India's [[Assam]] state with China's [[Yunnan]] province through [[Myanmar]].<ref name="C" />

=== Connectivity projects ===
Road and trade connectivity projects like [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]], [[India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway]] etc have been taken up under the look east policy. Currently these projects are ongoing.

=== Tourism ===
While primarily focused on trade, infrastructure, and security cooperation, the policy has also been associated with increased people-to-people connectivity, including a gradual rise in outbound tourism from India to Southeast Asia and East Asia. Countries such as Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia have seen growing numbers of Indian visitors, supported by expanding air connectivity, simplified visa regimes, and rising middle-class disposable income in India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pramit Pal |title=India’s Eastward Engagement: From Look East to Act East Policy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780199489404}}</ref> Japan has also become an increasingly important destination for Indian tourists, particularly following improvements in visa facilitation and direct flight connections, as well as the broader strengthening of India–Japan relations under the Act East framework. Although tourism is not a primary objective of the policy, it is widely regarded as a complementary outcome of deeper regional integration and connectivity initiatives.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/ |title=Act East Policy and Regional Connectivity Initiatives |author=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |year=2022}}</ref> Overall, the Act East policy has contributed indirectly to the expansion of Indian outbound tourism to East and Southeast Asia by encouraging greater mobility, economic engagement, and cultural exchange between India and the region.

During the 2020s, outbound tourism from India to Southeast and East Asia expanded significantly, driven by rising middle-class incomes, improved air connectivity, and the recovery of international travel following the COVID-19 pandemic. Destinations in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Indonesia, experienced increased arrivals of Indian tourists, supported by short-haul flight routes, relatively affordable travel costs, and simplified visa arrangements in several countries. Japan also emerged as a growing destination for Indian travellers, particularly among higher-income segments, aided by expanded flight connectivity and streamlined visa procedures. This trend has been discussed in the broader context of India’s Act East policy, which seeks to enhance economic, strategic, and people-to-people connectivity with Southeast and East Asia, although tourism is an indirect rather than primary objective of the policy framework.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/ |title=Act East Policy and Regional Connectivity Initiatives |author=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chaudhuri |first=Pramit Pal |title=India’s Eastward Engagement: From Look East to Act East Policy |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |isbn=9780199489404}}</ref>

==Assessment==
According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of Indian foreign policy, the 'Look East' policy has strengthened India's political, economic and cultural relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Pacific and has ensured that India becomes an important part of the emerging economic and security architecture of the region.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Promoting National Interest Through Diplomacy|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=December 2013|volume=1|issue=9|pages=59–60}}</ref> Commerce with South and East Asian nations accounts for almost 45% of India's foreign trade.<ref name="A" /> Although its efforts have met with considerable success, India trails China in the volume of trade and economic ties it enjoys with the nations of the region.<ref name="B">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df03.html |title=Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan |date=5 September 2008 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905130712/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IJ31Df03.html |archive-date=5 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Act East policy under Modi administration==
[[File:15th ASEAN-India Summit (7).jpg|thumb|300px|[[Narendra Modi]] (fifth from the left) joins the [[ASEAN]] leaders in doing the "ASEAN Way" handshake during the [[2017 ASEAN Summits|ASEAN–India Summit]] in [[Manila]] in 2017]]
In her visit to [[Hanoi]], External Affairs Minister [[Sushma Swaraj]] stressed the need for an Act East Policy, which she said should replace India's over two decade-old Look East Policy to put India in a more proactive regional position.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-09-10 |title=Modi govt to give greater push to India's Look East Policy, says Sushma Swaraj - Firstbiz |work=Firstbiz |url=http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/modi-govt-give-greater-push-indias-look-east-policy-says-sushma-swaraj-94718.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910195033/http://firstbiz.firstpost.com/economy/modi-govt-give-greater-push-indias-look-east-policy-says-sushma-swaraj-94718.html |archive-date=10 September 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-26 |title=Sushma Swaraj tells Indian envoys to Act East and not just Look East |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sushma-swaraj-tells-indian-envoys-to-act-east-and-not-just-look-east/articleshow/40907671.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-05-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The Modi administration stated that India would focus more on improving relations with [[ASEAN]] and other East Asian countries as per India's 1991 Look East Policy which focused on improving economic engagement with eastern neighbors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naidu |first=G.V.C. |date=2006 |title=India and the Asia-Pacific: The Look East Policy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45340547 |journal=Indian Foreign Affairs Journal |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |jstor=45340547 |issn=0973-3248}}</ref> This policy became a tool for forging strategic partnership and security cooperation with countries in that region in general and Vietnam and Japan in particular. While the Look East Policy aimed to build allies beyond the Soviet Union, it overlooked alliances with smaller border nations, such as Myanmar and Bangladesh.<ref name="Hall-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=Ian |last2=Ganguly |first2=Šumit |date=2022-02-01 |title=Introduction: Narendra Modi and India's foreign policy |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00363-8 |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00363-8 |issn=1740-3898 |pmc=8556799}}</ref><ref name="Banerjee-2022">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Anamitra |date=2022-04-25 |title=Comparing India's Look East and Act East Policies - JK Policy Institute {{!}} Research, Policy, Development, Governance |url=https://www.jkpi.org/comparing-indias-look-east-and-act-east-policies/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |language=en-GB}}</ref> China leveraged this oversight, increasing trade rates with Myanmar and Bangladesh more so than India was able to.<ref name="Banerjee-2022" />

The Act East Policy introduced infrastructure projects, such as the Agartala-Akhaura Rail Project (the first railroad connecting North Eastern India and Bangladesh) and the Asian Trilateral Highway (a new highway connecting Moreh, India to Thailand via Myanmar).<ref name="Banerjee-2022" /><ref name="Jha-2017" /> These Look East Policy alterations improved strategic partnerships with the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam to counter Chinese dominance in both the South China Sea and Indian Ocean.<ref name="Banerjee-2022" /> On net, the Act East Policy is a departure from India's previous [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]] and equidistance positions, and a move toward infrastructure-based "soft power".<ref name="Hall-2022" /><ref name="Jha-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |date=May 2017 |title=China–India Relations under Modi: Playing with Fire |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0009445517696630 |journal=China Report |language=en |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=158–171 |doi=10.1177/0009445517696630 |s2cid=157801747 |issn=0009-4455|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Neighbourhood first policy]] (Coupled with the "Look East policy", it focuses on South Asian nations)
* [[BIMSTEC]]
* [[Bharatmala#IntEcoCordList|India's International connectivity projects]]
* [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area]]
* [[Free and Open Indo-Pacific]]
* [[Pacific Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Policies of India}}

[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India]]
[[Category:Politics of Southeast Asia]]

Phir Wahi Talash

2026-04-29T05:50:51Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Phir wahi talash serial 1989 tv series.op.png
| director = [[Lekh Tandon]]
| producer =
| writer = Revati Saran Sharma
| starring = Poonam Rehani Sarin,Rakesh Kapoor,Neelima Azim, Rajesh Khattar, Ashwani Kumar, S M Zaheer
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 22
| runtime =
| first_aired = {{start date|1989}}
| last_aired = {{end date|1990}}
| channel = [[DD National]]
}}

'''''Phir Wahi Talash''''' is a television show by director [[Lekh Tandon]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/02lekh.htm|title='I can't take credit for Shah Rukh's success'|date=1 June 2004|website=www.rediff.com|first=Lata|last=Khubchandani|accessdate=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04FUBQAAQBAJ|title=Kahani Shahrukh Khan Ki|last=Sheikh|first=Mushtaq|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788173159718|language=hi}}</ref> broadcast on Doordarshan in 1989–1990.

The show's theme ghazal ''Mere humsafar mere saath tum'', ''Kabhi haadson ki dagar mile kabhi mushkilon ka safar mile''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-2-states-offers-a-refreshing-take-on-romance-639022|title=Why 2 States Offers a Refreshing Take on Romance - NDTV Movies|website=NDTVMovies.com|accessdate=2016-06-10}}</ref> was quite popular. This iconic ghazal 'Mere Humsafar mere Saath tum....' is sung by Shobhana Rao, an accomplished and talented ghazal and light music singer in New Delhi, India.

== Synopsis ==
The show is a love story between Padma (Poonam Rehani Sarin), a wealthy girl, and Narendra (Ashwini Kumar), a poor boy studying for a BA degree. Ashwini's neighbour (Himani Shivpuri) likes Narendra, but Padma's strict father disapproves of the relationship and arranges her marriage to Sagar (Rakesh Kapoor). However, as Sagar is portrayed as a modern thinker, he lets his wife go to be with the man she loves.

== Cast ==
* [[Poonam Rehani Sarin]] as Padma
* Dr Ashwini Kumar as Narender
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Narender's father
* Nutan Surya as Narender's mother
* [[Himani Shivpuri]] as Tara (Narender's neighbour)
* Rakesh Kapoor as Sagar
* [[Neelima Azeem]] as Shehnaz (Padma's friend)
* [[Rajesh Khattar]] as Captain Salim (Shehnaz's love interest)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/lucknow-times/salim-people-still-remember-rajesh/articleshow/45419985.cms|title=People still remember Salim (Hindi): आज भी लोगों को याद है सलीम : राजेश - Navbharat Times|website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=2016-06-10}}</ref>
* [[S M Zaheer]] as Shehnaz's father
* Sadia Dehlvi as Shehnaz's mother
* [[Arun Bali]] as Professor
* B.L. Chopra as Padma's father
* Veena Khanna as Padma's aunt
* Hemant Mishra as Madho (gardener)
* Gyan Shivpuri as Banwari
* Anil Bhatia as Satish (Narender's friend)
* Khalid as Aadil (Salim's brother)
* Anand Sharma as Girish (Sagar's father)
* Vinita Malik as Sagar's mother

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:1989 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1990 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Paramakudi Assembly constituency

2026-04-26T23:24:32Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Done

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paramakudi
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| established = 1951
| district = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 209
| map_image = Constitution-Paramakudi.svg
| mla = [[S. Murugesan (DMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 234,608
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Paramakudi''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> It is reserved for the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is a component of [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-10
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.

Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Govindan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|K. Ramachandran
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|[[C. Srinivasa Iyengar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[T. K. Siraimeetan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|[[T. K. Siraimeettan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[K. Ugrapandian]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[R. Thavasi]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[K. Baluchamy]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. Sundararaj|Dr. S. Sundararaj]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[U. Thisaiveeran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|rowspan=2|[[R. Ramprabhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| Dr. S. Sundararaj
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|Dr. [[S. Muthiah (MLA)|S. Muthiah - disqualification by Assembly Speaker 2017]]
|-
| 2019 by-election
|[[N. Sadhan Prabhakar]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[S. Murugesan (DMK politician)|S. Murugesan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22209.htm?ac=209 |title=Election Commission of India |website=results.eci.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509041917/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22209.htm?ac=209 |archive-date=2021-05-09}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|49.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.53}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.22}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|36.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.97}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|54.68}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.01}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Kathiravan|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthiah (politician)|S. Muthiah]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Ezhil Ilavarasi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= G. Gopinathan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =233433 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web|title=Paramakudi Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a209|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Murugesan (DMK politician)|S. Murugesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,864 |percentage=46.91% |change=+6.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. Sadhan Prabhakar]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,579 |percentage=39.57% |change=-7.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sasikala |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=16,430 |percentage=9.08% |change=+7.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karuppu Raja |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,488 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Selvi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=2,009 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,258 |percentage=0.70% |change=-0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,285 |percentage=7.34% |change= 0.61% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=180,900 |percentage=70.76% |change= 2.05% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=287|percentage=0.16% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,654 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.02% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{Cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC209.pdf |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222075543/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC209.pdf |archive-date=22 Feb 2022 }}</ref>
}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[N. Sadhan Prabhakar]]
|votes = 82,438
|percentage = 46.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Sambathkumar
|votes = 68,406
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[S. Muthiah (MLA)|Dr. S. Muthiah]]
|votes = 9,672
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = Hemalatha
|votes = 6,710
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = A. Shankar
|votes = 5,421
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,616
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,032
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,75,916
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,46,727 |change = }}

{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthiah (politician)|Dr. S. Muthiah]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,254 |percentage=46.89% |change=-10.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Thisaiveeran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,865 |percentage=40.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Pon. Balaganapathy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,537 |percentage=5.64% |change=+2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Irulan |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=3,780 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Hemalatha |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,655 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,598 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,389 |percentage=6.74% |change= -16.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=169,009 |percentage=68.71% |change= -3.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,978 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.98% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sundararaj|Dr. S. Sundararaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=86,150 |percentage=57.88% |change=+13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ramprabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,544 |percentage=34.63% |change=-10.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suba Nagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,787 |percentage=3.22% |change=+1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gandhi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,538 |percentage=1.03% |change=-0.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Velu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,522 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Saravanakumar |party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,444 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,606 |percentage=23.25% |change= 22.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=148,855 |percentage=72.42% |change= 5.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,541 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 12.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ramprabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,075 |percentage=45.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sundararaj|Dr. S. Sundararaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,021 |percentage=44.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thirumamalai Raja |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,554 |percentage=4.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ugrapandian |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,090 |percentage=1.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Kalidass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,654 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,307 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Kamarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=614 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,054 |percentage=0.94% |change= -4.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,600 |percentage=66.61% |change= 6.99% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,035 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -4.22% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Ramprabhu]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=53,746 |percentage=49.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chelliah |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=47,939 |percentage=44.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Durairaju |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,153 |percentage=3.83% |change=-1.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,497 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Elavarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,075 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,807 |percentage=5.36% |change= -12.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,410 |percentage=59.62% |change= -6.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,847 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Thisaiveeran]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,472 |percentage=43.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muniasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=25,571 |percentage=24.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sundararaj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,207 |percentage=22.53% |change=-44.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Siraimeettan]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,604 |percentage=5.44% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ugrapandian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=946 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=871 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. R. Thangasamy Devendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=775 |percentage=0.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,901 |percentage=18.35% |change= -22.02% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=103,001 |percentage=65.91% |change= 6.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,729 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -23.54% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sundararaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,577 |percentage=66.72% |change=+30.19 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Jeyapaul |party=Communist Party of India |votes=25,111 |percentage=26.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Chandran |party=Independent politician |votes=4,274 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Madasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,229 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Magarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,100 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,466 |percentage=40.37% |change= 37.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,291 |percentage=59.34% |change= -9.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,075 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 30.19% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Sundararaj]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,494 |percentage=36.53% |change=-21.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. R. Kandasmay |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,080 |percentage=33.20% |change=-6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. V. Rakkan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,681 |percentage=19.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Baluchamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,473 |percentage=8.25% |change=-49.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nagarajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,164 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=749 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,414 |percentage=3.33% |change= -14.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,641 |percentage=68.75% |change= -4.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,860 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Baluchamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,401 |percentage=58.19% |change=+3.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Siraimeettan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,480 |percentage=40.09% |change=-3.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthukkannu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,216 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,921 |percentage=18.10% |change= 7.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,485 |percentage=73.47% |change= 7.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,365 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Thavasi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,710 |percentage=54.22% |change=+17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Elamaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,876 |percentage=43.26% |change=+22.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kairasi Pandian |party=Independent politician |votes=1,298 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,834 |percentage=10.96% |change= 5.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,616 |percentage=65.82% |change= 2.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,848 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ugrapandian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,303 |percentage=36.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,357 |percentage=31.06% |change=-3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Siraimeettan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,254 |percentage=20.29% |change=-38.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Swaminathan |party=Janata Party |votes=8,156 |percentage=10.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindan Chatrakudi |party=Independent politician |votes=817 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,946 |percentage=5.25% |change= -19.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=75,194 |percentage=63.10% |change= -8.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,599 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Siraimeettan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,614 |percentage=58.97% |change=+2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Rakkan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,864 |percentage=34.41% |change=-1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,782 |percentage=6.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,750 |percentage=24.56% |change= 4.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=72,260 |percentage=71.88% |change= -6.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,332 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. Siraimeetan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,428 |percentage=56.67% |change=+26.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Thavasi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,962 |percentage=36.39% |change=-8.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pasumalai |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,391 |percentage=4.75% |change=-9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Muthurakku |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=675 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kapuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=649 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,466 |percentage=20.28% |change= 5.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,344 |percentage=77.99% |change= 5.46% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,043 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.89% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Srinivasa Iyengar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,301 |percentage=44.78% |change=+15.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Thangavelan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,439 |percentage=30.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muttusamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,313 |percentage=13.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasamy Thevar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,945 |percentage=5.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanmugam Servai |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=2,283 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Velu |party=Independent politician |votes=2,091 |percentage=2.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,862 |percentage=14.60% |change= -10.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,372 |percentage=72.52% |change= 27.56% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,433 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -9.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Ramachandran (Paramakudi Mla)|K. Ramachandran]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,695 |percentage=54.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Govindan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,398 |percentage=29.67% |change=-11.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sathivel |party=Independent politician |votes=5,023 |percentage=11.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Thiagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,045 |percentage=4.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,297 |percentage=25.01% |change= 4.98% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,161 |percentage=44.96% |change= -6.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,451 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Paramakudi<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Govindan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,859 |percentage=41.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarajan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=7,088 |percentage=20.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Srinivasa Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,088 |percentage=18.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pitchu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=5,421 |percentage=16.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sontiago |party=Independent politician |votes=1,342 |percentage=3.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,771 |percentage=20.03% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,798 |percentage=51.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,430 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord|9|32|42.65|N|78|33|48.08|E|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Indian Ports Association

2026-04-22T03:00:19Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New The Pg Basic Info...

{{Short description|Indian statutory body}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Indian Ports Association.
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = 1966
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction =
| merger =
| type =
| tax_id =
| registration_id = 
| status = Established under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860]] enacted by the [[Parliament of India]]
| purpose =
| headquarters = New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Ports Association |url=http://www.ipa.nic.in/index.cshtml?langid=1 |website=Indian Ports Association |access-date=1 February 2022}}</ref>
| location =
| coordinates =
| region_served = India
| services =
| products =
| methods =
| fields =
| membership = 12 Major ports of India
| num_members_year =
| language =
| owner =
| secretary_general =
| leader_title = Managing Director
| leader_name = Vikas Narwal
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization = [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India]]
| subsidiaries =
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| affiliations =
| budget =
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| num_staff =
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| website = {{official website|http://www.ipa.nic.in}}
| remarks =
| former_name =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Indian Ports Association''' is a [[statutory]] and [[autonomous]] body registered under the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act]] and constituted in 1966 to foster growth and development of major [[List of ports in India|ports]] which are under [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]] (MoPSW), [[Government of India]].

== History and Objective ==

The Indian Ports Association was formed in 1966<ref name="ipa15">{{cite news |title=Indian Ports Association invites applications for the post of Managing Director |url=https://educatenote.com/indian-ports-association-invites-applications-for-the-post-of-managing-director/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=Educate Note {{!}} No.1 Jobs Portals, Event Notification like FDP, Webinars, Course, STTP, Private Jobs, Government Jobs, Research Jobs from various Sectors of India |date=3 August 2021}}</ref> for controlling the operation of 12 major ports.<ref name="ipa ref6">{{cite news |title=Cargo handling at 12 major ports in country falls 4.59% to 673 MT in FY21 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/cargo-handling-at-12-major-ports-in-country-falls-459-to-673-mt-in-fy21/article34294550.ece |access-date=1 February 2022 |publisher=The Hindu |date=11 April 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="ipa ref10">{{cite news |title=Cargo traffic at major ports up by 11.43% in August |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/cargo-traffic-at-major-ports-up-by-1143-in-august-306049-2021-09-06 |access-date=1 February 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=6 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> It works under the supervision of Ministry of Shipping and was formed with the objective of undertaking research related to planning and organisation,<ref name="ip4">{{cite news |title=India-Ports: India fluidity portal doubles users over past month |url=https://www.joc.com/port-news/asian-ports/indian-ports-association/india-fluidity-portal-doubles-users-over-past-month_20190611.html |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=joc.com |date=11 June 2019}}</ref> fixing wages of staff working in the 12 ports<ref name="ip5">{{cite news |last1=Manoj |first1=P. |title=36,000 port workers to get 10.6% wage hike |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/36000-port-workers-to-get-106-wage-hike/article24401553.ece |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=12 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and making efforts on promoting technical and economic situations relating to ports.<ref name="ip20">{{cite news |title=Indian Ports Association launches 100% free value-added service on PCS 1x: eInvoice, ePayment and Edo |url=https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/indian-ports-association-launches-100-free-value-added-service-on-pcs-1x-einvoice-epayment-and-edo/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=hellenicshippingnews.com |date=25 September 2019}}</ref><ref name="ip13">{{cite news |title=Indian Ports Association seeks bids to build national logistics portal |url=https://projectstoday.com/News/Indian-Ports-Association-seeks-bids-to-build-national-logistics-portal |access-date=22 November 2022 |publisher=projectstoday.com |date=14 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="ip6">{{cite news |title=Mumbai Port completes PCS 1x API integration with all 36 messages |url=https://www.itln.in/mumbai-port-completes-pcs-1x-api-integration-with-all-36-messages-shipping |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=itln.in |date=29 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ip2">{{cite news |title=Cargo traffic at major ports rises by 11.43 pc in August |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/cargo-traffic-at-major-ports-rises-by-11-43-pc-in-august/articleshow/85977462.cms |access-date=11 October 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=6 August 2021}}</ref>

The organisation also acts as an integration of national and international organisations forming part of port and harbour organisations, port management allied activities and liaises between the Ministry of Shipping, ports, and other agencies related to Government.<ref name="ipa ref1">{{cite news |title=Indian Ports Association joins IPCSA as member - Maritime Gateway |url=https://www.maritimegateway.com/indian-ports-association-joins-ipcsa-member/ |access-date=1 February 2022 |publisher=maritimegateway.com |date=14 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="ipa ref11">{{cite news |title=Indian Ports Association joins IPCSA to facilitate international data exchange |url=https://smartmaritimenetwork.com/2020/10/14/indian-ports-association-joins-ipcsa-to-facilitate-international-data-exchange/ |access-date=4 February 2022 |publisher=Smart Maritime Network |date=14 October 2020}}</ref> One of the main objectives of the organisation is to promote uniformity and standardise the functions in ports.<ref name="ipa ref3">{{cite news |last1=Manoj |first1=P. |title=Indian Ports Association takes membership of International Port Community Systems Association |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/indian-ports-association-takes-membership-of-international-port-community-systems-association/article62194646.ece |access-date=1 February 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=14 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ipa ref12">{{cite news |title=Indian Ports Association becomes the latest member of IPCSA – bringing into the IPCSA family the major ports of India {{!}} Cyprus Shipping News |url=https://cyprusshippingnews.com/2020/10/15/indian-ports-association-becomes-the-latest-member-of-ipcsa-bringing-into-the-ipcsa-family-the-major-ports-of-india/ |access-date=4 February 2022 |publisher=cyprusshippingnews.com |date=15 October 2020}}</ref>

Mr. A K Bose is the current Managing Director of the Indian Ports Association.<ref name="ipa ref5">{{cite news |title=DST |url=http://dst.news/news.aspx?news_id=594&yr=2020&mn=3 |access-date=1 February 2022 |publisher=dst.news |date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
[[List of ports in India|List of Ports in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ipa.nic.in/ Official Website]

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Shamshabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:37Z

Nandini Gowda KL: creating a article...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shamshabad
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 148
| map_image = 148-Shamshabad.svg
| district = [[Vidisha district|Vidisha]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sagar]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Surya Prakash Meena]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Rajshree Singh]]
}}
'''Shamshabad''' is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1977, as one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018 |url-access=limited}}</ref> Shamshabad is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Vidisha district]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Shamshabad, Madhya Pradesh|Shamshabad]] [[tehsil]], [[Nateran]] tehsil and Vidisha tehsil. Shamshabad is part of [[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2 |Party
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Girischand Ramsahay
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Brijmohandas Maheshwari
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Mertab Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |Prem Narayan Sharma
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Rudrapratap Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Ajeya Bharat Party}}
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| [[Raghavji|Raghav Ji]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Surya Prakash Meena]]
|-
|| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| [[Rajshree Singh]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| [[Surya Prakash Meena]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shamshabad<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Surya Prakash Meena]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87234}}
|percentage = 53.74
|change = +6.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sindhu Vikram Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:67970}}
|percentage = 41.87
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1069}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19264}}
|percentage = 11.87
|change = +6.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162318}}
|percentage = 80.92
|change = +5.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shamshabad<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rajshree Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:62607}}
|percentage = 47.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jyotsna Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:55267}}
|percentage = 41.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Narayan Singh Kushwah
|votes = {{formatnum:6027}}
|percentage = 4.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Maharaj Singh Ahirwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1995}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Arvind Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:1393}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1769}}
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7340}}
|percentage = 5.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:132157}}
|percentage = 75.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Vidisha District]]
* [[Shamshabad, Madhya Pradesh|Shamshabad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coord|22.83|76.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Vidisha district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Kalyanpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:18:06Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New A Entry W/ Sources...

{{about||the constituency in Uttar Pradesh|Kalyanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|disambiguation|Kalyanpur (disambiguation){{!}}Kalyanpur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalyanpur
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| constituency_no = 174
| established = 1967
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Kalyanpur Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Howrah district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the Delimitation Commission, while [[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency]] came into existence in 2011, Kalyanpur Assembly constituency ceased to exist from the same year.<ref name = delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18|access-date = 25 July 2015|work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Kalyanpur Assembly constituency was part of [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 25 July 2015 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||||Sunil Kuamr Mitra||[[Bangla Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||Sunil Kumar Mitra||Bangla Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||Nitai Adak||[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No ?|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||[[Ali Ansar]]||[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||Nitai Charan Adak||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||Nitai Charan Adak||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||Nitai Charan Adak||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||Nitai Charan Adak||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||[[Asit Mitra]]||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||[[Asit Mitra]]||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||Rabindranath Mitra||Communist Party of India (Marxist)<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2015}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> Rabindranath Mitra of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 174 Kalyanpur assembly seat defeating Asit Mitra of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. [[Asit Mitra]] of Congress won the seat defeating Rabindranath Mitra of CPI(M) in [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> and Maqsud Ahmed of CPI(M) in 1996.<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> Nitai Charan Adak of CPI(M) defeated Sakti Sadhan Chowdhury of Congress in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> Asit Mitra representing Congress in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> and [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)|ICS]] in 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Arabinda Roy of [[Janata Party]] in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp174.htm |title =174 - Kalyanpur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 November 2010}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Ali Ansari of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> Nitai Adak of CPI(M) won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> Sunil Kumar Mitra of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Howrah topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{coords|22.35|88.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Howrah district]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]

Mainpuri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:29:01Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mainpuri
| constituency_no = 107
| map_image = 107-Mainpuri.svg
| mla = Jayveer Singh
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 290,690 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Mainpuri Assembly''' ({{IPA|hi|mɛːn̪.pʊɾiː}}) is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1952 after the "DPACO (1951)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1951.<ref name="DPACO (1951)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1951)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-51.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 107.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/mainpuri.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Mainpuri Assembly constituency is KCs Kurawali, Mainpuri, Kuraoli NP, Jyoti Khuria NP & Mainpuri (MB+OG) of Mainpuri Tehsil.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || Virendra Pati || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || - || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Malikhan Singh || [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || - || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Chaudhary Sushil Singh Yadav
|| [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || - ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Malikhan Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Baba Ram Nath || [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Malikhan Singh || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Raghuvir Singh Yadav || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Indal Singh Chauhan || [[Janata Dal]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Narender Singh || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Manik Chand Yadav || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Ashok Singh Chauhan || rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" |[[Raju Yadav (Uttar Pradesh)|Raju Yadav]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=8 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 18 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Jaiveer Singh]] || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent ||
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mainpuri<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:99814}}
|percentage = 46.73
|change = +12.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Urf Raju Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:93048}}
|percentage = 43.56
|change = +5.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gaurav Nand
|votes = {{formatnum:17216}}
|percentage = 8.06
|change = -16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vineeta
|votes = {{formatnum:2558}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:953}}
|percentage = 0.45
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6766}}
|percentage = 3.17
|change = -1.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213589}}
|percentage = 61.85
|change = +1.58
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Mainpuri<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Alias Raju Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:75787}}
|percentage = 38.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:66956}}
|percentage = 34.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Maharaj Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:48314}}
|percentage = 24.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1157}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:8831}}
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196813}}
|percentage = 60.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Mainpuri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Raju Yadav (Uttar Pradesh)|Raju Yadav]]
|votes = 54,990
|percentage = 32.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rama Shakya
|votes = 40,781
|percentage = 24.43
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prof. Kalicharan Yadav
|votes = 24,280
|percentage = 14.55
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 46,879
|percentage = 28.09
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 14,209
|percentage = 8.51
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 166,930
|percentage = 57.43
|change = -
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Mainpuri district]]
*[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mainpuri]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Mainpuri district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Halasuru Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:23:16Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New A Pg V1...

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ulsoor
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Bangalore district|Bangalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore City]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1967
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Ulsoor Assembly constituency''' was one of the Vidhan Sabha constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State]], in India. It was part of [[Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1961">{{cite web |date=7 December 1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |access-date=13 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 26, 2023 |author=Y Maheswara Reddy |title=When road conditions take hazardous turn |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/when-road-conditions-take-hazardous-turn/articleshow/103941746.cms |access-date=2024-03-11 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=Software engineer found dead at home in Bengaluru |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/software-engineer-found-dead-at-home-in-bengaluru/article67093858.ece |access-date=2024-03-11 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ganesha procession: Plan your route |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/ganesha-procession-plan-your-route-today-2696312 |access-date=2024-03-11 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-18 |title=India's first 3D-printed post office inaugurated in Bengaluru |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/india-first-3d-printed-post-office-in-halasuru-bengaluru-ashwini-vaishnaw-ltconstruction-17564311.htm |access-date=2024-03-11 |work=CNBC TV18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || M. Palaniappan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan="2" | [[Grace Tucker]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Halasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Grace Tucker]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,753 |percentage = 27.10% |change = {{decrease}}21.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Bashkaran |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,177 |percentage = 24.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kannan |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,078 |percentage = 24.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. C. Paranjothi |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 2,403 |percentage = 9.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Ramamurthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,759 |percentage = 7.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Sriramaiah |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,531 |percentage = 6.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulashekharan |party = Independent politician |votes = 220 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 576 |percentage = 2.31% |change = {{decrease}}18.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,733 |percentage = 59.78% |change = {{increase}}13.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,921}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,048 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}21.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Halasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Grace Tucker]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,977 |percentage = 48.66% |change = {{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kannan |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,047 |percentage = 27.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Bhaskaran |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,424 |percentage = 23.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,930 |percentage = 21.30% |change = {{increase}}3.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 18,448 |percentage = 46.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 18,448}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,470 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}11.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Halasuru <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Palaniappan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,307 |percentage = 36.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thamarai Kannan Doraiswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,720 |percentage = 18.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohamed Ismail Tabish |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,640 |percentage = 13.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Singh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,408 |percentage = 12.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kannan |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 1,968 |percentage = 9.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = U. K. Kalappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 1,266 |percentage = 6.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. M. Dharmalingam |party = Independent politician |votes = 496 |percentage = 2.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,587 |percentage = 18.11% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 19,805 |percentage = 47.45% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 19,805}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,742 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.977076|77.625351|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]

Prafulla Chandra Pradhan

2026-04-11T19:49:03Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prafulla Chandra Pradhan
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Saluga Pradhan]]
| constituency = [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]]
| birth_date =
| parents =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation =
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Prafulla Chandra Pradhan''' is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]] and a member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[G. Udayagiri Assembly constituency|G. Udayagiri]]. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Congress candidate Prafulla Chandra Pradhan wins in G. Udayagiri, Odisha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/constituency-show/g-udayagiri|website=Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency 141 - G. Udayagiri (Odisha) |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1883.htm|website=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Prafulla Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Kandhamal district]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Architecture in Maharashtra: Tradition and Journey

2026-04-11T17:45:18Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Started

{{cleanup-reorganize|date=July 2025}}
{{Short description|2024 non-fiction book}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Architecture in Maharashtra: Tradition and Journey
| caption =
| editor = [[Narendra Dengle]], [[Pushkar Sohoni]], Chetan Sahasrabuddhe, Minal Sagare
| country = India
| language = English
| subject = [[Architecture]], [[Maharashtra]]
| publisher = Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture
| media_type = Print (hardback)
| pages = vol.1: 419 pages, vol.2: 441 pages
| published = 2024
}}

'''''Architecture in Maharashtra: Tradition and Journey''''' is a 2024 non-fiction book in two volumes, edited by [[Narendra Dengle]], and co-edited by [[Pushkar Sohoni]], Chetan Sahasrabuddhe, and Minal Sagare. It is a loose translation of a similar two-volume work in Marathi by the same authors and editors. The work is about architecture in Maharashtra, and how it should be seen and understood in its historic context. From the pre-historic period to contemporary times, architecture is the focus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DGIPR |first=Team |date=2025-02-25 |title=मराठी भाषा गौरव दिनी ५१ नव्या ग्रंथांचे प्रकाशन - महासंवाद |url=https://mahasamvad.in/157581/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> The work was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Board of Literature and Culture.

== Synopsis ==
The first volume comprises essays by various authors. The second volume contains indexed entries of over three hundred sites and buildings in Maharashtra.

== Reception ==
The book has been received extremely well, both by the architecture community and also the press.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-08 |title=राज्यातील वास्तुकलेचा पसारा... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/famous-architect-narendra-dengle-book-on-tradition-and-progress-of-architecture-in-maharashtra-zws-70-5000396/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=वास्तू न्याहाळण्याचे कसब गरजेचे - डॉ. सदानंद मोरे यांचे मत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune/maharashtra-state-board-for-literature-and-culture-president-sadanand-more-comments-about-architecture-in-maharashtra-book-pune-print-news-asj-82-5018782/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Several events were organised to inaugurate the book, including one in Mumbai at the J.J. School of Architecture, and one in Pune organised by the Forum For Exchange and Excellence in Design (FEED).<ref>{{Cite web |title=महाराष्ट्रातील वास्तुकला : परंपरा आणि वाटचाल |url=https://www.kartavyasadhana.in/view-article/narendra-dengle-on-maharashtrachi-vastukala |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=www.kartavyasadhana.in/ |language=mr}}</ref> In 2025, several reviews of the book were published in most Marathi newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-15 |title=महाराष्ट्राच्या वास्तुवैभवाचे ग्रंथरूप 'ज्ञानसंकुल' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/loksatta-lokrang-gyansankul-book-representation-of-maharashtra-architectural-splendor-amy-95-5158186/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The two volumes were also listed by various people in a list of recommendations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-12 |title=पाहू, निवडू आणि वाचू आनंदे… |url=https://www.loksatta.com/lokrang/diwali-reading-season-begins-with-lokrang-featuring-recommended-books-from-writers-artists-and-intellectuals-statewide-rds-00-5436358/ |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> The journal of landscape architecture, ''Landscape'', reviewed the book favourably.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Landscape |url=http://www.lajournal.in/bookreviews.asp |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=www.lajournal.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Snehanshu |date=2025 |title=Tracing Maharashtra's Architectural Journey |journal=Landscape |volume=84}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:History of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Marathi culture]]

Virasolanar River

2026-04-11T12:50:26Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox river
| native_name = {{lang|ta|வீர சோழன் ஆறு}}
| name_other = Veera Cholan river
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| region = [[South India]]
| subdivision_type4 = Origin
| subdivision_name4 = [[Thiruvidaimarudur]]
| mouth = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| mouth_location = [[Tharangambadi]]
| mouth_elevation = 17.00m
| length = 145 kilometres (90 mi)
| image = Virasolanar River 1.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_caption = The Virasolanar river at Manganallur Village, [[Mayiladuthurai district]], Tamil Nadu, flowing at the brim in June 2025.
}}

The '''Virasolanar river''', also known as '''Veera Cholan river''', is a significant [[distributary]] of the [[Kaveri|Cauvery River]] in the [[Chola Nadu|Cauvery Delta]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] region of the Union Territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Department of Water Resources - Government of India |url=https://mowr.nic.in/core/WebsiteUpload/2023/Plate-4A.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Department of Water Resources - Government of India}}</ref>

== Geography and Course ==
The river originates near [[Thiruvidaimarudur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Envis Centre, Ministry of Environment & Forest, Govt. of India |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/error.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/database/WaterResources_791.aspx |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=tnenvis.nic.in}}</ref> in [[Thanjavur district]] and flows eastward through [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAYILADUTHURAI District |url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cccdm/districtprofiles/mayiladuthurai.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.annauniv.edu}}</ref> [[Nagapattinam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Madurai Kamaraj University |url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/research/SYNOPSIS/F9472s.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Madurai Kamaraj University}}</ref> and [[Karaikal]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=River system and water resources - Karikal District |url=https://statistics.py.gov.in/sites/default/files/i-iii-river-sys--water-resource.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=River system and water resources - Karikal District}}</ref> before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near [[Tharangambadi]].<ref name=":0" /> The river supports local agriculture, particularly paddy cultivation, and plays an important ecological and cultural role in the region. Government records such as weir tender documents mark locations up to {{Convert|145|km|mi}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=River System and Water Resources |url=https://www.eflorakkl.in/RiverSystem.php |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.eflorakkl.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Virasolanar River in India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Virasolanar-River-83102.htm |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.india9.com |archive-date=22 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822214406/https://www.india9.com/i9show/Virasolanar-River-83102.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Historical Background ==
The name Veera Cholan refers to a valorous '''Chola king''', though no specific historical inscriptions directly identify the river’s origin. The river is among the many '''Cauvery distributaries''' that sustained the agrarian economy of the '''Chola dynasty'''.

In recent decades, the river has been part of '''irrigation development schemes''', including '''World Bank–assisted projects''' under the '''Cauvery Delta Sub Basin''' program, aimed at modernizing weirs, banks, and sluices along the river to improve water management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=404 Error - Page Not Found |url=https://www.worldbank.org/404_response.htm |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref>

== Ecological Importance ==
The river plays an essential role in the seasonal ecology of the delta. During the monsoon, it carries substantial freshwater flow, while in the dry season, the water level often drops significantly. In extreme conditions such as the 2016 Tamil Nadu drought, parts of the river nearly dried up, causing groundwater shortages in affected villages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-15 |title=Mayiladuthurai MP utilized 97% MP fund in last 5 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/mayiladuthurai-mp-utilized-97-mp-fund-in-last-5-years/articleshow/68417222.cms#:~:text=pockets%20are%20forced%20to%20roam,Various |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-03-15 |title=Mayiladuthurai MP utilized 97% MP fund in last 5 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/mayiladuthurai-mp-utilized-97-mp-fund-in-last-5-years/articleshow/68417222.cms#:~:text=One%20of%20the%20projects%20has,as%20well%20as%20Nagapattinam%20districts |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The river irrigates rice fields, supports wetland biodiversity, and helps maintain the Great Vedaranyam Swamp, a Ramsar-listed wetland. The swamp and associated mangroves are important habitats for migratory birds, aquatic species, and fisheries. Although the river has limited industrial pollution, challenges such as water overuse, siltation, and encroachment remain concerns. Following the 2004 tsunami, restoration efforts were initiated to strengthen the river’s banks and improve coastal resilience.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2025 |title=Government of Tamil Nadu - PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT |url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/docfiles/pwd_irrigation_2_0.pdf#:~:text=Strengthening%20the%20banks%20of%20Veera,20%20KM%29%20in%20Nagapattinam%20District |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Government of Tamil Nadu - PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT}}</ref>

== Cultural and Religious Significance ==
The Veera Cholan River holds cultural and religious significance in the region. Notably, it flows past the Mahalingeswarar Temple in Thiruvidaimarudur, one of Tamil Nadu’s important Shaivite pilgrimage sites. The temple’s sacred tank, known as the Mahalingaswamy Kulam, is believed to be fed directly by the Virasolanar River.<ref name=":1" /> Devotees consider bathing in the river a ritual purification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sacred Tanks of South India {{!}} PDF {{!}} Groundwater {{!}} Hydrogeology |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/415218889/Sacred-Tanks-of-South-India#:~:text=Mahalingaswamy%20Kulam,%20Thiruvidaimarudur%20Veera%20Cholan,Srirangam%20Kaveri%20Sacred%20Tanks%2035 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
{{coord|11.0163|79.7654|type:river_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Kaveri River}}
{{Mayiladuthurai district}}{{Nagapattinam district}}{{Thanjavur district}}

[[Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Kaveri River]]

{{India-river-stub}}

Devadasu (1953 film)

2026-04-11T09:36:53Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Stub

{{short description|1953 film by Vedantam Raghavayya}}
{{For|other films with the same title|Devadasu (disambiguation){{!}}Devadasu}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devadasu
| image = Devadasu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster of the Telugu version
| director = [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]
| producer = D. L. Narayana
| screenplay = [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = {{ubl|[[Samudrala Sr.]] (Telugu) Udayakumar (Tamil)}}
}}
| based_on = {{based on|''Devdas''|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]
| music = '''Soundtrack:''' [[C. R. Subburaman]] '''Background score:''' [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| editing = P. V. Narayana
| studio = Vinodha Pictures
| distributor = Vinodha Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1953|6|26|Tamil|1953|9|11|Tamil}}
| runtime = 191 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=331}}
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Telugu|Tamil}}
}}

'''''Devadasu''''' is a 1953 Indian [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] and produced by D. L. Narayana for Vinodha Pictures. [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]] wrote the script based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s 1917 novel, ''[[Devdas]]''. C. R. Subbaraman composed the film's music. The film was edited by P. V. Narayanan, while B. S. Ranga provided the cinematography.

The film focuses on Devadasu and Parvati, who have been in love since childhood. Devadas' father rejects the proposal from Parvati's family. Parvati's father forces her to marry a middle-aged ''[[zamindar]]''. Unable to cope with his failure to win Parvati, Devadas turns into a drunkard, and the rest of the film is about whether or not Devadas meets Parvati again.

The film was produced in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages (the latter titled '''''Devadas''''') with slightly different casts. [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], and [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] played the lead roles in both versions; supporting roles were played by [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]], Dorasamy and [[Surabhi Kamalabai]].

''Devadasu'' was released on 26 June 1953, and the Tamil version was released three months later, on 11 September 1953. Both versions were critically and commercially successful. It has since achieved [[cult film|cult status]], with terms and phrases from the film being widely cited. Both versions proved to be a major breakthrough in both Savitri's and Nageswara Rao's careers, although they also led to the latter being [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] in similar roles.

== Plot ==
{{Hatnote|This plot summary is for the Telugu version of the film.}}
The film begins at the village Ravulapalli, where two infant neighbors, Devadas & Parvati, share a camaraderie. He is the son of [[Zamindar]] Narayana Rao, and she is a peasant Neelakantham’s daughter. As Devadas’s naughtiness increases, his father enrolls him in a boarding school. Years roll by, and Devadas comes back when Parvati is under beatitude and the love rises with them.

Hereupon, Parvati's grandmother forwarded the alliance, the Zamindar mortifies Neelakantham about their low level of caste & status. Enraged, Neelakantham declares to get hitched match above them. Parvati covertly walks to Devadas that night and begs him not to let go of her when he asks for time. The following day, he affirms his decision to Zamindar but loses the ability as his father shows the danger of suicide. Ergo, muddle Devadas, flies to the town and notifies Parvati of his failure to denote. Parallelly, Neelakantham arranges an aged alliance with Zamindar of Durgapuram, Bhavana Babu, which Parvati accepts. Till then, Devadas regrets & retrieves, telling Parvati he is bolder for espousal. She rejects it as her self-reverence is offended and presides over the wedding of her father’s choice.

Devastated, Devadas returns when his carousing mate Bhagawan introduces him to a courtesan [[Chandramukhi]] for relief.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2018/08/24/Devadasu-1953/584 | title=Devadasu (1953) | access-date=26 February 2024 | archive-date=26 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226053318/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/movies/legendmovie/2018/08/24/Devadasu-1953/584 | url-status=live }}</ref> Nevertheless, his suffering is intense, and he loathes, throwing money in her face. At that moment, she feels a sense of worship, ends her past, and devotes herself to him. Thus, Devadas hits the bottle to get out of grief and turns into an alcoholic. Hearing it, his father passes away under contrite when Devadas forwards. Parvati settles into her new house, adores her husband, revives his disintegrated family, and showers motherly affection to his progeny. Currently, she visits her parents’ home and implores Devadas to stop drinking but pleads not to withdraw a little peace. Plus, she seeks to bless his ministry, which he bestows to fulfill before leaving his breath.

Now, he is back in town again when lonesome Devadas journeys to Chadramukhi. He views her relinquishing all luxuries and expresses her adoration for him. Chadramukhi petitions Devadas to knit a fine match and post her as their maid. Then, Devadas states that if he does so, he will tie the knot only with her. Following this, he starts self-destruction as a drinking spree, and his health deteriorates.

Once, spotting him on the streets, Chandramukhi carries him when the doctor declares it’s his last stage. On his advice, Devadas leaves for his village. Chandramukhi is about to join him, which he denies with an oath to conjoin her in his next life. Midway, Devadas discerns his fast-approaching death and moves to Durgapuram to keep up his vow. After great difficulty, Devadas lands at his destination and becomes flat before Parvati’s residence. At last, mindful of his death, Parvati rushes towards the door, which her family members thwart by closing it, and she collapses. Finally, the movie ends with Devadas’s funeral.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Devadasu (Devadas in Tamil){{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=331}}
** Master Sudhakar as young Devadasu<ref name="das" />
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Parvati{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=331}}
** Baby Anuradha as young Parvati (Telugu)<ref name="das" />
** [[Sachu]] as young Parvati (Tamil)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=7 October 2003 |title=Simply Sachu |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/07/stories/2003100700430200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=24 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124111037/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/10/07/stories/2003100700430200.htm |archive-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] as [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]]{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=331}}
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Narayana Rao<ref name="das" />
* [[C. S. R. Anjaneyulu]] as the ''zamindar'' of Durgapuram<ref name="das" />
* Doraswamy as Neelakantham<ref name="das" />
* [[Surabhi Kamalabai]] as Parvati's grandmother<ref name="das" />
* [[Peketi Sivaram]] as Bhagawan (Telugu)<ref name="das" />
** [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Bhagawan (Tamil){{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=103}}
}}

== Production ==
{{quote box
| quote = When people saw me on screen in ''Devadasu'', they assumed that I starved myself to look like the heartbroken, alcoholic that I played on screen. Truth is far from it. I was actually healthy with robust looks. After watching myself I realised that no matter how hard I tried, I didn't look like a drunkard because my eyes were clear. So, I requested the director to shift the shooting schedule to the night. I used to stuff myself with heavy dinner and then shoot overnight ... even as my eyes were dropping, heavy with sleep. The effect was excellent and that's how I pulled ''Devadasu'' off.
| source = Akkineni Nageswara Rao, on his character in an interview in April 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=5 April 2013 |title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao interview |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Akkineni-Nageswara-Rao-interview/articleshow/19399459.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150304021856/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Akkineni-Nageswara-Rao-interview/articleshow/19399459.cms |archive-date=4 March 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 31%
}}
''Devadasu'' was directed by Vedantham Raghavayya and produced by D. L. Narayana under the production banner of Vinodha Pictures. It was produced simultaneously in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages (the latter as ''Devadas'').<ref name="Anandan" /> The film's script, which was written by [[Chakrapani (filmmaker)|Chakrapani]], was based on the novel ''[[Devdas]]'' by [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. The story of ''Devadasu'' centers around a feudal lord's son Devadasu falling in love with a poor girl Parvati. Due to differences in their social and economic status, Devadasu cannot marry his childhood love and Parvati marries an old man. Unable to forget her, he becomes alcoholic.<ref name="dev">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=13 February 2009 |title=Devadas 1953 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/devadas-1953/article3021157.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043215/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/devadas-1953/article3021157.ece |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Devadasu'' was the first Telugu adaptation of Chattopadhyay's novel, and ''Devadas'' was the second Tamil adaptation of the same, following the 1937 ''Devadas'' directed by and starring P. V. Rao.{{sfnm|1a1=Rajadhyaksha|1a2=Willemen|1y=1998|1p=331|2a1=Baskaran|2y=1996|2p=116}}

The film was launched by Vinoda Pictures with [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]] as the lead pair. After a week of shooting, the film was shelved due to the view that such a story might not succeed in Telugu; the production company instead produced ''Shanti'', which became a failure.<ref name="das">{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=14 December 2013 |title=Devadasu (1953) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/devadasu-1953/article5459080.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043230/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/devadasu-1953/article5459080.ece |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugufilmserver.com/Devadas_1953.shtml|title=Devadas (1953)|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=26 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040402054219/http://www.telugufilmserver.com/Devadas_1953.shtml|archive-date=2 April 2004}}</ref> One of the partners, D. L. Narayana then decided to revive ''Devadasu'' as an independent producer. Janaki, who was originally chosen for the character of Parvati, was replaced by [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]].<ref name="das" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dheenadhayalan |first=Pa. |date=16 May 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி – 1. அடடா... அறியாப் பருவமடா! |trans-title=Savitri – 1. Naive age |url=http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/05/09/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF--1.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE...-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5/article2803973.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615013322/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/05/09/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF--1.-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE...-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5/article2803973.ece |archive-date=15 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Arani Sathyanarayana portrayed the role of Devadasu's [[Friday (Robinson Crusoe)|man Friday]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=31 October 2010 |title=Ramadasu (1933) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ramadasu-1933/article860221.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043223/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ramadasu-1933/article860221.ece |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=25 October 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Peketi Sivaram]], who went on to become a famous director, portrayed the role of Bhagawan. S. V. Ranga Rao, C. S. R. Anjaneyulu, and Surabhi Kamalabai were selected to portray supporting roles.<ref name="das" /> [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]] of the [[Travancore Sisters]] was signed to play [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]], the courtesan.<ref name="das" /><ref name="dev" />

[[Samudrala Sr.]] and Udaykumar wrote the dialogue for the Telugu and Tamil versions, respectively.<ref name="dbsjeyaraj" /> [[B. S. Ranga]] was recruited as the director of photography,<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2010 |title=B.S. Ranga, veteran film director, passes away |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bs-ranga-veteran-film-director-passes-away/article948381.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001041129/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bs-ranga-veteran-film-director-passes-away/article948381.ece |archive-date=1 October 2016 |access-date=1 October 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> and P. V. Narayana edited the film.<ref name="dbsjeyaraj" /> Vali and Kotwankar were the art directors.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Devadas |date=1953 |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Vinodha Pictures |place=India |time=2:08}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced with Nagaraja Rao, a still photographer shooting some stills of Nageswara Rao in the guise of Devadasu, with a glass in his hand and the looks of a drunkard. Rao also took shots of Savitri in Parvati's make-up in Naarsu's Studio. Impressed with these stills, Narayana decided to use the same make-up for the real shooting of the film. He showed these make-up stills to Mangayya, the make-up man, who followed the same.<ref name="cinegoer">{{Cite web |last=Palakodety |date=11 January 2006 |title=CineGoer.com — Nostalgia — Devadasu |url=http://www.cinegoer.com/anrdevadasu.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113031935/http://www.cinegoer.com/anrdevadasu.htm |archive-date=13 January 2006 |access-date=12 September 2015 |publisher=Cinegoer.com}}</ref> Nageswara Rao, who portrayed the titular character, later recalled that Vedantam, being a [[Kuchipudi]] dance exponent and an experienced stage actor, used to enact the scenes before the actors, thereby making their job easy.<ref name="das" /> He even recalled that the director shot him only at night so that he could give the character a "drunken, droopy" look.<ref name="The Hindu : The immortal lover">{{Cite web |last=Guy, Randor |date=31 May 2002 |title=The immortal lover |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100950300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330012238/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/31/stories/2002053100950300.htm |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Those night-time shots were filmed over 50 days.<ref name="das" /> The final length of both versions was {{convert|17260|feet}}.<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite web |title=1953 – தேவதாஸ் – விநோதா பிக்சர்ஸ் (த-தெ-(நாவல்) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails15.asp |url-status=usurped |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta |access-date=24 March 2017 |archive-date=25 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325024658/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails15.asp }}</ref>

== Themes ==
Nageswara Rao compared Devadasu to his character in ''[[Batasari]]'' (1961), stating, "Characters like Batasari and [Devadasu] are not too explicit. They preserve their inner feelings - to be enjoyed in solitude. I am also a man like that."<ref name="Down memory lane">{{Cite news |last=Uma Maheshwari |first=R. |date=23 September 2002 |title=Down memory lane |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300850100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074150/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/23/stories/2002092300850100.htm |archive-date=10 March 2018}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Devadasu
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[C. R. Subbaraman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Album cover of the Telugu version
| released = 1 February 1954
| recorded = 1953
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:25
| language =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer = C. R. Subbaraman
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The official soundtracks of ''Devadas'' were composed by [[C. R. Subbaraman]]. The lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Sr.]] and [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] and [[K. D. Santhanam]] for the Telugu and Tamil versions, respectively.<ref name="telgan" /><ref name="tagan" /> Though Samudrala is credited as the lyricist in the film, M. L. Narasimham of ''[[The Hindu]]'' believes that Malladi Ramakrishna Sasthri also wrote some of the lyrics.<ref name="das" /> C. R. Subbaraman died before the film's release, and the remaining songs were composed by his assistants [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]].<ref name="das" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |date=15 July 2015 |title=M S Viswanathan lived, breathed music |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150715/entertainment-kollywood/article/m-s-viswanathan-lived-breathed-music |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113071444/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150715/entertainment-kollywood/article/m-s-viswanathan-lived-breathed-music |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> Among them was "Jagame Maaya", titled "Ulagaae Maayam" in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=25 December 2017 |title=Devadasu: Of Atman and Brahman |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rewind-making-of-jagame-maaya-in-devadasu/article22276132.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226073336/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rewind-making-of-jagame-maaya-in-devadasu/article22276132.ece |archive-date=26 December 2017}}</ref>{{efn|Ramamoorthy claimed to have composed "Jagame Maaya" by himself. Ghantasala's statement contradicted that of Ramamoorthy's as he says the song was composed by Viswanathan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalakrishna |first=P. S. |date=23 January 2014 |title=In reference to film music |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/in-reference-to-film-music/article5610087.ece |access-date=26 December 2017 }}</ref>}}

The soundtrack of the Telugu version was released on 1 February 1954 and the Tamil version was released on 25 March 1954; both were marketed by [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]].<ref name="telgan">{{Cite web |title=Devadasu (Telugu) |url=http://gaana.com/album/devadasu |access-date=26 October 2015 |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref name="tagan">{{Cite web |title=Devadas (Tamil) |url=http://gaana.com/album/devadas-tamil |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043244/http://gaana.com/album/devadas-tamil |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |publisher=Gaana}}</ref> The soundtracks were a huge commercial success, with "Jagame Maaya" and "Kala Idani", in particular, achieving cult status.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2015 |title=Ghantasala The playback legend |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-02-11/Ghantasala-The-playback-legend-130752 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=11 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111041205/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-02-11/Ghantasala-The-playback-legend-130752 |url-status=live }}</ref> Songs like "Ulage Maayam" and "O Devadas" became popular among the Tamil diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=23 January 2014 |title=The life and times of Tamil's own Devadas |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-life-and-times-of-tamils-own-devadas/article5606723.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027043252/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-life-and-times-of-tamils-own-devadas/article5606723.ece |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=26 October 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The song "Kudi Yemaithe" was composed using the [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani raga]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amruthavarshini |date=11 May 2014 |title=Kalyani: The queen of ragas |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-05-11/%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%CB%9CKalyani-The-queen-of-ragas%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2-94763 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151109015353/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-05-11/%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%CB%9CKalyani-The-queen-of-ragas%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2-94763 |archive-date=9 November 2015 |access-date=9 November 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> The song "Kala Idani" was composed using [[Saveri]] raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-date=3 April 2024|access-date=3 April 2024|date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ragalu, Cine Geetalu: Confluence of two genres|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna}}</ref> The song "Intha Telisi" is composed in various ragas.<ref name="raga">{{Cite web |last=Dakshinamurthy |first=M. |date=15 June 2014 |title=Ragamalika: A garland of Ragas |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-15/Ragamalika-A-garland-of-Ragas-98561 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151111041511/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-15/Ragamalika-A-garland-of-Ragas-98561 |archive-date=11 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=The Hans India}}</ref> The song "Palleku Podam" was later remixed by [[Anup Rubens]] for ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]'' (2016).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=19 August 2016 |title=Aatadukundam Raa: The joke is on the audience |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aatadukundam-raa-the-joke-is-on-the-audience/article9008002.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831044949/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/aatadukundam-raa-the-joke-is-on-the-audience/article9008002.ece |archive-date=31 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

The soundtracks received positive reviews from critics. Reviewing the Tamil version, [[Randor Guy]] of ''The Hindu'' stated that the songs "contributed to the [film's] success".<ref name="dev" /> Reviewing the Telugu version, M. L. Narasimham from the same newspaper also praised the songs, noting, "The major contribution to the film's success, however, came from the music director, a genius called C. R. Subbaraman. Every song he composed is a hit to this day."<ref name="das" /> [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] in his book ''The Eye of the Serpent'' noted, "One factor that sustains the popularity of this film to this is the songs [sic]".{{Sfn|Baskaran|1996|page=115}} On "Intha Telisi", Dakshinamurthy M. of ''[[The Hans India]]'' noted, "The 'pallavi' and 'charanam' are in Kharaharapriya, second 'charanam' is in Ranjani and the last one is in Mohana. The switching from 'charanam' to 'pallavi' and vice versa is so smooth, one forgets to notice the change in 'ragam' and 'bhavam'."<ref name="raga" />

{{tracklist
| headline = Telugu tracklist<ref name="telgan" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Andaala Anandam
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
| length1 = 03:17
| title2 = Antha Bhranthi Yena
| extra2 = [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
| length2 = 03:02
| title3 = Chelitya Ledhu
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], K. Rani
| length3 = 04:05
| title4 = Jagame Maya
| extra4 = Ghantasala
| length4 = 03:17
| title5 = Oh Devada
| extra5 = [[K. Jamuna Rani]], Udutha Sarojini
| length5 = 02:51
| title6 = Intha Telisiyundi
| extra6 = R. Balasaraswathi Devi
| length6 = 03:32
| title7 = Kudi Yedamaithe
| extra7 = Ghantasala
| length7 = 03:08
| title8 = O Devada
| extra8 = Ghantasala, [[Jikki]]
| length8 = 02:51
| title9 = Palleku Podam
| extra9 = Ghantasala
| length9 = 02:27
| title10 = Thane Marena
| extra10 = R. Balasaraswathi Devi
| length10 = 03:16
| title11 = Kala Idani
| extra11 = Ghantasala
| length11 = 03:08
| all_writing =
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Tamil tracklist<ref name="tagan" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_lyrics =
| title1 = Santosham Vendrum
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
| length1 = 03:17
| title2 = Ellam Maayai
| extra2 = K. Rani
| length2 = 03:02
| title3 = Uravum Illai
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], K. Rani
| length3 = 04:15
| title4 = Ulagaae Maayam
| extra4 = Ghantasala
| length4 = 03:17
| title5 = Oh Devatha
| extra5 = [[K. Jamuna Rani]], Udutha Sarojini
| length5 = 02:51
| title6 = Paramugam Enaya
| extra6 = R. Balasaraswathi Devi
| length6 = 03:32
| title7 = Thunintha Pin
| extra7 = Ghantasala
| length7 = 03:08
| title8 = O Devadas
| extra8 = Ghantasala, [[Jikki]]
| length8 = 02:51
| title9 = Santosham Tharum
| extra9 = Ghantasala
| length9 = 02:27
| title10 = Anbe Pavama
| extra10 = R. Balasaraswathi Devi
| length10 = 03:16
| title11 = Kanavithuthan
| extra11 = Ghantasala
| length11 = 03:08
| all_writing =
}}

== Release ==
''Devadasu'', was released on 26 June 1953,<ref name="das" /> and ''Devadas'' was released three months later on 11 September 1953.<ref name="dbsjeyaraj">{{Cite web |last=Jeyaraj |first=D. B. S. |date=21 April 2014 |title=The Unforgettably Popular Film Songs of Tamil Cinema Classic "Devadas" ♫ |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/27894 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831053630/http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/27894 |archive-date=31 August 2016 |access-date=31 August 2016 |publisher=dbsjeyaraj.com}}</ref> Both versions were commercially successful, playing for over 100 days in theatres.<ref name="das" /> Randor Guy, however noted that after the film's release, there were bickerings between the partners over the division of profits and Subbaraman's widow had to go to court, as did Lalitha for her balance remuneration.{{sfn|Guy|2016|p=255}} In 2002, the film was screened under the "Devdas Retrospective Section" during the 33rd [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=33rd International Film Festival of India |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm33IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=33IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223151140/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm33IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=33IIFA.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2017 |access-date=23 December 2017 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Devadasu'' received positive reviews from critics upon its release.<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=20 September 2016 |title=Happy Birthday Akkineni Nageswara Rao: 5 best films of the legendary actor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-akkineni-nageswara-rao-best-films-nagarjuna-naga-chaitanya-342056-2016-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026044616/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/happy-birthday-akkineni-nageswara-rao-best-films-nagarjuna-naga-chaitanya/1/768571.html |archive-date=26 October 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=[[India Today]] |df=dmy}}</ref> M. L. Narasimham praised the performances of the film's cast, particularly that of Nageswara Rao. He added that B. S. Ranga's "excellent" cinematography and C. R. Subbaraman's music were the film's highlights apart from Vedantham Raghavayya's direction.<ref name="das" /> Reviewing ''Devadas'', Randor Guy wrote that the film was remembered for "empathetically brilliant performance of Nageswara Rao in the title role and equally impressive acting by Savithri".<ref name="dev" /> S. Theodore Baskaran described the casting of Nageswara Rao and Savitri as "near perfect".{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=116}} ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated that Nageswara Rao's performance "remains a classic portrayal of the character that has been adapted on-screen several times".<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2014 |title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao: his best films |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akkineni-nageswara-rao-his-best-films/story-Ksj7Ah36hILCv7HIJWUWUP.html |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Film archivist [[P. K. Nair]] noted, "Akkineni Nageshwara Rao identified himself with the character so intensely [...] that it remains one of Telugu cinema’s outstanding performances."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=P. K. |author-link=P. K. Nair |date=1 April 2017 |title=The Devdas syndrome in Indian cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-devdas-syndrome-in-indian-cinema/article17750122.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402155612/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-devdas-syndrome-in-indian-cinema/article17750122.ece |archive-date=2 April 2017 |access-date=2 April 2017 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The 2002 book ''Living legend, Dr. Akkineni'' (edited by M. K. Ramu) called Nageshwara Rao "the perfect manifestation of Sarat's vision" of the title character.{{Sfn|Ramu|2002|p=44}} In contrast, Nageswara Rao at one point did not rate the film so highly because he felt it did not "convey the Sarat mood well enough."{{Sfn|Ramachandran|1978|p=cxxvii}}

C. S. H. N. Murthy, author of the 2012 [[Routledge]] article ''Film remakes as cross-cultural connections between North and South'', praised ''Devadasu'' for "follow[ing] closely the text of the novel as a [[hypotext]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murthy |first=C. S. H. N. |date=13 November 2012 |title=Film remakes as cross-cultural connections between North and South: A case study of the Telugu film industry's contribution to Indian filmmaking |url=https://www.academia.edu/19224904 |access-date=1 October 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]]}} [https://archive.org/details/RemakesInIndianCinemaTeluguCinema Alt URL]</ref> Murthy was the first author to interpret the Devadas phenomenon in terms of de-westernising media studies by appropriately locating the character of Devadas into the relevant and contemporary religious ethos of India that time. Murthy was not only critical of the Western Scholars' interpretations of Devadas as a narcissist and pseudo-masochist but also questioned their theoretical frameworks based on Western Sexualities and Post-feminism. While placing the crux of the adaptation studies using film as text, he rightly pointed out the dissonance in trying to draw such comparisons based on Western film theories. His article endeavours to make a critical intervention in current South Asian Studies by aiming to provide novel theoretical frame work, hitherto unknown and unheard in Indian film studies, to which philosophical and traditional tenets grounding the novella of Devadas can be anchored.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Murthy |first=C.S.H.N. |last2=O.B. |first2=Meitei |date=February 2016 |title=Intertextuality of Film Remakes of Devdas: Romanticism From the Perspectives of Indian Aesthetics |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications]] |journal= South Asia Research |volume=36 |pages=24–40 |doi=10.1177/0262728015615477 |number=1 |s2cid=148363017}}</ref>

== Legacy ==

''Devadasu'' and ''Devadas'' are regarded as among the most successful films in Telugu and Tamil cinema respectively.<ref name="idlebrain">{{Cite book |last=Sastry |first=K. N. T. |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/devadasu.html |title=Alanati Chalana Chitram |date=1986 |publisher=Cinema Group |author-link=K. N. T. Sastry |access-date=20 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000516201633/http://www.idlebrain.com/nosta/devadasu.html |archive-date=16 May 2000 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Upon release, the dialogue ''Thaagithe maruva galanu, thaaganivvaru, marichipothe thaagagalanu, maruvanivvaru'' ({{langx|en|If I drink, I can forget, but they don't let me drink, If I forget, I can drink, but they don't let me forget.|italic=yes}}) became famous.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tata, Madhavi |date=14 October 2013 |title=Romance Is All |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/romance-is-all-/288054 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017105339/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/romance-is-all-/288054 |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> The film proved to be a major breakthrough in Nageswara Rao's career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=M Bharat |date=13 February 2016 |title=Kollywood kadhal: From black & white till now |url=http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/kollywood-kadhal-black-white-till-now |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026060649/http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/kollywood-kadhal-black-white-till-now |archive-date=26 October 2016 |access-date=26 October 2016 |website=[[News Today]] |df=dmy}}</ref> The success of the film made him known as the "Tragedy King" of Telugu cinema and also led to his becoming [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]] in similar roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sushil Rao |first=Ch. |date=23 January 2014 |title=Akkineni Nageshwara Rao: A Tragedy King who charmed his heroines |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Akkineni-Nageshwara-Rao-A-Tragedy-King-who-charmed-his-heroines/articleshow/29222497.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123215249/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Akkineni-Nageshwara-Rao-A-Tragedy-King-who-charmed-his-heroines/articleshow/29222497.cms |archive-date=23 January 2014 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="idlebrain" /> In order to shed the tragic-romantic hero image, he accepted a comic role in ''[[Missamma]]'' (1955).<ref name="Irreplaceable">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2014 |title=Irreplaceable icon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/irreplaceable-icon/article5618415.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205021406/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/irreplaceable-icon/article5618415.ece |archive-date=5 February 2014 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Savitri too appeared in ''Missamma'', and her character in that film was described by Pa. Dheenadhayalan of ''[[Dinamani]]'' as an [[antithesis]] of her role in ''Devadasu''.<ref name="Dheenadhayalan">{{Cite web |last=Dheenadhayalan |first=Pa. |date=16 May 2015 |title=சாவித்ரி - 2. காதல் மந்திரவாதி! |trans-title=Savitri – 2. The magician of love! |url=http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/05/16/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF---2.-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/article2815909.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611160435/http://www.dinamani.com/junction/kanavukkannigal/2015/05/16/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF---2.-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/article2815909.ece |archive-date=11 June 2015 |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Vaazhvey Maayam]]'' (1982), which was named after a line from "Ulagaae Maayam",<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2014 |title=தெலுங்கின் சிவாஜி, நாகேஸ்வரராவ்! |trans-title=Nageswara Rao, the Telugu Sivaji! |url=http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/display_content_front.jsp?menuid=26&menuname=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF,%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D!&linkid=26&linkname=2014-01-28&content=1222&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=- |url-status=dead |access-date=2 October 2016 |website=Ithayakkani |language=ta |archive-date=2 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002132538/http://www.ithayakkani.com/jsp/Content/display_content_front.jsp?menuid=26&menuname=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF,%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D!&linkid=26&linkname=2014-01-28&content=1222&columnno=0&starts=0&menu_image=- }}</ref> was described by ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' as an "update of the ''Devdas'' plot".{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=331}}

In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' asked eight Tamil directors to list ten of their favourite films. [[Balu Mahendra]] named ''Devadas'' as one of his top ten Tamil films. He said that it had "superb lighting by B. S. Ranga, excellent performances by A. Nageswara Rao and Savithri, and haunting music by C. R. Subbaraman".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Actor [[Sivakumar]] stated, "You can’t reproduce movies like ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'', ''[[Pasamalar]]'', ''Devadas'', ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'' or ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists’ image."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=N. |date=3 January 2008 |title=Sivakumar not for old wine in new bottle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326134402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[YVS Chowdary]] titled his 2006 comedy film ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]'', though it had no similarity with this film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham, M. L. |date=6 January 2006 |title=Spinning magic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/spinning-magic/article3216664.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114150541/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/spinning-magic/article3216664.ece |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In May 2012, Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] mentioned ''Devadasu'' for the letter D in her list, "The A to Z of Telugu Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=7 May 2012 |title=Special: The A to Z of Telugu Cinema |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-special-the-a-to-z-of-telugu-cinema/20120507.htm#4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227142244/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-special-the-a-to-z-of-telugu-cinema/20120507.htm#3 |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=27 December 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> During a programme titled "Telugu Cinema Prasthanam" organised by the film society of Vishakhapatnam, writer and actor Ravi Kondala Rao placed ''Devadasu'' among other Telugu films like ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1932), ''[[Mala Pilla]]'' (1938), ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951) and ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' (1963) during a speech on the role of Telugu cinema in the hundred years of Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2013 |title=Call to promote good cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/call-to-promote-good-cinema/article4263409.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122347/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/call-to-promote-good-cinema/article4263409.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In April 2013, ''[[News18]]'' included the film in its list of "100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref name="IBNLive">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425234818/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-56.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=13 June 2016 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] described ''Devadasu'' as one of Nageswara Rao's "best films".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 January 2014 |title=Legendary Telugu Actor Nageswara Rao Passes Away |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Legendary-Telugu-Actor-Nageswara-Rao-Passes-Away/2014/01/22/article2013634.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122055840/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Legendary-Telugu-Actor-Nageswara-Rao-Passes-Away/2014/01/22/article2013634.ece |archive-date=22 January 2014}}</ref> [[Dilip Kumar]], who portrayed Devadas in the [[Devdas (1955 film)|1955 film]] directed by [[Bimal Roy]], admitted that Nageswara Rao's performance as the character was better than his own,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nichenametla |first=Prasad |date=23 January 2014 |title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao: the grand old man of Telugu cinema |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akkineni-nageswara-rao-the-grand-old-man-of-telugu-cinema/story-45SpSJ0C9rOklvGj8oFfgM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511132235/http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/akkineni-nageswara-rao-the-grand-old-man-of-telugu-cinema/story-45SpSJ0C9rOklvGj8oFfgM.html |archive-date=11 May 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> remarking, "There is only one Devadas (1953), and that is Akkineni Nageswara Rao."<ref>{{Cite web |title=There is only one Devadas, and that is ANR: Dilip Kumar |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/there-is-only-one-devadas-and-that-is-anr-dilip-kumar-imagegallery-1-tollywood-obwj80ieecjsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511131648/http://www.sify.com/movies/there-is-only-one-devadas-and-that-is-anr-dilip-kumar-imagegallery-1-tollywood-obwj80ieecjsi.html |archive-date=11 May 2016 |access-date=11 May 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A scene from ''Devadasu'', in which the title character converses with a street dog while drunk, was parodied in a promotional still from ''[[Majnu (2016 film)|Majnu]]'' (2016), where the male lead ([[Nani (actor)|Nani]]) humorously converses with a stuffed puppy, while imitating Devadasu's mannerisms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=1 August 2016 |title=A touching love story of a happy, new-age Majnu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/A-touching-love-story-of-a-happy-new-age-Majnu/articleshow/53476442.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914052802/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/A-touching-love-story-of-a-happy-new-age-Majnu/articleshow/53476442.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=14 September 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In the film ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), a drunk Valayapathi ([[Vadivelu]]) who is lying in the car will be singing "Kanavidhu Than".<ref>''Muthu'' (motion picture). India: [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]. 1995. From 39.19 to 39.28</ref>

== Sequel ==
In 1978 a sequel to the film released ''[[Devadasu Malli Puttadu]].'' It deals with the rebirth of Devadasu, with Nageswara Rao reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=Nov 16, 2022 |title=RIP Superstar Krishna: Of the star's tryst with Devadasu that left him with a bitter aftertaste |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rip-superstar-krishna-of-the-stars-tryst-with-devadasu-that-left-him-with-a-bitter-aftertaste/ec5a673909624 |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118183358/https://www.ottplay.com/news/rip-superstar-krishna-of-the-stars-tryst-with-devadasu-that-left-him-with-a-bitter-aftertaste/ec5a673909624 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=Sundararaj Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ&q=The+eye+of+the+serpent:+an+introduction+to+Tamil+cinema |title=The eye of the serpent: an introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |access-date=21 September 2016 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902112412/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ&q=The+eye+of+the+serpent:+an+introduction+to+Tamil+cinema |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Guy |first=Randor |title=Memories of Madras: Its Movies, Musicians & Men of Letters |publisher=Creative Workshop |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-928961-7-5 |author-link=Randor Guy}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |url=https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994 |access-date=1 October 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821193440/https://indiancine.ma/texts/indiancine.ma%3AEncyclopedia_of_Indian_Cinema/text.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oSdlAAAAMAAJ&q=batasari+sarat |title=Living Legend, Dr. Akkineni |publisher=Rasamayi Publications |year=2002 |editor-last=Ramu |editor-first=M. K. |oclc=53205683 |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902112412/https://books.google.com/books?id=oSdlAAAAMAAJ&q=batasari+sarat |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=T.M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ&q=Devadas |title=Film World |year=1978 |volume=14 |access-date=14 January 2021 |archive-date=2 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240902112525/https://books.google.com/books?id=xXhTAAAAYAAJ&q=Devadas |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book|last=Dhananjayan |first=G.|title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013|date=2014|publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ|isbn=978-93-84301-05-7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627050954/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ|archive-date=27 June 2015|access-date=26 March 2026}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Vedantam Raghavaiah}}
{{Devdas}}

[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1950s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Devdas films]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vedantam Raghavayya]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

K. V. Chowdary

2026-04-07T21:33:16Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New First Details From Scratch...

{{Short description|Indian Revenue Service officer}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. V. Chowdary
| image = File:The Central Vigilance Commissioner, Shri K.V. Chowdary, in New Delhi on August 17, 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shri K. V. Chowdary, in New Delhi on 17 August 2017
| office1 = [[Central Vigilance Commission|Central Vigilance Commissioner of India]]
| term_start1 = 10 June 2015
| term_end1 = 9 June 2019
| predecessor1 = Rajiv
| successor1 = [[Sharad Kumar (bureaucrat)|Sharad Kumar]]
| order1 =
| office2 = Chairman of [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
| term_start2 = 1 August 2014
| term_end2 = 31 October 2014
| predecessor2 = R K Tewari
| successor2 = Anita Kapur
| birth_place = [[Kurumaddali]], [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|10|10}}
| death_date =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''K. V. Chowdary''' (born 10 October 1954) is a retired officer of the 1978 batch of [[Indian Revenue Service]] (IRS). He was appointed Chairman of the [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT) on 10 June 2015 and served until 9 June 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/a-look-at-the-career-of-the-new-cvc-k-v-chowdary/|title=A look at the career of the new CVC K V Chowdary|date=9 June 2015|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Appu Esthose|last=Suresh|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cvc.nic.in/about-us/meet-the-commissioner/shri-kv-chowdary|title=Shri K V Chowdary profile|work=Central Vigilance Commission|access-date=7 January 2019|archive-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108045940/http://www.cvc.nic.in/about-us/meet-the-commissioner/shri-kv-chowdary|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/supreme-court-upholds-appointment-of-kv-chowdary-as-central-vigilance-commissioner-says-no-grounds-for-interference-4645001.html|title=Supreme Court upholds appointment of KV Chowdary as central vigilance commissioner, says no grounds for interference|work=First Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/02/sc-upholds-appointment-of-k-v-chowdary-as-central-vigilance-commissioner-1836905.html|title=SC upholds appointment of K V Chowdary as Central Vigilance Commissioner|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
He was appointed as a member of the board directors of [[Reliance Industries]] in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandey|first=Piyush|date=2019-10-19|title=RIL appoints former CVC K.V. Chowdary as director|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/ril-appoints-former-cvc-kv-chowdary-as-director/article29744158.ece|access-date=2020-08-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-20|title=Ex-CBDT chief, ex-CVC K V Chowdary joins RIL board|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/ex-cbdt-chief-ex-cvc-kv-chowdary-joins-ril-board-6078112/|access-date=2020-08-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdary, K. V.}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Revenue Service officers]]
[[Category:People from Machilipatnam]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Gov-bio-stub}}

Vadh 2

2026-04-07T17:25:02Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Jaspal Singh Sandhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vadh 2 poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jaspal Singh Sandhu]]
| writer = Jaspal Singh Sandhu '''Additional screenplay and dialogues:''' [[Neha Shitole]] Rahul Sain
| producer = [[Luv Ranjan]] [[Ankur Garg]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]]
* [[Neena Gupta]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sapan Narula
| editing = Bharat S. Raawat
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Rochak Kohli]] '''Score:''' Advait Nemlekar
| studio = [[Luv Films]]
| distributor = [[Pen Studios|Pen Marudhar]] {{small|(India)}} [[Yash Raj Films]] {{small|(Overseas)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|11|23|[[56th International Film Festival of India|Goa]]|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |date=9 November 2025 |last=Seta |first=Fenil |title=BREAKING: The Family Man Season 3, Gustaakh Ishq, Vadh 2, 120 Bahadur, Tere Ishk Mein, Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders to have gala premiers at 56th IFFI Goa |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-family-man-season-3-gustaakh-ishq-vadh-2-120-bahadur-tere-ishk-mein-raat-akeli-hai-bansal-murders-gala-premiers-56th-iffi-goa/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=19 November 2025}}</ref>|2026|2|6|}}
| runtime = 131 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadh 2 |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTAxMTAyMDI1MDAyMzI= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|4.66}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vadh 2 Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vadh-2-2/box-office/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Vadh 2''''' ({{translation|Execution 2}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by [[Jaspal Singh Sandhu]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |last=Kumar |first=Ritika |title=Vadh 2 trailer: Sanjay Mishra, Neena Gupta return in a dark, morally complex thriller. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vadh-2-trailer-sanjay-mishra-neena-gupta-return-in-a-dark-morally-complex-thriller-watch-101769498095044.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> and produced by [[Luv Ranjan]] and [[Ankur Garg]] under [[Luv Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |last=Bohra |first=Anurag |title=Vadh 2 trailer: Neena Gupta, Sanjay Mishra lead a compelling mystery thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vadh-2-trailer-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishra-lead-a-compelling-mystery-thriller-2858336-2026-01-27 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref> A spiritual sequel<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Hollywood Reporter India |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/vadh-2-movie-review-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishra-steer-a-decent-sequel-a-poignant-crime-drama}}</ref> to the 2022 film [[Vadh (2022 film)|''Vadh'']], the film stars [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] and [[Neena Gupta]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |last=Bhat |first=Mumtaz |title=Sanjay Mishra and Neena Gupta lead gritty quest for justice in 'Vadh 2' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sanjay-mishra-and-neena-gupta-lead-gritty-quest-for-justice-in-vadh-2-1042863 |website=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Vadh 2 is set primarily within the confines of a small prison in Shivpuri, Madhya Pradesh. Manju is incarcerated for a double murder she insists she did not commit, and her days are spent navigating the brutal and politically charged ecosystem of the jail.

Shambhunath Mishra, a weary low-rank police guard nearing retirement, oversees the daily running of the prison. Initially distant and emotionally guarded, Shambhunath slowly forms an unexpected, platonic bond with Manju as the two find themselves sharing long conversations and mutual understanding in the oppressive environment.

Within the prison walls, power is dictated by inmates as much as by the authorities. Keshav—better known as Bhure Bhaiya—a dangerous criminal with political backing (being the brother of a local MLA), dominates the internal hierarchy through intimidation and violence, spreading fear among fellow prisoners and even influencing the officials meant to control him. His presence escalates tensions and exposes the fragility of the prison's order.

When Keshav suddenly disappears under mysterious circumstances, panic and suspicion ripple through the jail. To unravel the truth, investigator Ateet Singh is brought in to lead the inquiry into Keshav's disappearance. As interrogations unfold, hidden truths and long-buried secrets begin to surface, forcing both inmates and guards to confront uncomfortable realities about justice, loyalty, and morality.

Amid the procedural unravelling of events, alliances shift and the nature of guilt and innocence becomes increasingly complex. Shambhunath and Manju's evolving relationship and the mounting pressure from within the prison walls anchor the narrative, leading to a tense and unpredictable climax that reshapes how both characters view right and wrong.

== Cast ==
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Shambhunath Mishra
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Manju Mishra
* [[Kumud Mishra]] as Prakash Singh
* Amitt K. Singh as [[Inspector#India|Inspector]] Ateet Singh
* [[Yogita Bihani]] as Naina Kumari
* [[Akshay Dogra]] as Keshav
* [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Rajni

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] was completed in April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Sanjay Mishra-Neena Gupta wrap up shoot of Luv Films' Vadh 2: "The film is rooted in the same soul while exploring deeper human narratives"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-mishra-neena-gupta-wrap-shoot-luv-films-vadh-2-film-rooted-soul-exploring-deeper-human-narratives/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2025 |title=Sanjay Mishra And Neena Gupta Wrap Up The Shooting Of Vadh 2|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sanjay-mishra-neena-gupta-wrap-up-the-shooting-of-vadh-2-8177733/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |work=NDTV|language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Vadh 2'' had its world [[premiere]] at the [[56th International Film Festival of India]] ([[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]]) in [[Goa]] on 23 November 2025, where it was screened as a gala premiere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2025 |title=Sanjay Mishra and Neena Gupta's 'Vadh 2' to premiere at IFFI 2025 in Goa |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/sanjay-mishra-and-neena-guptas-vadh-2-to-premiere-at-iffi-2025-in-goa-1503509845.html |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2025 |last=Srivastava |first=Ayush |title=Sanjay Mishra, Neena Gupta starrer Vadh 2 to premiere at 56th International Film Festival of India |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sanjay-mishra-neena-gupta-starrer-vadh-2-to-premiere-at-56th-international-film-festival-of-india-8178661/ |website=[[India.com]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

After its [[Film screening|screening]] at the [[Film festival|festival]], the film was theatrical released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2026 |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |title=Sanjay Mishra–Neena Gupta's Vadh 2 Gets Intense New Posters; Release Date Set For February 6, 2026 |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/sanjay-mishra-neena-guptas-vadh-2-gets-intense-new-posters-release-date-set-for-february-6-2026-ws-kl-9817404.html |website=[[News18 India]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The post-theatrical digital streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |title='Vadh 2' OTT release: When and where to watch Neena Gupta and Sanjay Mishra's crime thriller after its theatrical debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vadh-2-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-neena-gupta-and-sanjay-mishras-crime-thriller-after-its-theatrical-debut/articleshow/127622006.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2026 |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |title=Vadh 2 OTT partner revealed: Where to watch Neena Gupta, Sanjay Mishra's crime-thriller film after its theatrical run |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vadh-2-ott-partner-revealed-where-to-watch-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishras-crime-thriller-film-after-its-theatrical-run/5d323f4543517 |website=[[OTTplay]] |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

==Reception==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated it 2.5/5 stars and writes that "While Neena Gupta and Sanjay Mishra do their job like the seasoned actors they are, the others manage to leave a mark, even if you are left wondering just why a cop’s chiselled chest is given a whole scene to itself."<ref>{{cite web|first=Shbhura|last=Gupta|title=Vadh 2 Movie Review: Neena Gupta, Sanjay Mishra fails to deliver on its promise|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vadh-2-movie-review-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishra-fails-to-deliver-on-its-promise-10517393/|date=6 February 2026|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' described it is a "A Decent Sequel, A Poignant Crime Drama and fundamentally solid crime thriller."<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Vadh 2' Movie Review: A Decent Sequel, A Poignant Crime Drama|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/vadh-2-movie-review-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishra-steer-a-decent-sequel-a-poignant-crime-drama|date=6 February 2026|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' 3 stars out of 5 and commented that "Sanjay Mishra and Neena Gupta bring their A-game to their roles, and this lived-in quality makes Vadh 2 even more convincing."<ref>{{cite web |first=Mayur |last=Sanap |title=Vadh 2 Review: Sanjay Mishra-Neena Gupta Lead Gripping Crime Tale |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/vadh-2-review-sanjay-mishra-neena-gupta-lead-gripping-crime-drama/20260206.htm |date=6 February 2026 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 4 stars out of 5 and said that "A story inside a story and an absolute slow burn—that is the beauty of Sanjay Mishra, Neena Gupta, and Kumud Mishra’s film."<ref>{{cite web|first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|title='Vadh 2' Movie Review: Neena Gupta-Sanjay Mishra's platonic love story is a well-paced murder mystery that doesn't rush|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vadh-2-movie-review-neena-gupta-sanjay-mishras-platonic-love-story-is-a-must-watch-13976391.html|date=6 February 2026|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and stated that "On the whole, VADH 2 is an intriguing thriller with an unpredictable climax. However, the writing has its share of loose ends and moreover, its subject and treatment will mostly appeal to a limited audience."<ref>{{cite web |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |title=Vadh 2 Movie Review: VADH 2 is an intriguing thriller with an unpredictable climax. |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vadh-2-2/critic-review/vadh-2-2-movie-review/vadh-2-is-an-intriguing-thriller-with-an-unpredictable-climax/ |date=6 February 2026 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' 's Anisha Rao gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Vadh 2 benefits from its prison setting and dependable performances, but a familiar plot and uneven storytelling prevent it from delivering the tension it promises."<ref>{{cite web |first=Anisha |last=Rao |title=Vadh 2 review: Sanjay Mishra, Neena Gupta try hard to elevate a tame thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/vadh-2-review-sanjay-mishra-neena-gupta-try-hard-to-elevate-a-tame-thriller-2863945-2026-02-06 |date=6 February 2026 |website=India Today}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30176955}}
* {{BH movie|vadh-2-2}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language mystery films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Alternative sequel films]]

Mayasabha – The Hall of Illusion

2026-04-05T16:54:24Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created new article

{{short description|2025 film directed by Rahi Anil Barve}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mayasabha
| image = Mayasabha film.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rahi Anil Barve
| writer = Rahi Anil Barve
| story =
| producer = Girish Patel Ankoor J. Singh Shamrao Bhagwan Yadav Chanda Yadav Manish Handa Kewal Handa
| starring = [[Jaaved Jaaferi]] [[Mohammad Samad]] Veena Jamkar Deepak Damle
| cinematography = Kuldeep Mamania
| editing = Aasif Pathan
| music = Sagar Desai (background score)
| studio = Zirkon Film Astonia Media Entertainment The Third Eye Kreative Films
| distributor = Pickle Entertainment [[UFO Moviez]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|11||[[Jagran Film Festival|JFF]]|ref1=<ref name="hindu"/>|2026|01|30}}
| runtime = 104 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAYASABHA |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwMTEyMTAyMDI1MDAwNTQ= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Mayasabha – The Hall of Illusion''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller]] film written and directed by Rahi Anil Barve.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tumbbad' director Rahi Anil Barve says his next film, Mayasabha, blends symbolism with suspense |url=https://ianslive.in/tumbbad-director-rahi-anil-barve-says-his-next-film-mayasabha-blends-symbolism-with-suspense--20260106125218|date=6 January 2026|website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> It is the second directorial venture of Rahi Anil Barve after ''[[Tumbbad]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Director Rahi Anil Barve on new film: 'After Tumbbad, there was an expectation to challenge myself and the audience once again'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2026/01/06/director-rahi-anil-barve-on-new-film-after-tumbbad-there-was-an-expectation-to-challenge-myself-and-the-audience-once-again.html|date=8 January 2026|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>
It stars [[Jaaved Jaaferi]], [[Mohammad Samad]], Veena Jamkar and Deepak Damle.
The film premiered at the [[Jagran Film Festival]] in November 2025 and was released theatrically on 30 January 2026.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-01-07 |title='Mayasabha' set for theatrical release after festival momentum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mayasabha-locks-theatre-release-set-for-release-festival-hit-rahi-anil-barve-jaaved-jaaferi-human-relationships/article70481229.ece |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jaaved Jaaferi starrer Mayasabha gets new release date|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2026/Jan/08/hindinews2026jan06jaaved-jaaferi-starrer-mayasabha-gets-new-release-date|date=8 January 2026|website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jaaved Jaaferi's upcoming film 'Mayasabha' to hit theatres in January|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jaaved-jaaferis-upcoming-film-mayasabha-to-hit-theatres-in-january/cid/2141309|date=6 January 2026|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Parmeshwar Khanna, a once-successful film producer, now lives with his son inside a dilapidated movie theater. His life takes an unsettling turn when he becomes involved in a treasure hunt alongside his son's friends. As the search unfolds, layers of greed, illusion, and buried secrets begin to surface. The narrative gradually blurs the line between reality and perception, offering a surreal and symbolically charged examination of human desire, where the audience's understanding of truth increasingly departs from that of the characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Nov/26/tumbbad-directors-sophomore-film-mayasabha-gets-a-release-date|title=Tumbbad director's sophomore film Mayasabha gets a release date|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=26 November 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Jaaved Jaaferi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaaved Jaaferi Unveils First Look From Mayasabha, Calls It His 'Most Challenging Role'|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/jaaved-jaaferi-unveils-first-look-from-mayasabha-calls-it-his-most-challenging-role-aa-ws-l-9710360.html|website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]|date=15 November 2025}}</ref> as Parmeshwar Khanna
*[[Mohammad Samad]] as Vasu
*Veena Jamkar as Zeenat
*Deepak Damle as Ravarana

==Marketing==
The motion poster for the film was revealed by the director on November 17, 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title='Mayasabha' Motion Poster: Jaaved Jaaferi Intrigues In 'Tumbbad' Director's Next|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mayasabha-motion-poster-jaaved-jaaferi-intrigues-in-tumbbad-directors-next|date=17 November 2025|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Tumbbad' director Rahi Anil Barve unveils motion poster of his next 'Mayasabha'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/tumbbad-director-rahi-anil-barve-unveils-motion-poster-of-his-next-mayasabha/articleshow/125294587.cms|date=13 November 2025|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
The teaser of the film was released on 14 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mayasabha Teaser Trailer: A Mysterious Jaaved Jaaferi In An Eerie World By Tumbbad Director|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/181642-mayasabha-teaser-trailer-jaaved-jaaferi-tumbbad-director-rahi-anil-barve.html|date=14 January 2026|website=[[MensXP]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayasabha teaser: Tumbbad maker returns with yet another dystopian tale about the powerful and powerless |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Jan/14/mayasabha-teaser-tumbbad-maker-returns-with-yet-another-dystopian-tale-about-the-powerful-and-powerless|date=14 January 2026|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

==Release==
''Mayasabha'' premiered at the [[Jagran Film Festival]] in November 2025. It was given a special screening at the Third Asian Film Festival, scheduled from January 9 to 15, 2026. The film was subsequently selected for the Indian Cinema section at the [[Pune International Film Festival]] (PIFF) 2026, organized by the Government of Maharashtra, where it was screened on 17 January 2026.<ref name="hindu" />
The film was theatrically released on 30 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Festival-Favourite Mayasabha Set For All-India Theatrical Release On THIS Date|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/festival-favourite-mayasabha-set-for-all-india-theatrical-release-on-this-date-ws-l-9812952.html|date=6 January 2026|website=[[CNN-News18|News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mayasabha: Rahi Anil Barve's Mythological Mystery Thriller Locks Release Date|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/mayasabha-release-date-rahi-anil-film-to-release-in-january-2026|date=6 January 2026|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref>
==Reception==
''Mayasabha'' received mixed reviews from critics.

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote "Mayasabha is a miasmic movie experience that takes its time to reveal its hand fully. Once it does, it sucks you in. And it lingers long after it has run its course."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|title=Mayasabha Review: Rahi Anil Barve's Film Is No Less Original Than Debut Tumbbad|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mayasabha-review-rahi-anil-barves-film-is-no-less-original-than-debut-tumbbad-4-stars-10914037|website=NDTV|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' commented that "Rahi Anil Barve’s intriguing second film after 'Tumbbad' is an original but less-than-affecting psychological drama and more art than heart.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Desai|title='Mayasabha' Movie Review: An Original But Less-Than-Affecting Psychological Drama|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/mayasabha-movie-review-an-original-but-less-than-affecting-psychological-drama|date=30 January 2026|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref>

Priyanka Sharma of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "If it seems too niche for the average theatre-going crowd, the film deserves to find an audience on OTT, where its layered storytelling would be discovered without the pressure of box office expectations."<ref>{{Cite web|first=Priyanka|last=Sharma|title=Mayasabha review: Jaaved Jafferi anchors a tale of illusion and deception|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mayasabha-review-jaaved-jafferi-anchors-a-tale-of-illusion-and-deception-2860536-2026-01-30|website=India Today|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref> Abhishek Srivastava of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and observed that "‘Mayasabha’ leaves you with more appreciation than emotion. You respect the attempt, the craft, and the seriousness of intent, but respect is not the same as involvement. The film feels content to exist in its own space, even if the audience starts to slip away."<ref>{{cite web |first=Abhishek |last=Srivastava |title=Mayasabha - The Hall of Illusion Movie Review: A treasure hunt that tests your patience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mayasabha-the-hall-of-illusion/movie-review/127797023.cms |date=30 January 2026 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and observed that "The visuals in Mayasabha are overwhelming, the treatment is heavy-handed, and the performances overdone."<ref>{{cite web |first=Deepa |last=Gahlot |title=Mayasabha Review: Disappointing!|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mayasabha-review/20260130.htm|date=30 January 2026 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15671624}}
* {{BH movie|mayasabha}}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]
[[Category:Films about film directors and producers]]
[[Category:Films about treasure hunting]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about fear]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Films set in abandoned buildings and structures]]

Bhagchand Saini Tankda

2026-04-04T03:46:19Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Bhagchand Saini Tankda
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = Gajraj Khatana
| constituency = [[Bandikui Assembly constituency|Bandikui]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Gola Ka Bas, [[Dausa]], Rajasthan, India
| parents = Bholaram Saini (father)
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Jaipur National University]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]
| profession = Agriculture, business, politics
}}

'''Bhagchand Saini Tankda''' is an Indian politician from Rajasthan. He is a member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly|16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the Bandikui Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/bjp-mla-booked-for-assaultoutraging-modesty-of-woman/articleshow/109491789.cms|title=BJP MLA booked for assault, outraging modesty of woman|date=22 April 2024|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandikui Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Bandikui-85 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713045623/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/bandikui-85 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tankda is from [[Bandikui]], [[Dausa district]], [[Rajasthan]]. He is the son of Bholaram Saini. He completed his graduation in arts from [[Jaipur National University]].

== Career ==
Tankda won from the [[Bandikui Assembly constituency]] representing the Bharatiya Janata Party in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandikui Assembly Election Results 2023: Bandikui Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/bandikui-assembly-result-20085 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He polled 92,067 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Gajraj Khatana of the Indian National Congress, by a margin of 12,380 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandikui Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Bhagchand Tankda of BJP wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/bandikui-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687067.html |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandikui Assembly Election 2023: Bandikui Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} बांदीकुई विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023 - AajTak |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/bandikui-assembly-result-20085 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

He had earlier contested the [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] from the same seat as a candidate of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP), and in 2013 as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bandikui Constituency Election Results 2023: Bandikui Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/bandikui |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral record ==
=== 2023 Bandikui Assembly Election ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Candidate !! Party !! Result !! Votes !! Vote share
|-
| Bhagchand Tankda || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} Bharatiya Janata Party || Elected || 92,067 || 51.27%
|-
| Gajraj Khatana || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}} Indian National Congress || Runner-up || 79,687 || 44.38%
|-
| Bhawani Singh Mall || {{flagicon image|Elephant_Bahujan_Samaj_Party.svg}} Bahujan Samaj Party || – || 3,308 || 1.84%
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/Bandikui|title=Bandikui Assembly Election Results 2023|website=The Times of India|access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

=== 2018 Bandikui Assembly Election ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Candidate !! Party !! Result !! Votes !! Vote share
|-
| Gajraj Khatana || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}} Indian National Congress || Elected || 56,433 || 35.36%
|-
| Ram Kishor Sani || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} Bharatiya Janata Party || Runner-up || 51,669 || 32.37%
|-
| Bhagchand Saini || {{flagicon image|Elephant_Bahujan_Samaj_Party.svg}} Bahujan Samaj Party || – || 44,992 || 28.19%
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/Bandikui|title=Bandikui Assembly Election Results 2023|website=The Times of India|access-date=2025-04-22}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/bhagchandtankda/ Bhagchand Saini Tankda on Facebook]
* [https://www.instagram.com/bhagchandtankda/ Bhagchand Saini Tankda on Instagram]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Dausa district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Main Sundar Hoon

2026-04-01T05:47:19Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Main Sunder Hoon.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| story = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = M. Murugan M. Kumaran [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]] M. Balasubramanian [[M. S. Guhan]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] [[Biswajeet]] [[Leena Chandavarkar]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shankar-Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|04|23}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Main Sundar Hoon''''' ({{translation|I am Sunder}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by the duo [[Krishnan-Panju]]. The film stars [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Leena Chandavarkar]] in lead roles. It is a remake of the 1964 Tamil film ''[[Server Sundaram]]''.

==Plot==
Sunder works in a hotel owned by Ram Swarup as a waiter. He is a very funny, uneducated man, with a suitably funny face, in contrast to his name. Radha is the daughter of Ram Swarup. She often comes to the hotel, and Sunder happens to meet her and amuse her with funny jokes. One day, in a casual remark, she says: "I like your innocence". He does not understand the word "innocence", and thinks that she likes him. He also likes her, but is afraid to tell her, as he works in her father's hotel.

Then, he seeks help from his friend, Amar. He helps him find work in the film industry. And in no time, Sunder emerges as a leading comic actor. But at this time, Amar, ignorant about his friend's love, and Radha fall in love. When he knows that Sunder's love is Radha, he asks Radha, who says that she never loved Sunder. Amar stops Sunder multiple times from expressing his feelings to Radha, thinking that the truth will break Sunder down.

During his stardom days, he once performs at a charity show for orphaned children. He becomes emotional seeing the children, and decides to stay a day longer, and in the process, misses his father's death ceremony at his home. His mother asks him to be with her in her last moments, and he promises to.

One day, during an interview to the [[All India Radio]], he says that he likes to have his old waiter uniform in front of him, so that it could remind him of what he was earlier, so that he would not develop any pride. And in the same interview, he says that he is going to marry someone he loves. Amar and Radha listen to this on the radio. Knowing that Sunder will come to express his love for her, Radha urges Amar to tell him the truth, but he says, he is unable to do so. Sunder comes, and Radha tells him the truth. Heartbroken, Sunder wishes well for his friend, and Radha.

Then, one day, he goes for the shooting of the climax of a film, whose date of release has come very near. The producer says to his guard that nobody, under any circumstance should disturb them. And back home, his mother falls down the stairs. She is rushed to the hospital. She wants to see her son, so, a man is sent to call him, but the guard does not allow him in. Instead, he himself goes to get some good medication. Sunder, after finishing the work, learns about the accident, and rushes away. But he finds her dead. He regrets being a celebrity.

Amar and Radha marry. At that ceremony, Sunder comes in his old uniform, of a waiter. He says, he will no longer work in films, as that life is unreal. He will meet with his mother from now on, by helping poor and orphaned children.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Sundar
*[[Biswajeet]] as Amar
*[[Leena Chandavarkar]] as Radha
*[[Sulochana Latkar]] as Sundar's mother
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Miss Pasha (film actress)
*[[Rajendra Nath]] as Director
*[[Shabnam (Indian actress)|Shabnam]]
*[[David Abraham Cheulkar|David]] as Ram Swaroop
*[[Mukri]] as Dattaram
*Ashim Kumar as Chandrakant Mehta (film producer)
*[[C. S. Dubey]] as Chicken owner
*[[Jayshree T.]] as Herself (in the song "Naach Meri Jaan")
* [[Shankar–Jaikishan|Jaikishan]] (in the song "Naach Meri Jaan")
* [[Kishore Kumar]] (in the song "Naach Meri Jaan")
* [[Anand Bakshi]] (in the song "Naach Meri Jaan")
* [[Shahu Modak]] as Lord Shiva in the parody song
* [[Sulochana Chatterjee]] as Devi Parvati in the parody song
{{div col end}}
Actors Rajendra Nath, Aruna Irani, Nasir Hussain, Waheeda Rehman, Ramesh Deo appear in cameo roles.

== Production ==
''Main Sunder Hoon'' is a remake of the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' (1964).<ref>{{cite book|last=Narwekar|first=Sanjit|author-link=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSbAwAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Rupa Publications|isbn=978-81-291-2625-2| page=176}}</ref>

==Songs==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:97%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Aaj Main Jawan Ho Gayi"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Tujhe Dil Ki Baat Bata Doon"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| "Mujhko Thand Lag Rahi Hai, Mujhse Door Tu Na Ja"
| [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
| "Do Mastane, Do Deewane, Ek Main Hoon Ek Tu"
| Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Naach Meri Jaan Phataphat, Baat Meri Maan Phataphat"
| Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar
|-
| "Parivar Niyojan Drama (with Parody songs)"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Manna Dey]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]
|-
|}

== Trivia ==
The picnic song 'Tuze dil ki baat bata du' with Leena Chandavarkar and her friends is shot in Mahabalipuram, now a world heritage site.

In the award ceremony scene, Mehmood says the famous funny words "Ladies and Ledas" instead of "Ladies and gentlemen" ... this became quite popular in many informal events later.

== References ==
{{Reflist|1}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0234174|title=Main Sundar Hoon}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}
{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:1971 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]

Ilkhanate

2026-03-29T17:13:15Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Short description|1256-1335 Post-Mongol Empire khanate in Iran}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{lang|fa|ایران‌زمین}} ([[Persian language|Persian]]) {{Transliteration|fa|Irānzamin}}
| conventional_long_name = Land of Iran
| common_name = Ilkhanate
| status = {{Indented plainlist|*[[Administrative region]] of [[Mongol Empire]] (1256–1259)
*Independent [[khanate]] (1260–1335)}}
| life_span = 1256–1335<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Biran|first=Michal|date=2016|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362|title=Il-Khanate Empire|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Empire|editor-last1=Dalziel|editor-last2=MacKenzie|editor-first1=N.|editor-first2=J. M.|page=1|isbn=978-1-118-44064-3}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| image_map = Historical Atlas of Iran - Plate No. 17 (cropped).jpg
| image_map_caption = The Ilkhanate under [[Ghazan]]
| image_map_size = 300
| capital = {{plainlist|
* [[Maragheh]] (1258-1265)<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last1=Minorsky|first1=V.|volume=6|pages=498–503|article=Marāg̲h̲a}}</ref>
* [[Tabriz]] (1265–1307)<ref name="Tabriz">{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition|last1=Minorsky|first1=V.|last2=Bosworth|first2=C.E.|first3=Sheila S.|last3=Blair|volume=10|pages=41–50|article=Tabrīz}}</ref>
* [[Soltaniyeh]] (1306–1335)<ref name="Tabriz" />
}}
| religion = *[[Mongolian Buddhism]] (Until 1295)
*[[Islam]] (From 1295)
*[[Christianity]]
| official_languages = {{indented plainlist|
*[[Middle Mongol]] (ruling dynasty, court, documents)<ref name="Fragner78"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Vajda|first=Edward|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Northern Asia|page=79|date=2024|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=9783110556216}}</ref>
*[[Persian language|Persian]] (''[[lingua franca]]'', administration, documents)<ref name="Fragner78">{{harvnb|Fragner|2006|pp=78–79}} "''[[Firman|Farman]]''-writing under the early Ilkhans mainly followed Chinese practice, using the then newly invented Mongol script (or, more precisely, the Uighur script adopted for Mongolian). As this script was then written in vertical fashion, when it came to writing in Persian they had to rotate the prescribed formula of Chinese origin ninety degrees (a quarter of a circle)-and in due course Persian became the main linguistic component of Ilkhanid official documents."</ref>
}}
| common_languages = '''Unofficial:'''{{plainlist|
*[[Arabic]]{{sfn|Badiee|1984|p=97}}
*[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]{{sfn|Vásáry|2016|p=149}}}}
| leader1 = [[Hulegu Khan]]
| leader2 = [[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id]]
| year_leader1 = 1256–1265
| year_leader2 = 1316–1335
| title_leader = [[Khan (title)|Khan]]/[[Padishah]]
| stat_year1 = 1310 est.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|date=December 2006|volume=12|issue=2|page=223|url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|access-date=13 September 2016|issn=1076-156X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|date=September 1997|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|journal=[[International Studies Quarterly]]|volume=41|issue=3|page=496|doi=10.1111/0020-8833.00053|author=Rein Taagepera|author-link=Rein Taagepera|jstor=2600793|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="OxfordArea">{{Cite book|last1=Bang|first1=Peter Fibiger|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9mkLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA92|title=The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience|last2=Bayly|first2=C. A.|last3=Scheidel|first3=Walter|year=2020|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-977311-4|pages=92–94|language=en}}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 3750000
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| p1 = Mongol Empire
| s1 = Jalayirid Sultanate{{!}}Jalayirids
| p2 = Abbasid Caliphate
| p3 = Nizari Ismaili state
| p4 = Sultanate of Rum
| p5 = Kingdom of Georgia
| p6 = Qutlugh-Khanids
| p7 = Ayyubid dynasty
| p8 = Salghurids
| p9 = Anatolian beyliks
| s2 = Chobanids
| s3 = Muzaffarids of Iran{{!}}Muzaffarids
| s4 = Kartids
| s5 = Sarbadars
| s6 = Injuids
| s7 = Mihrabanids
| s8 = Eretnids
| s9 = Kingdom of Georgia
| s10 = Anatolian beyliks
| s11 = Mamluk Sultanate
| s12 = Sutayids
| today =
}}
The '''Ilkhanate''' or '''Il-khanate''' was a Mongol [[khanate]] founded in the southwestern territories of the [[Mongol Empire]]. It was ruled by the '''Il-Khans''' or '''Ilkhanids''' ({{langx|fa|ایلخانان|translit=Īlkhānān}}), and known to the Mongols as '''''Hülegü Ulus''''' ({{lit|people / state of Hülegü}}).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Biran|first1=Michael |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |chapter=Il-Khanate Empire |editor-first1=N.|editor-last1=Dalziel|editor-first2=J. M.|editor-last2=MacKenzie|date=2016|pages=1–6|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe362|isbn=9781118455074}}</ref> The Ilkhanid realm was officially known as the '''Land of Iran''' ('''''Irānzamin''''') or simply '''Iran'''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Danilenko|first1=Nadja|title=Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms|date=2020|publisher=Brill|page=101|chapter=In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī’s Book of Routes and Realms|quote=Connecting to ''īrān'' as illustrated in the ''Shāhnāma'', 'land of Iran' rose to the official name for the Ilkhanid realm.}}</ref><ref>{{Encyclopaedia Iranica | title = Iranian Identity iii. Medieval Islamic Period | last = Ashraf | first = Ahmad | url = https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-iii-medieval-islamic-period | volume = 13 | fascicle = 5 | pages = 507–522 | quote = ... the Mongol and Timurid phase, during which the name 'Iran' was used for the dynastic realm and a pre-modern ethno-national history of Iranian dynasties was arranged. }}</ref> It was established after [[Hulegu Khan|Hülegü]], the son of [[Tolui]] and grandson of [[Genghis Khan]], inherited the [[West Asia]]n and [[Central Asia]]n part of the Mongol Empire after his brother [[Möngke Khan]] died in 1259.

The Ilkhanate's core territory was situated in what is now the countries of [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Turkey]]. At its greatest extent, the Ilkhanate also included parts of modern [[Iraq]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Dagestan]] ([[Russia]]). Later Ilkhanid rulers, beginning with [[Ghazan]] in 1295, converted to [[Islam]]. In the 1330s, the Ilkhanate was ravaged by the [[Black Death]]. The last ilkhan, [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]], died in 1335, after which the Ilkhanate disintegrated.

The State of the Ilkhanate was known as the Ulus of Hülegü to the Mongols during that time, as their territory was derived from one of uluses allocated to Genghis (Chinggis) Khan's descendants.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe362-ilkhanate%20biran2016%20eoe.pdf|title=Il-Khanate Empire|website=mongol.huji.ac.il|last=Biran|first=Michal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113171353/http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe362-ilkhanate%20biran2016%20eoe.pdf|archive-date=2021-11-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto2">Kim, Hodong. "Formation and Changes of Uluses in the Mongol Empire", Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, 2-3 (2019): 269-317, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341480</ref> The Ilkhanid rulers, although of non-Iranian origin, tried to advertise their authority by tying themselves to the Iranian past, and they recruited historians to present the Mongols as heirs to the [[Sasanian Empire]] (224–651).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Danilenko|first1=Nadja|title=Picturing the Islamicate World: The Story of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms|date=2020|publisher=Brill|pages=94–95|chapter=In Persian, Please! The Translations of al-Iṣṭakhrī's Book of Routes and Realms}}</ref> Native intellectuals interested in their own history interpreted the unification by the Mongols as a revival of their long-lost dynastic tradition, and the concept of "Land of Iran" (''Irān-zamin'') was considered an important ideology and was further developed by the later [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] (1501–1736). Similarly to the development in China under the [[Yuan dynasty]], the revival of the concept of territorial unity, although not intended by the Mongols, became a lasting legacy of Mongol rule in Iran.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hodong Kim|date=2015|title=Was 'da Yuan' a Chinese Dynasty?|journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies|volume=45|page=292}}</ref>

==History==
{{see also|Timeline of the Ilkhanate}}

===Origin===
When [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm]] ordered a contingent of merchants, dispatched by the Mongols, to be killed, [[Genghis Khan]] declared war on the [[Anushtegin dynasty]] in 1219. [[Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia|The Mongols overran the empire]], occupying the major cities and population centers between 1219 and 1221. Iran was ravaged by the Mongol detachment under [[Jebe]] and [[Subutai]], who left the area in ruin. [[Transoxiana]] also came under Mongol control after the invasion.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Curtin|first=Jeremiah|url=http://archive.org/details/mongolshistory0000curt|title=The Mongols : a history|date=1996|publisher=Conshohocken, Pa. : Combined Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-585-10021-0}}</ref>

Muhammad II's son [[Jalal al-Din Mangburni]] returned to Iran in c. 1224 after fleeing to India. The rival Turkic states, which were all that remained of his father's empire, quickly declared their allegiance to Jalal. He repulsed the first Mongol attempt to take Central Persia. However, Jalal al-Din was overwhelmed and crushed by [[Chormaqan]]'s army sent by the Great Khan [[Ögedei]] in 1231. During the Mongol expedition, [[Azerbaijan]] and the southern Persian dynasties in [[Fars province|Fars]] and [[Kerman]] voluntarily submitted to the Mongols and agreed to pay tribute.<ref>Timothy May ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33824384_Chormaqan_Noyan_the_first_Mongol_military_governor_in_the_Middle_East Chormaqan]'', p. 47</ref>

[[File:DiezAlbumsArmedRiders I.jpg|thumb|left|Ilkhanid depiction of mounted warriors pursuing enemies, from [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]]'s ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'', early 14th century]]

To the west, [[Hamadan]] and the rest of Persia was secured by Chormaqan. The Mongols [[Mongol invasion of Georgia and Armenia|invaded Armenia and Georgia]] in 1234 or 1236, completing the conquest of the [[Kingdom of Georgia]] in 1238. They began to attack the western parts of [[Bagratid Armenia]], which was under the [[Seljuks]], the following year. By 1237 the Mongol Empire had subjugated most of Persia (including modern-day Azerbaijan), Armenia, Georgia (excluding [[Abbasid]] Iraq and [[Nizari Ismaili state|Ismaili]] strongholds), as well as all of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Kashmir]].<ref>[[Thomas T. Allsen]] ''Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia'', p. 84</ref> After the [[Battle of Köse Dağ]] in 1243, the Mongols under [[Baiju Noyan|Baiju]] occupied [[Anatolia]], while the [[Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm]] and the [[Empire of Trebizond]] became vassals of the Mongols.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Finlay|first=George|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofgreecef00finl|title=The history of Greece : from its conquest by the crusaders to its conquest by the Turks, and of the empire of Trebizond; 1204–1461|date=1851|publisher=Edinburgh : Blackwood|others=Getty Research Institute}}</ref>

In 1236 Ögedei commanded [[Greater Khorasan]] to be restored and the city of [[Herat]] repopulated. The Mongol military governors mostly made camp in the [[Mughan plain]] in what is now Azerbaijan. Realizing the danger posed by the Mongols, the rulers of [[Mosul]] and the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] submitted to the Great Khan. Chormaqan divided [[Transcaucasia]] into three districts based on the Mongol military hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Aknerts'i|first1=Grigor|url=http://archive.org/details/GrigorAknertsisHistoryOfTheNationOfArchersmongols|title=History of the Nation of Archers|last2=Bedrosian|first2=Robert|language=English}}</ref> In Georgia, the population was temporarily divided into eight [[tumen (unit)|tumens]].<ref>Kalistriat Salia ''History of the Georgian Nation'', p. 210</ref> In 1244, [[Güyük Khan]] stopped raising of revenue from districts in Persia as well and offered tax exemptions to others.<ref>C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, see: Monqe Khan</ref> In accordance with a complaint by the governor [[Arghun Aqa]], [[Möngke Khan]] prohibited ''[[ortogh]]''-merchants (Mongol-contracted Muslim traders)<ref>X. Liu. ''The Silk Road in World History'', Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010 p. 116</ref><ref>E. Endicott-West. ''Merchant Associations in Yuan China: The "Ortoy,"''Asia Major, Third Series, Vol. 2 No. 2, Academica Sinica, 1989</ref> and nobles from abusing [[yam (route)|relay stations]] and civilians in 1251.<ref>M. Th. Houtsma ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936'', Volume 1, p. 729</ref> He ordered a new census and decreed that each man in the Mongol-ruled [[West Asia]] must pay in proportion to his property. Persia was divided between four districts under Arghun. Möngke Khan granted the [[Kartids]] authority over Herat, Jam, [[Pushang]] (Fushanj), [[Ghor]], Khaysar, Firuz-Kuh, Gharjistan, Farah, [[Sistan]], Kabul, Tirah, and Afghanistan.<ref>Ehsan Yar-Shater ''Encyclopædia Iranica'', p. 209</ref>

===Hulegu Khan===
[[File:HulaguAndDokuzKathun.JPG|thumb|[[Hulegu Khan]], founder of the Ilkhanate, with his Christian queen [[Doquz Khatun]]]]
[[File:IlkhanidHorseArcher.jpg|thumb|A [[Mongols|Mongol]] [[horse archer]] of the 13th century]]

[[Hulegu Khan]], third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. Immediately after his brother Möngke's accession as Great Khan in 1251, Hulegu was appointed as administrator of North China, however in the following year, North China was assigned to Kublai and Hulegu tasked with conquering the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. He was given a fifth of the entire Mongol army for the campaign and he took his sons [[Abaqa]] and [[Yoshmut]] along with him. Hulegu also took with him many Chinese scholars and astronomers, from whom the famous Persian astronomer [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]] learned about the mode of the [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese calculating tables]].<ref>H. H. Howorth ''History of the Mongols'', vol. IV, p. 138</ref> An observatory was built on a hill of [[Maragheh]]. Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulegu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to [[Syria]]. He [[Mongol campaign against the Nizari Ismaili state|destroyed the Nizari Ismaili state]] and the Abbasid Caliphate in 1256 and 1258 respectively. In 1258, Hulegu proclaimed himself ilkhan (subordinate khan). After that he advanced as far as Gaza, briefly conquering [[Ayyubids|Ayyubid Syria]] and [[Siege of Aleppo (1260)|Aleppo]] in 1260. Möngke's death forced Hulegu to return to Mongolia to attend the [[kuriltai]] for the next Great Khan. He left a small force of around 10,000 behind in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] that was defeated at the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] by the [[Mamluk]]s of [[Egypt]].{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=225}}

Due to the suspicious deaths of three [[Jochi]]d princes in Hulegu's service, [[Berke]] of the [[Golden Horde]] [[Berke–Hulegu war|declared war]] on Hulegu in 1262. According to Mamluk historians, Hulegu might have massacred Berke's troops and refused to share his war booty with Berke. Berke sought a joint attack with [[Baybars]] and forged an alliance with the Mamluks against Hulegu. The Golden Horde dispatched the young prince [[Nogai Khan|Nogai]] to invade the Ilkhanate but Hulegu forced him back in 1262. The Ilkhanid army then crossed the [[Terek River]], capturing an empty Jochid encampment, only to be routed in a surprise attack by Nogai's forces. Many of them were drowned as the ice broke on the frozen Terek River.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=480}}{{sfn|Vernadsky|1953|p=161}}
[[File:سکه هلاکو خان.jpg|thumb|[[Silver dirham]] of Hulegu minted in [[Urmia]], with the title Qa'an al-'Azam (Greatest Khagan). Before the reign of [[Ghazan]], Ilkhans referred to the great Mongol khans in the coin inscriptions and official documents.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica: [https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongol-empire/The-Il-Khans-in-Iran Mongol empire, The Il-Khans in Iran].</ref>]]
In 1262, Hulegu gave [[Greater Khorasan]] and [[Mazandaran]] to Abaqa and northern [[Azerbaijan]] to Yoshmut. Hulegu himself spent his time living as a nomad in southern Azerbaijan and [[Armenia]]. During his early rule, the Ilkhanate experienced mass revolts by its subjects, with the exception of the [[Seljukids]] and [[Artuqid]]s in [[Anatolia]] and [[Mardin]]. It was not until [[Shams al-Din Juvayni]] was appointed as vizier after 1262 that things started calming down and a more sustainable administration was implemented.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=226}}

Hulegu fell ill in February 1265 after several days of banquets and hunting. He died on 8 February and his son Abaqa succeeded him in the summer.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=226}}

===Middle period (1265–1291)===
[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|The successor states of the Mongol Empire, its vassals, and neighbors in the early 1300s.]]
Upon [[Abaqa]]'s accession, he immediately faced an invasion by [[Berke]] of the Golden Horde, which ended with Berke's death in [[Tiflis]]. In 1270, Abaqa defeated an invasion by [[Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq]] of the [[Chagatai Khanate]]. Abaqa's brother [[Tekuder]] sacked [[Bukhara]] in retaliation. In 1277, the [[Mamluks]] invaded Anatolia and defeated the Mongols at the [[Battle of Elbistan]]. Stung by the defeat, Abaqa executed the local regent [[Mu'in al-Din Parwana]] and replaced him with the Mongol prince Qongqortai. In 1281, Abaqa sent Mongke Temur against the Mamluks, but he too was defeated at [[Second Battle of Homs|Homs]].{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=234}}

Abaqa's death in 1282 triggered a succession struggle between his son [[Arghun]], supported by the [[Qara'unas]], and his brother Tekuder, supported by the Chinggisid aristocracy. Tekuder was elected khan by the Chinggisids. Tekuder was the first [[Muslim]] ruler of the Ilkhanate but he made no active attempt to proselytize or convert his realm. However he did try to replace Mongol political traditions with Islamic ones, resulting in a loss of support from the army. Arghun used his religion against him by appealing to non-Muslims for support. When Tekuder realized this, he executed several of Arghun's supporters, and captured Arghun. Tekuder's foster son, Buaq, freed Arghun and overthrew Tekuder. Arghun was confirmed as ilkhan by [[Kublai Khan]] in February 1286.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=234}}

During Arghun's reign, he actively sought to combat Muslim influence, and fought against both the Mamluks and the Muslim Mongol emir [[Nawrūz (Mongol emir)|Nawruz]] in Khorasan. To fund his campaigns, Arghun allowed his viziers Buqa and Sa'd-ud-dawla to centralize expenditures, but this was highly unpopular and caused his former supporters to turn against him. Both viziers were killed and Arghun was murdered in 1291.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=234}}

===Religious shift (1291–1316)===
[[File:DiezAlbumsStudyingTheKoran.jpg|thumb|The Mongol ruler [[Ghazan]], studying the [[Qur'an]]]]
[[File:Mu'nis al-ahrar Frontipiece, 1341.jpg|thumb|Ilkhanid court scene. ''[[The Free Man's Companion to the Niceties of Poems]]'', left [[Frontispiece (books)|frontispiece]], 1341, probably [[Isfahan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Carboni|first1=Stefano|title=Illustrated Poetry and Epic Images. Persian paintings of the 1330s and 1340s|page=12|date=1994|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|location=New York|url=https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Illustrated_Poetry_and_Epic_Images_Persian_Painting_of_the_1330s_and_1340s.pdf}}</ref>]]

The Ilkhanate started crumbling under the reign of Arghun's brother, [[Gaykhatu]]. The majority of Mongols converted to Islam while the Mongol court remained [[Buddhist]]. Gaykhatu had to buy the support of his followers and as a result, ruined the realm's finances. His vizir Sadr-ud-Din Zanjani tried to bolster the state finances by adopting paper money from the [[Yuan dynasty]], which remained largely unsuccessful.{{tone inline|date=March 2023}} Gaykhatu also alienated the Mongol old guard with his alleged sexual relations with a boy. Gaykhatu was overthrown in 1295 and replaced with his cousin [[Baydu]]. Baydu reigned for less than a year before he was overthrown by Gaykhatu's officer, [[Ghazan]].{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=234}}

Hulegu's descendants ruled Persia for the next eighty years, tolerating multiple religions, including Shamanism, Buddhism, and Christianity, and ultimately adopting Islam as a state religion in 1295. However, despite this conversion, the Ilkhanids remained opposed to the Mamluks, who had defeated both Mongol invaders and [[Crusaders]]. The Ilkhanids launched several invasions of Syria, but were never able to gain and keep significant ground against the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]], eventually being forced to give up their plans to conquer Syria, along with their stranglehold over their vassals the [[Sultanate of Rum]] and the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Armenian kingdom in Cilicia]]. This was in large part due to civil war in the Mongol Empire and the hostility of the khanates to the north and east. The [[Chagatai Khanate]] in [[Moghulistan]] and the [[Golden Horde]] threatened the Ilkhanate in the [[Caucasus]] and Transoxiana, preventing expansion westward. Even under Hulegu's reign, the Ilkhanate was engaged in open warfare in the Caucasus with the Mongols in the Russian steppes. On the other hand, the China-based [[Yuan dynasty]] was an ally of the Ikhanate and also held nominal suzerainty over the latter (the Emperor being also Great Khan) for many decades.<ref>Christopher P. Atwood ''Ibid''</ref>

Ghazan converted to Islam under influence of [[Nawrūz (Mongol emir)|Nawrūz]] and made Islam the official state religion. Christian and Jewish subjects lost their equal status and had to pay the [[jizya]] (minority religion tax). Ghazan gave Buddhists the starker choice of conversion or expulsion and ordered their temples to be destroyed; though he later relaxed this severity.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubgBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA72|title=Medieval Persia 1040–1797|author=David Morgan|page=72|isbn=9781317415671|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|author-link=David Morgan (historian)}}</ref> After Nawrūz was deposed and killed in 1297, Ghazan made religious intolerance punishable and attempted to restore relations with non-Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gB9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|publisher=ABC-CLIO|title=The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia – Volume I|author=Timothy May|year=2016|page=141|isbn=9781610693400}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlgRqLA0EHsC&q=oljeitu+buddhists&pg=PA182|title=The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)|author=Angus Donal Stewart|publisher=Brill|page=182|isbn=978-9004122925|date=2001}}</ref>

[[File:Ilkhanate Silk Circular (detail).jpg|thumb|left|Circular piece of silk with enthroned Mongol ruler, with enturbaned assistant and beardless Mongol warrior. Iran or Iraq, early 14th century. Silk, cotton and gold.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The making of one of the greatest Islamic art museums in the world|journal=Apollo Magazine|date=26 November 2016|url=https://www.apollo-magazine.com/making-one-greatest-islamic-art-museums-world/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Folsach |first1=Kjeld von |title=Power and Splendor. The Prince and Art Before 1500 (1996) |work=Sultan, Shah, and Great Mughal: The History and Culture of the Islamic World |date=1 January 1996 |page=168 |url=https://www.academia.edu/144570505}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brac de La Perrière |first1=Éloïse |last2=EL Khiari |first2=Aïda |last3=Vernay-Nouri |first3=Annie |title=Les périples de Kalila et Dimna: quand les fables voyagent dans la littérature et les arts du monde islamique |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden Boston |isbn=978-90-04-46710-1 |page=320}}</ref>]]

In terms of foreign relations, the Ilkhanids' conversion to Islam had little to no effect on its hostility towards other Muslim states, and conflict with the Mamluks for control of Syria continued. The [[Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar]], also known as the Third Battle of Homs, was the only major victory by the Mongols over the [[Mamluk Sultanate]], ended the latter's control over Syria for a few months.

For the most part, Ghazan's policies continued under his brother [[Öljaitü]] despite suggestions that he might begin to favor [[Twelver Shi'ism]] after he came under the influence of the theologians [[al-Allama al-Hilli]] and [[al-Bahrani]].<ref>Ali Al Oraibi, "Rationalism in the school of Bahrain: a historical perspective", in ''Shīʻite Heritage: Essays on Classical and Modern Traditions'' by Lynda Clarke, Global Academic Publishing 2001 p. 336</ref>

[[Öljeitü]], who had been [[baptism|baptised in Christianity]] as an infant and had flirted with Buddhism, eventually became a [[Hanafi school|Hanafi Sunni]], though he still retained some residual shamanism. In 1309–10, he became a Shi'ite Muslim.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tlgRqLA0EHsC&q=oljeitu+buddhists&pg=PA181|title=The Armenian Kingdom and the Mamluks: War and Diplomacy During the Reigns of Het'um II (1289–1307)|author=Angus Donal Stewart|publisher=Brill|page=181|isbn=978-9004122925|date=2001}}</ref> An Armenian scribe in 1304 noted the death of "benevolent and just" Ghazan, who was succeeded by Khar-Banda Öljeitü, "who too, exhibits good will to everyone." A colophon from 1306 reports the conversion of Mongols to Islam and "they coerce everyone into converting to their vain and false hope. They persecute, they molest, and torment," including "insulting the cross and the church".<ref name="auto"/> Some of the Buddhists who survived Ghazan's assaults made an unsuccessful attempt to bring Öljeitü back into Buddhism, showing they were active in the realm for more than 50 years.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7_4Gr9Q438C&pg=PA141|title=Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road|author=Johan Elverskog|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|page=141|isbn=978-0812205312|date=2011}}</ref>

The conversion of Mongols was initially a fairly superficial affair. The process of establishment of Islam did not happen suddenly. Öljeitü's historian Qāshāni records that [[Kutlushah]], after losing patience with a dispute between Hanafi and [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] Sunnis, expressed his view that Islam should be abandoned and Mongols should return to the ways of Genghis Khan. Qāshani also stated that Öljeitü had reverted for a brief period. As Muslims, Mongols showed a marked preference for [[Sufism]], with masters like [[Safi-ad-Din Ardabili]] often treated with respect and favour.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubgBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|title=Medieval Persia 1040–1797|author=David Morgan|page=73|isbn=9781317415671|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|author-link=David Morgan (historian)}}</ref>

===Disintegration (1316–1357)===
[[File:IranaftertheIlkhanate.png|thumb|[[West Asia]] in 1345, ten years after the death of Abu Sa'id. The [[Jalayirids]], [[Chobanids]], [[Muzaffarids (Iran)|Muzaffarids]], [[Injuids]], [[Sarbadars]], and [[Kartids]] took the Ilkhanate's place as the major powers in [[Iran]].]]

[[Öljaitü]]'s son, the last ilkhan, [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]], was enthroned in 1316. He was faced with rebellion in 1318 by the Chagatayids and Qara'unas in Khorasan, and an invasion by the Golden Horde at the same time. An Anatolian emir, [[Irinjin|Irenchin]], also rebelled. Irenchin was crushed by [[Chupan]] of the [[Taichiud]] in the Battle of Zanjan-Rud on 13 July 1319. Under the influence of Chupan, the Ilkhanate made peace with the Chagatais, who helped them crush the Chagatayid revolt, and the Mamluks. In 1327, Abu-Sai'd replaced Chupan with "Big" Hasan.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=235}} Hasan was accused of attempting to assassinate the khan and exiled to Anatolia in 1332. The non-Mongol emirs Sharaf-ud-Din Mahmud-Shah and Ghiyas-ud-Din Muhammad were given unprecedented military authority, which irked the Mongol emirs. In the 1330s, outbreaks of the [[Black Death]] ravaged the Ilkhanate and both Abu-Sai'd and his sons were killed by 1335 by the plague.<ref>Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia By Ann K. S. Lambton</ref> Ghiyas-ud-Din put a descendant of [[Ariq Böke]], [[Arpa Ke'un]], on the throne, triggering a succession of short-lived khans until "Little" Hasan took Azerbaijan in 1338. In 1357, [[Jani Beg]] of the Golden Horde conquered Chupanid-held Tabriz for a year, putting an end to the Ilkhanate remnant.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=236}}

==The title Ilkhan==
{{See also|Il khan}}
[[File:Jalayirid Shāhnāma court scene, Tabriz or Baghdad, ca. 1370–74. Bifolio, TSMK, H. 2153, fols. 55r, 54v.jpg|thumb|Contemporary depiction of the Il-Khanid court, in a scene of the ''[[Great Mongol Shahnameh|Great Mongol Shahnamah]]''. Tabriz or Baghdad, 1325-1335. Possibly intended to show [[Abaqa Khan]] at the Il-Khanid palace of [[Takht-e Soleyman]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sims |first1=Eleanor |last2=Marshak |first2=Boris Ilʹich |last3=Grube |first3=Ernst J. |title=Peerless Images: Persian Painting and Its Sources |date=1 January 2002 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09038-3 |pages=188-189 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Peerless_Images/XUyajzkDJ50C?hl=en&pg=PA188 |language=en}}</ref>]]
According to the historian [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani]], [[Kublai Khan]] granted [[Hulegu Khan|Hülegü]] the title [[Ilkhan (title)|Ilkhan]] after he became the sole Qaghan (Great Khan) of the Mongols, by assigning the governorship of "the lands of the Tajiks [Arabs and Persians] from the banks of the Oxus to the river of Egypt" to Hülegü.<ref>Rashid al-Dīn Faḍl-Allāh b. Abīl-Khayr Hamadānī. [https://archive.org/details/rashiduddin-thackston/page/507/mode/2up ''Jami’u’t al-Tawarikh:A Compendium of Chronicles by Rashiduddin Fazlullah''], trans. Wheeler M. Thackston, Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties, III, vol.1 (London and New York, 2012), pp. 424–425, section: 880</ref><ref>The Successors of Genghis Khan. By Rashid al-Din Ṭabib. Translated by John Andrew Boyle. New York: Columbia University Press, 1971, pp. 255–256.[https://paxmongolica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/boyle%201971%20rashid%20al%20din.pdf PDF version]</ref> Qubilai evidently sent 30,000 Mongol soldiers to reinforce Hülegü's authority in Iran.<ref>''Rashid al-Dīn Faḍl-Allāh b. Abīl-Khayr Hamadānī. Jami’u’t al-Tawarikh:A Compendium of Chronicles by Rashiduddin Fazlullah'', trans. Wheeler M. Thackston, Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties, III, vol. 2 (London and New York, 2012), p. 508, section: 1048</ref> The term ''Ilkhan'' is a combination of two words: (1) Il (or El), which means "people" in [[Turkic language|Turkic]] and "the whole people" or "that particular" in [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mongoltoli.mn/search.php?opt=1&ug_id=135862&word=%D0%AD%D0%9B|title=Монгол хэлний их тайлбар толь|website=mongoltoli.mn}}</ref> and (2) the khan which means 'king' or 'sovereign'. This title refers to the deference to Khublai and his successors as [[List of Mongol rulers#Great Khans|Great Khans of the Mongol Empire]]. The title Ilkhan carried by the descendants of Hülegü and, later, other [[Borjigin]] princes in the Middle East, does not appear in the sources until after 1260.<ref>Peter Jackson ''The Mongols and the West'', p. 127</ref> All Ilkhans from Hülegü to Ghazan minted coins in "the name of the Qaghan".<ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 21, 26, 29</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mongoliancoins.com/coins_of_mongol_empire_ilkhans.html|title=MongolianCoins.com|website=mongoliancoins.com}}</ref> Ghazan omitted the name of the Great Khan from his coins, however, his coins from Georgia inscribed the traditional Mongolian formula "Struck by Ghazan in the Name of the Qaghan [Great Khan]".<ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 32</ref> Ghazan also received an imperial seal, declaring him a prince<ref>YOKKAICHI, Yasuhiro. "Chinese Seals in the Mongol Official Documents in Iran: Re-Examination of the Sphragistic System in the Ll-Khanid and Yuan Dynasties". ''Journal of the Turfan Studies: Essays on the Third International Conference on Turfan Studies, The Origins and Migrations of Eurasian Nomadic Peoples'' / 吐鲁番学研究：第三届吐鲁番学暨欧亚游牧民族的起源与迁徙国际学术研讨会论文集, 2010, pp. 218, 226
[https://www.academia.edu/7359607/Chinese%20Seals%20in%20the%20Mongol%20Official%20Documents%20in%20Iran%20Re%20examination%20of%20the%20Sphragistic%20System%20in%20the%20ll%20khanid%20and%20Yuan%20Dynasties www.academia.edu]</ref> from the sixth Great Khan [[Temür Khan]].<ref>Shayestehfar, Mahnaz. :"[https://www.academia.edu/76572859/The_Impact_of_Chinese_Seals_on_the_Structure_Design_and_Usage_of_the_%C4%AAlKh%C4%81nids_Seals_and_Coins The Impact of Chinese Seals on the Structure, Design, and Usage of the ĪlKhānids Seals and Coins]". ''Design Engineering'' 2021, No. 09 (2021): 6725. doi:10.17762/de.vi.7698.</ref>

In a 1290 letter sent to Pope Nicholas IV, [[Arghun]] called himself Ilkhan [''Il qan'' in Mongolian].<ref>Antoine Mostaert, Francis Woodman Cleaves. ''Les Lettres de 1289 et 1305 des ilkhan Arγun et Ölǰeitü à Philippe le Bel'' (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 17 [https://books.google.mn/books?redir%20esc=y&id=NIWQemCQHuMC&q=ilqan Google Book preview]</ref> The continued use of the title "Ilkhan" outside of the Mongol coinage in Iran suggests
that Ghazan and his Muslim successors still carried the title in the fourteenth century.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0273 | jstor=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0273 | doi=10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0273 | title=Some Remarks about the Use of the Term '''īlkhān''' in the Historical Sources and Modern Historiography // 關於『伊兒汗』一術語自歷代文獻以及歷史學看的若干問題 | date=2017 | last1=Michael Hope | journal=Central Asiatic Journal | volume=60 | issue=1–2 | page=273 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> Indeed, [[Öljaitü]] and [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]] held the title of Ilkhan along with their Islamic, Mongolian and Persian titles.<ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 36</ref><ref>Shayestehfar, Mahnaz. "[https://www.academia.edu/76572859/The_Impact_of_Chinese_Seals_on_the_Structure_Design_and_Usage_of_the_%C4%AAlKh%C4%81nids_Seals_and_Coins The Impact of Chinese Seals on the Structure, Design, and Usage of the ĪlKhānids Seals and Coins]". ''Design Engineering'' 2021, No. 09 (2021): 6723. doi:10.17762/de.vi.7698.</ref>

The State of the Ilkhanate was known as the ulus of Hülegü to the Mongols during that time.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto2"/> Kublai Khan and his successors regarded the Ilkhans as subordinate rulers, a view corroborated by Persian sources, which note that the Great Khans issued edicts and patents of authority to confirm the coronation of Ilkhans such as Abagha and Arghun.<ref>Rashid al-Dīn Faḍl-Allāh b. Abīl-Khayr Hamadānī. Jami’u’t al-Tawarikh:A Compendium of Chronicles by Rashiduddin Fazlullah, trans. Wheeler M. Thackston, ''Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties'', III, vol. 2 (London and New York, 2012), p. 513, section: 1060–1061; pp. 561–562, sections: 1161–1162</ref><ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 25, 27–28</ref> In the official History of the Yuan dynasty, the Ilkhans are termed "Prince of the Blood" or "Imperial Prince".<ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 153–154, 155</ref> The Yuan rulers conferred upon the Ilkhan's great commanders and viziers (ministers) prestigious titles such as Chancellor, the Minister of the Branch Office of the Revenue Ministry, the Minister for Assisting Government and Pacifying People, Commander Unequalled in Honor,<ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 40–41</ref> and Superintendent of Hermitage Bureau along with seals.<ref>YOKKAICHI, Yasuhiro. "Chinese Seals in the Mongol Official Documents in Iran: Re-Examination of the Sphragistic System in the Ll-Khanid and Yuan Dynasties". ''Journal of the Turfan Studies: Essays on the Third International Conference on Turfan Studies, The Origins and Migrations of Eurasian Nomadic Peoples'' / 吐鲁番学研究：第三届吐鲁番学暨欧亚游牧民族的起源与迁徙国际学术研讨会论文集, 2010, pp. 218–219 [https://www.academia.edu/7359607/Chinese%20Seals%20in%20the%20Mongol%20Official%20Documents%20in%20Iran%20Re%20examination%20of%20the%20Sphragistic%20System%20in%20the%20ll%20khanid%20and%20Yuan%20Dynasties www.academia.edu]</ref><ref>Uyar, Mustafa. "[https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/306/eng Buqa Chīngsāng: Protagonist of Qubilai Khan’s Unsuccessful Coup Attempt against the Hülegüid Dynasty]". ''Belleten'' 81, No. 291 (2017): p. 379</ref> For example, the Great Khan [[Yesün Temür (Yuan dynasty)|Yesün Temür]] (r. 1323–1328) granted the Ilkhanid great commander Chupan the prestigious title "vice-grand minister for establishing the governance" and the noble rank of Duke of Yi, along with a golden tablet and a seal. Chupan used the seal to stamp official documents.<ref>Yokkaichi, Yasuhiro. "[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/orient/50/0/50%2025/%20pdf/-char/ja Four Seals in’Phags-pa and Arabic Scripts on Amīr Čoban's Decree of 726 AH/1326 CE]". ''Orient'' 50 (2015): 25–33.</ref> To reinforce their authority, both Kublai and his successor [[Temür Khan|Temür]] dispatched their own agents, including Bolad, Qadan, and Baiju, to Iran to oversee and influence Ilkhanid politics.<ref>Uyar, Mustafa. "[https://belleten.gov.tr/tam-metin-pdf/306/eng Buqa Chīngsāng: Protagonist of Qubilai Khan's Unsuccessful Coup Attempt against the Hülegüid Dynasty]". ''Belleten'' 81, No. 291 (2017): pp. 383–384</ref><ref>Thomas T. Allsen. [https://books.google.mn/books?hl=en&lr=&id=0StLNcKQNUoC&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=mongol+eurasia&ots=RvKBBQZ696&sig=ZZ3gUqRCtvJTiJGyioGwjS4AEYM&redir%20esc=y ''Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia'']. Cambridge University Press, 2004., pp. 33–34, 76–77</ref>

In his letter dispatched to Philip IV of France in 1305, the Il-Khan Öljaitü addressed only Temür with the title Qaghan (Great Khan) and treated other Chinggisid khans of the Golden Horde and Central Asia as his equals.<ref>Antoine Mostaert, Francis Woodman Cleaves. ''Les Lettres de 1289 et 1305 des ilkhan Arγun et Ölǰeitü à Philippe le Bel'' (Boston: Harvard University Press, 1974), p. 55 [https://books.google.mn/books?redir%20esc=y&id=NIWQemCQHuMC&q=ilqan Google Book preview]</ref>

==Government==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Ilkhanate in the Catalan Atlas (central panels).png
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| footer = Map from the [[Catalan Atlas]] of 1375, with possible depiction of the Ilkhan and the cities of the former Ilkhanate marked by a flag: [[File:Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg|15px]]<ref>
*{{Cite journal |last=Kadoi |first=Yuka |title=On the Timurid Flag |journal=Beiträge zur Islamischen Kunst und Archäologie |date=2010 |url=https://www.academia.edu/17410816 |volume=2 |pages=143–162 (see 147–148 in particular)|doi=10.29091/9783954909537/009 |ref=none}}
*See also brief discussion in: {{Cite book |last=Cruse |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5-InEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA182 |title=The Mongol Archive in Late Medieval France: Texts, Objects, Encounters, 1221–1422 |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=2025 |isbn=978-1-5017-7936-7 |pages=182 |language=en |ref=none}}
</ref>
}}

In contrast to the China-based Yuan dynasty, who excluded the native population from gaining control of high offices, the Ilkhanids ruled their realm through a Central Asian–Persian ("Tajik") administration in partnership with Turco-Mongol military officers. Not all of the Persian administrators were Muslims or members of the traditional families that had served the Seljuqs and Khwarazmians (e.g., the [[Juvayni family]]). For example, the Ilkhanate vizier from 1288 to 1291 was [[Sa'd al-Dawla al-Safi ibn Hibatullah|Sa'ad al-Dawla]], a Jew, while the prominent vizier and historian [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]] was a Jewish convert to Islam.{{sfn|Jackson|2017|p=412}}

The Ilkhanid rulers, who were keen to increase their autonomy, supported their Persian bureaucrats' promotion of the traditional Iranian idea of kingship. The Persian concept of monarchy over a territorial empire, or more specifically, the "Kingship of the Land of Iran" (''pādshāhi-ye Irān-zamin''), was easily sold to their Mongol masters by these bureaucrats. A lasting effect of the Mongol conquests was the emergence of the "national state" in Iran during the Ilkhanate era.{{sfn|Arjomand|2022|p=34}}
[[File:Abaqa Khan 2.jpg|thumb|[[Gold dinar]] of [[Abaqa Khan]] with Islamic legends in [[Arabic]] and Imperial legends in [[Middle Mongolian]]]]
The Ilkhanate Mongols remained nomadic in their way of life until the end of the dynasty. Their nomadic routes covered central [[Iraq]], northwest [[Iran]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Armenia]]. The Mongols administered Iraq, the [[Caucasus]], and western and southern Iran directly with the exception of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], the [[Artuqid]] sultan of [[Mardin]], and [[Kufa]] and [[Luristan]]. The [[Qara'unas]] Mongols ruled [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] as an autonomous realm and did not pay taxes. [[Herat]]'s local [[Kart dynasty]] also remained autonomous. Anatolia was the richest province of the Ilkhanate, supplying a quarter of its revenue while Iraq and [[Diyarbakir]] together supplied about 35 percent of its revenue.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=231}}

In 1330, the annexation of [[Abkhazia]] resulted in the reunification of the Kingdom of Georgia. However, tribute received by the Il-Khans from Georgia sank by about three-quarters between 1336 and 1350 because of wars and famines.<ref>D. M. Lang, Georgia in the Reign of Giorgi the Brilliant (1314–1346). Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1955), pp. 74–91</ref>

==Diplomacy==
{{See also|Franco-Mongol alliance}}
The courts of [[Western Europe]] made many attempts to ally with the Mongols, primarily with the Ilkhanate, in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, starting from around the time of the [[Seventh Crusade]] in the mid-13th century. (Western Europeans were collectively called [[Franks#Crusaders and other Western Europeans as "Franks"|'Franks']] – '[[Farang|'Farang', 'Faranji']] – by Muslims and Asians in the era of the Crusades.) Despite their shared opposition to the [[Muslims]], primarily the [[Mamluk Sultanate]], no formal alliance ever was concluded.<ref>"Despite numerous envoys and the obvious logic of an alliance against mutual enemies, the papacy and the Crusaders never achieved the often-proposed alliance against Islam". Atwood, ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p. 583, "Western Europe and the Mongol Empire"</ref>

While [[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]] eventually concluded a peace treaty with the Mamluks in 1322, the rivalry between the two powers continued diplomatically. Abu Sa'id, as a Muslim ruler, sought to demonstrate his legitimacy further abroad in Islamic terms, particularly through efforts to exert influence over the two holy cities of Islam, [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]].{{Sfn|May|2018|pp=250, 253–254}} Even prior to the peace treaty's conclusion, the Ilkhan began sending large and richly equipped pilgrimage (''[[hajj]]'') caravans from Iraq. In 1330 he went so far as to include, at great cost, an elephant in the caravan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Amitai|first=Reuven|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A87eEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT875|title=The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2023|isbn=978-1-009-30197-8|editor-last=Biran|editor-first=Michal|volume=2|pages=816|language=en|chapter=The Mongols and the Arab Middle East|editor-last2=Kim|editor-first2=Hodong}}</ref>{{Sfn|May|2018|p=254}} He also arranged for his name to be read aloud in the ''[[Khutbah|khutba]]'' (Friday sermon) in Medina for a time in 1318 and sent the ''[[Kiswah|kiswa]]'' (the ceremonial cloth covering the [[Kaaba]]) to Mecca in 1319.{{Sfn|May|2018|p=254}} In 1325, [[Chupan]] undertook the pilgrimage and sponsored repairs to the water supply in Mecca and the construction of a [[madrasa]] (college) and a [[hammam]] (bathhouse) in Medina.<ref name=":0" /> These actions challenged the primacy of the Mamluks in the [[Hejaz]] and provoked the Mamluk sultan, [[al-Nasir Muhammad]], into repeatedly reasserting his dominance in the region by sponsoring his own works there, by purging or replacing local officials, and by undertaking the ''hajj'' pilgrimage himself.{{Sfn|May|2018|pp=254–255}}

== Culture ==
=== Literature ===
[[File:Khalili Collection Islamic Art mss 0727 fol 59a det.jpg|thumb|Page from a manuscript of the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh|Jami' al-Tawarikh]]'' of [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]] (1314–15 AD, [[Tabriz]]). The illustration here depicts [[Jonah and the whale]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Jami' al-Tawarikh of Rashid al-Din|url=https://www.khalilicollections.org/collections/islamic-art/khalili-collection-islamic-art-the-jami-al-tawarikh-of-rashid-al-din-mss727/|access-date=2024-10-29|website=Khalili Collections|language=en-GB}}</ref>]]
The Ilkhanid period saw the creation of numerous written works devoted to history. They were typically intended for Ilkhanid administrators or even written for a particular ruler. Many of the writers in the early period were scholars who were trained under pre-Mongol dynasties but received patronage under the new regime.<ref name=":0522">{{Cite book|last=Kamola|first=Stefan|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=2019|isbn=9789004161658|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|language=en|chapter=Īlkhānids|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett|ref=none}}</ref> The most famous work of this time is the ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' ('Compendium of Histories') of [[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid al-Din]], initially commissioned by [[Ghazan]] but presented to [[Öljeitü]] upon its completion in 1307. Its first surviving volume is a history of the Mongol dynasty while the second is a history of the Iranian and Islamic world, along with stories of other cultures.<ref name=":0522" /> Ghazan also patronized [[Abu al-Qasim Kashani|Abu al-Qasim Qashani]], who composed the ''Ta'rikh-i Uljaytu'' ('History of Öljeitü'), and [[Wassaf|Shihab al-Din Waṣṣaf]], who wrote the ''Tajziyat al-amṣar wa-tazjiyat al-a'ṣar'' ('The Allocation of Cities and Propulsion of Epochs'{{Sfn|Kamola|2019|p=75}}). The latter was intended as a continuation of [[Ata-Malik Juvayni|Ala' al-Din Juvayni]]'s slightly earlier work, ''Tārikh-i jahangusha'' ('History of the World Conqueror'{{Sfn|Kamola|2019|p=75}}) which narrates the fall of the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] and the rise of the Mongol Empire. Various other works were also commissioned.<ref name=":0522" />

The later years of the Ilkhanate were also marked by interest in the ''[[Shahnameh]]'', the Iranian epic by 11th-century poet [[Firdowsi]]. Not only were new copies of the work produced, but it also inspired new historical works that copied its style and format, such as those of [[Hamdallah Mustawfi]].<ref name=":0522" />

=== Arts ===
[[File:Firdawsi - Folio from a Shahnama (Book of Kings) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|A page from the [[Great Mongol Shahnameh|Great Mongol ''Shahnameh'']] (early 14th century), with a [[Persian miniature|miniature]] painting illustrating mourners gathered around the body of [[Alexander the Great]]{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=403}}|left]]
Among the arts patronized by the Ilkhans, the most important were the arts of the book. The major centers of manuscript production and illumination were [[Mosul]] and [[Baghdad]] in Iraq.<ref name=":24" /> They matched the quality of contemporary production in the [[Mamluk Sultanate]] and may have influenced the latter,<ref name=":24">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA185|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan M.|volume=2|pages=184–185|language=en|chapter=Ilkhanid|editor-last2=Blair|editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref> as there are artistic similarities between Mamluk and Ilkhanid manuscripts.{{sfn|Farhad|Rettig|2016|pp=104–105}} One notable development in this period is the production of manuscripts with very large pages, up to {{Convert|70 x 50|cm|in}} in size, with accordingly large scripts, particularly in ''[[muhaqqaq]]'' style. Illustrations were common and are found in works on a variety of topics such as history, nature, religion, and astronomy.<ref name=":24" /> Among these was also an increased production of copies of the ''Shahnameh''. The most celebrated copy is the [[Great Mongol Shahnameh|Great Mongol ''Shahnameh'']], a large manuscript probably produced for Abu Sa'id in the 14th century. Its pages include highly expressive illustrations that reflect influences from across Eurasia, including China and Europe.<ref name=":24" /> Some two dozen large-scale Qur'ans have survived and are among the most impressive artistically produced Qur'ans created up to this point. They were each produced over many years – one of the smaller examples from Baghdad took four years to transcribe and eight years to decorate – and feature elaborate multi-coloured frontispieces with geometric designs similar to those seen in Ilkhanid architecture such as the [[Dome of Soltaniyeh|Sultaniyya Mausoleum]].{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=25}}<ref name=":24" />

[[File:Frontispiece from the Hamadan Qur'an (National Library of Egypt Masahif Rasid 72, ff.1v-2r).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Double frontispiece for a Qur'an commissioned by [[Öljeitü]] and completed in 1313 in [[Hamadan]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ohta|first=Alison|date=2022|title=The Hamadan Qur'an of Öljaytü: Vestiges of a Binding Tradition|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/hamadan-quran-of-oljaytu-vestiges-of-a-binding-tradition/75B297CDF37E39798F2C5CDA67C5A4DC#access-block|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=743–761|doi=10.1017/S1356186322000591|issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription}}</ref>]]
High-quality silk textiles were also produced under the Ilkhanids.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}} The most important surviving example – possibly the only one definitively attributable to the Ilkhanate – is the large fragment of a burial robe for [[Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria|Duke Rudolf IV of Austria]] (d. 1365), which was made from an Iranian import. The textile was originally manufactured in an Ilkhanid state workshop, most likely in [[Tabriz]], and bears the name and titles of Abu Sa'id after 1319. It is woven in [[lampas]] and compound weaves in tan and red colours, with gold [[Warp and weft|wefts]].{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=21}} It features a motif of broad alternating bands: one set of stripes is filled with a repeating pattern of rhomboids and ornate medallions with vegetal motifs and peacocks in between them, while the other stripes are filled with large epigraphic inscriptions in Arabic script. Between these are narrower bands filled with other animals.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=21}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Shroud of Rudolf IV|url=https://dommuseum.at/collection/18|access-date=2024-10-23|website=Dom Museum Wien|language=en}}</ref> The use of this piece for a royal funerary shroud in Europe suggests that Iranian textiles were still highly prized abroad during this period.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}}

In metalwork, Ilkhanid productions were often larger and more richly decorated than earlier Iranian works.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}} Major centers of production included Tabriz and [[Shiraz]].{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=23}} Surviving pieces are often made of brass [[Inlay|inlaid]] with copper, a type known in previous periods, as well as brass inlaid with gold, a newer trend used for more costly court objects.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=|pp=400–401}} Among these examples is the base of the largest preserved candlestick from Islamic-era Iran, commissioned by one of [[Öljeitü]]'s viziers in 1308–09 and measuring {{Convert|32.5|cm|in|sigfig=2}} high.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=|pp=400–401}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candlestick Base|url=https://collections.mfa.org/objects/21922/candlestick-base;jsessionid=F20DBD67951741956C2D24646106F65A?ctx=83cd95fb-6656-49de-8c70-7d6d5454a9b0&idx=7|access-date=2024-10-23|website=MFA Boston|language=en}}</ref> Objects in gold and silver were likely also important but no examples have survived.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}}

[[File:Bowl MET wb-34.151.jpeg|thumb|A bowl in the ''[[Lajvardina-type ceramics|lajvardina]]'' technique, produced in Ilkhanid Iran, late 13th or early 14th century<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowl|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/449019|access-date=2024-10-23|website=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|language=en}}</ref>]]
Ceramic production was of good quality but not as fine and as diverse as pottery from the preceding century.<ref name=":24" /> The type most commonly attributed to Ilkhanid Iran is the so-called "Sultanabad" ceramics. These were made of a softer white paste with a green or gray-brown [[Slip (ceramics)|slip]]. Bowls of this type were typically [[underglaze]]-painted with animal figures with a background of leaves.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}} [[Kashan]] remained an important center of [[lustreware]] production until the late 13th century, although it ceased producing ceramic vessels after 1284 and then produced only [[tiles]] until 1340.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=21}}{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}} The designs were less accomplished than in previous periods but they started to incorporate new Chinese-inspired motifs such as [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotuses]] and [[simurgh]]s.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=21}} Starting around the 1270s or 1280s, a new style of expensive ceramic started to be produced, known as ''[[Lajvardina-type ceramics|lajvardina]]'', from the Persian word for [[lapis lazuli]]. These often had a deep blue or sometimes blue-ish turquoise [[Ceramic glaze|glaze]] and were then [[Overglaze decoration|overglaze]]-painted with red, black, white, and gold colours. These have been found at [[Takht-e Soleymān|Takht-i Sulaymān]] and they may have replaced the pre-Mongol ''[[Mina'i ware|mina'i]]'' ceramics.{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|1995|p=22}}{{Sfn|Blair|Bloom|2011|p=400}}

=== Architecture ===
{{Main|Ilkhanid architecture}}

[[File:Abdul_Samad_Isfahani_Shrine_Natanz.jpg|thumb|[[Muqarnas]] dome inside the Mausoleum of [[Abdussamad Esfahani|Shaykh 'Abd al-Samad]] in [[Natanz]] (1307–8)]]
[[Ilkhanid architecture]] elaborated earlier [[Iranian architecture|Iranian traditions]]. In particular, greater attention was given to interior spaces and how to organize them. Rooms were made taller, while transverse vaulting was employed and walls were opened with arches, thus allowing more light and air inside.<ref name=":242">{{Cite book |last= |first= |author-link=Jonathan M. Bloom |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA128HE+CENTURY+AND+A+HALF+BETWEEN+THE+MONGOL+CONQUESTS+IN+THE+1250S |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |author-link2=Sheila Blair |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |volume=1 |location= |pages=128–131 |language=en |chapter=Architecture; VI. c. 1250–c. 1500 |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila S.}}</ref> ''[[Muqarnas]]'', which was previously confined to covering limited transitional elements like [[squinch]]es, was now used to cover entire domes and vaults for purely decorative effect. The Tomb of [[Abdussamad Esfahani|'Abd al-Samad]] in [[Natanz]] (1307–8), for example, is covered inside by an elaborate ''muqarnas'' dome that is made from stucco suspended below the pyramidal vault that roofs the building.<ref name=":242" /> Brick remained the main construction material, but more color was added through the use of tile mosaic, which involved cutting monochrome tiles of different colors into pieces that were then fitted together to form larger patterns, especially [[Islamic geometric patterns|geometric motifs]] and floral motifs.<ref name=":242" /> Under Ilkhanid rule, Tabriz became a significant hub of commerce and receiving considerable support from the Ilkhanids.{{sfn|Blessing|2019|p=122}} By the early 1300s, Tabrizi craftsmen had developed multicolor tile mosaic, known as the ''[[Tabrizi tradition]]''.{{sfn|Blair|2014|p=342}}{{sfn|Necipoglu|1990|p=137}}

Various mosques were built or expanded during this period, usually following the [[four-iwan plan]] for [[congregational mosque]]s (e.g. at [[Jameh Mosque of Varamin|Varamin]] and [[Jameh Mosque of Kerman|Kirman]]), except in the northwest, where cold winters discouraged the presence of an open courtyard, as at the Jameh Mosque of [[Ardabil]] (now ruined). The iwan on the ''[[qibla]]'' side (in the direction of prayer), usually led to a domed prayer hall behind.<ref name=":242" /> Another hallmark of the Ilkhanid period is the introduction of monumental mosque portals topped by twin minarets, as seen at the [[Jameh Mosque of Yazd]].<ref name=":242" />

==Legacy==
[[File:Ilkhante ship sailing the Indian Ocean towards India, in the Catalan Atlas (1375).jpg|thumb|A ship under the Ilkhanate flag ([[File:Flag_of_the_Ilkhanate.svg|20px]]), sailing the [[Indian Ocean]] towards the coast of India under the control of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ([[File:Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg|20px]]), in the [[Catalan Atlas]] (1375).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dang|first1=Baohai|last2=Rong|first2=Xinjiang|title=Marco Polo and the Silk Road|date=9 November 2021|publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJlWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|language=zh}}</ref>]]

The emergence of the Ilkhanate had an important historical impact in [[West Asia]]. The establishment of the unified Mongol Empire had significantly eased trade and commerce across Asia. The communications between the Ilkhanate and the [[Yuan dynasty]] headquartered in China encouraged this development.<ref>Gregory G.Guzman – Were the barbarians a negative or positive factor in ancient and medieval history?, The historian 50 (1988), 568–70</ref><ref>Thomas T.Allsen – Culture and conquest in Mongol Eurasia, 211</ref> The dragon clothing of Imperial China was used by the Ilkhanids, the Chinese Huangdi (Emperor) title was used by the Ilkhanids due to heavy influence upon the Mongols of the Chinese system of politics. Seals with Chinese characters were created by the Ilkhanids themselves besides the seals they received from the Yuan dynasty which contain references to a Chinese government organization.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Central Asiatic Journal|journal=Central Asiatic Journal|volume=52|url=https://www.academia.edu/3725455|year=2008|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|page=46|last1=Ho|first1=Kai-Lung}}</ref>
[[File:Abusa'id tamgha.jpg|thumb|[[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan]]'s Imperial edict ([[Firman]]) in [[Persian language]] with two bilingual [[Seal (East Asia)|East Asian-style seals]] in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Arabic]].]]
The Ilkhanate also helped to pave the way for the later [[Safavid]] dynastic state, and ultimately the modern country of Iran. Hulegu's conquests had also opened Iran to Chinese influence from the east. This, combined with patronage from his successors, would develop Iran's distinctive excellence in architecture. Under the Ilkhans, Iranian historians also moved from writing in Arabic to writing in their native Persian tongue.<ref>Francis Robinson, ''The Mughal Emperors and the Islamic Dynasties of India, Iran and Central Asia'', pp. 19, 36</ref>

The rudiments of [[double-entry accounting]] were practiced in the Ilkhanate; [[merdiban]] was then adopted by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. These developments were independent from the accounting practices used in Europe.<ref>Cigdem Solas, ''ACCOUNTING SYSTEM PRACTICED IN THE NEAR EAST DURING THE PERIOD 1220–1350'', based on the book ''RISALE-I FELEKIYYE'', ''The Accounting Historians Journal'', Vol. 21, No. 1 (June 1994), pp. 117–135</ref> This accounting system was adopted primarily as the result of socio-economic necessities created by the agricultural and fiscal reforms of Ghazan Khan in 1295–1304.

===Ilkhan as a tribal title in 19th/20th century Iran===
The title ilkhan resurfaced among the [[Qashqai people|Qashqai]] nomads of southern Iran in the 19th century. Jan Mohammad Khan started using it in 1818/19, and this was continued by all the following Qashqai leaders. The last Qashqai ilkhan was Nasir Khan, who in 1954 was pushed into exile after his support of [[Mohammad Mosaddegh]]. When he returned during the [[Iranian revolution|Islamic revolution]] in 1979, he could not regain his previous position and died in 1984 as the last Ilkhan of the Qashqai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iranicaonline.org/|title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica|first=Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=Foundation|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:OljeituToPhilippeLeBel1305.jpg|1305 letter of the Ilkhanid Mongol [[öljaitü]] (official square red stamp of the Ilkhanate).
File:GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG|Seal of [[Ghazan]]
</gallery>

==Ilkhans==
{{Division of the Mongol Empire}}
{{History of the Mongols}}
{{History of Iran}}
{{See also|List of monarchs of Iran#Ilkhanate (1256–1388)}}
The title of ''[[Il Khan]]'' was used consistently only in the first half of the dynasty, and after the reign of [[Geikhatu]] it was rarely used, with the titles ''[[Padishah]]'' or ''[[Sultan]]'' being used instead.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Unity of the Mongol Empire and Continental Exchanges over Eurasia|first=Hodong|last=Kim|journal=Journal of Central Eurasian Studies|volume=1|page=31|date=December 2009|url=https://cces.snu.ac.kr/wp-content/uploads/sites/327/2025/02/jces1_2kim.pdf }}</ref>

===House of Hulegu (1256–1335; Ilkhanate Mongol kings)===
*[[Hulegu Khan]] (1256–1265)
*[[Abaqa Khan]] (1265–1282)
*[[Teguder|Ahmad Tegüder]] (1282–1284)
*[[Arghun]] (1284–1291)
*[[Gaykhatu]] (1291–1295)
*[[Baydu]] (1295)
*[[Mahmud Ghazan]] (1295–1304)
*[[Öljaitü|Muhammad Khodabandeh (Oljeitu or Öljaitü)]] (1304–1316)
*[[Abu Sa'id (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Abu Sa'id Bahadur]] (1316–1335)

After the Ilkhanate, the regional states established during the disintegration of the Ilkhanate raised their own candidates as claimants.

===House of Ariq Böke===
*[[Arpa Ke'un|Arpa Ke'ün]] (1335–1336)

===House of Hulegu (1336–1357)===
*[[Musa (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Musa]] (1336–1337) (puppet of '[[Ali Padshah]] of Baghdad)
*[[Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)|Muhammad]] (1336–1338) ([[Jalayirids|Jalayirid]] puppet)
*[[Sati Beg]] (1338–1339) ([[Chobanids|Chobanid]] puppet)
*[[Suleiman Khan|Sulayman]] (1339–1343) (Chobanid puppet, recognized by the [[Sarbadars]] 1341–1343)
*[[Jahan Temür]] (1339–1340) (Jalayirid puppet)
*[[Anusirvan|Anushirwan]] (1343–1356) (Chobanid puppet)
* [[Ghazan II]] (1356–1357) (known only from coinage)

===House of Hasar===
''Claimants from eastern Persia (Khurasan):''
*[[Togha Temür]] (c. 1338–1353) (recognized by the [[Kartids]] 1338–1349; by the Jalayirids 1338–1339, 1340–1344; by the Sarbadars 1338–1341, 1344, 1353)
* Luqman (1353–1388) (son of Togha Temür and the protégé of [[Timur]])

==Family tree (House of Hulegu)==
{{Ilkhanate family tree}}

==Genealogy of Ulus of Hulagu==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of [[Borjigin]]}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#408080|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Mongol Empire]] 
{{Color sample|border=#C02E1F|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Il-Khanate]] 
{{Color sample|border=#EA867B|#white; border-width:2px}} Astarabad Emirate 
{{Color sample|border=#77930e|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Salghurids]] 
{{Color sample|border=#cc9610|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Qutlugh-Khanids|Qutluq-Khanids]]
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=[[Yesugei|Yisughay]]
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A02 | |
|A01='''[[Genghis Khan|Temüjin]]''' {{r.|1206|1227}}
|A02=[[Qasar|Jochi-Qasar]]
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#408080
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A02 | |
|A01='''[[Tolui]]''' {{r.|1227|1229}}
|A02=Tuqu
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#408080
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A02 | | A03 | |
|A01='''[[Hulagu Khan|Hulagu]]''' {{r.|1256|1265}}
|A02='''[[Ariq Böke|Ariq-Buqa]]''' {{r.|1259|1264}}
|A03=Ibugan
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#408080
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | A06 | | A07 | |
|A01='''[[Abaqa Khan|Abaqa]]''' {{r.|1265|1282}}
|A02=[[Yoshmut|Yashmut]]
|A03=Taraghay
|A04='''[[Tekuder|Tegudar]]''' {{r.|1282|1284}}
|A05='''[[Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)|Möngke-Timur]]''' {{r.|1272|1282}}
|A06=Malik-Timur
|A07=Imugan
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A05 =border-color:#77930e
|boxstyle_ A06 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A07 =border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | A06 | | A07 | | A08 | |
|A01='''[[Arghun]]''' {{r.|1284|1291}}
|A02='''[[Gaykhatu|Ghaykhatu]]''' {{r.|1291|1295}}
|A03=Sughay
|A04='''[[Baydu]]''' {{r.|1295|1295}}
|A05='''[[Kurdujin Khatun|Kurdujin]]''' {{r.|1295|1295}}
|A06=Anbarchi
|A07=Mingqan
|A08=Baba
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A05 =border-color:#cc9610
|boxstyle_ A06 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A07 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A08 =border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | | | | | A06 | | A07 | | A08 | |
|A01='''[[Ghazan|Ghazan I]]''' {{r.|1295|1304}}
|A02='''[[Öljaitü|Uljaytu]]''' {{r.|1304|1316}}
|A03=Alafrang
|A04=Yusuf-Shah
|A05=Ali
|A06=Esen-Timur
|A07=Susa
|A08=Suday
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A05 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A06 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A07 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A08 =border-width:1px
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | | | | | A06 | | A07 | | A08 | |
|A01='''[[Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan|Abu Sa'id]]''' {{r.|1316|1335}}
|A02='''[[Sati Beg|Sati-Beg]]''' {{r.|1338|1339}}
|A03='''[[Jahan Temür|Jahan-Timur]]''' {{r.|1339|1340}}
|A04='''[[Suleiman Khan|Sulayman]]''' {{r.|1339|1343}}
|A05='''[[Musa (Ilkhanid dynasty)|Musa]]''' {{r.|1336|1336}}
|A06=Yul-Qutluq
|A07='''[[Arpa Ke'un|Arpa]]''' {{r.|1335|1336}}
|A08='''[[Togha Temür|Taghay-Timur]]''' {{r.|1336|1353}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A05 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A06 =border-width:1px
|boxstyle_ A07 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A08 =border-color:#C02E1F
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | | | | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | |
|A01='''[[Anushirwan]]''' {{r.|1343|1356}}
|A02='''[[Ghazan II]]''' {{r.|1356|1357}}
|A03='''[[Muhammad Khan (Ilkhan)|Muhammad]]''' {{r.|1336|1338}}
|A04='''[[Amir Vali|Wali]]''' {{r.|1353|1384}}
|A05='''Luqman-Padishah''' {{r.|1384|1388}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#C02E1F
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#EA867B
|boxstyle_ A05 =border-color:#C02E1F
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''Bir-Padishah''' {{r.|1388|1406}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#EA867B
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | |
|A01='''Ali-Sultan''' {{r.|1406|1407}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#EA867B
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Division of the Mongol Empire]]
*[[List of Mongol states]]
*[[List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans]]
*[[List of kings of Persia|Full list of Iranian Kingdoms]]
*[[Sarbadars]], separatist movement of the late Ilkhanid era
*[[Hazaras]], ethnic group in today's Afghanistan

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|author-link=Thomas T. Allsen|first=Thomas|last=Allsen|editor1=Denis C. Twitchett|editor2=Herbert Franke|editor2-link=Herbert Franke (sinologist)|editor3=John King Fairbank|chapter=The rise of the Mongolian empire and Mongolian rule in north China|title=The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368|year=1994|pages=321–413|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Arjomand|first=Saïd Amir Arjomand|author-link=Saïd Amir Arjomand|title=Revolutions of the End of Time: Apocalypse, Revolution and Reaction in the Persianate World|date=2022|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-51715-8}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Ashraf|first=Ahmad|title=Iranian identity iii. Medieval Islamic period|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-iii-medieval-islamic-period|year=2006|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 5|pages=507–522}}
* {{cite book|last1=Atwood|first1=Christopher Pratt|title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol empire|date=2004|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-4671-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Babaie|first=Sussan|year=2019|title=Iran After the Mongols|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-78831-528-9}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=huOBwihhwyQC|title=Islam: Art and Architecture|last2=Bloom|first2=Jonathan M.|publisher=h.f.ullmann|year=2011|isbn=9783848003808|editor-last=Hattstein|editor-first=Markus|pages=386–405|language=en|chapter=Islamic Mongols: from the Mongol Invasions to the Ilkhanids|editor-last2=Delius|editor-first2=Peter}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Blair|first1=Sheila S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mhIgewDtNkC|title=The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250–1800|last2=Bloom|first2=Jonathan M.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1995|isbn=9780300064650|language=en}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Tabriz: International Entrepot under the Mongols |first=Sheila S. |last=Blair |editor-last=Pfeiffer |editor-first=Judith |title=Politics, Patronage and the Transmission of Knowledge in 13th–15th Century Tabriz |publisher=Brill |year=2014 |pages=321–356}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Blue-and-White Tiles of the Muradiye in Edirne: Architectural Decoration between Tabriz, Damascus, and Cairo |first=Patricia |last=Blessing |journal=Muqarnas |volume=36 |year=2019 |pages=101–129 |doi=10.1163/22118993-00361P06 }}
* {{cite journal|title=The Sarre Qazwīnī: An Early Aq Qoyunlu Manuscript?|first=Julie|last=Badiee|author-link=Julie Oeming Badiee|journal=Ars Orientalis|volume=14|publisher=University of Michigan|year=1984}}
* C.E. Bosworth, ''The New Islamic Dynasties'', New York, 1996.
* {{cite book|last1=Farhad|first1=Massumeh|author-link=Massumeh Farhad|title=The Art of the Qu'ran: Treasures from the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts|last2=Rettig|first2=Simon|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|year=2016|isbn=978-1-58834-578-3|location=Washington, DC}}
* {{cite book|title=The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion|year=2017|publisher=Yale University Press|last=Jackson|first=Peter|pages=1–448|isbn=9780300227284|jstor=10.3366/j.ctt1n2tvq0}} {{registration required}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kamola|first=Stefan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HkxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|title=Making Mongol History: Rashid al-Din and the JamiE al-Tawarikh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4744-2143-0|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Lane|first=George E.|year=2012|editor1-last=Daryaee|editor1-first=Touraj|editor1-link=Touraj Daryaee|title=The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter=The Mongols in Iran|pages=1–432|isbn=978-0-19-987575-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Limbert|first=John|year=2004|title=Shiraz in the Age of Hafez|publisher=University of Washington Press|pages=1–182|isbn=9780295802886}}
* Kadoi, Yuka. (2009) ''Islamic Chinoiserie: The Art of Mongol Iran'', Edinburgh Studies in Islamic Art, Edinburgh. {{ISBN|9780748635825}}.
* {{cite book|chapter=Ilkhanid Rule and Its Contributions to Iranian Political Culture|pages=68–82|first=Bert G.|last=Fragner|editor-last=Komaroff|editor-first=Linda|year=2006|title=Beyond the Legacy of Genghis Khan|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004243408}}
* {{Cite book|last=May|first=Timothy|title=The Mongol Empire|date=2018|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-4236-6|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Melville|first=Charles|year=2012|title=Persian Historiography: A History of Persian Literature|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=1–784|isbn=9780857723598}}
* {{cite book |url = https://archive.org/details/khubilaikhanhisl00ross |url-access=registration |first = Morris |last = Rossabi |title = Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times |year=1988 |publisher=University of California Press |location = Los Angeles, CA |isbn=978-0-520-06740-0 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Necipoglu |first=Gulru |year=1990 |title=From International Timurid to Ottoman: A Change of Taste in Sixteenth-Century Ceramic Tiles |journal=Muqarnas |volume=7 |publisher=Brill |pages=136–170 |doi=10.2307/1523126 |jstor=1523126 }}
* R. Amitai-Preiss: ''Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War 1260–1281''. Cambridge, 1995.
* {{citation|last=Vernadsky|first=George|year=1953|title=The Mongols and Russia|publisher=Yale University Press}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vásáry|first1=István|editor1-last=Csató|editor1-first=Éva Á.|editor2-last=Johanson|editor2-first=Lars|editor3-last=Róna-Tas|editor3-first=Andrá|editor4-last=Utas|editor4-first=Bo|title=Turks and Iranians. Interactions in Language and History: The Gunnar Jarring Memorial Program at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study|date=2016|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-10537-8|pages=141–152|edition=1|chapter=The Role and Function of Mongolian and Turkic in Ilkhanid Iran}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Ilkhanate}}
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/ Encyclopedia Iranica.] Contains more information on the Ilkhanate.
* [http://tokakte.dk/ Searchable database for Ilkhanid coins]

{{Iran topics}}
{{Mongol Empire}}
{{Empires}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ilkhanate| ]]
[[Category:13th century in Iran]]
[[Category:14th century in Iran]]
[[Category:Medieval history of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Syria]]
[[Category:Medieval history of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties]]
[[Category:Muslim dynasties]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1256]]
[[Category:Khanates]]
[[Category:1256 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:13th-century establishments in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:1330s disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:14th-century disestablishments in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Mongol states]]
[[Category:Hulegu Khan]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of West Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1330s]]

Muzaffar Aazim

2026-03-29T15:22:42Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Short description|Kashmiri-American poet}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = File:Muzaffar_Aazim.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammad Muzaffar Mir
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1934|04|29}}
| birth_place = Tangmarg, Jammu & Kashmir, British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|07|08|1934|04|29}}
| death_place = Woodbridge, Virginia, USA
| nationality = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet, Writer, Director Sericulture
| citizenship = Kashmiri-American
| movement = [[Progressive Writers Movement]], [[Modernism]]
| notable_works = Poetry collections: Zolana (1963), Mani-Kaman (1974), Saze-Salasil (2005), Harf Dai (2007), Translations: War & Peace (1977), Wuthering Heights (1987), ‘Iyaruingam’ Awami Raj (1988)
Mahmud Gami (Makers of Indian Literature), (1991)
‘Yak Rang’ poems of Anwar War Anwar (2012)
Drama: Nai-Mout, Srinagar Door Darshan; Hawas ta Haasil, Radio Kashmir
Created the first Kashmiri Narqalam font and Gulmarg Nastalik font
| awards = Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, Kashmir; Soviet Land Nehru Award,1978

}}
'''Muzaffar Aazim''' was a Kashmiri-American poet and a writer of the Kashmiri language<ref>The History of Kashmiri Language & Literature, by Prof. Shafi Shauq, Ali Mohammad & Sons, Srinagar pp. 431-433</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Muzaffar Aazim was born in 1934 in picturesque hillside [[Tangmarg]] town located along Himalaya mountains in erstwhile [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] State of India.<ref name="Kashmiri 2022">{{cite news |last1=Kashmiri |first1=Ahmed |title=Muzaffar Aazim: Loss of an intellectual |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/muzaffar-aazim-loss-of-an-intellectual/ |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=3 August 2022}}</ref> He graduated from [[Sri Pratap College]] and briefly taught at [[Amar Singh College]].<ref>T“SRI Pratap College Home Page”. SRI Pratap College. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref><ref>“Amar Singh College Srinagar Home Page”. Amar Singh College. Retrieved 30 December 2023</ref> He later became the Director of Sericulture in Kashmir, a position that enabled him to travel widely.<ref name="Kashmiri 2022"/>

== Kashmiri font and script promotion ==

He was instrumental in promoting Kashmiri poetry and language in digital media, partly by creating the first Kashmiri Narqalam font and Gulmarg Nastalik font.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2016 |title=Poet Aazim for promotion of Kashmiri language |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/poet-aazim-for-promotion-of-kashmiri-language-237786 |access-date=21 April 2024 |work=Tribune India}}</ref><ref>GULMARG EDUCATIONAL MEDIA (26 August 2013). “Kashmiri Language”. Kashmirilanguage.com. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref> In collaboration with other language experts, he pushed for improvement in Unicode to better represent Kashmiri language.<ref name="Anderson 2009">{{cite web |last1=Anderson |first1=Deborah |last2=Pournader |first2=Roozbeh |last3=Aazim |first3=Muzaffar |last4=Mansour |first4=Kamal |title=Proposal to add two Kashmiri characters |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1s098503 |language=en |date=14 May 2009}}</ref> This enables almost seven million Kashmiri speaking population worldwide to write in their chosen language.<ref name="Anderson 2009"/>

== Literary works ==

Aazim started writing poetry at the age of 10 and published his first Kashmiri poetry book ''Zolana'' (''The Fetters'') in 1963. His contemporary, noted Kashmir poet Rahman Rahi, writing about this book comments that “The chief quality that distinguishes Aazim from almost all other poets of his age is his dexterity as a craftsman, a quality which can be appreciated in his ghazals”.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rahi |first1=Rahman |title=Kashmiri Literature |journal=Indian Literature |date=1964 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=52–55 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329250 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> His second Kashmiri poetry book was ''Manikaman'' (''The Desire''). His other poetry books include ''Saze-Salasil'' (''The Rhythm of the Chains'') in Urdu and ''Haraf Dai'' (''Two and a Half Words'') in Kashmiri. He authored ''Mahmud Gami'', (''Makers of Indian Literature'') published by Sahitya Akademi.<ref>AAZIM, MUZAFFAR. “Mahmud Gami (Makers of Indian Literature)”. Biblio. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref> He compiled a comprehensive review on "Experiments in Modern Kashmiri Poetry" in ''Indian Literature'', also published by Sahitya Akademi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aazim |first1=Muzaffar |title=Experiments in Modern Kashmiri Poetry |journal=Indian Literature |date=1978 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=92–97 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23329939 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

He published ‘Yak Rang’, a popular collection of unpublished poems by mystic Kashmiri poet Anwar War Anwar (1873-1905).<ref>APHARWAT (21 September 2012). “Yak Rang Featuring Anwar War Anwar Released by Muzaffar Aazim”. The Pinnacle of Objective Kashmiri Thought Process. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref> He has appeared multiple times on television to discuss poetry, literature, and life.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Muzaffar Aazim on ''Subhai Subhai'' |episode-link= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l4e0szUqW_I |access-date=23 August 2024 |series=Srinagar Kashmir Television |series-link= |first= |last= |network=[[Doordarshan]] |station=Srinagar Kashmir Television |date=6 July 2013 |season= |series-no= |number= |minutes= |time= |transcript= |transcript-url= |quote= |trans-quote= |via= |language=}}</ref> He has written several plays for All India Radio Srinagar including ''Havas ta Haasil'' (''Longing and Gain''), and for [[Doordarshan]] TV including ''Nai Mout'' (''The Flute Fakir''). He started abstract digital art in 2014. This became his main, and a popular, outlet of creative expression in the later years of his life.

== Translations ==
Muzaffar Aazim translated many classics into Kashmiri including [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]]’s [[War and Peace|War & Peace]] published by Cultural Academy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jang Te Aman Vol 1 Kashmiri Translation Of Tolstoys War And Peace JK Cultural Academy |url=https://archive.org/details/aGfV_jang-te-aman-vol-1-kashmiri-translation-of-tolstoys-war-and-peace-jk-cultural-academy |publisher=JK Cultural Academy}}</ref> He also translated [[Emily Brontë|Emily Bronte]]’s ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'', and Awami Raj, originally written as ''Iyaruingam'' (''Peoples Rule'') in Assamese by B.K. Bhattacharya and published by Sahitya Akademi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi KASHMIRI Publications |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/publications/kashmiri.pdf |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

== Popular songs ==
Muzaffar Aazim wrote many melodious Kashmiri songs that are mostly played on [[AIR Srinagar|All India Radio Srinagar]] and quickly became favorites. "Asi bor wizi wizi" was adopted by the [[University of Kashmir]] as an anthem for 3 years.<ref>“University of Kashmir Home Page”. University of Kashmir. Retrieved 30 December 2023. </ref><ref>GONMATH “Asi bor wizi wizi”. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2024}} ‘Yina sa cheshman’, a song he dedicated to his wife became a classic.<ref>AHMED, LUQMAN “Yina sa cheshman”. Retrieved 30 December 2023. </ref> Other songs include ‘Jigar zakhmi’ and ‘Yena zulfow chanew’, both still very popular.<ref>T-Series Kashmiri Music “Jigar zakhmi”. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref>

== Awards and honors ==

Muzaffar Aazim received the best book award for two of his Kashmiri poetry collections ‘Zolana’ and ‘Manikaman’ by Jammu & Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture & Languages.<ref>ACADEMY OF ART, CULTURE, AND LANGUAGES. “About us”. Government of Jammu & Kashmir. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</ref> He was awarded [[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] for translating ‘War & Peace.{{cn|date=March 2025}} He also received a ‘Dastar Bandi’ by [[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dastar Bandi Celebration of Muzaffar Aazim, Kashmiri poet and writer. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLgvWlohsDs |date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

== Death ==
Muzaffar Aazim died on July 8, 2022, in [[Woodbridge, Virginia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KV |date=2022-07-09 |title=Noted Kashmiri poet Muzaffar Aazim passes away in US |url=https://kashmirvision.in/2022/07/09/noted-kashmiri-poet-muzaffar-aazim-passes-away-in-us/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Kashmir Vision |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=NETWORK |first=GK NEWS |date=2022-07-08 |title=Former Director Sericulture passes away |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/former-director-sericulture-passes-away/ |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Literature of Kashmir]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aazim, Muzaffar}}
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian digital artists]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]

Bengali Americans

2026-03-29T12:53:17Z

Nandini Gowda KL: brief cleaned up details per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Americans of Bengali birth or descent}}
{{Distinguish|Bangladeshi Americans|Indian Americans}}
'''Bengali Americans''' ({{langx|bn|মার্কিন বাঙালি}}) are American nationals or residents who identify as [[Bengalis]] based on their ethnicity, language, and family history. They trace their roots to the historic region of Bengal, which is now split between [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Bengali Americans also belong to the broader group of modern-day [[Bangladeshi Americans]] and [[Indian Americans]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/1151854/the-us-census-bureau-is-finally-tracking-tamil-punjabi-telugu-and-bengali-speakers/ |title=Bengali speakers to be counted in US census |work=Quartz |date=10 December 2017}}</ref> Demographic census suggest that around 453,191 people in the United States speak Bengali as their main language or alongside other languages. This makes up about 0.14% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali&hidePreview=false&vintage=2018 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Additionally, there are more than 600,000 non-resident [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] Bengalis living in the United States.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC">{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116181808/https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231|archive-date=16 January 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> New York City has long been the main center for Bengali settlement. By 2025, the city had over 250,000 Bangladeshi-born immigrants living in New York State.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC" /> The number increases further when Bengalis originating from India are included. Since the 1970s, New York has become a key destination for Bengali immigrants.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC" />{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Bengali Americans
| native_name = {{lang|bn|মার্কিন বাঙালি}} {{lang|bn-Latn|Markin Bangali}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| flag = Bengali Speakers in USA (2012—2016).png
| flag_caption = Distribution of Bengali speakers in the United States (2012—2016)
| image = Boishakhi celebrations.png
| caption = [[Pohela Boishakh]] celebartions at [[Dallas, Texas]]
| population = {{increase}} '''750,000''' (2025 est.){{Efn|The estimated number of Bangladeshi Bengali Americans exceeds 600,000.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=2025-09-01 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref> If this represents approximately 80%{{Efn|The United States is home to roughly 450,000 Bengalis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> with over 350,000 of them originating from Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=2025-09-01 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="USCB Census2">{{cite web|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States}}</ref><ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012.</ref> (2023 Verified Data)}} of the total Bengali American population, then the overall estimated population would surpass 750,000.(2025 estimates)}} {{increase}} 453,191 ([[2020 US Census]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>
| total_ref =
| regions = [[New York metropolitan area|New York City]], [[Greater Boston|Boston]], [[Philadelphia metropolitan area|Philadelphia]], [[Greater Cleveland|Cleveland]], [[Metro Detroit|Detroit]], [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago]], [[Milwaukee metropolitan area|Milwaukee]], [[Washington metropolitan area|Washington, D.C.]], [[Metro Atlanta|Atlanta]], [[Miami metropolitan area|Miami]], [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Minneapolis]], [[Greater Houston|Houston]], [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas]], [[Seattle metropolitan area|Seattle]], [[Denver metropolitan area|Denver]],
[[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles]],<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=More Foreign-Born Immigrants Live In NYC Than There Are People In Chicago |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html |newspaper=Huffington Post |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2015 |quote=Over 40 percent of the United States' Bengali population lives in New York City.}}</ref> [[San Francisco Bay Area|San Francisco]]
| languages = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| religions = '''Majority''' [[Bengali Muslims|Islam]] ~80% '''Minority''' [[Bengali Hindus|Hinduism]]: ~18% [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhism]]: ~1% [[Bengali Christians|Christianity]]: ~1%||
| related = [[Bangladeshi Americans]], [[Indian Americans]], [[Nepalese Americans]], [[Tamil Americans]], [[Telugu Americans]], [[Punjabi Americans]]
}}
{{Pie chart|
| caption = The United States is home to roughly 450,000 Bengalis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B16001?q=bengali |access-date=2026-03-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> with over 350,000 of them originating from Bangladesh.<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=REINFORCING TIES {{!}} Enhancing contributions from Bangladeshi diaspora members |url=https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250918070504/https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bangkok/@ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_308802.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2025 |access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Philip Q. |last2=Akhter |first2=Morsheda |date=2025-09-01 |title=Socioeconomic Adaptation of Bangladeshi Immigrants in the United States |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |journal=Journal of International Migration and Integration |language=en |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=1857–1893 |doi=10.1007/s12134-025-01256-y |issn=1874-6365|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="USCB Census2">{{cite web|title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates|url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States}}</ref><ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 9 August 2012.</ref>
| value1 = 80
| label1 = [[Bangladesh]] or [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi origin]]
| color1 = #006a4e
| value2 = 20
| label2 = [[India]] or [[Indian people|Indian origin]]
| color2 = #ffc000
| other-label =
| other-color =
| other =
}}

== Immigration ==
Available historical records indicate that immigration from [[Bengal]] to the United States began in the late nineteenth century. Over subsequent decades, individuals of Bengali origin arrived in diverse occupational and social contexts, including as textile traders, maritime workers who remained ashore after their vessels arrived, and, in later periods, as professionals with formal education.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhter |first=Morsheda |last2=Yang |first2=Philip Q. |date=2023-10-24 |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States: History and Portrait |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2313-5778/7/4/81 |journal=Genealogy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=81 |doi=10.3390/genealogy7040081 |doi-access=free|issn=2313-5778}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Matin |first=Subat |date=2023 |title=I belong her I belong here too: An or oo: An oral hist al history of the immigr y of the immigration of ation of Bangladeshis to New York City |url=https://commons.lib.jmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1223&context=masters202029 |url-status=live |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=JMU Scholarly Commons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bald |first=Vivek |date=2013-02-06 |title=Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America |url=https://cmsw.mit.edu/vivek-bald-bengali-harlem/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251210060125/https://cmsw.mit.edu/vivek-bald-bengali-harlem/ |archive-date=2025-12-10 |access-date=2026-03-28 |work=MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-13 |title=A bright light on New York’s Bengali past |url=https://news.mit.edu/2022/bengali-harlem-documentary-0513 |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref>

=== The First Phase (1881–1947) ===
Documented evidence indicates that Bengalis arrived in the United States in the 1880s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Akhter |first1=Morsheda |last2=Yang |first2=Philip Q. |date=2023-10-24 |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States: History and Portrait |journal=Genealogy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=81 |doi=10.3390/genealogy7040081 |doi-access=free |issn=2313-5778 }}</ref> This period is commonly described in historical accounts as an early phase of Bengali immigration. During this time, migration occurred primarily through two occupational groups: silk traders, commonly known as ''chikondars'', and maritime workers, known as ''[[Lascar|lascars]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chatterji |first=Debajyoti |date=2021-12-10 |title=Bengali Immigrants In The USA: A Brief History (Part One) |url=https://thespace.ink/lifestyle/bengali-immigrants-in-the-usa/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Chikondars from Hooghly and the Expansion of the Silk Trade ====
In the mid-1880s, a group of [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] traders from the [[Hooghly district]] of [[Bengal Presidency|undivided Bengal]] (now in [[West Bengal]]) arrived at the ports of [[New York City|New York]] and [[Baltimore]]. Contemporary accounts describe them as dealing in silk textiles, including embroidered [[Shawl|shawls]], [[Tablecloth|tablecloths]], and [[cushion]] covers. The embroidery style associated with these goods was known in Bengal as ''chikan'' (or ''chikkan''), and vendors engaged in this trade were referred to in American sources as ''chikondars''.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Bengali Muslim Peddlers in New Orleans, NOLA history, New Orleans history, Early South Asian history in U.S., Jim Crow era, Orientalism {{!}} lesson plan curriculum {{!}} The Asian American Education Project |url=https://asianamericanedu.org/bengali-peddlers.html |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=asianamericanedu.org}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Contemporary sources indicate that, during this period, certain categories of imported goods described at the time as “Oriental” attracted consumer interest in the United States. Within this commercial context, Bengali chikondars established trading activities along the [[Jersey City, New Jersey|New Jersey shoreline]], including resort towns such as [[Asbury Park, New Jersey|Asbury Park]], [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], and [[Long Branch, New Jersey|Long Branch]]. Seasonal patterns of commerce are documented, with trading activity concentrated in northeastern resort areas during the summer months and shifting southward during the winter. Over time, [[New Orleans]] emerged as a central hub in this trade network. Contemporary newspaper reports document the presence of these traders in areas such as the [[French Market]] and [[Canal Street (Manhattan)|Canal Street]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-05-02 |title=New Orleans – Bengali Harlem |url=http://bengaliharlem.com/neworleans/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

By 1910, contemporary records indicate that at least 50 Bengali merchants had established residences in the [[Tremé]] neighborhood of [[New Orleans]]. Silk textiles imported through these trading networks were used in local cultural events, including [[Mardi Gras]] celebrations. During the 1930s, this commercial activity diminished amid broader economic disruptions associated with the [[Great Depression]] and changes in textile production methods. These developments marked the decline of this early phase of Bengali commercial activity in the United States.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":15" />

==== Lascars and the Settlement of Ship-Deserting Sailors ====
From the second decade of the twentieth century, a distinct pattern of Bengali migration became evident. Bengali sailors employed in the boiler rooms of British steamships, a labor category often associated with difficult working conditions, sometimes remained in the United States after their vessels arrived at American ports. These seamen, commonly referred to as ''[[Lascar|lascars]]'' (or ''khalasis''), predominantly originated from [[East Bengal|eastern Bengal]], including the regions of [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], and [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Drishya |date=2025-08-25 |title=Bengali Harlem: How Early Bengali Migrants Shaped 20th-Century Black & Latinx New York |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-voices/bengali-harlem-how-early-bengali-migrants-shaped-20th-century-black-latinx-new-york |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>

In 1900, the ''[[New York Post]]'' reported the presence of Indian sailors in the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|port areas of New York City]]. The report described instances of sailors remaining ashore after their vessels arrived, a practice referred to at the time as “ship jumping.” Similar patterns of maritime desertion were recorded in other major port cities, including [[New York City|New York]], [[Boston]], and [[San Francisco]], where affected individuals relied on informal social networks while living outside formal immigration channels.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

During the 1920s and 1930s, patterns of settlement associated with these former sailors expanded beyond coastal port cities. Over time, some individuals relocated to the United States' inland industrial regions. Documented settlements emerged in states such as New Jersey and Pennsylvania, while others obtained employment as manual laborers in Detroit’s automobile manufacturing sector. This occupational shift from maritime service to industrial labor helped shape an early Bengali working-class presence in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-07 |title=The hidden history of Bengali Harlem |url=https://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

==== Bengali Harlem ====
Racially discriminatory legislation in the early twentieth century, including the [[Immigration Act of 1917]] and the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], imposed significant legal restrictions on immigration and naturalization for [[Asian populations in the United States]]. Within this legal context, Bengali immigrants were frequently excluded from white residential areas and consequently resided in neighborhoods with other marginalized communities. Historical accounts document Bengali settlement in predominantly [[African Americans|African American]] and [[Puerto Rican-American|Puerto Rican]] areas, reflecting broader patterns of residential segregation during this period.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Drishya |date=2025-08-25 |title=Bengali Harlem: How Early Bengali Migrants Shaped 20th-Century Black & Latinx New York |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-voices/bengali-harlem-how-early-bengali-migrants-shaped-20th-century-black-latinx-new-york |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MADEO |title=May 26, 1924 {{!}} Immigration Act of 1924 Prohibits Immigration from Asia |url=https://calendar.eji.org/racial-injustice/may/26 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=calendar.eji.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations - Office of the Historian |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gelatt |first=Muzaffar Chishti, Julia Gelatt Muzaffar Chishti and Julia |date=2024-05-13 |title=A Century Later, Restrictive 1924 U.S. Immigration Law Has Reverberations in Immigration Debate |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/1924-us-immigration-act-history |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>

In neighborhoods such as [[Harlem]] and the [[Lower East Side]], historical studies document instances in which Bengali men formed family ties through marriage to African American and [[Latin America|Latina]] women. Historian Vivek Bald has used the term ''[[Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America|Bengali Harlem]]'' to describe the [[social milieu]] that developed from these interethnic households. Scholarly accounts note that these families often encompassed multiple religious and cultural traditions, reflecting the diverse backgrounds of their members.<ref name=":16" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali Harlem and the Lost Histories of South Asian America |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674503854 |website=Harvard University Press}}</ref>

By the 1940s, Bengali residents were present in neighborhoods such as [[Harlem]]. Contemporary accounts refer to individuals, including Habib Ullah, an immigrant from [[East Bengal|eastern Bengal]] who is reported to have arrived in the United States via [[Boston]] in the 1920s and later settled in [[New York City]]. During the 1940s, he operated a restaurant called Bengal Garden in [[Manhattan/Theater District|Manhattan’s Theater District]]. Historical sources note that the establishment functioned as a meeting place for members of the Bengali community during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-07 |title=The hidden history of Bengali Harlem |url=https://news.mit.edu/2013/vivek-bald-hidden-history-of-bengali-harlem-0107 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":16" />

The documentary film ''In Search of Bengali Harlem (2022)'' examines the history of Bengali Harlem. The film runs 84 minutes and incorporates both color and black-and-white footage. It was directed by Vivek Bald and Alaudin Ullah, and produced by Susannah Ludwig, Bald, and Ullah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Film – Bengali Harlem |url=http://bengaliharlem.com/thedocumentary/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{External media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os-PxQ2q3Ig ''In Search of Bengali Harlem (2022)'' Documentary film by Vivek Bald and Alaudin Ullah]}}

=== The Second Phase (1948–1970) ===
The [[Partition of British India]] altered the political boundaries of [[Bengal]] and influenced subsequent patterns of migration. In the United States, the ''[[Luce–Celler Act of 1946]]'' authorized a limited annual quota of 100 immigrants from [[India]]. Although numerically small, this legislation represented a partial modification of earlier restrictions on Asian immigration.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferruccio |first=Jeanne Batalova Jeanne Batalova, Uriah |date=2008-02-11 |title=Spotlight on the Foreign Born of Pakistani Origin in the United States in 2006 |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/spotlight-foreign-born-pakistani-origin-united-states-2008 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Pakistani Migration to the United States: An Economic Perspective |url=https://ir.ide.go.jp/record/37971/files/IDP000196_001.pdf}}</ref>

The period between 1948 and 1960 is commonly characterized in historical accounts as a transitional phase in Bengali migration to the United States. During these years, migration increasingly included individuals with advanced educational backgrounds, particularly students who entered the country on government-sponsored scholarships, including programs administered by the Pakistani state. Some of these students remained in the United States after completing their studies, contributing to longer-term settlement patterns.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akhter |first1=Morsheda |last2=Yang |first2=Philip Q. |date=2023-10-24 |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States: History and Portrait |journal=Genealogy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=81 |doi=10.3390/genealogy7040081 |issn=2313-5778 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

A significant shift in immigration patterns followed the passage of the [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]], commonly known as the ''Hart–Celler Act''. This legislation ended the national-origins quota system and introduced immigration criteria that emphasized occupational skills, educational qualifications, and family reunification. In the years that followed, immigrants from Bengal, then divided between [[East Pakistan]] and [[West Bengal]], were increasingly represented among professional and academic entrants to the United States, including individuals in fields such as medicine, engineering, and higher education.<ref name=":02" />

Historical scholarship has described this phase as one characterized by the migration of individuals with advanced education and professional training. During this period, Bengali immigrants were admitted to the United States primarily through educational qualifications and occupational criteria, contributing to the growing presence of professionally trained individuals of Bengali origin in the country.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== The Third Phase: Bangladesh’s Independence (1971–1990) ===
{{See also|Bangladeshi Americans}}
The [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]] influenced subsequent patterns of Bengali migration to the United States. In the period following the conflict, conditions associated with displacement, political uncertainty, and economic disruption contributed to the migration of Bangladeshi refugees and professionals to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi Immigrants in Buffalo - Partnership for the Public Good |url=https://ppgbuffalo.org/files/documents/data-demographics-history/populations_and_cultural_groups/datademographicshistory-_bangladeshi_immigrants_in_buffalo.pdf}}</ref>

During the 1970s, approximately 4,000 Bangladeshi nationals were officially recorded as immigrants in the United States. Immigration levels increased further in the early 1980s, and by the beginning of that decade, the Bangladeshi population in [[New York City]] was estimated at around 15,000. Migration during this period included not only individuals admitted through professional and employment-based channels but also families entering under family reunification provisions, contributing to changes in the social composition of the Bangladeshi immigrant population.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Vaughan |first1=Jessica M. |last2=Huennekens |first2=Preston |date=2018-01-11 |title=Bangladesh: A Case Study in Chain Migration |url=https://cis.org/Report/Bangladesh-Case-Study-Chain-Migration |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=CIS.org |language=en}}</ref>

During this period, some Bangladeshi immigrants relocated from New York City to cities such as [[Detroit]] and [[Atlantic City, New Jersey|Atlantic City]], where employment was available in sectors including automobile manufacturing, gaming, and hospitality. At the same time, Bangladeshi settlement expanded in [[Los Angeles]]. This presence acquired an organizational dimension with the establishment of the Bangladesh Association of Los Angeles in 1971, which served as an early example of formal community organization among Bangladeshis on the [[West Coast of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/RAD-Bangladesh.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":27">{{cite journal |last1=Akhter |first1=Morsheda |last2=Yang |first2=Philip Q. |year=2023 |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States: History and Portrait |journal=Genealogy |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=81 |doi=10.3390/genealogy7040081 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Taken together, developments during this third phase were associated with changes in the scale, composition, and geographic distribution of the Bangladeshi immigrant population in the United States. Migration during this period increasingly included family-based settlement alongside earlier professional migration, contributing to a more diverse and geographically dispersed community in subsequent decades.<ref name=":27" />

=== The Fourth Phase: The DV Lottery and Mass Migration (1990–Present) ===
The passage of the Immigration Act of 1990 introduced additional immigration mechanisms that affected subsequent patterns of Bengali migration to the United States. Among these was the [[Diversity Visa]] (DV) Lottery, also known as the ''Green Card Lottery'', which provided a pathway to permanent residence that was not tied to employment sponsorship or advanced educational qualifications. According to officially reported admissions data and scholarly estimates, approximately 42,462 Bangladeshi nationals entered the United States through the DV Lottery between 1995 and 2012. Although smaller in scale than later family-based migration, this group was characterized by a broad range of socioeconomic backgrounds and settlement locations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Diversity Immigrant Visa Program |url=https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R45973 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last1=Vaughan |first1=Jessica M. |last2=Huennekens |first2=Preston |date=2018-01-11 |title=Bangladesh: A Case Study in Chain Migration |url=https://cis.org/Report/Bangladesh-Case-Study-Chain-Migration |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=CIS.org |language=en}}</ref>

After 2012, Bangladesh became ineligible for participation in the Diversity Visa (DV) Lottery because more than 50,000 of its nationals had obtained permanent resident status in the United States within the preceding five-year period, exceeding the statutory eligibility threshold for the program. By that time, family-based immigration had become an established pathway for Bangladeshi migration. Empirical research and analyses of immigration data indicate that Bangladeshi immigrants have sponsored additional relatives through family reunification provisions, with some studies estimating an average of approximately 4.44 relatives per principal immigrant.<ref name=":19" />

Following the end of Bangladesh’s eligibility for the Diversity Visa program, migration to the United States continued primarily through family-based immigration channels. Developments during this fourth phase were associated with further increases in the size and diversification of the Bangladeshi immigrant population, with settlement patterns increasingly shaped by family reunification rather than individual professional or refugee admissions. Contemporary characteristics of the [[Bangladeshi Americans|Bangladeshi American]] population, including patterns of urban settlement, political participation, and community organization, are linked in part to immigration pathways established during this period.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhaka |first=U. S. Embassy |date=2022-12-13 |title=Diversity Visa |url=https://bd.usembassy.gov/diversity-visa/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=U.S. Embassy in Bangladesh |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":19" />

== Demographic and geographic distribution ==

According to estimates from the [[2020 United States census|2020 US Census]], [[Pew Research Center]] (2023) and other sources, more than 350,000 people of [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi origin]] currently reside in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Im |first=Carolyne |date=2025-05-01 |title=Facts about Bangladeshis in the U.S. |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/fact-sheet/asian-americans-bangladeshis-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Akhter |first1=Morsheda |last2=Yang |first2=Philip Q. |date=2023-10-24 |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States: History and Portrait |journal=Genealogy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=81 |doi=10.3390/genealogy7040081 |doi-access=free |issn=2313-5778 }}</ref><ref name="ACS 20232">{{cite web |title=US Census Data |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B02018 |access-date=2024-09-21 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}</ref><ref name="USCB Census3">{{cite web |title=PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN THE UNITED STATES, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2023 American Community Survey Estimates |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B05006?q=B05006:%20Place%20of%20Birth%20for%20the%20Foreign-Born%20Population%20in%20the%20United%20States}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Akhter |first1=Morsheda |last2=Yang |first2=Philip Q. |date=2023-10-24 |title=The Bangladeshi Diaspora in the United States: History and Portrait |journal=Genealogy |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=81 |doi=10.3390/genealogy7040081 |doi-access=free |issn=2313-5778 }}</ref> When Bengali-speaking populations from India (primarily [[West Bengal]] and [[Tripura]]) are included, the total number of Bengali speakers exceeds 400,000. It estimates, in 2026, the current size of the Bangladeshi diasporic community in the United States to exceed 600,000.<ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> Over the past two decades, this population has experienced a remarkably rapid growth rate. While the number stood at only around 40,000 in 2000, it increased by approximately 569 percent by 2023.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

More than 10,000 Bangladeshis immigrate to the United States each year, primarily from the regions of [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]], and [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]]. New York—particularly its five boroughs—hosts over 250,000 Bangladeshi-born immigrants and has served as a major hub for Bangladeshi settlement since the 1970s.<ref name=":18" />

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Little Bangladesh sign 1.jpg
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| alt1 = Little Bangladesh sign at New Hampshire and 3rd Street
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Bengali Americans tend to concentrate primarily in major metropolitan areas across the Northeast, Mid-Atlantic, and Great Lakes regions. New York City can be regarded as the capital of Bengali Americans, as nearly 40 percent of the total Bengali population in the United States resides there.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-19 |title=There Are More Foreign-Born New Yorkers Than There Are People In Chicago |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20181120035723/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/19/new-york-city-immigrants_n_4475197.html |archive-date=2018-11-20 |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=HuffPost |language=en-US}}</ref> Within the city, the highest concentration is found in the borough of [[Queens]], which is home to approximately 60 percent of New York’s Bengali population.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi Americans: A Rising Community Driven by Education, Enterprise, and Ambition |url=https://www.franchisejournal.com/bangladeshi-americans-a-rising-community-driven-by-education-enterprise-and-ambition |access-date=3 Jan 2026}}</ref> In particular, [[Jackson Heights]] and [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] are widely recognized as the principal commercial and cultural hubs of the Bengali community.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

The city of [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]] in the state of [[Michigan]] represents a unique case, where approximately 25 percent (according to 2019 data) of the total population is Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Bengali Ballots in Hamtramck: what's at stake for Bengali voters during the election? |url=https://yemeniamerican.com/en/bengali-ballots-in-hamtramck-whats-at-stake-for-bengali-voters-during-the-election/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Yemeni American |language=ar}}</ref> The city is also notable for being the first in the United States to form a Muslim-majority city council, in which Bengalis played a central role.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

Significant Bengali communities are also present in Paterson and Atlantic City in New Jersey. In addition, [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], is home to a formally recognized neighborhood known as ''[[Little Bangladesh]]''. Growing concentrations of upper-middle-class and middle-class Bengali families can also be observed in [[Dallas]] and [[Houston]], [[Texas]], as well as in various suburban areas of [[Virginia]] and [[Maryland]].<ref name=":2" />

{| class="wikitable"
!State
!Estimated population (2020 US Census & estimates)
!Major Cities
!Notable Areas
|-
|[[New York (state)|New York]]
|Around 300,000<ref name="BangladeshisInNYC" /> (2025 estimates)
|[[New York City]], [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]
|[[Jackson Heights]], [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]]
|-
|[[California]]
|Around 40,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - CA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/CA |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]]
|[[Little Bangladesh]]
|-
|[[Michigan]]
|Around 35,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - MI |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/MI |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]], [[Detroit]], [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]]
|Hamtramck (approximately 25% Bengali)
|-
|[[Texas]]
|Around 35,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - TX |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/TX |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Dallas]], [[Houston]], Irving
|[[Irving, Texas|Irving]]
|-
|[[New Jersey]]
|Around 30,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - NJ |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/NJ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]], [[Jersey City, New Jersey|Jersey City]]
|[[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson 2nd Ward]] (More than 15,000 Bengali residents)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Rumki |title=Paterson's large Bangladeshi community helps a new family settle in |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/paterson-press/2024/12/15/paterson-bangladeshi-community-helps-a-new-family-settle-in/76929600007/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=North Jersey Media Group |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Virginia]]
|Around 17,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - VA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/VA |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Pennsylvania]]
|Around 16,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - PA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/PA |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Florida]]
|Around 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - FL |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/FL |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)]]
|Around 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - GA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/GA |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Maryland]]
|Around 15,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - MD |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/MD |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Illinois]]
|Around 10,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - IL |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/IL |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Connecticut]]
|Around 10,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - CT |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/CT |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Massachusetts]]
|Around 10,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - MA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/MA |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[North Carolina]]
|Around 7,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - NC |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/NC |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|Around 6,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - WA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/WA |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Ohio]]
|Around 7,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - OH |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/OH |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|[[Tennessee]]
|Around 5,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - TN |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/TN |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Oregon
|Around 3500<ref name=":32" />
|
|
|-
|Minnesota
|Around 3200<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - MN |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/MN |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Indiana
|Around 3,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - IN |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/IN |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Delaware
|Around 3000<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - DE |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/DE |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Arizona
|Around 2500<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - AL/AK/AZ |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/AL/AK/AZ |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Kansas
|Around 2500<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - IA/KS/KY |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/IA/KS/KY |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Oklahoma
|Around 2500<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - OK/OR/PA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/OK/OR/PA |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Colorado
|Around 2000<ref name=":29">{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - AR/CA/CO |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/AR/CA/CO |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Nevada
|Around 2000<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - NE/NV/NH |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/NE/NV/NH |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Alabama
|Around 1500<ref name=":28" />
|
|
|-
|Louisiana
|Around 1500<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - LA |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/LA |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Missouri
|Around 1500<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - MO |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/MO |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Iowa
|Around 1200<ref name=":30" />
|
|
|-
|South Carolina
|Around 1200<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - SC |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/SC |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Wisconsin
|Around 1200<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - WI |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/WI |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|Arkansas
|Around 1000<ref name=":29" />
|
|
|-
|New Hampshire
|Around 1000<ref name=":31" />
|
|
|
|}

==Bengalis in New York==
New York City contains the largest concentration of Bengali Americans in the United States. As of 2023, demographic estimates place the number of Bengali residents in the city at over 165,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Language Data - NY |url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/data/state-profiles/state/language/NY |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=migrationpolicy.org |language=en}}</ref> The state of New York, and New York City in particular, has been a major destination for Bangladeshi immigration since the 1970s, with more than 250,000 Bangladesh-born residents currently living in the state.<ref name=":20" /> A substantial proportion of the Bengali American population in the United States resides in New York City. Bengali communities are present across all five boroughs, with higher concentrations documented in [[Queens]] and [[Brooklyn]]. Census-based analyses further indicate that the [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi-origin]] population in the city has increased rapidly in recent decades compared with other [[Asian Americans|Asian-origin groups]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Profile of New York City's Bangladeshi Americans |url=https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2019bn.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908142402/https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2019bn.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

[[New York (state)|New York State]] recognizes September 25 as Bangladeshi Immigrant Day, commemorating [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's 1974 speech at the United Nations|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's historic first UN speech in Bengali in 1974]], a day observed since 2019 to celebrate the vibrant Bangladeshi community, especially in Queens, and their cultural contributions, as highlighted by NY Senate resolutions recognizing its significance for cultural diversity.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2025 |title=Bangladeshi community of NYC proudly celebrates Bangladesh's Victory Day |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/18BE7P25nJ/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113045226/https://www.facebook.com/nycimmigrants/posts/pfbid0KmDKN3JmTGscdq9VScUNpHoLSEMRLCaLJCj96bVxXXjMEK9tqEWtL5Cc2n8RZVW3l?rdid=tvrJqZ5Tzw6KZB2y |archive-date=13 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=NYC Mayor's Office of Immigrant Affairs Official Facebook Page}}</ref><ref name="ds">{{cite news |date=25 September 2021 |script-title=bn:জাতিসংঘে আজ বাংলায় ভাষণ দিয়েছিলেন বঙ্গবন্ধু |url=https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81-264721 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713110815/https://bangla.thedailystar.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81-264721 |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=12 July 2024 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=bn}}</ref>

In District 3 of [[Jackson Heights]], [[Bengali language]] currently ranks as the third most commonly spoken household language, following [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]], with approximately 5,358 households primarily using Bangla at home.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYC-Queens Community District 3--Jackson Heights & East Elmhurst PUMA, NY |url=https://datausa.io/profile/geo/nyc-queens-community-district-3-jackson-heights-east-elmhurst-puma-ny |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=datausa.io |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, in District 12 of [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], there are around 19,967 Bangla-speaking households, underscoring the deep-rooted presence of the language and community in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NYC-Queens Community District 12--Jamaica, St. Albans, & Hollis PUMA, NY |url=https://datausa.io/profile/geo/nyc-queens-community-district-12-jamaica-st-albans-hollis-puma-ny |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=datausa.io |language=en}}</ref> Approximately 74 percent of the Bengali population is foreign-born, primarily originating from Bangladesh or West Bengal, and about 20 percent arrived in the United States after 2010.<ref name=":5" /> As a result of this rapid wave of immigration, language barriers remain a significant challenge, particularly among older members of the community.

[[New York City]] contains the largest concentration of [[Bangladeshi Americans]] in the United States, with a notable presence in the [[Jackson Heights]] area of [[Queens]]. Bangladeshi settlement has expanded over several decades, with established communities in neighborhoods such as Jackson Heights, [[Elmhurst, Queens|Elmhurst]], and [[Woodside, Queens|Woodside]].

Cultural and community organizations have played a role in sustaining collective activities among Bangladeshi residents. One such organization is [[Muktadhara]], a New York-based cultural group that has organized public events related to Bengali literature and culture for more than two decades, including the [[International Mother Language Day]] and Bengali Book Fairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muktadhara Foundation |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/1002/muktadhara-foundation-inc/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref> Bangladeshi-owned businesses, including grocery stores, clothing shops, and restaurants, are present in several neighborhoods.<ref name=":20" /> Bangladeshi communities are distributed across all [[five boroughs of New York City]].<ref name=":20" />

=== Notable areas ===

==== Jackson Heights ====
[[File:Jackson Heights Bengali Restaurants & Stalls (8).jpg|left|thumb|150x150px|Bangladesh Street at Jackson Heights]]
[[Jackson Heights]] is not merely a residential neighborhood; it is the cultural and commercial heart of Bengali Americans in the United States. Centered around 73rd Street and [[Roosevelt Avenue]], the area often gives visitors the impression of walking through a bustling district of Dhaka. Established in 1997, the Jackson Heights Bangladeshi Business Association (JBBA) plays a leading role in the neighborhood’s economic life. The association currently operates with a strong executive committee of 35 officials dedicated to safeguarding the interests of local businesses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackson Heights Bangladeshi Business Association |url=http://jbbany.org/about-us |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=jbbany.org}}</ref>

Jackson Heights is a center of political activity for the Bangladeshi diaspora, with Diversity Plaza serving as a frequent gathering point for demonstrations related to both local and Bangladeshi politics. The neighborhood's Bengali commercial district includes restaurants and bakeries such as Sagar Restaurant, Deshi Swad, and Kabir's Bakery, which draw customers from across the New York metropolitan area.

==== Jamaica ====
[[File:Kolapata_bengali_restaurant_at_Jamaica,_Queens.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Kolapata bengali restaurant at Jamaica, Queens]]
The [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]] neighborhood of [[Queens]]—particularly around 169th Street and [[Hillside Avenue]]—has emerged as the largest Bengali settlement in New York City.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Guide to Little Bangladesh NYC {{!}} Visit Jamaica, Queens |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/itineraries/guide-to-little-bangladesh-jamaica-queens-nyc/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=New York City Tourism + Conventions}}</ref> The area known as ''[[Little Bangladesh]]'' is especially renowned for its rich and diverse food culture. Sagar Restaurant is widely celebrated for its biryani and roast chicken, dishes that are also frequently sought after for wedding catering.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi American Foundation |url=https://bangladeshiamericanfoundation.us/history_bangladeshis |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=bangladeshiamericanfoundation.us}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Along Hillside Avenue, Dhanshiri Restaurant offers a distinctive culinary experience: halal Bengali-style Chinese cuisine.<ref name=":11" /> Modeled on the iconic Chinese restaurants of Dhaka, its flavors evoke nostalgia and childhood memories for many in the diaspora. In addition, long-established sweet shops such as Ghoroya, Premium Sweets, and Dhaka Sweets have further enriched the area’s culinary heritage.<ref name=":11" /> Each year on February 21—''[[International Mother Language Day]]''—the streets of Jamaica fill with Bengalis dressed in red and white, gathering in large numbers to commemorate the Language Movement and reaffirm their collective linguistic and cultural identity.<ref name=":12" />

==== Parkchester ====
Located in the [[Bronx Borough|Bronx borough]], [[Parkchester, Bronx|Parkchester]]—once a predominantly white neighborhood—has gradually transformed into a thriving Bengali enclave popularly known as ''Bangla Bazar''.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=How Parkchester Became "Little Bangladesh" |url=https://www.thejuggernaut.com/little-bangladesh-parkchester-history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009104324/https://www.thejuggernaut.com/little-bangladesh-parkchester-history |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The Juggernaut |language=en}}</ref> Centered around Starling Avenue, the area has undergone a remarkable economic shift: where only a handful of shops existed some 17 years ago, there are now hundreds of Bangladeshi-owned businesses. One of the neighborhood’s most recognizable landmarks is Khalil Biryani House, owned by Khalil Rahman. Although Rahman once aspired to become an aeronautical engineer, he ultimately built a successful career as a restaurateur, symbolizing the entrepreneurial trajectory of many Bengali immigrants in the area.<ref name=":13" /> The Parkchester Jame Masjid stands as a powerful symbol of religious cohesion in the community. Since its construction on Virginia Avenue in 1989, the mosque has played a pivotal role in accelerating Bengali settlement in Parkchester. The neighborhood has also produced prominent community leaders, including Mujibur Majumder, who made history by becoming New York City’s first Bangladeshi Community Board Chair, marking a significant milestone in civic representation.<ref name=":13" />

==== Kensington and Astoria ====
In [[Brooklyn]], the neighborhood of [[Kensington]], particularly along and around [[McDonald Avenue]], has developed into a large and cohesive Bengali community.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Dawn to Dusk on the Corner Where Bangladeshi Brooklyn Gathers (Published 2023) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/nyregion/little-bangladesh-kensington-brooklyn.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251104183542/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/nyregion/little-bangladesh-kensington-brooklyn.html |archive-date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en}}</ref> In October 2022, a street corner in the [[Kensington, Brooklyn|Kensington]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn]] was officially designated as ''Little Bangladesh''. The designation applies to the area around the intersection of [[Church Avenue]] and [[McDonald Avenue]]. The site has since functioned as a local point of reference for recently arrived Bangladeshi immigrants, where community networks and services related to housing and employment are accessible.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-14 |title=Dawn to Dusk on the Corner Where Bangladeshi Brooklyn Gathers (Published 2023) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/nyregion/little-bangladesh-kensington-brooklyn.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251104183542/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/13/nyregion/little-bangladesh-kensington-brooklyn.html |archive-date=2025-11-04 |access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en}}</ref> Popular eateries such as Ghoroya enjoy a level of popularity comparable to their counterparts in Jamaica, drawing Bengali families from across the city.<ref name=":11" /> By contrast, Astoria, once predominantly Greek, has seen a notable growth in Bangladeshi-owned grocery stores and taxi garages in recent years, reflecting a shift in the neighborhood’s demographic and economic landscape.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of New York City's Bangladeshi Americans |url=https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/2019bn.pdf}}</ref> Significant Bengali populations are also found in [[Ozone Park]] and the [[City Line, Brooklyn|City Line]] area, where community members contribute substantially to keeping New York’s economic engine running through small businesses, transportation services, and essential labor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liton |first=Tofazzal |date=2020-12-04 |title=A Piece of Bangladesh in New York City |url=https://politicsny.com/2020/12/04/a-piece-of-bangladesh-in-new-york-city/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=politicsny.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== State and legal status of the Bangla Language ===
Within New York City’s extraordinary linguistic diversity, Bangla is no longer merely a language spoken at home; it has attained formal legal recognition as an official medium in public administration. In a city where more than 200 languages are spoken, Bangla has been made mandatory at multiple institutional levels.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Bangla will be on New York City's ballot papers |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/world/usa/us-presidential-election-2024/news/bangla-will-be-new-york-citys-ballot-papers |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>

==== Bangla on election ballots ====
[[File:Bengali_in_US_election2.jpg|thumb|227x227px]]
The inclusion of Bangla on New York City’s ballot papers during the 2024 United States presidential election marked a historic milestone.<ref name=":6" /> This was not a routine administrative decision; rather, it was the result of the rigorous enforcement of the ''[[Voting Rights Act of 1965]]''. According to Michael J. Ryan, Executive Director of the [[New York City Board of Elections]], a legal settlement created an obligation to include an Asian language on ballots based on specific population density thresholds. After extensive deliberations, Bangla was selected for this recognition. This outcome was made possible by the substantial presence, sustained advocacy, and civic engagement of the Bangladeshi community in New York City, without whose demographic strength and organized efforts the inclusion of Bangla would not have been feasible.

Although the use of Bangla at select polling sites in Queens began as early as 2013,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-09 |title=New languages for NYC voter registration could expand access for immigrants |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/new-york-city-voter-registration-languages |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref> it has since gained citywide significance. Alongside English, the four languages included on New York City ballots are Spanish, Chinese, Korean, and Bangla.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 5 November 2024|title=US election: Bangla language in New York ballot paper |url=https://viewsbangladesh.com/us-election-bangla-language-in-new-york-ballot-paper/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111154335/https://viewsbangladesh.com/us-election-bangla-language-in-new-york-ballot-paper/ |archive-date=2026-01-11 |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Views Bangladesh |language=en}}</ref>

==== Official information and interpretation services ====
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Various New York City government agencies are now required to provide information in Bangla. The New York City Civic Engagement Commission offers interpreter services for Bangla-speaking voters during elections.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll Site Language Access |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/civicengagement/our-programs/poll-site-language-access.page |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Civic Engagement |url=https://chhayacdc.org/civic-engagement/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=chhaya |language=en-US}}</ref> Through the efforts of City Council Member [[Shahana Hanif]] and other community leaders, the availability of Bangla translations for health and education–related information has increased substantially across relevant municipal departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://council.nyc.gov/shahana-hanif/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Shahana Hanif |language=en-US}}</ref> The official websites of [[New York (state)|New York state]] & [[New York City]] are also available in Bangla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=নিউ ইয়র্ক স্টেটের অফিসিয়াল ওয়েবসাইট |url=https://bn.ny.gov/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104165700/https://bn.ny.gov/ |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=bn.ny.gov |language=bn-BD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=নিউ ইয়র্ক সিটি সরকারের অফিসিয়াল ওয়েবসাইট |url=https://www.nyc.gov/bn/main |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260112101825/https://www.nyc.gov/bn/main |archive-date=2026-01-12 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref> Moreover, emergency alerts issued through ''[[Notify NYC]]'' are now accessible in Bangla, ensuring broader and more inclusive public communication.<ref>{{Cite web |title=mass-transit-mta - NYCEM |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/em/resources/notify_nyc/mass-transit-mta-3.page |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref>

==== Public transportation and infrastructure ====
[[File:Bengali_in_New_York_subway.jpg|left|thumb|210x210px|Bengali in [[New York City Subway]]]]
The [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] (MTA) of New York City has introduced extensive linguistic accommodations to facilitate mobility for the Bengali-speaking population. Bangla has now been incorporated as one of the MTA’s key languages within its official language access policies. In particular, under ''[[Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964|Title VI]]''—which mandates the elimination of language-based discrimination—important MTA guidelines and notices have been translated into Bangla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=শিরোনাম VI/বৈষম্যহীনতার নীতি |url=https://www.mta.info/transparency/title-vi/bengali |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=MTA |language=en}}</ref>

To better serve visually impaired passengers and riders with limited English proficiency, the MTA has introduced an application called ''[[NaviLens]]''. Using QR-style codes, the app can audibly translate station signage and train schedules into nearly 40 languages, including Bangla.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accessible wayfinding through NaviLens |url=https://www.mta.info/accessibility/innovations/navilens |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=MTA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor Hochul Announces Progress in Increasing MTA Accessibility |url=https://www.governor.ny.gov/news/governor-hochul-announces-progress-increasing-mta-accessibility |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.governor.ny.gov |language=en}}</ref> In addition, executive summaries of final environmental assessments for major MTA initiatives—such as the [[Central Business District Tolling Program]] (CBDTP)—have been published in Bangla, reflecting the language’s growing institutional recognition within the city’s transportation infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Accessibility and language assistance services |url=https://www.mta.info/project/CBDTP/accessibility-and-language-services |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251208181041/https://www.mta.info/project/CBDTP/accessibility-and-language-services |archive-date=2025-12-08 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=MTA |language=en}}</ref>

==== Others ====
A designated book section known as ''Bangla Corner'' was inaugurated at the [[Queens Public Library]] in New York City. The initiative was launched with a collection of 309 Bengali-language books donated by the Bangladesh Consulate General in New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Bangla Corner’ opens at NY Queens Library {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/bangla-corner-opens-ny-queens-library-2187281 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=More than a place for social capital creation: Public library as a place for immigrants’ social integration |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1701&context=qc_pubs |url-status=live |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=academicworks.cuny.edu}}</ref>

=== Politics and civic engagement ===
[[File:Shahana Hanif at 7 Av Elevators (53347354345).jpg|thumb|133x133px|Shahana Hanif]]
In 2021, [[Shahana Hanif]] was elected to the [[New York City Council]], making history as the first Muslim woman and the first person of South Asian descent to hold a seat on the Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Dawn to Dusk on the Corner Where Bangladeshi Brooklyn Gathers |url=https://council.nyc.gov/shahana-hanif/2023/06/13/dawn-to-dusk-on-the-corner-where-bangladeshi-brooklyn-gathers/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Shahana Hanif |language=en-US}}</ref> Representing Brooklyn’s 39th District, Hanif has emerged as a leading voice on immigrant rights, housing for the unhoused, and feminist advocacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Action |title=Shahana From BK: Shahana From BK |url=https://actionnetwork.org/groups/shahana-from-bk |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=actionnetwork.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Her victory has significantly heightened political aspirations among younger generations of Bengali New Yorkers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahana Hanif for City Council District 39 |url=http://workingfamilies.org/shahana-hanif-for-city-council-district-39/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Working Families Party |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Maliha |title=Shahana Hanif: An Inspiration for Muslim Women in New York City |url=https://thesciencesurvey.com/spotlight/2022/02/01/shahana-hanif-an-inspiration-for-muslim-women-in-new-york-city/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The Science Survey}}</ref>

==== Advocacy and Rights-Based Organizations ====
Several nonprofit organizations are actively working to strengthen the community’s political influence and protect civil rights:

* Chhaya CDC: For more than two decades, this organization has focused on housing justice and economic self-sufficiency for South Asian communities. It has played a pivotal role in advancing policy reforms related to basement apartment legalization and language access.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://chhayacdc.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=chhaya |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding A Path To South Asian American Community Development |url=https://chhayacdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Finding-A-Path-to-South-Asian-American-Community-Development.pdf}}</ref>
* DRUM (Desis Rising Up and Moving): Founded in 2000, DRUM primarily advocates for the rights of low-income workers and youth. The organization is particularly active in campaigns centered on immigrant rights and police accountability.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.drumnyc.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=DRUM - Desis Rising Up & Moving |language=en-US}}</ref>
* ASAAL (Alliance of South Asian American Labor): ASAAL serves as a political platform for South Asian workers and is known for endorsing candidates in local and national elections, thereby amplifying labor-focused political engagement within the community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alliance of South Asian American Labor (ASAAL) |url=https://asaal.org/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=asaal.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Education and merit-based representation ===
The practice of the Bangla language and the academic achievements of Bengali students are firmly embedded within New York’s education system.

==== Higher education and research ====
The significance of Bangla is now formally recognized at several of New York's leading universities:

* [[City College of New York]] (CCNY): At CCNY, Bangla is currently the fourth most commonly spoken native language among students. In response to student demand, the college offers a one-year Bangla language program that fulfills institutional language requirements. The language is taught by Professor Abul Kalam Azad.<ref name=ccny>{{Cite web |date=2015-07-14 |title=New Courses at City College in Bengali Gain Popularity |url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/bengali-classes |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=The City College of New York |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Columbia University]]: At Columbia’s School of Professional Studies, Bangla courses are offered at the introductory, intermediate, and advanced levels. Instructors such as Rajima Chowdhury and Dwijen Bhattacharya teach Bangla at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali {{!}} Columbia University School of Professional Studies |url=https://sps.columbia.edu/courses/professional-academic-development/bengali |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=sps.columbia.edu |language=en}}</ref>
* Heritage Speaker Courses: Specialized courses titled ''Bengali for Heritage Speakers'' have been designed for students who speak Bangla at home but lack formal literacy skills in reading and writing the language.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Catalog |first=City College |title=City College Catalog |url=https://ccny-undergraduate.catalog.cuny.edu/courses/cty01-catalog.coursedog.com |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=City College Catalog |language=en}}</ref>

==== Public education and Language support ====
Within New York City’s public school system, a wide range of language support services is provided for Bangla-speaking students. This support extends even to the translation of Special Education–related documents into Bangla. In addition, numerous community-based weekend schools operate across the city, where children are taught the Bangla language alongside Bengali history and culture, reinforcing linguistic continuity across generations.<ref name=ccny/><ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Bangladesh Institute of Performing Arts |url=https://www.bipainc.com/about |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=bipa |language=en}}</ref>

=== Religious and cultural institutionalization ===
Religious institutions and cultural celebrations form a central pillar of Bengali social life in New York. In every neighborhood with a significant Bengali population, the presence of mosques, temples, and churches is clearly visible.

==== Mosques and Islamic centers ====
[[File:Masjid_Al_Mamoor._Jamaica_Muslim_Center.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Masjid Al Mamoor]]
The majority of Bengalis in New York are Muslim, and numerous Bengali-founded mosques are located in areas such as Jamaica in Queens and Kensington in Brooklyn.

* Masjid Al-Aman: Located in Brooklyn, this mosque is regarded as one of the largest Bengali-built mosques in New York. According to publicly reported figures, more than 2,000 worshippers attend the Friday congregational prayers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Al-Aman |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/1515/masjid-al-aman/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Masjid Al-Aman – The biggest Mosque in NYC |url=http://masjidalaman.com/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Mosques in New York City: Manhattan Masjid & Shia Islamic Centres Guide |url=https://alsadatravels.com/info/mosques-in-new-york-city-manhattan-masajid-shia-islamic-centres-guide |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Al Sada Travels |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jamaica Muslim Center|Jamaica Muslim Center (Masjid Al-Mamoor)]]: This central institution for the community plays a leading role not only in religious life but also in social and community-oriented activities.
* [[Islamic Cultural Center of New York]]: This historic mosque in Manhattan also has a strong and active presence of Bangla-speaking congregants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-03 |title=Mosques in New York City: Manhattan Masjid & Shia Islamic Centres Guide |url=https://alsadatravels.com/info/mosques-in-new-york-city-manhattan-masajid-shia-islamic-centres-guide |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Al Sada Travels |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICCNY – Islamic Cultural Center of New York |url=https://icc-ny.us/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Hindu temples and Christian churches ====
New York also serves as an important hub for Bengali Hindus and Christians:

* Bangladesh Hindu Mandir: This nonprofit religious organization serves the spiritual and cultural needs of Hindus across New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. Regular religious rituals and community events are held at the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshhindumandir |url=https://bangladeshhindumandir.org/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Christian Churches: In Woodhaven, the First Bengali Baptist Church and the All Nations Baptist Church conduct worship services in Bangla and operate Sunday schools for children under the leadership of Pastor Aldrin P. Baidya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Bangla - All Nations Baptist Church |url=https://allnationsbaptist.org/bangla/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> In Brooklyn, the Brooklyn Evangelical Bengali Church serves as a major place of worship for Bengali Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Bangla Baptist Church NY, 76-11 Woodside Ave, New York, NY 11373, US - MapQuest |url=https://www.mapquest.com/us/new-york/first-bangla-baptist-church-ny-465360838 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.mapquest.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brooklyn Evangelical Bengali Church, 39 Crystal St, Brooklyn, NY 11208, US - MapQuest |url=https://www.mapquest.com/us/new-york/brooklyn-evangelical-bengali-church-378293365 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.mapquest.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Cultural festivals and community fairs ====
Bengali cultural life in New York is notably vibrant and diverse:

* [[Pohela Boishakh]]: To celebrate the Bengali New Year, large-scale fairs and colorful street processions are organized annually in Jamaica, Jackson Heights, and Brooklyn, drawing thousands of participants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pohela Boishakh (Bengali New Year) |url=https://www.njfamily.com/events/pohela-boishakh-bengali-new-year/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=NJ Family |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Book Fairs: A Bangladeshi book fair is held every year along [[Hillside Avenue]] in [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], providing an important platform for expatriate writers and publishers to showcase their work and engage with the community.
* [[North American Bengali Conference]]: First launched in New York in 1981, this conference has grown into the largest gathering of Indian Bengalis (mainly Hindus) in North America. It functions as a major platform for music, dance, literary discussions, and business networking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAB Cultural Association of Bengal USA |url=https://www.cabusa.org/about_nabc |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.cabusa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://nabcapp.com/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=North American Bengali Conference |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Economic vibrancy ===
Bengali contributions to New York’s local economy are most visibly expressed through small businesses. The commercial corridors of Jackson Heights and Jamaica stand as living testaments to the community’s entrepreneurial success and economic resilience.{{multiple image
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==== Fuchka trucks and street food culture ====
In the streets of Jackson Heights, fuchka trucks have evolved into a cultural emblem.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=The Beloved Fuchka: Nasta Done Right by Bengali Food Trucks – Food Atlas of New York |url=https://openlab.macaulay.cuny.edu/nyfoodatlas/2025/05/15/the-beloved-fuchka-nasta-done-right-by-bengali-food-trucks/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> These mobile food businesses do more than sell street snacks; they serve as accessible sources of employment for newly arrived immigrants. By recreating the familiar atmosphere of Old Dhaka or Kolkata’s street life, these ventures bring a sense of cultural continuity to New York. Sociologists note that such cultural familiarity can have a positive effect on immigrants’ mental well-being, easing the stresses of displacement and adaptation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Little Bangladesh NYC {{!}} Visit Jamaica, Queens |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/itineraries/guide-to-little-bangladesh-jamaica-queens-nyc/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=New York City Tourism + Conventions}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

==== Social capital and peer lending circles (tapot) ====
A significant number of Bengali entrepreneurs rely on community-based financing rather than conventional bank loans. By leveraging ''social capital'', they form informal peer lending circles—locally known as ''tapot''. In these arrangements, trusted members contribute a fixed sum each month, and through a lottery system, one member receives a lump-sum loan.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Is Social Capital the key masala to Bengali Entrepreneurship? |url=https://www.bengalisofnewyork.com/is-social-capital-the-key-masala-to-bengali-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> Personal trust and social reputation often carry greater weight than formal credit scores in this system.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://chhayacdc.org/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=chhaya |language=en-US}}</ref> Organizations such as Chhaya CDC have supported and facilitated these lending circles, enabling many Bengali families to transition from renting to homeownership and strengthening long-term economic stability within the community.<ref name=":9" />

=== Media and news ecosystem ===
The information needs of New York’s Bengali community are met by a robust and well-established Bangla-language media landscape.

==== Newspapers ====
Published since 1991, Weekly Bangali is widely regarded as the most popular Bangla newspaper in New York. In addition to its print edition, it has successfully expanded into digital publishing through an e-paper format.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Bangalee |url=https://weeklybangalee.com/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=weeklybangalee.com}}</ref> Other long-running newspapers, such as Weekly Thikana and Weekly Ajker Probash, have also served the community for decades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AnchorBarta |title=Thikana News |url=https://thikananews.com/news/page/2 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=thikananews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly Thikana |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/139/weekly-thikana/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Television ====
Bangla television channels broadcasting from New York play a significant role in highlighting the experiences and concerns of the diaspora. Notable among them are ATN Bangla USA, ABTV, TBN24 and Time Television, both of which focus extensively on issues affecting expatriate Bengalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Archives |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/wpbdp_category/media/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TBN24 । বিশ্বজুড়ে বাঙালির কণ্ঠস্বর |url=https://www.tbn24.com/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=TBN24 । বিশ্বজুড়ে বাঙালির কণ্ঠস্বর |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zamin |first=Manab |title=Time Television |url=https://timetvusa.com/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Manab Zamin |language=en}}</ref>

==== Radio ====
Radio Treetal Bangla and Radio Ruposhi Bangla operates from Brooklyn & Jamaica, Queens, and is recognized as the first 24/7 live Bangla radio station in the United States, providing continuous news, cultural programming, and community-focused content for Bengali listeners nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Treetal Bangla USA {{!}} Enjoy listening to Authentic Songs! |url=http://radiotreetalbangla.com/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=radiotreetalbangla.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Radio Ruposhi Bangla {{!}} Free Internet Radio |url=https://tunein.com/radio/Radio-Ruposhi-Bangla-s292206/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=TuneIn |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In other notable areas ==

=== Michigan ===
The city of [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck]], in the state of [[Michigan]], has drawn nationwide attention in the United States. It is widely recognized as the first—and so far the only—American city where the mayor and all members of the city council are Muslim, with a substantial portion of them being of Bangladeshi origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garza |first=By John Carlisle Visuals by Ryan |title=How Hamtramck, a small town within Detroit, became America's first Muslim-majority city |url=https://www.freep.com/story/news/columnists/john-carlisle/2025/05/27/hamtramck-michigan-wiki-history-immigration/78509953007/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Detroit Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Bengali_Language_mural_at_Hamtramck,_USA.png|thumb|Bengali Language mural at [[Hamtramck, Michigan]]|200x200px]]

==== Hamtramck ====
Today, Bengalis constitute a significant share of [[Hamtramck, Michigan|Hamtramck’s]] population; estimates commonly place this proportion anywhere between roughly one-quarter and over half of the city’s residents. Historically a Polish-American city, Hamtramck began to undergo a profound demographic transformation from the 1990s onward with the steady arrival of Bangladeshi immigrants. In 2022, Amer Ghalib was elected as the city’s first Muslim mayor. Although of [[Yemeni Americans|Yemeni descent]], he has worked alongside Bangladeshi city council members to usher in a new chapter in Hamtramck’s municipal governance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghalib, Amer– State of Kuwait – May 2025 |url=https://www.state.gov/ghalibamer-stateofkuwait-may2025/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}}</ref> Institutions such as the Al-Islah Islamic Center and popular establishments like Bengali Sylhet Cafe reflect the city’s evolving cultural identity. Hamtramck also hosts events such as ''Deshi Festive Nights'', community fairs where Bangladeshi music—including metal bands—finds an enthusiastic audience, highlighting the diversity of cultural expression within the diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Year in Review: Our look back at the last six months of 2025 headline {{!}} Hamtramck Review |url=https://www.thehamtramckreview.com/year-in-review-our-look-back-at-the-last-six-months-of-2025-headline/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Beyond Hamtramck, notable Bengali populations are also found in [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]] and [[Detroit]], where many Bengalis are employed in the automotive and healthcare sectors, contributing significantly to Michigan’s industrial and service-based economy.

=== California ===
In [[California]], Bengali settlement is broadly divided into two distinct spheres: a cultural enclave in [[Los Angeles]] and a highly skilled professional community in [[Silicon Valley]].

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==== Little Bangladesh, Los Angeles ====
The area around Third Street and Alexandria Avenue in Los Angeles was officially designated as ''[[Little Bangladesh, Los Angeles|Little Bangladesh (Los Angeles)]]'' in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Islam |first=Rozina |date=2025-10-19 |title='Little Bangladesh': A touch of homeland in Los Angeles |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/769hfls8eh |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref> Located adjacent to Koreatown, this recognition was the culmination of a long struggle for visibility and cultural affirmation. One of the earliest pioneers of the neighborhood was Aladin Sweets, established in the early 1990s at a time when virtually no Bengali-owned businesses existed in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=First Stop: Two Restaurants To Try In L.A.'s Little Bangladesh ~ L.A. TACO |url=https://lataco.com/little-bangaldesh-los-angeles |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=lataco.com |language=en}}</ref> Today, restaurants such as Biryani Kabab House and Kasturi Restaurant serve as major culinary hubs for the community. The Bengali population in this part of Los Angeles is notably influenced by migrants from the Chattogram region of Bangladesh, shaping the area’s social and cultural character.<ref>{{Cite web |last=theroyaltourblog |date=2025-04-25 |title=Los Angeles' Little Bangladesh - The Royal Tour |url=https://theroyaltourblog.com/2025/04/25/los-angeles-little-bangladesh/,%20https://theroyaltourblog.com/2025/04/25/los-angeles-little-bangladesh/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Silicon Valley and San Jose ====
In [[Northern California|Northern California’s]] [[Silicon Valley]], the Bengali community is predominantly composed of engineers and technology professionals. The headquarters of the American Association of Bangladeshi Engineers and Architects (AABEA) is currently based in this region, reflecting the strong professional footprint of Bengalis in the technology sector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AABEA |url=https://aabea.org/about |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=aabea.org}}</ref> Although Bengalis in Silicon Valley are geographically dispersed across residential neighborhoods, they remain closely connected through religious institutions and cultural associations. Among the most popular gathering places for the Bay Area’s Bengali community is Bongo’s, which has become a well-known social and cultural meeting point for Bengalis living in and around [[San Jose, California|San Jose]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bongo's - Best Indian Restaurant in the Bay Area |url=https://bongosfood.com/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Bongo's |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== New Jersey and Texas ===
[[New Jersey]] and [[Texas]] are increasingly being recognized as new hubs for Bengali settlement in the United States. Rising living costs and limited housing availability in New York have encouraged many Bengali families to relocate to these states in search of affordability and space.
[[File:Shaheed_Minar_in_Paterson,_New_Jersey.png|thumb|200x200px|Shaheed Minar in Paterson, New Jersey]]

==== Bengali Communities in New Jersey ====
The city of [[Paterson, New Jersey|Paterson]] has emerged as one of the most prominent Bengali centers outside New York. Notably, Paterson is home to a permanent Shaheed Minar, symbolizing the preservation of Bengali linguistic and cultural heritage in the diaspora.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PI1PHj4zds |title=Paterson to Host Bangladesh Flag Raising Ceremony |date=2023-12-19 |last=City of Paterson NJ |access-date=2026-01-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref> In Atlantic City, an estimated 10 percent of the population is of Bangladeshi origin, with many residents employed in the casino and tourism industries. In addition, affluent and professionally successful Bengali families are concentrated in areas such as Monroe Township and Princeton. The Ananda Mandir in Somerset—established in 1995—is regarded as one of the most historic Bengali Hindu temples in North America, serving as both a religious and cultural center for the community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ananda Mandir – Hindu Temple and Community Center |url=https://www.anandamandir.org/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251119105738/https://www.anandamandir.org/ |archive-date=2025-11-19 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.anandamandir.org |language=en}}</ref>

==== Irving and Houston, Texas ====
[[File:Tagore_Memorial_Grove.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Tagore Memorial Grove Park in Houston, Texas]]
In Texas, the [[Dallas]]–Fort Worth metroplex—particularly Irving—has become a major Bengali hub. While the region is home to approximately 235,000 Indian Americans, the Bangladeshi Bengali population is expanding rapidly, driven by employment opportunities and a lower cost of living.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshis in Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex |url=https://upgnorthamerica.com/project/bangladeshis-in-dallas-fort-worth/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=UPG North America |language=en-US}}</ref> Meanwhile, Sugar Land near Houston has gained popularity among educated and economically established Bengalis. Community life in the Houston area is strongly supported by organizations such as the Bangladesh American Society of Greater Houston and the Tagore Society of Houston, both of which play active roles in cultural programming, social networking, and the preservation of Bengali identity in Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh-American Society Greater Houston |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/2573/bangladesh-american-society-greater-houston/ |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:2024_Boishakhi_Melas,_Dallas,_Texas.png|left|thumb|2024 Boishakhi Mela, Dallas, Texas]]

=== Chicago and the American Midwest ===
[[File:Honorary_Swami_Vivekananda_WAY.jpg|thumb|180x180px|Honorary ''Swami Vivekananda WAY'' at [[Chicago]]]]
[[Chicago]] has been a site of [[South Asian Americans|South Asian]] settlement in the [[American Midwest]], including populations of Bangladeshi origin. [[Devon Avenue]] is documented as a center of South Asian commercial and residential activity in the city. Portions of the avenue have been officially designated as ''[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] Way'' and ''[[Ziaur Rahman]] Way'', reflecting municipal recognition of the Bangladeshi community’s presence in Chicago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chicago roadway named after Zia rekindles Bangladesh political feud {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/chicago-roadway-named-after-zia-rekindles-bangladesh-political-feud-56255 |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name="rediff">http://www.rediff.com/us/2000/aug/07us1.htm. Retrieved 28 August 2006.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-01 |title=Refugees drive West Ridge's growing Asian population |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2022/1/30/22904372/refugee-immigrants-west-ridge-growing-asian-population |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref> In Chicago, an honorary street designation known as ''Swami Vivekananda Way'' commemorates [[Swami Vivekananda]] and his 1893 address in the city. His appearance is historically associated with the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]], an event that contributed to his international prominence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-04 |title=Swami Vivekananda |url=http://www.honorarychicago.com/blog/swami-vivekananda-way-chicago |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Honorary Chicago |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-11 |title=Swami Vivekananda and His 1893 Speech |url=https://www.artic.edu/swami-vivekananda-and-his-1893-speech |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Art Institute of Chicago |language=en}}</ref>

Chicago is also home to a population of [[Rohingya refugees]], with documented settlement in the [[West Ridge, Chicago|West Ridge]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramos |first=Manny |date=2022-02-01 |title=Refugees drive West Ridge's growing Asian population |url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/news/2022/1/30/22904372/refugee-immigrants-west-ridge-growing-asian-population |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=Chicago Sun-Times |language=en}}</ref> Community activities in this neighborhood include efforts related to the maintenance of linguistic, cultural, and social practices. The presence of Rohingya residents forms part of the broader landscape of South Asian and Bangladeshi-associated communities in the American Midwest.

=== Other important Bengali enclaves and institutions in the United States ===
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Region / State'''
!'''City / Area'''
!'''Notable Enclave or Institution'''
!'''Community Profile'''
|-
|[[Washington, DC Metro Area|Washington, D.C. Metro Area]]
|[[Seven Corners, Virginia]]
|Residential & commercial enclave
|One of the most visible Bengali concentrations in Northern Virginia
|-
|
|[[Hyattsville, Maryland]]
|Community hub
|Strong presence of Bangladeshi families and small businesses
|-
|[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|[[Atlanta]]
|Bengali Association of Greater Atlanta (BAGA)
|Hindu Cultural leadership, language programs, festivals
|-
|[[Florida]]
|[[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]]
|Bengali Society of Florida
|Active Hindu cultural and social organization
|-
|
|[[Miami]]
|Informal Bengali networks
|Growing population in hospitality and service sectors
|-
|[[Massachusetts]]
|[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]
|University-centered community
|High concentration of Bengali students and academics
|-
|
|[[Somerville, Massachusetts|Somerville]]
|Student-dominant enclave
|Closely linked to nearby universities
|-
|[[New York (Upstate)]]
|[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]
|[[Broadway-Fillmore, Buffalo|Broadway–Fillmore area]]
|Emerging Bengali and South Asian settlement
|}

== Religious diversity ==
Bengali Americans represent a religiously diverse population. While [[Bengali Muslims]] constitute the vast majority, the community also includes adherents of [[Bengali Hindus|Hinduism]], [[Bengali Buddhists|Buddhism]], and [[Bengali Christians|Christianity]], reflecting a range of religious affiliations within the population.

{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religions among Bengali Americans{{Efn|This estimate is based on the data and sources cited in this article. Among [[Bangladeshis]], the proportion of Muslim and Hindu Bengalis is about 91% and 8%, while among Indian Bengalis it is about 68% (Bengali Hindus) and 30% (Bengali Muslims). Using these proportions, along with the presence of Bangladeshi and Indian Bengalis in the United States, this approximate calculation has been made. If you find different proportions based on reliable sources, please mention them here with proper citations.}}
| value1 = 80
| label1 = [[Bengali Muslims]]
| color1 = darkgreen
| value2 = 18
| label2 = [[Bengali Hindus]]
| color2 = darkorange
| value3 = 1
| label3 = [[Bengali Buddhists]]
| color3 = gold
| value4 = 1
| label4 = [[Bengali Christians]]
| color4 = Blue
}}

=== Islam ===
More than 80 percent of Bengali Americans identify as [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]]. This proportion is comparatively high among Bangladeshi-origin immigrant populations in [[North America]]. In major areas of Bengali settlement, mosques serve as primary sites for religious practice and community gatherings. Institutions such as the [[Jamaica Muslim Center]] and the [[Al-Islah Islamic Center]] provide spaces for worship as well as community-oriented activities, including assistance for recently arrived immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshis in North America |url=https://upgnorthamerica.com/project/bangladeshis-in-north-america/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=UPG North America |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===
[[Bengali Hindus]] constitute approximately 15 to 18 percent of the Bengali American population. A significant portion originates from West Bengal, along with a smaller number of minority Hindu families from Bangladesh. Their social and cultural life is largely organized around major religious festivals such as [[Durga Puja]], [[Saraswati Puja]], and [[Lakshmi Puja]]. A strong Bengali Hindu presence can be observed in temples across New York and New Jersey, particularly during these festivals.

=== Buddhism and Christianity ===
Approximately 1 percent of Bengali Americans identify as Buddhist, and another 1 percent as Christian. [[Bengali Buddhists]] are primarily members of the Barua community from the Chittagong region, who have established monasteries and temples in areas such as [[Brooklyn]] and [[Virginia]]. [[Bengali Christians]] are affiliated with various mainline denominations; however, they often maintain their linguistic and cultural traditions, particularly in the celebration of Christmas.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Religion'''
|'''Estimated Share'''
|'''Major Festivals'''
|'''Notable Religious Centers'''
|-
|Islam
|More than 80%
|Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha
|[[Jamaica Muslim Center]], mosques in Hamtramck
|-
|Hinduism
|15%–18%
|Durga Puja, Kali Puja
|Various Hindu temples and cultural associations
|-
|Buddhism
|~1%
|Buddha Purnima
|Sadhanananda International Buddhist Monastery, Brooklyn<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadhanananda International Buddhist Monastery |url=https://www.sibmusa.org/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=Sadhanananda International Buddhist Monastery |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Christianity
|~1%
|Christmas
|Local churches and private gatherings
|}

== Festivals & Celebrations ==

=== Culture and language practices ===
Language ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]) serves as the most powerful marker of identity among Bengali Americans. More than 91 percent of Bangladeshi Bengali households in the United States use the Bengali language at home. This strong attachment to language and culture has motivated Bengali communities across the country to establish various institutional initiatives aimed at preserving their heritage.

Institutions such as Bangladeshi American Center of North America (BACONA) in New York and Path Bhavan in Michigan play an important role in transmitting the Bengali language to younger generations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi American Center of North America (BACONA) |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/19093/bangladeshi-american-center-north-america-bacona/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Path Bhaban |url=https://www.bichitra.org/path-bhaban |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=bichitra |language=en}}</ref> Bengali language courses are also offered at institutions of higher education, including the [[University of Pennsylvania]] and the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengali {{!}} Penn Language Center |url=https://plc.sas.upenn.edu/languages/bengali |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=plc.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref> In addition, [[Muktadhara]] Bookstore in New York is widely recognized as the principal hub for Bengali literature in North America.
[[File:Jackson_Heights,_Queens,_New_York_City_Little_Bangladesh_copy_store.jpg|left|thumb|200x200px|Decorations for [[Pohela Boishakh]] at [[Jackson Heights]]]]
[[Rabindra Sangeet]], [[Nazrul Geeti]], and folk traditions such as [[Baul music]] remain integral to [[Bengali Culture|Bengali cultural]] identity. Inspired by the ideals of [[Chhayanaut]], many Bengali instructors offer music education both online and offline. The ''Tagore Society of Houston'' works to promote the philosophy and cultural legacy of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], with regular participation from second-generation Bengali Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About TSH |url=https://tagoresociety.net/about-tsh |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Tagore Society Houston |language=en}}</ref>

Traditional [[Bengali cuisine]] continues to play a central role in Bengali American households, with rice and fish, [[Bhurta|bhorta]], and [[pitha]] remaining staples. The consumption of ''[[Panta bhat|panta ilish]]'' during [[Pohela Boishakh]] has become a global Bengali tradition. In terms of dress, women often prefer [[Sari|sarees]] and [[salwar kameez]], while men commonly wear panjabi or fatua, particularly during cultural and religious festivals.

=== Pohela Boishakh ===
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[[Pohela Boishakh]], the Bengali New Year, has now become the largest non-sectarian Bengali festival in [[North America]]. It is not merely the beginning of a new calendar year; rather, it represents a powerful expression of Bengali linguistic pride and cultural identity. In states such as New York, New Jersey, Texas, and California, [[Boishakhi Mela|Boishakhi Melas]] have evolved into an annual tradition, drawing large crowds from across the Bengali diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keliher |first=Irene |date=2021-03-10 |title=Bengali New Year: How to Celebrate around the World |url=https://www.remitly.com/blog/lifestyle-culture/bengali-new-year-how-to-celebrate-around-the-world/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Beyond Borders |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Festival Archives |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/tag/bangladesh-festival/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Aditi |date=2025-11-11 |title=🌏 South Asian Festivals in the U.S. (A Complete Guide) |url=https://laughinglassi.com/south-asian-festivals-in-the-usa-a-year-round-guide-to-culture-community-celebration/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Laughing Lassi |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha ===
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Among Bengali American Muslims, [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] is a major religious observance with an important communal dimension. Congregational Eid prayers are held in multiple locations, including neighborhoods in New York City such as [[Jamaica, Queens|Jamaica]], [[Brooklyn]], and [[Queens]], as well as at venues such as [[Exposition Park, Los Angeles|Exposition Park]] in [[Los Angeles]] and open grounds in [[Orange County, California|Orange County]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=annmarie |date=2025-03-28 |title=Celebrate Eid al-Fitr with Us - Islamic Center of Southern California |url=https://islamiccenter.com/celebrate-eid-al-fitr-with-us/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Where To Celebrate Eid Al-Fitr in the Greater Los Angeles Area |url=https://ca.cair.com/updates/where-to-celebrate-eid-in-the-greater-los-angeles-area/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=CAIR California |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Somiya |first=Umme |date=2025-11-28 |title=A Comparison of Five Major Festivals in Bangladesh: Faith, Culture, and Identity |url=https://medium.com/@usomiya/a-comparison-of-five-major-festivals-in-bangladesh-faith-culture-and-identity-1ff2ce828a3d |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Guide to Little Bangladesh NYC {{!}} Visit Jamaica, Queens |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/itineraries/guide-to-little-bangladesh-jamaica-queens-nyc/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=New York City Tourism + Conventions}}</ref>

Following the prayers, people exchange embraces and greetings of ''“[[Eid Mubarak]],”'' and gather for family feasts featuring traditional dishes such as ''[[shemai]]'', ''[[firni]]'', and ''[[biryani]]''. The night before [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-ul-Fitr]], known as ''[[Chaand Raat]]'', is especially popular. During the ''Chaand Raat Mela'', activities such as applying [[henna]], buying bangles, and showcasing new clothes create a festive atmosphere. In Bengali-populated areas, particularly [[Jackson Heights]], [[Chaand Raat]] draws large crowds and turns into a vibrant social gathering of Bengali community that extends late into the night.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFv-9NCarJE |title=Eid Chand Raat in Jackson Height NYC 2021 [4K] |date=2021-07-19 |last=RK Travel and Sports |access-date=2026-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114060114/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFv-9NCarJE |archive-date=2026-01-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roaming around in Jackson heights on this chand raat |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/r/1Aivsw9mNG/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114060745/https://www.facebook.com/reel/1238400474573343/?rdid=tBZOgwJAI5pszPc9&share_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fshare%2Fr%2F1Aivsw9mNG%2F |archive-date=2026-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chand Raat 2025 |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1FckEnzXHc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114061122/https://www.facebook.com/bidhan.c.paul.9/videos/1825882278234968/?rdid=5ZdLGqvxtkJoBG3M&share_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fshare%2Fv%2F1FckEnzXHc%2F |archive-date=2026-01-14}}</ref>

=== Durga Puja ===
[[File:Durga_Puja_at_Times_Square.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Durga Puja at [[Times Square]]]]
In the United States, [[Durga Puja]] is not merely a religious ritual; it is a major social and cultural event for the [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] community. Puja celebrations generally follow two models: [[barowari]] (community-based) pujas and temple-centered pujas. Due to work commitments, most pujas are held over weekends—popularly known as “Weekend Pujo.” Over the past few decades, significant changes have taken place in puja practices. In earlier years, idols were imported from [[India]], making them heavy and difficult to immerse. Today, there is a growing use of lightweight idols made from materials such as shola, which are easier to manage and more environmentally friendly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Amitabha |date=2020-10-06 |title=Durga Puja In The US Cities And Suburbs - A Brief History |url=https://thespace.ink/lifestyle/durga-puja-in-the-us-cities-and-suburbs/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bengali Club USA |url=https://bengaliclubusa.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en}}</ref>

In New York City, cultural Durga Puja celebrations have been held at [[Times Square]] since the early 2020s, reflecting the growing visibility of the Bengali Hindu community in prominent public spaces.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About us – Times Square Durga Puja |url=https://timessquaredurgapuja.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durga Puja – Bengali Club USA |url=https://bengaliclubusa.org/durga-puja/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Ekushey February (International Mother Language Day) ===
[[File:Shaheed_Minar_in_Paterson,_New_Jersey.png|left|thumb|100x100px|Shaheed Minar in Paterson, New Jersey]]
Tributes are paid at the Shaheed Minar in Paterson, New Jersey. In New York, temporary [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minars]] are constructed along [[Hillside Avenue]] and in [[Jackson Heights]], [[Queens]], where people pay tribute at 12:01 a.m.<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |title=Guide to Little Bangladesh NYC {{!}} Visit Jamaica, Queens |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/itineraries/guide-to-little-bangladesh-jamaica-queens-nyc/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=New York City Tourism + Conventions}}</ref> Probhat Pheri (early-morning procession) is also organized to commemorate the occasion. Families often dress their children in red-and-white outfits adorned with Bengali letters, using the occasion to raise awareness about the Bengali language and cultural heritage among the younger generation.<ref name=":23" /> Book fairs are also held.

{{External media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7oQKfg06ZE International Mother Language Day | Probhat Pheri tradition of Bangladesh organized by BAFA]}}

=== Victory Day and Independence Day ===
In 16 December and 26 March, Bangladeshi organizations across the United States organize [[Victory Day (Bangladesh)|Victory Day]] fairs and [[Independence Day of Bangladesh|Independence Day]] cultural programs. These events primarily feature patriotic songs, short theatrical performances, and discussion sessions focused on Bangladesh’s history, liberation struggle, and national identity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh Festival Archives |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/tag/bangladesh-festival/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jackson Heights Bangladesh Club |url=https://www.bangladeshcircle.com/bangladesh-business-directory/3312/jackson-heights-bangladesh-club/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Bangladesh Circle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Talukder |first1=Mohammad Badruddoza |title=Revitalizing Traditional Crafts, Festivals, and Cultural Events: Evidence from Bangladesh |date=2025-05-30 |work=Technological Innovation and AI for Sustainable Development in Events and Festivals |pages=37–53 |url=https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/9781836990185.0004 |access-date=2026-01-14 |series=Festival and Event Tourism and Hospitality Series |doi=10.1079/9781836990185.0004 |isbn=978-1-83699-016-1 |last2=Kabir |first2=Firoj |last3=Kaiser |first3=Fahmida |last4=Kumar |first4=Sanjeev|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== North American Bengali Conference (NABC / Banga Sammelan) ===
{{See also|North American Bengali Conference}}
The North American Bengali Conference (NABC) began its journey in 1981 in New York, founded by the Cultural Association of Bengal (CAB). While the conference originally emerged as a gathering place primarily for Bengalis from [[West Bengal]] and the broader Indian Bengali community, it has since evolved into a truly transnational forum that attracts Bengalis from around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAB Cultural Association of Bengal USA |url=https://www.cabusa.org/about_nabc |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.cabusa.org}}</ref>

NABC is an annual Bengali cultural conference held in the United States and Canada, typically around the July 4 weekend, and is hosted each year by a different local organization. The conference features a wide range of activities, including cultural performances, literary readings, panel discussions, professional networking sessions, and class reunions.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |date=2008-05-01 |title=North America Bengali Conference (NABC) and the North American Bengali {{!}} NY/NJ BENGALI |url=https://nynjbengali.com/north-america-bengali-conference-nabc-and-the-north-american-bengalis/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Performers and speakers often come from the United States, Canada, India, and Bangladesh, reflecting the conference’s broad geographic reach. The audience is similarly diverse, consisting mainly of Bengali Americans, [[Indian Americans]], [[Bangladeshi Americans]], [[Indian Canadians]], and [[Bangladeshi Canadians]]. Over the decades, NABC has become one of the largest and most influential annual gatherings for the Indian Bengali diaspora in North America, serving as a major platform for cultural expression, community bonding, and intergenerational connection.<ref name=":24" />

=== Culinary Traditions and Food Culture ===
[[File:Jackson_Heights_Bengali_Restaurants_&_Stalls_(2).jpg|thumb|197x197px|Bengali cuisine at [[Jackson Heights]], NYC]]
Food lies at the heart of Bengali celebrations. In the United States, the growth of Bengali grocery stores and online platforms such as MonBangla has made it easier for members of the diaspora to access familiar and preferred ingredients close to home. Dishes featuring ''[[ilish]]'', ''rui'', ''pabda'', and ''[[kala bhuna]]'' remain indispensable elements of festive menus.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=Experience Authentic Bengali Culture While Living In The USA |url=https://monbangla.com/blogs/news/experience-authentic-bengali-culture-while-living-in-the-usa |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=MonBangla |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":26">{{Cite web |title=Guide to Little Bangladesh NYC {{!}} Visit Jamaica, Queens |url=https://www.nyctourism.com/itineraries/guide-to-little-bangladesh-jamaica-queens-nyc/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=New York City Tourism + Conventions}}</ref>

Several restaurants—such as Chang Pai—serve Bengali-style Chinese cuisine, a food tradition that is extremely popular in Bangladesh and has been successfully recreated in diaspora settings.<ref name=":26" />

No Bengali celebration is complete without sweets. ''[[Rasgulla]]'' (which gained popularity in Kolkata in 1868), ''[[Ras malai|rasmalai]]'' (popularized in the 1930s by the Sen brothers of [[Cumilla]]), and ''sandesh'' regularly appear on festive tables abroad. These sweets, made from ''chhana'' under Dutch-era influence, evoke a deep sense of childhood nostalgia among expatriate Bengalis.<ref name=":25" />

In addition, during festivals, ''tong'' or ''[[fuchka]]'' carts—such as Tong and others along Hillside Avenue in New York—become major attractions for the younger generation, adding a vibrant street-food dimension to Bengali cultural celebrations in the United States.<ref name=":26" />

== Bengali language in the electoral process ==
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The inclusion of the [[Bengali language]] in the electoral system of the United States is largely the direct result of the demographic presence of [[Bangladeshi Americans]], organized civil rights advocacy, and sustained legal challenges. Although, in principle, the use of Bengali applies to all Bengali-speaking communities, in practice electoral recognition of the language in states such as [[New York City|New York]] and [[Michigan]] has been established primarily through the demands, litigation, and activism of voters of Bangladeshi origin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Salazar |first=Cristian |title=City Fails Bengali Ballot Test; Elections Board Says It Has Plan" Maybe |url=https://www.gothamgazette.com/129-elections/1560-city-fails-bengali-ballot-test-elections-board-says-it-has-plan-maybe |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=Gotham Gazette |language=en-gb}}</ref>

The legal foundation for securing these language rights was established through Section 203 of the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965|Voting Rights Act]], which was added in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voting Protections for Language Minority Citizens {{!}} Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/media/1348561/dl?inline }}</ref> This provision mandates that jurisdictions in which a linguistic minority population exceeds a specified threshold and where a significant number of voters have limited English proficiency must provide ballots and election-related assistance in the relevant minority language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-06 |title=Civil Rights Division {{!}} Language Minority Citizens |url=https://www.justice.gov/crt/language-minority-citizens |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.justice.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Requirements for Election Materials :: California Secretary of State |url=https://www.sos.ca.gov/elections/voting-resources/language-requirements |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.sos.ca.gov}}</ref>

Increased civic engagement has led to the election of Bengali-speaking officials, such as [[Shahana Hanif]] ([[NYC Council]]) and various local leaders in Michigan and New Jersey.
[[File:Vote.gov_website_in_Bengali_Screenshot.jpg|thumb|[[Vote.gov]] website is available in Bengali]]
It is sometimes claimed online that “Bangla is the only Indian language featured on New York City ballots.” This claim is both linguistically misleading and politically misframed. [[Bengali language]] was not included on NYC ballots as an “[[Indian language (India)|Indian language]].”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Angelica |title=Why vote.gov supports multiple languages |url=https://blog.usa.gov/why-vote.gov-supports-multiple-languages |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=blog.usa.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> Rather, its inclusion reflects the size of the Bangla-speaking population in the city— a population that is overwhelmingly composed of [[Bangladeshi Americans]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NY Senate Resolution {{!}} NYSenate.gov |url=https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2025/J231 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.nysenate.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Im |first=Carolyne |date=2025-05-01 |title=Facts about Bangladeshis in the U.S. |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/fact-sheet/asian-americans-bangladeshis-in-the-u-s/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== New York City ===
The establishment of Bengali-language electoral services in New York City was decisively shaped by the efforts of Bangladeshi Americans. Following the 2011 census determination that Queens County qualified for Asian-language assistance, organizations representing the county’s large Bangladeshi population asserted that such assistance must be provided specifically in the Bengali language. When the New York City Board of Elections failed to provide Bengali-language ballots and materials in multiple elections in 2012, Bangladeshi American organizations initiated legal action. These cases were supported by Bangladeshi-led community groups in collaboration with Asian American legal advocacy organizations.<ref name=":3" />

After prolonged legal proceedings, a settlement agreement was reached in federal court in 2013. As a result, Bengali-language ballots were introduced for the first time in Queens County during that year’s mayoral election. This achievement is widely regarded as a historic success of organized political mobilization by Bangladeshi Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CivicEngagementReport |url=https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/CivicEngagementReport_FINAL.pdf}}</ref>

In 2024, under new New York State election laws, Bengali-language electoral assistance was also extended to Kings County (Brooklyn). This expansion was similarly grounded in the presence of a substantial Bangladeshi American voter population in the area. Consequently, Bengali has become an established and functional electoral language in multiple counties across New York State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Access Plan |url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/civicengagement/about/language-access-plan.page |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=www.nyc.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Identification of Counties Required to Provide Language Assistance in Relation to Elections Held in and for Such Counties – Other Than Spanish |url=https://elections.ny.gov/system/files/documents/2025/08/vra-language-determinations-2.0-final-07_23_2025-002.pdf}}</ref>

The rate of participation among Bengali voters is comparable to, and in some cases higher than, the overall voter participation rate in New York City. In the 2021 primary election, voter turnout among Bangladeshi voters was 29.1 percent, higher than that of Pakistani voters (24.7 percent) and Korean voters (23.3 percent). Bengali-language media campaigns by organizations such as the AAPI Power Coalition were able to engage more than 1.5 million voters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connecting to Power: The Growing Impact of New York City's Asian Voters |url=https://www.aafederation.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/CivicEngagementReport_FINAL.pdf}}</ref>

{{External media|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u0H4F_4_J4A Zohran Mamdani is campaigning for votes by speaking in the Bengali language.]}}

During the [[2025 New York City mayoral election]], mayoral candidate [[Zohran Mamdani]] personally conducted campaign outreach in the Bengali language among the Bangladeshi American community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-27 |title=জোহরান মামদানি : মা মীরা নায়ারের মাধ্যমে যেভাবে বাংলা সংযোগ |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/cm2zj3z45peo |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=BBC News বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> [[Shahana Hanif]] is a Bengali American politician serving as a member of the New York City Council. She is the first Bangladeshi American and the first Bengali American woman elected to the Council.

=== Hamtramck, Michigan ===
The recognition of the Bengali language in the electoral process in Hamtramck, Michigan, was an even more direct outcome of sustained advocacy by Bangladeshi Americans. Owing to the city’s large population of Bangladeshi origin, Hamtramck has fallen under the provisions of Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act since 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-29 |title=Bengali Ballots in Hamtramck: what's at stake for Bengali voters during the election? |url=https://yemeniamerican.com/en/bengali-ballots-in-hamtramck-whats-at-stake-for-bengali-voters-during-the-election/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Yemeni American |language=ar}}</ref> However, for an extended period, the law was not effectively implemented in practice, and Bengali-speaking voters repeatedly encountered language barriers at polling stations.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Nargis |date=2021-11-22 |title=Hamtramck Ramps Up Efforts to Reach Bangladeshi Voters During Elections |url=https://wdet.org/2021/11/22/hamtramck-ramps-up-efforts-to-reach-bangladeshi-voters-during-elections/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=WDET 101.9 FM |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Vote_campaign_in_Bengali_language_at_Hamtramck,_Michigan,_USA.jpg|left|thumb|153x153px|Vote campaign in Bengali language at Hamtramck, Michigan, USA]]
Against this backdrop, a federal lawsuit was filed in 2021 on behalf of a Bangladeshi American voter, Rahima Begum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kymal |first=Meera |date=2021-07-29 |title=Rahima Begum Wins AALDEF Lawsuit To Vote In Bengali |url=https://indiacurrents.com/rahima-begum-wins-aaldef-lawsuit-to-vote-in-bengali/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=India Currents |language=en-US}}</ref> The complaint alleged that polling places in Hamtramck lacked Bengali-language ballots, signage, and interpreter services, thereby violating the legally protected rights of Bangladeshi voters. The court took cognizance of these claims and issued a consent decree, under which city authorities were required to translate all election-related materials into Bengali, appoint a designated Bengali election program coordinator, and establish an advisory committee comprising representatives of the Bangladeshi community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Session CLE 106{{!}} Voting Rights and Election 2024 -- the Good, the Bad and the Ugly |url=https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.napaba.org/resource/resmgr/3_events/convention/2024_napaba_con/cfp/cle_106_materials.pdf}}</ref>

This ruling is widely regarded as a historic victory for Bangladeshi Americans in Hamtramck and established an important legal precedent for the enforcement of Bengali-language voting rights in the United States.<ref name=":4" />
=== New Jersey & Pennsylvania ===
Beyond New York and Michigan, political demand for Bengali-language electoral services is also growing in other states. In [[New Jersey]], [[Middlesex County, New Jersey|Middlesex County]] is currently covered under Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act only for Gujarati-language assistance. However, the county’s large Bangladeshi population has increasingly called for the inclusion of Bengali-language services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voting in New Jersey |url=https://aapinewjersey.org/resources/voting-in-new-jersey/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=AAPI New Jersey |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jersey |first=AAPI New |date=2024-06-05 |title=First-time primary voters and voters with limited English proficiency make their voices heard in NJ's primary election |url=https://aapinewjersey.org/first-time-primary-voters-make-their-voices-heard-in-nj-primary-election/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=AAPI New Jersey |language=en-US}}</ref> In areas such as Paterson’s Ward 2, Bengali voters often play a decisive role in determining electoral outcomes, with an estimated core electorate of approximately 2,000–2,200 voters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-04 |title=The Rivalries Under the Paterson Ward 2 Rivalry: Khalique v. Akhtaruzzaman II - Insider NJ |url=https://www.insidernj.com/rivalries-under-paterson-ward-2-rivalry-khalique-v-akhtaruzzaman/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251014171214/https://www.insidernj.com/rivalries-under-paterson-ward-2-rivalry-khalique-v-akhtaruzzaman/ |archive-date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=Insider NJ |language=en-US}}</ref>

In [[Pennsylvania]], [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]] is presently federally covered only for Chinese-language assistance. However, in 2024 the Pennsylvania Department of State began providing voter registration forms and ballot application materials in nine additional languages, including Bengali. This development indicates that Bengali-language ballots may become a legal reality in these states in the near future.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ahmet Selim |last=Tekelioglu |date=2025-10-20 |title=Guest Commentary: Remove Philly's Voting Language Barriers |url=https://thephiladelphiacitizen.org/guest-commentary-remove-voting-language-barriers/ |access-date=2026-01-04 |website=The Philadelphia Citizen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PA Voice 15 Year Impact Report |url=https://www.pennsylvaniavoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/PA-Voice-15-Year-Impact-Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Clubs & Organizations ==

In the United States, there are numerous organizations and clubs established by the Bengali community. Some of these are primarily ethnic in nature, focusing on shared linguistic and cultural heritage. Others are religious organizations centered on faith-based activities. There are also groups that promote both ethnocultural and religious traditions, while some organizations mainly emphasize national identity, bringing together Bengali Americans around a shared sense of origin and community.

=== Bengalis of New York (BONY) ===
[[File:BONY.png|thumb|''Bengalis of New York'' (BONY)]]
''Bengalis of New York'' (BONY) is a community-based cultural platform focused on documenting and promoting Bengali culture and diaspora life in [[New York City]]. The initiative began in 2018 as a photography and videography project that documented Bengali street-food vendors and small businesses across New York.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=Bengalis of New York - Home |url=https://www.bengalisofnewyork.com/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.bengalisofnewyork.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Over time, the project expanded to include podcasts, community events, and cultural programs aimed at connecting members of the [[Bengali diaspora]]. The team also produced a short documentary film based on their recordings, which was showcased at the first New York Bengali Film Festival (NYBFF) in 2023. The platform has since been involved in organizing the festival annually, featuring filmmaker discussions and cultural programming related to Bengali cinema and arts.<ref name=":33" />

Through digital storytelling and public events, ''Bengalis of New York'' documents the experiences of Bengali communities in New York and the broader diaspora.<ref name=":33" />

=== Cultural Association of Bengal (CAB) ===
The Cultural Association of Bengal (CAB) was founded in New York in 1971 by Indian Bengali immigrants with the aim of promoting the literature, arts, and [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] cultural heritage of [[West Bengal]]. Over time, the organization expanded its activities across [[North America]], including the United States and Canada, encouraging cultural exchange and community engagement among people of Bengali origin.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |title=CAB Cultural Association of Bengal USA |url=https://www.cabusa.org/all_about_cab |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.cabusa.org}}</ref>

The association marked its golden jubilee in 2020. CAB operates through a membership structure and is administered by an elected executive committee, while broader policy matters are overseen by a board of trustees.<ref name=":36" />

=== Federation of Bangladeshi Associations in North America (FOBANA) ===
The Federation of Bangladeshi Associations in North America (FOBANA), founded in 1987, is an umbrella organization representing numerous Bangladeshi community associations across the United States and Canada.<ref name=":38">{{Cite book |last=Kibria |first=Nazli |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-5055-8 |title=Muslims in motion: Islam and national identity in the Bangladeshi diaspora |date=2011 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-5055-8 |location=New Brunswick, N.J}}</ref> It coordinates activities among member organizations and promotes cultural and social engagement within the Bangladeshi diaspora. FOBANA organizes an annual convention, first held in [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1987.<ref name="Khondker2008">{{cite book |last=Khondker|first=Habibul Haque|chapter=Sociological Reflections on the Diasporic Bangladeshis in Singapore and USA|year=2008|editor1-last=Reeves|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Rai|editor2-first=Rajesh|title=The South Asian Diaspora: Transnational Networks and Changing Identities|publisher=Taylor & Francis|pages=|isbn=978-1-134-10594-6}}</ref> The convention is typically hosted over the Labor Day weekend in a different North American city each year by one of its member organizations selected in advance at the Annual General Meeting. The event includes cultural performances, panel discussions, and exhibitions related to Bangladeshi culture and diaspora issues.<ref name=":39">{{Cite book |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35787-9 |title=Multicultural America: an encyclopedia of the newest Americans |date=2011 |publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-35787-9 |editor-last=Bayor |editor-first=Ronald H. |location=Santa Barbara, Calif}}</ref><ref name="Ahmad2011">{{cite book |last=Ahmad|first=Ahrar|chapter=Bangladeshi Immigrants|year=2011|editor-last=Bayor|editor-first=Ronald H.|title=Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=125|isbn=978-0-313-35787-9}}</ref><ref name="Khondker2008" />

To support its activities, FOBANA operates through a network of standing committees that oversee various social, cultural, and organizational initiatives across North America.<ref name=":38" /><ref name=":39" /><ref name="Ahmad2011" /><ref name="Khondker2008" />

=== North American Bangladeshi Islamic Community (NABIC) ===
The North American Bangladeshi Islamic Community (NABIC) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization founded in 1990 that works with Bangladeshi communities in North America and Bangladesh. The organization supports social and humanitarian initiatives aimed at improving living conditions and promoting community development.<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |title=About Us – NABIC |url=https://nabic.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> NABIC has been involved in projects related to healthcare, education, poverty alleviation, and emergency relief. Its activities are overseen by a board of directors representing members from different professional backgrounds across several states in the United States.<ref name=":37" />

=== Others ===

* Bengali American Boldest Association (BABA) - an organization that brings together correctional officers and civilian personnel of Bengali heritage, promoting professional support, recruitment, community engagement, and assistance for members and their families.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=Home - Bengali American Boldest Association (BABA) |url=https://nycdbaba.org/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

* Bengali Club USA - nonprofit organization based in New York City that promotes Bengali Hindu culture and community through cultural events, religious observances, and community outreach initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bengali Club USA |url=https://bengaliclubusa.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |language=en}}</ref>
* Bangladeshi American Police Association (BAPA) - a professional organization founded in 2015 that promotes cooperation among law enforcement officers of Bangladeshi heritage and works to strengthen relations between law enforcement and the Bangladeshi American community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.nypdbapa.org/AboutPage |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.nypdbapa.org}}</ref>
* Bangladesh Society Inc. - a community organization in the United States that works to promote Bangladeshi culture, heritage, and social connections among members of the Bangladeshi diaspora.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-26 |title=hOm |url=https://bangladeshsocietyinc.com/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Bangladesh Society Inc |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Dakshini Bengali Association of California - a nonprofit cultural organization founded in 1985 in [[Torrance, California]], that promotes social, cultural, and community activities among people of South Asian origin in Southern California.<ref>{{Cite web |last=dakshiniadmin |title=About Us |url=https://www.dakshini.org/about-us/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Dakshini Bengali Association of California |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Bangladeshi American Business Association (BABA) - a business organization founded in 2023 in [[Houston]], Texas, that promotes networking, collaboration, and advocacy among Bangladeshi American entrepreneurs and professionals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Bangladesh American Business Association |url=https://www.babausa.com/about-us |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.babausa.com}}</ref>
* Bangladesh Law Society USA Inc. (BLS) - a nonprofit professional organization in the United States that brings together Bangladeshi law graduates and promotes legal, educational, and community-oriented initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BANGLADESH LAW SOCIETY USA INC |url=https://www.bdlawsusa.org/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.bdlawsusa.org}}</ref>
* Bengali Association of Southern California (BASC) - a nonprofit cultural organization that promotes Bengali Hindu heritage and community activities in Southern California and operates Bengali-language schools such as Pathshala and Pathbhaban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://bascweb.org/about/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Bengali Association of Southern California |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Clubs at Universities ===

==== Bengali Association of Students at Harvard College (Harvard BASHA) ====
[[File:Harvard_BASHA.jpg|thumb|Harvard BASHA]]
The Bengali Association of Students at Harvard (BASHA) is a student organization at [[Harvard University]] that promotes [[Bengali culture]] and community among students with connections to Bangladesh, West Bengal, and the wider Bengali diaspora. The organization’s name derives from the Bengali word ''basha'' (বাসা), meaning “home.”<ref name=":34">{{Cite web |title=Home - Bengali Association of Students at Harvard College {{!}} Harvard College |url=https://soco.college.harvard.edu/257891/home/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=soco.college.harvard.edu}}</ref> The organization emerged from informal student networking initiatives in 2019, when Bengali students began connecting through an online group created to build a cultural community on campus. In 2020, students drafted a constitution and formalized BASHA as an official student organization at Harvard.<ref name=":35">{{Cite web |title=New Cultural Organization Creates Home on Campus for Bengali Students {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/9/10/new-bengali-cultural-organization-for-students/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref>

The group organizes social, cultural, and academic events, including celebrations of festivals such as [[Pohela Boishakh]], [[Ramadan]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Durga Puja]], and [[International Mother Language Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=@harvardbasha |url=https://www.instagram.com/accounts/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instagram.com%2Fharvardbasha&is_from_rle |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> BASHA also provides a platform for both local and international Bengali students to engage with cultural traditions and connect with the broader Harvard community.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":35" />

==== Bangladeshi Students Association at MIT (MIT BSA) ====
[[File:MIT_BSA.jpg|thumb|100x100px|MIT BSA]]
The MIT Bangladeshi Students’ Association is a student organization at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] that promotes Bangladeshi culture and community among students. The association organizes cultural, social, and academic events, including celebrations of national, cultural, and religious occasions, as well as talks and discussions featuring Bangladeshi scholars and public figures. It also engages in charitable initiatives and serves as a platform connecting Bangladeshi students at MIT with the wider Bangladeshi community in the [[Boston]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi Students Association at MIT |url=http://web.mit.edu/bangladesh/www/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=web.mit.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Bangladeshi Students {{!}} MIT |url=https://engage.mit.edu/bangladeshi/home/ |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=engage.mit.edu}}</ref>

==== Others ====

* '''Club Bangla''' - a cultural student organization at [[Columbia University]], established in 2002, that promotes Bengali language, culture, and heritage while bringing together students from Bangladesh, West Bengal, and the wider campus community through cultural events and dialogue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Club Bangla |url=https://www.columbia.edu/cu/bangla/Site/About_Us.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.columbia.edu}}</ref>
* '''Yale Bengali Student Association (YBSA)''' - a student organization at [[Yale University]] that promotes Bengali culture and identity while providing a platform for community engagement and discussions on cultural and social issues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - Yale Bengali Student Association {{!}} Yale University |url=https://yaleconnect.yale.edu/ybsassociation/home/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=yaleconnect.yale.edu}}</ref>

== Participation and influence ==

=== Politics and Public Service ===
Individuals of Bengali origin have held positions within the United States [[Federal government of the United States|federal government]] across a range of institutions. These roles have included appointments and staff positions within the White House and various federal agencies, indicating participation in multiple areas of federal administration and policymaking.

==== Federal Government and Policymaking ====
[[Zayn Siddique]] was appointed as [[White House Deputy Chief of Staff|Deputy Chief of Staff]] in the [[Biden–Harris administration]].<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=TRT World - Meet the South Asian and Muslim Americans in Biden's Cabinet |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/12751228 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.trtworld.com |language=en}}</ref> In this role, he serves in a senior administrative and advisory capacity within the [[White House]]. He received his higher education from [[Princeton University]] and [[Yale Law School]], and previously served as a [[law clerk]] to [[Elena Kagan]] at the [[Supreme Court of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-14 |title=Biden names Bangladeshi-American Zayn Siddique to key White House position |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladeshi-american-zayn-siddique-gets-key-white-house-position-185896 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":21" />

The [[Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs]] (OIRA) is a unit within the Executive Office of the President that reviews significant federal regulations. The position of Associate Administrator at OIRA is held by [[Kazi Sabeel Rahman]], a legal scholar who previously served as president of the policy research organization [[Demos (U.S. think tank)|Demos]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi-American promoted to senior White House role - Muslim News UK |url=https://muslimnews.co.uk/newspaper/bangladeshi-american-promoted-senior-white-house-role/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=muslimnews.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi-American Sabeel now in more crucial White House role |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/north-america/276341/bangladeshi-american-sabeel-now-in-more-crucial |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref> In his role at OIRA, Rahman is involved in the federal regulatory review process and oversight of rulemaking activities across executive agencies.<ref name=":22" />

Sumona Guha served as Senior Director for South Asia at the [[United States National Security Council]]. In this role during the Biden administration, she was involved in coordinating U.S. policy toward South Asia and [[Central Asia]] and worked with the [[United States Department of State]] on related diplomatic and policy matters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumona Guha: The Bengali-American woman in Joe Bidenâ€™s administration |url=https://www.getbengal.com/home/story_detail/sumona-guha-the-bengali-american-woman-in-joe-bidens-administration |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Indo-American Museum {{!}} Sumona Guha |url=https://www.niam.org/sumona-guha/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-14 |title=Sumona Guha {{!}} Miller Center |url=https://millercenter.org/biden-administration-tracker/sumona-guha |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=millercenter.org |language=en}}</ref>

===== National Institutes of Health (NIH) =====
In 2025, during the [[second administration of Donald Trump]], [[Jay Bhattacharya]] was appointed as the 18th Director of the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH).<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |last=Weixel |first=Nathaniel |date=March 25, 2025 |title=Senate confirms Trump's nominee to run NIH |url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/5213872-jay-bhattacharya-senate-confirmed-nih/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326182943/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/5213872-jay-bhattacharya-senate-confirmed-nih/ |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher=}}</ref> Born in [[Kolkata]], he is a physician and economist who has served as a professor at [[Stanford University]], with research interests in public health and health economics.<ref name="freopp">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Kara |date=11 August 2020 |title=Jay Bhattacharya on Understanding the COVID-19 Virus |url=https://freopp.org/jay-bhattacharya-on-understanding-the-covid-19-virus-3ecbee8d6e23 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=Freopp}}</ref> Bhattacharya received national and international attention during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] as a co-author of the [[Great Barrington Declaration]], which advocated an alternative public health strategy focused on targeted protection.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Esq |first=Robert Abruzzese |date=2024-12-24 |title=Biden's judicial appointments highlight diversity |url=https://brooklyneagle.com/292681/bidens-judicial-appointments-highlight-diversity/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Brooklyn Eagle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Ambrosio |first=Amanda |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Who Are the Scientists Behind the Great Barrington Declaration? |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/89204 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=www.medpagetoday.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maxouris |first=Christina |date=31 July 2021 |title=As Covid-19 cases surge in Florida, governor says parents should decide whether their children wear masks to school |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/30/us/florida-case-surge-school-masks/index.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=CNN}}</ref>

==== Judiciary ====
[[File:Nursat_Choudhury_(Judge).jpg|thumb|176x176px|Nursat Choudhury]]
Individuals of Bengali origin have held judicial positions within the United States court system at both the federal and state levels.

In July 2023, [[Nusrat Jahan Choudhury]] was sworn in as a judge of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York]].<ref>{{FJC Bio|nid=13706601|inline=yes}}</ref> She became the first Muslim woman and the first Bengali American to serve as a federal judge in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nusrat Choudhury |url=https://pdsoros.org/fellows/nusrat-choudhury/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Paul & Daisy Soros Fellowships for New Americans |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=Nusrat Choudhury Makes History as First Bangladeshi-American and Female Muslim Federal Judge |url=https://www.lawcrossing.com/article/900054558/Nusrat-Choudhury-Makes-History-as-First-Bangladeshi-American-and-Female-Muslim-Federal-Judge/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=LawCrossing.com |language=en}}</ref> Judge Choudhury is a graduate of [[Yale Law School]] and previously worked as an attorney with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]], where her work focused on [[civil rights]]–related litigation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=Nusrat Choudhury |url=https://afj.org/nominee/nusrat-choudhury/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Alliance for Justice |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the state level, [[Ajmeri Hoque]] has served as a judge in [[Ohio]], while [[Soma Syed]] has served as a judge in [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shillcock |first=George |date=2025-11-06 |title=Franklin County elects Ohio's first Muslim judge, Ajmeri Hoque, to municipal court |url=https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2025-11-06/franklin-county-elects-ohios-first-muslim-judge-ajmeri-hoque-to-municipal-court |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=WOSU Public Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Soma Syed |url=https://conference2025.aabany.org/hon-soma-syed |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=AABANY Fall Conference 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== U.S. Congress ====
The first Bengali origin to serve as a member of the U.S. Congress was [[Hansen Clarke|Hansen Hashim Clarke]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-02 |title=First Bangladeshi-American Elected to US Congress |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/first-bangladeshi-american-elected-to-us-congress-106618549/166587.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> He represented [[Michigan's 13th congressional district|Michigan’s 13th Congressional District]] as a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] from 2011 to 2013.<ref name="MichManual">{{cite book |author=Michigan Legislative Service Bureau |url=https://archive.org/details/michiganmanual00mich/page/130 |title=Michigan Manual 2005–2006 |publisher=Legislative Council, State of Michigan |year=2006 |isbn=1-878210-06-8 |location=Lansing, MI |page=[https://archive.org/details/michiganmanual00mich/page/130 130] |access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref><ref name="SenateDem">{{cite web |author=Michigan Senate Democrats |year=2007 |title=Michigan Senate Democrats: About Hansen Clarke |url=http://www.senate.mi.gov/clarke/about.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205183412/http://www.senate.mi.gov/clarke/about.htm  |archive-date=2007-02-05 |access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref><ref>[http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2010/12/20101222122121drawoh0.4669306.html#axzz2AFwcsUYS] US Embassy</ref><ref>[http://southasiajournal.net/2011/08/an-interview-with-hansen-hashim-clarke-freshman-congressman-from-michigan/] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130222033812/http://southasiajournal.net/2011/08/an-interview-with-hansen-hashim-clarke-freshman-congressman-from-michigan/|date=2013-02-22}} South Asia Journal</ref> His father was an immigrant from [[Beanibazar Upazila|Beanibazar]] in [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]].<ref name="SenateDem2">{{cite web |author=Michigan Senate Democrats |year=2007 |title=Michigan Senate Democrats: About Hansen Clarke |url=http://www.senate.mi.gov/clarke/about.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205183412/http://www.senate.mi.gov/clarke/about.htm  |archive-date=2007-02-05 |access-date=2007-03-09}}</ref> Clarke’s political journey has served as a major source of inspiration for subsequent generations of Bengali Americans. At present, the Congressional Bangladesh Caucus plays an active role in advocating for issues relevant to the Bengali and Bangladeshi American community in Congress. The caucus is currently co-chaired by [[Nellie Pou]] and [[Joe Wilson]], reflecting growing institutional recognition of Bangladeshi American interests at the federal legislative level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congressional Bangladesh Caucus - Summary from LegiStorm |url=https://www.legistorm.com/organization/summary/122261/Congressional_Bangladesh_Caucus.html |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.legistorm.com}}</ref>

==== State-Level Politics ====
At the state level, Bengali political success has been particularly remarkable. Bengalis now play policymaking roles in the [[Georgia General Assembly|legislatures of Georgia]], [[Virginia]], [[Michigan]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[New York (state)|New York]], reflecting a deepening integration into American state politics.

* [[Aboul Khan]]: Aboul Bashar Khan is an American politician of Bangladeshi descent who serves as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives from Rockingham District 20 since 2016. He previously represented the same district from 2012 to 2014. A senior political figure, he is widely recognized as a leading South Asian and Bengali voice within the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratidin |first=Bangladesh |date=2018-11-10 |title=যুক্তরাষ্ট্র পার্লামেন্টে বাংলাদেশি শেখ রহমান ও আবুল খান {{!}} |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/saturday-morning-msg/2018/11/10/374804 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=bd-pratidin.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Sheikh Rahman]]: Sheikh Rahman made history as the first Muslim and the first Bengali elected to the [[Georgia State Senate]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=WRAL |date=2018-06-08 |title=CBS46 talks with Sheikh Rahman, state's first Muslim lawmaker |url=https://www.wral.com/cbs46-talks-with-sheikh-rahman-state-s-first-muslim-lawmaker/17614031/ |access-date=2020-02-03 |website=WRAL.com |language=en}}</ref> He has served in this role since 2018 and has been a vocal advocate for the political rights and civic inclusion of Bengalis and other minority communities.
* [[Nabilah Islam Parkes]]: In 2022, Nabilah Islam achieved a historic victory in the [[Georgia State Senate]]. With a long background as a grassroots activist, she has emerged as a powerful and influential figure in Georgia politics.<ref name="nominee">{{cite web |last=Yeomans |first=Curt |date=May 25, 2022 |title=Nabilah Islam narrowly defeats state Rep. Beth Moore in state Senate District 7 race |url=https://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/local/nabilah-islam-narrowly-defeats-state-rep-beth-moore-in-state-senate-district-7-race/article_421e43de-dbe5-11ec-b568-77fb80364881.html |access-date=May 25, 2022 |website=[[Gwinnett Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref name="senatorelect">{{cite web |last=Elassar |first=Alaa |date=November 13, 2022 |title=Georgia candidate makes history as first known Muslim and Palestinian woman elected to state House |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/13/politics/ruwa-romman-elected-muslim-palestinian-georgia-house-of-representatives-ctrp/index.html#paragraph-2ab1cdc4-c6f4-43d1-602f-6e1c0735671b |access-date=November 14, 2022 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref>
* [[Saddam Azlan Salim]]: Representing Virginia in the State Senate, Saddam Azlan Salim is among the youngest legislators in the state’s history and the first Bengali to hold such a position. He was elected to the [[Virginia Senate]] in the [[2023 Virginia Senate election]] from the [[Virginia's 37th Senate district|37th district]].<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |title=Saddam Salim |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Saddam_Salim |access-date=February 5, 2024 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref>
* [[MD Rahman]]: MD Masudur Rahman is an American politician who serves as a member of the Connecticut State Senate from the 4th district since 2023, representing the towns of Andover, Glastonbury, Manchester, and Bolton. He is a member of the Democratic Party and currently serves as Chair of the Planning and Development Committee of the [[Connecticut State Senate]].
* [[Raj Mukherji]]: Raj Mukherji is an American politician who has represented the 32nd legislative district in the New Jersey Senate since 2024. Earlier, he served five terms in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2014 to 2024 and held leadership roles such as majority whip and deputy speaker. Before his legislative career, he served as deputy mayor of Jersey City and was also involved in business, law, and public service.
* [[Shahana Hanif]]: Shahana Hanif has played a significant role in New York’s political landscape as a member of the [[New York City Council]]. As the first Muslim woman and first South Asian American elected to the Council, she represents [[New York City's 39th City Council district|Brooklyn’s 39th District]] and has been a leading voice on immigrant rights, housing justice, and social equity.
* [[Nuran Nabi]]: Nuran Nabi is a Bangladeshi-American scientist, author, and [[Ekushey Padak]]–winning writer who has served as a councilman from [[Plainsboro Township, New Jersey]]. He has been elected to the Plainsboro Township Council multiple times and was re-elected for a fifth term unopposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=লেখা |date=2024-11-08 |title=যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের নির্বাচনে ৫ বাংলাদেশির রেকর্ড জয় |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/world/usa/j79z2ky5as |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>

==== Diplomacy ====

===== M. Osman Siddique =====
{{Main|M. Osman Siddique}}

At the federal level, M. Osman Siddique is the first Bengali-American to served as the [[United States Ambassador]] to [[Fiji]], as well as concurrently accredited ambassador to [[Nauru]], [[Tonga]], and [[Tuvalu]] from 1999 to 2001. He became the first American Muslim to be appointed as a United States ambassador. During his tenure, he served as ambassador at the time of the [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]] and was involved in diplomatic engagement surrounding the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Results - THOMAS (Library of Congress) |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118031901/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/B?r106:@FIELD(FLD003+d)+@FIELD(DDATE+19990720) |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250501073654/https://web.archive.org/web/20081118031901/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/B?r106:@FIELD(FLD003+d)+@FIELD(DDATE+19990720) |archive-date=2025-05-01 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of American Ambassadors > Members > M. Osman Siddique |url=http://americanambassadors.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Members.view&memberid=269 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917150710/http://americanambassadors.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=Members.view&memberid=269 |archive-date=2010-09-17 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=americanambassadors.org}}</ref>

==== In the Military and Defense ====

===== Shariful M. Khan =====
{{Main|Shariful M. Khan}}

Shariful M. Khan is a brigadier general in the [[United States Air Force]] and the first Bangladeshi-American to attain this rank. During his career, he has held several leadership positions in U.S. space operations and strategic planning, including command of the 310th Space Wing from 2020 to 2023. Since July 2025, he has been serving as Director of Staff for the “[[Golden Dome (missile defense system)|Golden Dome for America]]” program at [[the Pentagon]].

===== Abuhena Saifulislam =====
{{Main|Abuhena Saifulislam}}

Abuhena Saifulislam is a Bangladeshi-American naval officer and imam who serves as a commander in the [[United States Navy Chaplain Corps]]. In 1999 he became the first Muslim chaplain assigned to serve with units of the [[United States Marine Corps]], where he worked to provide religious services and promote understanding of religion within the U.S. military. In the Navy his rank is [[Commander (United States)|Commander]] and he is known as ''Chaplain Saif.''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/02/20080204123903cpataruk0.6934015.html#axzz3uhYBym2g|title=Bangladeshi American Is First Muslim Chaplain in Marine Corps|last=Kurata|first=Phillip|date=4 February 2008|website=US Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-06-20 |title=Muslim face of the US Marines |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6755589.stm |access-date=2026-03-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Science, Technology, and Engineering ===
[[File:Sears Tower ss.jpg|thumb|The [[Sears Tower]] (now ''Willis Tower'') was designed by [[Fazlur Rahman Khan]]. It was the tallest building in the world for over two decades.|257x257px]]
Individuals of Bengali origin have contributed to scientific and technological work in the United States across a range of fields. These contributions include areas such as structural and architectural engineering, as well as participation in research and technical programs associated with organizations such as [[NASA]].

==== Engineering and Architecture ====

===== Fazlur Rahman Khan =====
{{Main|Fazlur Rahman Khan}}

Fazlur Rahman Khan was a Bangladeshi American [[structural engineer]] known for his development of the ''[[Tube (structure)|tubular structural system]]'', a method that significantly influenced [[high-rise building]] design in the twentieth century.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Structural developments in tall buildings: current trends and future prospects. (01-SEP-07) Architectural Science Review |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com:80/coms2/summary_0286-32962093_ITM |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081216083555/http://www.accessmylibrary.com:80/coms2/summary_0286-32962093_ITM |archive-date=2008-12-16 |access-date=2026-01-13 |website=www.accessmylibrary.com}}</ref> He contributed to the structural engineering of major skyscrapers, including Chicago’s [[Sears Tower]] (now known as the ''Willis Tower'') and the [[John Hancock Center]]. The structural principles associated with the tubular system continue to be applied in the design and construction of tall buildings in various parts of the world. Khan worked in Chicago at Skidmore, [[Owings and Merrill Skidmore|Owings & Merrill]] (SOM), where he collaborated with architect [[Bruce Graham]] on several landmark skyscrapers, including the [[Sears Tower]] (1973) and the [[John Hancock Center]] (1969). Through innovations in bracing systems and the bundled tube design, he helped usher in a new era of supertall buildings. Because of his transformative impact on the field, he has often been described as the “Einstein of Structural Engineering.” Earlier in his career, he received a [[Fulbright Scholarship]] to pursue his studies in the United States, and he later became a [[U.S. citizen]] in 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-02 |title=Honorary Fazlur R. Khan Way |url=http://www.honorarychicago.com/blog/honorary-fazlur-r-khan-way |access-date=2026-03-07 |website=Honorary Chicago |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:FR_khan_sculputure_at_Sears_tower.jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|Fazlur Rahman Khan Memorial Sculpture at [[Sears Tower]]]]

==== NASA and Space Research ====
* [[Mahmooda Sultana]] is a Bangladeshi-origin research engineer at the [[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]], where she has worked since 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-24 |title=NASA Goddard Announces Innovator of the Year - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-goddard-announces-innovator-of-the-year/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her research focuses on [[Nanomaterials|nanomaterial]]-based detectors and sensor technologies for space applications. In 2019, she led a team that received a $2 million technology development award for a nanomaterial-based detector platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iftikhar |first=Umair |title=NASA allots $2 million to develop 3D printed multifunctional sensors - 3D Printing Industry |url=https://3dprintingindustry.com/news/nasa-allots-2-million-to-develop-3d-printed-multifunctional-sensors-149268/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=3dprintingindustry.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Her work has been recognized through several NASA honors, including the ''Innovator of the Year'' award and the Robert H. Goddard Award for technology development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi-born research engineer Mahmooda Sultana wins Nasa Goddard Innovator of the Year award |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/sci-tech/bangladeshi-born-research-engineer-mahmooda-sultana-wins-nasa-goddard-innovator-of-the-year-award-1509451479 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-24 |title=NASA Goddard Announces Innovator of the Year - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/technology/nasa-goddard-announces-innovator-of-the-year/ |access-date=2026-01-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Amitabha Ghosh (planetary geologist)|Amitabha Ghosh]] is an Indian planetary geologist and scientist who has worked on Mars-related research and missions associated with NASA. His work has included participation in site-selection studies for the [[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity rover’s]] landing in [[Gale (crater)|Gale Crater]], as well as involvement in earlier missions such as [[Mars Pathfinder]] and the [[Mars Exploration Rover]] program. His contributions have been recognized through NASA achievement awards related to [[Mars exploration]].
* [[Mahjabin Haque]] is a Bangladeshi American software engineer who works as a Space Systems Software Engineer at NASA. She has been identified in media and community sources as the first Bangladeshi woman to hold this specific role at NASA. Haque is originally from [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]] and migrated to the United States with her family in 2009. She earned an advanced degree in [[Computer science and engineering|Computer Science and Engineering]] from [[Wayne State University]]. Her professional background includes work in software engineering related to space systems and [[aerospace technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=প্রতিবেদক |first=নিজস্ব |date=2019-10-18 |title=নাসার সফটওয়্যার প্রকৌশলী মাহজাবীন |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/lifestyle/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Haque |first=Enamul |title=মাহজাবিন হক: প্রথম বাংলাদেশী নারী হিসেবে NASA'য় |url=https://enamulhaque.co.uk/my-blog/f/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221124213133/https://enamulhaque.co.uk/my-blog/f/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F |archive-date=2022-11-24 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Enamul Haque |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Ambarish Ganguly is a [[citizen scientist]] affiliated with NASA, with academic training in physics and [[computer science]] and education completed in [[Kolkata]]. He received recognition through participation in data science initiatives, including a first-place result in the “Random Walk of the Penguins” competition, which focused on modeling and prediction related to penguin populations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambarish Ganguly - NASA Science |url=https://science.nasa.gov/people/ambarish-ganguly/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Abdus Suttar Khan]] was a Bangladeshi scientist whose career focused on aerospace and materials research over several decades. He conducted research with organizations including NASA, [[United Technologies]], and [[Alstom]]. Khan developed more than forty alloy compositions for commercial applications in aerospace and industrial systems, including space shuttles, jet engines, railway engines, and gas turbines. His work received formal recognition from institutions such as NASA, the United States Air Force, United Technologies, and Alstom. He was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]] in 1996, became a [[Chartered Scientist]] (ProfScientist) of the same society in 2005, and was a member of the [[ASM International]]. A hydrocarbon fuel catalyst technology developed under a joint NASA–U.S. Air Force contract was designated an enabling technology by both agencies in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Abdus Suttar Khan {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-25481 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Madhulika Guhathakurta]], also known as Lika Guhathakurta, is an Indian American astrophysicist who has worked within NASA’s [[Heliophysics Science Division]]. She served as lead program scientist for NASA’s [[Living With a Star]] initiative and has held program scientist roles for missions including the [[Solar Dynamics Observatory]], the [[Van Allen Probes]], and the [[Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory]] (STEREO).
* Mohammad Tarikuzzaman is a Bangladeshi researcher contributing to a NASA-supported project focused on developing methods for plant cultivation in space. He is associated with the ''La Tech Biomass'' research group, which investigates soil-free plant growth systems, including nutrient-recycling approaches relevant to closed-loop life-support environments. Tarikuzzaman is originally from [[Netrokona]], Bangladesh, and is pursuing a PhD in Micro and Nanoscale Systems Engineering at [[Louisiana Tech University]]. He holds an academic background in electrical engineering and had prior professional experience in Bangladesh before relocating to the United States for graduate study.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi man joins Nasa team for space plant research |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/362489/bangladeshi-man-joins-nasa-team-for-space-plant |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=dailypost.net |title=Tarikuzzaman nominated as NASA researcher |url=https://www.dailypost.net/country/a92 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=dailypost.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-10-20 |title=Journey of a Bangladeshi youth Tarikuzzaman |url=https://thereport.live/youth/journey-of-a-bangladeshi-youth-tarikuzzaman/32410 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website= |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sharmila Bhattacharya]] is an Indian American scientist at the NASA [[Ames Research Center]], where she serves as Chief Scientist for Astrobionics and leads the Biomodel Performance and Behavior Laboratory. She has worked on space bioscience experiments using biological model organisms and has received NASA honors, including the [[NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal]] (2018).
* Md. Manjurul Ahsan has joined NASA as a Higher Education Faculty (Volunteer) under the STEM Gateway CONNECTS program. In this role, he contributes to STEM education initiatives, student mentorship, and collaboration with NASA’s educational resources. He is based in Norman, Oklahoma. Ahsan is also a Research Assistant Professor at the [[University of Oklahoma]]. His research spans [[artificial intelligence]], [[deep learning]], healthcare-related applications, and advanced manufacturing. He has authored more than 60 peer-reviewed publications, and bibliometric assessments have placed him among a highly cited group of researchers in machine learning and artificial intelligence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi-born academic becomes NASA’s STEM Education Ambassador |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/826537 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ahsan |url=http://www.ou.edu/coe/ise/people/faculty/md-ahsan.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.ou.edu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Md Manjurul AHSAN {{!}} Research Assistant Professor {{!}} Doctor of Philosophy {{!}} University of Oklahoma, Norman {{!}} ou {{!}} School of Industrial and Systems Engineering {{!}} Research profile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Manjurul-Ahsan |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251119095514/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Manjurul-Ahsan |archive-date=2025-11-19 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Md Manjurul Ahsan {{!}} LinkedIn Profile |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/md-manjurul-ahsan-185542127/ |url-status=live |website=LinkedIn}}</ref>
* [[Anita Sengupta]] is an American [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]]. She earned her M.S. (2000) and Ph.D. (2005) in aerospace and mechanical engineering from the [[Viterbi School of Engineering]] at the [[University of Southern California]]. She served as lead systems engineer for the parachute system used in the landing of [[Mars Science Laboratory|Mars Science Laboratory’s]] [[Curiosity (rover)|Curiosity rover]]. She later worked as project manager for the [[Cold Atom Laboratory]] at [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (Caltech), was Senior Vice President of Systems Engineering at Virgin Hyperloop One, and is currently Chief Product Officer at Airspace Experience Technologies (ASX).
* Gautam Chattopadhyay is a Bengali-origin scientist associated with [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL). In 2025, he received NASA-JPL’s North Star Award as well as a People Leadership Award, recognizing his professional and leadership contributions within the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research at JPL {{!}} Profile Goutam Chattopadhyay |url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/site/research/goutam/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251115034752/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/site/research/goutam/ |archive-date=2025-11-15 |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.jpl.nasa.gov |language=en}}</ref>
* Al Imran is a Bangladeshi scientist from [[Narsingdi District|Narsingdi]] who works as a postdoctoral researcher at the [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] (JPL) under NASA. His research examines the potential habitability of Mars, with a focus on geological and environmental conditions relevant to past or present life. He earned a PhD in Space and Planetary Science from the [[University of Arkansas]] and conducts research under the supervision of Katherine Stack Morgan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সামিন |first=সাইফুল |date=2023-01-10 |title=নরসিংদীর ছেলে এখন নাসার গবেষক |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/g8qaazh88g |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Prothomalo |language=bn}}</ref>
* Nishan Kumar Biswas is a scientist of Bangladeshi origin working at the Hydrological Sciences Laboratory of [[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]]. His research focuses on landslide hazard assessment and situational awareness using cloud-computing–based approaches, including work related to the Lower Mekong region. He also contributes to flooding analysis, both coastal and inland, within NASA’s NASA Earth Information System initiatives. His professional background includes experience in satellite remote sensing and hydrology, with technical work involving hydrological modeling, cloud computing, geographic information systems (GIS), and machine-learning methods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Career Scientist Spotlight - Nishan Kumar Biswas |url=https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/600/ECSS/Nishan-Kumar-Biswas.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=science.gsfc.nasa.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nishan Kumar Biswas, PhD |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/nishanbiswas/ |website=LinkedIn}}</ref>

==== Other Scientists and Researchers ====
* [[M. Zahid Hasan]]: M. Zahid Hasan is the [[Eugene Higgins Professor]] of Physics at [[Princeton University]]. His research focuses on condensed matter physics, including work on [[Quantum Hall effect|quantum Hall phenomena]].<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Day |first=C. |year=2009 |title=Exotic spin textures show up in diverse materials |journal=Physics Today |volume=32 |issue=4 |page=4 |bibcode=2009PhT....62d..12D |doi=10.1063/1.3120883 |s2cid=137511150}}</ref> Hasan is an elected fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Members |url=https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2020 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230816110125/https://www.amacad.org/new-members-2020 |archive-date=2023-08-16 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, Hasan was appointed a visiting professor to the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Bangladeshi scientist Zahid Hasan appointed visiting professor at MIT |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tech-startup/news/bangladeshi-scientist-zahid-hasan-appointed-visiting-professor-mit-3595196 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[M. Taher Saif]]: Bangladeshi-American Mechanical engineer and academic researcher; [[Professor]] at the [[University of Illinois]]; elected to the [[United States National Academy of Engineering]] in 2024 for contributions to micro- and nanoscale engineering and cellular biomechanics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Illinois faculty members elected to National Academy of Engineering – News Bureau |url=https://news.illinois.edu/two-illinois-faculty-members-elected-to-national-academy-of-engineering/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> This recognition is often compared to winning the “Nobel Prize in Engineering.”
* [[Maqsudul Alam]]: Maqsudul Alam was a renowned geneticist whose work on the genomes of [[papaya]], [[Natural rubber|rubber]], and [[jute]] earned global recognition. While working at the [[University of Hawaiʻi]], his research opened new horizons in [[agricultural science]] and [[biotechnology]].
* [[Latifur Khan]]: Latifur Khan is a computer scientist whose research focuses on [[data mining]], stream analytics, and related areas of computer science. His work has been published in international academic venues and contributes to research in data-intensive systems and electronic information processing.
* [[Irene Solaiman]]: Irene Solaiman is a researcher whose work focuses on [[artificial intelligence]] policy, safety, and governance. She has held research and advisory roles with organizations including Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her publications examine issues related to the societal impacts of AI systems and frameworks for their governance.
* [[Abul Hussam]]: Inventor of the [[Sono arsenic filter]].
* [[Mohammad Ataul Karim]]: [[Electrical engineering|Electrical engineer]] and researcher.
* AKM Saiful Islam: Bangladeshi scientist and professor of communication and media at Minnesota State University, Mankato; listed as a scientist at the U.S. National Science Foundation in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarker |first=Abdur Razzak |date=2025-10-23 |title=Bangladeshi scientist Saiful conducting research on social robots at US universities |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/youth/education/yc57l1f63p |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>
* Syed Bahauddin Alam: Nuclear engineer and assistant professor at the [[University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign]]; member of a committee of the [[U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] and recipient of the 2025 Dean’s Award for Excellence in Research.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hossain |first=Mansura |date=2025-05-27 |title=Bangladeshi youth Bahauddin on US National Academies committee |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/8b9k0dg9pq |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Prothomalo |language=en}}</ref>
* Selim Habib: Bangladeshi engineer and assistant professor at the [[Florida Institute of Technology]]; Senior Member of [[Optica (society)|Optica]] (formerly OSA) and [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] (IEEE); recipient of a $300,000 NASA Research Initiation Award for research on next-generation optical fiber technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Habib, Md {{!}} Florida Tech |url=https://www.fit.edu/faculty-profiles/h/habib-md/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.fit.edu}}</ref>
* Md. Touhidul Islam: Assistant Professor at [[Stanford University]], focusing on AI in medical diagnostics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Md Tauhidul Islam {{!}} Stanford Medicine |url=https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/md-tauhidul-islam |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=CAP Profiles |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Rumman Chowdhury]]: Bangladeshi-origin American data scientist and CEO of Humane Intelligence; recognised in Time’s 100 Most Influential People in AI (2023); selected by the U.S. Department of State as a U.S. Science Envoy for 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi-origin Rumman Chowdhury named US science envoy for 2024 |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/north-america/342065/bangladeshi-origin-rumman-chowdhury-named-us |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumman Chowdhury {{!}} Ethical AI Leader & US Science Envoy For Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.ayeshakhanna.com/women-in-ai-feature/rumman-chowdhury |access-date=2026-03-09 |website=Dr. Ayesha Khanna |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Health & Medicine ===

* Nasim A. Chowdhury - a rehabilitation medicine specialist and Medical Director of Cancer Rehabilitation at [[Weill Cornell Medical Center]]. He also serves as an attending physician at [[NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital]] and as an Assistant Professor. He was recognized as a ''Super Doctors New York Rising Star''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nasim A. Chowdhury, M.D. {{!}} Patient Care |url=https://weillcornell.org/nachowdhury |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=weillcornell.org}}</ref>

=== Academia and Economics ===
[[File:Abhijit_Banerjee_FT_Goldman_Sachs_Business_Book_of_the_Year_Award_2011_(cropped).jpg|alt=|thumb|200x200px|[[Nobel laureate]] [[Abhijit Banerjee]]]]

==== Abhijit Banerjee ====
{{Main|Abhijit Banerjee}}

[[Abhijit Banerjee]] is an [[economist]] and [[Nobel Prize laureate]] who serves as a professor at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. His research focuses on development economics, including the study of [[poverty alleviation]] through the use of [[Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trials]] (RCTs), a [[methodological]] approach that has been widely applied in [[Empirical economics|empirical economic]] research.

====Others====

* [[Kaushik Basu]], a professor at [[Cornell University]] and a former Chief Economist of the [[World Bank Group|World Bank]].
* [[Mushfiq Mobarak|Ahmed Mushfiq Mobarak]] – Economist and professor of economics at [[Yale University]]; co-chair of initiatives at the [[Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) and lead academic for Bangladesh at the [[International Growth Centre]].
* Tauhid Zaman, Assistant Professor, Sloan, MIT<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladeshi Students Association at MIT |url=https://web.mit.edu/bangladesh/www/Alumni/index.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=web.mit.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ORC 65th Anniversary |url=https://web.mit.edu/orc/www/archive/events/orc65th/speakers.html |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=web.mit.edu}}</ref>
* [[Pranab Bardhan]], a professor at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* [[Ali Riaz]] – Distinguished Professor at [[Illinois State University]], expert on South Asian politics.
* [[Narasingha Sil]] – Professor of History at [[Western Oregon University]].
* [[Mir Masoom Ali]] – Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Statistics at [[Ball State University]].
* [[Fazle Hussain]] – Professor of [[Mechanical Engineering]] at [[Texas Tech University]].
* [[Kali S. Banerjee]] – Statistician and professor at the [[University of Delaware]].
* [[Moni Lal Bhoumik]] – Physicist and author; co-developer of [[excimer laser]] technology.
* [[Raj Chandra Bose]] – Mathematician and statistician known for design theory.
* [[Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty]] – [[Microbiologist]] known for his work in directed evolution.
* [[Radha Laha]] – Mathematician and statistician.
* [[Sezan Mahmud]] – Medical scientist, educator, and physician.
* [[Samarendra Nath Roy]] – Mathematician and statistician.
* [[Asif Azam Siddiqi]] – Space historian and professor at [[Fordham University]].
* [[K. Sabeel Rahman]] – American professor and author who is a professor of law at [[Cornell Law School]].

=== In Security and law enforcement forces ===

==== Didarul Islam ====
[[Didarul Islam]] was a Bangladeshi American police officer with the [[New York City Police Department]] (NYPD). He joined the department in 2021 and was assigned to the 47th Precinct in the [[The Bronx|Bronx]]. On July 28, 2025, Islam was fatally shot while responding to a [[2025 Midtown Manhattan shooting|gun attack at 345 Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan]], New York City. At the time of the incident, he was off duty but in uniform and had been assigned to provide security at the building. According to official accounts, he attempted to confront the attacker and was killed during the incident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title='He chose to serve' - Thousands attend funeral for Didarul Islam |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/videos/cy85y50m5ldo |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=NYPD officer killed in shooting remembered as hero and protector |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nypd-officer-killed-shooting-remembered-hero-protector-rcna221786 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250902155713/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/rcna221786 |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=en}}</ref> Following his death, Islam was posthumously promoted to Detective First Grade by the NYPD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wife of NYPD Officer Killed in Mass Shooting Was Pregnant with Couple's 3rd Child |url=https://people.com/nypd-officer-didarul-islam-wife-pregnant-third-child-11780876 |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=People.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rittiner |first=Ellen |title=Mourners honor slain NYPD officer Didarul Islam {{!}} CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/31/us/video/didarul-islam-nypd-officer-funeral-vrtc |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=NYPD Det. Didarul Islam laid to rest with funeral in the Bronx following Midtown office shooting - CBS New York |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/nyc-midtown-office-shooting-nypd-didarul-islam-funeral/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Business, Entrepreneurship, and Technology ===

==== Omar Ishrak ====
{{Main|Omar Ishrak}}

Omar Ishrak is a Bangladeshi American business executive who has held senior leadership roles in [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] technology and medical device companies. He served as Chief Executive Officer of [[Medtronic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Health tech for the digital age |url=https://www.medtronic.com/en-us/index.html |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=www.medtronic.com |language=en-US}}</ref> and later as Chairman of the Board of Directors of [[Intel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intel appoints Bangladeshi-American Omar Ishrak as board chairman {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/online/news/intel-appoints-bangladeshi-american-omar-ishrak-board-chairman-1858000 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref> During his tenure at Medtronic, the company expanded its operations across multiple international markets. His subsequent appointment as board chair at Intel placed him in a senior governance role within the technology sector.

==== Jawed Karim ====
{{Main|Jawed Karim}}

Jawed Karim is a co-founder of the video-sharing platform [[YouTube]] and is of Bangladeshi origin. He is also known for uploading the first video to the platform, titled ''[[Me at the zoo]]'', in 2005. Karim’s role in the early development of YouTube is documented as part of the platform’s origins and its subsequent impact on online video distribution.

==== Sal Khan ====
{{Main|Sal Khan}}

Sal Khan is the founder of the nonprofit educational organization [[Khan Academy]]. The platform provides free online instructional resources across a wide range of subjects and has been used by learners in many countries. Khan’s work is associated with the expansion of online education and digital learning tools in the early twenty-first century.

==== Others ====
* [[Kamal Quadir]] – Entrepreneur; founder of CellBazaar and [[bKash]].
* [[Fahim Saleh]] – Entrepreneur and founder of [[Pathao]] and [[Gokada]].
* [[Amar Bose]] – Founder and chairman of [[Bose Corporation]].
* [[Iqbal Quadir]] – Founder of [[Grameenphone]] and academic at [[MIT]].
* [[Purnendu Chatterjee]] – Industrialist and founder of [[The Chatterjee Group Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology|The Chatterjee Group]].
* [[Subir Chowdhury]] – Author and management consultant.
* [[Sumaya Kazi]] – Entrepreneur and founder of [[Sumazi]].

=== Awards ===

==== Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers ====
{{Main|Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers}}

* Sayeef Salahuddin, University of California, Berkeley (2013)
* [[Barna Saha]], University of Massachusetts – Amherst (2017)
* [[Ehsan Hoque (academic)|Ehsan Hoque]], University of Rochester (2018, 2025)

=== Culture, Media, and Arts ===

==== Literature ====

*[[Jhumpa Lahiri]] – Pulitzer Prize-winning author.
* [[Rumaan Alam]] – Novelist and editor.
* [[Dilruba Ahmed]] – Poet and historian.
* [[Dhan Gopal Mukerji]] – Writer and Newbery Medal winner.

==== Journalism and Commentary ====
[[Reihan Salam]] is an American policy commentator who previously served as an Associate Editor at ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-26 |title=Reihan Salam, The Atlantic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/author/reihan-salam/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref> He is currently the President of the [[Manhattan Institute for Policy Research|Manhattan Institute]], a public policy research organization.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-20 |title=A Great Day for Conservatism, and New York City |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/a-great-day-for-conservatism-and-new-york-city/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[List of Bangladeshi Americans#Media and journalism|Rebecca Rashid]] is a media professional who has worked as a podcast host and television producer. Her work has received industry recognition, including an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION {{!}} ARTS AND SCIENCES {{!}} ANNOUNCES WINNERS {{!}} AT THE 39th ANNUAL {{!}} NEWS & DOCUMENTARY EMMY® AWARDS |url=https://theemmys.tv/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/news_39th_winners_release_rev5.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Film, Music, and Entertainment ====
In contemporary literature, [[Rumaan Alam]] is an American [[novelist]] whose works have received literary awards and critical attention. [[Dilruba Ahmed]] is a poet, and [[Sezan Mahmud]] is a physician and writer; both have produced literary work within the United States that engages with themes associated with Bengali and diasporic experiences.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dilruba Ahmed: Interview |url=http://www.triquarterly.org/interviews/dilruba-ahmed-interview |access-date=29 November 2017 |newspaper=TriQuarterly |language=en}}</ref>

In the visual arts, [[Naeem Mohaiemen]] and [[Hasan M. Elahi]] are artists whose work has been exhibited internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naeem Mohaiemen |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/988/naeem-mohaiemen |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhizome {{!}} Sousveillance Culture panel at Conflux 2007 |url=http://rhizome.org/events/conflux2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720071957/http://rhizome.org/events/conflux2007/ |archive-date=2008-07-20 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=rhizome.org |language=en}}</ref> Their practices include photography, video, and installation, and address themes related to history, politics, identity, and surveillance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists’ Film Club: Naeem Mohaiemen: United Red Army (The Young Man Was, Part I) + Q&A |url=https://archive.ica.art/whats-on/artists-film-club-naeem-mohaiemen-united-red-army-young-man-was-part-i-qa/index.html |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=archive.ica.art |language=en}}</ref>

==== Others ====
* [[Tasmin Mahfuz]] – Television journalist.
* [[Rebecca Rashid]] – Podcast host and producer.
* [[Reihan Salam]] – Political commentator and editor.
* [[Arianna Afsar]] – Former Miss California and singer.
* [[Kamal Ahmed (comedian)|Kamal Ahmed]] – Comedian and member of the Jerky Boys.
* [[Anik Khan]] – Rapper and musician.
* [[Marjana Chowdhury]] – Model and beauty queen.
* [[Hasan M. Elahi]] – Interdisciplinary media artist.
* [[Abdul "Duke" Fakir]] – Singer and founding member of the Four Tops.
* [[Rahsaan Islam]] – Actor and filmmaker.
* [[Norah Jones]] – Multi-Grammy winning singer and actress.
* [[Jai Wolf]] – Electronic music producer.
* [[Mindy Kaling]] – Actress, comedian, and writer.
* [[Firoz Mahmud]] – Visual artist and painter.
* [[Ellis Miah]] – Music producer and songwriter.
* [[Naeem Mohaiemen]] – Filmmaker and visual artist.
* [[Kausar Mohammed]] – Actress and writer.
* [[Fuad al Muqtadir]] – Musician and composer.
* [[Nabela Noor]] – Entrepreneur and social media personality.
* [[Shomi Patwary]] – Designer and music video director.
* [[Badal Roy]] – Tabla player and percussionist.
* [[Shikhee]] – Singer and lead of the band [[Android Lust]].
* [[Palbasha Siddique]] – Vocalist and singer.
* [[Monica Yunus]] – Operatic soprano.
* [[Saif Ahmad]] – World Series of Poker winner.
* [[Syque Caesar]] – Artistic gymnast.
* [[Rahat Hossain]] – YouTube personality (MagicofRahat).
* [[Cavan Sullivan]] – Professional soccer player.
* [[Quinn Sullivan (soccer)|Quinn Sullivan]] – Professional soccer player.

==== Culinary and lifestyle ====

* [[Leepu Nizamuddin Awlia]] – Automotive designer and engineer.
* [[Sohla El-Waylly]] – Chef and YouTube personality.
* [[Dipa Ma]] – Meditation teacher.

=== Social Activism and Community Figures ===

*[[Rais Bhuiyan]] – Shooting survivor, activist, and IT professional.
*[[Anika Rahman]] – Human rights lawyer and non-profit leader.

=== Historical Figures ===

==== Early Political Activists ====

===== Tarak Nath Das =====
{{Main|Tarak Nath Das}}

Tarak Nath Das was an Indian revolutionary and political scholar who played a notable role in mobilizing Indian immigrants in North America in support of the [[Indian independence movement]] in the early twentieth century. After arriving in the United States in 1907, he organized immigrant communities and published the journal ''Free Hindustan'', which advocated resistance against [[British colonial rule]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Mukerji |first=Sumit |date=2017 |title=The Bengali Diaspora in the United States: Achievements and Predicaments |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26670175 |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=775–778 |issn=0019-5510}}</ref> He was also associated with revolutionary networks linked to [[Jatindra Nath Mukherjee]] (Bagha Jatin) and contributed to early efforts that later led to the formation of the [[Ghadar Movement|Ghadar movement]]. Alongside his political activism, Das pursued higher education in the United States, earned a PhD in [[political science]] from the [[University of Washington]], and later served as a professor of political science at [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":17" />

==== Early Immigrants ====
[[A.K. Mozumdar]] – an [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] spiritual writer and teacher associated with the [[New Thought Movement]] in the United States.

==See also==
* [[Bangladeshi Americans]]
* [[Indian Americans]]
* [[Telugu Americans]]
* [[Punjabi Americans]]
* [[Tamil Americans]]
* [[Gujarati Americans]]
* [[Nepalese Americans]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi diaspora}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Asian Americans}}
{{Demographics of the United States}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:American people of Bangladeshi descent| ]]
[[Category:American people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent| ]]
[[Category:Bengali diaspora in the United States| ]]

Enga Ooru Pattukaran

2026-03-27T08:22:39Z

Nandini Gowda KL: fix formatting for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Enga Ooru Pattukaran.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Sangili Murugan]]|S. Gajendra Kumar (dialogues)}}
| producer = Kalyani Murugan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramarajan]]|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]|[[Shantipriya|Nishanthi]]}}
| cinematography = K. B. Dayalan
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Meenakshi Arts
| distributor = Sri Sujatha Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1987|04|14}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Enga Ooru Pattukaran''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ɑː|t|t|u|k|ɑːr|ən}} {{translation|The singer of our town}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Gangai Amaran]]. The film stars [[Ramarajan]], [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] and [[Shantipriya|Nishanthi]], with [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]] and [[S. S. Chandran]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 14 April 1987, and became a major success. After this, Ramarajan and Amaran duo went on to collaborate on numerous films, including ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Arunkumar |date=16 June 2019 |title=30 years of Karakattakaran - Gangai Amaren: The Vazhapazham comedy track was based on a similar sequence in an Adoor Bhasi film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820093932/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/jun/16/30-years-of-karagattakaran--gangai-amaren-ilaiyaraaja-ramarajan-kanaka-vazhapazham-comedy-12320.html |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=30 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=March 2022}}
Shenbagam, the daughter of a wealthy landlord, and Seethan, an orphan milkman, are in love but they do not express their love directly. Seethan has been brought up by Maruthamuthu. When Shenbagam's father decides to get her married to a rich man, she commits suicide. Seethan becomes distraught after his lover's death. Maruthamuthu steps in and arranges his marriage with the woman Kaveri. Seethan marries her but cannot forget Shenbagam.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ramarajan]] as Sithan
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Kaveri
* [[Shantipriya|Nishanthi]] as Shenbagam
* [[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as Shenbagam and Vadakku Vinayagam's father
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Maruthamuthu
* [[Senthil]] as Vadakku Vinayagam
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Sakku
* [[S. S. Chandran]] as Sakku's father
* [[Pasi Sathya]] as Sakku's mother
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Gopi
* [[S. N. Parvathy]] as Shenbagam and Vadakku Vinayagam's mother
* [[Kallapetti Singaram]] as Panchayat Leader
* [[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Robber
* [[Usilai Mani]] as Arivumani
* [[M. N. Nambiar]] as Kallampattiyan (guest appearance)
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Manjampattiyan, Sithan's father (guest appearance)
* [[Sangili Murugan]] as Irulappan (guest appearance)
* [[Dilip (Tamil actor)|Dilip]] as Irulappan's son (guest appearance)
* [[Gangai Amaran]] in a cameo appearance
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched at Prasad Studios and the film's title song was recorded on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 1986 |title=சங்கிலி முருகனின் புதிய படம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_28/4.jp2/0,0,6201,8546/6201,8546/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327055238/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_28/4.jp2/0,0,6201,8546/6201,8546/0/default.jpg |archive-date=27 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 1986 |title=எங்க ஊரு பாட்டுக்காரன் துவங்கியது |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_57/3.jp2/0,0,5923,8494/5923,8494/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327055407/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_57/3.jp2/0,0,5923,8494/5923,8494/0/default.jpg |archive-date=27 March 2026 |access-date=27 March 2026 |work=Anna |pages=3 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> Shantipriya made her Tamil debut in this film, and was credited as Nishanti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2021 |title=Remember Akshay Kumar's 'Saugandh' co-star Shantipriya? Here's how she looks now |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-remember-akshay-kumar-s-saugandh-co-star-shantipriya-here-s-how-she-looks-now-2900278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515095621/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-remember-akshay-kumar-s-saugandh-co-star-shantipriya-here-s-how-she-looks-now-2900278 |archive-date=15 May 2024 |access-date=19 September 2024 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref> The cow owned by Ramarajan's character was played by a cow named Pechi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=சிவா |date=3 November 2023 |title=பழகிய மாட்டை பிரிய முடியாமல் கதறி அழுத ராமராஜன்!.. அதனாலதான்பா அவரு பசுநேசன்!. |url=https://cinereporters.com/actor-ramarajan-cried-for-his-pet-cow-for-shooting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116185609/https://cinereporters.com/actor-ramarajan-cried-for-his-pet-cow-for-shooting/ |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=CineReporters |language=ta}}</ref> The song "Madura Marikkozhunthu Vaasam" was shot atop the Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1270686870368776192 |user=shanthipriya333 |title=I played the role of #Shenbagam in the 1987 Tamil film called 'Enga Ooru Pattukaran' directed by #GangaiAmaran with music composed by #Ilaiyaraja. One song was shot on top of the Temple Madhuri Meenakshi Amman Temple! I also milked a cow for the first time for this movie! |author=shanthi priya |author-link=Shantipriya |date=10 June 2020 |access-date=17 November 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/1O6uZ |archive-date=27 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=23 January 2024 |title=I couldn't have asked for a better comeback in Tamil: Shanthi Priya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-couldnt-have-asked-for-a-better-comeback-in-tamil-shanthi-priya/articleshow/107073043.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123125359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-couldnt-have-asked-for-a-better-comeback-in-tamil-shanthi-priya/articleshow/107073043.cms |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by Gangai Amaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enga Ooru Pattukkaran Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/enga-ooru-pattukkaran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315052720/https://mossymart.com/product/enga-ooru-pattukkaran-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 1987 |title=Enga Ooru Pattukaran |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/enga-ooru-pattukaran/SK8LLCVYRu0_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315052711/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/enga-ooru-pattukaran/SK8LLCVYRu0_ |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]] |language=en}}</ref> The song "Azhagi Nee Perazhagi" is set to the [[Carnatic raga]] Kuntalavarali.{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=125}} The song "Madurai Marikozhundhu", set to [[Mayamalavagowla]],{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=140}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=25 December 2012 |title=Akademi welcomes the maestro |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music//article60010347.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315052707/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music//article60010347.ece |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> was reused as "Yamaho" in the Telugu film ''[[Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2020 |title=30 years of Jagadeka Veerudu Athiloka Sundari: 20+ lesser known facts about Chiranjeevi and Sridevi's film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/may/09/30-years-of-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari-20-lesser-known-facts-about-chiranjeevi-and-sridevi-1023.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223002424/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/may/09/30-years-of-jagadeka-veerudu-athiloka-sundari-20-lesser-known-facts-about-chiranjeevi-and-sridevi-1023.html |archive-date=23 February 2025 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> There are three versions of the song "Shenbagame Shenbagame": one male, one female, and one a duet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaamarai |date=7 December 2010 |title=Versatile and emotive |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/versatile-and-emotive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609053936/https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/versatile-and-emotive |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |website=[[Tamil Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> The song is set to [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]] raga.{{Sfn |Sundararaman |2007 |p=158}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=10 May 2013 |title=Light and melodious |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124042709/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/light-and-melodious/article4702358.ece |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=9 June 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Azhagi Nee Perazhagi
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| length1 = 4:58
| title2 = Enga Ooru Pattukaran
| extra2 = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| length2 = 4:28
| title3 = Jinginakku Jinakku
| extra3 = Mano, [[S. Janaki]]
| length3 = 4:32
| title4 = Madura Marikkozhunthu Vaasam
| extra4 = Mano, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length4 = 4:41
| title5 = Paechi Paechi Nee Perimayulla Pechi
| extra5 = Mano
| length5 = 4:27
| title6 = Shenbagame Shenbagame
| note6 = male
| extra6 = Mano
| length6 = 4:32
| title7 = Shenbagame Shenbagame
| note7 = duet
| extra7 = Mano, [[Sunanda (singer)|Sunanda]]
| length7 = 4:27
| title8 = Shenbagame Shenbagame
| note8 = female
| extra8 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length8 = 7:42
| total_length = 39:47 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Enga Ooru Pattukaran'' was released on 14 April 1987,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Enga Ooru Pattukaran / எங்க ஊரு பாட்டுக்காரன் |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/enga-ooru-pattukaran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116184925/https://screen4screen.com/movies/enga-ooru-pattukaran |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and distributed by Sri Sujatha Pictures.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 1987 |title=எங்க ஊரு பாட்டுக்காரன் |url=https://ibb.co/nfNkYfW |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114045035/https://ibb.co/nfNkYfW |archive-date=14 January 2023 |access-date=14 January 2023 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |pages=6 |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' criticised the storyline as "static". The reviewer went on to say, "Ilayaraja's brand of soporific tunes mostly in the lower register blend with the unassuming style of the film".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 1987 |title=Unassuming |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19870508&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the cinematography by Dayalan, Ilaiyaraaja's music and Amaran's direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=26 April 1987 |title=எங்க ஊரு பாட்டுக்காரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-04-26/page/n67/mode/2up |access-date=27 March 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=67 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After the film's success, Ramarajan, Amaran and Ilaiyaraja became a popular actor-director-music composer collaboration in Tamil cinema; they went on to collaborate in numerous films, including ''[[Shenbagamae Shenbagamae]]'' (1988), ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989), ''[[Ooru Vittu Ooru Vanthu]]'' (1990), ''[[Villu Pattukaran]]'' (1992) and ''[[Themmangu Paattukaaran]]'' (1997).<ref>{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=28 September 2022 |title=கரகாட்டக்காரன்: "இந்தப் படம் ஓடுமா?" சந்தேகத்துக்குப் பதிலடி கொடுத்த கங்கை அமரன் - ராமராஜன் கூட்டணி! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/the-evergreen-classic-karakattakkaran-is-gangai-amaran-and-ramarajans-masterpiece-cinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601061810/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/the-evergreen-classic-karakattakkaran-is-gangai-amaran-and-ramarajans-masterpiece-cinema |archive-date=1 June 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=8 December 2022 |title=கங்கை அமரன் 75: சினிமாவின் பல துறைகளிலும் முத்திரை பதித்த வித்தகன்! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/36645-gangai-amaran-75-vidhagan-who-left-his-mark-in-many-fields-of-cinema.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105062732/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/36645-gangai-amaran-75-vidhagan-who-left-his-mark-in-many-fields-of-cinema.html |archive-date=5 January 2025 |access-date=5 January 2025 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Shenbagamae Shenbagamae'' was named after the song from ''Enga Ooru Pattukaran''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 June 2010 |title=What's in a name? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/whats-in-a-name/articleshow/6028332.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209192358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/whats-in-a-name/articleshow/6028332.cms |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=5 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Gangai Amaran}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about cattle]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

RITES Limited

2026-03-26T12:24:05Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New

{{short description|Indian public sector undertaking}}
{{COI|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = RITES
| former_name = Rail India Technical and Economic Service (1974-2008)
| logo = RITES green logo.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|RITES}} {{BSE|541556}}
| fate =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1974|04|26}}
| founder =
| location_city = Sector-29, [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|Mr. Rahul Mithal ([[Chairman]] & [[Managing director|MD]])}}
| industry = [[Infrastructure]]
| products =
| services = [[Consulting firm|Consulting]]
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2539|c}} (2023-24)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|526|c}} (2023-24)
| profit = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|495|c}} (2023-24)
| assets = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|5661|c}} (2023-24)
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|2609|c}} (2023-24)
| owner = [[Government of India]] (72.20%)
| num_employees = 2611 (March 2024)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|www.rites.com|RITES}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rites.com/Upload/MediaGallery/PDF/3/Integrated_Annual_Report_for_the_financial_year_2023-24_pdf-2024-Aug-20-14-19-41.pdf |title=Integrated Annual Report for the financial year 2023-24 |date=31 March 2024 |website=rites.com |publisher=RITES |access-date=10 September 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''RITES Limited''' is an Indian public sector undertaking which operates under the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Government of India]]. Incorporated in April 1974, it is designated as a ''Navratna{{Vague|reason=What is the implication or significance of such a designation?|date=September 2025}}'' Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE). The company provides consultancy, engineering, and project delivery services in the field including railways, highways, metros, tunnels, bridges, urban development, buildings, airports, ports, ropeways, inland waterways, multimodal logistics parks and green mobility.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RITES Limited(RITES),Profile, Latest News, Press Release, MOU, CSR|url=https://www.psuconnect.in/company/rites-limited/65|access-date=2020-12-08|website=www.psuconnect.in}}</ref>

==History==
RITES was established in 1974 to provide consultancy services to the [[Indian Railways]], including feasibility studies, project planning, and infrastructure development. Over the years, its scope expanded to cover other transport sectors and overseas markets.<ref name=rites-home>{{cite web|url=http://www.rites.com/web/index.php|title=Home Page|publisher=RITES, Limited|access-date=2011-08-12|archive-date=26 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926125023/http://www.rites.com/web/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The company has undertaken more than 5,000 projects in India and over 55 countries across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. In 2018, RITES became a publicly traded company listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/rites-ltd/ipos/isopen-,companyid-18469.cms|title=Rites IPO Review – Rites IPO Dates, Issue Price, Subscription and Allotment Status – The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> The company has also been involved in the planning and design of high-speed rail networks, dedicated freight corridors, and urban metro systems.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/rites-gains-6-on-bonus-issue-plan-119061400191_1.html|title=RITES gains 6% to Rs 295 on bonus issue plan announcement|last=Reporter|first=S. I.|date=2019-06-14|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>

== Operations ==
===Engineering Design and Project Reports===
RITES' engineering design activities include the [[engineering]] consultancy, feasibility studies, design and planning, environmental assessments, and project management services across multiple sectors. It also prepares detailed project reports, environmental and social impact assessments, and undertakes geotechnical investigations and surveys.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagasundaram |first=Dhanya |date=2025-02-20 |title=Rites share price jumps 7% after MoU with Central Water and Power Research Station {{!}} Stock Market News |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/rites-share-price-jumps-7-after-mou-with-central-water-and-power-research-station-11740026795661.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250307171343/https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/rites-share-price-jumps-7-after-mou-with-central-water-and-power-research-station-11740026795661.html |archive-date=2025-03-07 |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

===Project Management Services===
The company undertakes project management through advisory services for project appraisal, [[procurement]] assistance, project management consultancy, third‑party inspections and authority engineer roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RITES Wins $3.4 Million High-Speed Rail Survey Contract |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/rites-wins-3.4-million-high-speed-rail-survey-contract/70198 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref>

===Export of Rolling Stock===
It is engaged in the export of rolling stock such as [[locomotive]]s, [[Train coach|coaches]], wagons and other railway equipment, providing commissioning, warranty and spare parts support, incidental services etc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-25 |title=First Indian-built diesel locomotive by BLW exported to Mozambique |url=https://rollingstockworld.com/locomotives/first-indian-built-diesel-locomotive-by-blw-exported-to-mozambique/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=ROLLINGSTOCK}}</ref>

===Leasing of Locomotives and O&M of Rail Assets===
RITES operates a fleet of over 90 locomotives provided to non-railway clients, including but not limited to ports, cement plants, coal plants, power plants, container deports, project sites etc. RITES also manages operations and maintenance (O&M) services of rail assets at more than 30 sites across India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=RITES: Fostering the development of sustainable urban habitats and transport systems |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/smart-infra/rites-fostering-planning-development-of-sustainable-urban-habitats-and-transport-systems/110841772 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Turnkey Construction Work===
In turnkey construction, the company executes Engineering, Procurement and Construction contracts covering [[railway electrification]], stations, bridges, tunnels, depots and related facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RITES Wins ₹46.82 Crore Turnkey Deal for College Infrastructure Work in Karnataka {{!}} India Infoline |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/news/business/rites-wins-46-82-crore-turnkey-deal-for-college-infrastructure-work-in-karnataka |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=www.indiainfoline.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Quality Control and Inspection===
Its quality control and inspection services involve third‑party inspection and quality assurance for components used in transport infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-05-17 |title=RITES eyes revenue growth through export focus, quality assurance & business diversification: CMD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rites-eyes-revenue-growth-through-export-focus-quality-assurance-business-diversification-cmd/articleshow/121234578.cms |access-date=2025-08-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Subsidiaries and Joint Ventures ==
Key subsidiaries and joint ventures include:

* Railway Energy Management Company Limited – Focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency in the railway sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Muhammad |date=2024-12-12 |title=REMC Ltd's Ambitious Roadmap to Decarbonize Indian Railways by 2030 |url=https://www.esgnewsindia.com/post/remc-ltd-s-ambitious-roadmap-to-decarbonize-indian-railways-by-2030 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=ESG News India |language=en}}</ref>
* SAIL–RITES Bengal Wagon Industry Pvt. Ltd. – Engaged in wagon manufacturing and rehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-14 |title=Indian Railways Awards Rs 818 Crore Wagon Contract To SAIL-RITES Joint Venture - Metro Rail News |url=https://metrorailnews.in/indian-railways-awards-rs-818-crore-wagon-contract-to-sail-rites-joint-venture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517025247/https://metrorailnews.in/indian-railways-awards-rs-818-crore-wagon-contract-to-sail-rites-joint-venture/ |archive-date=2025-05-17 |access-date=2025-08-15 |work=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>
* RITES Afrika Pty. Ltd. – A transport infrastructure consultancy in Botswana and other African markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RITES plans an expansion on the African continent |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/metro-rail-and-railways-infrastructure/rites-plans-an-expansion-on-the-african-continent/56382 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.constructionworld.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected Projects ==

=== Domestic ===

* [[Bogibeel Bridge]], [[Assam]] – India's longest combined road–rail bridge.<ref>{{Cite news |last=By Niladri Sekhar Dutta, PTI |date=2018-12-23 |title=Bogibeel: India's longest rail-road bridge has lifespan of around 120 years |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/N677hsFyQ81hYDZ4t2KboN/Bogibeel-Indias-longest-railroad-bridge-has-lifespan-of-a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425122154/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/N677hsFyQ81hYDZ4t2KboN/Bogibeel-Indias-longest-railroad-bridge-has-lifespan-of-a.html |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-08-15 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel, [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]] – One of India's longest railway tunnels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's longest railway tunnel: Decoding the features of Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel - India's longest railway tunnel |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/indias-longest-railway-tunnel-decoding-the-features-of-pir-panjal-railway-tunnel/indias-longest-railway-tunnel/slideshow/109918134.cms |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ahmedabad Metro]], [[Gujarat]] – Technical advisory and project management.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=BS |date=2015-09-07 |title=French firm-led consortium roped in as general engineering consultant for Ahmedabad metro |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/french-firm-led-consortium-roped-in-as-general-engineering-consultant-for-ahmedabad-metro-115090700884_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804220156/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/french-firm-led-consortium-roped-in-as-general-engineering-consultant-for-ahmedabad-metro-115090700884_1.html |archive-date=2022-08-04 |access-date=2025-08-15 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Shivamogga Airport]], [[Karnataka]] – Airport design and implementation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivamogga airport plan fast-tracked, cost goes up 275% |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/shivamogga-airport-plan-fast-tracked-cost-goes-up-275-785573.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ayodhya Dham railway station|Ayodhya Dham Station]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] – Redevelopment integrating modern and heritage features.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dec 29 |first=PTILast Updated |date=2023-12-29 |title=With 'mukut' and 'bow and arrow,' new Ayodhya station loaded with religious symbols |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/with-mukut-and-bow-and-arrow-new-ayodhya-station-loaded-with-religious-symbols/articleshow/106378836.cms |access-date=2025-08-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* [[Bundelkhand Expressway]], Uttar Pradesh – Technical consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-07-16 |title=PM Modi inaugurates Bundelkhand Expressway in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/Jul/16/pm-modi-inaugurates-bundelkhand-expressway-in-uttar-pradesh-2477275.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Vaishno Devi Ropeway, Jammu & Kashmir – Ropeway consultancy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-24 |title=J-K Guv unveils Bhawan-Bhairon Ghati passenger ropeway at Vaishno Devi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/j-k-governor-unveils-bhawan-bhairon-ghati-passenger-ropeway-at-vaishno-devi/story-CxZwGv9VLqvlzmr5KjvndP.html |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== International ===
RITES has worked on railway modernisation and transport infrastructure in Sri Lanka,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burroughs |first=David |date=2022-10-12 |title=Mauritius opens light rail Phase 2C |url=https://www.railjournal.com/news/mauritius-opens-light-rail-phase-2c/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=International Railway Journal |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bangladesh, Mozambique, Mauritius, and other countries in Africa and Latin America.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Subhash |date=2025-01-30 |title=RITES sets sight on executing high value export orders in Bangladesh, Mozambique, South Africa; expects 20% topline grow {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/rites-high-value-export-orders-indian-railways-diesel-locos-sri-lanka-bangladesh-mozambique-south-africa-11738242324897.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724083634/https://www.livemint.com/companies/rites-high-value-export-orders-indian-railways-diesel-locos-sri-lanka-bangladesh-mozambique-south-africa-11738242324897.html |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-08-15 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Exports==
RITES’ is involved in the export operations to international markets across Asia, Africa, and Latin America. It has supplied more than 175 locomotives and 900 coaches over the years and has undertaken projects involving the export of rolling stock to various African and South Asian countries from [[Sri Lanka]], [[Angola]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Myanmar]] to [[Mozambique]], a [[3 ft 6 in gauge railways|Cape Gauge]] country.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayan |first=Subhash |date=2025-01-30 |title=RITES sets sight on executing high value export orders in Bangladesh, Mozambique, South Africa; expects 20% topline grow {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/rites-high-value-export-orders-indian-railways-diesel-locos-sri-lanka-bangladesh-mozambique-south-africa-11738242324897.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724083634/https://www.livemint.com/companies/rites-high-value-export-orders-indian-railways-diesel-locos-sri-lanka-bangladesh-mozambique-south-africa-11738242324897.html |archive-date=2025-07-24 |access-date=2025-08-18 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://twitter.com/RITESLIMITED RITES Ltd. on Twitter]
* [http://www.rites.com/rites-journal-july/PDF/Sumit%20Sinha.pdf Rites journal, July] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201212/http://www.rites.com/rites-journal-july/PDF/Sumit%20Sinha.pdf |date=3 March 2016 }}

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Railway companies of India]]
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[[Category:1974 establishments in Haryana]]
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Vaishali (ancient city)

2026-03-25T10:09:08Z

Nandini Gowda KL: fix structure further and updated info

{{short description|Historical city in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Vaishali
|native_name =
|alternate_name =
|image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = N-BR-69 Raja Vishal Garh (5).jpg
| photo2a = N-BR-68 Relic Stupa Vaishali (2).jpg
| photo3a = Ashoka pillar at Vaishali, Bihar, India.jpg
| spacing = 4
| color_border = Black
| color = Black
| size = 270
}}
|caption = Fort of Raja Visala, The Buddha's [[Relic Stupa of Vaishali]], [[Pillars of Ashoka|Asoka pillar at Kolhua]]
|map_type =
|map_alt =
|relief =
|coordinates = {{coord|25.99|N|85.13|E|display=inline,title}}
|region = [[India]]
|type = Settlement
|part_of =
|length =
|width =
|area =
|height =
|builder =
|material =
|built = c. 5th century BCE
|abandoned = c. 600 CE<ref name=Prasad2015>{{cite book |last1=Prasad |first1=Kameshwar |title=The Glory that was Vaisali (From the Earliest Times to C. 600 C.E.) |date=2015 |publisher=K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna |isbn=9788189785062 |pages=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJatjwEACAAJ&q=The+Glory+that+was+Vaisali+(From+the+Earliest+Times+to+C.+600+C.E.)}}</ref>
|epochs =
|cultures = [[Licchavis of Vaishali]]
|dependency_of =
|occupants =
|event =
|excavations =
|archaeologists =
|condition = In ruins
|ownership =
|management =
|public_access =
|website =
|notes =
}}
{{BuddhasHolySites}}
'''Vaishali''', '''Vesali''' or '''Vaiśālī''' was an ancient city and today an archaeological site located north of [[Patna]] in present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is also a [[Jain]] and [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage site.<ref name=Beer>Robert Beer, ''The Encyclopaedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs''. Boston: Shambhala, 1991.</ref><ref name=Lars/> As an archaeological site it is spread over a group of modern villages located within the Vaishali District in [[Tirhut Division]].<ref name= Prasad2015 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/Default.htm|title=Tirhut Division|website=tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in|access-date=26 December 2019|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316011819/http://tirhut-muzaffarpur.bih.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>

It was the capital city of the [[Vajjika League]] considered one of the first examples of a [[republic]] that dates from c. 6th century BCE. [[Gautama Buddha]] preached his last sermon before his [[mahaparinirvana]] in {{Circa|544 BCE}}, and Vaishali is also home to two important stupas directly related to the Buddha, the [[Relic Stupa of Vaishali]], which is said to contain the ashes of the Buddha,<ref name=Lars>{{cite book |last1=Fogelin |first1=Lars |title=An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199948239 |page=85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674057777 |pages=246–247}}</ref><ref name=Beer/> The 24th and last [[Tirthankara]] of Jainism, [[Mahavira]], was born in ''Kundagrama'' which has been identified as a suburb of the city of Vaishali and he was therefore referred to as ''Vesālie''.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|pp=159–166|loc=''The Nāyas''}}

In 383 BCE the [[Second Buddhist council]] was convened here by King [[Kalashoka]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|last=Hoiberg|first=Dale|author2=Indu Ramchandani|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=0-85229-760-2|page=208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=Vaishali&pg=PA208|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504210844/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=Vaishali&pg=PA208|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A history of India|last=Kulke|first=Hermann|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-32919-1|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&q=Vaishali&pg=PA57|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628154435/https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&q=Vaishali&pg=PA57|url-status=live}}</ref> It also contains one of the best-preserved of the [[Pillars of Ashoka]] from the 3rd century BCE, topped by a single [[Asiatic lion]].

The city finds mention in the travel accounts of Chinese explorers, [[Faxian]] (4th century CE) and [[Xuanzang]] (7th century CE), which were later used in 1861 by British archaeologist [[Alexander Cunningham]] to first identify Vaiśālī with the present village of [[Basarh]] in the [[Vaishali District]] of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Janice Leoshko |title=Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-55030-7 |page=74 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627185240/https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar |title=Archaeology of Vaishali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLq1AAAAIAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan |oclc=18520132 |page=36 |isbn=9788185205083 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627185215/https://books.google.com/books?id=zLq1AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2010, parts of the Vaishali archaeological site including the relic stupa and Asokan pillar have been considered a tentative site under the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]] list, in the category of the [[Silk Road sites in India]].<ref name= "UNESCO" />

==Etymology==
Vaishali derives its name from [[King Vishal]] of the [[Mahabharata]] age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaishali |url=https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/vaishali |website=tourism.bihar.gov.in |access-date=6 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118022159/https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/vaishali |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Monarchy period===
References to what has been termed the "monarchy period" of Vaishali come from literary sources including the [[Puranas]] and give an indication of the early [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] expansion eastwards in to the Gangetic plains.{{sfn|Mishra|1962|p=8}} These sources detail that [[Vaivasvata Manu]] descendants settled and ruled in the region Vaishali starting with a King named Nābhānediṣṭha who is said to have founded the city. Traditional sources consider him to be a contemporary of [[Dasaratha]], father of one of the greatest Kings during Treta Yuga [[Lord Rama]], who is one avatars of Lord [[Vishnu]]. They belonged to the line of the [[Ikshvaku]] dynasty or the Sun Dynasty during ancient time in Bharat.

===Republic period===
{{See also|Vajjika League}}
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|left|thumb|200px|The [[Vajjika League|Vajji]] or Vrijji [[Mahajanapada]], 600 BCE.]]
[[File:Ablution bath, Vaishali.jpg|left|thumb|200px|''Abhishek Pushkarini'', the coronation tank, near Buddha Relic Stupa, Vaishali]]

The [[Vajjika League]] was likely established at some point between the Kosalan conquest of [[Varanasi|Kasi]] and the [[Magadha]]n conquest of [[Anga]] which would place it around the 6th century BCE.{{sfn|Mishra|1962|p=98}}

The Vajjika League was located on the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom founded by the tribe of the [[Videha|Vaideha]]s, an Indo-Aryan tribe in the eastern Gangetic plain in the [[Greater Magadha]] cultural region.<ref name="Levman">{{cite journal |last=Levman |first=Bryan G. |date=2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |journal=Buddhist Studies Review |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=145–180 |doi=10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145 |access-date=4 June 2022|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 |title=Bronkhorst, J. (2007). Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India, p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.|year=2007|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416|last1=Bronkhorst|first1=Johannes|isbn=9789047419655}}</ref> Around 800 BCE the Mahā-Videha ("greater Videha") kingdom was established between the [[Gandaki River|Sadānirā]] river in the west, the [[Koshi River|Kauśikī]] river in the east, the [[Ganges]] river in the south, and the [[Himalayas|Himālaya mountains]] in the north.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Shortly before or during the lifetime of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], around the 7th or 6th century BCE, the Mahā-Videha kingdom was invaded by the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]], an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] tribe who temporarily occupied the Vaideha capital of [[Mithila (ancient city)|Mithilā]], from where they could best administer the territory of Videha. The consequence of the occupation of Videha by the republican Licchavikas was that the Licchavikas relatively peacefully overthrew the already weakened Vaideha monarchical system and replaced it by a republican system.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Facing the rising power of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] to the south of the Ganges, the Licchavikas established their republic in the southern part of the former Videha kingdom and moved their political centre to the until then marginal location of Vesālī, which the Licchavikas turned into their largest city as well as their capital and stronghold. Meanwhile, the new Videha republic existed in a limited territory centred around Mithilā and located to the north of Licchavi. Many members of the Vaideha aristocracy who had submitted to the Licchavikas joined them in moving to Vesālī, and therefore became members of the Licchavika ruling aristocratic Assembly.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

Once settled around Vesālī, the Licchavikas formed a state organised as a [[Gaṇasaṅgha|{{Transliteration|sa|gaṇasaṅgha}}]] (an [[aristocracy|aristocratic]] [[republic]]). The Licchavikas themselves henceforth became the leading power within the territory of the former Mahā-Videha kingdom, with the Licchavika Assembly holding the sovereign and supreme rights over this territory.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}} The Licchavikas founded the Vajjika League as a temporary league led by themselves, and named after the [[Vajji (tribe)|Vajji]] tribe proper, who had been the most powerful tribe in the region of Vesālī and were one of the constituent tribes of the league, within which they held their own sovereign rights.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=83}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=149}}

The Videha republic was ruled by an Assembly of the [[Kshatriya|{{Transliteration|sa|kṣatriya}}]]s residing in and around Mithilā, and governing in the name of the Licchavika Assembly: the Videha republic was thus under significant influence of the Licchavi republic, and it joined the Vajjika League, within which it had limited autonomy concerning their domestic administration under the supervision of Licchavi, who fully controlled Vaideha foreign policy.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}} The [[Nāya|Nāyika]]s, who were a sub-group of the Vaidehas who formed an independent tribe, were another constituent republic of the Licchavi-led Vajjika League, and hence they held autonomy in matters of internal policy while their war and foreign policies were handled by the Vajjika League. The Licchavikas and the [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]]s were considered to be the republican states of [[Kingdom of Kashi|Kāsī]]-[[Kosala]] by Jain sources, and both Mallaka republics joined the Licchavi-led Vajjika League to deal with danger they might have faced in common during periods of instability, and within which they held friendly relations with the Licchavikas, the Vaidehas, and the Nāyikas who were the other members of this league, although occasional quarrels did break out between these republics. Unlike the other confederate tribes such as the Vaidehas and Nāyikas, who had no sovereign rights of their own because they were dependencies of Licchavi, the Mallakas maintained their own sovereign rights within the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=169-181}}

During the 6th century BCE, the {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} ("head of the republic") of the Licchavikas, that is the head of state of the Licchavikas and of their Council, was [[Chetaka|Ceṭaka]] or Ceḍaga, which also made him the head of the Council of the Vajjika League.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=85-135}} Ceḍaga's sister [[Trishala|Trisalā]] was married to the Nāyika {{Transliteration|sa|Gaṇa Mukhya}} [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhārtha]], with this marriage having been contracted because of Siddhārtha's political importance due to the important geographical location close to Vesālī of the Nāya tribe he headed, as well as due to Siddhārtha's membership in the Vajjika Council. The son of Siddhārtha and Trisalā, that is Ceḍaga's nephew, was [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], the 24th [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Tirthankara|Tīrthaṅkara]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}} Ceṭaka became an adept of the teachings of his nephew [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] and adopted [[Jainism]], thus making the Licchavika and Vajjika capital of Vesālī a bastion of Jainism, and his sixth daughter, [[Sujyeṣṭhā]], became a Jain nun,{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} while the diplomatic marriages of his other daughters to various leaders, in turn, contributed to the spreading of Jainism across northern South Asia:{{sfn|Jain|1974|p=67}} [[Prabhāvatī]] was married to the king [[Udāyana]] of [[Sindhu-Sauvīra]];{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388-464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Padmāvatī]] was married to king [[Dadhivāhana]] of [[Anga|Aṅga]];{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Mṛgāvatī]] was married to the king [[Śatānīka]] of [[Vatsa]], with their son being the famous [[Udayana (king)|Udayana]];{{sfn|Sikdar|1964|p=388-464}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Śivā]] was married to king [[Pradyota]] of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]]; {{sfn|Jain|1974|p=66}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Jyeṣṭhā]] was married to Ceṭaka's nephew, [[Nandivardhana of Kundagrama|Nandivardhana]] of Kuṇḍagāma, who was the son of Trisalā and the elder brother of Mahāvīra;{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}} [[Cellaṇā]] was married to the king [[Bimbisara|Bimbisāra]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=159-168}}{{sfn|Deo|1956|p=71}}

After the death of the Buddha, the Licchavikas, the Mallakas, and the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]]s claimed shares of his relics while the Vaidehas and the Nāyikas did not appear among the list of states claiming a share because they were dependencies of the Licchavikas without their own sovereignty, and therefore could not put forth their own claim while Licchavi could.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=136-158}}

By the time [[Xuanzang]] visited Vaiśālī in the early 7th century, it was on the decline: he wrote of it that "the capital is ruined" and "it may be called a village or town" (as opposed to a city).<ref name="Chattopadhyaya 1994">{{cite book |last1=Chattopadhyaya |first1=Brajadulal |author-link=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya |title=The Making of Early Medieval India |date=1994 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-19-564076-4 |url=https://ia801503.us.archive.org/28/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.117938/2015.117938.The-Making-Of-Early-Medieval-India.pdf |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|150}}

===Visits of the Buddha to Vaiśālī===

[[File:Buddhist Altar, Vaishali.jpg|left|220px|thumb|A Buddhist shrine amidst the Vihara, Vaiśālī]]
Vaishali is well known for its close association with the Buddha. After leaving Kapilavastu for renunciation, Prince Siddhartha came to Vaishali first and undertook his initial spiritual training from [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]] (Rāmaputra Udraka) and [[Āḷāra Kālāma]]. After the Enlightenment the Buddha frequently visited Vaishali. He organized the [[sangha]] on the pattern of Vaishalian democracy. It was here that he first allowed females to join the sangha, initiating his maternal aunt [[Mahaprajapati]] Gautami into the order. His last [[vassa|Varshavasa]] (rainy season resort) was here and he announced his approaching [[Mahaparinirvana]] (the final departure from the world) just three months in advance. Before leaving for Kusinagara, where he died, he left his alms-bowl (Bhiksha-Patra) here with the people of Vaishali.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Robert |title=Telling the Story in Art of the Monkey's Gift of Honey to the Buddha |journal=Bulletin of the Asia Institute |date=2009 |volume=23 |pages=43–52 |jstor=24049422 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24049422}}</ref>

===Jainism at Vaishali===
[[File:Kundpur_seal.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Prince Vardhaman (Lord Mahavira) used this seal after the Judgement]]
The [[Śvetāmbara]]s state that the final [[Tirthankara]], [[Mahavira|Lord Mahavira]], was born and raised in Kshatriyakund district, Vaiśālī to King [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhartha]] and Queen [[Trishala]]. According to the [[Jain text]] ''[[Uttarapurāṇa]]'',
[[King Chetaka]] ruled as a [[Republic]]an [[President (government title)|President]] in Vaishali and was a famed ruler. He is also mentioned as a staunch follower of [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=482}} According to the text, Chetaka had ten sons and seven daughters. His sister Priyakarini (also known as [[Trishala]]) was married to [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhartha]] of the [[Nāya]] clan.{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=482}} His daughter Chellana married [[Shrenik]] (also known as [[Bimbisara]]).{{sfn|Pannalal Jain|2015|p=484}} As per Indologist [[Hermann Jacobi]], [[Mahavira|Vardhaman Mahavira's]] mother Trishala was the sister of [[King Chetaka]].{{sfn|Sunavala|1934|p=52}}

==Archaeological sites==
{|
|[[File:Anandastupa.jpg|200px|thumb|Ānanda Stupa, with an [[Asokan pillar]] at Kolhua, Vaiśālī]]
|[[File:Buddha's ashes Stupa, Vaishali, Bihar.jpg|200px|thumb|Buddha's ashes Stupa built by the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavis]], Vaiśālī]]
|[[File:N-BR-69 Raja Vishal Garh (1).jpg|200px|thumb|Ruins known locally as "Raja Vishal ke Garh"]]
|}

===Relic stupa===
{{Main|Relic Stupa of Vaishali}}
The relic stupa is one of the archaeological finds in Vaishali. Here the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavi]]s reverentially encased one of the eight portions of the [[Buddha]]'s relics, which they received after the Mahaparinirvana. After his last discourse the Buddha set out for [[Kushinagar]], but the Licchavis kept following him. The Buddha gave them his alms bowl but they still refused to return. He then created an illusion of a river in spate which compelled them to go back. This site can be identified with Deora in modern [[Kesariya]] village, where [[Ashoka]] later built a stupa.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=Sita Ran |title=A Note on Ancient Architecture of Vaisali |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1968 |volume=30 |pages=49–52 |jstor=44141446 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141446}}</ref>

As per recent research, the relic stupa is potentially one of the earliest archaeologically known stupas.<ref name="Lars"/>

===Fort of Raja Vishal===
A group of ruins near the modern villages of Basarh have been termed by locals as "Raja Vishal ke Garh". Earlier excavations have found objects datedable to the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]] period from 500 BCE to 200 BCE and it is believed to be the remains of a citadel of palace during the [[Vajjika League]] period. The citadel and likely Vaishali itself was deserted by the period of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]] around 600 CE.{{sfn|Prasad Sinha|1961|p=3-4}} The historian, [[Nayanjot Lahiri]] dates the remains to the sixth century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lahiri |first1=Nayanjot |title=Ashoka in Ancient India |date=2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674915251 |page=246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaVRCgAAQBAJ&dq=garh+of+raja+visala&pg=PT298}}</ref>

===Kolhua===
Excavations by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] at Vaishali revealed the remains of Kutagarshala, a swastika-shaped monastery, a tank, votive stupas, miniature shrines, a main stupa, and an [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashokan pillar]], spanning from the Mauryan (3rd century B.C.) to post-Gupta (7th century A.D.) periods.
The 11-meter polished sandstone pillar known locally as "Lat," topped with a lion capital, is likely one of Ashoka's earliest pillars and features Gupta-era inscriptions but no edicts. A brick stupa commemorating the monkey chief's offering of honey to Buddha was initially built during the Mauryan era, expanded with a circumambulatory path in the Kushan period, and further modified during Gupta times.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=Silk Road Sites in India |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5492/ |website=UNESCO |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

Nearby is the brick-lined, seven-tiered tank called ‘Markat-Hrad,’ believed to have been dug by monkeys for Buddha, measuring approximately 65 by 35 meters with bathing ghats. Kutagarshala, Buddha's seasonal residence, underwent three construction phases—from a small Chaitya (Sunga-Kushana) to a grand temple (Gupta) and finally a monastery with partition walls (post-Gupta).<ref name= "UNESCO" />

The Gupta-period swastika-shaped monastery, possibly for nuns, contains twelve rooms around a central courtyard, an eastern entrance, and a toilet. Artifacts such as semi-precious beads, terracotta figures, seals, inscribed pottery, and a unique terracotta crowned monkey found here are exhibited at the local ASI museum.<ref name= "UNESCO" />

==World Peace Pagoda==
[[File:Visva santi stupa, vaishali bihar.jpg|thumb|150px|Visva Santi Stupa]]
Next to the coronation tank stands the Japanese temple and the ''Viśvā Śānti Stūpa'' ([[Peace Pagoda|World Peace Pagoda]]) built by the Japanese [[Nichiren Buddhism|Nichiren Buddhist]] sect [[Nipponzan-Myōhōji]]. A small part of the Buddha's relics found in Vaiśālī have been enshrined in the foundation and in the chhatra of the Stupa.

The Vaishali Museum was established in 1971 by the Archaeological Survey of India to preserve and display the antiquities found during the exploration of sites around ancient Vaishali.

==Recent development==
*In February 2019, Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]] laid the foundation stone of [[Buddha Samyak Darshan Museum and Memorial Stupa]] to house [[Buddha]] relics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Madan |title=Nitish Kumar launches work for Buddha museum and stupa in Vaishali {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-launches-work-for-buddha-museum-and-stupa-in-vaishali/articleshow/68068848.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2019 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628154508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/nitish-launches-work-for-buddha-museum-and-stupa-in-vaishali/articleshow/68068848.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In September 2020, Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the Vaishali Railway station. This rail line now connects the city with [[Hajipur]] and [[Patna]].<ref>[https://www.constructionweekonline.in/15094-pm-modi-inaugurates-kosi-rail-mega-bridge-and-12-railway-projects-in-bihar PM inaugurates 12 railway projects in Bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628154445/https://www.constructionweekonline.in/15094-pm-modi-inaugurates-kosi-rail-mega-bridge-and-12-railway-projects-in-bihar |date=28 June 2021 }} constructionweekonline.in</ref>

==Historical figures from Vaishali==

[[File:Vimalakirti debating Manjusri, Tang Dynasty.jpg|200 px|thumbnail|Vimalakirti, 8th century wall painting, [[Dunhuang]]]]

* [[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankara]] of Jainism. Born into a royal [[kshatriya]] family in what is now [[Vaishali district]] of Bihar. He abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of 30 and became an ascetic. He is considered a slightly older contemporary of the Buddha.<ref name="Dutt2013">{{cite book|author=Romesh Chunder Dutt|title=A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit Literature: Volume I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA382|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-38189-8|pages=382–383}}</ref>
* [[Chetaka]], King and ruler of the [[Vajjika League]] which had its capital in Vaishali.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=260–263}}</ref>
* [[Vimalakirti]], the central figure of the [[Vimalakirti Sutra]] and a lay practitioner of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Holy Teaching of Vimalakīrti: A Mahāyāna Scripture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4K7p6XSpSYC&pg=PA146-IA2|year=1991|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0874-4|page=20}}</ref>
* [[Gayadhara]], 11th century Buddhist master and scholar <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jayaswal |first1=KP |title=Lost Sanskrit Works recovered from Tibet |journal=Maha Bodhi and the United Buddhist World |date=1937 |volume=45 |pages=89–101 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529727/page/n97/mode/2up?q=vaisali}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Selected Essays of Rahul Sankrityayan |date=1984 |publisher=People's Publishing House |page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEQEAAAAYAAJ&q=gayadhara+vaishali}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Mithila (region)]]
*[[Pillars of Ashoka]]
*[[Chaumukhi Mahadev|Chaumukhi Mahadev Mandir]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Archaeology of Vaishali|last=Kumar|first=Dilip|year=1986|publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan}}
* {{cite book |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan|last=Singer |first=Noel.F. |year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0405-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXw9pgWvFxUC&q=Vaishali&pg=PA28 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Yogendra |title=An Early History of Vaiśālī: From the Earliest Times to the Fall of the Vajjian Republic, Circa 484 B.C. |date=1962 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EL9HAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Vaiśālī Excavations, 1958-1962 |date=1961 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8chouQAACAAJ&q=Vaisali+excavations+(1958+-+1962)}}
* {{cite book |last1=Nath Prasad |first1=Birendra |title=Rethinking Bihar and Bengal: History, Culture and Religion |chapter=Urbanization in Early Historic Vaiśālī, c. 600 BCE-400 CE|date=2021 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000465099 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbk6EAAAQBAJ&q=The+Glory+that+was+Vaiśālī}}
* {{cite book |last=Deo |first=Shantaram Bhalchandra |date=1956 |title=History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature |url= |location=[[Pune]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] |isbn=978-9-333-68377-7 }}
* {{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |author-link= |date=1974 |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72385 |location=[[Delhi]], [[India]] |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |page=66 |isbn=978-8-120-80805-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page= |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sikdar |first=Jogendra Chandra |author-link= |date=1964 |title=Studies in the Bhagawatīsūtra |url= |location=[[Muzaffarpur]], [[Bihar]], [[India]] |publisher=Research Institute of Prakrit, Jainology & Ahimsa |pages=388–464 |isbn= }}
* {{citation |author= Pannalal Jain|title= Uttarapurāṇa of Āchārya Guṇabhadra |date=2015 |publisher= [[Bhartiya Jnanpith]] |author-link=Pannalal Jain |isbn=978-81-263-1738-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Sunavala|first=A.J.|title=Adarsha Sadhu: An Ideal Monk.|date=1934|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107623866|edition=First paperback edition, 2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilFkAgAAQBAJ|access-date=1 September 2015 }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=yes|d=Q1509463}}
{{ppn|vy/vesaali.htm|Vesali}}
{{RBK|25|Vaisali}}
{{Suttas|Vesali|varanasi|mn/mn.105.than.html#vesali Sunakkhatta Sutta - To Sunakkhatta|mn/mn.012.ntbb.html#vesali Maha-sihanada Sutta - The Great Discourse on the Lion's Roar}}
{{Vaishali district topics }}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{Tourist sites in Bihar}}

__FORCETOC__

[[Category:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian cities]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist sites in Bihar]]
[[Category:Mauryan art]]
[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan archaeological sites]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vajjika League]]
[[Category:Licchavis]]

Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency

2026-03-22T16:57:26Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Other uses|Matigara (disambiguation){{!}}Matigara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Matigara–Naxalbari
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Matigara-Naxalbari.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Anandamoy Barman]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
| constituency_no = 25
| established = 2011
| electors = 287,565
| reservation = SC
| abolished =
}}

'''Matigara–Naxalbari Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 25 Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency (SC) covers [[Naxalbari (Community development block)|Naxalbari]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]], and Atharakhai, Champasari (excluding villages Sitong Forest, Sivoke Hill Forest and Sivoke Forest), Matigara I, Matigara II, Patharghata [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Matigara (Community development block)|Matigara]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 30 June 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency is part of No. 4 [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Sankar Malakar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]||[[Anandamoy Barman]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Matigara-Naxalbari}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sankar Malakar]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Anandamoy Barman]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jharen Roy|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021 election===

In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Anandamoy Barman of BJP defeated his nearest rival Rajen Sundas of TMC.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Matigara-Naxalbari (SC) constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Anandamoy Barman]]
|votes = 1,39,785
|percentage = 58.10
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Rajen Sundas|votes=68,937|percentage=28.65|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sankar Malakar]]|votes=23,060|percentage=9.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Rakesh Mondal|votes=2,046|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sudip Mandal|votes=1,577|percentage=0.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Harish Chandra Barman|votes=1,274|percentage=0.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=3,912|percentage=1.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=70,848|percentage=29.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,40,591|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016 election===

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Sankar Malakar of Congress defeated his nearest rival Amar Sinha of TMC.

{{Election box begin | title= [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Matigara-Naxalbari (SC) constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sankar Malakar]]
|votes = 86,441
|percentage = 41.28
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Amar Sinha|votes=67,814|percentage=32.39|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Anandamoy Barman]]|votes=44,625|percentage=21.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Kamtapur People's Party|KPP]]
|candidate = Bidur Barman
|votes = 2,464
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sudip Mandal|votes=1,849|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Goutam Kirtania|votes=1,739|percentage=0.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Kshitish Chandra Roy|votes=1,138|percentage=0.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the Above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=3,307|percentage=1.58|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,627|percentage=8.90|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,09,377|percentage=83.95|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011 election===
In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Sankar Malakar of Congress defeated his nearest rival Jharen Roy of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title= [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Matigara-Naxalbari (SC) constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sankar Malakar]]
|votes = 74,334
|percentage = 45.19
|change = Winner
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Jharen Roy|votes=67,501|percentage=41.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Kamtapur Progressive Party]]
|candidate = Atul Chandra Roy
|votes = 11,906
|percentage = 7.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Asim Sarkar|votes=7,351|percentage=4.47|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation|candidate=Dipu Haldar|votes=3,391|percentage=2.06|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,833|percentage=4.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,64,483|percentage=84.76|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]

Barauni–Gwalior Mail

2026-03-17T14:39:15Z

Nandini Gowda KL: updated details per sources also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{singlesource|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Barauni-Gwalior Mail
| logo = Barauni mail train.jpg
| image = Barauni mail.jpg
| caption = Barauni-Gwalior Mail At [[Chhapra Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Mail/Express]]
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Bihar]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1889|11|01}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}} (BJU)
| stops = 40 for 11123; 38 for 11124
| end = {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}} (GWL)
| distance = {{convert|1056|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 24 hours 50 minutes for 11123; 25 hours 40 minutes for 11124
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = E-catering only
| observation = Large Windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Under the seat
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 11123 / 11124
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|abbr=on}} average for 11123 and {{convert|41|km/h|abbr=on}} for 11124.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 11123/11124 '''Barauni–Gwalior Mail''' is a [[Express trains in India|mail/express]] train of the Indian Railways connecting {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}} in [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}} of [[Bihar]]. Inaugurated in 1889,<ref name="11123 - IndiaRailInfo"/> it is one of the oldest running trains of [[Indian Railways]].

==Arrival and departure==
*Train 11123 departs from Gwalior daily at 12:05 hrs. and reaches reaching Barauni the next day at 12:55 hrs.<ref name="11123 - IndiaRailInfo"/>
*Train 11124 departs from Barauni daily at 18:50 hrs, and reaches Gwalior the next day at 20:30 hrs.<ref name="11123 - IndiaRailInfo"/>

==Important halts==
The train stops at the following important halts on its way to Gwalior.<ref name="11123 - IndiaRailInfo"/>

* '''{{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Samastipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hajipur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chhapra Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Siwan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Deoria Sadar}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhatni Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Basti}}
* {{stnlnk|Gonda Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barabanki Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}
* {{stnlnk|Orai}}
* {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

From 15 June 2025, two of the train's three dedicated rakes has been upgraded with [[LHB coaches|Linke-Hoffman-Busch coaches]]. The primary maintenance is executed at {{stnlnk|Gwalior}}.

{{Indian Railways coach composition legend}}

'''Coach position of 11123 (ex. Gwalior)'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |22
! rowspan="1" scope ="col" style="background:orange;" | Ref
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|GEN
|A1
|A2
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|S8
|S9
|GEN
|GEN
|SLR
|<ref name="11123 - IndiaRailInfo">{{Cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/592/740/558 | title=11123/Gwalior - Barauni Mail (PT) - Gwalior to Barauni NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>
|-
|}

'''Coach position of 11124 (ex. Barauni)'''

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |Loco
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:yellow;" |1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightskyblue;" |10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |12
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |13
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |14
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange" |15
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |16
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |17
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |18
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |19
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |20
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |21
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |22
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:orange;" |Ref
|-
|[[File:BSicon_LDER.svg|25x25px]]
|EOG
|GEN
|GEN
|GEN
|A1
|A2
|B1
|B2
|B3
|B4
|S1
|S2
|S3
|S4
|S5
|S6
|S7
|S8
|S9
|GEN
|GEN
|SLR
|
|-
|}

Note that the train reverses its direction at {{stnlnk|Jhansi}}, so the coach positions of the train gets reversed for all stations that comes after Jhansi. Passengers are advised to check coach position indicator at station before boarding.

==Traction==

The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Jhansi|Jhansi]] based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Barauni to Gwalior and vice versa.

==See also==
* [[Ratlam–Gwalior Intercity Express]]
* [[Chambal Express]]
* [[Bhopal–Gwalior Intercity Express]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barauni - Gwalior Mail}}
[[Category:Mail trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Transport in Barauni]]

{{India-passenger-train-stub}}

Kajheri

2026-03-13T03:58:38Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New The Pg Added Tags...

{{Short description|Village and neighbourhood in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kajheri
| native_name = कजहेड़ी
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Chandigarh
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chandigarh, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = Union Territory
| subdivision_name1 = Chandigarh
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Chandigarh
| established_title =
| established_date =
| government_type = Panchayat / Municipal Corporation
| leader_title = Sarpanch / Municipal representative
| area_total_km2 =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 160052
| registration_plate = CH
| website = [https://chandigarh.gov.in/ Chandigarh Administration]
| demographics1_info1 = Punjabi, Hindi, English
}}
'''Kajheri''' is a village and neighbourhood within the Union Territory of [[Chandigarh, India]], located in Sector 52. It is officially listed among the villages under the [[Chandigarh Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation of Chandigarh]].

== History ==
Kajheri is a traditional village that predates the establishment of Chandigarh in the 1950s.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Village {{!}} Chandigarh {{!}} India |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/village-list/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Over time, the village transitioned from agrarian livelihoods to semi-urban occupations, while retaining aspects of its original layout.<ref name=":4" />

Kajheri has also been included in urban planning initiatives and development projects, such as anti-encroachment drives and the construction of community facilities.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />

== Significance ==
Kajheri offers an example of a village that has become enveloped by urban development in Chandigarh, yet still retains characteristics of village infrastructure and governance issues. It bridges rural-village administrative categories and urban municipal systems.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kajheri: It’s the same old story — lack of amenities |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/community/kajheri-it-s-the-same-old-story-lack-of-amenities-273378/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-25 |title=Encroachments razed in Sector 52, Kajheri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/encroachments-razed-in-sector-52-kajheri/articleshow/98223381.cms |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chandigarh Mayor listens to public grievances at Kajheri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/chandigarh-mayor-listens-to-public-grievances-at-kajheri/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Urban planning ==

* Kajheri is listed in the [[Chandigarh Master Plan 2031]] under "Villages within the Sectoral Grid," meaning that while village lands remain, they are subject to urban development and integration of city infrastructure.<ref name=":3">[https://chandigarh.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/villages.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com https://chandigarh.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/villages.pdf]</ref>
* Anti-encroachment drives have taken place in Kajheri to clear unauthorised constructions.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Encroachments removed from Kajheri village |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/governance/encroachments-removed-from-kajheri-village-162251/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Recent developments and issues ==

* In July 2025, a report highlighted dangers posed by loose high-voltage wires and poor roads in Kajheri (and other villages) as monsoon rains began, warning of potential fire or health hazards.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=Loose wires, poor roads put villages of UT at risk |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/loose-wires-poor-roads-put-villages-of-ut-at-risk/articleshow/122167717.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Governance efforts include regular visits by municipal and civic officials to solicit resident grievances and plan improvements of internal roads and parks.<ref name=":0" />
== Location ==

* Kajheri falls under the municipal limits of Chandigarh and is included in the list of villages within the city-territory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village {{!}} Chandigarh {{!}} India |url=https://chandigarhdistrict.nic.in/village-list/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Its PIN code is 160052.
* The village is situated in Sector 52 of Chandigarh, adjacent to urban sectors and the bus terminal.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kajheri}}
[[Category:Villages in Chandigarh district]]

Mahakal temple

2026-03-11T13:08:27Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created location

{{Short description|Hindu temple in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mahakal temple
| image = Temple, Observatory Hill, Darjeeling.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.04774|88.26793|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = महाकाल मन्दिर
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Darjeeling district]]
| location = [[Darjeeling]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Mahakala]]
| festivals = All major Hindu and Buddhist festivals
| architecture = Temple
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| established = 1782
| creator = Lama Dorjey Rinzing
| website =
}}
{{Hinduism small}}
[[File:Ne-Mahakal.oga|thumb|]]
The '''Mahakal temple''' or '''Mahakal mandir''' ([[Devanagari]]: महाकाल मन्दिर; {{Literal translation|The master of [[Kaal]] [time]}}) is a sacred [[Hindu temple]] located in [[Darjeeling]], [[West Bengal]], India, dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]], the third god in the [[Hindu trinity|Hindu triumvirate]]. The temple was built in 1782 by Lama Dorjey Rinzing and is perched atop the [[Observatory Hill, Darjeeling|Observatory Hill]] and is an amalgamation of Hindu and Buddhist religions. It is a religious site where both religions coexist harmoniously.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/67546/mahakal-mandir-darjeeling|title=The Mahakal Mandir in Darjeeling - Outlook Traveller|website=www.outlookindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_000014.htm|title=Darjeeling Observatory Hill & Mahakal Temple|last=win7|website=www.darjeeling-tourism.com|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingonline.in/city-guide/mahakal-temple|title=Mahakal Temple Darjeeling, Mahakal Mandir in Darjeeling|website=www.darjeelingonline.in|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/darjeeling/mahakal-temple-religious.html|title=Mahakal Temple in Darjeeling India - Attractions in Darjeeling MakeMyTrip.com|website=www.makemytrip.com|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=15 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815090945/https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/darjeeling/mahakal-temple-religious.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
Mahakal temple stands as a historical edifice on the spot where a [[Vihara|Buddhist Monastery]] named 'Dorje-Ling' once stood, which was built by Lama Dorjey Rinzing in 1765. Prior to that it is believed that the spot was a sacred spot of the aboriginal Lepcha folks. Later a monastery was constructed on the spot and worshipped by both [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]]s and [[Bhutia]]s.

It was after the invasion of the Gurkha Army around 1788 that the monastery was desecrated and destroyed by the invading troops and in course of time the sacred place overwhelmingly began to represent the Hindu symbolisms of the majority Nepali community. Legend has it that three [[Lingam|Shiva-Lingas]] representing [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva|Maheshwar (Shiva)]] manifested themselves at the site in 1782. The monastery itself was plundered and destroyed in 1815 during the [[Anglo-Nepalese War|Gorkha invasion]] after which it was shifted to [[Bhutia Busty]] about a mile away and was called the [[Bhutia Busty Monastery]]. The temple is a much revered and visited religious shrine of the area.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://detechter.com/this-shiva-temple-in-darjeeling-connects-both-hindus-and-buddhists/|title=Mahakal Mandir in Darjeeling connects both Hindus and Buddhists|date=2018-06-05|work=Detechter|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

Legend has it that the name Darjeeling was derived from the name of the monastery 'Dorje-Ling' itself.

== Temple complex ==
The main Mahakal temple is devoted to Shiva and it witness devotees from all sections of society and religions most visiting the temple for both leisure or pilgrimage. Bells and hundreds of colorful prayer flags line the up-hill walk and the shrine.

The three gold plated [[Lingam]]s inside the main temple represent Hindu Gods [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu|Bishnu]] and [[Shiva|Maheswar]]. There are idols of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] alongside the Lingams where both a Hindu priest and a Buddhist monk perform religious rituals and offer prayers simultaneously.

Within the temple complex is a white '[[Stupa|chorten]]' (Tibetan memorial shrine) where lies the relics of Dorjey Rinzing Lama the original builder of the site. Dotted around are many other smaller shrines and temples dedicated to [[Kali|Goddess Kali]], [[Durga|Goddess Durga]], Saat Kanya Bhagavati Devi, [[Ganesha]], [[Krishna]], [[Rama]], [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Shirdi Sai Baba]], [[Hanuman]], [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]], [[Radha]] and other Gods and Goddesses.

=== Location ===
[[File:31a Darjeeling Tempeleingang.JPG|alt=Entrance to the Mahakal temple complex|thumb|255x255px|Entrance to the Mahakal temple complex]]
Mahakal temple is located behind the [[Chowrasta (Darjeeling)|Chowrasta]] and encircled by the Mall Road on the ridge of Darjeeling town. The approach is an uphill narrow road about 100 yards from the Mall and is accessible by foot only.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://darjeelingadventuretourism.com/mahakal-temple|title=Mahakal Temple Darjeeling, Places to visit in Darjeeling, Observatory Hill (Mahakal Mandir) Darjeeling|last=Tourism|first=Darjeeling Adventure|website=darjeelingadventuretourism.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref>
[[File:Darjeeling India.jpg|alt=A Buddhist monk next to the entrance to the Mahakal temple complex. Nandi the sacred bull(Shiva's vehicle on the bottom right)|thumb|382x382px|A Buddhist monk next to the entrance to the Mahakal temple complex. Nandi the sacred bull (Shiva's vehicle on the bottom right). Colorful prayer flags behind the monk.]]

== Geographic significance ==
The Observatory Hill itself is rich in flora and fauna unique to the [[Himalayas|Himalayan range]] of mountains and the full range of third highest peak in the world mount [[Kangchenjunga|Kanchenjunga]] can be witnessed from atop the temple complex.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Chowrasta (Darjeeling)|Chowrasta Darjeeling]]
* [[Observatory Hill, Darjeeling]]
* [[Bhutia Busty Monastery]]
* [[Dhirdham Temple]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{Hindu deities and texts}}
{{Darjeeling}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Places in Hindu worship]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling district]]

Arjun Kapikad

2026-03-08T02:24:47Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arjun Kapikad
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2012–present
| parents =
}}

'''Arjun Kapikad''' is an Indian actor and singer, who appears in [[Tulu cinema|Tulu films]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industries. He made his acting debut with the 2012 movie, ''Telikeda Bolli''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Coming Soon: Arjun Kapikad's Debut Tulu Movie 'Telikeda Bolli'|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=122069|access-date=2021-10-23|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref> He is a frequent collaborater with his father [[Devadas Kapikad]].

==Filmography==
{{BLP sources section|date= January 2023}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Role
!Language
! scope="col"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Ref.
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Telikeda Bolli]]'' ||
| rowspan="6" |[[Tulu language|Tulu]]|| || <ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''[[Rang (2014 film)|Rang]]''|||| || <ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Mangaluru: Rang, Tulu movie box office hit completes 100 days in city |url=http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=11229 |work=bellevision.com |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Mangalore: Entertainment ahead - 'Rang' Tulu movie to hit screens on 8 Aug |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=253964 |publisher=Daijiworld.com |accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chaali Polilu]]'' |||| Cameo appearance||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Oriyan Thoonda Oriyagapuji]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhand (film)|Dhand]]''|| Arjun|| ||
|-
|''[[Chandi Kori]]''|||| rowspan="3" | Also playback singer||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016|| ''[[Madhura Swapna]]''||
|[[Kannada]]||
|-
|''[[Barsa (Tulu film)|Barsa]]''|| Prithvi
| Tulu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 ||''[[Mugulu Nage]]''||
| Kannada || Cameo appearance||
|-
|''[[Are Marler]]''|| Shekara
| rowspan="4" | Tulu || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''Karne''
| Sakshath|| ||
|-
|''Yera Ullerge''|| Jeetu|| ||
|-
|2019 ||''[[Jabardasth Shankara]]''|| Shankara|| Also lyricist and playback singer ||
|-
|2020 ||''[[Malgudi Days (2020 film)|Malgudi Days]]''|| Vijay
| Kannada || ||
|-
|2022
|''Abatara''
|
|Tulu
|Directorial Debut ||
|-
|2026
|''[[After Operation London Cafe]]''
|
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] Kannada
|Bilingual film
|
|}

=== As dubbing artist ===
*[[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] (2022) for Rishab Shetty (Tulu dubbed version)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-14 |title=Kantara to be dubbed in Tulu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-to-be-dubbed-in-tulu/articleshow/94856289.cms |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

;As playback singer
*''[[Umil]]'' (2018)

==Awards==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= January 2023}}
*[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards|Red FM Tulu Film Award 2014]] - Best Actor for [[Telikeda Bolli]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015|Tulu Cinemotsava Awards 2015]] -Best Actor(public choice) for [[Rang (2014 film)|Rang]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015|Tulu Cinemotsava Awards 2015]] -Best Emerging Actor

==List of Tulu Movies Links==

*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Regional film]]
*[[RED FM Tulu Film Awards]]
*[[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015]]

==References==

<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/newsbriefs/Budding-Tulu-actor-Arjun-Kapikad-feted-at-Media-Manthan-.html|title=Budding Tulu actor Arjun Kapikad feted at Media Manthan|publisher=Mangaloretoday.com|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6237249}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapikad, Arjun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tulu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Government City College, Hyderabad

2026-03-07T22:01:04Z

Nandini Gowda KL: general enhance content for consistency additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Educational Institute in Hyderabad, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| image_name = The Hyderabad Govt City P.G. College.png
| name = The City College of Hyderabad
| city = [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = India {{flagicon|India}}
| affiliation = [[Osmania University]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1921|09|04}}
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]], 6 acres
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| founder = [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]]
| vice_chancellor =
| chancellor =
| website = https://gdctg.cgg.gov.in/charminar.edu
| footnotes = Accredited with 'A++' Grade by NAAC with CGPA 3.67
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Government City College##Location in Telangana##Location in India
}}

'''Government City College (ప్రభుత్వ సిటీ కళాశాల) Hyderabad''' is an Under Graduate and Post-Graduate autonomous college located in [[Hyderabad]]. The campus is one of the oldest Heritage structures in Hyderabad.<ref name="apcce.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.apcce.gov.in/PDF%20Files/JLPromotionsPhase-II/revised/History.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 April 2011 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322232252/http://www.apcce.gov.in/PDF%20Files/JLPromotionsPhase-II/revised/History.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKDIwKU5-wA|title=Hyderabad Shaan - History of Government City College (26-04-2015)|date=25 April 2015|work=YouTube}}</ref> Government City College has been re-accredited with 'A++' grade and 3.67 CGPA by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] in its IV Cycle. It has been conferred with autonomy by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], [[Osmania University]] and the [[Telangana State Government]] since 2004. The college has adopted CBCS since the academic year 2014–15. Its centenary celebrations were observed with cultural programmes on 25, 26 and 27 August 2022.

==History==
[[File:Citycollege 3.JPG|thumb|right|Old Administrative Building]]
The [[Nizam]] [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI]] of [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] established the first city school in the name "Madarsa Dar-ul-uloom" as early as 1865, later [[Nizam]] [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]], converted it into a City High School. The school moved into the present grand building in 1921. Intermediate sections (F.A.) of Osmania University with 30 students were introduced in 1921 under the supervision of the high school with [[Urdu]] as the medium of instruction. In 1929, the school was upgraded to a college, named "City College" and made a constituent college of Osmania University. Its chief engineer was Nawab Khan Bahadur Mirza Akbar Baig.

The building housing the City College was established on September 4, 1921. British Architect [[Vincent Esch]] was commissioned by Hyderabad City Improvement Board to design and construct this building. The newly built building was initially used to house a school then known as Dar-ul-Uloom, and later in 1929 was converted into a college.<ref name="NewIndExp1">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/sep/07/100-yrs-of-city-college-once-prestigious-now-forgotten-2355205.html|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|title=100 years of City College: Once prestigious, now forgotten|first=Mayank|last=Tiwari|date=2021-09-07|access-date=2024-12-28}}</ref>

==Syllabus and changes of name==
Consequent to the abolition of the Intermediate course (FA) in Osmania University in 1956, the Pre-University Course (PUC) was introduced. The [[Bachelor of Science]] courses were introduced in 1962 and the institution was named as "City Science College". City College was taken over by the government from Osmania University in 1965 and was renamed as Government City Science College. In 1967, B.A. and B.Com. courses were added and the college became "Government City College".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/5522507-itemdisplay-NAAC-report-of-Government-City-College-Hyderabad-(Secundrabad).htm|title=Government City College Hyderabad (Secundrabad) Telangana|work=punjabcolleges.com|access-date=20 April 2011|archive-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005185046/http://www.punjabcolleges.com/5522507-itemdisplay-NAAC-report-of-Government-City-College-Hyderabad-(Secundrabad).htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The college offers more than 50 undergraduate programmes, including [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]., [[B.Com]] and [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]].

==Post Graduate Research Centre==
The college was upgraded as a Research Center with the introduction of [[Master of Science]] Programs in [[Biotechnology]], and [[Mathematics]], in 2001 and 2003 respectively with 100% placement record. Physics, and Commerce were introduced in 2015 and 2016 respectively.

==Facilities and activities==
* Central library which possesses rare books, Central Computing and Internet facilities.<ref name="punjabcolleges1">{{cite news |url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/5522507-itemdisplay-NAAC-report-of-Government-City-College-Hyderabad-(Secundrabad).htm |title=Government City College, Hyderabad (Secundrabad) | Colleges in Hyderabad (Secundrabad) Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Punjabcolleges.com |date=2004-02-15 |access-date=2012-08-21 |archive-date=5 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005185046/http://www.punjabcolleges.com/5522507-itemdisplay-NAAC-report-of-Government-City-College-Hyderabad-(Secundrabad).htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Cricket/football stadium, NCC and NSS.
* Health centre, grievances redressal cell, career guidance cell.<ref name="punjabcolleges1"/>
* B.R. Ambedkar Open University center, auditorium and Seminar Hall.
* State of the art Biotechnology lab, and field visits to [[Genome Valley]].<ref name="punjabcolleges1"/>
* It also provides skill training at the [https://task.telangana.gov.in/ TASK](Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge) lab.
* Various opportunities to study abroad and [[IELTS]] coaching at G-CELL.

==Architecture==
Government City College was established in 1919 during the rule of the [[Nizam]], [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII]] of erstwhile [[Hyderabad State]]. The campus is spread over 16 acres and the building is constructed on the banks of [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]] in the [[Indo-Saracenic]] style facing the open ground (now ''Quli Qutub Shah Stadium''); the [[Telangana High Court]] is adjacent to the college.<ref name="punjabcolleges1"/> The college building has been declared a [[Industrial heritage|Heritage Monument]] by the Government of [[Telangana]]. It has been a pan-India film shooting hub.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edu.sulekha.com/colleges/in/ap/hyderabad/government-city-college/default.htm |title=Government City College - Government City College, Hyderabad |publisher=Edu.sulekha.com |access-date=2012-08-21}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==
* [[Shivraj Patil]]
* [[P. Shiv Shankar]]
* [[Marri Chenna Reddy]]
*[[Arshad Ayub]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://govtcitycollege.ac.in/alumni.html|title=.:: Welcome to govtcitycollege.ac.in|work=govtcitycollege.ac.in|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216231736/http://www.govtcitycollege.ac.in/alumni.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
* [[Paruchuri Gopala Krishna]]
* [[J. K. Bharavi]]
* [[Muhammad Ali (actor)]]
* [[Mohammed Fayazuddin]]<ref name="NewIndExp1"/>
* [[Syed Abdul Rahim]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upscwithnikhil.com/article/social/syed-abdul-rahim |title=Syed Abdul Rahim }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
{{commons category}}
[[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
{{coord|17.3686|78.4698|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Establishments in Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1921]]

{{India-university-stub}}

Ratha Kanneer

2026-03-06T10:38:45Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Details

{{Short description|1954 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ratha Kanneer.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| writer = Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj
| based_on = {{based on|''Ratha Kanneer''|Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj}}
| producer = Perumal Mudaliar
| starring = {{ubl|[[M. R. Radha]]|[[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]]|[[S. S. Rajendran]]}}
| cinematography = R. R. Chandran
| editing = S. Panjabi
| music = [C.S. Jayaraman back ground music [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = [[National Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|1954|10|25}}
| runtime = 151 minutes{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=146}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Ratha Kanneer''''' ({{translation|Tears of Blood}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]], and written by Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj. Based on Thangaraj's play of the same name, the film stars [[M. R. Radha]], [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]] and [[S. S. Rajendran]], with [[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]], [[M. N. Rajam]] and S. R. Janaki in supporting roles. It revolves around a returned-from-abroad, westernised rich man who shows arrogance and contempt towards anything part of [[Culture of India|Indian culture]] and anyone below his social standards.

The film was produced by Perumal Mudaliar of [[National Pictures]], and had Radha reprising his role from the play. Cinematography was handled by R. R. Chandran and editing by Panju under the alias S. Panjabi. The score was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and the songs by [[C. S. Jayaraman]], with lyrics by [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Bharathiyaar]], [[Bharathidasan]], [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] and Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy.

''Ratha Kanneer'' was released on 25 October 1954, during the week of [[Diwali]]. The film became a critical and commercial success, and Radha became a much sought-after artiste in Tamil cinema.

== Plot ==
Mohanasundaram is a philanderer, chain-smoker and drunkard. He does not respect elders, or people below his social standards. He is ruthless and even beats his own mother. Immediately upon his return to India, he is married to Chandra, a cultured, well-mannered, conservative Indian village girl. But he starts an affair with Kantha, a prostitute. His best friend Balu tries to advise him to mend his ways but Mohan turns a deaf ear. Mohan even fails to attend his own mother's post-death formalities as he wants to attend the birthday function of Kantha's mother. Mohan loses his mind over Kantha, even surrenders all his riches to her and also loses every loved one in his life. When he loses the last of his riches and close ones, he is struck down by [[leprosy]]. His life then turns upside down. With no money left for the treatment of his disease, he is totally ignored and despised by Kantha and her associates. She even locks him up in a room and treats him like an untouchable. In a few days, Kantha throws him out of her house and Mohan loses his eyesight soon after.

As a poor leper, Mohan wanders the streets to beg for food. In this last stage of his life, he learns the value of life itself and how to respect others. He feels remorseful for the way he treated his wife, mother and everyone else around him. He meets Chandra, his wife, who now lives a scarce life. Both do not recognise each other, as he is blind and she gets to see only his disfigured, leprosy-stricken face. He also meets his old best friend, Balu. The trio finally recognise each other. Mohan also learns through Balu about Kantha's death in an air crash. Mohan marries Chandra off to Balu, in the hope that she receives only love and care from a better man than Mohan. As a last request, he asks for a leper's statue to be risen in his likeness, to serve as warning for philanderers like himself. Some time after Mohan's death, a statue of him is erected per his request, and Balu breaks into a song about righteousness and values of life.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Mohanasundaram
*[[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]] as Chandra<ref name="thenewsminute" />
*[[S. S. Rajendran]] as Balu<ref name="thenewsminute" />

*[[J. P. Chandrababu|Chandrababu]] as the pimp<ref name="thenewsminute" />

*[[M. N. Rajam]] as Kantha
*S. R. Janaki as Mohanasundaram's mother<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

;Dance<ref name="RandorGuy" />
*[[Kusalakumari]]
*[[Sayee–Subbulakshmi]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Ratha Kanneer'' was a stage play written by Tiruvarur K. Thangaraj. The play was first staged on 14 January 1949 in [[Tiruchirappalli]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=சரித்திரன் |date=6 April 2015 |title=இன்று அன்று {{!}} 1927 ஏப்ரல் 6: ரத்தக்கண்ணீர் படைப்பாளியின் பிறந்த தினம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/39770-1927-6.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430201917/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/39770-1927-6.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=16 November 2020 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> and was a success wherever it was staged, elevating its lead actor [[M. R. Radha]] to an icon in the field of Tamil theatre. The play was staged not only in South India but also in places like Malaya (now Singapore and Malaysia), Burma (now Myanmar) and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) where it met with equal success.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> The director duo [[Krishnan–Panju]] decided to adapt the play into a feature film. [[AVM Productions]] who was supposed to produce the film backed out due to the negative approach of the plot.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=18 March 1979 |title=நூற்றுக்கு நூறு வெற்றி பெற்றோம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-03-18/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230311191158/https://archive.org/details/kalki1979-03-18/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=11 March 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film adaptation was produced by Perumal Mudaliar under [[National Pictures]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref name="sangam" /> Cinematography was handled by R. R. Chandran and editing by Panju under the alias S. Panjabi.<ref name="thenewsminute" />

=== Casting and filming ===
Though many film producers of the period hesitated to cast Radha in their films because of his caustic attitude, Mudaliar decided he should reprise his role from the play. Radha agreed to join the film after his conditions were met, one of which was him acting only at night after he acted in stage plays during the day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2015 |title=எம்.ஆர்.ராதா - கலகக்காரனின் கதை! (12) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/mr-radha---the-story-of-the-riot-12/24882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501070142/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=24882&cat=2 |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Venkatesh |date=27 December 2020 |title='Madras' Radha – A Periyarist who used pungent dramatics as a social cleanser |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/12/27044503/1268443/Madras-Radha--A-Periyarist-who-used-pungent-dramatics-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501074500/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2020/12/27044503/1268443/Madras-Radha--A-Periyarist-who-used-pungent-dramatics-.vpf |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> The film marked the comeback of Radha to cinema after a long absence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2018 |title=தமிழ் திரைப்பட நடிகர் எம்.ஆர்.ராதா பிறந்த தினம் - பிப்.21, 1907 |trans-title=Tamil film actor M. R. Radha's birthday: 21 February 1907 |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Timeline/Kalasuvadugal/2018/02/21044559/1146909/Tamil-Movie-Actor-MR-Radha-birthday.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815200717/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Timeline/Kalasuvadugal/2018/02/21044559/1146909/Tamil-Movie-Actor-MR-Radha-birthday.vpf |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[M. N. Rajam]] was selected to portray the [[Femme fatale|vamp]] Kantha, and had to put weight to portray the character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=6 May 2011 |title=In rewind mode |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-rewind-mode/article1993343.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625045013/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-rewind-mode/article1993343.ece |archive-date=25 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to Rajam, no actress was willing to portray Kantha, but she agreed after she was approached by Krishnan–Panju. Rajam was hesitant to enact the scene where she had to kick Mohanasundaram (Radha's character) down from the staircase; she later relented after being requested by Krishnan.<ref name="sangam" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 January 2007 |title=Contented with her lot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/contented-with-her-lot/article2271268.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101075205/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/contented-with-her-lot/article2271268.ece |archive-date=1 January 2020 |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

While filming the climax where Mohan is seen joining his wife Chandra's ([[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]]) hands to his friend Balu's ([[S. S. Rajendran]]), the directors were hesitant, believing that if the scene was featured in the film, people would not accept it and the scene would cause controversy. Radha threatened not to act further if the scene was not filmed, and shooting stopped for a few months. Eventually, the climax was filmed at the behest of Radha.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2015 |title=எம்.ஆர்.ராதா - கலகக்காரனின் கதை! (13) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/mr-radha---the-story-of-the-riot-13/24992 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180104052534/http://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=24992&cat=2&Print=1 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Though during filming a remuneration was fixed for Radha, by the time filming ended he charged three times the agreed upon remuneration; his overall pay was {{INRConvert|125000|year=1954}}.<ref name="sangam" /> The final length of the film was {{convert|15895|feet|metres}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Themes and influences ==
According to [[C. S. Lakshmi]], ''Ratha Kanneer'' was built on a framework of purity and impurity. The title of the film meaning "Tears of Blood" refers to the tears of the wife who is pure.{{Sfn|Lakshmi|2008|page=19}} In Marja Evelyn Mogk's edited volume ''Different Bodies:Essays on Disability in Film and Television'', Joyojeet Paal wrote that the film pairs "western debauchery with consequent traditional punitive reprisal in form of physical disfigurement" and also noted that the storyline of the film bears resemblance to [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], son of the Hindu god [[Krishna]].{{Sfn|Paal|2013|page=111}} Writer [[Perumal Murugan]] feels the views of Mohan actually reflect those of [[Periyar|E. V. Ramasamy]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kannadasan |first=Akila |date=17 August 2019 |title=Why Perumal Murugan thinks 'Ratha Kanneer' is relevant even today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/writer-perumal-murugan-on-ratha-kanneer/article29118843.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218142153/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/writer-perumal-murugan-on-ratha-kanneer/article29118843.ece |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> of whom Thangaraj was a follower.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2014 |title=Leaders Pay Tributes to Thangarasu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/jan/07/Leaders-Pay-Tributes-to-Thangarasu-560376.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501163223/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2014/jan/07/Leaders-Pay-Tributes-to-Thangarasu-560376.html |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Researcher and ethnographer Preeti Mudliar compared ''[[Andha Naal]]'' (1954) to ''Ratha Kanneer'' because in both films, "the sin of foreignness is [neutralised] by a chaste Tamil woman, the virtuous wife".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mudliar |first=Preeti |year=2015 |title=Watching from an Arm's Length: The Foreign Hand in Tamil Cinema |url=http://joyojeet.people.si.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718060127/http://joyojeet.people.si.umich.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Foreign-Hand-in-Tamil-Cinema.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=19 August 2018 |website=[[Communication, Culture & Critique]] |pages=9–10}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music director for the movie was [[C. S. Jayaraman]] while the background music was provided by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.RatthaKanneer_Krishnan-Panchu_1954/19.%20RatthaKanneer_Krishnan-Panchu_1954.pdf |title=ரத்தக்கன்னீர் |publisher=National Pictures |year=1954 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=18 October 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratha Kanneer |url=http://www.saregama.com/album/ratha-kanneer_15777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094341/http://www.saregama.com/album/ratha-kanneer_15777 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> The song "Kadhavai Saathadi" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Atana]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=14 September 2012 |title=Atana for inspiring valour |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/atana-for-inspiring-valour/article3896793.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501062916/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/atana-for-inspiring-valour/article3896793.ece |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The songs "Kutram Purindhavan" and "Aalai Aalai" attained popularity.<ref name="RandorGuy" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Aalai Aaalai Paarkirrai" || [[T. V. Rathnam]] || [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| 02:59
|-
| "Kutram Purindhavan Vaazhkaiyil Nimmadhi" || [[C. S. Jayaraman]] || Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy || 03:44
|-
| "Kadhavai Saathadi" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]] || || 03:54
|-
| "Maalai Itta Mannan Yaaro" || T. V. Rathnam || Udumalai Narayana Kavi || 02:59
|-
| "Tatti Parithaar En Vaazhvai" || T. S. Bagavathi || || 03:23
|-
| "Manidhar Vaazhvile Manam Adhu Pole" || [[A. P. Komala]] || || 03:12
|-
| "Vaalavayathaagi Azhagaagi Madhanaagi" || C. S. Jayaraman || || 03:04
|-
| "Pengale Ulaga Kangale" || T. S. Bagavathi || || 03:11
|-
| "Aalaiyin Sangge Nee Oothaayo" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || [[Subramania Bharati|Bharathidasan]] || 03:28
|-
| "Thannai Arindhu" || C. S. Jayaraman || || 03:18
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Ratha Kanneer'' was released on 25 October 1954, during the week of [[Diwali]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=27 October 2020 |title='அடியே காந்தா...'வுக்கு 66 வயது! எம்.ஆர்.ராதாவின் 'ரத்தக்கண்ணீர்'... திருவாரூர் தங்கராசுவின் 'ரத்தக்கண்ணீர்'! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595270-66-years-of-ratthakkanneer-m-r-radha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430204739/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/595270-66-years-of-ratthakkanneer-m-r-radha.html |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film emerged a critical and commercial success, with particular praise towards Radha's performance, and ran for over 100 days in theatres.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=147}}

== Other versions ==
The play inspired an adaptation in Telugu starring [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]], and later the Tamil film was dubbed into Telugu.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> After Radha's death, his eldest son [[M. R. R. Vasu|Vasu]] played the protagonist in the play till his death, and at present donning the character is Radha's other son [[Radha Ravi|Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 March 2012 |title=Refrains, old and new |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210501121323/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/refrains-old-and-new/article2973933.ece |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2002, whenever the play was staged with Ravi starring, the plot was amended to show the protagonist suffering from [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dharmaraj |first=Vidyashree |date=25 July 2002 |title=Making big strides on small screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/making-big-strides-on-small-screen/article28604383.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210430204051/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/making-big-strides-on-small-screen/article28604383.ece |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Kannada actor [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] saw the film and adapted the play and film into Kannada for the modern audience and appeared in the lead role, enacting M. R. Radha's role. Upendra, however, clarified that the Kannada version was not a remake.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |date=1 October 2014 |title='A remake is a remake even if the producer spends crores' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/a-remake-is-a-remake-even-if-the-producer-spends-crores-south/20141001.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212182551/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/a-remake-is-a-remake-even-if-the-producer-spends-crores-south/20141001.htm |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=12 February 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film, titled ''[[Raktha Kanneeru]],'' was directed by [[Sadhu Kokila]]. The film was released in 2003 and became a success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri |date=10 July 2007 |title=Star Interviews: Upendra – Interview |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/upendra_interview_2.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220132955/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/upendra_interview_2.php |archive-date=20 February 2008 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> In August 2014, Vasu's son Sathish announced his intention to make another modern film version of the story, but those plans were cancelled due to his death in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2015 |title=Dream Remake of Thespian Radha's Ratha Kanneer Sinks |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/may/10/dream-remake-of-thespian-radhas-ratha-kanneer-sinks-758584.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210501124443/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/may/10/Dream-Remake-of-Thespian-Radhas-Ratha-Kanneer-Sinks-758584.html |archive-date=1 May 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
After the success of the film, Radha became a much sought-after artiste in Tamil cinema.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and [[Balu Mahendra]] named ''Ratha Kanneer'' as one of their favourite films in Tamil. Mahendran said: "''Ratha Kaneer'', has progressive ideas and great acting by M.R.Radha".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Actor [[Sivakumar]] stated that "You can't reproduce movies like ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'', ''[[Pasamalar]]'', ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadas]]'', ''[[Veerapandiya Kattabomman (film)|Veerapandiya Kattabomman]]'', or ''Ratha Kanneer'' [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists’ image."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=N. |date=3 January 2008 |title=Sivakumar not for old wine in new bottle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326134402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

An exchange between Mohanasundaram and Balu is sampled as part of the outro in [[Yogi B|Yogi B's]] 2006 hit track, "Madai Thiranthu".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi B and Natchatra's 'Madai Thiranthu' sample of Kalai scene in Ratha Kanneer |url=https://www.whosampled.com/sample/463879/Yogi-B-Natchatra-Madai-Thiranthu-Ratha-Kanneer-Kalai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250619031002/https://www.whosampled.com/sample/463879/Yogi-B-Natchatra-Madai-Thiranthu-Ratha-Kanneer-Kalai/ |archive-date=19 June 2025 |access-date=19 June 2025 |website=[[WhoSampled]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=31 May 2020 |title='Ratha Kanneer': MR Radha's film is a scathing indictment of our culture |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratha-kanneer-mr-radha-s-film-scathing-indictment-our-culture-125619 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127065651/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ratha-kanneer-mr-radha-s-film-scathing-indictment-our-culture-125619 |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 July 2009 |title=Rattha Kanneer 1954 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rattha-kanneer-1954/article3021758.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430201914/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/rattha-kanneer-1954/article3021758.ece |archive-date=30 April 2021 |access-date=30 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1954 – ரத்தக்கண்ணீர் – நேஷனல் பிக்சர்ஸ்-ரத்தக்கண்ணீரு(தெ-டப்) |trans-title=1954 – Ratha Kanneer – National Pictures-Ratha Kanneeru (Telugu, dub) |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails26.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180104051409/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails26.asp |archive-date=4 January 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="sangam">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=4 February 2016 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 33 {{!}} M.R. Radha – a mentor to many |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-33/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418184948/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-33/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=1 May 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lakshmi |first=C. S. |author-link=C. S. Lakshmi |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3 |editor-last=Velayutham |editor-first=Selvaraj |chapter=A good woman, a very good woman: Tamil cinema's women}}
* {{Cite book |last=Paal |first=Joyojeet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3SfTAAAAQBAJ |title=Different Bodies: Essays on Disability in Film and Television |publisher=McFarland |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4766-0621-7 |editor-last=Mogk |editor-first=Marja Evelyn |chapter=Physical Disability and Indian Cinema}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 drama films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. S. Jayaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dabra, Madhya Pradesh

2026-03-04T04:11:44Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{More citations needed|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dabra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 240
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 = Navgrah Mandir Dabra.png
| caption1 = Navgrah Mandir Dabra
| image2 = Dabra railway station 04.jpg}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Dabra Railway Station
| image_map = Dabra block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Dabra tehsil and CD block
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.89|N|78.33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gwalior district|Gwalior]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Dabra Municipal
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 475110
| area_code = 07524
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = MP-07
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dabra''' ([[Hindi]]: डबरा) is a [[town]] and [[municipality]] in [[Gwalior district]] in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]] located near [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44 (NH-44)]]. It is known for its cascading landscape and production of dhaan, a type of [[rice]]. It serves as the headquarters for both a [[tehsil]] and a coterminous [[community development block]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Madhya Pradesh District Census Handbook - Gwalior, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=223–83 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/23/2304_PART_A_DCHB_GWALIOR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref>

Dabra is the largest municipality in [[Madhya Pradesh]], with the [[Sind River]] located {{convert|5|km|0|abbr=on}} away. [[Sonagiri|Sonagir]], a [[Jainism|Jain]] [[pilgrimage]], and [[Datia]], an ancient town, are located {{convert|16|km|0|abbr=on}} and {{convert|32|km|0|abbr=on}} from Dabra respectively. Other nearby places of interest are the Temple of Bamrauli Hanuman Ji, the Dhumeshwar Mahadev Temple, the [[Baba Thakur|Baba Thakur Temple]], the [[Vankhandeshwar Mahadev Temple|Vankhandeshwar Mahadev]] [[Hindu temple|Mandir]] and the tomb of [[Pir Baba]]. [[Abul Fazl|Abul Fazal]], one of [[Akbar|Akbar's]] [[Navaratna|navratnas]] (nine gems), on the behest of [[Jahangir]] by [[Vir Singh Deo]], [[raja]] of [[Orchha State|Orchha]], was killed and buried in a tomb at Antri ({{convert|31|km|0|abbr=on}} from Dabra towards Gwalior).

'''Navagraha Temple''' (also known as Navgrah Mandir or Navgrah Shakti Peeth) is a prominent modern Hindu temple dedicated to the [[Navagraha]] (nine celestial bodies/planets). Claimed to be [[Asia]]'s largest Navagraha temple, it spans over 12 acres and features idols of all nine planets along with their consorts, a unique feature.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/news/indias-biggest-navagraha-temple-nears-consecration-in-gwalior-planetary-deities-enshrined-with-wives-136854800.html |title=India’s biggest 'Navagraha' temple nears consecration in Gwalior |date=3 January 2026 |website=Bhaskar English |access-date=February 9, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://navagrahadabra.com/ |title=Navgraha Mandir Dabra – Location, Timings & Visitor Guide |website=navagrahadabra.com |access-date=February 9, 2026}}</ref>

The temple incorporates [[Dravidian architecture]] blended with [[Vastu Shastra]] and [[Jyotish]] principles, built on the sacred number 108. It serves as a major pilgrimage site for devotees seeking astrological remedies, planetary peace, and spiritual solace. The Pran Pratishtha (consecration) was held in February 2026.<ref name="bhaskar" />

It is located near Magrora in Dabra, making it easily accessible and a growing attraction alongside other local temples.

== Education ==
Dabra has schools for [[Primary school|primary]] and [[secondary education]] (affiliated with CBSE/ICSE/MP Boards).

*Ips higher secondary school Dabra<ref>{{Cite web |title=KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DABRA {{!}} India |url=https://dabra.kvs.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Kendriya Vidyalaya Dabra<ref>{{Cite web |title=KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA DABRA {{!}} India |url=https://dabra.kvs.ac.in/ |access-date=2025-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Cambridge School<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL |url=http://www.cambridgeschooldabra.org/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=www.cambridgeschooldabra.org}}</ref>
* St. Peter's School<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Peters School |url=https://stpeterschooldabra.com/ |access-date=2025-03-06 |website=stpeterschooldabra.com}}</ref>
* Mangla Higher Secondary School
* Shri ram school thakur baba dabra
* Daisy Moral Higher Secondary School
* Sant Kanwar Ram Higher Secondary School
* Shri Guru Nanak Public Higher Secondary School
*Central Academy High School
*Global Public School
*Saraswati Shishu Mandir
*DAV Higher Secondary School
*Vankhandeshwar Higher Secondary School
*Mahatma Jyotirao Phuley Convent School
*Bal Shramik Vishesh Vidyalaya

=== Higher education ===

*Government Vrandasahay PG College
*Government Polytechnic College, Dabra

== Medical facilities ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
Dabra has a 100-bed government civil [[hospital]] and various private hospitals to serve health-related issues.

== Transportation ==
=== Railways ===
[[File:Dabra railway station 13.jpg|thumb|Dabra railway station]]
'''[[Dabra railway station|Dabra Railway Station]]''' is a [[Train station|railway station]] in [[Gwalior district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Its station code is '''DBA and it is operated by the Jhansi Railway Division. It''' serves around 2 lakh people of [[Dabra]] city, [[Bhitarwar]], Tekanpur BSF Academy and other nearby villages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dabra (DBA) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/dabra-dba |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Chourasiya |first=Ajay |title=Dabra Railway Station Map/Atlas NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dabra-dba/739 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Dabra Railway Station {{!}} Trains Timetable passing through Dabra Station |url=https://www.cleartrip.com/trains/stations/DBA/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.cleartrip.com}}</ref>

It is connected to [[New Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Bhopal]], [[Agra]], [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Varanasi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Haridwar]], [[Chhapra]], [[Gaya (India)|Gaya]], [[Pune]], [[Nasik]], [[Jammu]], [[Amritsar]], Nagpur, barouni, Nanded Sahib, [[Allahabad]], [[Ferozpur]], [[Chhindwara]], [[Udaipur]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ajmer]], [[Puri]], [[Indore]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] and [[Bhubaneshwar]] through rail network.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Roads ===
Dabra is connected to [[Gwalior]] and [[Jhansi]] via NH-44. This is a four-lane highway that connects major cities like Gwalior, Jhansi, Chhatarpur, Khajuraho, Panna, Satna, and, Rewa.

=== Airport ===
The nearest airport from Dabra is [[Gwalior Airport]] which is {{convert|54|km|abbr=on}} from Dabra. This airport serves to Bangalore, Indore, New Delhi, Mumbai, Jammu, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Pune, Patna, Chennai, Mangaluru, Ahemdabad, and Kochi.

== Geography ==
Dabra is located at {{Coord|25.9|N|78.33|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Dabra.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Dabra]</ref> It has an average elevation of 201 metres (659 feet).

== Demographics ==

As of the [[2011 Census of India]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2304_PART_B_DCHB_GWALIOR.pdf|title= Census of India 2011, Madhya Pradesh, District Census Handbook Gwalior}}</ref> Dabra had a population of 237,974. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Dabra has an average literacy rate of 57%: male literacy is 67% and, female literacy is 46%. In Dabra, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Villages ==
Dabra tehsil/block has 155 [[village]]s in addition to the [[census towns]] of Dabra, Buzurg, [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]], and [[Tekanpur, India|Tekanpur]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> The villages are listed below:<ref name="Census 2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Kalyani, Gwalior|Kalyani]] || 1,108.1 || 3,424
|-
| [[Makoda, Gwalior|Makoda]] || 239.1 || 1,527
|-
| [[Beragarh]] || 209 || 2,845
|-
| [[Chiruli]] || 1,317.2 || 2,254
|-
| [[Chir Pura]] || 318.7 || 1,009
|-
| [[Udalpada]] || 428.9 || 434
|-
| [[Bansi, Gwalior|Bansi]] || 287.6 || 377
|-
| [[Masud Pur, Gwalior (census code 454040)|Masud Pur]] || 470.4 || 1,064
|-
| [[Biramdhana]] || 390.9 || 843
|-
| [[Kheriya, Gwalior|Kheriya]] || 290 || 443
|-
| [[Salaiya, Gwalior|Salaiya]] || 444.7 || 897
|-
| [[Gadhi, Gwalior|Gadhi]] || 1,341.6 || 2,472
|-
| [[Berkheda]] || 270.6 || 203
|-
| [[Sukha Patha]] || 1,358.7 || 2,426
|-
| [[Ikona]] || 730.4 || 1,505
|-
| [[Mahona, Gwalior|Mahona]] || 160.2 || 122
|-
| [[Hidayala]] || 202.3 || 4
|-
| [[Lakhan Pura]] || 316.1 || 1,454
|-
| [[Ladera, Gwalior|Ladera]] || 435.8 || 1,137
|-
| [[Rafatpur]] || 186.9 || 334
|-
| [[Dhamnika]] || 624.2 || 939
|-
| [[Gunjhar]] || 491.8 || 492
|-
| [[Gijaurra]] || 2,677.2 || 2,041
|-
| [[Bhageh]] || 1,534.6 || 2,749
|-
| [[Lakhnoti]] || 333 || 1,208
|-
| [[Ainti]] || 254.8 || 259
|-
| [[Jangipur, Gwalior|Jangipur]] || 230.6 || 614
|-
| [[Chak Jangipur]] || 291.5 || 120
|-
| [[Ghongha]] || 297.5 || 668
|-
| [[Shankarpur, Gwalior|Shankarpur]] || 373.1 || 424
|-
| [[Sakatpura]] || 188.4 || 829
|-
| [[Gohinda]] || 529.2 || 659
|-
| [[Chhatar Pur]] || 169.8 || 394
|-
| [[Jargaon]] || 738.5 || 1,293
|-
| [[Jatahra]] || 177.5 || 416
|-
| [[Ekhara]] || 407 || 805
|-
| [[Shuklhori]] || 672.8 || 2,761
|-
| [[Semara, Gwalior|Semara]] || 451.8 || 740
|-
| [[Mehagaon]] || 1,511.4 || 3,776
|-
| [[Nagawan]] || 351.2 || 278
|-
| [[Kitora]] || 998.5 || 2,285
|-
| [[Bahadur Pur, Dabra, Gwalior|Bahadur Pur]] || 413.1 || 0
|-
| [[Deogarh, Dabra, Gwalior|Deogarh]] || 3,856 || 1,309
|-
| [[Kiroi]] || 981.7 || 1,631
|-
| [[Hathnoura]] || 2,423 || 1,887
|-
| [[Sisgaon]] || 1,181.4 || 1,812
|-
| [[Gudaichi]] || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Semari, Gwalior|Semari]] || 798.4 || 1,315
|-
| [[Kumharra]] || 733.6 || 1,391
|-
| [[Nahatoli]] || 380.9 || 671
|-
| [[Sili, Gwalior|Sili]] || 292.2 || 672
|-
| [[Kheda, Dabra, Gwalior|Kheda]] || 22 || 4
|-
| [[Jorasi]] || 1,346.7 || 2,362
|-
| [[Putti, Gwalior|Putti]] || 1,482.2 || 1,857
|-
| [[Kaithoda]] || 1,125.4 || 1,706
|-
| [[Khedi, Dabra, Gwalior|Khedi]] || 113.9 || 65
|-
| [[Chhapra, Dabra, Gwalior|Chhapra]] || 345.9 || 1,197
|-
| [[Gatari]] || 152 || 850
|-
| [[Babu Pur]] || 536.5 || 1,055
|-
| [[Lidhoura]] || 254.2 || 1,198
|-
| [[Bhitora]] || 102.8 || 0
|-
| [[Virrat, Gwalior|Virrat]] || 773.5 || 1,116
|-
| [[Sahona]] || 632.6 || 1,793
|-
| [[Nibi]] || 386.8 || 1,281
|-
| [[Pahadi, Gwalior|Pahadi]] || 140.8 || 270
|-
| [[Patariya Pura]] || 207 || 638
|-
| [[Bharroli]] || 111.2 || 584
|-
| [[Karahi, Dabra, Gwalior|Karahi]] || 491.8 || 1,291
|-
| [[Dhahi]] || 535.3 || 1,892
|-
| [[Akbai Badi]] || 1,649.4 || 4,015
|-
| [[Ajaigarh, Gwalior|Ajaigarh]] || 614.1 || 1,251
|-
| [[Gajapur]] || 763 || 1,217
|-
| [[Maharaj Pur, Gwalior (census code 454105)|Maharaj Pur]] || 271 || 0
|-
| [[Janakpur, Gwalior|Janakpur]] || 322.6 || 1,027
|-
| [[Dhawa, Gwalior|Dhawa]] || 179.9 || 886
|-
| [[Samudan]] || 428.2 || 1,367
|-
| [[Sekrajagir]] || 839 || 1,599
|-
| [[Beru, Gwalior|Beru]] || 444.9 || 828
|-
| [[Kardhu]] || 167.5 || 413
|-
| [[Bona, Gwalior|Bona]] || 255.6 || 1,062
|-
| [[Lakhiya]] || 229.2 || 605
|-
| [[Ghamad Pura]] || 191.4 || 118
|-
| [[Patha Panihar]] || 633.9 || 2,164
|-
| [[Anant Peth]] || 192.3 || 348
|-
| [[Gaindol Kalan]] || 240.7 || 911
|-
| [[Tighru]] || 116.7 || 984
|-
| [[Sehrai]] || 302.9 || 816
|-
| [[Sarnagat]] || 627.9 || 1,623
|-
| [[Badera Buzurg]] || 264.5 || 716
|-
| [[Badera Khurd]] || 279 || 568
|-
| [[Khedi Santal]] || 117.6 || 71
|-
| [[Baragawan]] || 588.2 || 888
|-
| [[Nibhera]] || 425.9 || 583
|-
| [[Arusi]] || 339.8 || 826
|-
| [[Belgadha]] || 500.9 || 739
|-
| [[Chand Pur, Gwalior|Chand Pur]] || 1,140 || 3,523
|-
| [[Karra, Gwalior|Karra]] || 529.3 || 1,206
|-
| [[Geydol Khurd]] || 211 || 457
|-
| [[Chetu Pada]] || 322.9 || 705
|-
| [[Raipur, Dabra, Gwalior|Raipur]] || 295.2 || 348
|-
| [[Simiriya Tal]] || 1,468.9 || 3,950
|-
| [[Barol]] || 403.5 || 1,831
|-
| [[Patharra]] || 257.8 || 712
|-
| [[Itayal]] || 792.6 || 2,277
|-
| [[Salwai]] || 1,361.9 || 3,596
|-
| [[Chitoli]] || 262.9 || 365
|-
| [[Lohgarh, Gwalior|Lohgarh]] || 1,176.1 || 2,139
|-
| [[Berkheda]] || 206 || 424
|-
| [[Arru]] || 471.3 || 1,934
|-
| [[Khedi Natawa]] || 187.4 || 569
|-
| [[Sultanpur, Gwalior|Sultanpur]] || 190.9 || 932
|-
| [[Maharaj Pur, Gwalior (census code 454144)|Maharaj Pur]] || 500.8 || 1,958
|-
| [[Chitawani]] || 911.8 || 1,464
|-
| [[Khadwai]] || 651.8 || 2,032
|-
| [[Chomo, Gwalior|Chomo]] || 463.4 || 1,002
|-
| [[Rampura, Dabra|Rampura]] || 158.2 || 387
|-
| [[Khedi Parasar]] || 378.3 || 840
|-
| [[Khajurahai]] || 360.8 || 789
|-
| [[Rajiyawar]] || 426 || 1,038
|-
| [[Litapura]] || 308 || 752
|-
| [[Gobra]] || 234.4 || 923
|-
| [[Gulihai]] || 444.6 || 993
|-
| [[Sehtol]] || 376 || 862
|-
| [[Chhimak]] || 755.2 || 4,085
|-
| [[Thethiyapura]] || 227.6 || 430
|-
| [[Sunwai]] || 225.9 || 758
|-
| [[Akbai (Antri)]] || 477.2 || 935
|-
| [[Khedi Raimal]] || 382.6 || 1,220
|-
| [[Sekra]] || 360.4 || 1,059
|-
| [[Sirsa, Dabra, Gwalior|Sirsa]] || 341.6 || 1,253
|-
| [[Sirol]] || 214.7 || 818
|-
| [[Deora, Gwalior|Deora]] || 224.1 || 915
|-
| [[Jawal, Gwalior|Jawal]] || 230.7 || 172
|-
| [[Kosha, Gwalior|Kosha]] || 308.8 || 754
|-
| [[Shinghpur]] || 106.4 || 624
|-
| [[Kariyawati]] || 1,252.3 || 2,996
|-
| [[Sarwa]] || 369.9 || 1,076
|-
| [[Samchauli]] || 157.7 || 490
|-
| [[Jhadoli, Gwalior|Jhadoli]] || 386.2 || 2,212
|-
| [[Jatrathi]] || 366.9 || 1,279
|-
| [[Rarua]] || 516.3 || 360
|-
| [[Milghan]] || 495.6 || 1,035
|-
| [[Lidhora]] || 467.3 || 1,327
|-
| [[Dhirora]] || 313.4 || 740
|-
| [[Simiriya Bhehsnari]] || 310.7 || 761
|-
| [[Nunhari]] || 302 || 1,006
|-
| [[Masud Pur, Gwalior (census code 454179)|Masud Pur]] || 225 || 659
|-
| [[Kisoli]] || 192.5 || 532
|-
| [[Jarawani]] || 299.1 || 703
|-
| [[Baraua]] || 216.1 || 502
|-
| [[Bhensnari]] || 1,321.9 || 2,692
|-
| [[Bijak Pur]] || 1,127.5 || 2,151
|-
| [[Magrora]] || 1,356.4 || 2,254
|-
| [[Barotha]] || 534.7 || 3,112
|-
| [[Sirohi, Gwalior|Sirohi]] || 287.4 || 1,855
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Gwalior district]]

Allapur, Vikarabad district

2026-03-04T03:41:36Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Allapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]] Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.558144|N|77.786178|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Vikarabad
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Marpalle]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 605
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08416
| registration_plate = TS-34
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Sangareddy
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 1:.823 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Normal]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Allapur''' is a [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] village under [[Kotlapur]] [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[Marpalle]] [[Mandal (disambiguation)|mandal]], [[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]] [[district]], [[Telangana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Vikarabad district|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|website=Special Chief Secretary of Revenue Department|publisher=mines.telangana.gov.in|accessdate=12 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626072308/https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Vikarabad.pdf|archivedate=26 June 2022|format=PDF|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==Geography==
Allapur is located at {{Coord|17.558144|N|77.786178|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Kotlapuram2.html Kotlapuram2 at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 605 metres (1988 ft).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikarabad district}}
[[Category:Villages in Vikarabad district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Vikarabad district]]

{{Vikarabad-geo-stub}}

Navakoti Narayana

2026-03-03T22:29:42Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Navakoti Narayana
| image = Navakoti Narayana DVD cover.jpg

| caption = Film DVD cover
| director = S. K. Ananthachari
| producer = [[D. Rangadhamulu Naidu|D. R. Naidu]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Narendra Babu S. K. Ananthachari
| narrator =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] Dikki Madhava Rao H. R. Shastri
| music = Shivaprasad
| cinematography = S. V. Srikanth
| editing = S. P. N. Krishna Harinarayanaiah
| distributor =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1964}}
| runtime = 163 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Navakoti Narayana''''' ({{audio|Kn-ನವಕೋಟಿ ನಾರಾಯಣ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by S. K. Ananthachari starring [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]]. The film is based on the life of [[Purandara Dasa]], a prominent composer of [[Carnatic music]] who lived from 1484 to 1564. In the film, Rajkumar plays the role of [[Purandara Dasa]]. The music of the film was composed by Shivaprasad.<ref>http://ww.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000788{{Dead link | date=June 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> This was the second Kannada movie on the life of Purandara Dasa after the 1937 movie ''[[Purandaradasa (film)|Purandaradasa]]''.

==Cast==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as [[Purandara Dasa]]
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Saraswati, wife of Purandara Dasa
* Dikki Madhava Rao
* H.R. Shastri as Vyasatirtha
* Mala
* Radhika
* Kemparaj

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Navakoti Narayana
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Shivaprasad
| cover =
| alt =
| released = <div style="white-space: nowrap;">1964</div>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.in.com/music/album/navakoti-narayana-74989.html |title=Navakoti Narayana Songs 1964: Listen to Navakoti Narayana Music from … |website=www.in.com |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126094251/http://www.in.com/music/album/navakoti-narayana-74989.html |archive-date=26 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by Shivaprasad.

'''Tracklist'''<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.co.in/music/album?n=Navakoti-Narayana&id=20100728185528_25u0yrlug9msh |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217223600/http://www.google.co.in/music/album?n=Navakoti-Narayana&id=20100728185528_25u0yrlug9msh |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-17 |title=Navakoti Narayana — Tracklist }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Madhukara Vruththi" || [[P. Leela]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] || 4:25
|-
| 2 || "Bangaravidabare" || P. Leela, M. Balamuralikrishna || 3:36
|-
| 3 || "Padumanabha" || Subbanarasimhayya || 2:47
|-
| 4 || "Dasarendare" || P. B. Sreenivas || 0:39
|-
| 5 || "Aalaya" || M. Balamuralikrishna || 1:02
|-
| 6 || "Aadadella Olithe" || M. Balamuralikrishna || 2:59
|-
| 7 || "Kannare Kande" || M. Balamuralikrishna || 3:20
|-
| 8 || "Ranga Bara" || [[S. Janaki]], M. Balamuralikrishna || 3:35
|-
| 9 || "Indina Dinave" || M. Balamuralikrishna || 3:31
|-
| 10 || "Manavajanma" || M. Balamuralikrishna || 2:46
|-
| 11 || "Achchuthananda" || M. Balamuralikrishna || 2:03
|-
| 12 || "Sri Gananatha" || [[Choir|Chorus]] || 1:58
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1414542|Navakoti Narayana}}

[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]

Bairagee

2026-03-03T12:09:38Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Stub

{{Short description|2022 Indian Kannada film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bairagee
| image = Bairagee poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vijay Milton]]
| writer = Vijay Milton
| producer = Krishna Sarthak
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Kadugu]]''|Vijay Milton}}
| starring = [[Shiva Rajkumar]] [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]] [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] Yasha Shivakumar
| music = [[Anoop Seelin]]
| cinematography = Vijay Milton
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Krishna Creations
| distributor = Jagadeesh Films [[Jayanna Combines|Jayanna Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|07|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| gross =
}}

'''''Bairagee'''''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandalwood star Shiva Rajkumar's 'SRK123'is titled 'Bairagee' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-star-shiva-rajkumar-s-srk123-titled-bairagee-152246 |website=The News Minute |date=13 July 2021 |language=en |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607143020/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sandalwood-star-shiva-rajkumar-s-srk123-titled-bairagee-152246 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a 2022 Indian Kannada-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Vijay Milton]]. A remake of Milton's own Tamil film ''[[Kadugu]]'', the film stars [[Shiva Rajkumar]] and [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]] in the lead roles, while [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], [[Pruthvi Ambaar]], [[Sharath Lohithaswa]], [[Shashi Kumar]] and [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] are in key supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Anoop Seelin]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by Deepu S. Kumar and Vijay Milton.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shivarajkumar and Dhananjaya's Bairagi heads into its final lap of production |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-and-dhananjayas-bairagi-heads-into-its-final-lap-of-production/articleshow/85062980.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=7 June 2022 |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607142817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shivarajkumar-and-dhananjayas-bairagi-heads-into-its-final-lap-of-production/articleshow/85062980.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Bairagee'' was released on 1 July 2022 to mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, but the film [[box-office bomb|bombed at the box office]].

== Plot ==
"Huli" Shivappa and his uncle are [[Hulivesha]] artists performing at a function, before Shivappa gets involved in a fight due to someone injuring his uncle. While serving jail time, Shivappa's uncle dies, and [[Inspector of Police|Inspector]] Prakash Sarang teaches him to control his anger and employs him after Shivappa is released. Shivappa also befriends Vaataapi and former boxer and leader of the village, Karna. One day, Vaataapi places a lock on a local music teacher's motorcycle instead of the motorcycle of his love interest Shobina. The teacher notices Shivappa's hesitant help to pay her fine.

On [[Facebook]], Shivappa befriends someone by the name "[[Deepika Padukone]]", who is actually the teacher. The two talk, and Shivappa suggests they meet in person. They meet on a train but don't see each other, instead talking by phone. The teacher explains that she had a troubled upbringing but eventually finished a teacher's training course at age 14 thanks to local politicians, but the local newspaper branded her as a prostitute upon her success. To avoid bringing shame to her family and sister's wedding, she moved to a different city where no one knew her. When Karna invites an [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for an inauguration, the MLA tries to molest a child named Keerti. Karna attempts to intervene, but realises that his political career could be in jeopardy, so he keeps quiet about the issue.

The teacher intervenes later, saving Keerthi while being injured in the process. Keerthi is traumatised and withdraws from school. Shivappa learns about the issue and turns on Karna, who is constantly conflicted about his decision. Due to Karna's current standing and lack of proof and complaint, the police doesn't take any action. During a temple worship, Keerthi commits suicide by drowning. The teacher realizes that she has to file a police complaint, which confuses Shivappa and Vaataapi since Keerthi had already died. The teacher goes to the police station to file the complaint, but is taken by the MLA's PA to Karna's celebration venue where Shivappa also arrives. It is revealed through the complaint that after the teacher saved Keerthi from the MLA, the MLA assaulted the teacher.

Karna and Shivappa fight, but Shivappa bests him and reminds him that it is their duty to protect women. When Shivappa, Vaataapi, and the teacher go to file a police complaint, Inspector Sarang shows them that it is not necessary as Karna is now in prison. Karna explains that while the complaint would have put the MLA behind bars, the teacher's reputation would have been tarnished. Instead, Karna went to the MLA's residence and killed him, thus taking the blame and exacting vengeance for Keerthi's death.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shiva Rajkumar]] as "Huli" Shivappa
* [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]] as the music teacher
* [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjay]] as Karna Vijayagatti
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Vaataapi
* Yasha Shivkumar as Shobina<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/29/female-characters-have-strong-roles-in-bairagee-2470797.html |title=Female characters have strong roles in 'Bairagee' |website=The Indian Express |date=29 June 2022 |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727121915/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/jun/29/female-characters-have-strong-roles-in-bairagee-2470797.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Shashi Kumar]] as [[Inspector]] Prakash Sarang
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as Minister
* [[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as Inspector
* Baby Saptha Poorvi as Keerthi<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/jul/02/bairagee-movie-reviewshivanna-shines-bright-inthis-riveting-film-32486.amp |title=Bairagee Movie Review: Shivanna shines bright in this riveting film |website=Cinema Express |access-date=11 July 2022 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001063058/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2022/jul/02/bairagee-movie-reviewshivanna-shines-bright-inthis-riveting-film-32486.amp |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Yamuna Srinidhi]] as Keerthi's mother
* Kalpana Naganath as Karna's mother
=== Cameo appearance ===
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Rukmini
* [[Chikkanna]] in the song "Rhythm of Shivappa"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
[[J. Anoop Seelin]] composed the soundtrack.
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Grahana
| lyrics1 = Pramod Maravante
| length1 = 3:01
| extra1 = Vyasaraj Sosale, [[Vasishta N. Simha]], [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title2 = Rhythm Of Shivappa
| length2 = 3:55
| lyrics2 = Pramod Maravante
| extra2 = [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]], Shiva Rajkumar, Saanvi Shetty
| title3 = Nakaranakha
| length3 = 3:45
| lyrics3 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title4 = Prisoner 123 Theme
| length4 = 0:51
| lyrics4 = —
| extra4 = —
| total_length = 11:32
}}

== Release==
The film was theatrically released on 1 July 2022.
=== Home media ===
The satellite and digital rights were sold to [[Colors Kannada]] and [[Voot]].

==Reception==
===Critical response===
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The film does give enough whistle-worthy moments, but also gives enough scope for emotions and relationships to play out at their own pace."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bairagee/movie-review/92595046.cms |title=Bairagee Movie Review: A Mass Entertainer With Its Heart Firmly In Place |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705200716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bairagee/movie-review/92595046.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Bairagee'' is pure, good-old masala fun that also strives sincerely to be engaging and worthwhile."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bairagee-movie-review-shiva-rajkumar-daali-dhananjaya-and-co-put-on-a-credible-show-thats-also-a-tad-misguided/eb9212039f466 |title=Bairagee movie review: Shiva Rajkumar, Daali Dhananjaya, and Co. put on a credible show that's also a tad misguided |website=OTTplay |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327154123/https://www.ottplay.com/review/bairagee-movie-review-shiva-rajkumar-daali-dhananjaya-and-co-put-on-a-credible-show-thats-also-a-tad-misguided/eb9212039f466 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "''Bairagee'' is a film that will appeal to the masses and the family audience."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Jul/02/review-shivanna-shines-bright-in-bairagee-2471899.html |title=Review: Shivanna shines bright in 'Bairagee' |website=The New Indian Express |date=2 July 2022 |access-date=27 March 2024 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327154120/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Jul/02/review-shivanna-shines-bright-in-bairagee-2471899.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Offering a complete package with all the ingredients, especially action and emotion, this Vijay Milton-directorial will not disappoint the audience."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bairagee-movie-review-shivarajkumar-excels-in-thoughtful-entertainer/article65592256.ece |title='Bairagee' movie review: Shivarajkumar excels in thoughtful entertainer |website=The Hindu |date=2 July 2022 |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005025146/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bairagee-movie-review-shivarajkumar-excels-in-thoughtful-entertainer/article65592256.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15290024}}
{{S. D. Vijay Milton}}

[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. D. Vijay Milton]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

Rai dynasty

2026-03-01T22:33:17Z

Nandini Gowda KL: enhanced lead per standard format further and updated info

{{Short description|Dynasty of Sindh (489–632)}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Rai dynasty
| common_name = Rai dynasty
| image_flag =
| national_anthem =
| image_map = {{Location map+
|South Asia
|overlay_image= Map of Sindh (Rais).png
| width=290 
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|230|5|[[Template:South Asia in 600 CE|South Asia 600 CE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=10|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|110|[[Mori Rajputs|MORIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|115|225|[[Pandyan dynasty|PANDYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|50|[[Zhangzhung|ZHANGZHUNG]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|215|[[Chera dynasty|CHERAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|215|125|[[Samatata|SAMATATAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|220|110|[[Gauda Kingdom|GAUDA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|215|98|[[Kamarupa|KAMARUPA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|145|165|[[Vishnukundina dynasty|VISHNU- KUNDINAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|125|185|[[Pallava dynasty|PALLAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|105|195|[[Alupa dynasty|ALUPAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|70|34|[[Nezak Huns|NEZAKS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|75|48|[[Alchon Huns|'''ALCHONS''']]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|155|[[Eastern Ganga dynasty|KALINGAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|155|130|[[Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala|PANDUVAMSHIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|180|118|[[Gauda Kingdom|SHASHANKAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|165|143|[[Shailodbhava dynasty|SHAILODBHAVAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|102|40|[[Gonanda dynasty (II)|GONANDAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|130|92|[[Maukhari dynasty|MAUKHARIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|90|60|[[Takka Kingdom|TAKKA]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|60|125|'''[[Maitraka dynasty|MAITRAKAS]]'''|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
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{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|70|[[Pushyabhuti dynasty|PUSHYA- BHUTIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|100|160|[[Chalukya dynasty|CHALUKYAS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|110|125|[[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|EARLY KALA- CHURIS]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=7|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|text-align=center|5|55|[[Sasanian Empire|SASANIAN EMPIRE]]|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=8.5|color=#000000}}
{{Annotation|265|238|[[Template:Continental Asia in 625 CE| ]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=12|color=#000000}}
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|caption=
}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|Map of Sindh (Rais), {{Circa|550}}–600 CE.{{sfn|Schwartzberg|1978|p=26, 145 map XIV.1 (i)}}}}
| capital = [[Aror|Alor]]<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlsIAAAAQAAJ&dq=buddhist+rai+dynasty&pg=PA653 | title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures | last1=Balfour | first1=Edward |author-link=Edward Balfour|date = 1885 |edition=3rd|publisher = B. Quaritch |location = London}}</ref>
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| religion = {{plainlist|
*[[Hinduism]]<ref name=Pal2016>{{cite web |last1=Pal |first1=Sayantani |title=Rai dynasty of Sind |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe051 |website=Wiley Online Library |publisher=Wiley}}</ref>
*[[Buddhism]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Avari |first1=Burjor |author-link=Burjor Avari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTaTDAAAQBAJ&dq=Rai+dynasty+buddhist&pg=PA233 |title=India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Subcontinent from c. 7000 BCE to CE 1200 |date=July 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-23673-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Khuhro |first1=Hamida |author-link=Hamida Khuhro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k-Y8AAAAMAAJ&q=buddhist+rai+dynasty |title=Sind Through the Centuries: Proceedings of an International Seminar Held in Karachi in Spring 1975 |date=1981 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577250-0}}</ref>
}}
| title_leader = [[#Rulers|King]]
| leader1 = [[#Rai Diwaji, Rai Sahiras I, and Rai Sahasi I|Rai Diwaji]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 489–(?)
| leader2 = [[#Rai Sahasi II|Rai Sahasi II]] (last)
| year_leader2 = (?)–632
| footnotes =
| status =
| year_end = 632
| year_start = 489
| map_width = 280px
| p1 = Hind (Sasanian province)
| s1 = Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
| today = {{plainlist|[[Pakistan]] [[India]]
}}
}}
{{History of Sind}}
The '''Rai dynasty''' ({{Circa|489}}–632 CE) was a dynasty that ruled the [[Sindh]]. All that is known about the dynasty comes from the ''[[Chachnama]]'', a 13th-century [[Persian language|Persian]] work about [[History of Sindh|Sindhi history]] whose accuracy has been questioned.<ref>Andre Wink (2002), Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th-11th Centuries, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-0391041738}}, pages 192-196</ref> Nothing particular is known about the first three kings—Rai Diwaji, Rai Sahiras I, and Rai Sahasi I. The fourth king, Rai Sahiras II, is said to have ruled over a vast prosperous area, including the seaport of [[Debal]].

== Background ==
{{see also|Sasanian coinage of Sindh|Hind (Sasanian province)}}
The Rais reigned in the [[Sindh]] region for a period of 144 years from {{Circa|489}} to 632 A.D. They allegedly had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan and Gujarat.{{sfn|Wink|1996|p=153}} As attested by coinage, the region had previously been under the indirect influence of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanians]], at least from the reign of [[Shapur II]].{{sfn|Schindel|2016|p=127-128}}{{efn|Abundant Sasanian mints but with significant variations in typology, style, and especially, denomination, have been excavated from Sind.{{sfn|Schindel|2016|p=127}}}} The last Sassanian mints discovered from the region are of [[Peroz I]] (r. 459–484); they are inscribed with the name of one "''[[Ranaditya Satya]]''", who is assumed to be the eponymous local ruler.{{sfn|Schindel|2016|p=128, 130}}{{Efn|Two series of Peroz's mints—the first crown and third crown —are observed in Sindh; only in the second does this legend appear, replacing the two attendants of the fire temple.{{sfn|Schindel|2016|p=129}}}} [[Xuanzang]] visited Sindh during this period and describes the rulers as being ''shu-to-lo'' ([[Shudra]]s).<ref name= Pal2016 /> Hinduism and Buddhism co-existed in the realm with the Rai's recorded as building a temple dedicated to [[Shiva]] in [[Aror|Alor]].<ref name= Pal2016 />

In 484 C.E., as [[Peroz I]] suffered an overwhelming defeat in his [[Hephthalite–Sasanian War of 484|war with the Hephthalites]] (484 C.E.), the Sassanians were no more a force to reckon with in their frontier territories and new dynasties arose in many of these places.{{sfn|Schindel|2016|p=130}} The origin of the Rais is likely to lay in this power vacuum.{{sfn|Fishman|Todd|Pieper|2021|p=}}{{Efn|For a parallel, see the rise of [[Nezak Huns]] in Zabulistan.}} However, their origins remain unknown.{{efn|[[Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya]] held the Rais to be descendants of [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]] and hence, [[Shudra]], by caste.{{sfn|Mirchandani|1985|p=}} This descent was proposed based on Rai Mahrit, then ruler of [[Chittor]], claiming to be Sahasi II's brother. Rulers of pre-Sisodia Rajasthan usually claimed descent from Mauryas, and this identification aligned with [[Xuanzang]]'s noting the King of Sin-tu to be a Sudra.}}

=== Historiography ===
Sindh, as a region, had no extant written histories until the late-medieval era and the sole source of knowledge about the dynasty remains ''[[Chachnama]]'', purportedly, a literal Persian translation (c. 13th-century) of an undated Arabic text that is no longer extant.{{sfn|Wink|1996|p=151-152}}{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=}}{{sfn|Mirchandani|1985|p=}} Literary sources do not record Sasanian activity and details of their actions in Sindh,{{sfn|Schindel|2016|p=130}} and no epigraphic, archaeological or numismatic evidence for the Rai dynasty exists.{{sfn|Wink|1996|p=151-152}}{{sfn|Mirchandani|1985|p=}}{{efn|Alexander M. Fishman and Ian Todd speculate a series of gold dinars and silver dammas found in the region — similar to the Ranaditya Satya mints, in deriving from Sassanian coinage but bearing different legends and different crown patterns — to have been minted by the Rais.{{sfn|Fishman|Todd|Pieper|2021|p=}} The legends might be read as Sri Shahi Rasra(…), Sri Jayataka, Sri Harsharuka, and Sri Bharharsha some of which match, albeit roughly, with speculative reconstructions obtainable from the ''Chachnama'' — Diwaj > Diwaditya > Devaditya ''alias'' Ranaditya (?), Sahiras I > Shahi Rasra(…) (?), Sahsi I > ?, Sahiras II > Sri Harsha (?), and Sahsi II > ?.{{sfn|Fishman|Todd|Pieper|2021|p=}}{{sfn|Habib|2012|p=}} Pankaj Tandon does not find the attribution convincing.{{sfn|Tandon|2022|p=28}}}}

The narrative in the ''Chachnama'' about the Rais has since penetrated into the regional historiography in Persian writers like [[Masum Shah|Tarikh i Sind]] in the 17th century and [[Mir Ali Sher Qaune Thattvi|Tuhfatul karaam]] in the 18th century.{{sfn|Mirchandani|1985|p=}} However, some scholars view the ''Chachnama'' as an original work that claimed to be a translation only for political expediency and doubt the accuracy of the historical narratives contained within the text.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=15, 20}}{{efn|[[Manan Ahmed Asif]], upon a critical reading of the text, hypothesizes it to be an original work that drew on then-extant histories to imagine a romantic-nationalist past of Sindh with little fidelity to accuracy. In contrast, [[Irfan Habib]] and [[Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila]] emphasizes on unique features of the text that would have been impossible without a literal translation and rejects Asif's doubts on the veracity of the events described in the ''Chachnama'',{{sfn|Habib|2017|p=}}{{sfn|Hämeen-Anttila|2018|p=}} as does [[André Wink]] criticizing his intensely source-critical approach.{{sfn|Wink|2017|p=}}}}

After the [[British conquest of Sindh]], as the colonial bureaucrats sought to justify their rule by highlighting how the deposed Muslim rulers had long-oppressed the Hindu natives, the ''Chachnama'' was accorded particular importance as it documented the origins of Muslim rule in the subcontinent.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=21}} It was cited in works authored by colonial bureaucrats, especially the British Gazetteers.{{sfn|Mirchandani|1985|p=}} The Rai dynasty, being the penultimate non-Muslim polity in the region and forming the backdrop of the rise of Chach in the ''Chachnama'', received some attention in contemporary scholarship.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=}} In modern-day historiography, the dynasty has attracted sparse scholarship except from a few [[numismatist]]s.{{sfn|Fishman|Todd|Pieper|2021|p=}}

== Rulers ==
=== Rai Diwaji, Rai Sahiras I, and Rai Sahasi I ===
Nothing particular is known about the first three kings; their names are mentioned in a single line in the ''Chachnama'', where the [[Vizier|Wazir]] Buddhiman (literarily Wise) informs Chach about the territorial expanses and administrative structure of Rais under Rai Sahiras II.{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}}

=== Rai Sahiras II ===
The ''Chachnama'', in its opening verses, notes Rai Sahiras II to be famed for his justice and generosity; his coffers were stated to be overflowing with wealth.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=}} The kingdom was divided into four units, each under a governor or a vassal.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2013|p=31}} The southern unit extended from the coasts of the Arabian Sea to Lohana and Samona, including [[Hyderabad, Sindh#Founding|Nerun]] and [[Debal|Debal port]], and had its capital at [[Brahmanabad]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2013|p=31}} The central unit spanned around Jankan and Rujaban to the [[Makran|Makran frontier]]; it had [[Sehwan Sharif|Sewistan]] as its capital.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2013|p=31}} The western unit extended over a vast area—Batia, Chachpur and Dehrpur—of western Sindh; Iskalanda was the capital.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2013|p=31}} The northern unit, adjoining Kashmir, was centred around [[Multan]].{{sfn|Siddiqi|2013|p=31}}

Sahiras II met his death while attempting to ward off an invasion by the Sassanian Governor of [[Nimruz Province|Nimroz]] into [[Kirman (Sasanian province)|Kirman]]; he was admired for not leaving the battlefield, despite being deserted by his forces. Makran and other unknown territories were lost in the conflict.{{sfn|Wink|1996|p=133}}{{sfn|Siddiqi|2013|p=31}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}}

=== Rai Sahasi II ===
Rai Sahiras II was succeeded by Sahasi II. Under his regime too, the kingdom exhibited socioeconomic prosperity; the ''Chachnama'' praises him as a benevolent ruler who always chose to abide by his counsel.{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}} He was married to Sohman Devi.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=}} During his regime, Chach, a poor, learned [[Brahmin]], joined the imperial bureaucracy and rose through the ranks quickly, eventually becoming secretary to Rai Sahasi II.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=131}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}}

However, as Chach gained access to the interiors of the palace, Devi, in an unfulfilling relationship with an ageing Sahasi II, began to grow enamoured of him and proposed marriage.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=131-132}} While Chach did not consent to it, fearing incurring the King's wrath and also swerving further away from the scriptural ideals of a Brahminical life,{{efn|According to the Brahminical theology of [[Caste system in India|caste]], Brahmins ought not to engage in worldly activities and must lead a life of asceticism.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=132}}}} he did acced to her request to provide companionship, and their relationship continued to blossom.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=132}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}} Sahasi II allowed him unprecedented control in the affairs of the state until his death by natural causes; he did not have any children.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=}}

== End of the dynasty ==
On Sahasi II's death, Devi proposed that Chach usurp the throne.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=132-133}} According to the ''Chachnama'', he reluctantly conceded to Devi's plan and the news of Sahasi II's death was withheld from the public; meanwhile, she incited the familial claimants to the throne in a fatal internecine conflict.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}}{{Efn|The claimants were asked to meet the frail King one by one. In reality, Devi had each of them imprisoned and claimed that the King had them imprisoned out of a quarrel with some other claimant. Thus, she suggested killing the other claimant to pacify the King and regain their freedom.}} Then Devi proclaimed that Sahasi II, though recovering, could not hold court and, hence, had appointed Chach as the caretaker ruler for his lifetime.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}} The courtiers were lured into supporting the coverup, and Chach ruled as the ''de facto'' King for about six months.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}}

However, the news of the King's death somehow made way to Sahasi II's brother, Rai Mahrit, ruler of Chittor, who claimed the throne and mounted a military offensive.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}} Chach was ambiguous about the morality of taking on a legitimate successor but was coaxed by Devi to resist.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}} In the faceoff, he secured a freak victory{{Efn|Chach challenged Mahrit to a one-on-one combat, claiming his Brahmin origins had precluded learning the skills of cavalry. However, in the combat, Chach mounted a horse and beheaded Mahrit. Mahrit's forces fell into disarray on receiving the news of his death.}} and went on to organize public feasts to win the approval of the masses.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}} Thereafter, Devi had him declared as the heir to the throne, claiming him to be a man of unsurmountable intellect and bravery, and married him with the approval of the court.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}}{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}}

According to [[Manan Ahmed Asif]], the story of the fall of the Rai Dynasty and rise of the [[Brahman dynasty of Sindh|Brahman dynasty]] is, as portrayed in the ''Chachnama'', shows how the new dynasty was established out of the intrigues of a ''[[femme fatale]]'' working in conjunction with a willing yet ethical apprentice.{{sfn|Asif|2016|p=133}} Chach would be subjected to protracted resistance from Bachhera, a relative of Sahasi II and governor and vassal of the Multan province, but was never dislodged.{{sfn|Baloch|1983|p=}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Asif |first=Manan Ahmed |title=A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-67466-011-3}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Baloch|editor-first=N. A.|title=Fathnamah I-Sind: Being the Original Record of the Arab Conquest of The Sind|publisher=Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization: [[International Islamic University, Islamabad|Islamic University]]|year=1983|editor-link=Nabi Bakhsh Baloch|location=Islamabad, Pakistan |oclc=13788034}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Fishman |first1=A. M. |last2=Todd |first2=I. J. |last3=Pieper |first3=W. |date=2021 |title=Recently Discovered Gold, Silver and Copper Coins of pre-Islamic Sindh and the Yashaditya Series|url=https://www.academia.edu/81499320 |journal=Numismatische Zeitschrift |volume=127 |pages=389–392}}
* {{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |title=Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, 1992–2010 |publisher=Primus Books |year=2012 |editor-last=Jafri |editor-first=S.Z.H |location=Delhi |chapter=Linguistic Materials from Eighth-century Sind: An Exploration of the Chachnama |isbn=978-9-38060-728-3}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |date=June 2017 |title=Book Review: Manan Ahmad Asif, A Book of Conquest: The Chachnåma and Muslim Origins in South Asia |journal=Studies in People's History |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=105–109 |doi=10.1177/2348448917694235 |s2cid=165517641 |issn=2348-4489}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Hämeen-Anttila |first=Jaakko |date=2018-10-02 |title=A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2018.1522158 |journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=536–538 |doi=10.1080/09596410.2018.1522158 |hdl=20.500.11820/0c6e731b-6baf-4caa-a86b-d6b626bc2f1c |s2cid=150269490 |issn=0959-6410|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}
* {{Cite book |last=Mirchandani |first=B. D. |title=Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers |publisher=Saraswati M. Gulrajani |year=1985 |location=Sindh |oclc=14356173}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schindel |first1=Nikolaus |title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Vesta Sarkhosh |editor-last2=Pendleton |editor-first2=Elizabeth |editor-last3=Alram |editor-first3=Michael |editor-last4=Daryaee |editor-first4=Touraj |publisher=Oxbow Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78570-210-5 |language=en |chapter=The Coinages of Paradan and Sind in the Context of Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian Numismatics}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-22674-221-2 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=2021-02-24 |access-date=2022-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite book|last=Siddiqi|first=Iqtidar Husain|title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century|publisher=Primus Books|year=2013|chapter=Chachnama and its Significance |isbn=978-9-38408-218-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tandon |first=Pankaj |title=The Survey of Numismatic Research 2014–2020 |publisher=International Numismatic Council |year=2022 |editor-last=Alram |editor-first=Michael |volume=II |chapter=Research on the Guptas and (Iranian) Huns, 2014–2020 |editor-last2=Bodzek |editor-first2=Jaroslaw |editor-last3=Bursche |editor-first3=Aleksander |chapter-url=http://coinindia.com/INC%20-%20Guptas%20and%20Huns.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=Andre|title=Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World|publisher=BRILL|year=1996|isbn=978-9-00409-249-5}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wink |first=Andre |title=Review of ''A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia'' |url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=47738 |journal=H-Asia, H-Net Reviews |date=May 2017 }}

{{Medieval India}}
{{History of Sindh}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian dynasties]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Sindh]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]

Pune Challenger

2026-03-01T12:41:00Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox ATP Challenger Tournament
| type = ATP Challenger
| name = Pune Challenger
|event name =PMRDA powered Maha Open (2023-), KPIT MSLTA Challenger (-2019)
| current = 2025 Pune Challenger
| logo =
| logo size =
| location = [[Pune]], India
| venue = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
| category = [[ATP Challenger Tour|Challenger Tour 100]] (2023-2025)
| surface = [[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| draw = 32S/26Q/16D
| prize money = US$160,000
| website = [https://mslta.org Website]
| notes =
}}
The '''PMRDA ([[Pune Metropolitan Region Development Authority]]) Powered Maha Open''' (previously the ''KPIT MSLTA Challenger''), is a professional [[tennis]] tournament, part of the [[ATP Challenger Tour]].<ref> {{cite web|url= https://indiantennisdaily.com/2024/02/17/sumit-nagal-gets-top-billing-at-pmrda-powered-mahaopen-atp-challenger-100-mens-international-tennis-championship/ |title=Sumit Nagal gets top billing at PMRDA Powered MahaOpen ATP Challenger 100 Men’s International Tennis Championship |date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-atp-challenger-events-2026-tennis-schedule-calendar-dates|title=India to host four ATP Challenger Tour tennis events in 2026|date=10 December 2026}}</ref> It is played on outdoor [[hardcourt]]s. It has been held annually at the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] in [[Pune]], India since 2014.

==Past finals==

===Singles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champion
!width="200"|Runner-up
!width="130"|Score
|-
| [[2026 Pune Challenger|2026]] || {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Federico Cinà]]''' || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Felix Gill]] || 6–3, 5–7, 7–6(7–1)
|-
| [[2025 Pune Challenger|2025]]<ref> {{cite web|url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2025/02/24/dalibor-svrcina-wins-pmrda-powered-maha-open-atp-challenger-100-mens-championship/|title= Dalibor Svrcina Wins PMRDA Powered Maha Open ATP Challenger 100 Men’s Championship|date=24 February 2025}}</ref> || {{flagicon|CZE}} '''[[Dalibor Svrčina]]''' || {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brandon Holt]] || 7–6(7–3), 6–1
|-
| [[2024 Pune Challenger|2024]] || {{flagicon|MON}} '''[[Valentin Vacherot]]''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adam Walton (tennis)|Adam Walton]] || 3–6, 7–6(7–5), 7–6(7–5)
|-
| [[2023 Pune Challenger|2023]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Max Purcell]]''' || {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Luca Nardi]] || 6–2, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#cfcfcf" | 2020–2022 || colspan=3 align=center style="background:#cfcfcf" | ''Not held''
|-
| [[2019 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2019]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]''' || {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|Jay Clarke]] || 4–6, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| [[2018 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2018]] || {{flagicon|SWE}} '''[[Elias Ymer]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]] || 6–2, 7–5
|-
| [[2017 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2017]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Yuki Bhambri]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ramkumar Ramanathan]] || 4–6, 6–3, 6–4
|-
| [[2016 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2016]] || {{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Sadio Doumbia]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]] || 4–6, 6–4, 6–3
|-
| [[2015 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2015]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Yuki Bhambri]]''' || {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgeny Donskoy]] || 6–2, 7–6(7–4)
|-
| [[2014 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2014]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Yūichi Sugita]]''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrián Menéndez Maceiras]] || 6–7(1–7), 6–4, 6–4
|}

===Doubles===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champions
!width="200"|Runners-up
!width="120"|Score
|-
| [[2026 Pune Challenger|2026]] || {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[Nam Ji-sung]]''' {{flagicon|FIN}} '''[[Patrik Niklas-Salminen]]''' || {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]] || 6–4, 6–7(1–7), [10–7]
|-
| [[2025 Pune Challenger|2025]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]''' || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blake Bayldon]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matthew Romios]] || 3–6, 6–3, [10–0]
|-
| [[2024 Pune Challenger|2024]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Tristan Schoolkate]]''' {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Adam Walton (tennis)|Adam Walton]]''' || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Dan Added]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]] || 7–6(7–4), 7–5
|-
| [[2023 Pune Challenger|2023]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Anirudh Chandrasekar]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]''' || {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Toshihide Matsui]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi]] || 6–1, 4–6, [10–3]
|-
| style="background:#cfcfcf" | 2020–2022 || colspan=3 align=center style="background:#cfcfcf" | ''Not held''
|-
| [[2019 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2019]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Purav Raja]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arjun Kadhe]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni]] || 7–6(7–3), 6–3
|-
| [[2018 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2018]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Ramkumar Ramanathan]]''' || {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsieh Cheng-peng]] {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yang Tsung-hua]] || 7–6(7–3), 6–7(5–7), [10–7]
|-
| [[2017 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2017]] || {{flagicon|BIH}} '''[[Tomislav Brkić]]''' {{flagicon|CRO}} '''[[Ante Pavić]]''' || {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pedro Martínez (tennis)|Pedro Martínez]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Adrián Menéndez Maceiras]] || 6–1, 7–6(7–5)
|-
| [[2016 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2016]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Purav Raja]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Divij Sharan]]''' || {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Margaroli]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Hugo Nys]] || 3–6, 6–3, [11–9]
|-
| [[2015 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2015]] || {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Gerard Granollers]]''' {{flagicon|ESP}} '''[[Adrián Menéndez Maceiras]]''' || {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Maximilian Neuchrist]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Divij Sharan]] || 1–6, 6–3, [10–6]
|-
| [[2014 KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2014]] || {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Saketh Myneni]]''' {{flagicon|IND}} '''[[Sanam Singh]]''' || {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sanchai Ratiwatana]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Sonchat Ratiwatana]] || 6–3, 6–2
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.atptour.com/en/tournaments/pune/7100/overview Pune {{pipe}} Overview {{pipe}} ATP Tour {{pipe}} Tennis]

{{ATP Challenger Tour}}

[[Category:KPIT MSLTA Challenger| ]]
[[Category:ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Pune]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2014]]

Bangaon

2026-02-28T07:31:47Z

Nandini Gowda KL:

{{Short description|City in West Bengal, India}}
{{Other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bangaon
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|border=infobox
|image_style=border:1;
|total_width=280
|perrow=1/2
|image1 = BONGAON BRIDGE NEW - panoramio.jpg
|image2 = বনগাঁ সুপার স্পেশ্যালিটি হাসপাতাল Bangaon Super Speciality Hospital ২০২০-১১-১৮ গ.jpg
|image3 = Bongaon Maha Shasan.jpg
|image4 = BONGAON COURT - panoramio.jpg
|image5 = Bangaon Municipality WP 20180119 13 51 53 Pro.jpg
|image6 = ইছামতি নদী- বনগাঁয় সাতভাই কালীতলা মন্দিরের কাছে ইছামতি নদী - Ichamati River, Bongaon, West Bengal - ২০২১০১১২ খ.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''Clockwise from top''': Roy Bridge, Bangaon Mahashamshan, Municipality Office Building, [[Ichhamati River]] near Satbhai Kalitala Temple, Bangaon Subdivisional Court, Bangaon Super Specialty Hospital
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.07|N|88.82|E|type:city(111000)_region:IN-WB|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = Bangaon Municipality
| leader_title1 = Municipality chairman
| leader_name1 = Shri. Gopal Seth<ref>[https://bongaonmunicipality.org/ Bongaon Municipality]. Retrieved 24 July 2012</ref>
| leader_title2 = MLA
| leader_name2 = Sree
Ashok Kirtaniya <ref>{{cite web|title=Bangaon City|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS2595.htm?ac=95}}</ref>
| leader_title3 = MP
| leader_name3 = [[Shantanu Thakur]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Bangaon City|url=https://www.bongaonmunicipality.org/about/}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 14.27
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_total = 110,668
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = UA: 30th in [[West Bengal]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangaon]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bangaon Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon Uttar]]
| website = [http://north24parganas.nic.in/n24p/index.php north24parganas.nic.in]
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bangaon''' is a city and a [[municipality]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Bangaon subdivision]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=450| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|23|4|0|N|88|47|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bangaon subdivision, North 24 Parganas district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: place of tourist interest Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|41|N|88|46|53|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Chandpara | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Chandpara]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|58|15|N|88|47|47|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Chhekati| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Chhekati]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|54|54|N|88|46|20|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bara, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|46|16|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Chikanpara| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chikanpara]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|57|36|N|88|47|24|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhakuria| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Dhakuria, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|47|10|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Shimulpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Shimulpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|58|10|N|88|47|3|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Sonatikiri| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Sonatikiri]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|3|18|N|88|49|40|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Bangaon| numbered8=M| mark-title8=Bangaon (M) |shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|55|28|N|88|46|40|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Thakurnagar| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Thakurnagar]] (R) |shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|13|4|N|88|53|8|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Bagdah| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Bagdah, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|56|20|N|88|43|50|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Gaighata| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Gaighata, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|3|53|N|88|45|38|E}} | label-pos12=top|label12= Gopalnagar| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Gopalnagar, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|11|19|N|88|51|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Helencha| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Helencha]] (R) |shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|59|11|N|88|42|6|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Nahata| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Nahata]] (R) |shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|2|16|N|88|44|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Palla| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Palla, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|2|13|N|88|52|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Petrapole check post| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Petrapole]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|11|10|N|88|45|43|E}} | label-pos17=bottom| label17=Bibhutibhusan|labela17=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|4|50|N|88|47|35|E}} | label18= Ichhamati River| label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 16| label-pos18=right| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|11|0|N|88|52|40|E}} | label19= Betna River| label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 100| label-pos19=right| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|53|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Bangaon is located at {{Coord|23.07|N|88.82|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Bangaon.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Bangaon]</ref> It has an average elevation of 7 metres (22 feet). [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|Arsenic contamination]] is a major concern in this area.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (19 years study ) | access-date = 24 August 2007 | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002938/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | archive-date = 27 September 2007 | url-status = dead | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area situated beside the [[Ichamati River]] shown in the map was a part of Jessore district from 1883.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.39429/2015.39429.Jessore-District-Gazetteers_djvu.txt | title = Bengal District Gazetteers, Jessore by L.S.S. O'Malley | work= Chapter II: History, Page/ Section 44 | publisher = Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, 1912 |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadia.gov.in/District%20Gazetteer/Ch11%20-%20General%20administration.PDF | title = District Gazetteer | work= Chapter IX: General Administration, Page 150| publisher = Egiye Bangla |access-date = 11 May 2018}}</ref> At the time of [[Partition of Bengal (1947)]], the [[Radcliffe Line]] placed the police station areas of Bangaon and Gaighata of Jessore district in India and the area was made a part of 24 Parganas district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/ | title = Jessore District Information | publisher = Khujbo.com | access-date = 11 May 2018 | archive-date = 16 May 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180516174925/http://tour.khujbo.com/jessore-district-information/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> The renowned novelist, [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]] (of ''[[Pather Panchali]]'' fame) belonged to this area and many of his writings portray his experience in the area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Bibhutibhushan | title = Bibhutibhusan Bandopadhyay| publisher = Banglapedia |access-date = 22 June 2021}}</ref> It is a flat plain located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> In the densely populated area, 16.33% of the population lives in the urban area and 83.67% in rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 2 May 2018}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

== Transport ==
Public transport is provided by the rail, auto and buses. [[Bangaon Junction railway station|Bangaon railway station]] is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. It is the [[Bangaon railway station|last station]] on the [[Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon section]] of Sealdah Division, Eastern Railway, 77 km from [[Sealdah Station]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table.</ref> The Sealdah–Bangaon railway was built between 1882 and 1884.<ref>[[Sukanta Chaudhuri|Chaudhuri, Sukanta]], ''The Railway Comes to Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p. 239, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}.</ref>

== Demographics ==
In the 2011 census, Bangaon municipality (22 no Words) had a population of 110,668, out of which 56,416 were males and 54,252 were females. The 0–6 years population was 8,452. Effective literacy rate for the 7+ population was 90.25 per cent.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 21 October 2011 }}</ref>

== Education ==
[[Dinabandhu Mahavidyalay]] is the only degree college in Bangaon which is currently affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]] (formerly affiliated to [[University of Calcutta]]<ref>[http://dinabandhumahavidyalaya.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=27 Dinabandhu Mahavidyalay History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708001238/http://dinabandhumahavidyalaya.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=19&Itemid=27 |date=8 July 2012 }} Retrieved 15 July 2012</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of West Bengal State University |url=http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029065002/http://www.wbsubcollegeinfo.org/list_colleges.php |archive-date=29 October 2012 }} Retrieved 15 July 2012</ref>).

== Notable residents ==

* [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], Bengali novelist
* [[Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay]], archeologist
* [[Jiban Ratan Dhar]] (1889–1963), politician
* [[Jogendra Nath Mandal]], politician
* [[Dinabandhu Mitra]], Bengali novelist
* [[Bibhas Roy Chowdhury]], poet

== See also ==
* [[2000 India-Bangladesh floods]]
* [[Bangaon subdivision]]
* [[Ichamati River]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Cities in West Bengal]]

Little Flower Higher Secondary School, Kohima

2026-02-22T19:36:14Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created a article

{{Infobox school
| name = Little Flower Higher Secondary School
| image =
| image_size =
| city = [[Kohima]]
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|39|3|N|94|6|19|E|type:edu-region:IND-NL_Source:GNIS-2546163|display=inline title}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wikimapia.org/2834860/Little-Flower-School|title=Little Flower School|website=www.wikimapia.org|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1964}}
| founder = [[Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco|Salesian Sisters]]
| type = [[Private school|Private]]
| affiliation = [[Nagaland Board of School Education|Nagaland Board of School Education (NBSE)]]
| district =
| grades = Kindergarten (A-B) – 12
| dean =
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment =
| mascot =
| sports =
| colours =
| principal = Sr. Lucy Thomas Nedumala
| gender = Girls
| information =
| website = {{URL|http://www.lfskohima.in}}
}}
'''Little Flower Higher Secondary School''' is an [[all-girls]] [[Catholic school]] in [[Kohima]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Nagaland]] providing both High school and Higher secondary school education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiastudychannel.com/schools/58427-little-flower-higher-secondary-school-kohima|title=Little Flower Higher Secondary School Kohima|website=www.indiastudychannel.com|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref> It was established in 1964 by the [[Salesian Sisters of Don Bosco|Salesian Sisters]] of [[Northeast India]] and is the only all-girls school in Nagaland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/nagaland-launches-historic-tobacco-free-home-campaign|title=Nagaland launches 'historic' Tobacco Free Home Campaign|date=14 April 2023|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Little Flower Higher Secondary School, Kohima is a Catholic Educational Institution owned and managed by the Salesian Sisters. Though the Catholic Schools are meant primarily for [[Catholic]]s, they may also admit other children irrespective of caste or creed.

It runs according to the principles and methods of the modern educator, [[St. John Bosco]]. The constant effort of the well trained staff is to develop the individual personality of each pupil and bring out those qualities which are best and noblest in them. Special attention is given to ensure a high standard of morality and discipline in the School.

== History ==
Little Flower Higher Secondary School, Kohima was established in 1964 and is owned by the Salesian Sisters of North-East India which has its headquarters at [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. It later expanded producing its first HSLC Batch in 1972.

It was upgraded to Higher Secondary in 2003 and right now having all the three streams (Arts, Science & Commerce).

The School celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/governor-graces-lfhss-golden-jubilee/|title=Governor graces LFHSS Golden Jubilee|website=www.easternmirrornagaland.com|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

== Mission ==
The primary aim of Little Flower Higher Secondary School is to impart sound formation (religious, mental, moral, social and physical) based on the principles of Christian faith, to members of the Christian community.

It also imparts a sound formation (spiritual, mental, moral, social and physical) to all others admitted to this institution. The course of instruction comprises all the branches, recognised by the [[Nagaland Board of School Education]] and prepares the girls for the H.S.L.C and H.S.S.L.C. Examination conducted by the State Board.

== Notable alumni ==
* '''[[Andrea Kevichüsa]]''', Model and Actress<ref>{{cite web|last=Sharma|first=Suman|url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/great-expectations-in-conversation-with-andrea-kevichusa-54247.amp|title=Great Expectations: In conversation with Andrea Kevichusa|date=31 March 2022|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of higher education and academic institutions in Kohima]]
* [[List of schools in Nagaland]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lfskohima.in Little Flower Higher Secondary School, Kohima] Official Website

[[Category:Education in Nagaland]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Private schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Kohima district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]

Hellenistic period

2026-02-18T02:27:37Z

Nandini Gowda KL: clean up

{{Short description|Period of eastern Mediterranean history from 323 to 30 BC}}
{{redirect|Greek world|the geographical distribution of Greek speakers|Greek language}}
{{Infobox historical era
| name = Hellenistic period
| location = [[Eastern Mediterranean]], [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]], [[South Asia]]
| start = 323
| end = 30 BC
| image = Nike of Samothrake Louvre Ma2369 n4.jpg
| alt =
| caption = The ''[[Winged Victory of Samothrace]]'' (''The Winged Nike'') is considered one of the greatest masterpieces of [[Hellenistic art]].
| before = [[Classical Greece]]
| including =
| after = [[Greece in the Roman era]]
}}
{{History of Greece}}
In [[classical antiquity]], the '''Hellenistic period''' covers the time in [[History of Greece|Greek]], [[History of the Mediterranean region|Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[History of the Middle East|Middle Eastern history]] following [[Classical Greece]], between the [[death of Alexander the Great]] in 323 BC and the death of [[Cleopatra|Cleopatra VII]] in 30 BC, in which all these regions were under the influence of [[Hellenistic culture|Greek leadership, culture, and language]] as a result of Alexander's conquests. The Hellenistic period was followed by the ascendancy of the [[Roman Empire]] in the Mediterranean, the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC, and the Roman conquest of [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic Egypt]] the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.<ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht.htm Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition.] Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130531025138/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht.htm Archived here.]</ref><ref name=eb/> Its name stems from the [[Ancient Greek]] word ''Hellas'' ({{lang|grc|Ἑλλάς}}, ''Hellás''), which was gradually recognized as the [[name of Greece|name for Greece]], from which the modern historiographical term ''Hellenistic'' was derived.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1653418|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522033957/https://www.penfield.edu/webpages/jgiotto/onlinetextbook.cfm?subpage=1653418|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 22, 2020|title=Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age|website=www.penfield.edu|access-date=2017-10-08}}</ref> The term "Hellenistic" is to be distinguished from "Hellenic" in that the latter refers to Greece itself, while the former encompasses all the ancient territories of the period that had come under [[Hellenization|significant Greek influence]], particularly the Hellenized [[Ancient Near East]], after the conquests of [[Alexander the Great]].

After the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian conquest]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] in 330 BC and its disintegration shortly thereafter in the [[Partition of Babylon]] and subsequent [[Wars of the Diadochi]], Hellenistic kingdoms were established throughout [[West Asia]] ([[Seleucid Empire]], [[Attalid dynasty|Kingdom of Pergamon]]), [[Northeast Africa]] ([[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]) and [[South Asia]] ([[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]).<ref>[http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html Professor Gerhard Rempel, ''Hellenistic Civilization'' (Western New England College)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705195541/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc1/lectures/10hellenism.html|date=2008-07-05}}.</ref><ref name="wilcken">Ulrich Wilcken, ''Griechische Geschichte im Rahmen der Altertumsgeschichte''.</ref> This resulted in an influx of [[Greek colonisation|Greek colonists]] and the export of [[Greek culture]] and language to these new realms, a breadth spanning as far as modern-day India. These new Greek kingdoms were also influenced by regional indigenous cultures, adopting local practices which were deemed beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Hellenistic culture thus represents a fusion of the ancient Greek world with that of the Western Asian, Northeastern African, and Southwestern Asian worlds.<ref>Green 2008, pp. xv–xvii.</ref> The consequence of this mixture gave rise to a common [[Attic Greek|Attic]]-based Greek dialect, known as [[Koine Greek]], which became the ''[[lingua franca]]'' throughout the ancient world.

During the Hellenistic period, Greek cultural influence reached its peak in the [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean]] and beyond. Prosperity and progress in the [[Hellenistic art|arts]], [[Hellenistic literature|literature]], [[Ancient Greek theatre|theatre]], [[Hellenistic architecture|architecture]], [[Ancient Greek music|music]], [[Hellenistic mathematics|mathematics]], [[Hellenistic philosophy|philosophy]], and [[Hellenistic science|science]] characterize the era. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of [[New Comedy]], [[Alexandrian school|Alexandrian poetry]], translation efforts such as the [[Septuagint]], and the philosophies of [[Stoicism]], [[Epicureanism]], and [[Pyrrhonism]]. In science, the works of the mathematician [[Euclid]] and the [[polymath]] [[Archimedes]] are exemplary. [[Hellenistic sculpture|Sculpture during this period]] was characterized by intense emotion and dynamic movement, as seen in sculptural works like the ''[[Dying Gaul]]'' and the ''[[Venus de Milo]]''. A form of Hellenistic architecture arose which especially emphasized the building of grand monuments and ornate decorations, as exemplified by structures such as the [[Pergamon Altar]]. The religious sphere of Greek religion expanded through syncretic facets to include new gods such as the Greco-Egyptian [[Serapis]], eastern deities such as [[Attis]] and [[Cybele]], and a [[Greco-Buddhism|syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism]] in [[Bactria]] and [[Northwest Indian subcontinent|Northwest India]].

Scholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. There is a wide chronological range of proposed dates that have included the final conquest of the Greek heartlands by the expansionist [[Roman Republic]] in 146 BC following the [[Achaean War]], the final defeat of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemaic Kingdom]] at the [[Battle of Actium]] in 31 BC, the end of the reign of the [[Roman emperor]] [[Hadrian]] in AD 138,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaniotis |first1=Angelos |author-link1=Angelos Chaniotis |title=Age of Conquests: The Greek World from Alexander to Hadrian |date=2018 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |page=4}}</ref> and the move by the emperor [[Constantine the Great]] of the capital of the Roman Empire to [[Constantinople]] in AD 330.<ref name=eb>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/260307/Hellenistic-Age |title=Hellenistic Age |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite book |title=Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age |page=xiii |last=Green |first=P |isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9|year=2008 |publisher=Phoenix }}</ref> Though this scope of suggested dates demonstrates a range of academic opinion, a generally accepted date by most of scholarship has been that of 31/30 BC.<ref name="ChapmanWylie2015">{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Anderson |first1=Terence J. |last2=Twining |first2=William |editor-last1=Chapman |editor-first1=Robert |editor-last2=Wylie |editor-first2=Alison |title=Law and archaeology: Modified Wigmorean Analysis |encyclopedia=Material Evidence: Learning from Archaeological Practice |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zky2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT290 |access-date=20 August 2019 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK; New York, NY |isbn=978-1-317-57622-8 |page=290 }}</ref><ref>Andrew Erskine, ''A companion to the Hellenistic world''. Blackwell companions to the ancient world. Ancient history. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Lt, 2003.</ref><ref>'''R'''. '''Malcolm Errington''': '''A History of the Hellenistic World'''. 323-30 B.C. (Oxford 2008)</ref>

== Etymology ==
{{See also|Names of the Greeks}}
The word originated from [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|Ἑλληνιστής}} (''Hellēnistḗs'', "one who uses the Greek language"), from {{lang|grc|Ἑλλάς}} (''Hellás'', "Greece"); as if "Hellenist" + "ic".<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/675908296/aaa
|title=Scribd Document
|last=Jumskie
|first=Toram
|website=Scribd
|date=2023-10-07
|access-date=2024-12-17
|archive-date=2024-12-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219145436/https://www.scribd.com/document/675908296/aaa
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

{{multiple image| align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = left/right/center | footer = '''Left image''': The [[Sampul tapestry]], a woolen wall hanging from [[Lop County]], [[Hotan Prefecture]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]], possibly showing a [[Yuezhi]], wielding a spear, and wearing what appears to be a ''[[diadem]]'' headband; depicted above him is a [[centaur]], from [[Greek mythology]], a common [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] in [[Hellenistic art]] '''Right image''': painted clay and [[alabaster]] head of a [[Zoroastrian]] priest wearing a distinctive [[Bactria]]n-style headdress, [[Takhti-Sangin]], [[Tajikistan]], 3rd–2nd century BC | footer_align = left | image1 = UrumqiWarrior.jpg | total_width = 290 | caption1 = | image2 = Head of Bactrian ruler (Satrap), Temple of the Oxus, Takht-i-Sangin, 3rd-2nd century BC.jpg | caption2 = }}

The idea of a Hellenistic period is a 19th-century concept, and did not exist in [[ancient Greece]]. Although words related in form or meaning, e.g. ''Hellenist'' ({{langx|grc|Ἑλληνιστής|links=no}}, ''Hellēnistēs''), have been attested since ancient times,<ref name= HellenistesLSJ>{{LSJ|*(ellhnisth/s|Ἑλληνιστής|ref}}.</ref> it has been attributed to the 19th-century German historian [[Johann Gustav Droysen]], who in his classic work {{Lang|de|Geschichte des Hellenismus}} (''History of Hellenism''), coined the term ''Hellenistic'' to refer to and define the period when Greek culture spread in the non-Greek world after Alexander's conquest.<ref name=DroysenHellenismus>{{cite book|title= Greek History: Hellenistic. Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide|first=Angelos|last=[[Angelos Chaniotis|Chaniotis]]
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fBrSQebTZekC&pg=PA8|page=8|publisher=Oxford University Press|year= 2011 |isbn= 978-0-19-980507-5}}</ref> Following Droysen, ''Hellenistic'' and related terms, e.g. ''Hellenism'', have been widely used in various contexts; a notable such use is in ''[[Culture and Anarchy]]'' by [[Matthew Arnold]], where Hellenism is used in contrast with [[Hebraism]].<ref name=MatthewArnold>{{cite book|title=Culture and Anarchy|first1=Matthew|last1=Arnold|author1-link=Matthew Arnold |chapter=Chapter IV|page=143|year=1869|publisher=Smith, Elder & Co.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xD5AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA143 |title-link=Culture and Anarchy}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Culture and Anarchy|first1=Matthew|last1=Arnold|author1-link=Matthew Arnold|editor-first=Jane |editor-last=Garnett|chapter=Chapter IV|page=96|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-280511-9|title-link=Culture and Anarchy}}</ref>

The major issue with the term Hellenistic lies in its convenience, as the spread of [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] was not the generalized phenomenon that the term implies. Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. The term Hellenistic also implies that the Greek populations were of majority in the areas in which they settled, but in many cases, the Greek settlers were actually the minority among the native populations. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

== Sources ==
[[File:Papyrus document containing signature of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.jpg|thumb|A papyrus document ([[Papyrus Bingen 45]]) received in February 33 BC granting tax exemptions to a person in Egypt with {{lang|grc|γινέσθωι}} ({{transliteration|grc|ginésthōi}}; {{literal translation|lk=on}} "make it happen" or "so be it") added in Greek, possibly by Cleopatra's own hand<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2014-06-01 |title=Duane W. Roller, Cleopatra. A Biography. (Women in Antiquity.) Oxford/New York/Auckland, Oxford University Press 2010 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hzhz-2014-0244 |journal=Historische Zeitschrift |volume=298 |issue=3 |pages=752–754 |doi=10.1515/hzhz-2014-0244 |issn=2196-680X|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reece |first=Steve |url= |title=Ab Omni Parte Beatus: Classical Essays in Honor of James M. May |publisher=Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |year=2017 |editor-last=Groton |editor-first=Anne H. |pages=201–220 |chapter=Cleopatra Couldn't Spell (And Neither Can We!) |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/32565047}}</ref>]]

=== Literary works ===
While a few fragments exist, there are no complete surviving historical works that date to the hundred years following [[Alexander the Great|Alexander's]] death. The works of the major Hellenistic [[historian]]s [[Hieronymus of Cardia]] (who worked under Alexander, [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus I]] and other successors), [[Duris of Samos]] and [[Phylarchus]], which were used by surviving [[Primary source|sources]], are all lost.<ref name="Walbank">F.W. Walbank et al. THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIENT HISTORY, SECOND EDITION, VOLUME VII, PART I: The Hellenistic World, p. 1.</ref> The earliest and most credible surviving source for the Hellenistic period is [[Polybius]] of [[Megalopolis, Greece|Megalopolis]] (c. 200–118), a statesman of the [[Achaean League]] until 168 BC when he was forced to go to Rome as a hostage.<ref name="Walbank" /> His ''[[The Histories (Polybius)|Histories]]'' eventually grew to a length of forty books, covering the years 220 to 167 BC.

The most important source after [[Polybius]] is [[Diodorus Siculus]] who wrote his ''[[Bibliotheca historica]]'' between 60 and 30 BC and reproduced some important earlier sources such as Hieronymus, but his account of the Hellenistic period breaks off after the [[battle of Ipsus]] (301 BC). Another important source, [[Plutarch]]'s ({{circa|AD 50|120}}) ''[[Parallel Lives]]'' although more preoccupied with issues of personal character and morality, outlines the history of important Hellenistic figures. [[Appian]] of Alexandria (late 1st century AD–before 165) wrote a history of the [[Roman Empire]] that includes information of some [[Wars of the Diadochi|Hellenistic kingdoms.]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

Other sources include [[Justin (historian)|Justin]]'s (2nd century AD) [[epitome]] of [[Pompeius Trogus]]' ''Historiae Philipicae'' and a summary of [[Arrian]]'s ''Events after Alexander'', by [[Photios I of Constantinople]]. Lesser supplementary sources include [[Curtius Rufus]], [[Pausanias of Damascus|Pausanias]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], and the [[Byzantine]] [[encyclopedia]] the [[Suda]]. In the field of philosophy, [[Diogenes Laërtius]]' ''[[Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers]]'' is the main source; works such as [[Cicero]]'s ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' also provide some further detail of philosophical schools in the Hellenistic period.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

=== Inscriptions ===
[[File:Kanlıdivane_Hellenistic_tower_9172.jpg|thumb|Inscriptions on the bricks of the Hellenistic tower in [[Kanlıdivane]]]]

[[Epigraphy|Inscriptions]] on stone or metal were commonly erected throughout the Greek world for public display, a practice which originated well before the time of Alexander the Great, but saw substantial expansion during the Hellenistic Period. The majority of these inscriptions are located on the [[Geography of Greece|Greek mainland]], the [[List of islands of Greece|Greek islands]], and western [[Asia Minor]]. While they become increasingly rare towards the eastern regions, they are not entirely absent there, and they are most notably featured in [[public buildings]] and [[sanctuaries]]. The content of these inscriptions is diverse, encompassing royal correspondence addressed to cities or individuals, municipal and legal edicts, decrees commemorating rulers, officials, and individuals for their contributions, as well as laws, treaties, religious rulings, and dedications. Despite challenges in their interpretation, inscriptions are often the only source available for understanding numerous events in Greek history.<ref name="Austinmmm">{{Cite book |last=Austin |first=M. M. |date=2006-07-06 |title=The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/the-hellenistic-world-from-alexander-to-the-roman-conquest/3EB18C3DE412E2173DD5EDEF9496D207#overview |access-date=2024-09-08 |publisher=Higher Education from Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511818080 |isbn=978-0-521-82860-4 |language=en}}</ref>p:7-8

=== Papyri ===
[[Papyrus]] served as the predominant medium for handwritten documents across the Hellenistic world, though its production was confined to [[Egypt]]. Due to Egypt's [[arid climate]], papyrus manuscripts were almost exclusively preserved there as well. That being said, the different historical periods are not represented equally in the papyrological documents. Texts from the reign of [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy I]] are notably scarce, while those from the reign of [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy II]] are more frequently encountered, this is owing in part to the large quantities of papyri which were stuffed into human and animal [[Mummy|mummies]] during his rule. Papyri have been classified into public and private documents, including literary texts, laws and regulations, official correspondence, [[Petition|petitions]], records, and ''[[Archive|archives]]'' or collections of documents belonging to individuals of position and authority. Significant information about the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]], which might otherwise have been lost, has been preserved in papyrological documents. This is particularly noteworthy given the limited documentation available for their [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] counterparts.<ref name="Austinmmm"></ref>p:8-9

== Background ==
{{See also|Philip II of Macedon|Alexander the Great|Wars of Alexander the Great}}
[[File:Napoli BW 2013-05-16 16-24-01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] fighting the Persian king [[Darius III of Persia|Darius III]]. From the [[Alexander Mosaic]], [[Naples National Archaeological Museum]]]]
{{Alexander the Great series}}

Ancient Greece was a patchwork of independent city-states and kingdoms. After the [[Peloponnesian War]] (431-404 BC), [[Sparta]] held a hegemony that was later displaced by [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] following the [[Battle of Leuctra]] (371 BC). The indecisive outcome at the [[Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)]] left the Greek world fragmented, creating conditions in which the northern Greek kingdom of [[Macedon]] rose to predominance under king [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]. Macedon lay on the geographical periphery of the Greek world. Some contemporaries in the southern poleis disparaged it as less urbanised, although the royal [[Argead dynasty]] traced Greek descent. The kingdom controlled a large territory and possessed a comparatively strong centralised monarchy, unlike most poleis.<ref>Bury, p. 684.{{full citation needed|date=December 2023}}</ref>

Philip II pursued expansion wherever opportunity allowed. In 352 BC he annexed [[Thessaly]] and [[Magnesia Prefecture|Magnesia]]. In 338 BC he defeated a combined Theban and [[Athenian military|Athenian]] army at the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]] after a decade of intermittent conflict. In the aftermath Philip formed the [[League of Corinth]], bringing most of Greece under his leadership. He was elected ''[[Hegemony|Hegemon]]'' of the League, and a campaign against the [[Achaemenid Empire]] was planned. In 336 BC, while preparations were under way, he was assassinated.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |title=Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age |publisher=Orion |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9 |location=London}}</ref>

[[File:MacedonEmpire.jpg|thumb|left|Alexander's empire at the time of its maximum expansion]]

Succeeding his father, Alexander took command of the Persian war. Over a decade of campaigning he [[Wars of Alexander the Great|overthrew the Achaemenid Empire]] and the king [[Darius III of Persia|Darius III]]. The conquered lands included [[Asia Minor]], [[Assyria]], the [[Levant]], [[Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Medes|Media]], [[Persia]], and parts of modern [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and the central Asian [[steppes]]. The strain of continuous campaigning was severe, and Alexander died in 323 BC.

After his death, the territories he had conquered experienced sustained Greek cultural influence ([[Hellenization|Hellenisation]]) for the next two or three centuries, until the rise of the [[Roman Empire]] in the west and the [[Parthian Empire]] in the east. As Greek and Levantine cultures interacted, a hybrid Hellenistic culture developed and persisted even when far from the principal Greek centres, for example in the [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom]].

Scholars note that not all changes across the former empire can be attributed solely to Greek rule. As [[Peter Green (historian)|Peter Green]] observes, diverse phenomena of conquest are often grouped under the term Hellenistic period. In several regions, including Egypt and parts of [[Asia Minor]] and [[Mesopotamia]], Alexander was sometimes received as a liberator rather than as a mere conqueror.<ref name="autogenerated2007" />

In the subsequent era, much of the area continued under the [[Diadochi]], Alexander’s generals and successors. The empire was initially divided among them, though some territories were quickly lost or only nominally acknowledged Macedonian authority. After about two centuries, the remaining successor states were much reduced, culminating in the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt.<ref name="ReferenceC" />

== The Diadochi ==
{{Main|Diadochi|Wars of the Diadochi|Partition of Babylon}}
{{further|History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)}}
[[File:Diadochi satraps babylon.png|thumb|upright=1.3|The distribution of [[satrap]]ies in the [[Macedonian Empire]] after the [[Partition of Babylon|Settlement in Babylon (323 BC)]]]]

When [[Alexander the Great]] died (10 June 323 BC), he left behind a sprawling empire that was composed of many essentially autonomous territories called [[satrap]]ies. Without a chosen successor, there were immediate disputes among his generals as to who should be king of Macedon. These generals became known as the Diadochi ({{langx|grc|Διάδοχοι}}, ''Diadokhoi'', meaning "Successors").

[[Meleager (general)|Meleager]] and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip Arrhidaeus]], while [[Perdiccas]], the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's child by [[Roxana]]. After the infantry stormed the palace of [[Babylon]], a compromise was arranged – [[Arrhidaeus]] (as Philip III) should become king and should rule jointly with Roxana's child, assuming that it was a boy (as it was, becoming [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]]). Perdiccas himself would become regent (''epimeletes'') of the empire, and Meleager his lieutenant. Soon, however, Perdiccas had Meleager and the other infantry leaders murdered and assumed full control.<ref>Green, Peter (1990); Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age. University of California Press. pp. 7–8.</ref> The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the [[partition of Babylon]] by becoming [[satrap]]s of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky because, as [[Arrian]] writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".<ref>Green, p. 9.</ref>

The first of the [[Diadochi wars]] broke out when [[Perdiccas]] planned to marry Alexander's sister [[Cleopatra of Macedonia|Cleopatra]] and began to question [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]]' leadership in [[Asia Minor]]. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with [[Antipater]] and [[Craterus]] (the satrap of [[Cilicia]] who had been in Greece fighting the [[Lamian war]]) invaded [[Anatolia]]. The rebels were supported by [[Lysimachus]], the satrap of [[Thrace]] and Ptolemy, the satrap of Egypt. Although [[Eumenes]], satrap of [[Cappadocia]], defeated the rebels in Asia Minor, Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals [[Peithon]], [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], and [[Antigenes (general)|Antigenes]] (possibly with Ptolemy's aid) during his invasion of Egypt ({{circa|21 May}} to 19 June, 320 BC).<ref>Green, p. 14.</ref> Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas's murderers, making Peithon and [[Arrhidaeus]] regents in his place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the [[Treaty of Triparadisus]]. Antipater was made regent of the Empire, and the two kings were moved to Macedon. Antigonus remained in charge of Asia Minor, Ptolemy retained Egypt, Lysimachus retained Thrace and [[Seleucus I]] controlled [[Babylon]].

[[File:Diadoch.png|upright=1.15|thumb|right|The kingdoms of Antigonos and his rivals {{circa|303 BC}}]]

The second Diadochi war began following the death of [[Antipater]] in 319 BC. Passing over his own son, [[Cassander]], Antipater had declared [[Polyperchon]] his successor as [[Regent]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Esposito |first=Gabriele |title=Armies of the Hellenistic states 323 BC to AD 30: history, organization & equipment |date=2019 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |isbn=978-1-5267-3029-9 |location=Barnsley, South Yorkshire}}</ref> Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. In 317 BC, [[Cassander]] invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing [[Olympias]] to death and capturing the boy king [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]], and his mother. In Asia, [[Eumenes]] was betrayed by his own men after years of campaign and was given up to Antigonus who had him executed.

The third war of the Diadochi broke out because of the growing power and ambition of Antigonus. He began removing and appointing satraps as if he were king and also raided the royal treasuries in [[Ecbatana]], [[Persepolis]] and [[Susa]], making off with 25,000 [[Talent (measurement)|talents]].<ref name="Green, p. 21" /> Seleucus was forced to flee to Egypt and Antigonus was soon at war with Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. He then invaded [[Phoenicia]], laid siege to [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], stormed [[Gaza City|Gaza]] and began building a fleet. Ptolemy invaded Syria and defeated Antigonus' son, [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius Poliorcetes]], in the [[Battle of Gaza (312 BC)|Battle of Gaza]] of 312 BC which allowed [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] to secure control of [[Babylonia]], and the eastern satrapies. In 310 BC, Cassander had young King Alexander IV and his mother [[Roxana]] murdered, ending the [[Argead dynasty]] which had ruled Macedon for several centuries.

[[File:Diadochen1.png|thumb|right|
Kingdoms of the Diadochi after the battle of Ipsus, {{circa|301 BC}}
{{legend|#787CAD|Kingdom of [[Ptolemy I Soter]]}}
{{legend|#50A249|Kingdom of [[Cassander]]}}
{{legend|#C38833|Kingdom of [[Lysimachus]]}}
{{legend|#C3B933|Kingdom of [[Seleucus I Nicator]]}}
]]
[[File:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg|thumb|The major Hellenistic kingdoms in 240 BC, including territories controlled by the [[Seleucid dynasty]], the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]], the [[Attalid dynasty]], the [[Antigonid dynasty]], and independent [[poleis]] of [[Hellenistic Greece]]]]

Antigonus then sent his son [[Demetrius I Poliorcetes|Demetrius]] to regain control of Greece. In 307 BC he took Athens, expelling [[Demetrius of Phaleron]], Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius now turned his attention to Ptolemy, defeating his fleet at the [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus (306 BC)|Battle of Salamis]] and taking control of Cyprus.<ref name=":1" /> In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (''[[basileus]]'') and bestowed it on his son [[Demetrius Poliorcetes]], the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit.<ref>Green, pp. 30–31.</ref> Demetrius continued his campaigns by [[Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)|laying siege to Rhodes]] and conquering most of Greece in 302 BC, creating a league against Cassander's Macedon.

The decisive engagement of the war came when Lysimachus invaded and overran much of western Anatolia, but was soon isolated by Antigonus and Demetrius near Ipsus in [[Phrygia]]. Seleucus arrived in time to save Lysimachus and utterly crushed Antigonus at the [[Battle of Ipsus]] in 301 BC. Seleucus' war elephants proved decisive; Antigonus was killed, and Demetrius fled back to Greece to attempt to preserve the remnants of his rule, thereby recapturing a rebellious Athens. Meanwhile, Lysimachus took over [[Ionia]], Seleucus took [[Cilicia]], and Ptolemy captured [[Cyprus]].

After Cassander's death in {{circa|298 BC}}, however, Demetrius, who still maintained a sizable loyal army and fleet, invaded Macedon, seized the Macedonian throne (294 BC) and conquered [[Thessaly]] and most of central Greece (293–291 BC).<ref>Green, p. 126.</ref> He was defeated in 288 BC when [[Lysimachus]] [[Thrace|of Thrace]] and [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] invaded Macedon on two fronts, and quickly carved up the kingdom for themselves. Demetrius fled to central Greece with his mercenaries and began to build support there and in the northern Peloponnese. He once again laid siege to Athens after they turned on him, but then struck a treaty with the Athenians and Ptolemy, which allowed him to cross over to Asia Minor and wage war on Lysimachus' holdings in [[Ionia]], leaving his son [[Antigonus Gonatas]] in Greece. After initial successes, he was forced to surrender to Seleucus in 285 BC and later died in captivity.<ref>Green, p. 129.</ref> Lysimachus, who had seized Macedon and Thessaly for himself, was forced into war when Seleucus invaded his territories in Asia Minor and was defeated and killed in 281 BC at the [[Battle of Corupedium]], near [[Sardis]]. Seleucus then attempted to conquer Lysimachus' European territories in Thrace and Macedon, but he was assassinated by [[Ptolemy Ceraunus]] ("the thunderbolt"), who had taken refuge at the Seleucid court and then had himself acclaimed as king of Macedon. Ptolemy was killed when Macedon was [[Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe#Invasions of Greece|invaded by Gauls in 279 BC]]—his head stuck on a spear—and the country fell into anarchy. Antigonus II Gonatas invaded Thrace in the summer of 277 and defeated a large force of 18,000 Gauls. He was quickly hailed as king of Macedon and went on to rule for 35 years.<ref>Green, p. 134.</ref>

At this point the tripartite territorial division of the Hellenistic age was in place, with the main Hellenistic powers being [[Macedon]] under Demetrius's son [[Antigonus II Gonatas]], the [[Ptolemaic kingdom]] under [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]]'s son [[Ptolemy II Philadelphus|Ptolemy II]] and the [[Seleucid empire]] under Seleucus' son [[Antiochus I Soter]].

== Southern Europe ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}

=== Kingdom of Epirus ===
{{Main|Epirus (ancient state)}}
[[Epirus (ancient state)|Epirus]] was a [[Doric Greek#Northwest Doric|northwestern Greek]] kingdom in the western [[Balkans]] ruled by the [[Molossian]] [[Aeacidae]] dynasty. Epirus was an ally of [[Macedon]] during the reigns of Philip II and Alexander.

In 281 [[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] (nicknamed "the eagle", ''aetos'') invaded southern Italy to aid the city state of [[History of Taranto|Tarentum]]. Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the [[Battle of Heraclea]] and at the [[Battle of Asculum]]. Though victorious, he was forced to retreat due to heavy losses, hence the term "[[Pyrrhic victory]]". Pyrrhus then turned south and invaded Sicily but was unsuccessful and returned to Italy. After the [[Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)|Battle of Beneventum]] (275 BC) Pyrrhus lost all his Italian holdings and left for Epirus.

[[Pyrrhus of Epirus|Pyrrhus]] then went to war with Macedonia in 275 BC, deposing [[Antigonus II Gonatas]] and briefly ruling over Macedonia and [[Thessaly]] until 272. Afterwards, he invaded southern Greece and was killed in battle against [[Ancient Argos|Argos]] in 272 BC. After the death of Pyrrhus, Epirus remained a minor power. In 233 BC the Aeacid royal family was deposed and a federal state was set up called the [[Epirote League]]. The league was conquered by Rome in the [[Third Macedonian War]] (171–168 BC).

=== Kingdom of Macedon ===
{{Main|Antigonid dynasty}}
[[File:Philip V of Macedon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]], "the darling of Hellas", wearing the [[Monarchy|royal]] [[diadem (personal wear)|diadem]]]]

[[Antigonus II]], a student of [[Zeno of Citium]], spent most of his rule defending Macedon against [[Epirus]] and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the [[Chremonidean War]], and then against the [[Achaean League]] of [[Aratus of Sicyon]]. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the [[Pangaion Hills|Pangaeum mines]] were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the [[Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe#Invasions of Greece|Gallic invasion]].<ref>Green, p. 199</ref> A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two-thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.<ref>Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 35</ref>

Antigonus II ruled until his death in 239 BC. His son [[Demetrius II of Macedon|Demetrius II]] soon died in 229 BC, leaving a child (Philip V) as king, with the general [[Antigonus Doson]] as regent. Doson led Macedon to victory in the war against the Spartan king [[Cleomenes III]], and occupied [[Sparta]].

[[Philip V of Macedon|Philip V]], who came to power when Doson died in 221 BC, was the last Macedonian ruler with both the talent and the opportunity to unite Greece and preserve its independence against the "cloud rising in the west": the ever-increasing power of Rome. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". Under his auspices the Peace of Naupactus (217 BC) brought the latest war between Macedon and the Greek leagues ([[Social War (220–217 BC)|the Social War]] of 220–217 BC) to an end, and at this time he controlled all of Greece except Athens, Rhodes and Pergamum.

In 215 BC Philip, with his eye on [[Illyria]], formed an alliance with Rome's enemy [[Hannibal]] of [[Carthage]], which led to Roman alliances with the [[Achaean League]], Rhodes and Pergamum. The [[First Macedonian War]] broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. Philip continued to wage war against Pergamum and Rhodes for control of the Aegean (204–200 BC) and ignored Roman demands for non-intervention in Greece by invading Attica. In 198 BC, during the [[Second Macedonian War]] Philip was decisively defeated at [[Battle of Cynoscephalae|Cynoscephalae]] by the Roman proconsul [[Titus Quinctius Flamininus]] and Macedon lost all its territories in Greece proper. Southern Greece was now thoroughly brought into the Roman [[sphere of influence]], though it retained nominal autonomy. The end of Antigonid Macedon came when Philip V's son, Perseus, was defeated and captured by the Romans in the [[Third Macedonian War]] (171–168 BC).

=== Rest of Greece ===
{{Main|Hellenistic Greece}}
[[File:Macedonia and the Aegean World c.200.png|upright=1.15|thumb|Greece and the Aegean world {{circa|200 BC}}]]

During the Hellenistic period, the importance of [[Greek peninsula|Greece proper]] within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic culture]] were [[Alexandria]] and [[Antioch]], capitals of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucid Syria]] respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities that had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]], and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]].

Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. One example is [[Athens]], which had been decisively defeated by [[Antipater]] in the [[Lamian war]] (323–322 BC) and had its port in the [[Piraeus]] garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative [[oligarchy]].<ref>Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, p. 11.</ref> After [[Demetrius Poliorcetes]] captured Athens in 307 BC and restored the [[Athenian democracy|democracy]], the Athenians honored him and his father Antigonus by placing gold statues of them on the [[agora]] and granting them the title of king. Athens later allied itself to [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] to throw off Macedonian rule, eventually setting up a religious cult for the Ptolemaic kings and naming one of the city's [[phyle]]s in honour of Ptolemy for his aid against Macedon. In spite of the Ptolemaic monies and fleets backing their endeavors, [[Athens]] and [[Sparta]] were defeated by [[Antigonus II]] during the [[Chremonidean War]] (267–261 BC). Athens was then occupied by Macedonian troops, and run by Macedonian officials.

[[Sparta]] remained independent, but it was no longer the leading military power in the [[Peloponnese]]. The Spartan king [[Cleomenes III]] (235–222 BC) staged a military coup against the conservative [[ephors]] and pushed through radical social and land reforms in order to increase the size of the shrinking Spartan citizenry able to provide military service and restore Spartan power. Sparta's bid for supremacy was crushed at the [[Battle of Sellasia]] (222 BC) by the Achaean league and Macedon, who restored the power of the [[ephors]].

Other [[city states]] formed [[federated states]] in self-defense, such as the [[Aetolian League]] ({{abbr|est.|established}} 370 BC), the [[Achaean League]] ({{abbr|est.|established}} 280 BC), the [[Boeotian league]], the "Northern League" ([[Byzantium]], [[Chalcedon]], [[Heraclea Pontica]] and [[Tium]])<ref>McGing, BC. The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, p. 17.</ref> and the "[[Nesiotic League]]" of the [[Cyclades]]. These [[federations]] involved a central government which controlled [[foreign policy]] and military affairs, while leaving most of the local governing to the [[City-state|city states]], a system termed [[Sympoliteia (treaty)|sympoliteia]]. In states such as the Achaean league, this also involved the admission of other ethnic groups into the federation with equal rights, in this case, non-[[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaeans]].<ref>Green, p. 139.</ref> The Achean league was able to drive out the Macedonians from the Peloponnese and free Corinth, which duly joined the league.

One of the few city states who managed to maintain full independence from the control of any Hellenistic kingdom was [[Rhodes]]. With a skilled navy to protect its trade fleets from pirates and an ideal strategic position covering the routes from the east into the Aegean, Rhodes prospered during the Hellenistic period. It became a center of culture and commerce, its coins were widely circulated and its philosophical schools became one of the best in the Mediterranean. After holding out for [[Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)|one year under siege by Demetrius Poliorcetes]] (305–304 BC), the Rhodians built the [[Colossus of Rhodes]] to commemorate their victory. They retained their independence by the maintenance of a powerful navy, by maintaining a carefully neutral posture and acting to preserve the balance of power between the major Hellenistic kingdoms.<ref>[[Richard Berthold|Berthold, Richard M.]], ''Rhodes in the Hellenistic Age'', Cornell University Press, 1984, p. 12.</ref>

Initially, Rhodes had very close ties with the Ptolemaic kingdom. Rhodes later became a Roman ally against the Seleucids, receiving some territory in [[Caria]] for their role in the [[Roman–Seleucid War]] (192–188 BC).

=== Balkans ===
[[File:Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak.jpg|thumb|Painting of a groom and bride from the Hellenistic [[Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak]], near the ancient city of [[Seuthopolis]], 4th century BC]]

The west [[Balkan]] coast was inhabited by various [[List of ancient tribes in Illyria|Illyrian]] tribes and kingdoms such as the kingdom of the [[Dalmatae]] and of the [[Ardiaei]], who often engaged in [[piracy]] under [[Queen Teuta]] (reigned 231–227 BC). Further inland was the Illyrian [[Paeonia (kingdom)|Paeonian Kingdom]] and the tribe of the [[Agrianes]]. Illyrians on the coast of the [[Adriatic]] were under the effects and influence of [[Hellenisation]] and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual<ref>Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and [[Sarah B. Pomeroy]]. ''A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture''. Oxford University Press p. 255</ref><ref>The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D. M. Lewis (Editor), John Boardman (Editor), Simon Hornblower (Editor), M. Ostwald (Editor), {{ISBN|0-521-23348-8}}, 1994, p. 423, "Through contact with their Greek neighbors some Illyrian tribe became bilingual (Strabo Vii.7.8.Diglottoi) in particular the Bylliones and the Taulantian tribes close to Epidamnus"</ref><ref name="Dalmatia 2006, page 21">Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970–2001 : papers in honour of J.J by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, J. J. Wilkes, Emilio Marin, 2006, p. 21, "...completely Hellenised town..."</ref> due to their proximity to the [[List of ancient cities in Illyria#Greek|Greek colonies]] in Illyria. Illyrians imported weapons and armor from the [[ancient Greeks]] (such as the [[Illyrian type helmet]], originally a Greek type) and also adopted the ornamentation of ancient [[Macedon]] on their shields<ref>The Illyrians: history and culture, History and Culture Series, The Illyrians: History and Culture, Aleksandar Stipčević, {{ISBN|0-8155-5052-9}}, 1977, p. 174</ref> and their war belts<ref>The Illyrians (The Peoples of Europe) by John Wilkes, 1996, pp. 233, 236. "The Illyrians liked decorated belt-buckles or clasps (see figure 29). Some of gold and silver with openwork designs of stylised birds have a similar distribution to the [[Mramorac belts|Mramorac bracelets]] and may also have been produced under Greek influence."</ref> (a single one has been found, dated 3rd century BC at modern [[Selce e Poshtme|Selcë e Poshtme]], a part of [[Macedon]] at the time under [[Philip V of Macedon]]<ref>Carte de la Macédoine et du monde égéen vers 200 av. J.-C.</ref>).

The [[Odrysian Kingdom]] was a union of [[Thracian]] tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe. Various parts of Thrace were under Macedonian rule under [[Philip II of Macedon]], [[Alexander the Great]], [[Lysimachus]], [[Ptolemy II]], and Philip V but were also often ruled by their own kings. The [[Thracians]] and [[Agrianes]] were widely used by Alexander as [[peltasts]] and [[light cavalry]], forming about one-fifth of his army.<ref>Webber, Christopher; Odyrsian arms equipment and tactics.</ref> The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. The Odrysians used [[Greek language|Greek]] as the language of administration<ref>The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, {{ISBN|0-19-815047-4}}, p. 3</ref> and of the nobility. The nobility also adopted [[Greek clothing|Greek fashions in dress]], ornament, and military equipment, spreading it to the other tribes.<ref>The Odrysian Kingdom of Thrace: Orpheus Unmasked (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology) by Z. H. Archibald, 1998, {{ISBN|0-19-815047-4}}, p. 5</ref> Thracian kings were among the first to be [[Hellenized]].<ref>The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J. F. Lazenby, 2003, p. 224, "... number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting 'the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc. ...</ref>

After 278 BC the Odrysians had a strong competitor in the [[Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe|Celtic]] [[Tylis|Kingdom of Tylis]] ruled by the kings [[Comontorius]] and [[Cavarus]], but in 212 BC they conquered their enemies and destroyed their capital.

=== Western Mediterranean ===
{{further|Colonies in antiquity|Greek coinage of Italy and Sicily}}
[[File:Massalia large coin 5th 1st century BCE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|A silver [[Ancient drachma|drachma]] from Massalia (modern [[Marseille]], France), dated 375–200 BC, with the head of the goddess [[Artemis]] on the [[obverse]] and a lion on the reverse]]

[[Southern Italy]] ([[Magna Graecia]]) and south-eastern [[Sicily]] had been colonized by the Greeks during the 8th century BC. In 4th-century BC Sicily the leading Greek city and [[hegemon]] was [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]. During the Hellenistic period the leading figure in Sicily was [[Agathocles of Syracuse]] (361–289 BC) who seized the city with an army of mercenaries in 317 BC. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the [[Carthaginians]], at one point invading [[Tunisia]] in 310 BC and defeating a Carthaginian army there. This was the first time a European force had invaded the region. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east.<ref>Walbank et al. (2008), p. 394.</ref> Agathocles then invaded Italy ({{circa|300 BC}}) in defense of [[Italy|Tarentum]] against the Bruttians and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], but was unsuccessful.

[[File:Dédicace de Segomaros (inscription gallo-grecque).png|thumb|upright=1.15|Gallo-Greek inscription: "Segomaros, son of Uillū, citizen (''toutious'') of [[Nîmes|Namausos]], dedicated this [[nemeton|sanctuary]] to Belesama"]]

[[Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul]] were mostly limited to the [[Mediterranean]] coast of [[Provence]], [[History of France|France]]. The first Greek colony in the region was [[Marseille|Massalia]], which became one of the largest trading ports of Mediterranean by the 4th century BC with 6,000 inhabitants. Massalia was also the local [[hegemon]], controlling various coastal Greek cities like [[Nice]] and [[Agde]]. The coins minted in Massalia have been found in all parts of Liguro-Celtic Gaul. [[Celtic coinage]] was influenced by Greek designs,<ref>Boardman, John (1993), ''The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity'', Princeton University Press, p. 308.</ref> and Greek letters can be found on various Celtic coins, especially those of [[Southern France]].<ref name="Beale">''Celtic Inscriptions on Gaulish and British Coins'' by Beale Poste p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uRDIXDw5dekC&pg=PA135 135]</ref> Traders from Massalia ventured inland deep into France on the Rivers [[Durance]] and [[Rhône]], and established overland trade routes deep into [[Gaul]], and to [[Switzerland]] and [[Burgundy]]. The Hellenistic period saw the Greek alphabet spread into southern Gaul from Massalia (3rd and 2nd centuries BC) and according to [[Strabo]], Massalia was also a center of education, where [[Celts]] went to learn Greek.<ref>Momigliano, Arnaldo. Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, pp. 54–55.</ref> A staunch ally of Rome, Massalia retained its independence until it sided with [[Pompey]] in 49 BC and was then [[Siege of Massilia|taken by Caesar's forces]].

The city of [[Emporion]] (modern [[Empúries]]), originally founded by [[Archaic Greece|Archaic-period]] settlers from [[Phocaea]] and Massalia in the 6th century BC near the village of [[Sant Martí d'Empúries]] (located on an offshore island that forms part of [[L'Escala]], [[Catalonia]], [[History of Spain|Spain]]),<ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|pages=15–16}}</ref> was reestablished in the 5th century BC with a new city (''neapolis'') on the [[Iberian peninsula|Iberian mainland]].<ref>Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005), ''Architecture of Spain'', London: Greenwoood Press, {{ISBN|0-313-31963-4}}, pp. 69–71.</ref> Emporion contained a mixed population of Greek colonists and Iberian natives, and although [[Livy]] and [[Strabo]] assert that they lived in different [[Quarter (urban subdivision)|quarters]], these two groups were eventually integrated.<ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|pages=17–18}}</ref> The city became a dominant trading hub and center of Hellenistic civilization in Iberia, eventually siding with the [[Roman Republic]] against the [[Carthaginian Empire]] during the [[Second Punic War]] (218–201 BC).<ref>Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005), ''Architecture of Spain'', London: Greenwoood Press, {{ISBN|0-313-31963-4}}, p. 70.</ref> However, Emporion lost its political independence around 195 BC with the establishment of the [[Roman province]] of [[Hispania Citerior]] and by the 1st century BC had become fully [[Romanized]] in culture.<ref>Lapunzina, Alejandro (2005), ''Architecture of Spain'', London: Greenwoood Press, {{ISBN|0-313-31963-4}}, pp. 70–71.</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Tang|first=Birgit|title=Delos, Carthage, Ampurias: the Housing of Three Mediterranean Trading Centres|year=2005|location=Rome|publisher=L'Erma di Bretschneider (Accademia di Danimarca)|isbn=8882653056|pages=16–17}}</ref>

== Hellenistic Near East ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}
The Hellenistic states of [[Asia]] and [[Egypt]] were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers.<ref>Green, p. 187</ref> Promotion of immigration from Greece was important in the establishment of this system. Hellenistic monarchs ran their kingdoms as royal estates and most of the heavy tax revenues went into the military and paramilitary forces which preserved their rule from any kind of revolution. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (''hetairoi'', ''philoi'') which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council.<ref>Green, p. 190</ref> The monarch was also expected to serve as a charitable patron of the people; this public philanthropy could mean building projects and handing out gifts but also promotion of [[Greek culture]] and religion.

=== Ptolemaic Kingdom ===
{{Main|Ptolemaic Kingdom}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 350
| image1 = Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg
| image2 = Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 20110309.jpg
| footer = Bust of [[Ptolemy I Soter]] (left) wearing a [[diadem]], a symbol of Hellenistic kingship. Ring of [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] (right) as Egyptian [[pharaoh]]. Both pieces in the [[Louvre Museum]].
}}

[[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]], a [[somatophylax]], one of the seven [[bodyguard]]s who served as [[Alexander the Great]]'s generals and deputies, was appointed [[satrap]] of [[Egypt]] after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the [[Siege of Rhodes (305 BC)|siege of Rhodes]]. Ptolemy built new cities such as [[Ptolemais Hermiou]] in [[upper Egypt]] and settled his veterans throughout the country, especially in the region of the [[Faiyum]]. [[Alexandria]], a major center of Greek culture and trade, became his capital city. As Egypt's first port city, it became the main grain exporter in the Mediterranean.

The [[Egyptians]] begrudgingly accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the [[pharaoh]]s of independent Egypt, though the kingdom went through several native revolts. Ptolemy I began to order monetary contributions from the people and, as a result, rewarded cities with high contributions with royal benefaction. This often resulted in the formation of a royal cult within the city. Reservations about this activity slowly dissipated as this worship of mortals was justified by the precedent of the worshipping of Greek heroes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Price |first=S. R. F. |title=Rituals and power : the Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor |date=1984 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-25903-7 |location=Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] |oclc=10020504}}</ref> The Ptolemies took on the traditions of the Egyptian [[Pharaohs]], such as marrying their siblings ([[Ptolemy II]] was the first to adopt this custom), having themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress, and participating in Egyptian religious life. The Ptolemaic ruler cult portrayed the Ptolemies as gods, and temples to the Ptolemies were erected throughout the kingdom. Ptolemy I even created a new god, [[Serapis]], who was a combination of two Egyptian gods: Apis and Osiris, with attributes of [[Greek gods]]. Ptolemaic administration was, like the ancient Egyptian bureaucracy, highly centralized and focused on squeezing as much revenue out of the population as possible through tariffs, excise duties, fines, taxes, and so forth. A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks, and overseers made this possible. The Egyptian countryside was directly administered by this royal bureaucracy.<ref>Green, p. 193.</ref> External possessions such as Cyprus and Cyrene were run by ''strategoi'', military commanders appointed by the crown.

Under [[Ptolemy II]], [[Callimachus]], [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], [[Theocritus]], and a host of other poets including the [[Alexandrian Pleiad]] made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the [[Syrian wars]], over the region of [[Coele-Syria]]. [[Ptolemy IV]] won the great [[battle of Raphia]] (217 BC) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as [[phalangites]]. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the [[Thebaid]] between 205 and 186/185 BC, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.<ref>Green, p. 291.</ref>

Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the [[Rome|Roman]] conquest of 30 BC. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Ptolemaic queens, some of whom were the sisters of their husbands, were usually called Cleopatra, Arsinoe, or Berenice. The most famous member of the line was the last queen, [[Cleopatra VII]], known for her role in the Roman political battles between [[Julius Caesar]] and [[Pompey]], and later between [[Augustus Caesar|Octavian]] and [[Mark Antony]]. Her suicide at the conquest by Rome marked the end of Ptolemaic rule in Egypt, though Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt throughout the Roman and Byzantine periods until the Muslim conquest.

=== Seleucid Empire ===
{{Main|Seleucid Empire}}
[[File:Seleuco I Nicatore.JPG|right|thumb|upright=0.80|[[Seleucus I Nicator]] founded the [[Seleucid Empire]].]]

Following division of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s empire, [[Seleucus I Nicator]] received [[Babylonia]]. From there, he created a new empire which expanded to include much of Alexander's [[Near East]]ern territories.<ref name="Jones, Kenneth Raymond 2006 174">{{cite book|author=Jones, Kenneth Raymond|title=Provincial reactions to Roman imperialism: the aftermath of the Jewish revolt, A.D. 66-70, Parts 66-70|publisher= University of California, Berkeley|year=2006|page=174|isbn= 978-0-542-82473-9
|quote=... and the Greeks, or at least the Greco-Macedonian Seleucid Empire, replace the Persians as the Easterners. }}</ref><ref name="Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England) 1993 211">{{cite book|author=Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies (London, England)|title=The Journal of Hellenic studies, Volumes 113-114|publisher= Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
|year=1993|page=211|quote= The Seleucid kingdom has traditionally been regarded as basically a Greco-Macedonian state and its rulers thought of as successors to Alexander. }}</ref><ref name="Baskin, Judith R.; Seeskin, Kenneth 2010 37">{{cite book|author1=Baskin, Judith R. |author2=Seeskin, Kenneth |title=The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture|publisher= Cambridge University Press
|year= 2010|page=37|isbn= 978-0-521-68974-8|quote=The wars between the two most prominent Greek dynasties, the Ptolemies of Egypt and the Seleucids of Syria, unalterably change the history of the land of Israel.... As a result the land of Israel became part of the empire of the Syrian Greek Seleucids. }}</ref><ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34">{{cite book|author= Glubb, John Bagot|title=Syria, Lebanon, Jordan|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=1967|page=34|oclc=585939|quote=In addition to the court and the army, Syrian cities were full of Greek businessmen, many of them pure Greeks from Greece. The senior posts in the civil service were also held by Greeks. Although the Ptolemies and the Seleucids were perpetual rivals, both dynasties were Greek and ruled by means of Greek officials and Greek soldiers. Both governments made great efforts to attract immigrants from Greece, thereby adding yet another racial element to the population. }}</ref> At the height of its power, it included central [[Anatolia]], the [[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Persia]], today's [[Turkmenistan]], [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]], and parts of [[Pakistan]]. It included a diverse population estimated at fifty to sixty million people.<ref>Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 43.</ref>
Under [[Antiochus I]] ({{circa|324/323}} – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. [[Pergamum]] broke away under [[Eumenes I]] who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. The kingdoms of Cappadocia, Bithynia and Pontus were all practically independent by this time as well. Like the Ptolemies, [[Antiochus I]] established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father [[Seleucus I]]. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. The erosion of the empire continued under [[Seleucus II]], who was forced to fight a civil war (239–236 BC) against his brother [[Antiochus Hierax]] and was unable to keep [[Bactria]], [[Sogdiana]] and [[Parthia]] from breaking away. Hierax carved off most of Seleucid Anatolia for himself, but was defeated, along with his Galatian allies, by [[Attalus I]] of Pergamon who now also claimed kingship.

The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite.<ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34" /><ref name="Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby 2004 76">{{cite book |author1=Steven C. Hause |author2=William S. Maltby |title=Western civilization: a history of European society |url=https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00haus |url-access=limited |publisher=Thomson Wadsworth |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westerncivilizat00haus/page/n76 76] |isbn= 978-0-534-62164-3 |quote= The Greco-Macedonian Elite. The Seleucids respected the cultural and religious sensibilities of their subjects but preferred to rely on Greek or Macedonian soldiers and administrators for the day-to-day business of governing. The Greek population of the cities, reinforced until the second century BC by emigration from Greece, formed a dominant, although not especially cohesive, elite. }}</ref><ref name="Victor, Royce M. 2010 55">{{cite book |author=Victor, Royce M. |title=Colonial education and class formation in early Judaism: a postcolonial reading |publisher= Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2010 |page=55 |isbn= 978-0-567-24719-3 |quote=Like other Hellenistic kings, the Seleucids ruled with the help of their "friends" and a Greco-Macedonian elite class separate from the native populations whom they governed. }}</ref><ref name=Brit>'''Britannica''','' Seleucid kingdom'', 2008, O.Ed.</ref> The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from [[Ancient Greece|Greece]].<ref name="Glubb, Sir John Bagot 1967 34" /><ref name="Steven C. Hause, William S. Maltby 2004 76" /> These cities included newly founded colonies such as [[Antioch]], the other cities of the [[Syrian tetrapolis]], [[Seleucia]] (north of [[Babylon]]) and [[Dura-Europos]] on the [[Euphrates]]. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (''choria''), military colonies (''katoikiai'') and Greek villages (''komai'') which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of [[Antiochus III]]. The rest of the army was made up of native troops.<ref>Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007, p. 44.</ref>
[[Antiochus III]] ("the Great") conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by [[Ptolemy IV]]'s forces [[Battle of Raphia|at Raphia]] (217 BC), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212–205 BC) including [[Bactria]], [[Parthia]], [[Ariana]], [[Sogdiana]], [[Gedrosia]] and [[Drangiana]]. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal [[vassalage]] and receiving tribute from their rulers.<ref>Green, pp. 293-295.</ref> After the death of [[Ptolemy IV]] (204 BC), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the [[Syrian Wars|fifth Syrian war]] (202–195 BC).<ref>Green, p. 304.</ref> He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying [[Lysimachia (Thrace)|Lysimachia]] on the [[Hellespont]], but his expansion into [[Anatolia]] and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the [[Battle of Magnesia]] (190 BC). In the [[Treaty of Apamea]] which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.<ref>Green, p. 421.</ref>

Much of the eastern part of the empire was then conquered by the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] under [[Mithridates I of Parthia]] in the mid-2nd century BC, yet the Seleucid kings continued to rule a [[rump state]] from [[Syria]] until the invasion by the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenian]] king [[Tigranes the Great]] and their ultimate overthrow by the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] general [[Pompey]].

=== Attalid Pergamum ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Pergamon}}
{{external media | width = 210px | float = right
| headerimage= [[File:Athena and Nike fight Alkyoneus, Gaia rises up from the ground (5336871341).jpg|210px]] | video1 = [http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-pergamon-altar1.html The Pergamon Altar], [[Smarthistory]]<ref name="smarth">{{cite web | title =The Pergamon Altar | publisher =[[Smarthistory]] at [[Khan Academy]] | url =http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-pergamon-altar1.html | access-date =April 5, 2013 | archive-date =October 10, 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141010154235/http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/the-pergamon-altar1.html | url-status =dead }}</ref> }}
After the death of [[Lysimachus]], one of his officers, [[Philetaerus]], took control of the city of [[Pergamum]] in 282 BC along with Lysimachus' war chest of 9,000 talents and declared himself loyal to [[Seleucus I]] while remaining [[de facto]] independent. His descendant, [[Attalus I]], defeated the invading [[Galatians (people)|Galatians]] and proclaimed himself an independent king. [[Attalus I]] (241–197 BC), was a staunch ally of Rome against [[Philip V of Macedon]] during the [[First Macedonian War|first]] and [[Second Macedonian War|second]] [[Macedonian Wars]]. For his support against the [[Seleucid dynasty|Seleucids]] in 190 BC, [[Eumenes II]] was rewarded with all the former Seleucid domains in [[Asia Minor]]. Eumenes II turned Pergamon into a centre of culture and science by establishing the [[Library of Pergamum]] which was said to be second only to the [[Library of Alexandria]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Pergamum|website=Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition, 1.}}</ref> with 200,000 volumes according to [[Plutarch]]. It included a reading room and a collection of paintings. Eumenes II also constructed the [[Pergamon Altar|Pergamum Altar]] with friezes depicting the [[Gigantomachy]] on the [[acropolis]] of the city. [[Pergamum]] was also a center of [[parchment]] (''charta pergamena'') production. The Attalids ruled Pergamon until [[Attalus III]] bequeathed the [[Kingdom of Pergamon]] to the [[Roman Republic]] in 133 BC<ref>Shipley (2000) pp. 318–319.</ref> to avoid a likely succession crisis.

=== Galatia ===
{{Main|Galatia}}
The [[Celts]] who settled in [[Galatia]] came through [[Thrace]] under the leadership of Leotarios and [[Leonnorius|Leonnorios]] {{circa|270 BC}}. They were defeated by [[Antiochus I]] in the '[[battle of the Elephants]]', but were still able to establish a [[Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe|Celtic territory]] in central [[Anatolia]]. The [[Galatians (people)|Galatians]] were well respected as warriors and were widely used as mercenaries in the armies of the successor states. They continued to attack neighboring kingdoms such as [[Kingdom of Bithynia|Bithynia]] and [[Kingdom of Pergamon|Pergamon]], plundering and extracting tribute. This came to an end when they sided with the renegade Seleucid prince [[Antiochus Hierax]] who tried to defeat [[Attalus I|Attalus]], the ruler of [[Pergamon]] (241–197 BC). Attalus severely defeated the Gauls, forcing them to confine themselves to Galatia. The theme of the ''[[Dying Gaul]]'' (a famous statue displayed in [[Pergamon]]) remained a favorite in Hellenistic art for a generation signifying the victory of the Greeks over a noble enemy. In the early 2nd century BC, the Galatians became allies of [[Antiochus III|Antiochus the Great]], the last Seleucid king trying to regain suzerainty over Asia Minor. In 189 BC, [[Ancient Rome|Rome]] sent [[Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (consul 189 BC)|Gnaeus Manlius Vulso]] on an expedition against the Galatians. Galatia was henceforth dominated by Rome through regional rulers from 189 BC onward.

After their defeats by Pergamon and Rome the Galatians slowly became [[Hellenization|Hellenized]] and they were called "Gallo-Graeci" by the historian [[Justin (historian)|Justin]]<ref>Justin, ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'', 25.2 and 26.2; the related subject of copulative compounds, where both are of equal weight, is exhaustively treated in Anna Granville Hatcher, ''Modern English Word-Formation and Neo-Latin: A Study of the Origins of English'' (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University), 1951.</ref> as well as {{lang|grc|Ἑλληνογαλάται}} (''Hellēnogalátai'') by [[Diodorus Siculus]] in his ''Bibliotheca historica'' v.32.5, who wrote that they were "called Helleno-Galatians because of their connection with the Greeks."<ref>This distinction is remarked upon in William M. Ramsay (revised by Mark W. Wilson), '' Historical Commentary on Galatians'' 1997:302; Ramsay notes the 4th century AD Paphlagonian [[Themistius]]' usage {{lang|grc|Γαλατίᾳ τῇ Ἑλληνίδι}}.</ref>

=== Bithynia ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Bithynia}}
[[File:World in 200 BCE.png|thumb|upright=1.15|Map of the world in 200 BC, showing the Hellenistic kingdoms (dark green) and Bithynia]]

The Bithynians were a Thracian people living in northwest Anatolia. After Alexander's conquests the region of [[Bithynia]] came under the rule of the native king [[Bas of Bithynia|Bas]], who defeated [[Calas (general)|Calas]], a general of Alexander the Great, and maintained the independence of Bithynia. His son, [[Zipoetes I of Bithynia]] maintained this autonomy against [[Lysimachus]] and [[Seleucus I]], and assumed the title of [[List of rulers of Bithynia|king]] (''basileus'') in 297 BC. His son and successor, [[Nicomedes I]], founded [[Nicomedia]], which soon rose to great prosperity, and during his long reign ({{circa|278|255 BC}}), as well as those of his successors, the [[Kingdom of Bithynia]] held a considerable place among the minor monarchies of Anatolia. Nicomedes also invited the [[Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe|Celtic]] [[Galatians (people)|Galatians]] into Anatolia as mercenaries, and they later turned on his son [[Prusias I of Bithynia|Prusias I]], who defeated them in battle. Their last king, [[Nicomedes IV of Bithynia|Nicomedes IV]], was unable to maintain himself against [[Mithridates VI Eupator|Mithridates VI]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]], and, after being restored to his throne by the [[Roman Senate]], he bequeathed his kingdom by will to the [[Roman Republic]] (74 BC).

=== Nabatean Kingdom ===
{{Main|Nabatean Kingdom}}
[[File:Petra Jordan BW 21.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Al-Khazneh]] in [[Petra]] shows the Hellenistic influences on the Nabatean capital city.]]

The [[Nabatean Kingdom]] was an [[Arab]] state located between the [[Sinai Peninsula]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Its capital was the city of [[Petra]], an important trading city on the [[incense route]]. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus|Antigonus]] and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the [[Seleucids]], but later fought against [[Herod the Great]]. The hellenization of the Nabateans occurred relatively late in comparison to the surrounding regions. Nabatean [[material culture]] does not show any Greek influence until the reign of [[Aretas III]] Philhellene in the 1st century BC.<ref>Bedal, Leigh-Ann; The Petra Pool-complex: A Hellenistic Paradeisos in the Nabataean Capital, p. 178.</ref> Aretas captured [[Damascus]] and built the Petra pool complex and gardens in the Hellenistic style. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture.{{cn|date=July 2025}} Nabatean art shows Greek influences, and paintings have been found depicting [[Dionysus|Dionysian]] scenes.<ref>{{cite web |last1= Alberge |first1=Dalya |title=Discovery of ancient cave paintings in Petra stuns art scholars |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/aug/22/hellenistic-wall-paintings-petra |website=Theguardian |date=21 August 2010}}</ref> They also slowly adopted Greek as a language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic.

=== Cappadocia ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Cappadocia}}
[[Cappadocia]], a mountainous region situated between Pontus and the Taurus mountains, was ruled by a Persian dynasty. [[Ariarathes I]] (332–322 BC) was the [[Cappadocia (satrapy)|satrap of Cappadocia]] under the Persians and after the conquests of Alexander he retained his post. After Alexander's death he was defeated by Eumenes and [[crucifixion|crucified]] in 322 BC, but his son, Ariarathes II managed to regain the throne and maintain his autonomy against the warring Diadochi.

In 255 BC, Ariarathes III took the title of king and married Stratonice, a daughter of Antiochus II, remaining an ally of the Seleucid kingdom. Under Ariarathes IV, Cappadocia came into relations with Rome, first as a foe espousing the cause of [[Antiochus the Great]], then as an ally against Perseus of Macedon and finally in a war against the Seleucids. Ariarathes V also waged war with Rome against Aristonicus, a claimant to the throne of Pergamon, and their forces were annihilated in 130 BC. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom.

=== Armenia ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)}}
[[Orontid dynasty|Orontid Armenia]] formally passed to the empire of Alexander the Great following his conquest of Persia. Alexander appointed an Orontid named Mithranes to govern Armenia. Armenia later became a vassal state of the [[Seleucid Empire]], but it maintained a considerable degree of autonomy, retaining its native rulers. Towards the end 212 BC the country was divided into two kingdoms, Greater Armenia and Armenia [[Sophene]], including [[Commagene]] or Armenia Minor. The kingdoms became so independent from Seleucid control that [[Antiochus III the Great]] waged war on them during his reign and replaced their rulers.

After the Seleucid defeat at the [[Battle of Magnesia]] in 190 BC, the kings of [[Sophene]] and Greater Armenia revolted and declared their independence, with [[Artaxias I|Artaxias]] becoming the first king of the [[Artaxiad dynasty]] of Armenia in 188 BC. During the reign of the Artaxiads, Armenia went through a period of [[hellenization]]. [[Numismatic]] evidence shows Greek artistic styles and the use of the Greek language. Some coins describe the Armenian kings as "[[Philhellenes]]". During the reign of [[Tigranes the Great]] (95–55 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities, including the entire [[Syrian tetrapolis]]. [[Cleopatra of Pontus|Cleopatra]], the wife of [[Tigranes the Great]], invited Greeks such as the [[Rhetoric|rhetor]] Amphicrates and the historian [[Metrodorus of Scepsis]] to the Armenian court, and—according to Plutarch—when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital, Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes.<ref>{{citation |author=René Grousset |title=Histoire de l'Arménie |location=Paris |year=1946 |pages=90–91 |language=fr |quote=}}</ref> Tigranes' successor [[Artavasdes II]] even composed Greek tragedies himself.

=== Parthia ===
{{see also|Parthian Empire}}
[[File:Nisa_helmeted_warrior_(black_background).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Nisa helmeted warrior]], a [[Hellenistic art|Hellenistic]] figure or deity, from the Parthian royal residence and necropolis of [[Nisa, Turkmenistan]], 2nd century BC]]

[[Parthia]] was a north-eastern Iranian [[satrapy]] of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] which later passed on to Alexander's empire. Under the Seleucids, Parthia was governed by various Greek [[satraps]] such as [[Nicanor (satrap)|Nicanor]] and [[Philip (satrap)|Philip]]. In 247 BC, following the death of [[Antiochus II Theos]], [[Andragoras (Seleucid satrap)|Andragoras]], the Seleucid governor of Parthia, proclaimed his independence and began minting coins showing himself wearing a royal diadem and claiming kingship. He ruled until 238 BC when [[Arsaces I of Parthia|Arsaces]], the leader of the [[Parni]] tribe conquered Parthia, killing Andragoras and inaugurating the [[Parthian Empire|Arsacid dynasty]]. [[Antiochus III]] recaptured Arsacid controlled territory in 209 BC from [[Arsaces II]]. Arsaces II sued for peace and became a vassal of the Seleucids. It was not until the reign of [[Phraates I]] ({{circa|176–171 BC}}), that the Arsacids would again begin to assert their independence.<ref>Bivar, A.D.H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran 3.1, Cambridge UP, pp. 21–99.</ref>

During the reign of [[Mithridates I of Parthia]], Arsacid control expanded to include [[Herat]] (in 167 BC), [[Babylonia]] (in 144 BC), [[Media (region)|Media]] (in 141 BC), [[Persis|Persia]] (in 139 BC), and large parts of [[Syria (region)|Syria]] (in the 110s BC). The [[Seleucid–Parthian wars]] continued as the Seleucids invaded Mesopotamia under [[Antiochus VII Sidetes]] (reigned 138–129 BC), but he was eventually killed by a Parthian counterattack. After the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, the Parthians fought frequently against neighbouring Rome in the [[Roman–Parthian Wars]] (66 BC – AD 217). Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own [[Parthian language]] (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek [[Ancient drachma|drachma]]s as coinage. They enjoyed [[Greek theater]], and [[Greek art]] influenced [[Parthian art]]. The Parthians continued worshipping Greek gods [[Syncretism#Religious syncretism|syncretized]] together with Iranian deities. Their rulers established ruler cults in the manner of Hellenistic kings and often used Hellenistic royal [[epithets]].

The Hellenistic influence in Iran was significant in terms of scope, but not depth and durability—unlike the Near East, the Iranian–[[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] ideas and ideals remained the main source of inspiration in mainland Iran, and was soon revived in late Parthian and [[Sasanian Empire|Sasanian]] periods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yarshater |first1=Ehsan |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |date=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20092-9 |page=1xi }}</ref>

=== Judea ===
{{Main|Hellenistic Palestine|Coele-Syria}}
{{further|Hellenistic Judaism|Hasmonean dynasty|Second Temple period}}
[[File:Second Temple.jpg|thumb|Reconstruction of the Second Temple in the [[Holyland Model of Jerusalem]]]]

During the Hellenistic period, [[Judea]] became a frontier region between the [[Seleucid Empire]] and [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts.<ref>Green, p. 499.{{clarification needed|which work by Green?|date=December 2023}}</ref> Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the [[High Priest of Israel]] as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a [[Hellenistic Judaism]], which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the [[Septuagint]] translation of the [[Hebrew Bible]] from [[Biblical Hebrew]] and [[Biblical Aramaic]] to [[Koiné Greek]]. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the [[History of the Jews in Alexandria|Alexandrian Jews]] had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.<ref>Green, p. 501.</ref>

Between 301 and 219 BC the Ptolemies ruled Judea in relative peace, and Jews often found themselves working in the Ptolemaic administration and army, which led to the rise of a Hellenized Jewish elite class (e.g. the [[Tobiads]]). The wars of [[Antiochus III]] brought the region into the Seleucid Empire; Jerusalem fell to his control in 198 BC and the Temple was repaired and provided with money and tribute.<ref>Green, p. 504.</ref> [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BC after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Antiochus then banned key [[Judaism|Jewish religious rites and traditions]] in Judea. He may have been attempting to Hellenize the region and unify his empire and the Jewish resistance to this eventually led to an escalation of violence. Whatever the case, tensions between pro- and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BC [[Maccabean Revolt]] of [[Judas Maccabeus]] (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of [[Hanukkah]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/judaism/hanukkah.shtml|title=Hanukkah|date=2014-12-17|work=bbc.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226134101/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/judaism/hanukkah.shtml|archive-date=2018-12-26}}</ref>

Modern interpretations see this period as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2005/12/the_maccabees_and_the_hellenists.html |title=The Maccabees and the Hellenists |last=Ponet |first=James |date=22 December 2005 |work=Faith-based |publisher=Slate |access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="simpletoremember">{{cite web |url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/the_revolt_of_the_maccabees/ |title=The Revolt of the Maccabees |publisher=Simpletoremember.com |access-date=2012-08-13}}</ref> Out of this revolt was formed an independent Jewish kingdom known as the [[Hasmonean dynasty]], which lasted from 165 BC to 63 BC. The Hasmonean dynasty eventually disintegrated in [[Hyrcanus II#Deposition|a civil war]], which [[Hyrcanus II#Roman intervention|coincided with civil wars in Rome]]. The last Hasmonean ruler, [[Antigonus II Mattathias]], was captured by Herod and executed in 37 BC. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the [[Herodian kingdom]] which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. From 37 BC to 4 BC, [[Herod the Great]] ruled as a Jewish-Roman client king appointed by the [[Roman Senate]]. He considerably enlarged the Temple (see [[Herod's Temple]]), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. The style of the enlarged temple and other [[Herodian architecture]] shows significant Hellenistic architectural influence. His son, [[Herod Archelaus]], ruled from 4 BC to AD 7 when he was deposed for the formation of [[Roman Judea]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Archelaus, King of Judaea|volume=2|page=362|first=John Henry Arthur|last=Hart}}</ref>

=== Kingdom of Pontus ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Pontus}}
[[File:Mithridates VI Louvre.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Bust of [[Mithridates VI]] depicted as [[Herakles]]]]

The [[Kingdom of Pontus]] was a Hellenistic kingdom on the southern coast of the [[Black Sea]]. It was founded by [[Mithridates I of Pontus|Mithridates I]] in 291 BC and lasted until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 63 BC. Despite being ruled by a dynasty which was a descendant of the Persian [[Achaemenid Empire]] it became hellenized due to the influence of the Greek cities on the Black Sea and its neighboring kingdoms. Pontic culture was a mix of Greek and Iranian elements; the most hellenized parts of the kingdom were on the coast, populated by Greek colonies such as [[Trapezus, Arcadia|Trapezus]] and [[Sinop, Turkey|Sinope]], the latter of which became the capital of the kingdom. Epigraphic evidence also shows extensive Hellenistic influence in the interior. During the reign of Mithridates II, Pontus was allied with the Seleucids through dynastic marriages. By the time of Mithridates VI Eupator, Greek was the official language of the kingdom, though Anatolian languages continued to be spoken.

The kingdom grew to its largest extent under [[Mithridates VI]], who conquered [[Colchis]], [[Cappadocia]], [[Paphlagonia]], [[Bithynia]], Lesser Armenia, the [[Bosporan Kingdom]], the Greek colonies of the Tauric [[Chersonesus|Chersonesos]] and, for a brief time, the Roman province of Asia. Mithridates, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus"<ref name="The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus">{{cite book | last = McGing | first = B. C. | title = The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus | publisher = E. J. Brill | year= 1986 | location = Leiden, The Netherlands | pages = 91–92}}</ref> and as the "great liberator". Mithridates also depicted himself with the ''anastole'' hairstyle of Alexander and used the symbolism of [[Herakles]], from whom the Macedonian kings claimed descent. After a long struggle with Rome in the Mithridatic wars, Pontus was defeated; part of it was incorporated into the Roman Republic as the province of Bithynia, while Pontus' eastern half survived as a client kingdom.

== Other realms ==
=== Greco-Bactrians ===
[[File:Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg|thumb|230px|upright=2|The Greco-Bactrian kingdom at its maximum extent ({{circa|180 BC}})]]
[[File:Demetrius I portrait.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Greco-Bactrian king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (r. 200 – 180 BC) wearing an elephant scalp, a symbol of his conquests of Northwestern India]]
{{Main|Greco-Bactrian kingdom}}
{{See also|Hellenistic influence on Indian art}}

The Greek kingdom of [[Bactria]] began as a breakaway satrapy of the Seleucid empire, which, because of the size of the empire, had significant freedom from central control. Between 255 and 246 BC, the governor of Bactria, [[Sogdiana]] and [[Margiana]] (most of present-day [[Afghanistan]]), one [[Diodotus I|Diodotus]], took this process to its logical extreme and declared himself king. Diodotus II, son of Diodotus, was overthrown in about 230 BC by [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]], possibly the satrap of Sogdiana, who then started his own dynasty. In {{circa|210 BC}}, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was invaded by a resurgent Seleucid empire under [[Antiochus III the Great]]. While victorious in the field, it seems Antiochus came to realise that there were advantages in the status quo (perhaps sensing that Bactria could not be governed from Syria), and married one of his daughters to Euthydemus's son, thus legitimizing the Greco-Bactrian dynasty. Soon afterwards the Greco-Bactrian kingdom seems to have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the defeat of the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] king [[Arsaces II of Parthia|Arsaces II]] by Antiochus.

According to [[Strabo]], the Greco-Bactrians seem to have had contacts with [[Han dynasty|Han China]] through the [[Silk Road]] trade routes (Strabo, XI.11.1). There is evidence of technology exchange between Bactria and China around this time in the form of metal alloys such as [[Cupronickel|Copper-nickel]], which was then unknown to the West.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac58bak.html |title=Copper-Nickel coinage in Greco-Bactria |access-date= 16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050306233802/http://dougsmith.ancients.info/feac58bak.html |archive-date=2005-03-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An interesting facet of this cultural exchange was the Ferghana horse, renowned for its strength and endurance. These horses were highly valued and played a crucial role in military and trade activities. The Greco-Bactrians likely facilitated their exchange along the Silk Road, significantly enhancing their cultural and economic influence across Central Asia. The demand for these horses even reached the Han Dynasty in China, underscoring their importance and the interconnectedness of ancient civilizations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Álvarez |first=Jorge |date=2024-04-04 |title=How China's Han Dynasty Got the Heavenly Horses to Create its Mighty Cavalry |url=https://www.labrujulaverde.com/en/2024/04/how-chinas-han-dynasty-got-the-heavenly-horses-to-create-its-mighty-cavalry/ |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=LBV Magazine English Edition |language=en}}</ref> Indian sources also maintain religious contact between Buddhist monks and the Greeks, and some Greco-Bactrians did convert to [[Buddhism]]. [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India around 180 BC, after the destruction of the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan Empire]] there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). The exact justification for the invasion remains unclear, but after 180 BC, the Greeks ruled over parts of northwestern India. This period also marks the beginning of the obfuscation of Greco-Bactrian history. Demetrius possibly died in about 180 BC; numismatic evidence suggests the existence of several other kings shortly thereafter. It is probable that at this point the Greco-Bactrian kingdom split into several semi-independent regions for some years, often warring amongst themselves. King [[Heliocles I|Heliocles]] was the last Greek to clearly rule Bactria, his power collapsing in the face of central Asian tribal invasions ([[Scythian]] and [[Yuezhi]]), by about 130 BC. However, Greek urban civilisation seems to have continued in Bactria after the fall of the kingdom, having a hellenising effect on the tribes which had displaced Greek rule. The [[Kushan Empire]] which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire.

=== Indo-Greek kingdoms ===
[[File:Indo-Greeks 100bc.jpg|thumb|right|Indo-Greek kingdoms in 100 BC]]
[[File:Menander I, portrait from coinage.jpg|thumb|235x235px|[[Menander I|Menander I Soter]] (r. 165/155–130 BC), wearing a royal diadem as shown on his silver coin, was one of the most powerful Indo-Greek kings.]]
{{Main|Indo-Greeks}}
{{See also|Indo-Greek religions}}

The separation of the [[Indo-Greek kingdom]] from the [[Greco-Bactrian kingdom]] resulted in an even more isolated position, and thus the details of the Indo-Greek kingdom are even more obscure than for Bactria. Many supposed kings in India are known only because of coins bearing their name. After the death of the Greco-Bactrian king [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], civil wars between Bactrian kings in India allowed [[Apollodotus I]] (from {{circa|180/175 BC}}) to make himself independent as the first proper Indo-Greek king (who did not rule from Bactria). Large numbers of his coins have been found in India, and he seems to have reigned in [[Gandhara]] as well as western [[Punjab]]. Apollodotus I was succeeded by or ruled alongside [[Antimachus II]], likely the son of the Bactrian king [[Antimachus I]].<ref>{{cite book|page =63
| last = Bopearachchi
| first = Osmund
| author-link = Bopearachchi
| title = Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné
| year = 1991
| language = fr
| publisher = Bibliothèque Nationale de France
| isbn = 978-2-7177-1825-6
}}</ref>

In about 155 or 165 BC, a king named [[Menander I|Menander]] rose to power. Menander was the most successful of the Indo-Greek kings and he seems to have been a great patron of [[Buddhism]]. He probably became a Buddhist and is remembered in some Buddhist texts as 'Milinda'. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral. After the death of Menander ({{circa|130 BC}}), the Kingdom appears to have fragmented, with several 'kings' attested contemporaneously in different regions. This inevitably weakened the Greek position, and territory seems to have been lost progressively. Around 70 BC, the western regions of [[Arachosia]] and [[Paropamisadae]] were lost to tribal invasions, presumably by those tribes responsible for the end of the Bactrian kingdom. The resulting [[Indo-Scythians|Indo-Scythian]] kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. The Indo-Greek kingdom appears to have lingered on in western Punjab until about AD 10, at which time it was finally ended by the Indo-Scythians. [[Strato III]] was the last of the dynasty of Diodotus was the last of the line of [[Diodotus I|Diodotus]] and independent Hellenistic king to rule at his death in 10 AD.<ref name="Rosenfield">The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans, John M. Rosenfield, University of California Press, 1967, p.135 [https://books.google.com/books?id=udnBkQhzHH4C&pg=PA135]</ref><ref>R.C. Senior, ''Indo-Scythian coins and history. Volume IV''. The Greek legend clearly implies that the two kings were father and son, and Senior dismisses the older reading "grandson" on the Kharosthi legend.</ref>

After conquering the Indo-Greeks, the [[Kushan Empire]] took over [[Greco-Buddhism]], the Greek language, [[Greek script]], Greek coinage and artistic styles. Greeks continued being an important part of the cultural world of India for generations. The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture: Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles.<ref name="sanujit">Ghose, Sanujit (2011). [https://www.worldhistory.org/article/208/ "Cultural links between India and the Greco-Roman world"]. Ancient History Encyclopedia.</ref> Several references in Indian literature praise the knowledge of the [[Yavanas]] or the Greeks. The [[Mahabharata]] compliments them as "the all-knowing Yavanas" (''sarvajñā yavanā''); e.g., "The Yavanas, O king, are all-knowing; the Suras are particularly so. The [[mleccha]]s are wedded to the creations of their own fancy",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap029.html|title=Chapter XXIX|website=lakdiva.org}}</ref> such as flying machines that are generally called [[vimanas]]. The "Brihat-Samhita" of the mathematician [[Varahamihira]] says: "The [[Greeks]], though impure, must be honored since they were trained in sciences and therein, excelled others...".<ref>Mahabharata 3.188.34-36.</ref>

== Rise of Rome ==
[[File:Jean-François-Pierre Peyron 001.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|''King Perseus of Macedon in front of Aemilius Paulus'' by [[Jean-François Pierre Peyron]], 1802 ([[Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Budapest]])]]

Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendancy of the [[Roman Republic]]. This Roman-Greek interaction began as a consequence of the Greek city-states located along the coast of southern Italy. Rome had come to dominate the Italian peninsula, and desired the submission of the Greek cities to its rule. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]], and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Shortly afterward, Rome became involved in Sicily, fighting against the [[Carthage|Carthaginians]] in the [[First Punic War]]. The result was the complete conquest of Sicily, including its previously powerful Greek cities, by the Romans.<ref>{{Citation |title=Roman Conquest: Magna Graecia 350–270 BC |date=2005-08-18 |work=Rome and the Western Greeks, 350 BC - AD 200 |pages=49–66 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203974582-9 |access-date=2024-07-15 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203974582-9 |isbn=978-0-203-97458-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After the [[Second Punic War]], the Romans looked to re-assert their influence in the Balkans, and to curb the expansion of [[Philip V of Macedon]]. A pretext for war was provided by Philip's refusal to end his [[Cretan War (205–200 BC)|war]] with [[Attalid dynasty|Attalid]] [[Pergamum]] and [[Rhodes]], both Roman allies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=P |url=https://archive.org/details/alexandergreathe00gree_078 |title=Alexander The Great and the Hellenistic Age |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/alexandergreathe00gree_078/page/n140 102]–103 |publisher=Phoenix |url-access=limited}}</ref> The Romans, also allied with the [[Aetolian League]] of Greek city-states (which resented Philip's power), thus declared war on Macedon in 200 BC, starting the [[Second Macedonian War]]. This ended with a decisive Roman victory at the [[Battle of Cynoscephalae]] (197 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Widacki |first=Michał |date=2017-12-01 |title=Tuvya Amsel, Practicing Polygraph, best practice guide, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, 2017 |journal=European Polygraph |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=183–186 |doi=10.1515/ep-2017-0018 |issn=1898-5238|doi-access=free }}</ref> Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. The result was the end of Macedon as a major power in the Mediterranean.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Paul J. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316221631 |title=Rome and the Third Macedonian War |date=2017-09-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316221631 |isbn=978-1-316-22163-1}}</ref>

In less than twenty years, Rome had destroyed the power of one of the successor states, crippled another, and firmly entrenched its influence over Greece. This was primarily a result of the over-ambition of the Macedonian kings, and their unintended provocation of Rome, though Rome was quick to exploit the situation. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. Seeking to re-assert Macedonian power and Greek independence, Philip V's son [[Perseus of Macedon|Perseus]] incurred the wrath of the Romans, resulting in the [[Third Macedonian War]] (171–168 BC).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wrightson |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2bPnEAAAQBAJ&q=perseus+macedon |title=The Third Macedonian War and Battle of Pydna: Perseus' Neglect of Combined-arms Tactics and the Real Reasons for the Roman Victory |date=2024-01-30 |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |isbn=978-1-5267-9353-9 |language=en}}</ref> Victorious, the Romans abolished the Macedonian kingdom, replacing it with four puppet republics until it was formally annexed as a Roman province after yet another rebellion under [[Andriscus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Matyszak |first=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWTNDwAAQBAJ |title=Roman Conquests: Macedonia and Greece |date=2010-03-10 |publisher=Casemate Publishers |isbn=978-1-84884-950-1 |language=en}}</ref> Rome now demanded that the [[Achaean League]], the last stronghold of Greek independence, be dissolved. The Achaeans refused and declared war on Rome. Most of the Greek cities rallied to the Achaeans' side, even slaves were freed to fight for Greek independence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gruen |first=Erich S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7YwDwAAQBAJ&q=achaean+rome |title=The Hellenistic World and the Coming of Rome |date=1986-09-25 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-05737-1 |language=en}}</ref> The Roman consul [[Lucius Mummius]] advanced from Macedonia and defeated the Greeks at [[Corinth]], which was razed to the ground. In 146 BC, the Greek peninsula, though not the islands, became a Roman protectorate. Roman taxes were imposed, except in Athens and Sparta, and all the cities had to accept rule by Rome's local allies.<ref name="cart">{{Cite book |last1=Cartledge |first1=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k579DwAAQBAJ&dq=achaea+macedon&pg=PA56 |title=Hellenistic and Roman Sparta |last2=Spawforth |first2=Antony |date=2020-09-23 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-15904-2 |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:East-Hem 100bc.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[Roman Republic]] and contemporary polities in 100 BC]]

The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king [[Attalus III]] died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite book |last=Holland |first=T |title=Rubicon: Triumph and Tragedy in the Roman Republic |year=2004 |publisher=Abacus |isbn=978-0-349-11563-4}}</ref> The final Greek resistance came in 88 BC, when King [[Mithridates VI of Pontus|Mithridates]] of [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]] rebelled against Rome, captured Roman held Anatolia, and massacred up to 100,000 Romans and Roman allies across Asia Minor. Many Greek cities, including Athens, overthrew their Roman puppet rulers and joined him in the [[Mithridatic wars]]. When he was driven out of Greece by the Roman general [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla]], the latter laid siege to Athens and razed the city. Mithridates was finally defeated by [[Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus]] (Pompey the Great) in 65 BC.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayor |first=Adrienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2SYDwAAQBAJ&q=mithradates |title=The Poison King: The Life and Legend of Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy |date=2010 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12683-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Roller |first=Duane W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwncDwAAQBAJ&q=mithradates |title=Empire of the Black Sea: The Rise and Fall of the Mithridatic World |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-088784-1 |language=en}}</ref> Further ruin was brought to Greece by the Roman civil wars, which were partly fought in Greece. Finally, in 27 BC, [[Caesar Augustus|Augustus]] directly annexed Greece to the new [[Roman Empire]] as the [[Achaea Province, Roman Empire|province of Achaea]]. The struggles with Rome had left Greece depopulated and demoralised.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Waterfield |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L70iAwAAQBAJ&q=roman+conquest+of+greece |title=Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965646-2 |language=en}}</ref> Nevertheless, Roman rule at least brought an end to warfare, and cities such as Athens, Corinth, Thessaloniki and [[Patras]] soon recovered their prosperity.<ref name="cart"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Worthington |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9f3-DwAAQBAJ&dq=mithridatic&pg=PA210 |title=Athens After Empire: A History from Alexander the Great to the Emperor Hadrian |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-063398-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid Empire caused the Roman [[proconsul]] [[Pompey the Great]] to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman Republic.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs [[Mark Antony|Mark Anthony]] and [[Augustus Caesar]]. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, [[Cleopatra VII]], at the [[Battle of Actium]], Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom.<ref name="ReferenceB" /> He thereby completed the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and transformed the Roman Republic into a monarchy, ending (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Errington |first=R. Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yel_nMd_KgkC&q=blackwell+hellenistic |title=A History of the Hellenistic World: 323 - 30 BC |date=2011-08-26 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-5959-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Hellenistic culture ==
{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}}

=== Spread ===
[[File:Vani Archaeological Site and Museum, Colchis, Georgia.jpg|upright=0.9|thumb|Statuette of [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]], Greek goddess of victory, from [[Vani]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]]]

Greek culture was at its height of world influence in the Hellenistic period. Hellenism or at least [[Philhellenism]] reached most regions on the frontiers of the Hellenistic kingdoms. Though some of these regions were not ruled by Greeks or even Greek speaking elites, Hellenistic influence can be seen in the historical record and [[material culture]] of these regions. Other regions had established contact with Greek colonies before this period, and simply saw a continued process of [[Hellenization]] and intermixing.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Early State |date=1978 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-90-279-7904-9 |editor1-last=Claessen |editor1-first=Henri J. M. |page=428 |doi=10.1515/9783110813326 |editor2-last=Skalník |editor2-first=Peter }}</ref><ref>Gent, John. The Scythie nations, down to the fall of the Western empire, p. 4.</ref>

The spread of Greek culture and language throughout the Near East and Asia owed much to the development of newly founded cities and deliberate [[Colonies in antiquity|colonization]] policies by the successor states, which in turn was necessary for maintaining their military forces. Settlements such as [[Ai-Khanoum]], on trade routes, allowed Greek culture to mix and spread. The language of Philip II's and Alexander's court and army (which was made up of various Greek and non-Greek speaking peoples) was a version of [[Attic Greek]], and over time this language developed into [[Koine]], the [[lingua franca]] of the successor states. The spread of Greek influence and language is also shown through [[ancient Greek coinage]]. Portraits became more realistic, and the obverse of the coin was often used to display a propagandistic image, commemorating an event or displaying the image of a favored god. The use of Greek-style portraits and Greek language continued under the Roman, [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]], and [[Kushan Empire|Kushan empire]]s, even as the use of Greek was in decline.<ref>Prag & Quinn (editors). ''The Hellenistic West'', pp. 229–237.</ref><ref>Pârvan, Vasile. Dacia, p. 100.</ref>

=== Institutions ===
In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. The states of the Hellenistic period were deeply fixated with the past and its seemingly lost glories.<ref>Green (1990), pp. xx, 68–69.</ref> The preservation of many classical and archaic works of art and literature (including the works of the three great classical tragedians, [[Aeschylus]], [[Sophocles]], and [[Euripides]]) are due to the efforts of the Hellenistic Greeks. The Mouseion and Library of Alexandria were the center of this conservationist activity. With the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified, and critiqued every book they could find. Most of the great literary figures of the Hellenistic period studied at Alexandria and conducted research there. They were scholar poets, writing not only poetry but treatises on [[Homer]] and other archaic and classical Greek literature.<ref>Bugh, Glenn R. (editor). The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World, 2007. p. 190.</ref>

[[Athens]] retained its position as the most prestigious seat of higher education, especially in the domains of philosophy and rhetoric, with considerable libraries and philosophical schools.<ref name=mcleod>{{cite book |author=Roy M. MacLeod |title=The Library Of Alexandria: Centre Of Learning In The Ancient World |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2004 |isbn=1-85043-594-4}}</ref> Alexandria had the monumental [[Mouseion]] (a research center) and [[Library of Alexandria]], with a estimated collection of 500,000 or more volumes.<ref name=mcleod /> The city of Pergamon also had a large library and became a major center of book production.<ref name=mcleod /> The island of Rhodes had a library and also boasted a famous finishing school for politics and diplomacy. Libraries were also present in [[Antioch]], [[Pella]], and [[Kos]]. [[Cicero]] was educated in Athens and [[Mark Antony]] in Rhodes.<ref name=mcleod /> Antioch was founded as a metropolis and center of [[Culture of Greece|Greek learning]] which retained its status into the era of [[Christianity]].<ref name=mcleod /> [[Seleucia]] replaced [[Babylon]] as the metropolis of the lower [[Tigris]].

The identification of local gods with similar Greek deities, a practice termed '{{Lang|la|[[Interpretatio graeca]]}}', stimulated the building of Greek-style temples, and Greek culture in the cities meant that buildings such as [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasia]] and [[Theatre of ancient Greece#Characteristics of the buildings|theaters]] became common. Many cities maintained nominal autonomy while under the rule of the local king or [[satrap]], and often had Greek-style institutions. Greek dedications, statues, architecture, and inscriptions have all been found. However, local cultures were not replaced, and mostly went on as before, but now with a new Greco-Macedonian or otherwise Hellenized elite. An example that shows the spread of Greek theater is [[Plutarch]]'s story of the death of [[Crassus]], in which his head was taken to the [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] court and used as a prop in a performance of [[The Bacchae]]. Theaters have also been found: for example, in [[Ai-Khanoum]] on the edge of [[Bactria]], the theater has 35 rows – larger than the theater in [[Babylon]].

=== Hellenization and acculturation ===
{{Further|Hellenization}}
[[File:Gandhara Buddha (tnm).jpeg|thumb|One of the first representations of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]], and an example of [[Greco-Buddhist art]], 1st-2nd century AD, [[Gandhara]]: [[Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum)]]]]

The concept of Hellenization, meaning the adoption of Greek culture in non-Greek regions, has long been controversial. Undoubtedly Greek influence did spread through the Hellenistic realms, but to what extent, and whether this was a deliberate policy or mere cultural diffusion, have been hotly debated.

It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led to Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. While it may have been a deliberate attempt to spread Greek culture (or as Arrian says, "to civilise the natives"), it is more likely that it was a series of pragmatic measures designed to aid in the rule of his enormous empire.<ref name="Green, p. 21">Green, p. 21.</ref> Cities and colonies were centers of administrative control and Macedonian power in a newly conquered region. Alexander also seems to have attempted to create a mixed Greco-Persian elite class as shown by the [[Susa weddings]] and his adoption of some forms of Persian dress and court culture. He also brought Persian and other non-Greek peoples into his military and even the elite cavalry units of the [[companion cavalry]]. Again, it is probably better to see these policies as a pragmatic response to the demands of ruling a large empire<ref name="Green, p. 21" /> than to any idealized attempt to bringing [[Greek culture]] to the '[[barbarians]]'. This approach was bitterly resented by the Macedonians and discarded by most of the Diadochi after Alexander's death. These policies can also be interpreted as the result of Alexander's possible [[wikt:megalomania|megalomania]]<ref>Green, p. 23.</ref> during his later years.

After Alexander's death in 323 BC, the influx of Greek colonists into the new realms continued to spread Greek culture into Asia. The founding of new cities and military colonies continued to be a major part of the Successors' struggle for control of any particular region, and these continued to be centers of cultural diffusion. The spread of Greek culture under the Successors seems mostly to have occurred with the spreading of Greeks themselves, rather than as an active policy.

Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native "barbarians" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords.<ref>Green, p. 313.</ref> [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|Gymnasiums]] and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the [[Indus]], but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek [[elite]]. The degree of influence that Greek culture had throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms was therefore highly localized and based mostly on a few great cities like Alexandria and Antioch. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the Seleucid Empire, for example, this group amounted to only 2.5 percent of the [[official]] class.<ref>Green, p. 315.</ref>

[[Hellenistic art]] nevertheless had a considerable influence on the cultures that had been affected by the Hellenistic expansion. As far as the Indian subcontinent, [[Hellenistic influence on Indian art]] was broad and far-reaching, and had effects for several centuries following the forays of Alexander the Great.

Despite their initial reluctance, the Successors seem to have later deliberately naturalized themselves to their different regions, presumably in order to help maintain control of the population.<ref>Green, p. 22.</ref> In the Ptolemaic kingdom, we find some Egyptianized Greeks by the 2nd century onwards. In the [[Indo-Greek kingdom]] we find kings who were converts to [[Buddhism]] (e.g., [[Menander I|Menander]]). The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. In this way, hybrid 'Hellenistic' cultures naturally emerged, at least among the upper echelons of society.

The trends of Hellenization were therefore accompanied by Greeks adopting native ways over time, but this was widely varied by place and by social class. The farther away from the Mediterranean and the lower in social status, the more likely that a colonist was to adopt local ways, while the Greco-Macedonian elites and royal families usually remained thoroughly Greek and viewed most non-Greeks with disdain. It was not until [[Cleopatra VII]] that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the [[Egyptian language]] of their subjects.

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Hellenistic religion}}
[[File:Zeus Ammon (Antikensammlung München).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Bust of [[Amun#Greece|Zeus-Ammon]], a deity with attributes from Greek and Egyptian gods]]

In the Hellenistic period, there was much continuity in [[Ancient Greek religion|Greek religion]]: the [[Greek gods]] continued to be worshiped, and the same rites were practiced as before. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. This varied greatly by location. Athens, Sparta and most cities in the Greek mainland did not see much religious change or new gods (with the exception of the Egyptian [[Isis]] in Athens),<ref>Bugh, pp. 206–210.</ref> while the multi-ethnic Alexandria had a very varied group of gods and religious practices, including Egyptian, Jewish and Greek. Greek emigres brought their Greek religion everywhere they went, even as far as India and Afghanistan. Non-Greeks also had more freedom to travel and trade throughout the Mediterranean and in this period we can see Egyptian gods such as [[Serapis]], and the [[Syria (region)|Syrian]] gods [[Atargatis]] and [[Hadad]], as well as a Jewish [[synagogue]], all coexisting on the island of [[Delos]] alongside classical Greek deities.<ref>Bugh, p. 209.</ref> A common practice was to identify Greek gods with native gods that had similar characteristics and this created new fusions like Zeus-Ammon, [[Aphrodite]] Hagne (a Hellenized [[Atargatis]]) and [[Isis]]-[[Demeter]]. Greek emigres faced individual religious choices they had not faced on their home cities, where the gods they worshiped were dictated by tradition.

Hellenistic monarchies were closely associated with the religious life of the kingdoms they ruled. This had already been a feature of Macedonian kingship, which had priestly duties.<ref>Walbank et al. (2008), p. 84.</ref> Hellenistic kings adopted patron deities as protectors of their house and sometimes claimed descent from them. The Seleucids for example took on [[Apollo]] as patron, the Antigonids had [[Herakles]], and the Ptolemies claimed [[Dionysus]] among others.<ref>Walbank et al. (2008), p. 86.</ref>

The worship of dynastic ruler cults was also a feature of this period, most notably in Egypt, where the [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Ptolemies]] adopted earlier Pharaonic practice, and established themselves as [[god-kings]]. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the ''Ptolemaieia'' at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. The setting up of ruler cults was more based on the systematized honors offered to the kings (sacrifice, [[proskynesis]], statues, altars, hymns) which put them on par with the gods (''isotheism'') than on actual belief of their divine nature. According to Peter Green, these cults did not produce genuine belief of the divinity of rulers among the Greeks and Macedonians.<ref>Green, p. 402.</ref> The worship of Alexander was also popular, as in the long lived cult at [[Erythrae]] and of course, at Alexandria, where his tomb was located.

The Hellenistic age also saw a rise in the disillusionment with traditional religion.<ref>Green, p. 396.</ref> The rise of philosophy and the sciences had removed the gods from many of their traditional domains such as their role in the movement of the heavenly bodies and natural disasters. The [[Sophists]] proclaimed the centrality of humanity and [[agnosticism]]; the belief in [[Euhemerism]] (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. The popular philosopher [[Epicurus]] promoted a [[Epicureanism#Gods|view of disinterested gods]] living far away from the human realm in [[metakosmia]]. The [[apotheosis]] of rulers also brought the idea of divinity down to earth. While there does seem to have been a substantial decline in religiosity, this was mostly reserved for the educated classes.<ref>Green, p. 399.</ref>

[[Magic in the Greco-Roman world|Magic]] was practiced widely, and this, too, was a continuation from earlier times. Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult [[oracle]]s, and use [[Amulet|charms]] and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. Also developed in this era was the complex system of [[Hellenistic astrology|astrology]], which sought to determine a person's character and future in the movements of the [[Sun]], [[Moon]], and [[planets]]. Astrology was widely associated with the cult of [[Tyche]] (luck, fortune), which grew in popularity during this period.

=== Literature ===
[[File:Relief with Menander and New Comedy Masks - Princeton Art Museum.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Relief with Menander and New Comedy masks (Roman, AD 40–60). The masks show three New Comedy stock characters: youth, false maiden, old man. [[Princeton University Art Museum]].]]

The Hellenistic period saw the rise of [[New Comedy]], the only few surviving representative texts being those of [[Menander]] (born 342/341 BC). Only one play, ''[[Dyskolos]]'', survives in its entirety. The plots of this new Hellenistic [[comedy of manners]] were more domestic and formulaic, stereotypical low born characters such as slaves became more important, the language was colloquial and major motifs included [[escapism]], marriage, romance and luck ([[Tyche]]).<ref>Green, pp. 66-74.</ref> Though no Hellenistic tragedy remains intact, they were still widely produced during the period, yet it seems that there was no major breakthrough in style, remaining within the classical model. The ''Supplementum Hellenisticum'', a modern collection of extant fragments, contains the fragments of 150 authors.<ref>Green, p. 65.</ref>

[[File:Poet, fresco in House of Golden Bracelet, Pompeii.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|An ancient fresco depicting a poet (thought to be [[Euphorion of Chalcis|Euphorion]]) and a woman reading a [[diptych]]]]

[[Hellenistic poetry|Hellenistic poets]] now sought patronage from kings, and wrote works in their honor. The scholars at the libraries in Alexandria and Pergamon focused on the collection, cataloging, and [[literary criticism]] of classical Athenian works and ancient Greek myths. The poet-critic [[Callimachus]], a staunch elitist, wrote hymns equating Ptolemy II to Zeus and Apollo. He promoted short poetic forms such as the [[epigram]], [[epyllion]] and the [[Iambus (genre)|iambic]] and attacked epic as base and common ("big book, big evil" was his doctrine).<ref>Green, p. 179.</ref> He also wrote a massive catalog of the holdings of the library of Alexandria, the famous [[Pinakes]]. Callimachus was extremely influential in his time and also for the development of [[Augustan poetry]]. Another poet, [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], attempted to revive the epic for the Hellenistic world with his [[Argonautica]]. He had been a student of Callimachus and later became chief librarian (''prostates'') of the library of Alexandria. Apollonius and Callimachus spent much of their careers feuding with each other. [[Pastoral poetry]] also thrived during the Hellenistic era, [[Theocritus]] was a major poet who popularized the genre.

Around 240 BC Livius Andronicus, a Greek slave from southern Italy, translated Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'' into Latin. Greek literature would have a dominant effect on the development of the [[Latin literature]] of the Romans. The poetry of [[Virgil]], [[Horace]] and [[Ovid]] were all based on Hellenistic styles.

=== Philosophy ===
{{Main|Hellenistic philosophy}}
[[File:Paolo Monti - Servizio fotografico (Napoli, 1969) - BEIC 6353768.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Zeno of Citium]] founded [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosophy.]]

During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed, and these schools of Hellenistic philosophy had a significant influence on the Greek and Roman ruling elite.

Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However, Athens had now lost her political freedom, and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as [[ataraxia]] (un-disturbedness), [[autarky]] (self-sufficiency), and [[apatheia]] (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or [[eudaimonia]] out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.<ref>Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, p. 53.</ref>

The [[Epicureans]] and the [[Cynicism (philosophy)|Cynics]] eschewed public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the [[polis]] itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. [[Epicurus]] promoted [[atomism]] and an [[asceticism]] based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. The [[Cyrenaics]] and Epicureans embraced [[hedonism]], arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Cynics such as [[Diogenes of Sinope]] rejected all material possessions and social conventions (''nomos'') as unnatural and useless. [[Stoicism]], founded by [[Zeno of Citium]], taught that [[virtue]] was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or [[Logos]]. The philosophical schools of [[Aristotle]] (the [[Peripatetics]] of the [[Lyceum (classical)|Lyceum]]) and [[Plato]] ([[Platonism]] at the [[Platonic Academy|Academy]]) also remained influential. Against these [[dogma]]tic schools of philosophy the [[Pyrrhonism|Pyrrhonist]] school embraced [[philosophical skepticism]], and, starting with [[Arcesilaus]], Plato's Academy also embraced skepticism in the form of [[Academic Skepticism]].

The spread of [[Christianity]] throughout the Roman world, followed by the [[spread of Islam]], ushered in the end of Hellenistic philosophy and the beginnings of [[Medieval philosophy]] (often forcefully, as under [[Justinian I#Suppression of religions|Justinian I]]), which was dominated by the three [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] traditions: [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], and [[early Islamic philosophy]]. In spite of this shift, Hellenistic philosophy continued to influence these three religious traditions and the [[Renaissance]] thought which followed them.

=== Sciences ===
{{Further|Hellenistic astronomy|Hellenistic mathematics|Hellenistic geography}}
[[File:Oxyrhynchus papyrus with Euclid's Elements.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.05|One of the oldest surviving fragments of Euclid's ''Elements'', found at [[Oxyrhynchus]] and dated to {{circa|AD 100}} ([[Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 29|P. Oxy. 29]]). The diagram accompanies Book II, Proposition 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.math.ubc.ca/~cass/Euclid/papyrus/papyrus.html |title=One of the Oldest Extant Diagrams from Euclid |author=Bill Casselman |publisher=University of British Columbia |access-date=2008-09-26|author-link=Bill Casselman (mathematician) }}</ref>]]

Science in the Hellenistic age differed from that of the previous era in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in older civilizations; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. The cultural competition among the Hellenistic kingdoms produced seats of learning throughout the Mediterranean, of which the most important was [[Alexandria]] in Egypt, which became a major center of scholarship in the 3rd century BC. In their scientific investigations, Hellenistic scholars frequently employed the principles developed earlier in [[ancient Greece]]: the application of mathematics to natural phenomena and the undertaking of deliberate empirical research.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Luce|first=J. V.|date=1988|title=Greek Science in its Hellenistic Phase|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23040930|journal=Hermathena|issue=145|pages=23–38|jstor=23040930|issn=0018-0750}}</ref><ref>Lloyd (1973), p. 177.</ref>

In [[Greek mathematics|mathematics]], Hellenistic geometers built upon the work of mathematicians from the previous generation such as [[Theodorus of Cyrene|Theodorus]], [[Archytas]], [[Theaetetus (mathematician)|Theaetetus]], and [[Eudoxus of Cnidus|Eudoxus]]. Euclid, whose ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'' became the most important textbook in Western [[mathematics]] until the 19th century, presented proofs for the [[Pythagorean theorem]], for the [[Euclid's theorem|infinitude of primes]], and for the five [[Platonic solids]].<ref>Bugh, p. 245.</ref> [[Archimedes]] made use of a technique dependent on [[proof by contradiction]] to solve problems with an arbitrary degree of accuracy. Known as the [[method of exhaustion]], Archimedes used it in several of his works, including to approximate the value of [[Pi|π]] (''[[Measurement of a Circle|Measurement of the Circle]]'') and to prove that the area enclosed by a [[parabola]] and a straight line is 4/3 times the area of a [[triangle]] with equal base and height (''[[Quadrature of the Parabola]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knorr |first=W. R. |date=1976 |title=Archimedes and the Measurement of the Circle: A New Interpretation |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41133444 |journal=Archive for History of Exact Sciences |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=115–140 |doi=10.1007/BF00348496 |jstor=41133444 |s2cid=120954547 |issn=0003-9519}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Swain |first1=G. |last2=Dence |first2=T. |date=1998 |title=Archimedes' Quadrature of the Parabola Revisited |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2691014 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=123–130 |doi=10.2307/2691014 |jstor=2691014 |issn=0025-570X}}</ref> The most characteristic product of Hellenistic mathematics was the theory of [[conic section]]s, reaching its greatest achievement in the work of [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]]. It made no explicit use of either [[algebra]] or [[trigonometry]], the latter appearing around the time of [[Hipparchus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Toomer |first=G. J. |date=1974 |title=The Chord Table of Hipparchus and the Early History of Greek Trigonometry |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0498.1974.tb00205.x |journal=Centaurus |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=6–28 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.1974.tb00205.x |bibcode=1974Cent...18....6T |issn=0008-8994|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

In the [[exact sciences]], [[Eratosthenes]] measured the [[Earth's circumference]] and calculated the [[Axial tilt#Earth|tilt of the Earth's axis]] with remarkable accuracy.<ref name="russo273277">{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Lucio |author-link=Lucio Russo |date=2004 |title=The Forgotten Revolution |url=https://archive.org/details/forgottenrevolut00russ_217 |url-access=limited |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer|pages=[https://archive.org/details/forgottenrevolut00russ_217/page/n277 273]–277}}</ref> He might have also determined the distance from the Earth to the Sun and invented the [[leap day]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/06/dayintech_0619 |title=June 19, 240 B.C.E: The Earth Is Round, and It's This Big |first=Randy |last=Alfred |magazine=Wired |date=June 19, 2008 | access-date=2013-06-22}}</ref> Eratosthenes drew a [[Ancient world maps#Eratosthenes|map of the world]] incorporating [[Circle of latitude|parallels]] and [[Longitude|meridians]], based on the available geographical knowledge of the era. Another important figure is the astronomer [[Hipparchus]], who used [[Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomical data]] and discovered the phenomena of Earth's [[precession]]. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic [[Timeline of astronomical maps, catalogs, and surveys|star catalog]] after he observed a new star, wishing to preserve astronomical record of the stars so that new ones could be discovered.<ref>{{cite book |author=Otto Neugebauer |title=A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy |publisher=Springer |year=1975 |location=New York |pages=284–5}}; Lloyd (1973), pp. 69-71.</ref> A celestial globe based on Hipparchus' star catalog presumably sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the [[Farnese Atlas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schaefer |first1=Bradley E. |year=2005 |title=The Epoch of the Constellations on the Farnese Atlas and Their Origin in Hipparchus's Lost Catalogue |url=http://www.phys.lsu.edu/farnese/JHAFarneseProofs.pdf |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=167–96 |bibcode=2005JHA....36..167S |doi=10.1177/002182860503600202 |s2cid=15431718}}; But see also {{cite journal |last1=Duke |first1=Dennis W. |year=2006 |title=Analysis of the Farnese Globe |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=37 |issue=126 |pages=87–100 |bibcode=2006JHA....37...87D |doi=10.1177/002182860603700107 |s2cid=36841784}}</ref> Another astronomer, [[Aristarchos of Samos]], measured the distances of the Earth, Sun, and Moon, and developed a [[heliocentric]] theory. In mechanics, [[Ctesibius]] wrote the first treatises on the science of [[compressed air]] and its uses in pumps, and allegedly designed a kind of [[cannon]] as reported by [[Hero of Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Hero |title=Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater |date=1899 |publisher=B.G. Teubner |others=Wilhelm Schmidt (translator) |place=Leipzig |pages=228–232 |language=el, de |chapter=Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI |author-link=Hero of Alexandria |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/heronsvonalexandhero#page/228/mode/2up}}</ref><ref name="Dictionary of Scientific Biography">{{cite book |author=Research Machines plc. |title=The Hutchinson dictionary of scientific biography |publisher=Helicon Publishing |year=2004 |location=Abingdon, Oxon |page=546 |quote='''Hero of Alexandria (lived c. ''AD'' 60)''' Greek mathematician, engineer and the greatest experimentalist of antiquity}}</ref>

In the life sciences, [[medicine]] made significant advances within the framework of the Hippocratic tradition. [[Praxagoras]] theorized that blood traveled through the veins, while [[Herophilos]] and [[Erasistratus]] performed dissections and vivisections of humans and animals, providing accurate descriptions of the [[nervous system]], liver and other key organs. Influenced by [[Philinus of Cos]], a student of Herophilos, the [[Empiric school]] of medicine focused on strict observation and rejected the unseen causes of the [[Dogmatic school]]. In botany, [[Theophrastus]] was known for his work in plant classification while [[Crateuas (physician)|Crateuas]] wrote a compendium on botanic pharmacy. The library of Alexandria presumably included a zoo for research and Hellenistic zoologists include Archelaos, Leonidas of Byzantion, [[Apollodorus (physician)|Apollodoros of Alexandria]] and Bion of Soloi.<ref>Green, p. 467.</ref>

The technological achievement of the Hellenistic age is masterly displayed in the [[Antikythera mechanism]], a 37-gear mechanical analog computer which calculated the motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets, including lunar and solar eclipses.<ref name="Freeth">{{cite journal |last=Freeth |first=T. |display-authors=etal |year=2006 |title=Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=587–91 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..587F |doi=10.1038/nature05357 |pmid=17136087 |s2cid=4424998}}; {{cite journal |last=Marchant |first=Jo |year=2006 |title=In Search of Lost Time |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=534–8 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..534M |doi=10.1038/444534a |pmid=17136067 |doi-access=free}};</ref> Devices of this sort are not found again until the 10th century, when a simpler eight-geared luni-solar calculator incorporated into an [[astrolabe]] was described by the Persian scholar, [[Al-Biruni]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Charette |first=François |year=2006 |title=High tech from Ancient Greece |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7119 |pages=551–2 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..551C |doi=10.1038/444551a |pmid=17136077 |doi-access=free |s2cid=33513516}}; {{cite web |last=Noble Wilford |first=John |date=2006-11-30 |title=Early Astronomical 'Computer' Found to Be Technically Complex |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/30/science/30compute.html?ex=1322542800&en=088bd939ca75fbbb&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss |access-date=2006-11-30 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> Similarly complex devices were also developed by other [[Inventions in the Muslim world|Muslim engineers]] and [[Islamic astronomy|astronomers]] during the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name="Freeth" /> Other technological developments of the Hellenistic age include cogged [[gears]], pulleys, [[Archimedes' screw]], the [[screw press]], [[glassblowing]], hollow bronze casting, surveying instruments, the odometer, the [[pantograph]], the [[water clock]], the [[watermill]], the [[water organ]], and the [[piston pump]].

Past interpretations of Hellenistic science often downplayed its significance, as found for instance in the English classical scholar [[F. M. Cornford|Francis Cornford]], who believed that "all the most important and original work was done in the three centuries from 600 to 300 BC".<ref>{{cite book |author=F. M. Cornford |title=The Unwritten Philosophy and Other Essays |page=83}} quoted in Lloyd (1973), p. 154.</ref> Recent interpretations tend to be more generous, leading a few people like mathematician [[Lucio Russo]] to claim that the [[scientific method]] was actually born in the 3rd century BC, to be largely forgotten during the Roman period and only revived in full during the [[History of science in the Renaissance|Renaissance]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Lucio |author-link=Lucio Russo |title=The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had To Be Reborn |publisher=Springer |year=2004 |isbn=3-540-20396-6 |location=Berlin}}
But see the critical reviews by Mott Greene, ''Nature'', vol 430, no. 7000 (5 Aug 2004):614 [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v430/n7000/full/430614a.html] and Michael Rowan-Robinson, ''Physics World'', vol. 17, no. 4 (April 2004)[http://physicsweb.org/articles/review/17/4/1/1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404152656/http://physicsweb.org/articles/review/17/4/1/1|date=2007-04-04}}.</ref>

=== Military science ===
{{Further|Hellenistic armies}}
[[File:Ancient Mechanical Artillery. Pic 01.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Ancient mechanical artillery: Catapults (standing), the chain drive of [[Polybolos]] (bottom center), [[Gastraphetes]] (on wall)]]

Hellenistic warfare was a continuation of the military developments of [[Iphicrates]] and [[Philip II of Macedon]], particularly his use of the [[Macedonian phalanx]], a dense formation of [[phalangite|pikemen]], in conjunction with heavy [[companion cavalry]]. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in [[siege warfare]]. Hellenistic armies were significantly larger than those of classical Greece relying increasingly on Greek [[mercenaries]] (''misthophoroi''; men-for-pay) and also on non-Greek soldiery such as Thracians, Galatians, Egyptians and Iranians. Some ethnic groups were known for their martial skill in a particular mode of combat and were highly sought after, including [[Hellenistic armies#Tarantine cavalry|Tarantine cavalry]], Cretan archers, Rhodian slingers and Thracian [[peltasts]]. This period also saw the adoption of new weapons and troop types such as [[Thureophoroi]] and the [[Thorakitai]] who used the oval [[Thureos]] shield and fought with javelins and the [[machaira]] sword. The use of heavily armored [[cataphracts]] and also [[horse archers]] was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and [[Kingdom of Pontus|Pontus]]. The use of [[war elephants]] also became common. Seleucus received Indian war elephants from the [[Mauryan Empire]], and used them to good effect at the [[battle of Ipsus]]. He kept a core of 500 of them at [[Apamea (Euphrates)|Apameia]]. The Ptolemies used the smaller African elephant.

Hellenistic military equipment was generally characterized by an increase in size. [[Hellenistic-era warships]] grew from the [[trireme]] to include more banks of oars and larger numbers of rowers and soldiers as in the Quadrireme and Quinquereme. The Ptolemaic [[Tessarakonteres]] was the largest ship constructed in Antiquity. New siege engines were developed during this period. An unknown engineer developed the torsion-spring catapult ({{circa|360 BC}}) and Dionysios of Alexandria designed a repeating [[ballista]], the [[Polybolos]]. Preserved examples of ball projectiles range from {{cvt|4.4|to|78|kg|lb}}.<ref>Bugh, p. 285.</ref> [[Demetrius Poliorcetes]] was notorious for the large [[siege engines]] employed in his campaigns, especially during the 12-month siege of Rhodes when he had Epimachos of Athens build a massive 160 ton siege tower named [[Helepolis]], filled with artillery.

=== Art ===
{{Main|Hellenistic art|Hellenistic sculpture}}
[[File:Old woman BM GR1852.3-27.9.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Head of an old woman, a good example of [[Realism (arts)|realism]]]]

The term ''Hellenistic'' is a modern invention; the Hellenistic World not only included a huge area covering the whole of the Aegean, rather than the [[Classical Greece]] focused on the [[Poleis]] of [[Athens]] and [[Sparta]], but also a huge time range. In artistic terms this means that there is huge variety which is often put under the heading of "Hellenistic Art" for convenience.

Hardly any examples of Hellenistic paintings or sculptures survive, but we have many Roman copies. For [[Hellenistic sculpture]] we have some originals, including ''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]'', the ''[[Venus de Milo]]'', and the ''[[Winged Victory of Samothrace]]''. Many surviving frescoes and mosaics from the Roman period are believed to be loose copies of Hellenistic paintings, but it is difficult to assess what the original artworks were like.

Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and the depiction of emotion ([[pathos]]) and character ([[ethos]]). The motif of deceptively realistic [[Naturalism (arts)|naturalism]] in art (''aletheia'') is reflected in stories such as that of the pre-Hellenistic painter [[Zeuxis (painter)|Zeuxis]], who was said to have painted grapes that seemed so real that birds came and pecked at them.<ref>Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, p. 92.</ref> The [[female nude]] also became more popular as epitomized by the [[Aphrodite of Cnidos]] of [[Praxiteles]] and art in general became more erotic (e.g., [[Leda and the Swan#Eroticism|Leda and the Swan]] and [[Scopas#Pothos|Scopa's Pothos]]). The dominant ideals of Hellenistic art were those of sensuality and passion.<ref>Green, p. 342.</ref>

People of all ages and social statuses were depicted in the art of the Hellenistic age. Artists such as [[Peiraikos]] chose mundane and lower class subjects for his paintings. According to Pliny, "He painted barbers' shops, cobblers' stalls, asses, eatables and similar subjects, earning for himself the name of ''rhyparographos'' [painter of dirt/low things]. In these subjects he could give consummate pleasure, selling them for more than other artists received for their large pictures" ([[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]], Book XXXV.112). Even barbarians, such as the [[Galatia (Roman province)|Galatians]], were depicted in heroic form, prefiguring the artistic theme of the [[noble savage]]. The image of Alexander the Great was also an important artistic theme, and all of the diadochi had themselves depicted imitating Alexander's youthful look.

Developments in painting included experiments in [[chiaroscuro]] by [[Zeuxis (painter)|Zeuxis]] and the development of [[landscape painting]] and [[still life]] painting.<ref>Green, Peter; Alexander to Actium, the historical evolution of the Hellenistic age, pp. 117–118.</ref> Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the [[temple of Artemis]] at Ephesus, the temple of [[Artemis]] at [[Sardis]], and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BC). The royal palace (''basileion'') also came into its own during the Hellenistic period, the first extant example being the massive 4th-century villa of Cassander at [[Vergina]].

This period also saw the first written works of [[art history]] in the histories of [[Duris of Samos]] and [[Xenocrates of Athens]], a sculptor and a historian of sculpture and painting.

There has been a trend in writing the history of this period to depict Hellenistic art as a decadent style, following the ''Golden Age'' of [[Classical Greece|Classical Athens]]. [[Pliny the Elder]], after having described the [[Greek sculpture|sculpture]] of the classical period, says: ''Cessavit deinde ars'' ("then art disappeared").<ref>[[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' (XXXIV, 52)</ref> The 18th century terms ''[[Baroque]]'' and ''[[Rococo]]'' have sometimes been applied to the art of this complex and individual period. The renewal of the historiographical approach as well as some recent discoveries, such as the tombs of [[Vergina]], allow a better appreciation of this period's artistic richness.

=== Sport ===
[[File:Lion hunt mosaic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|A lion hunt on a mosaic floor from [[Pella]] in [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]. Last quarter of the 4th century BC (Pella, Archaeological Museum).]]

Throughout the Hellenistic period, several sports were practiced and promoted across the different cities and kingdoms of the time. Sport was culturally associated as a major compositional component of the "Hellenic self-image" and the participation in athleticism was seen as an important civic quality for representing one's homeland or city-state. During this period, this Hellenic perception on sport would go on to spread throughout the Hellenistic world. One contrast to the classical period is that the increased fluidity of citizenship and civic identity during the Hellenistic period meant that there arose a greater emphasis on honoring the philanthropic sponsors of athletic festivals rather than the athletes themselves, observed by the "scarcity of Hellenistic honorific decrees praising athletes" as highlighted by Antiopi Argyriou-Casmeridis.<ref>Christian Mann, Sofie Remijsen, Sebastian Scharff, ''Athletics in the Hellenistic World''. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2016.</ref>

Hunting was both a favorite pastime of the Macedonian kings and nobles of that age and a favorite subject for paintings. In Egypt, the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic kings]] sponsored new athletic festivals, and subsidize 'Egyptian' or 'Alexandrian' athletes at major competitions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kyle |first=Donald G. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sports History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780197520956 |editor-last=Edelman |editor-first=Robert |edition=Robert |pages=87–88 |chapter=Chapter 5, Ancient Greek and Roman Sport |editor-last2=Wilson |editor-first2=Wayne}}</ref> Egyptian kings also provided funds for athletic facilities to be built, which housed ephebic education and encouraged citizens to partake in gymnasium classes. Ptolemaic and other Hellenistic royals often competed at athletic competitions like [[Ancient Olympic Games|The Olympics]] or other Panathenaic games.

Women during the Hellenistic period were often given opportunities to show off their athletic abilities in similar ways to men. In [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Egypt]], Ptolemaic women were well known in terms of court, and during equestrian competitions. Despite women being banned from watching sports and events like the male Olympics, in Hellenistic Empires, female sport (especially equestrian sport) flourished. Discoveries of poems in 2001 depicted eighteen different wins for equestrian sport. These wins took place at competitions like Olympia and [[History of Athens|Athens]], and all originated from the royal court. Several of these wins resulted from women and confirmed the desires and self-representation of Hellenistic rulers as they tried to influence the Greek World.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kyle |first=Donald G. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sports History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780197520956 |editor-last=Edelman |editor-first=Robert |chapter=Chapter 5, Ancient Greek and Roman Sport |editor-last2=Wilson |editor-first2=Wayne}}</ref>

Other forms of leisure activities included public presentations and demonstrations. These performances were often orchestrated by the royals for their own enjoyment. It is noted that these events were catered for both the female and male audiences. These events would often contain displays of exotic animals and other paraphernalia that aided to display their wealth and the territories that they controlled. While empires during the Hellenistic period ruled, they witnessed "expansion of 'crown' or 'Iso-' (equal to) major athletic festivals".<ref name=":0" /> This movement as well as the public displays for royalty were both trends what would continue into the [[Roman Empire]].

== Legacy ==
The focus on the Hellenistic period over the course of the 19th century by scholars and historians has led to an issue common to the study of historical periods; historians see the period of focus as a mirror of the period in which they are living. Many 19th-century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of [[classical Greece]]. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again.<ref>Green, p. xv.</ref> This may be inextricably linked with the nature of government. It has been noted by [[Herodotus]] that after the establishment of the Athenian democracy:

<blockquote>the Athenians found themselves suddenly a great power. Not just in one field, but in everything they set their minds to ... As subjects of a tyrant, what had they accomplished? ...Held down like slaves they had shirked and slacked; once they had won their freedom, not a citizen but he could feel like he was labouring for himself<ref>Herodotus (Holland, T. ''Persian Fire'', p. 193.)</ref></blockquote>

Thus, with the decline of the Greek polis, and the establishment of monarchical states, the environment and social freedom in which to excel may have been reduced.<ref name="Green">Green.{{full citation needed|date=December 2023}}</ref> A parallel can be drawn with the productivity of the city states of Italy during [[the Renaissance]], and their subsequent decline under autocratic rulers.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}

However, [[William Woodthorpe Tarn]], between [[World War I]] and [[World War II]] and the heyday of the [[League of Nations]], focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. [[Michael Rostovtzeff]], who fled the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]], concentrated predominantly on the rise of the [[capitalist]] [[bourgeoisie]] in areas of Greek rule. [[Arnaldo Momigliano]], an [[Italian Jew]] who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. [[Moses Hadas]] portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while [[Frank William Walbank]] in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Recently, however, [[papyrologist]] C. Préaux has concentrated predominantly on the economic system, interactions between kings and cities, and provides a generally pessimistic view on the period. [[Peter Green (historian)|Peter Green]], on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late-20th-century [[liberalism]], his focus being on [[individualism]], the breakdown of convention, experiments, and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes.<ref name="autogenerated2007">{{cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |year=2007 |title=The Hellenistic Age (A Short History) |location=New York |publisher=Modern Library Chronicles}}</ref>

=== Influence on Christianity ===
Alexander's conquests expanded the influence of Greek culture in Asia, which many centuries later contributed to the spread of [[Christianity]] (from: Greek Χρῑστῐᾱνισμός). One of Alexander's generals, [[Seleucus I Nicator]] who controlled most of [[Asia Minor]], [[Syria]], [[Mesopotamia]], and the [[Iranian Plateau]] after Alexander's death, founded [[Antioch]], which later became known as the cradle of Christianity, since the name "Christian" for Jesus' followers first emerged there. The [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]] (from: Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία, tà biblía, "the books") was written in [[Koine Greek]].<ref>"The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church." — "Antioch," ''[[Encyclopaedia Biblica]]'', Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in [https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabib01cheyuoft online .pdf file]. '''Warning:''' Takes several minutes to download).</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece}}
{{div col}}
* [[Ancient Carthage]]
* [[Greco-Roman world]]
* [[Hellenism (Academia)]]
* [[Hellenism (neoclassicism)]]
* [[Hellenistic fortifications]]
* [[Hellenistic glass]]
* [[Humanism]]
* [[La Tène culture]]
* [[Pre-Roman Iron Age]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
<references />

===Works cited===
* [[G. E. R. Lloyd|Lloyd, G. E. R.]] ''Greek Science after Aristotle''. New York: W.W. Norton & Co, 1973. {{ISBN|0-393-00780-4}}.

== Further reading ==
* Austin, M. M. ''The Hellenistic World From Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources In Translation''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
* Bugh, Glenn Richard (ed.). ''The Cambridge Companion to the Hellenistic World''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
* [[Henning Börm|Börm, Henning]] and [[Nino Luraghi]] (eds.). ''The Polis in the Hellenistic World''. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2018.
* Cary, M. ''A History of the Greek World, From 323 to 146 B.C.'' London: Methuen, 1963.
* Chamoux, François. ''Hellenistic Civilization''. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003.
* Champion, Michael and Lara O'Sullivan. ''Cultural Perceptions of Violence In the Hellenistic World''. New York: Routledge, 2017.
* Erskine, Andrew (ed.). ''A Companion to the Hellenistic World''. Hoboken: Wiley, 2008.
* Goodman, Martin. "Under the influence: Hellenism in ancient Jewish life." ''Biblical Archaeology Review'' 36, no. 1 (2010), 60.
* Grainger, John D. ''Great Power Diplomacy In the Hellenistic World''. New York: Routledge, 2017.
* Green, Peter. ''Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.
* {{Cite book |last=Green |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPV6v52mGf0C |title=The Hellenistic Age |date=2008 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-58836-706-8 |language=en}}
* Kralli, Ioanna. ''The Hellenistic Peloponnese: Interstate Relations: a Narrative and Analytic History, From the Fourth Century to 146 BC''. Swansea: The Classical Press of Wales, 2017.
* Lewis, D. M., John Boardman, and Simon Hornblower. ''Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 6: The Fourth Century BC''. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
* Rimell, Victoria and Markus Asper. ''Imagining Empire: Political Space In Hellenistic and Roman Literature''. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH, 2017.
* Thonemann, Peter. ''The Hellenistic Age''. First edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
* Walbank, F. W. ''The Hellenistic World''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.

== External links ==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Hellenistic period |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
* {{Commons category-inline|Hellenistic age}}
* [http://wihs.uwaterloo.ca/ Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic Studies]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/haht/hd_haht.htm Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition] at the MET
* [https://www.bibalex.org/hellenisticstudies/Home/Index.aspx Alexandria Center for Hellenistic Studies]

{{Navboxes
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{{Hellenistic rulers}}
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[[Category:Hellenistic period| ]]

Mousumi Saha

2026-02-08T17:53:26Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created new details

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{infobox person
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| name = Mousumi Saha
| occupation = [[Actress]] Television Actress
| years_active = 1995–present
}}
'''Mousumi Saha''' is an Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mousumi-Saha |title=Mousumi Saha: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=8 April 2020}}</ref> She acts in films of many languages. She also starred in 58 episodes of the [[Star Jalsha]] serial ''[[Khokababu]]'', airing from 2017 as "Kaushalya Mukherjee".<ref name=b>[http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/khokababu/cast/929149/ Khokababu serial cast & crew]</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Films
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2003
|''[[Chokher Bali (2003 film)|Chokher Bali]]''
|
|
|-
| 2008
|''[[Premer Kahini]]''
| Akash's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''[[Prem Amar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]''
| Raj's mother
|
|-
|''[[Dujone]]''
| Meghna's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Bolo Na Tumi Aamar]]''
| Madhurima's mother
|
|-
|''[[Notobor Notout]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shedin Dekha Hoyechilo]]''
| Neelkanta's wife
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2011
| ''[[Fighter (2011 film)|Fighter]]''
| Indu's mother
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[Paglu 2]]''
| Dev's mother
|
|-
|''[[Tor Naam]]''
|
|
|-
| 2013
|''[[Rangbaaz (2013 film)|Rangbaaz]]''
| Raj's mother
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Besh Korechi Prem Korechi]]''
|
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Shikari (2016 film)|Shikari]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]
|-
| 2016
|''[[Niyoti]]''
|Shuvro's mother
|-
| 2017
|''[[Nabab (2017 film)|Nabab]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Chalbaaz]]''
|
|
|-
|}

==Television==
*[[Sindoorkhela]] (2010-2012)
*[[Khokababu (TV series)|Khokababu]] (2016-2018) <ref name=b/>
*[[Deep Jwele Jaai]] (2015-2017)
*[[Bidhir Bidhan]] (2012-2013)
*[[Dhonni Meye]] (2009-2011)
*[[Bikele Bhorer Phool]](2017)
*[[Guriya Jekhane Guddu Sekhane]](2018–2020)
*[[Durga Durgeshwari]] (2019-2020)
*[[Kapalkundala (TV series)|Kopalkundola]](2019-2020)
*[[Khelaghor]] (2020-2022)
*[[Gangaram (TV series)|Gangaram]] (2020–2022)
*[[Gouri Elo]] (2022–2023)
*[[Ke Prothom Kache Eshechi]] (2024)
* [[Tui Amar Hero (TV series)|Tui Amar Hero]] (2025)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saha, Mousumi}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Bengali television actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bishesh Huirem

2026-02-06T06:08:09Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Stub

{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bishesh Huirem
| image = Bishesh Huirem in 2022 at the trailer launch of ONENESS.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Bishesh Huirem at the trailer launch of [[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-24|title=Manipuri transgender to represent India at international beauty pageant|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bishesh-huirem-the-transgender-woman-representing-india-in-beauty-contest/story-WjnSPlXqhBp8JOjuxZ0OlL.html|access-date=2022-04-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = actor, costume designer, fashion designer, model, [[salonnière]]
| years_active =
| known_for = * first Indian transgender to represent her country in international beauty pageant
* first Indian transgender to be appointed as a state icon in parliamentary elections
* first Manipuri transgender to win Best Actor Award
| father = Manglem Huirem
| mother = Khomdonbi Huirem
}}
'''Bishesh Huirem''' is an Indian actress and [[Model (person)|model]] from the [[Meitei ethnicity]] of [[Manipur]]. She is best known for being the first Indian to represent [[India]] at the [[Miss International Queen 2016|Miss International Queen for Transgender 2016]] organised in [[Pattaya]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-09|title=Bishesh Huirem becomes first Indian transgender to compete in Miss International Beauty Queen |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bishesh-huirem-becomes-first-indian-transgender-to-compete-in-miss-international-beauty-queen-2997608.html/amp|access-date=2022-04-18|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Bishesh Huirem - The first Indian transgender woman at 'Miss International Beauty Queen' contest - SheThePeople TV|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/meet-bishesh-huirem-the-first-indian-transgender-woman-at-miss-international-beauty-queen-contest/|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-15|title=Transgender Actress from Manipur to Represent India at Prestigious Beauty Pageant in Thailand|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/68345/transgender-manipur-bishesh-huirem-thailand/|access-date=2022-04-18|website=The Better India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 September 2016|title=Manipur beauty who will represent India at world's largest transgender pageant, doesn't have funds to sponsor trip|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/people/story/manipur-actress-transgender-india-bishesh-huirem-lifest-341228-2016-09-15|access-date=2022-04-18|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> She is the first Indian transgender to be appointed as a state icon for the [[General election|parliamentary polls]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Transgender 'icon' to educate Manipur voters|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/transgender-icon-to-educate-manipur-voters/cid/1687035|access-date=2022-04-18|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EC ropes in Manipur LGBT model as State Icon|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/india/ec-ropes-in-manipur-lgbt-model-as-state-icon.html|access-date=2022-04-18|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310204337/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/india/ec-ropes-in-manipur-lgbt-model-as-state-icon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is the first transgender to win the "Best Actor Award" in the 14th Manipur State Film Awards, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-09|title=Manipur Film Awards: Bishesh Huirem becomes first transgender to win best actor award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-film-awards-bishesh-huirem-first-transgender-best-actor-award-7861780/|access-date=2022-04-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rana|first=Ratika|date=2022-04-11|title=Bishesh Huirem Becomes First Transgender To Win Best Actor In Manipur Film Awards|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/lgbtq/manipur-state-film-awards-34938|access-date=2022-04-18|website=thelogicalindian.com|language=en|archive-date=12 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412085806/https://thelogicalindian.com/lgbtq/manipur-state-film-awards-34938|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[It's Not My Choice]]'' directed by [[Priyakanta Laishram]], and ''[[Apaiba Leichil]]'' directed by [[Bobby Wahengbam]] are some of her notable films.

== Film career ==
Bishesh Huirem started her career in [[Shumang Kumhei]], a popular theater form of Manipur.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express |first=The Sangai |date=13 September 2016 |title=Minister's escort 'assault' Shumang Leela artiste |work=E-Pao |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..140916.sep16 |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref> Later, she debuted in [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri films]] with 2012 [[Manipuri (Meiteilon Language)|Manipuri]] [[feature film]] ''Ang Tamo'', alongside [[Kaiku Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adhikarimayum |first=Jolly |date=3 November 2012 |title="Ang Tamo" : A mirror about the life of Nupi Shabis |work=E-Pao |url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Ang_Tamo_A_mirror_about_the_life_of_Nupi_Shabis.php |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref>

In 2015, she starred in ''[[It's Not My Choice]]'', written and directed by [[Priyakanta Laishram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title=Bishesh Huirem starrer "It's Not My Choice" screened at Rajabhat University, Thailand |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/7/IMPHAL-Feb-6The-multiple-award-winning-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-was-screened-at-Rajabha.html |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nautiyal |first=Sarah |date=19 August 2024 |title=Like Fireflies In The Endless Dark: Emerging Queer Narratives In The Region Of North East India |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2024/08/19/like-fireflies-in-the-endless-dark-emerging-queer-narratives-in-the-region-of-north-east-india/ |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Feminism In India}}</ref> The critics praised her performance, describing it as the best of her career.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=6 February 2023 |title=It's Not My Choice: A Film To Endure For Many Years To Come |url=https://signpostnews.com/its-not-my-choice-a-film-to-endure-for-many-years-to-come/ |work=Signpost News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Atom |first=Sangita |date=25 November 2022 |title=It's Not My Choice : An Impactful Manipuri Film On Transgender Visibility. |work=E-Pao |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Its_Not_My_Choice_Eina_Khankhiba_Natte_Review_By_Sangita_Atom |access-date=25 November 2022}}</ref> [[The Sangai Express]] wrote, "Bishesh Huirem, the protagonist, delivers her career's finest performance in this film. Despite her extensive experience in [[Shumang Kumhei|Sumaang Kumhei]] plays and two feature films, her portrayal of teenager Sanathoi is truly exceptional. Unlike her other movies, where she tends to go overboard, she flawlessly captures the emotions in the most genuine way in this film."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2023 |title=Manipuri film IT'S NOT MY CHOICE triumphs in every aspect |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/2/Brainee-HijamThe-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-Eina-Khankhiba-Natte-which-runs-for-14-minu.html |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> She received ''Special Jury Mention Award'' for her performance at the 2015 Highland Independent Film Festival in Shimla, and Honourable Mention at the 2017 Riverdale International Short Film Festival.<ref name=":0" /> The film became the first [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] to be adapted into [[Thai language|Thai]] and the first short film from [[Northeast India]] to surpass one [[million]] views on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2023 |title=Thai filmmaker to adapt Manipuri short film 'It's Not My Choice' |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/entertainment/2024/02/07/thai-filmmaker-to-adapt-manipuri-short-film-its-not-my-choice/ |work=East Mojo}}</ref>

In 2022, she won ''Best Actor Award'' at 14th Manipur State Film Awards 2022 for the film [[Apaiba Leichil]], becoming the first transgender actor to win the title.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Film Awards: Bishesh Huirem becomes first transgender to win best actor award|url=https://www.justicenews.co.in/manipur-film-awards-bishesh-huirem-becomes-first-transgender-to-win-best-actor-award/|access-date=2022-04-18|website=justicenews|language=en-US}}</ref> She also won ''Special Jury Award'' at 5th Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards (NE) 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Y |first=H |date=4 January 2023 |title=Romi Meitei Wins Best Director, Bishesh Huirem Bags Special Jury Award in 5th Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards Award |work=HY News |url=http://hynews.in/article/arts/romi-meitei-wins-best-director-bishesh-huirem-bags-special-jury-award-in-5th-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards-award/3767 |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415103249/http://hynews.in/article/arts/romi-meitei-wins-best-director-bishesh-huirem-bags-special-jury-award-in-5th-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards-award/3767 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== 2016 Apology Demand Incident ==
On 13 September 2016, Bishesh Huirem was allegedly beaten up by the personal security guards and armed personnel of Rural Development Minister ''Moirangthem Okendra'' in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-17|title=Manipuri transgender actor beaten up by minister's police escorts|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/170916/manipuri-transgender-actor-beaten-up-by-ministers-police-escorts.html|access-date=2022-04-18|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2016|title=Transgender actor thrashed by cops unable to {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|perfrom}} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/transgender-actor-thrashed-by-cops-unable-to-perfrom/articleshow/54355388.cms|access-date=2022-04-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=সংস্থা|first=সংবাদ|title=রূপান্তরকামী মডেলের উপর মন্ত্রীর রক্ষীদের হামলা ইম্ফলে|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/transgender-model-from-manipur-attacked-by-minister-s-guards-dgtl-1.479665|access-date=2022-04-18|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=അക്ഷയ്‌|date=2016-09-17|title=ഭിന്നലിംഗ മോഡലിന് മന്ത്രിയുടെ സുരക്ഷാ സംഘത്തിന്റെ മര്‍ദ്ദനം; മന്ത്രി നോക്കി നിന്നു|url=https://malayalam.oneindia.com/news/india/transgender-actress-bishesh-huirem-attacked-by-ministers-man-156352.html|access-date=2022-04-18|website=malayalam.oneindia.com|language=ml}}</ref> The incident happened in a road rage at around 10 pm during night.<ref name="e-pao.net">{{Cite web|title=Minister's escort 'assault' Shumang Leela artiste : 14th sep16 ~ E-Pao! Headlines|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=8..140916.sep16|access-date=2022-04-18|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Shumang Lila artist Huirem Bishesh physically assaulted allegedly by escorts of RD & PR Minister Moirangthem Okendro |url=https://www.impacttv.in/breaking-news/item/783-manipur-shumang-lila-artist-huirem-bishesh-physically-assaulted-allegedly-by-escorts-of-rd-pr-minister-moirangthem-okendro|access-date=2022-04-18|website=www.impacttv.in|language=en-gb}}</ref> Consequently, Bishesh protested and served an ultimatum to Minister Okendra to apologize for the incident within seven days or face outcomes. However, the officials of the Minister rejected her claim over the incident. According to them, Bishesh was driving "dead drunk" and was even not able to reverse her car which was blocking the minister's security escorts. Further, the minister's officials said that Bishesh was throwing [[tantrum]]s claiming she had the right to drive and even attempted to forcibly open the minister's vehicle's door. In response, Bishesh denied all the claims from the minister's officials as "baseless charges". She denied she was drunk. She clarified that she was not even consuming salt and oil in her diet for her hormone therapy in a preparation for a beauty contest. Shocked by the incident, she was hospitalized. The associations and organizations of various artistes banned all mobile theatres, films and music programmes in the [[Heirok Assembly constituency]] (Minister Okendra's associated Constituency) until and unless he apologized.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri transgenders demand apology from minister over attack|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/manipuri-transgenders-demand-apology-from-minister-over-attack-296638|access-date=2022-04-18|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-09-17|title=Manipuri transgenders demand apology from minister over attack|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/manipuri-transgenders-demand-apology-from-minister-over-attack-116091700294_1.html|access-date=2022-04-18}}</ref><ref name="e-pao.net"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Studio
|-
|2012
|''Ang Tamo''
|Pilu Heigrujam
|Pilu Films
|-
|2015
|''[[It's Not My Choice]]''
|[[Priyakanta Laishram]]
|Priyakanta Productions
|-
|2021
|''[[Apaiba Leichil]]''
|[[Bobby Wahengbam]]
|Third Eye
|}

== Selected Shumang Kumheis ==

* Border
* Restafen
* Pizza (2011)
* Nupigi Thamoi
* Chagee Khuji
* Eengengee Nini Panba (2011)
* Ishing Chaibi (2013)
* Inamma (2014)
* Tamphayai
* Kairaba Chaphu
* Kunti 4
* Maogi Ibai
* Mou Ahum Ningol Ama (2019)
* Nungshi Laman (2020)
* Online Da Luhongba (2021)
* Mutlaroidaba Machu (2022)
* Sanagi Thambal (2022)
* Leepun (2023)
* 3 May (2025)
* Anouba Lambi (2025)
* Thokpa Ngamdaba Kishi (2025)
* Ahanba Khongpham (2025–26)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm12918906/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t1 Bishesh Huirem_IMDb]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huirem, Bishesh}}
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian female models]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Shumang Kumhei artists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Transgender female models]]

List of accolades received by Barfi!

2026-01-30T14:56:45Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created a post

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{featured list}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Barfi!''}}
[[File:Ranbir Kapoor promoting Jagga Jasoos.jpg|thumb]]
[[File:Priyanka Chopra's press conference after being conferred with the Padma Shri (05).jpg|thumb|[[Ranbir Kapoor|Kapoor]] (top) and [[Priyanka Chopra|Chopra]] (bottom) garnered several awards and nominations for their performances as male and female leading roles respectively.]]
''[[Barfi!]]'' is a 2012 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film written and directed by [[Anurag Basu]] and produced by [[UTV Motion Pictures]]. The film features [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] in the lead roles, with [[Saurabh Shukla]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], and [[Roopa Ganguly]] playing supporting roles.<ref name=bh>{{cite web|title=Barfi! (2012) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547829 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903081501/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547829 |archive-date= 3 September 2013 }}</ref> The screenplay which incorporates a [[nonlinear narrative]] was co-written by Basu with his wife Tani.<ref name=apsaranom/><ref>{{cite web|title=Barfi! is my most personal film Anurag Basu |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Barfi-is-my-most-personal-film-Anurag-Basu/Article1-931835.aspx |author=Jha, Subhash K. |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609063849/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Barfi-is-my-most-personal-film-Anurag-Basu/Article1-931835.aspx |archive-date= 9 June 2013 }}</ref> [[Pritam Chakraborty]] composed the musical and background score while [[Akiv Ali]] edited the film, with the cinematography provided by [[Ravi Varman]].<ref name=bh/> Set between 1972 and 2012, the film narrates the story of the title character from [[Darjeeling]] and his relationships with two women, Shruti and the [[Autism spectrum|autistic]] Jhilmil.<ref name="zee">{{cite web|last=Sengar |first=Resham |title='Barfi' Review: It is an out and out entertainer! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/barfi-review-it-is-an-out-and-out-entertainer_119082.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=17 September 2012 |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119002538/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/barfi-review-it-is-an-out-and-out-entertainer_119082.html |archive-date=19 November 2013 }}</ref>

Made on a budget of approximately {{INRConvert|410|m|nolink=yes}}, ''Barfi!'' opened worldwide on 14 September 2012 to widespread critical acclaim.<ref name=bh/><ref>{{cite news|title=Directors who got their mojo back|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Directors-who-got-their-mojo-back/articleshow/16500911.cms?referral=PM|author=Thakkar, Mehul S|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2012|access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Barfi! set to conquer Shanghai, Taiwan and Hong Kong|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/barfi-set-to-conquer-shanghai-taiwan-and-hong-kong-633301|author=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=23 May 2013|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref> It was a major commercial success, grossing {{INRConvert|1.88|b}} at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat=|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=17 January 2013|access-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120003523/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=5301&nCat=|archive-date=20 January 2013}}</ref> ''Barfi!'' has received various awards and nominations, with praise for its direction, the cast's performances, cinematography, screenplay, musical score, costume and production design. As of June 2015, the film has won 70 awards.

At the [[58th Filmfare Awards]], ''Barfi!'' received the most nominations (thirteen), winning a leading seven awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Kapoor. It received sixteen nominations at the 2012 [[Star Guild Awards]] and won eight awards, including the [[Star Guild Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Star Guild Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. The film received twenty-three nominations at the [[Screen Awards|19th Screen Awards]], winning nine awards, including [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Basu and [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Kapoor. At the [[14th IIFA Awards]], it won fourteen awards, out of twenty-one nominations, including the [[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Film]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. At the [[Zee Cine Awards|14th Zee Cine Awards]], ''Barfi!'' received nine awards, including [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Basu and [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]] for Chopra.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="17" | [[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]{{efn|Also known as Star Guild Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: Was Salman Khan joking or just being rude? |work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-being-plain-rude-599590.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=3 January 2015 |date=29 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805233527/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-being-plain-rude-599590.html |archive-date= 5 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Elxsi Bags Awards |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/tata-elxsi-bags-awards/ |publisher=Box Office India |date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221008/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/tata-elxsi-bags-awards/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>}}
| rowspan="17" |16 February 2013
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="17" |<ref name=apsaranom>{{cite web|title=8th Apsara Awards Nominations |url=http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |publisher=[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award]] |access-date=9 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015516/http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> <ref name=apsara>{{cite web |title=8th Apsara Awards Winners |url=http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html |publisher=Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930223430/http://www.starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Sujoy Ghosh]] for ''[[Kahaani]]''.<ref name=apsara/>}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| The Shining Star Award
| {{won}}{{efn|Also for ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''.<ref name=apsara/>}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
| {{sort|Shukla|[[Saurabh Shukla]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Star Guild Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{sort|Quadri|[[Sayeed Quadri]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Guild Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Dialogue
| {{sort|Datta|Sanjeev Datta}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Story
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}, Tani Basu
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Varman|[[Ravi Varman]]}}
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Rajeev Ravi]] for ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1]]'' and ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2|Part 2]]''.<ref name=apsara/>}}
|-
| Best Sound Mixing
| {{sort|Changmai|Debajit Changmai}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Apsara Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Narula|[[Aki Narula]]}}, Shefalina
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Asian Film Awards]]
|[[7th Asian Film Awards|18 March 2013]]
| Best Composer
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Asian Film Awards: Nawazuddin wins Best Supporting Actor |work=IBNLive |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/asian-film-awards-nawazuddin-wins-best-supporting-actor-597632.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=19 March 2013 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220190908/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/asian-film-awards-nawazuddin-wins-best-supporting-actor-597632.html |archive-date=20 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | 31 December 2012
| Most Entertaining Film
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2012|series=Big Star Entertainment Awards|network=[[STAR India]]|date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Most Entertaining Romantic Film
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Director
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor – Male
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Male
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Film Actor – Female
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor in a Romantic Film – Female
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Actor (Film) Debut – Female
| {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Music
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Entertaining Singer – Male
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5" | [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| rowspan="5" | 5 January 2013
| Highest Grosser of the Year
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=ETC Bollywood Business Awards 2012|series=ETC Bollywood Business Awards|network=ZEE ETC|date=5 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Top Grossing Director
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Profitable Actor
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Profitable Actress
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Profitable Debut (Female)
| {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="13" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="13" | [[58th Filmfare Awards|20 January 2013]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="13" |<ref>{{cite web|title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here! |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=13 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227075057/http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html |archive-date=27 December 2014 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 January 2013 |access-date=21 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123055038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432 |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
| {{sort|Poddar|Rajat Poddar}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Sony Trendsetter of the Year
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="21" | [[IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="21" |[[14th IIFA Awards|6 July 2013]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Film]]
|''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="21" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 April 2013 |access-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425044822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899 |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5202 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 July 2013 |access-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5202 |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA 2013 Technical Awards Winners |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5020/IIFA%202013%20Technical%20Awards%20Winners |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5020/IIFA%202013%20Technical%20Awards%20Winners |archive-date=26 August 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Shukla|[[Saurabh Shukla]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}, Tani Basu
|{{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}, Tani Basu
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Quadri|[[Sayeed Quadri]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil (Reprise)")
|{{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyan (Solo)" & "Ala Barfi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon" & "Aashiyan")
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Bhardwaj|[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
|{{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "Aashiyan (Duet)")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Varman|[[Ravi Varman]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
| {{sort|Poddar|Rajat Poddar}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
| {{sort|Pillai|Eric Pillai}}
|{{Won}}
|-
| Best Mixing
| {{sort|Changmai|Debajit Changmai}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{sort|Narula|[[Aki Narula]]}}, Shefalina
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]
| {{sort|Serali|Uday Serali}}
|{{Won}}
|-
!scope="row"| Lions Gold Awards
| 18 January 2013
|Favourite Actress in a Leading Role
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Priyanka Chopra wins Best Actor Award at TOIFA |url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/priyanka-chopra-wins-best-actor-award-toifa-060227905.html |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |date=9 April 2013 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610231806/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/priyanka-chopra-wins-best-actor-award-toifa-060227905.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="9" | [[5th Mirchi Music Awards|7 February 2013]]
| Album of the Year
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mirchi Music Awards Hindi 2012 nominations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Mirchi-Music-Awards-Hindi-2012-nominations/articleshow/18381838.cms|work=The Times of India|date=7 February 2013|access-date=8 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Music Composer of the Year
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Lyricist of the Year
| {{sort|Mishra|Neelesh Mishra}} (for song "Kyon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Singh|Arjit Singh}} (for the song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Technical Programmer & Arranger of the Year
| {{sort|Satya|Jim Satya}}, [[DJ Phukan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Technical Background score of the Year
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" | [[Okinawa International Movie Festival]]
| 30 March 2013
| Grand Jury Prize for Best Film (Golden Shisa Award)
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Barfi wins Grand Jury Award at Okinawa Film Fest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/entertainment/Barfi-wins-Grand-Jury-Award-at-Okinawa-Film-Fest/articleshow/19305821.cms?|author=Singha, Sutapa|work=The Times of India|date=31 March 2013|access-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="23" | [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="23" |12 January 2013
| [[Screen Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="23" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations: 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359 |archive-date= 5 January 2013 }}</ref> <ref name=sa>{{cite web|title=Winner's of 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925111241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403 |archive-date=25 September 2013 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Screen Awards 2013: Hall of Fame|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-2013-hall-of-fame/1060726/|date=18 January 2013|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Irrfan Khan]] for ''[[Paan Singh Tomar (film)|Paan Singh Tomar]]''.<ref name=sa/>}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor (Popular Choice)|Best Actor (Popular Choice)]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Jodi No. 1|Jodi No. 1]]
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}, [[Priyanka Chopra]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Female|Most Promising Newcomer – Female]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="3" | {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Popular Music Album
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}, Tani Basu
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Marketed Film
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Varman|[[Ravi Varman]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Design
| {{sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Costumes
| {{sort|Narula|[[Aki Narula]]}}, Shefalina
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
| {{sort|Ali|[[Akiv Ali]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{sort|Poddar|Rajat Poddar}}
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | South African Indian Film and Television Awards
| rowspan="3" |7 September 2013
| Best Film
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of SAIFTA Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5471 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=16 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301122549/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5471 |archive-date= 1 March 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9" | [[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |26 January 2013
| [[Stardust Award for Best Film of The Year|Best Film of The Year]]
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{Won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4437 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 January 2013 |access-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123203049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4437 |archive-date=23 January 2013 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4467 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131004218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4467 |archive-date=31 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Dream Director|Dream Director]]
|{{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Male|Star of the Year – Male]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Drama Actor|Best Actor – Drama]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Star of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Best Drama Actress|Best Actress – Drama]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| New Musical Sensation Singer – Male
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]] (for song "Kyon")
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="15" | Times of India Film Awards
| rowspan="15" | 6 April 2013
| Best Film
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="15" |<ref>{{cite web|title=TOIFA 2013 nominations |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 February 2013 |access-date=9 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408020918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=TOIFA 2013 Winners: Barfi! Wins Top Honors |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-2013-winners-barfi-wins-top-honors-70811.html |work=[[Times Internet]] |date=8 April 2013 |access-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610180643/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-2013-winners-barfi-wins-top-honors-70811.html |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor – Male
| {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actor – Female
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actor – Female
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Debut – Female
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyrics
| {{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | Best Male Playback Singer
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| {{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer
| {{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Background Score
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Art Direction
| {{sort|Poddar|Rajat Poddar}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Cinematography
| {{sort|Varman|[[Ravi Varman]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Costume Design
| {{sort|Narula|[[Aki Narula]]}}, Shefalina
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="14" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="14" |[[2013 Zee Cine Awards|7 January 2013]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="14" |<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4349 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 December 2012 |access-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102135744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4349 |archive-date= 2 January 2013 }}</ref> <ref name=zca>{{cite web|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2013 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners+of+Zee+Cine+Awards+2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=14 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227090929/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners%2Bof%2BZee%2BCine%2BAwards%2B2013 |archive-date=27 December 2013 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite episode|title=Zee Cine Awards 2013|series=Zee Cine Awards|network=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]|date=7 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| {{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Male|Best Actor – Male]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Kapoor|[[Ranbir Kapoor]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award – Critics' Choice Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics' Choice)]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actor – Female]]
| {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| {{sort|D'Cruz|[[Ileana D'Cruz]]}}
| {{won}}{{efn|Tied with [[Yami Gautam]] for ''[[Vicky Donor]]''.<ref name=zca/>}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
|{{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|Anurag Basu{{won}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| {{sort|Mishra|Neelesh Mishra}} (for song "Kyon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Male Playback Singer
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
| {{sort|Varman|[[Ravi Varman]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Production Design
| {{sort|Poddar|Rajat Poddar}}
| {{won}}
|-
| The Power Club Box Office Award (100 Crore Club Award)
|''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{won}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Bollywood films of 2012]]

==Footnotes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2082197/awards Awards for ''Barfi!''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barfi!}}
[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film]]

St. Mary's College of Engineering and Technology

2026-01-27T03:16:00Z

Nandini Gowda KL: creating stub...

{{Short description|Technical college in Greater Hyderabad, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{COI|date=December 2010}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{ Infobox university
| motto = ''Providing Quality Education''
| image =
| name = St. Mary's College of Engineering and Technology
| established = {{Start date|1996}}
| principal = Nivash Rao
| type = [[Institute of technology|College of Technology]]
| city = [[Pochampally|Deshmukhi, Pochampally]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| campus = Urban
| country = India
| website = [http://www.stmarysgroup.com/ official website]
}}
[[File:smec in st.mary's.jpg|thumb|right| St. Mary's engineering college]]
[[File:Aerial view of St. Mary's.jpg|thumb|right| Aerial view of St. Mary's campus]]
[[File:smcet.jpg|thumb|right| St. Mary's main block]]
'''St. Mary's College of Engineering and Technology''' ('''SMCET''') is a technical institute located in [[Pochampally]], [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]], India. Located in Deshmukhi Village and 8.6 km from Ramoji Film City Entrance.
In 2010 the [[AICTE|All India Council for Technical Education]] approved collaboration between the St. Mary's College and [[Marist College]] to allow students in India to earn a US-recognized [[Master of Science|MS]] degree.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/us-varsity-city-college-tie-ms-degree-046 |title=MS program in India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820195441/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/us-varsity-city-college-tie-ms-degree-046 |archivedate=20 August 2010 |date=15 August 2010 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The college applied for "deemed university" status in 2009 but this status was abolished.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/colleges-ap-left-lurch-215 |title=Deemed University Status |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713085425/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/colleges-ap-left-lurch-215 |archivedate=13 July 2010 |date=20 January 2010 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://stmarysgroup.com/ Official Website]
*[[St. Mary's Technical Campus Kolkata]]

{{Coord|12.99151|N|80.23362|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1996]]

Karnail Gill

2025-12-26T16:26:45Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New New Post W/ Infobox

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Karnail Gill
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| landscape =
| birth_name = Karnail Singh Gill ਕਰਨੈਲ ਸਿੰਘ ਗਿੱਲ
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1942|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = Gurusar Chak no. 259, [[Faisalabad District|Layallpur district]], [[British Punjab]]
| origin = [[Ludhiana]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|06|24|1942|02|13|df=y}}
| death_place = Jamalpur Awana, [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]]
| genre = [[Folk music of Punjab|Folk]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = [[Pump organ|Harmonium]]
| years_active = 1964–2012
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = 
}}

'''Karnail Gill''' ({{langx|pa|ਕਰਨੈਲ ਗਿੱਲ}}) was a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] [[folk singer]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref name=aj/><ref name=pne/><ref name=toi/><ref name=ht/> He is best known for his duets with Narinder Biba, Surinder Kaur, Jagmohan Kaur, Mohni Narula, Swaran Lata, Ranjit Kaur, Kumari Veena, Kuldip Kaur, Gulshan Komal, Priti Bala, Usha Kiran, Harneet Neetu, Sukhwant Sukhi, Suchet Bala, Sarbjit Cheema, Rakhi Hundal, Navdeep Kaur and many more.

Suffering from [[spinal cancer]], he died on 24 June 2012,<ref name=aj/> survived by his wife Sukhjinder Kaur, son Gurtej Singh and two daughters Kanwardeep Kaur and Kirandeep Kaur, and students Rakhi Hundal, Anoop Sidhu.<ref name=aj/><ref name=pne/> He was cremated at his village of Jamalpur in Ludhiana district.

== Early life and career ==
Gill was born on 13 February 1942<ref name=pne/> in a [[Sikh]] family, to father S. Mehar Singh Gill (Lambarhdar) and mother Gurdial Kaur,<ref name=aj/> in the Gurusar (Chak no. 259) village of Layallpur district (renamed [[Faisalabad District]]) in [[British Punjab]].<ref name=toi/><ref name=ht/> After [[Partition of India|partition of Punjab]], his village was gone in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]] (Pakistani Punjab) and his family migrated to [[Indian Punjab]] and settled at Jamalpur Awana village that now falls under the [[Ludhiana district]]. Later, along with singer [[Didar Sandhu]], he worked in [[Punjab Public Relations]] as a singer 1962 to 1964 for one and half-year.<ref name=aj/><ref name=pne/> He married Sukhjinder Kaur in 1970; the couple had one son and two daughters.<ref name=aj/>

Karnail Singh learned folk music from noted [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] singer [[Ustad Harcharan Grewal]], Shaukin Jatt, Master Beer Chand and classical music from Ustad Jaswant Bhanwra<ref name=pne/><ref name=toi/> and recorded his first songs record by HMV Gaddi Charhdi Bhna Laye Gode, Cha Muklave Da and Melne Nach Lai Ni De de Shauk De Gerhe", in 1963 and released in 1964 written by [[Hardev Dilgir]] (also known as [[Dev Tharike Wala]]).<ref name=toi/>

==Songs and compositions==
* ''Lambrhan Da Munda Boli Hor Bolda''
* ''Satth Vich Laggi Ae Kachehri''
* ''Teean Wangu Langhe Ne Din Mittra''
*Panj Bhadon Nu Ayin Ve Lain Darauja
*Laddu Kha Ke Turdi Bani
*Reshmi Rumaal Vangu Rakh Mundiya
*Tera Galgal Varga Rang Jattiye
*Eh Keehne Qaid Kare
*Sutiya Tu Jaag Bandiya
*Satguru Hoye Diyal
*Jorhe Puttran De Kaum Lekhe La Ke Patshah
*Ambiyan Nu Tarsengi Chhadd Ke Desh Doaba
*Maal Ladd Liya Jammu Kashmir Da
*Jatti Faishna Patti
*Jadon Dee Hogi Sadhni
*Tere Jatti Na Pasand Ve Sharab Vargi
*Nadhiyan Kuwariyan De Shauk Poorda

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="aj">{{cite news | url=http://www.ajitjalandhar.com/20120625/punjab.php | title=ਦੋਗਾਣਾ ਗਾਇਕੀ ਦੀਆਂ ਲੰਮੀਆਂ ਵਾਟਾਂ ਦਾ ਪਾਂਧੀ ਰਿਹਾ ਗਾਇਕ ਕਰਨੈਲ ਗਿੱਲ |work=News article | date=June 25, 2012 | accessdate=July 26, 2012 | location=Chandigarh | language=Punjabi | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130116084024/http://www.ajitjalandhar.com/20120625/punjab.php | archivedate=January 16, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="pne">{{cite news | url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/3903-Celebrated-Punjab-folk-singer-Karnail-Gill-passed-away-cremated-in-native-village.aspx | title=Celebrated Punjab folk singer Karnail Gill passed away, cremated in native village | date=June 25, 2012 |website=punjabnewsexpress.com | accessdate=July 26, 2012 | location=Ludhiana | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628020703/http://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/3903-Celebrated-Punjab-folk-singer-Karnail-Gill-passed-away-cremated-in-native-village.aspx | archivedate=June 28, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/ludhiana/32424011_1_folk-festival-gem-shamsher-sandhu | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104003637/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-26/ludhiana/32424011_1_folk-festival-gem-shamsher-sandhu | url-status=dead | archive-date=January 4, 2013 | title=Karnail Gill —A gem of folk singing world | date=June 26, 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | accessdate=July 26, 2012}}</ref><ref name="ht">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Punjabi-folk-singer-Karnail-Gill-passes-away/SP-Article1-878528.aspx | title=Punjabi folk singer Karnail Gill passes away |work=Death news | date=June 25, 2012 | accessdate=July 26, 2012 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629103520/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Punjabi-folk-singer-Karnail-Gill-passes-away/SP-Article1-878528.aspx | archivedate=June 29, 2012 }}</ref>

</references>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gill, Karnail}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian male folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

1978 Indian Federation Cup final

2025-12-23T21:06:28Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1978 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Federation Cup (India)|1978 Indian Federation Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 0
| team2 = [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
| team2score = 0
| details = '''Joint winners'''
| date = 7 May 1978 9 May 1978 (replay)
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| city = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee =
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 1977
| next = 1979
}}
The '''1978 Indian Federation Cup final''' was the 2nd final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]], the top knock-out competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] on 7 May 1978 and the replay on 9 May 1978 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=report>{{cite news |first=Novy|last=Kapadia|title=East Bengal's Federation Cup successes|url= https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/east-bengals-federation-cup-successes |work=Sportskeeda |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=8 June 2021}}</ref>

Both the teams were announced as joint winners after both the matches ended 0–0 after full time.<ref name=final>{{cite news |date=10 May 1978 |title=দু'দলই বিজয়ী |trans-title=Both teams winners |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref name=final2>{{cite news |date=10 May 1978 |title=এবারের ফেডারেশন কাপে যুগ্মবিজয়ী |trans-title=Joint Champions in this year's Federation Cup |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="4"| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="4"| [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="3"|Result
|Quarter Final Group League
|Opponent
|colspan="3"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Rajasthan Police
|colspan="3"|5–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 1
|style="text-align:left"|Premier Tyres
|colspan="3"|0–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Mafatlal
|colspan="3"|2–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC|HAL]]
|colspan="3"|8–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|ITI
|colspan="3"|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
|colspan="3"|1–1
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Agg.
|1st leg
|2nd leg
|Knockout Stage
|Opponent
|Agg.
|1st leg
|2nd leg
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
|3–0
|1–0
|2–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|ITI
|2–2 {{pso|7–6}}
|2–0
|0–2
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Federation Cup final began at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Coimbatore]] on 7 May 1978 in front of a packed crowd as two Kolkata giants [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in the [[Kolkata Derby]]. Ranjit Mukherjee's header came off the crossbar in the opening minutes of the game as East Bengal created more chances in the first half while Mohun Bagan was dominant in the second half. [[Shibaji Banerjee]] of Mohun Bagan was shown a yellow card for time wasting while [[Surajit Sengupta]] of East Bengal was carded for a foul on Dilip Palit in the second half of the game. Both teams canceled each other out as none of them was able to break the deadlock and the game ended in a 0–0 stalemate.<ref name=final1>{{cite news |date=8 May 1978 |title=কইম্বাতুরে খেলা গোলশূন্য |trans-title=Match ends goalless in Coimbatore |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref name=final3>{{cite news |date=8 May 1978 |title=প্রাণপাত পরিশ্রমেও গোল হয়নি |trans-title=No Goals even after tireless efforts |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref> The final was replayed on 9 May 1978 and once again the game ended in a 0–0 draw and both the teams were announced as joint winners, with both East Bengal and Mohun Bagan won their first-ever Federation Cup title.<ref name=final/><ref name=final2/><ref name=report/>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=7 May 1978
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 0–0
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=20,000 (est.)
|referee=}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaskar Ganguly]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Satyajit Mitra
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Monoranjan Bhattacharya]]
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Ghosh
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chinmay Chatterjee
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasanta Banerjee]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Samaresh CHowdhury
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Surajit Sengupta]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|}}
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayanswami Ulaganathan]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tapan Das
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjit Mukherjee
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Mihir Bose || || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head Coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shibaji Banerjee]]
|-
|RB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Karmakar || {{suboff|}}
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Shyamal Banerjee
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subrata Bhattacharya]]
|-
|LB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dilip Palit
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gautam Sarkar]]
|-
|CM || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prasun Banerjee]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|RW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manas Bhattacharya || {{suboff|}}
|-
|LW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Bidesh Bose
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shyam Thapa]]
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Bhowmick]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|CB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Pradip Chowdhury || {{subon|}}
|-
|ST || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Mohammed Habib]] || {{subon|}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. K. Banerjee]]
|}
|}

====Replay====
{{footballbox
|date=9 May 1978
|time=14:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Mohun Bagan FC|Mohun Bagan]]
|score= 0–0
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Coimbatore]]
|attendance=20,000 (est.)
|referee=}}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
* 90 minutes.
* Replay if match ends in a draw
* Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw
|}

==See also==
* [https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html India - List of Federation Cup Winners]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{East Bengal FC}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}

[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]
[[Category:1978–79 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]

2001 Aluva massacre

2025-12-14T10:09:12Z

Nandini Gowda KL: small edit

{{Short description|Murder case in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Aluva massacre
| image_size = 
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| time =
| duration =
| date = 6 January 2001
| venue =
| location = [[Aluva]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type =
| cause = hacked to death
| motive = revenge
| target =
| first_reporter = Unnamed person
| participants = 7
| outcome = Death of six members in a family
| casualties1 =
| reported deaths = 6
| burial =
| inquiries =
| arrests = 1
| suspects = 1
| accused = Antony Manjooran
| convicted =
| charges = several including [[murder]]
| trial = February 2005
| verdict = [[capital punishment|death penalty]] (overturned to life imprisonment in 2018)
| convictions =
| sentence =
| publication_bans =
| litigation =
| notes =
}}

The '''Aluva massacre''' also locally known as '''Manjooran mass murder''' took place on 6 January 2001 in the city of [[Aluva]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India. All the six family members, including an elderly woman and two children, of the Manjooran house in the city center were murdered.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva murder case: Supreme Court commutes death sentence of Antony to life term |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aluva-murder-case-sc-commutes-death-sentence-of-antony-to-life-term/article25725919.ece |access-date=2023-07-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After many investigations, the local police came to the conclusion that Antony, who was a relative of the family and a regular visitor to their house, had committed the murder. The case was later handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], following the protest by the relatives of the victims. In February 2005, the CBI court sentenced Antony to death and in September 2006, the [[Kerala High Court|High Court]] also upheld the death sentence. However, in December 2018, Antony's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=Mass murder of an Aluva family: Why SC commuted the murderer's death sentence |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mass-murder-aluva-family-why-sc-commuted-murderers-death-sentence-93291 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Murder==
On 6 January 2001, six members of the Manjooran house located at the [[Aluva railway station|railway station road]] in [[Aluva]] were murdered. Augustine, the owner of Manjooran Hardwares, which operated on railway station road, his wife Baby, children Jaymon and Divya, Augustine's mother Clara and sister Kochurani were the victims.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=കൊല്ലപ്പെട്ടത് 6 പേർ, പ്രതി ഒരാൾ!; അവകാശികൾ വാങ്ങാതെ കോടികൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/06/aluva-murder-case-20-years.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Antony Manjooran, a distant relative and family friend of Augustine was the murderer. Antony was offered a job abroad and it required some money. On the night in question, Antony came home to ask for money. At this time only Kochurani and Clara were at home whereas Augustine, his wife and two children had gone to see a movie. Antony asked Kochurani (aged 42) for money and when he did not get it, he hacked her to death. Clara (aged 74), who witnessed this, was also hacked to death. As Augustine Manjooran knew that he was visiting their home, Antony realised that he would get caught, so he hid at the home for the rest of the family to return. 47-year-old Augustine, his 42-year-old wife Baby, 14- and 12-year-old children Jaymon and Divya were then hacked to death by Antony after they returned home.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=രക്തം പുരണ്ട പത്ത് കാല്‍പ്പാടുകള്‍? ചുവരിലെ രക്തം കൊണ്ടുളള അമ്പും വില്ലും? ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ ബാക്കി |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2018/12/13/sc-commutes-death-sentences-of-aluva-murer-accused-antony-to-life-imprisonment.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Manoramanews |language=en}}</ref>

==Investigation, trial and verdict ==
===Kerala Police===
After the murder, the Aluva police station received a call around 11 pm on the next day after the murder. The [[Kerala Police|police]] found an arrow sign drawn with blood on the wall close to the bodies of Augustine and Baby. Under the supervision of Ernakulam rural superintendent of police M Sethuraghavan, an investigation team consisting of 30 officers was formed. The team after many investigations found that Antony, who was August's relative and a regular visitor to their house was the murderer. Antony was a temporary driver in the municipality. He lived with his family at Aluva Syrian church road. Meanwhile, he got an opportunity to work abroad. Kochurani had promised money for this, but did not pay. The investigating officers concluded that the enmity related to this was the reason for the massacre. Then the crime branch, which conducted an investigation, also confirmed this.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊല: ആന്റണിക്കു തൂക്കുകയര്‍ ഇല്ല, ശിക്ഷ ജീവപര്യന്തമാക്കി കുറച്ചു |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2018/dec/12/ആലുവ-കൂട്ടക്കൊല-ആന്റണിക്കു-തൂക്കുകയര്-ഇല്ല-ശിക്ഷ-ജീവപര്യന്തമാക്കി-കുറച്ചു-41326.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |date=12 December 2018 |language=ml}}</ref>

From the post-mortem report, it was understood that all were killed the previous night. From the questioning of the relatives and those in the vicinity, it became clear that Antony had committed the murder. On the night in question, Antony, who had gone to [[Mumbai]] from Aluva station, had entered [[Dammam]]. Police went to Mumbai and it was found that the gold ornaments worn by the victims were sold by Antony there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A brutal murderer, several times accused - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/Dec/13/a-brutal-murderer-several-times-accused-1910801.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=8 December 2018 }}</ref>

Then the police looked for alternative ways. There is no agreement between India and Saudi Arabia to extradite criminals. The police put Jamma under surveillance to prevent him from talking to Antony Jamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=newskairali |date=2018-12-12 |title=ദൂരൂഹത മാറാത്ത ആലുവ കൊലക്കേസ്;അവസാനം കൊലക്കയറില്‍ നിന്ന് ആന്റണി ജീവപര്യന്തത്തിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2018/12/12/213284.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live |language=ml}}</ref>

The police came to Mumbai and met with Arun Memon, the owner of Cosmos Travel, who had taken Antony to Saudi Arabia. His wife had come to the office in Mumbai requesting him to be brought back, and that he would bear the expenses, the Saudi sponsor send Antony back home. Later, the police caught Antony at the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|SAHAR airport]]. The police team reached [[Calicut International Airport|Karipur airport]] with Antony. Despite telling many lies, Anthony confessed to the crime when the police produced evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-05 |title=കൊലക്കളമായി മാഞ്ഞൂരാൻ വീട്, വെട്ടിനുറുക്കിയത് ആറുപേരെ; ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊലയ്ക്ക് ഇരുപതാണ്ട് |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/crime-beat/crime-special/twenty-years-of-aluva-massacre-1.5333340 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Mathrubhumi Archives |language=en}}</ref>

===Central Bureau of Investigation===
Some of the relatives of the victims came forward expressing their dissatisfaction with the crime branch investigations. They alleged that there were more accused. Then the case was handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. However, they also eventually reached Antony himself. In February 2005, the CBI special court convicted Antony and [[Capital punishment|sentenced him to death]]. On 18 September 2006, the [[Kerala High Court|High Court]] upheld the decision of death penalty but on 13 November, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] stayed the verdict. In 2009, the death penalty was re-approved. The subsequent revision petition was also dismissed. A mercy plea was given to the [[President of India|President]] in 2010 to no avail. Then the process to hang Antony was started in [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Poojappura Jail]]. During the investigation, the police recovered gold ornaments from the house and the bank locker. Even though the case is over now, the claimants have not bought it back, so it is kept in the court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-12 |title=Aluva mass murder: Antony's death commuted to life term |url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/supreme-court-1.3387943 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=English Archives |language=en}}</ref>

==Overturning of verdict==
In 2014, Chief Justice R.M Lodha's order overturned Antony's verdict. He ordered that the review petitions against the death sentence should be heard in an open court. In 2018, the court commuted Anthony's death sentence to life imprisonment. At this time, Antony had spent 13 years in solitary confinement after being sentenced to death. Later, Poojappura Central Jail authority made three attempts to release him as his prison sentence was completed. But the Aluva police did not file a report in favor of Antony and his attempts for [[parole]] since 2018 became unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-07 |title=പോലീസ് വെരിഫിക്കേഷൻ നടന്നു; ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊലക്കേസ് പ്രതി ആന്റണി ജയിൽമോചിതനായേക്കും |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/crime/specials/aluva-massacre-accused-antony-may-be-released-from-jail-1.5338622 |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> However, in June 2022, the [[Government of Kerala|government]] decided to grant parole to 23 people who have been in jail for many years and were denied parole due to the contrary police report. Antony was included in the list and was granted a 30 days parole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ആലുവ കൂട്ടക്കൊല കേസ് പ്രതി ആൻ്റണി പരോളിൽ പുറത്തിറങ്ങി |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/aluva-murder-case-accused-antony-released-from-prison-on-parole-rdh56j |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.asianetnews.com}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The setting of the 2004 Malayalam crime thriller film ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' was a massacre in a house. The film's screenwriter [[S. N. Swamy|S.N Swamy]] said that there was a little inspiration from it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Kerala cops' out-of-the-box thinking brought a cold-blooded killer to justice |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/12/12/how-kerala-police-proved-aluva-murder-case.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Murder of Chandini]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:2001 mass murders]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]
[[Category:2001 murders in India]]
[[Category:Incidents of violence against women]]
[[Category:Criminal investigation]]
[[Category:Indian murder victims]]
[[Category:January 2001 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:January 2001 in India]]
[[Category:Violence against children]]
[[Category:Familicides]]

Iqbal Singh (politician, born 1923)

2025-12-04T09:31:03Z

Nandini Gowda KL: New First Bio More To Come...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{other_uses|Iqbal Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Iqbal Singh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Iqbal Singh
| image =
| office = [[List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha|Members of the 4th Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1970
| constituency = [[Fazilka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fazilka]]<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 2021 2">{{cite web | title=Members : Lok Sabha | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=20 August 2021 | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=4 | access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>
| office2 = Deputy [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Minister of Petroleum and Chemicals]]
| term_start2 = January 1966
| term_end2 = March 1967
| office3 = [[List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha|Members of the 3rd Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 1962
| term_end3 = 1967
| constituency3 = [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur]]<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 2021 3">{{cite web | title=Members : Lok Sabha | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=20 August 2021 | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=3 | access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>
| office4 = [[List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha|Members of the 2nd Lok Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 1957
| term_end4 = 1962
| constituency4 = Firozpur<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 2021 4">{{cite web | title=Members : Lok Sabha | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=20 August 2021 | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=2 | access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>
| office5 = [[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha|Members of the 1st Lok Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 1954
| term_end5 = 1957
| constituency5 = Fazilka-Sirsa<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 2021 5">{{cite web | title=Members : Lok Sabha | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=20 August 2021 | url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/statedetailar.aspx?state_name=Punjab&lsno=1 | access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref>
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1923|10|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Punjab]], India
| death_date = 1988 (aged 64)
| death_place = [[Ludhiana]], Punjab, India
| spouse = Rajeshwar Kaur
| children = 3
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Sikh National College, Lahore]]
}}

'''Sardar Iqbal Singh''' (27 October 1923 – 1988) was an Indian politician and [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of parliament]] who represented Fazilka-Sirsa parliamentary constituency in [[1st Lok Sabha]] (1954—57), [[Firozpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Firozpur constituency]] in [[2nd Lok Sabha]] (1957—62), and was re-elected from the same constituency in [[3rd Lok Sabha]] (1962—67). He was last elected from [[Fazilka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fazilka parliamentary constituency]] in [[4th Lok Sabha]] (1967–70). A member of the [[Indian National Congress]], he also served as a deputy-[[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|minister of Petroleum and Chemicals]] from January 1966 to March 1967 and deputy-[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|minister for Works, Housing and Supply]] in 1967.

== Life and career ==
Singh was born in [[Firozpur]], [[Punjab, India]] on 27 October 1923 to Sardar Rattan Singh. He received his at M.B. High School, [[Abohar]] and Sikh National College, [[Lahore]]. He was the first to be appointed as a president of the Punjab Students' Congress from 1944 to 46, and later he organised [[Student activism|students' movement]] in Lahore, in addition to participating in the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 1923">{{cite web | title=Members Bioprofile | website=Parliament of India, Lok Sabha | date=27 October 1923 | url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/748.htm | access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> He was later jailed for taking part in the Quit India Movement.

Singh was also appointed as a member of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (1946—55), member of [[All India Congress Committee]] (AICC) in 1955, member of [[Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee]] (PCC) (1948—52) and was re-elected as PCC member in 1955, and later general secretary of All India Khalsa Dal.<ref name="Parliament of India, Lok Sabha 1923"/>

Singh was married to Rajeshwar Kaur, with whom he had three children, including one daughter and two sons.<ref name="ENTRANCEINDIA">{{cite web | title=Sardar Iqbal Singh MP biodata Fazilka | website=ENTRANCEINDIA {{pipe}} Election Directory | date=24 December 2018 | url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/sardar-iqbal-singh-member-of-parliament-mp-from-fazilka-punjab-biodata/ | access-date=20 August 2021 | archive-date=20 August 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820072834/https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/sardar-iqbal-singh-member-of-parliament-mp-from-fazilka-punjab-biodata/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He died in 1988, at the age of 64.<ref name="Sabha">{{cite book |title=Lok Sabha Debates |date=1988 |pages=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c25PAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sardar+Iqbal+Singh+passed%22 |access-date=24 July 2022 |last1=Lok Sabha |first1=India. Parliament }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Iqbal Singh}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Firozpur district]]
[[Category:Union deputy ministers of India]]

Sushila Yawalkar

2025-11-18T08:05:50Z

Nandini Gowda KL: creating post

{{Short description|Indian painter, sculptor and dancer}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = Sushila Yawalkar 2.jpg
| caption = Yawalkar next to one of her paintings
| known_for = painting, sculpting and dancing
| spouse = Nagesh Yawalkar
}}

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}

'''Sushila Yawalkar''' was an Indian painter, sculptor and dancer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Asthana |first=Pratima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxAqAAAAYAAJ&q=Sushila+Yawalkar |title=Women's Movement in India |date=1974 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0333-1 |pages=156 |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Sushila Yawalkar 1.jpg|thumb|273x273px|Yawalkar' painting of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1948]]
Yawalker was from [[Goa]] in [[Western India]] and was married to artist Nagesh Yawalkar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3F3rAAAAMAAJ&q=Sushila+Yawalkar |title=Silpi |date=1947 |volume=2 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1947, Yawalker was described as an artist with "a lively unspoilt imagination."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raE8AAAAMAAJ&q=Sushila%20Yawalkar |title=Mārg̲: A Magazine of Architecture and Art |date=1947 |publisher=National Centre for the Performing Arts |volume=2 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref> Her paintings and sculptures were exhibited in a studio exhibition in 1949,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ok0d2LTHJMAC&q=Sushila+Yawalkar |title=Roopa-lekhā |date=1949 |publisher=Printed at the I.M.H. Press, Chandri Chowk, Delhi, for the Fine Arts & Crafts Syndicate Limited, Delhi |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref> then in [[New Delhi]] in 1950.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-GnrAAAAMAAJ&q=Sushila+Yawalkar |title=Pathway |date=1950 |publisher=Marg Publications |language=en}}</ref> She also exhibited her sculptures and paintings at the [[All India Fine Arts and Crafts Society|All Indian Fine Arts and Crafts Society]] (AIFACS).<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sculpture by Sushila Yawalkar |url=https://roerichsmuseum.website.yandexcloud.net/DD/DD-252.pdf |journal=All Indian Fine Arts and Crafts Society News |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=4}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}{{India-artist-stub}}
[[Category:Artists from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women sculptors]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]

Mysuru–Arsikere Passenger

2025-11-10T09:51:35Z

Nandini Gowda KL: Created new entry

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Arsikere − Mysore Passenger
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger]]
| locale =
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}} (ASK)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} (MYS)
| distance = {{convert|145|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 3h 35m
| frequency = Daily {{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = [[ICF coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = No
| other facilities= Below the seats
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 56267/56268
| speed = {{convert|40|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The '''Arsikere−Mysore Passenger''' is a [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|Passenger]] train belonging to [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 56267/56268 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://netindian.in/news/2016/02/05/00036743/railways-cancel-several-trains-following-derailment-kanyakumari-bangalore-e Railways cancel several trains following derailment of Kanyakumari-Bangalore Express]</ref><ref>[http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3861&did=14546446113927F22A345C7ABD90835713DE7AF8E5818.web91 CANCELLATION OF TRAINS]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanyakumaribengaluru-train-derails-at-jolarpettai-no-casualties-reported/article8196951.ece Six coaches of Kanyakumari-Bengaluru train derails]</ref>

== Service==

The 56267/Arsikere–Mysuru Passenger has an average speed of 38 km/h and covers 168 km in 4h 25m. The 56268/Mysuru–Arsikere Passenger has an average speed of 40 km/h and covers 168 km in 4h 10m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Arsikere Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Hassan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mandagere}}
* {{stnlnk|Birahalli}}
* {{stnlnk|Akkihebbalu}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajanagara}}
* {{stnlnk|Dornahalli}}
* {{stnlnk|Krishnarajasagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Mysore Junction}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 13 coaches:

* 1 Sleeper coach
* 10 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram Loco Shed]]-based [[WDP-4]] diesel locomotive from Arsikere to Mysore and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Mysore Junction railway station]]
* [[Arsikere Junction railway station]]
* [[Jolarpettai–Bangalore City Express]]
* [[Night Queen Passenger]]
* [[Bangarapet–Marikuppam Passenger]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/9090 56267/Arsikere−Mysuru Passenger] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/9091 56268/Mysuru−Arsikere Passenger] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/9088 56265/Arsikere−Mysuru Passenger] India Rail Info
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/9091 56266/Mysuru−Arsikere Passenger] India Rail Info

{{Railways in Southern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arsikere - Mysore Passenger}}
[[Category:Transport in Mysore]]
[[Category:Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-passenger-train-stub}}