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Salt Lake Stadium

2026-05-07T10:55:25Z

NamVanwagenen: adjust details for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Multipurpose stadium in Kolkata, India}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Salt Lake Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png
| image_size = 300px
| location = [[Bidhannagar]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas|title=North 24 Parganas district|publisher=West Bengal Tourism, Experience Bengal, Dept. of Tourism, Government of West Bengal|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031330/https://wbtourism.gov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas|url-status=live}}</ref>
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1984|01|25}}
| renovated = 2011, 2014,<ref name=renovation>{{cite web|url=http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/ind/yuba_bharati_krirangan|title=Yuva Bharati Krirangan (Salt Lake Stadium)|website=StadiumDB.com|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602134739/http://stadiumdb.com/stadiums/ind/yuba_bharati_krirangan|url-status=live}}.</ref> 2016–2017
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| operator = [[Government of West Bengal|Department of Youth Services & Sports]]
| surface = [[Grass]] (1984–2011) [[Astro-turf]] (2011–2015) [[Cynodon dactylon|Bermuda grass]] (2015–present)<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160910/jsp/calcutta/story_107363.jsp|title=Salt Lake stadium goes Cup class|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084304/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160910/jsp/calcutta/story_107363.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2017/sep/15/renovated-salt-lake-all-decked-up-to-welcome-future-stars-at-city-of-joy-1657475.html|title=Renovated, Salt Lake all decked up to welcome future stars at City of Joy|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 September 2017 |access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031325/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2017/sep/15/renovated-salt-lake-all-decked-up-to-welcome-future-stars-at-city-of-joy-1657475.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| dimensions = {{convert|110|x|72|m|abbr=on}}
| architect = M. S. Ballardie, Thompson & Matthews Pvt. Ltd. H. K. Sen & Associates
| capacity = 85,000 (2011–2017, 2020–)<ref name="ll">{{cite book |title=AFC Asian Cup 2027 Bidding Nation India |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=All India Football Federation |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/migration/e/x/ext-afc-asian-cup-2027-bid-book-india--pdf |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> {{Collapsible list|title=List|77,269<ref>{{cite web |title=Salient Features of VYBK Infrastutature CIVIL |url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/sites/default/files/2017-09/Salient-Features-of-VYBK-Infrastutature-%28CIVIL%29.jpg |publisher=West Bengal Youth and Sports Department |access-date=25 July 2023 |date=September 2017}}</ref>(2017–2020) 120,000 (1984–2011)
}}
| record_attendance = 131,781 ([[East Bengal 4–1 Mohun Bagan|1997 Federation Cup semi-final]])
| tenants = [[India men's national football team|India national football team]] (1984–present) [[West Bengal football team]] (1984–present) [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] (1985–present) [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] (1984–present) [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (1984–present)
| scoreboard = Yes (manual & digital)
| public_transit = {{rint|kolkata|ewm}} [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station|Salt Lake Stadium]] {{font color|Green|}}
}}
The '''Salt Lake Stadium''', '''Kolkata''', also known as '''Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan''' ('''VYBK'''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-29 |title=FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017: Salt Lake Stadium registers highest footfall in each match |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football-fifa-u17-world-cup/fifa-under-17-world-cup-2017-salt-lake-stadium-registers-highest-footfall-in-each-match-4911426/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> is a [[multi-purpose stadium]], used mostly for [[association football|football]] matches, located in [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake City]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]],<ref name=":0" /> with a capacity of 85,000 spectators.<ref name="ll"/> Named after [[Swami Vivekananda]], the stadium is one of the home grounds of [[East Bengal FC]] and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]. The stadium hosted the final match of the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]], alongside other matches of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/87/74/62/fu17wc2017_matchschedule_27032017_neutral.pdf|title=Match Schedule – FIFA U-17 World Cup India 2017|website=FIFA.com|access-date=27 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165238/http://resources.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/02/87/74/62/fu17wc2017_matchschedule_27032017_neutral.pdf|archive-date=27 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=YBK>{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.com/news/sports/kolkata-possible-host-for-u-17-world-cup-finalfifa/124432.html#0IiL7ZvptChYdhHr.99 |title=Kolkata possible host for U-17 World Cup Final: FIFA |publisher=The Statesman |date=18 February 2016 |access-date=13 May 2016 |archive-date=6 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006213146/http://www.thestatesman.com/news/sports/kolkata-possible-host-for-u-17-world-cup-finalfifa/124432.html#0IiL7ZvptChYdhHr.99 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The stadium switched back to natural [[grass]] from [[artificial turf]], unveiled in a [[Kolkata Derby]] match between East Bengal and Mohun Bagan during the [[2016 CFL Premier Division|2016 Calcutta Premier Division]] match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/09/08/5090851/das-salt-lake-stadium-to-get-natural-turf-next-year|title=Salt lake stadium to get natural turf|website=goal.com|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310231105/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/09/08/5090851/das-salt-lake-stadium-to-get-natural-turf-next-year|url-status=live}}</ref>

==About==
The stadium was established in 1984 because the club grounds in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] area, each with capacity around 20,000, were proving too small for the huge crowd that occupied the grounds on matchdays. And while the [[Eden Gardens]] was there to handle some of the bigger games, like the [[Kolkata Derby]], the pressure of handling both cricket and football was proving to be a bit too much for the stadium.<ref name=about>{{cite web|url=http://thefangarage.com/articles/1283-stadium-stories-for-atk-go-for-the-e-or-g-stands-in-the-ybk|title=Stadium stories for the VYBK|website=thefangarage.com|date=21 September 2015|access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603153552/http://thefangarage.com/articles/1283-stadium-stories-for-atk-go-for-the-e-or-g-stands-in-the-ybk|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kolkata Aerial view Salt Lake Stadium view 1.jpg|thumb|The stadium before renovation, an aerial view.]]
The stadium is situated approximately 10 kilometers to the east of the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]] downtown. The roof is made of metal tubes and [[aluminum]] sheets and [[concrete]]. The stadium was inaugurated in January 1984. There are two electronic scoreboards and control rooms. There is illumination at night. There are special arrangements for TV broadcasting.<ref name=about1>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbsports.in/home/stadia/yuvo_bharati|title=Yuva Bharati Krirangan: West Bengal Sports Department|website=wbsports.in|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314125221/http://wbsports.in/home/stadia/yuvo_bharati|archive-date=14 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The stadium features three tiers of concrete galleries. The stadium has 9 entry gates and 30 ramps for the spectators to reach the viewing blocks. The nine gates include the VIP gate. Gates 1 and 2 are on Kadapara road, gate no.3, 3A, 4, 4A and 4B are on the side of Broadway; gate no 5 and the VIP gate are on the side of EM By pass. The ramps are inside the stadium and link the inner ring road to the different levels of the stadium complex.<ref name="bidhannagarcitypolice.com">{{Cite web |url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.com/fifa/about-stadium.html |title=Fifa 2017 |access-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015150046/http://bidhannagarcitypolice.com/fifa/about-stadium.html |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The stadium covers an area of {{convert|76.40|acre|m2}}. The stadium has a unique{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} synthetic track for athletic meets. It has a main football arena measuring {{convert|105x70|m|ft}}. It also houses electronics scoreboards, elevators, VIP enclosures, peripheral floodlighting arrangement from the roof-top, air-conditioned VIP rest room, conference hall and much more. The stadium has its own water arrangements and standby diesel generator sets.<ref name=about1 />

==Renovation==
An installation of a personal seating and a reducement of capacity for safety reasons down to 85,000 was a long-term project meant to "give enough elbow room to the spectators and also facilitate smooth passage during the breaks".<ref name=":14">{{cite news |title=India: It was the largest, now it's only large |url=http://stadiumdb.com/news/2014/10/india_it_was_the_largest_now_its_only_large |access-date=25 July 2023 |work=StadiumDB.com |date=13 October 2014}}</ref>

While some changes to modernize the stadium started in 2014,<ref name=":14"/> the {{INRConvert|1|b}} renovation project began earnestly in February 2015. The artificial turf at the stadium has been replaced by an all-natural grass pitch. The new grass is from Riviera Bermuda seeds and below it there are two layers of sand and gravel. The next layer is fitted with perforated pipes to prevent water-logging. German company Porplastic provided the elastic coating for the running track around the pitch, which was replaced for the first time since the stadium was built.

The lobby of the VIP entrance that leads to the player's arena was air-conditioned. The broadcast rooms and stadium offices were renovated. Bucket seats replaced the concrete benches in the galleries, which brought down the stadium's capacity from 120,000 to 85,000. The VIP and press boxes, both in the middle tier, were pulled down and a new press box with a capacity of 240 seats is now on the third tier. The VIP box remained on the second tier, with an added 240 seats. The press conference room has been shifted to a 19x8.5-metre space. A spacious broadcast room of similar dimensions has been built.

Two full-sized practice grounds and eight floodlight towers have come up at the Hyatt end of the stadium, as recommended by [[FIFA]]. The referees rooms have been built alongside the practice grounds. The number of gates to the stadium has been increased to nine. Some of the existing gates has been widened, as were the paths connecting the ring road.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/><ref name="newindianexpress.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/refurbished-at-over-rs-100-crore-salt-lake-stadium-handed-over-to-fifa-on-sunday/story-QIFWmtRlc1s1vS254sYm6M.html|title=Refurbished at over Rs 100 crore, Salt Lake stadium handed over to Fifa on Sunday|date=10 September 2017|access-date=14 October 2017|archive-date=15 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015145933/http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/refurbished-at-over-rs-100-crore-salt-lake-stadium-handed-over-to-fifa-on-sunday/story-QIFWmtRlc1s1vS254sYm6M.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bidhannagarcitypolice.com"/>

==Location==
The stadium is located in the satellite township of [[Bidhannagar, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] in [[North 24 Parganas]] and it also lies beside the [[E.M. Bypass|Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]] which makes it easily accessible by road.

===Transportation===
There are numerous buses which ply around the city to the stadium. The [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] of the [[Kolkata Metro]] is passing near the stadium, therefore the stadium has its [[Salt Lake Stadium metro station|own station]], opened on 13 February 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kolkata-eastwest-metro-trial-run-in-dec/article9786770.ece|title=Kolkata East-West Metro trial run in Dec|website=@businessline|date=24 July 2017|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031324/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/kolkata-eastwest-metro-trial-run-in-dec/article9786770.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium is approx {{convert|13|km|mi}} away from [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|N.S.C. Bose International Airport]].

==Football matches==
[[File:Salt Lake Stadium ( Yuba Bharati Krirangan ) Kolkata India - FC Bayern Munich Mohun Bagan Oliver Kahn 1.jpg|thumb|left|Indian crowd during the match between [[FC Bayern Munich]] and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]], May 27, 2008]]

After its inauguration in January 1984 with the [[Nehru Cup|Jawaharlal Nehru International Gold Cup]], the Salt Lake Stadium has hosted several important international tournaments and matches of the [[1986 FIFA World Cup qualification]] in 1985, Super-Soccers in 1986, 1989, 1991 and 1994, 3rd [[1987 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] in 1987, [[USSR]] Festival Cup in 1988, Charminar Challenger Trophy in 1992 and the [[Nehru Cup|Jawaharlal Nehru International Gold Cup]] in 1995.

The Salt Lake Stadium has hosted the home games of three main local clubs in the [[I-League]] and the [[Indian Super League|ISL]], namely [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] and [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]. Many of the home games of the [[India men's national football team|Indian]] team are also played at the Salt Lake Stadium. It also hosts selected matches of the [[Calcutta Football League]] and the [[IFA Shield]]. In 2014, a new tenant [[Atlético de Kolkata]] had made the stadium their home ground. Later, ATK was dissolved and became ATK Mohun Bagan.

On 5 June 2011, [[FIFA]] scheduled a friendly match {{Citation needed|date=September 2017}} to be played at the Salt Lake on 2 September 2011. The match was played between [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]] and [[Venezuela national football team|Venezuela]]. This was a historic occasion in the history of Indian football and also for the stadium as the match featured Argentine superstar [[Lionel Messi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/lionel-messi-in-kolkata-for-venezuela-match-140078-2011-08-30|title=Lionel Messi arrives in Kolkata for friendly match against Venezuela|website=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=31 August 2011 |access-date=8 May 2016|archive-date=21 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321084307/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lionel-messi-in-kolkata-for-venezuela-match/1/149586.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/66613/venezuela-vs-argentina/report|title=Venezuela vs Argentina match report|website=goal.com|access-date=3 September 2011|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209062937/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/66613/venezuela-vs-argentina/report|url-status=live}}</ref>
The stadium has also hosted [[Oliver Kahn]]'s official farewell match for [[Bayern Munich]] when they played a friendly match against [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. Bayern Munich won the match 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mohunbaganclub.com/news.html|title=Bayern wins 3–0 against Mohun Bagan|publisher=mohunbaganclub.com|access-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060810131104/http://mohunbaganclub.com/news.html|archive-date=10 August 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
In December 2012, a friendly match was played between Brazil Masters and IFA All Stars. Brazil Masters won it 3–1. [[Beto]] scored twice and [[Bebeto]] scored one goal for Brazil Masters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arunfoot.blogspot.in/2012/12/brazilian-master-win-3-1-against-ifa.html|title=Brazil masters win 3–1 against IFA All Stars|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720191519/http://arunfoot.blogspot.in/2012/12/brazilian-master-win-3-1-against-ifa.html|archive-date=20 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 12 October 2014, the stadium hosted the first match in the [[Indian Super League]], preceded by an opening ceremony which featured superstars from the footballing world as well as from [[Bollywood]]. In the opening match, [[Atlético de Kolkata]] defeated [[Mumbai City FC]] 3–0.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/atletico-de-kolkata-beat-mumbai-city-fc-3-0-in-isl-opener/articleshow/44794124.cms|title=Atletico de Kolkata beat Mumbai City FC 3–0 in ISL opener | Football News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2014 |access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031324/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/atletico-de-kolkata-beat-mumbai-city-fc-3-0-in-isl-opener/articleshow/44794124.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium hosted its last match of the inaugural edition of [[Indian Super League|ISL]] on 14 December where [[Atlético de Kolkata]] played [[FC Goa]] in the first leg of the semi-finals. Salt Lake stadium was the only stadium among the eight venues of ISL where matches were allowed to be played on artificial turf. It hosted 11 matches in [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]], including the Final. The stadium also hosted the [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round#Group E|FIFA world cup qualification]] match between [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]] and [[India men's national football team|India]].

In December 2025, Salt Lake Stadium hosted the opening event of [[Lionel Messi's 2025 India Tour|Lionel Messi's G.O.A.T. India Tour]], which was overshadowed by crowd-control failures and disruptions that led to police intervention, an official investigation, and a public apology by the state's [[Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title='I sincerely apologise to Lionel Messi': Mamata sets up inquiry committee after angry fans ransack Kolkata stadium |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/i-sincerely-apologise-lionel-messi-mamata-sets-up-inquiry-committee-10418385/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-12-11 |title=Lionel Messi's GOAT India Tour schedule, set for Kolkata, Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Delhi |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/lionel-messis-goat-india-tour-schedule-set-for-kolkata-hyderabad-mumbai-and-delhi-1503524362.html |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==Other uses==
The stadium also hosts important [[Sport of athletics|athletic]] events. It has hosted the [[South Asian Federation Games|SAF Games]] in 1987 and various national athletics events in India. The stadium also hosts different kinds of cultural programs such as dance and [[Concert|music concerts]]. The stadium also hosted the opening ceremony of [[2013 Indian Premier League|2013]] [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/srk-katrina-and-pitbull-to-perform-at-ipl-opening-ceremony/article20594328.ece1|title=SRK, Katrina and Pitbull to perform at IPL opening ceremony|website=@businessline|date=24 March 2013|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613031326/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/srk-katrina-and-pitbull-to-perform-at-ipl-opening-ceremony/article20594328.ece1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-6/photo/ipl-6-opening-ceremony-srk-katrina-pitbull-deepika-salt-lake-stadium-369444-2013-04-02|title=SRK, Deepika and Pitbull take Salt Lake stadium by storm at IPL opening ceremony|website=India Today|date=2 April 2013 |access-date=25 October 2017|archive-date=21 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121083315/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/ipl-6-opening-ceremony-srk-katrina-pitbull-deepika-salt-lake-stadium/1/8975.html#photo6|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="180">
File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png|Aerial view of the Yuva Bharati Krirangan
File:Salt Lake Stadium Indian Super League Opener.jpg|The stadium during inauguration of [[2014 Indian Super League]]
File:Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata.jpg|A view of the stadium in November 2021
File:Salt Lake Stadium, Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK)- Kolkata - IRCTC 2017 (10).jpg|Statue of a player near the main gate of VYBK
File:Salt Lake Stadium, Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK)- Kolkata - IRCTC 2017 (12).jpg|Statue of a player near the main gate of VYBK
File:Salt Lake Stadium, Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK)- Kolkata - IRCTC 2017 (31).jpg|Statue of a player near the VYBK
File:Salt Lake Stadium, Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK)- Kolkata - IRCTC 2017 (14).jpg|Interior of VYBK
File:Salt Lake Stadium, Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK)- Kolkata - IRCTC 2017 (41).jpg|Exterior of VYBK
File:2021 Durand Cup Final-2.jpg|The stadium during the [[2021 Durand Cup Final]] between [[FC Goa]] and [[Kolkata Mohammedan|Mohammedan SC]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of football stadiums in India]]
* [[List of stadiums in India]]
* [[List of association football stadiums by capacity]]
* [[List of Asian stadiums by capacity]]
* [[Lists of stadiums]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan}}
* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/atletico-de-kolkata/venue Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911174705/http://www.indiansuperleague.com/atletico-de-kolkata/venue |date=11 September 2017 }} – overview at ''indiansuperleague.com''

{{S-start}}
{{succession box
| title= [[List of association football stadiums by capacity|Largest football stadium in the world]]
| years = January 1984 – May 1989
| before= [[Estadio Azteca]]
| after= [[Rungrado May Day Stadium]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{India national football team}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}
{{Indian Super League stadiums}}
{{I-League venues}}
{{ATK (football club)}}
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant}}
{{East Bengal FC}}
{{Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)}}
{{Kolkata topics|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.56899|88.40907|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Football venues in West Bengal]]
[[Category:National stadiums|India]]
[[Category:Athletics venues in India]]
[[Category:Indian Super League stadiums]]
[[Category:ATK (football club)]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant]]
[[Category:East Bengal FC]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1984]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Satyendranath Bosu

2026-04-28T00:36:40Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{short description|Indian revolutionary (1882–1908)}}
{{For|the Indian physicist of same name|Satyendra Nath Bose}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Satyendra Nath Bosu
| image = Satyendra Nath Bose, the Revolutionary of Bengal.jpg
| caption = Satyendra Nath Bosu, Bengali Revolutionary
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1882|07|30}}
| birth_place = [[Midnapore District]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1908|11|21|1882|07|30}}
| death_place = [[Alipore Jail]], [[Calcutta]], [[British India]]
| organization =[[Jugantar]]
| known_for = Role in Indian freedom struggle
}}
{{Anushilan Samiti}}
''' Satyendra Nath Bosu ''' (aka. Satyendranath Bose or Satyen Bose; 30 July 1882 – 21 November 1908) was an Indian [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence|nationalist]] of the [[Anushilan Samiti]]. Bosu, while held in Alipore Jail hospital as an under-trial in the [[Alipore Bomb Case]], shot dead the [[Crown witness]] Narendranath Goswami with the help of fellow prisoner [[Kanailal Dutta]], leading to the collapse of the case against prime suspect [[Aurobindo]].<ref name = "auro1" >{{cite web | url= http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case |title = Alipore Bomb Case | website = sriaurobindoinstitute.org | access-date = 13 September 2017}}</ref> Bosu gave himself up on the jail premises and was subsequently put on trial. Along with Dutta, he was found guilty and executed by hanging on 21 November 1908 for the murder of Goswami.<ref name="auro2">{{cite web|url=http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=15|title=Alipore Bomb Case|website=sriaurobindoinstitute.org|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308070057/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=15|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= "bpedia">{{cite book |last=Mohanta |first=Sambaru Chandra |year=2012 |chapter=Dutta, Kanailal |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Dutta,_Kanailal |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Satyendranath was born on 30 July 1882 in Midnapore district (presently [[Paschim Midnapore]]) of [[West Bengal]], India.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} His father, Abhaya Charan Bosu, was a professor in Midnapur College.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} Around 1850, he settled at Midnapur, which became the residence of Satyendranath's family. Abhaya Charan had five sons (Jnanendra Nath, Satyendra Nath, Bhupendra Nath, Subodh Kumar and another boy) and three daughters.<ref name = "auro3" >{{cite web | url= https://www.aurobindo.ru/persons/00165_e.htm
|title = Satyendra Nath Bosu | website = aurobindo.ru | access-date = 13 September 2017}}</ref> Satyendranath was the maternal uncle of [[Shri Aurobindo]], though he was about ten years younger. The Bosu family originally hailed from the village ''Boral'' of district 24 Parganas, and were the descendants of famous ''Babu'' Raj Narayan Bosu. ''Babu'' Nanda Kishore Bosu, the father of ''Babu'' Raj Narayan Bosu, was a follower of Raja Ram Mohan Roy and was the first of his family to be initiated into Brahmoism. Babu Nanda Kishore had three sons, the eldest of whom was Babu Raj Narayan. The reputation of Babu Raj Narayan as a man of piety and letters was widespread. Additionally, he was a distinguished member of the Adi Brahmo Samaj and was a Senior Scholar of the then [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]].<ref name = "auro4" /> His two younger brothers were Madan Mohan and Abhaya Charan. Around the year 1850, Babu Raj Narayan, along with his two younger brothers, left his ancestral village and settled at Midnapur where he was appointed Headmaster of the district School. In 1867, he retired from Government service and moved to Calcutta, where he lived for some time. In 1880 he finally settled with his family at Deoghur and died in the year 1899.<ref name ="bengali">{{cite news |author=Surendra Nath Banerjee |title= The Bengalee dated 19th September, 1908|location= Calcutta}}</ref>

Having successfully passed the Entrance and F.A. Examinations, Satyendranath studied up to the B.A. standard of the Calcutta University but did not go up for the B.A. Examination. He left college and served for about a year at the Midnapur Collectorate.<ref name="auro3" />

==Revolutionary activities==
Satyendranath became involved in the murder case of Narendranath Goswami among other events, in which there were three events of armed revolution at the dawn of the twentieth century.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

===Midnapur arms case===
Satyendranath was arrested by the police on the charge of possessing a gun which was licensed in his brother's name at Midnapore. He was convicted and sentenced to two months' rigorous imprisonment, according to the police report.<ref name="auro2" />

===Alipore Bomb Case===
{{Main|Alipore Bomb Case}}
Police raided the premises at 32 Murari Pukur Road at Kolkata on 2 May 1908 and a bomb-factory was discovered along with a cache of arms, a large quantity of ammunition, bombs, detonators and other tools. {{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} They also confiscated revolutionary literature. [[File:Muraripukur garden house.png|thumb|Muraripukur Garden House of Barin Ghosh]] The raids were being conducted at various places throughout Bengal and Bihar, and more detention was on the way. Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghose, Hemchandra Kanungo, Ullaskar Dutt, Indu Bhusan Roy and many others were arrested. During this time, one detainee, Narendranath Goswami (aka Naren Gossain), became an approver of the British, and started revealing the names of many involved persons to the police, leading to further arrests.<ref name="bejai">{{Cite book|title=The Alipore Bomb Case - Mr. Beachcrofts Judgment |first= Bejai Krishna|last= Bose|publisher= M N Mitra|year=1910|location=Calcutta }}</ref>

Goswami was a resident of Srirampur near Chandernagore,{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}} and he knew all the plans and activities of the revolutionaries. Appearing in the witness box, he started implicating many of his former colleagues by mentioning their names. Barin Ghosh, Shanti Ghosh and Ullaskar Dutta's names were mentioned for their alleged involvement in an attempt to bomb the governor's train at Chandernagore station in 1908, and when referring to the bomb outrage in the Mayor's house he mentioned the name of Charu Chandra Roy: the leader of the revolutionary outfit of Chandernagore.<ref name="tel">{{Cite book|title=Chandernagore ou le let de Dupleix - in Affaires Politiques |first= Georges|last= Tailleur|publisher= AOM|year=1947|location=Paris}}</ref> On 24 June, Goswami mentioned the names of Aurobindo Ghosh and [[Subodh Chandra Mallik]] as a link to revolutionary activities.<ref name="jean">{{Cite book|title=Calcutta to Claude de Marolles - Charge d'Affaires|first= Jean|last= Belloir|publisher= MEA|volume=36|year=1953|location=Paris}}</ref>

===A conspiracy hatched===
The under-trial prisoners under the leadership in [[Barin Ghosh]] and [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] hatched a plan to escape from the Alipur Central Jail, and also to get rid of Goswami. B.C. Roy, Barrister-at-law, defending the prisoners, offered help with men and arms.<ref name="tel" /> Barin wrote letters from jail to Sudhangshu Jiban Rai, Preo Shankar Rai and Basanta Banerjee of Chandernagore to meet B. C. Roy for arrangements of arms. He also wrote to [[Shrish Chandra Ghosh]] to send phial, acid for the purpose of throwing to jail wardens and wax to copy keys.<ref name="miles">{{Cite book|title=Imperial Burdens- Counter Colonialism in Former French India|first= William FS|last= Miles|publisher= Lynne Rienner Publishers|page=162|year=1995 |isbn=978-1-55587-511-4}}</ref> On Sunday, 23 August, one revolver was smuggled into the jail by Shudhangshu Jiban Rai. Next day Barin asked [[Hemchandra Kanungo]] to give it to Satyendranath with instruction to kill Goswami. That time Satyendranath was admitted in the jail Hospital. He expressed his inability to use such a big revolver, and returned it back. On Sunday, 30 August, another revolver reached Barin though Shrish. it was a smaller one. Kanailal took it, and subsequently got admitted to the jail hospital. The Revolvers were received loaded. The stage was set.<ref name="sen">{{cite book|first=Shailendra Nath|last=Sen|title= Chandernagore - From Bondage to Freedom 1900-1955|publisher= Primus Books |year= 2012|isbn= 978-93-80607-23-8}}</ref>

===Murder of Narendranath Goswami===
It was time for retribution for the traitor inside Presidency Jail.<ref name = "auro2" /> It appears that the Narendranath, intentionally kept separated from the other prisoners, was confined in the European Ward in Alipore Central Jail. On 31 August 1908, Narerdranath was brought, from that ward, to the Jail Hospital by a European Convict Overseer named Highens. Narendranath had apparently previously arranged to meet, at that time, in the hospital, two fellow prisoners, who were already patients in the Jail Hospital, named Kanailal Dutta and Satyendranath Bosu. Kanailal and Satyendra managed to acquire two revolvers secretly. Shrish Chandra Ghosh of [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] smuggled the revolvers into the jail,<ref name="sen" /> assisted by [[Motilal Roy]].<ref name="kanai">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bengali Charitavidhan (Bengali) Vol I|last1=Sengupta |first1=Subodh Ch.|last2=Basu|first2= Anjali |publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=81-85626-65-0|location=Kolkata|pages=80, 390}}</ref> Narendranath had apparently been approached by the second of these prisoners, who had pretended that he also wished to make a statement; and his visit was really in order to get this statement. Evidently it was however part of a plot to get Narendranath within striking distance for it appears that almost immediately on Narendranath's arrival on the landing, at the head of the staircase leading to the second story of the hospital, these two prisoners opened fire on him with the two revolvers. Highens the Convict Overseer attempted to arrest one of them and was shot through the wrist. Narendranath although shot in several places was not mortally hit and fled down the stairs, out of the Hospital Compound and along an alley way towards the gate. Kanailal Dutta pursued him and shot him fatally through the back. He was then secured by a Eurasian Prisoner named Linton.[[File:Kanailal_Dutt_and_Satyen_Basu_arrested_after_murder_of_Naren_Goswami.jpg |thumb|Kanailal Dutta and Satyen Bosu arrested after murder of Naren Goswami]] (Excerpts from a letter No 1876-C dated 31 August 1908, addressed to The Chief Secretary to the Government of Bengal, Calcutta from Commissioner of Police, Calcutta.<ref name = "auro4" >{{cite web | url= http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=15#note1 | title= The assassination of Narendranath Goswami | website= sriaurobindoashram.org | accessdate= 13 September 2017 | archive-date= 8 March 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170308070057/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=15#note1 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

===Nine shots fired===
Excerpts from the Magistrate's commitment order in the case of murder of Narendranath Goswami (spellings unchanged):{{blockquote|"''The two revolvers were brought into the office and examined and the smaller one (Exhibit I) was found to have in the chambers four discharged cartridges while the larger (Exhibit II) had five discharged cartridges and one loaded cartridge. Thus we may assume that in all nine shots were fired. Four bullets were found — two inside the dispensary, one just outside the dispensary, and one was extracted from the dead body of Norendra. From the medical evidence it appears that this was the bullet which caused Norendra's death. It entered fairly high up in the back and severed the spinal cord and almost completely penetrated the breast in front but spent its force before doing so and lay imbedded under the skin of the breast. Exhibit VII is this bullet (contained in a glass bottle sealed by Captain Daley). An examination of this bullet shows that it was fired from the larger of the two revolvers (Exhibit II). The evidence of Linton shows that the revolver was the one used by Kanai Lall Dutt. Thus the fatal shot was fired by Kanai Lall Dutt.''"<ref name="auro4" />}}

==Trial, sentencing and death==
The murder of Narendranath Goswami was a daring act previously unparalleled in the history of revolutionary terrorism. On 5 September 1908 the ''Indu Prakash'' made the following observation:{{blockquote|"''The Bengal anarchists were perhaps the most romantic lot in the whole anarchist world, and in point of bravery, daredevilry and cunning they were no doubt far ahead of Russian and Spanish desperadoes - quick in action, quick in revenge and smart in getting rid of any approver.''"<ref name="sen" />}}

On 21 October 1908, the High Court pronounced its judgment by giving the sentence of death to both the accused. Kanailal declined to file an appeal against such an order. The sentence was carried out on 10 November 1908, and Kanailal was hanged in the Alipore Jail at about seven in the morning.<ref name="kanai" /> In the trial of Satyendranath, the Sessions Judge, disagreeing with the majority verdict of the jury, referred the case to the High Court and there Satyendranath was convicted and sentenced to death. He was hanged on 21 November 1908.<ref name= "heehs">{{cite book |last=Heehs |first=Peter |year=2008 |title=The Lives of Sri Aurobindo|edition=Second |publisher=Columbia University Press}}</ref>

While fleeing from Muzaffarpur, on 2 May 1908, [[Prafulla Chaki]] was cornered at the Mokama Ghat railway station and was about to be arrested when he killed himself by firing two shots: one at the forehead and the other on the left side of his chest at the head.<ref>{{cite book |title=First spark of revolution: the early phase of India's struggle for independence, 1900-1920 |author=Arun Chandra Guha |year=1971 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=9780883860380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oi6yfbzEGMC&q=mokama+ghat |access-date=13 September 2017}}</ref> [[Khudiram Bose]] was the first martyr in the history of [[revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]. [[Kanailal Dutta]] was the second, and Satyendranath Bosu was the third. The execution of these men in 1908 aroused great commotion in public life. The witnesses' accounts of the final moments before martyrdom and accounts of their sacrifices became canonical.<ref name="ban">{{cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Upendra Nath |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.338890|year=1928|title=Nirbasiter Atmakatha (in Bengali) (Memoirs of the Deported Prisoner) |publisher=Hrishikesh Kanjilal|place=Calcutta}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Indian Independence Movement]]
* [[Indian nationalism]]
* [[Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://india.gov.in/govt/publications/dec08/khudiram_bose.php Hitendra Patel, Khudiram Bose: Revolutionary Extraordinaire]
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bosu, Satyendranath}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:1908 crimes in India]]
[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
[[Category:Indian nationalist assassins]]
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]
[[Category:Executed assassins]]
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]

2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election

2026-04-27T12:43:30Z

NamVanwagenen: Creating a place...

{{Short description|2026 election in TTAADC}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2026 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| registered = 9,62,697 ({{up}} 11.29%)<ref name="Voter list"/>
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election
| previous_year = 2021
| next_election =
| next_year = 2031
| election_date = 12 April 2026
| seats_for_election = 28 out of 30 seats in the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]]
| majority_seats = 15
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| turnout = 83.52% ({{decrease}} 4.38 [[percentage point|pp]])
| outgoing_members =
| elected_members =

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image =Purna Chandra Jamatia TTAADC CEM.jpg|bSize = 110 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 5|oLeft = 0}}
| leader1 = [[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
| leader_since1 = 2021
| party1 = Tipra Motha Party
| leaders_seat1 = Killa–Bagma
| last_election1 = 46.73%, 18 seats
| seats1 = 24
| seat_change1 = {{Increase}}6
| popular_vote1 = 4,57,943
| percentage1 = 57.62%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 10.89 [[percentage point|pp]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image = BJP election symbol.png|bSize = 110 |cWidth = 110 |cHeight = 140|oTop = 0|oLeft = 0}}
| leader2 = Bipin Debbarma
| leader_since2 = 2021
| leaders_seat2 = Demchhara–Kachuchhara (lost)
| last_election2 = 18.72%, 9 seats
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats2 = 4
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}5
| popular_vote2 = 2,18,072
| percentage2 = 27.44%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 8.72 [[percentage point|pp]]
| title = [[Chief Executive Member of the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council|Chief Executive Member]]
| before_election = [[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
| before_party = Tipra Motha Party
| after_election =
| after_party = Tipra Motha Party
}}
The '''District Council''' elections were held in [[TTAADC]] on [[2026 elections in India|12 April 2026]] to elect all 28 members of the [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-18 |title=Tripura Assembly passes resolution to prepone TTAADC polls to April 12 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-assembly-passes-resolution-to-prepone-ttaadc-polls-to-april-12.html |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-18 |title=TTAADC Polls Advanced to April 12 to Avoid Tribal Festivals |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/ttaadc-polls-advanced-to-april-12-to-avoid-tribal-festivals/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref> 25 of the 28 elected seats in the Autonomous District Council are reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]]. The votes were counted and the results were declared on 17 April 2026.

The election resulted in a [[landslide victory]] for the [[Tipra Motha Party]], which secured 24 of the 28 elected seats and secured 57.62% of the total votes polled. Despite being ally of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the state and national elections, it decided to contest on its own in the district council polls. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the remaining 4 seats and increased its vote share by 8 percent to 27.44% but it's number of seats decreased.<ref>{{cite web |title=TTAADC Election - 2026 |url=https://sec-results.tripura.gov.in/sec/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Ashish |title=TTAADC Election Results 2026 LIVE: Pradyot Barma's Tipra Motha wins 24 seats, BJP reduced to 4 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/north-east/tripura/ttaadc-election-results-2026-live-updates-tripura-tribal-areas-autonomous-district-council-polls-vote-counting-trends-tipra-motha-bjp-congress-left-1037821 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=India TV News |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Election Results 2026">{{cite web |title=TTAADC Election Results 2026: Tipra Motha Wins 24 Seats, BJP Gets 4; All 28 Results Declared |url=https://voterlist.co.in/ttaadc-election-results-2026-live-counting-updates/}}</ref>

The [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] which had ruled the council for many years, drew a blank for a second consecutive time. The alliance could not even secure 10% of the votes polled and did even come second in any seat.

==Background==
The tenure of [[Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council]] is scheduled to end on 18 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=Tripura: BJP eyes all 28 TTAADC seats as rift with ally TIPRA Motha widens |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/tripura-bjp-eyes-all-28-ttaadc-seats-as-rift-with-ally-tipra-motha-widens-101770636649290.html |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> The [[2021 Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council election|previous elections]] were held on 6 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Haripada |title=Tripura: On TTAADC Election outcome {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2021/0502_pd/tripura-ttaadc-election-outcome |work=peoplesdemocracy.in}}</ref> After the election [[Tipra Motha Party]] formed the government and [[Purna Chandra Jamatia]] sworn in as the chief executive member.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saikia |first1=Rana Pratap |title=Purna Jamatia, not Pradyot, sworn in as new CEM of Tripura tribal council |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/top-stories/story/purna-jamatia-not-pradyot-sworn-new-cem-tripura-tribal-council-415847-2021-04-21 |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=21 April 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Purna Chandra Jamatia sworn-in as new CEM of TTAADC |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/tripura-purna-chandra-jamatia-sworn-in-as-new-cem-of-ttaadc/ |work=Northeast Live |date=19 April 2021}}</ref> The 15 year ruling [[CPI(M)]] led [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] were wiped out in the previous election. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] had emerged as the second largest party.

On 24 March 2026, the current Executive member Ananta Debbarma and seating MDC Sadagar Kalai left [[Tipra Motha Party]] and joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Setback for Tipra Motha, Several Party Leaders Join BJP Ahead of TTAADC Polls |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/setback-for-tipra-motha-several-party-leaders-join-bjp-ahead-of-ttaadc-polls/ |work=Northeast Live |date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jolt for Tipra Motha, MDC, EM join BJP ahead of ADC polls |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/jolt-for-tipra-motha-mdc-em-join-bjp-ahead-of-adc-polls-36009.html |work=Tripura Times |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=5 Tipra Motha Leaders Join BJP Ahead of ADC Polls, No Major Split Yet, But Political Signals Intensify |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5695&title=5-Tipra-Motha-Leaders-Join-BJP-Ahead-of-ADC-Polls-No-Major-Split-Yet-But-Political-Signals-Intensify |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

== Schedule ==
The [[State Election Commission of Tripura]] announced the schedule for the election on 17 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification from Election dept.pdf |url=https://sec.tripura.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notification%20from%20Election%20dept.pdf |website=sec.tripura.gov.in |publisher=State Election Commission of Tripura |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=Tripura: TTAADC election to be held on April 13, counting on April 17 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tripura-ttaadc-election-to-be-held-on-april-13-counting-on-april-17-101773766744201.html |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll event
! Schedule
|-
| Notification date
| 18 March 2026
|-
| Last date for filing nomination
| 25 March 2026
|-
| Scrutiny of nomination
| 26 March 2026
|-
| Last date for withdrawal of nomination
| 28 March 2026
|-
| Date of poll
| '''12 April 2026'''<ref name=":0" />
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| '''17 April 2026'''
|-
|Deadline for the completion of election process
|18 April 2026
|}

==Voter statistics==
According to the [[State Election Commission of Tripura]], 9,62,697 voters were eligible to vote in the district council elections in TTAADC. This includes 4,82,025 male, 4,80,666 female, and 6 third gender voters.<ref name="Voter list">{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=Tripura: Over 9 lakh voters in TTAADC polls; Dharmanagar by-election on April 9 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripura-over-9-lakh-voters-in-ttaadc-polls-dharmanagar-by-election-on-april-9-1360728-2026-03-16 |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=16 March 2026 |location=Tripura |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: 9.62 lakh voters in final ADC Electoral Roll |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/tripura-9-62-lakh-voters-in-final-adc-electoral-roll-35832.html |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=tripuratimes.com |language=English}}</ref>
== Parties and alliances ==

=== Tipra Motha Party ===
Despite its alliance with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the state, the Tipra Motha Party decided to contest the election independently after seat-sharing negotiations failed.<ref>{{cite news |title=No Pre-Poll Alliance Between BJP and TIPRA Motha for ADC Elections, Pradyot Debbarma Announces Solo Fight, Signals Possible Post-Poll Tie-Up |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5682&title=No-Pre-Poll-Alliance-Between-BJP-and-TIPRA-Motha-for-ADC-Elections-Pradyot-Debbarma-Announces-Solo-Fight-Signals-Possible-Post-Poll-Tie-Up |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Pradyot denies talks with BJP, rules out alliance in TTAADC elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tripura/pradyot-denies-talks-with-bjp-rules-out-alliance-in-ttaadc-elections/article70777159.ece |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=24 March 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=TIPRA Motha Party to contest Tripura’s TTAADC polls alone, says Pradyot Debbarma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tipra-motha-party-to-contest-tripura-s-ttaadc-polls-alone-says-pradyot-debbarma-101774286373628.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No alliance for ADC polls, Pradyot Debbarma says Tipra Motha to go solo |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/no-alliance-for-adc-polls-pradyot-debbarma-says-tipra-motha-to-go-solo-1609767 |work=assamtribune.com |date=24 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{party color cell|Tipra Motha Party}}
|-
| colspan="6" | [[Tipra Motha Party]]
|-
! colspan="2"|Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
| [[File:Tipra Motha Party Flag.jpg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Pineapple.png|50px]]
| [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha to contest in 25-30 seats in next State Assembly elections: Debbarma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tripura/tipra-motha-to-contest-in-25-30-seats-in-next-state-assembly-elections-debbarma/article70388061.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| 28
|-
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===
The [[Tipra Motha Party]] and [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]] left the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[National Democratic Alliance]] following unsuccessful seat-sharing talks and [[BJP]] announced to contest solo.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP to go solo in Tripura ADC polls as alliance talks collapse |url=https://hubnetwork.in/bjp-to-go-solo-in-tripura-adc-polls-as-alliance-talks-collapse/#:~:text=March%2024%2C%202026-,Three%20Khasi%20women%20among%20five%20selected%20in%20IndiGo%20cabin%20crew,TTAADC |work=Hub News |date=24 March 2026}}</ref> However, they are still alliance in Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura's IPFT says ready to contest all 28 TTAADC seats, open to alliance or solo fight |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tripuras-ipft-says-ready-to-contest-all-28-ttaadc-seats-open-to-alliance-or-solo-fight-1359563-2026-03-14 |work=India Today NE |date=14 March 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP to contest all 28 TTAADC seats, compete with TIPRA Motha, IPFT: Manik Saha |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/bjp-to-contest-all-28-ttaadc-seats-compete-with-tipra-motha-ipft-manik-saha-1360093-2026-03-15 |work=India Today NE |date=15 March 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP to Contest All 28 TTAADC Seats Independently in Tripura |url=https://thenewsmill.com/2026/03/bjp-to-contest-all-28-ttaadc-seats-independently-says-tripura-cm-manik-saha/ |date=15 March 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[File:BJP Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| [[Manik Saha]]<ref>{{cite news |title="BJP victory in ADC crucial for peace, progress": Tripura CM Manik Saha |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-victory-in-adc-crucial-for-peace-progress-tripura-cm-manik-saha20260210095433/ |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
| 28
|-
!colspan="5"|Total
!28
|}

=== Left Front ===

{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;
| colspan="6" {{party color cell|Left Front (West Bengal)}}
|-
| colspan="6" | [[Left Front (Tripura)|'''Left Front''']]
|-
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
| [[Jitendra Chaudhury]]<ref>{{cite news |title=CPIM to field candidates in all 28 seats in TTAADC polls: Jitendra Chaudhury |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=4819&title=CPIM-to-field-candidates-in-all-28-seats-in-TTAADC-polls-Jitendra-Chaudhury |access-date=11 February 2026 |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>
| 25
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[File:AIFB Flag 2023.png|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
| Paresh Chandra Sarkar
| 1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
| [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
| Milan Baidya
| 1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|dab=yes}}
| [[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
| Dipak Deb
| 1
|-
!colspan="5"|Total
!28
|}

===[[Indian National Congress]]===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Hand.svg|50px]]
| [[Ashish Kumar Saha]]
| 28
|-
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
! Flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
| [[File:Flag green yellow.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election symbol Dao.svg|50px]]
| [[Prem Kumar Reang]]
| 26
|-
|}

==Candidates==
The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] released it's 28 candidates list on 24 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: BJP Announces List of 28 Candidates for TTAADC Polls |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/tripura/tripura-bjp-announces-list-of-28-candidates-for-ttaadc-polls/ |work=Northeast Live |date=24 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Deb Barman |first1=Priyanka |title=BJP releases candidate list for TTAADC polls, inducts 5 leaders from ally TPC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-releases-candidate-list-for-ttaadc-polls-inducts-5-leaders-from-ally-tpc-101774360139459.html |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Tipra Motha Party]] released the list of 28 candidates on 24 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=TIPRA Motha releases candidate list amid discord over nominations - Tripura Chronicle |url=https://tripurachronicle.in/local-news/tipra-motha-releases-candidate-list-amid-discord-over-nominations/ |work=Tripura Chronicle |date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

The [[Left Front (Tripura)|Left Front]] released 27 candidates on 9 March 2026, 25 are from [[CPI(M)]], 1 each from [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] and [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Rahul |title=Tripura: Left Front Releases Candidate List for ADC Election {{!}} Peoples Democracy |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2026/0315_pd/tripura-left-front-releases-candidate-list-adc-election |access-date=17 March 2026 |work=peoplesdemocracy.in |date=15 March 2026}}</ref> the second list of 1 candidate for [[All India Forward Bloc]] on 18 march.

The [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]] released the first list of 9 candidates on 22 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Debbarma |first1=Dharmendra |title=IPFT Candidate List 2026 for TTAADC Election Released |url=https://www.tripuratime24.com/ipft-candidate-list-2026-ttaadc-election/ |work=Tripura Time 24 |date=23 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IPFT releases first candidate list, seta early pace in ADC Polls |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/ipft-releases-first-candidate-list-seta-early-pace-in-adc-polls-35984.html |work=IPFT releases first candidate list, seta early pace in ADC Polls |language=English}}</ref> The second list of 17 candidates released on 25 March 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=IPFT Releases Second Candidate List for TTAADC Polls, Tensions Rise with BJP |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5718&title=IPFT-Releases-Second-Candidate-List-for-TTAADC-Polls-Tensions-Rise-with-BJP |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Congress]] released a list of 28 candidates on 23 March 2026, including one seat allocated to its ally party '''Tripura Peoples Party'''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress Announces Candidates for 28 Constituencies, for Tripura ADC Elections 2026 |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5684&title=Congress-Announces-Candidates-for-28-Constituencies-for-Tripura-ADC-Elections-2026 |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharjee |first1=Biswendu |title=BJP announces names for 28 ADC seats in Tripura |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/bjp-announces-names-for-28-adc-seats-in-tripura/articleshow/129784465.cms |access-date=24 March 2026 |work=The Times of India |date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Constituency
!rowspan=2|Reservation
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}" |[[Tipra Motha Party|'''TMP''']]<ref>{{cite news |title=ADC polls: Tipra releases list of candidates amidst brewing dissidence, Pradyot not contesting |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/adc-polls-tipra-releases-list-of-candidates-amidst-brewing-dissidence-pradyot-not-contesting-36022.html/ |work=tripuratimes.com |language=English}}</ref>
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''']]<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Announces 28 Candidates for TTAADC Polls, Opts to Contest Alone, Alliance Debate Intensifies in Tripura |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5696&title=BJP-Announces-28-Candidates-for-TTAADC-Polls-Opts-to-Contest-Alone-Alliance-Debate-Intensifies-in-Tripura |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP fields candidate in 28 TTAADC seats |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/bjp-fields-candidate-in-28-ttaadc-seats-36006.html |work=BJP fields candidate in 28 TTAADC seats |language=English}}</ref>
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |[[Left Front (Tripura)|'''Left Front''']]<ref>{{cite news |title=Left Front Announces Candidates for 28 TTAADC Seats Ahead of Poll Schedule, Amitabha Datta Named for Dharmanagar By-Election |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5493&title=Left-Front-Announces-Candidates-for-28-TTAADC-Seats-Ahead-of-Poll-Schedule-Amitabha-Datta-Named-for-Dharmanagar-By-Election |access-date=9 March 2026 |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura: Left Front Names 27 Candidates for TTAADC Polls, Veteran Leader Amitabha Datta to Contest By-Polls to Dharmanagar Seat |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/tripura/tripura-left-front-names-27-candidates-for-ttaadc-polls-veteran-leader-amitabha-datta-to-contest-by-polls-to-dharmanagar-seat/ |work=Northeast Live |date=9 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Left Front fields over 70% fresh faces for Tripura ADC polls |url=https://m.nenow.in/article/tripura/left-front-fields-over-70-fresh-faces-for-tripura-adc-polls/494187/amp |access-date=10 March 2026 |work=NORTHEAST NOW |language=en}}</ref>
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|'''INC''']]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banik |first1=Mrinal |title=Tripura: Congress, IPFT announce candidates for TTAADC polls |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-congress-ipft-announce-candidates-for-ttaadc-polls.html |access-date=23 March 2026 |work=NorthEast Now |date=23 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2"|Party !! Candidate
! colspan="2"|Party !! Candidate
! colspan="2"|Party !! Candidate
! colspan="2"|Party !! Candidate
|-
|1
|Damchharra–Jampui
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Bhaba Ranjan Reang]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rabindra Reang
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Barendra Reang
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ramanjay Reang
|-
|2
|Machmara
| None
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Swapan Kumar Chakma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manju Rani Sarkar
|{{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|Babul Debnath
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Arjun Roy
|-
|3
|Dasda–Kanchanpur
| None
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Umasankar Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sailendra Nath
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ramakanta Nath
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jatibrata Deb
|-
|4
|Karamchhara
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Ratish Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bimal Kanti Chakma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sadhan Chakma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dhirendra Debbarma
|-
|5
|Chhawmanu
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Hangsa Kumar Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Esmel Joy Tripura
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Khusiram Tripura
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Surjalal Chakma
|-
|6
|Manu–Chailengta
| None
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Hollywood Chakma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sukesh Datta Barua
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Rahul Das
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ratan Paul
|-
|7
|Demchhara–Kachuchhara
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Dhirendra Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bipin Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Badarbhum Halam
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Harinath Debbarma
|-
|8
|Ganganagar–Gandachhara
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Khtrojoy Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhumika Nanda Reang
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Dhanchamani Reang
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Dinaram Reang
|-
|9
|Halahali–Asharambari
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Prasmit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ananta Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Karim Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pranab Debbarma
|-
|10
|Kulai–Champahour
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Rajeswar Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bimal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Atul Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kamendra Reang
|-
|11
|Maharanipur–Teliamura
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Utpal Debbarma (Uomthai)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Billow Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Ratan Kishore Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shyamal Debbarma
|-
|12
|Ramchandraghat
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|James Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Devid Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Samaresh Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amalen Debbarma
|-
|13
|Simna–Tamakari
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Rabindra Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Indrajit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Amulya Debbarma
| style="background:#45b489;" |
|TPP
|Ananta Orang
|-
|14
|Bodhjungnagar–Wakkinagar
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Runiel Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ranabir Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sanjit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tapan Debbarma
|-
|15
|Jirania
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Jagadish Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abhijit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Radhacharan Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Champa Debbarma
|-
|16
|Mandainagar–Pulinpur
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Jiten Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajesh Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Surjya Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bikash Debbarma
|-
|17
|Pekuarjala–Janmejoynagar
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Gita Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Majee Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Brajalal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dinesh Debbarma
|-
|18
|Takarjala–Jampaijala
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Suraj Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nirmal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Benilal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Binod Debbarma
|-
|19
|Amtali–Golaghati
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Buddha Kumar Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kanuraj Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Brinda Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kesharam Debbarma
|-
|20
|Killa–Bagma
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Amar Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Amrita Sadhan Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Arat Bahadur Molsom
|-
|21
|Maharani–Chelagang
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Chandra Kumar Jamatia]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Samrat Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|Haradhan Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sadhan Jamatia
|-
|22
|Kathalia–Mirja–Rajapur
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|David Murasing
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Padma Lochan Tripura
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Parikshit Murasing
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhuiya Lila Noatia
|-
|23
|Ampinagar
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Kamal Kalai
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sadagar Kalai
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Prithwiraj Koloi
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Falindra Jamatia
|-
|24
|Raima Valley
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Dhananjoy Tripura]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Samir Ranjan Tripura
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Sumati Ranjan Chakma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Suresh Tripura
|-
|25
|Nutanbazar–Malbasa
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Sujoy Uchoi
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abindra Reang
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Magendra Reang
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jitendra Reang
|-
|26
|Birchandranagar–Kalashi
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Kenaram Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjib Reang
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|Narendra Reang
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abraham Reang
|-
|27
|Purba Muhuripur–Buratali
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|[[Debajit Tripura]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Abhijit Tripura
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Barjung Tripura
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bihan Tripura
|-
|28
|Silachhari–Manubankul
| style="background:#fdcdb0;" | ST
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|Manindra Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kanijaong Mog
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|Uchathoi Mog
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kejari Mog
|}

==Voting Turnout==
According to the [[State Election Commission of Tripura]], voting turnout was 83.74% for male voters, 83.30% for female voters, and 16.67% for third gender voters. Total voter turnout was 83.52%.<ref>{{cite news |title=83.52% Turnout in TTAADC Polls 2026: Purba Muhuripur Records Highest (89.91%), Damchherra–Jampui Lowest (69.09%) Amid Violence |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=5988&title=8352-Turnout-in-TTAADC-Polls-2026-Purba-Muhuripur-Records-Highest-8991-Damchherra%e2%80%93Jampui-Lowest-6909-Amid-Violence |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Abhijit |title=TTAADC Polls End Peacefully with 83% Turnout; Minor Incidents Reported |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/ttaadc-polls-end-peacefully-with-83-turnout-minor-incidents-reported/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |work=Northeast Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura ADC polls see 83% turnout, re-poll on Apr 16 |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/elections/tripura-adc-polls-see-83-turnout-re-poll-on-apr-16/74586 |work=News Arena India |date=13 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+By constituency
! DC Constituency
! Vote %
|-
|Damchharra-Jampui (ST)
| 69.09%
|-
|Machmara
| 80.98%
|-
|Dasda-Kanchanpur
| 79.46%
|-
|Karamchhara (ST)
| 81.36%
|-
|Chhawmanu (ST)
|82.83%
|-
|Manu-Chailengta
|83.62%
|-
|Demchara-Kachuchharra (ST)
|83.05%
|-
|Ganganagar-Gandachharra (ST)
|81.36%
|-
|Halahali-Asharambari (ST)
|80.54%
|-
|Kulai-Champahour (ST)
|83.16%
|-
|Maharanipur-Teliamura (ST)
|83.77%
|-
|Ramchandraghat (ST)
|84.46%
|-
|Simna-Tamakari (ST)
|85.31%
|-
|Bodhjung Nagar-Wakkinagar (ST)
|87.66%
|-
|Jirania (ST)
|85.77%
|-
|Mandainagar-Pulinpur (ST)
|83.81%
|-
|Pekuarjala-Janmayjaynagar (ST)
|87.65%
|-
|Takarjala-Jampuijala (ST)
|83.50%
|-
|Amtali-Golaghati (ST)
|85.56%
|-
|Killa-Bangma (ST)
|84.91%
|-
|Maharani-Chellagang (ST)
|86.01%
|-
|Kathalia-Mirja-Rajapur (ST)
|84.66%
|-
|Ampinagar (ST)
|82.42%
|-
|Raima Valley (ST)
|85.74%
|-
|Natunbazar-Malbasa (ST)
|85.89%
|-
|Birchandranagar-Kalashi (ST)
|85.23%
|-
|Purba Mahuripur-Buratali (ST)
|89.91%
|-
|Silachari-Manubankul (ST)
|87.82%
|-
!Total
! 83.52%
|}

==Results==
===Result by party===
{| style="width:60%; text-align:center;"
!'''Party'''
|'''TMP'''
|'''NDA'''
|'''Nom'''
|-
!'''Seats'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Tipra Motha Party}}" color:white; style="width:85.00%;" |'''24'''
| bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" color:white; style="width:15.00%;" |'''4'''
| bgcolor="#000000" color:white; style="6.67%;" |'''2'''
|}

{{Pie chart|caption='''Vote Share by alliance'''|other=yes|value1=57.62|label1=[[Tipra Motha Party|TMP]]|color1={{party color|Tipra Motha Party}}|value2=27.44|label2=[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|color2={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|value3=9.91|label3=[[Mahajot (Tripura)|LF]]|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|value4=1.93|label4=[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]|color4={{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|color5={{Party color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}|label5=IPFT|value5=2.22}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote <ref name="Election Results 2026"/>
! colspan="3" | Seats<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=Tipra Motha sweeps TTAADC polls, wins 24 of 28 seats; BJP secures four |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/tipra-motha-sweeps-ttaadc-polls-wins-24-of-28-seats-bjp-secures-four-1377142-2026-04-17 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=17 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tipra Motha Sweeps TTAADC 2026 with 24 Seats, BJP Reduced to 4, Congress, CPI(M), IPFT Draw Blank |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6041&title=Tipra-Motha-Sweeps-TTAADC-2026-with-24-Seats-BJP-Reduced-to-4-Congress-CPIM-IPFT-Draw-Blank |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! Vote
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! +/-
|-
|{{Party color cell|Tipra Motha Party}}
| colspan="3" align=left|[[Tipra Motha Party]]
|4,57,943
|57.62
|{{increase}}20.19
|28
|24
|{{increase}}8
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3" align=left|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2,18,072
|27.44
|{{increase}}8.72
|28
|4
|{{decrease}}5
|-
|{{Party color cell|Left Front (West Bengal)|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan=4 |[[Left Front (Tripura)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|72,335
|9.10
|{{decrease}}3.36
|25
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|3,701
|0.47
|{{decrease}}0.20
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
|1,522
|0.19
|
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1,167
|0.15
|
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
| colspan="4"style="background:#FFB8B8" | '''Total'''
| style="background:#FFB8B8;" | 78,725
| style="background:#FFB8B8;" | 9.91
| style="background:#FFB8B8;" | {{decrease}}3.32
| style="background:#FFB8B8;" | 28
| style="background:#FFB8B8;" | 0
| style="background:#FFB8B8;" | {{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}}
|colspan=3 align=left|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura]]
|17,664
|2.22
|{{decrease}}8.40
|26
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|15,180
|1.91
|{{decrease}}0.33
|27
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
|style="background:#45b489;" |
|align=left|Tripura Peoples Party
|181
|0.02
|{{increase}}0.02
|1
|0
|{{steady}}
|-
| colspan="4"style="background:#dcfbff" | '''Total'''
| style="background:#dcfbff" | 15,361
| style="background:#dcfbff" | 1.93
| style="background:#dcfbff" | {{decrease}}0.31
| style="background:#dcfbff;" |28
| style="background:#dcfbff" | 0
| style="background:#dcfbff" |{{steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|{{formatnum:}}
|
|
|
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|None of the above (India)}}
|colspan="3" align=left|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|6,022
|0.76
|{{decrease}}0.24
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" |
!
|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!794,779
!100%
! —
!
!28
! —
|-
|}

=== Constituency wise results ===

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="5"|Winner<ref>{{cite web |title=TTAADC Election - 2026 |url=https://sec-results.tripura.gov.in/sec/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Ashish |title=TTAADC Election Results 2026 LIVE: Pradyot Barma's Tipra Motha wins 24 seats, BJP reduced to 4 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/north-east/tripura/ttaadc-election-results-2026-live-updates-tripura-tribal-areas-autonomous-district-council-polls-vote-counting-trends-tipra-motha-bjp-congress-left-1037821 |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=India TV News |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Election Results 2026">{{cite web |title=TTAADC Election Results 2026: Tipra Motha Wins 24 Seats, BJP Gets 4; All 28 Results Declared |url=https://voterlist.co.in/ttaadc-election-results-2026-live-counting-updates/}}</ref>
!colspan="5"|Runner Up<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Sumit |title=TTAADC Election Results 2026 Full Winner List: Tipra Motha Dominates Majority of Seats as BJP Trails in Tripura Tribal Council Polls |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/india/ttaadc-election-results-2026-full-winner-list-tipra-motha-dominates-majority-of-seats-as-bjp-trails-in-tripura-tribal-council-poll-184655/ |access-date=17 April 2026 |work=The Sunday Guardian |date=17 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!No
!Name
!Candidate
!colspan="2"|Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
!colspan="2"|Party
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|Damchharra-Jampui (ST)
|[[Bhaba Ranjan Reang]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|12,836
|37.43%
|Rabindra Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9,022
|26.31%
|3,814
|-
!2
|Machmara
|Manju Rani Sarkar
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13,700
|48.36%
|Swapan Kumar Chakma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|8,981
|31.70%
|4,719
|-
!3
|Dasda-Kanchanpur
|Shailendra Nath
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13,467
|46.46%
|Umashankar Reang
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|8,482
|29.26%
|4,985
|-
!4
|Karamchhara (ST)
|Ratish Tripura
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|14,348
|41.18%
|Bimal Kanti Chakma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12,543
|36.00%
|1,805
|-
!5
|Chhawmanu (ST)
|Esmel Joy Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|12,789
|46.11%
|Hangsa Kumar Tripura
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|11,091
|39.98%
|1,698
|-
!6
|Manu-Chailengta
|Hollywood Chakma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|10,809
|39.06%
|Sukesh Datta Barua
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10,347
|37.39%
|462
|-
!7
|Demchara-Kachuchharra (ST)
|Dhirendra Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|17,726
|59.72%
|Bipin Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8,824
|29.73%
|8,902
|-
!8
|Ganganagar-Gandachharra (ST)
|Khotrojoy Reang
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|11,264
|44.70%
|Bhumikananda Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9,294
|36.88%
|1,970
|-
!9
|Halahali-Asharambari (ST)
|Prasmit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|17,796
|63.73%
|Ananta Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|6,136
|21.97%
|11,660
|-
!10
|Kulai-Champahour (ST)
|[[Rajeshwar Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|19,536
|68.65%
|Bimal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5,542
|19.47%
|13,994
|-
!11
|Maharanipur-Teliamura (ST)
|Utpal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|19,393
|72.98%
|Billow Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|5,577
|20.99%
|13,816
|-
!12
|Ramchandraghat (ST)
|James Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|20,837
|81.57%
|Devid Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,650
|10.37%
|18,187
|-
!13
|Simna-Tamakari (ST)
|[[Rabindra Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|17,862
|79.82%
|Indrajit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,314
|10.34%
|15,548
|-
!14
|Bodhjung Nagar-Wakkinagar (ST)
|Runeil Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|20,055
|80.22%
|Ranabir Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3,985
|15.94%
|16,070
|-
!15
|Jirania (ST)
|[[Jagadish Debbarma]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|21,500
|80.42%
|Abhijit Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3,066
|11.47%
|18,434
|-
!16
|Mandainagar-Pulinpur (ST)
|Jitendra Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|19,033
|78.47%
|Rajesh Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|3,294
|13.58%
|15,739
|-
!17
|Pekuarjala-Janmayjaynagar (ST)
|Gita Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|22,707
|87.87%
|Majee Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,884
|7.29%
|20,823
|-
!18
|Takarjala-Jampuijala (ST)
|Suraj Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|16,055
|89.03%
|Nirmal Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,210
|6.71%
|14,845
|-
!19
|Amtali-Golaghati (ST)
|Buddha Kumar Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|29,794
|85.49%
|Kanuraj Debbarma
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2,828
|8.12%
|26,966
|-
!20
|Killa-Bangma (ST)
|[[Purna Chandra Jamatia]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|17,082
|61.73%
|Amar Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8,174
|29.54%
|8,908
|-
!21
|Maharani-Chellagang (ST)
|[[Chandra Kumar Jamatia]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|10,329
|48.65%
|Samrat Jamatia
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|8,050
|37.92%
|2,279
|-
!22
|Kathalia-Mirja-Rajapur (ST)
|David Murasing
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|21,608
|56.44%
|Padma lochan Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|10,954
|28.61%
|10,654
|-
!23
|Ampinagar (ST)
|Kamal Kalai
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|15,278
|58.39%
|Sadagar Kalai
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|4,488
|17.15%
|10,790
|-
!24
|Raima Valley (ST)
|[[Dhananjoy Tripura]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|11,065
|39.21%
|Samir Ranjan Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9,654
|34.21%
|1,411
|-
!25
|Natunbazar-Malbasa (ST)
|Sujoy Uchoi
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|17,284
|46.54%
|Abindra Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13,088
|35.24%
|4,196
|-
!26
|Birchandranagar-Kalashi (ST)
|Kenaram Reang
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|14,937
|46.73%
|Sanjib Reang
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|11,237
|35.16%
|3,700
|-
!27
|Purba Mahuripur-Buratali (ST)
|[[Debajit Tripura]]
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|16,781
|48.89%
|Abhijit Tripura
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|9,990
|29.10%
|6,791
|-
!28
|Silachari-Manubankul (ST)
|Kangjaong Mog
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|13,965
|37.98%
|Manindra Tripura
|{{party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}}
|13,474
|36.65%
|491
|}

==Reactions and aftermath==
The [[BJP Tripura]] claimed, hundreds of it's party workers were homeless in post poll violence. However, the [[Tipra Motha Party]] has denied any link to the violence.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=Hundreds of BJP supporters homeless in violence post TTAADC result |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tripura/hundreds-of-bjp-supporters-homeless-in-violence-post-ttaadc-result/article70883232.ece |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=The Hindu |date=20 April 2026 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Just days after the election result Ananta Debbarma rejoined [[Tipra Motha Party]] on 21 April 2026, who was left the party before the election and contested against Tipra Motha Party with BJP ticket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Senior Leader Ananata Debbarma Returns to Tipra Motha After Brief BJP Stint |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6102&title=Senior-Leader-Ananata-Debbarma-Returns-to-Tipra-Motha-After-Brief-BJP-Stint |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Jamatia |first1=Kamal |title=Ananta Debbarma Returns To Tipra Motha After BJP Setback, Apologises To Bubagra Pradyot - Aguli |url=https://aguli.in/index.php/2026/04/20/ananta-debbarma-returns-to-tipra-motha-after-bjp-setback-apologises-to-bubagra-pradyot/ |access-date=27 April 2026 |publisher=Aguli.in |date=20 April 2026}}</ref>

Tipra Motha Party [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] [[Swapna Debbarma]] who was among a group of legislators who were reportedly in talks with the BJP ahead of the TTAADC polls. However, prior to the polls, she met party supremo [[Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma]] in [[Shillong]] and expressed regret over the developments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Mugddha |title=Tripura: Tipra Motha sees reconciliation as dissident leaders return after TTAADC poll win |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/tripura/tripura-tipra-motha-sees-reconciliation-as-dissident-leaders-return-after-ttaadc-poll-win.html |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=NorthEast Now |date=24 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reconciliation gains ground in Tipra Motha as dissenting leaders return to fold |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6148&title=Reconciliation-gains-ground-in-Tipra-Motha-as-dissenting-leaders-return-to-fold |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=MLA Swapna Debbarma meets Tipra Motha supremo in Shillong surprising many |url=https://newseyes.in/article.php?v=1642 |work=newseyes.in |language=bn}}</ref>

On 27 April 2026, the oath taking ceremony of newly elected members of [[TTAADC]] were take place at [[Khumulwng]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TTAADC oath-taking ceremony to be held on April 27 at Khumulwng Council Bhavan |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/ttaadc-oath-taking-ceremony-to-be-held-on-april-27-at-khumulwng-council-bhavan/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=24 Tipra Motha MDCs take oath; Pradyot Debbarma calls for priority to youth, health, education for new Tripura |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/24-tipra-motha-mdcs-take-oath-pradyot-debbarma-calls-for-priority-to-youth-health-education-for-new-tripura-1382101-2026-04-27 |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=27 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref> But the [[BJP]] boycotted the oath taking ceremony alleging irregularities in recruitment in the [[TTAADC]]. According to the statement of former [[Member of Parliament|Lok Sabha MP]] [[Rebati Tripura]], approximately 120 appointments were made without public notification or adherence to established procedures, and some appointees had already joined their posts.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Tanmoy |title=BJP to boycott TTAADC oath taking ceremony tomorrow amid illegal recruitment, corruption allegations |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/tripura/story/bjp-to-boycott-ttaadc-oath-taking-ceremony-tomorrow-amid-illegal-recruitment-corruption-allegations-1381838-2026-04-26 |access-date=27 April 2026 |work=India Today NE |date=26 April 2026 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BJP Alleges Massive Irregularities in ADC Recruitment, Moves Governor and Boycotts Oath Ceremony |url=https://tripurainfo.com/EnglishNews.aspx?intnid=6177&title=BJP-Alleges-Massive-Irregularities-in-ADC-Recruitment-Moves-Governor-and-Boycotts-Oath-Ceremony |work=tripurainfo DOT com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tripura elections}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2026 elections in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Tripura]]
[[Category: Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council elections]]

Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:26:35Z

NamVanwagenen: made a page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{distinguish|Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gannavaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (46-Gannavaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Gannavaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Giddi Satyanarayana]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Amalapuram]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 46
| electors = {{formatnum:189258}}
| established = 2008
| type = SLA
}}

'''Gannavaram Assembly Constituency''' is a [[Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Amalapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Giddi Satyanarayana]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024 |url= https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0146.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 189,258 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|8}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
|[[P.Gannavaram]]
|-
|[[Ambajipeta]]
|-
|[[Ainavilli]]
|-
|[[Mamidikuduru Mandal|Mamidikuduru]] (Part)
|}

The villages within the [[Mamidikuduru Mandal]] falling in this constituency are Pedapatnam, Appanapalle, Botlakurru Doddavaram, Pasarlapudi, Nagaram, Mogalikuduru, Makanapalem, Lutukurru, Pasarlapudilanka and Adurru. The other part of this mandal comes under [[Razole assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
!colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Pamula Rajeswari Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Pulaparty Narayana Murty
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Kondeti Chittibabu]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency">{{cite news |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |title=2024 Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results - Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0146.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604133715/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0146.htm |archivedate=4 June 2024 |accessdate=4 June 2024}}</ref>
| [[Giddi Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pamula Rajeswari Devi]]
|votes = 44,756
|percentage = 33.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Pulaparty Narayana Murty|votes=41,651|percentage=30.96|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Janga Goutham|votes=41,359|percentage=30.74|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,105|percentage=2.30|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=134,551|percentage=78.60|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Pulaparty Narayana Murty
|votes = 74,967
|percentage = 52.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kondeti Chittibabu]]|votes=61,462|percentage=43.04|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,505|percentage=9.45|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=142,815|percentage=78.02|change=-0.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Kondeti Chittibabu]]
|votes = 67,373
|percentage = 43.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Nelapudi Stalin Babu|votes=45,166|percentage=28.91|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Pamula Rajeswari Devi]]|votes=36,259|percentage=23.21|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,207|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gannavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Giddi Satyanarayana]]|votes=96,108|percentage=57.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Vipparthi Venugopal|votes=62,741|percentage=37.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kondeti Chittibabu]]|votes=1,583|percentage=0.94|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=33,367|percentage=19.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=168,202|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.61|81.89|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

St. Michael's AIHSS, Kannur

2026-04-16T09:43:17Z

NamVanwagenen: starting a article...

{{short description|Jesuit secondary school in Kannur, Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|org|date=September 2024}}
{{Original research|date=September 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Michael's AIHSS, Kannur
| native_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| logo = St.MichaelLogoKannur.png
| motto =
| type = [[State school|Government Aided school]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic church|Catholicism]]
| status =
| gender = [[Single sex education|Boys]] ([[Co-education]] in HSS and LP section)
| denomination = [[Jesuit]]s
| affiliation = State Syllabus
| affiliations = 
| administrator = Raju Augustine V A
| director =
| president =
| principal = Manoj Kumar C K
| asst principal =
| dean =
| headmaster = Tomson Antony
| staff =
| teaching_staff = 85
| enrollment = 2,000
| grades =
| tuition =
| established = {{Start date and age|1865}}
| address =
| city = [[Kannur, Kerala]]
| province =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|11|51|56|N|75|21|52|E|display=title,inline|region:IN-KL_type:edu}}
| accreditation =
| campus =
| houses = Red, Green, Blue, Yellow
| athletics =
| nickname = St. Michael's
| mascot =
| yearbook =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| national_ranking =
| free_label1 =
| free_text1 =
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| website = {{URL|http://stmichaelskannur.com}}
| picture =
| picture_caption =
}}

'''St. Michaels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Kannur''', is a [[State school|Govt. Aided]] [[Secondary school|Higher Secondary School]] located in [[Kannur]], in the state of [[Kerala]], India. Founded by the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers|Christian Brothers]] in 1865 and administered by the [[Society of Jesus]] since 1887. The school admits all castes and creeds but gives preference to [[Catholic church|Catholics]]. It includes nursery through higher secondary and prepares students for the state syllabus exams.

==History==
St. Michael's School is one of the oldest schools in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geodeg.com/search.php?q=indian&language=24&country=95&n=0|title=indian - GPS Places and POI in India (English language)|website=geodeg.com|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>

Oral tradition tells of St. Michael's School roots in a [[Malayalam]]-medium school attached to Holy Trinity Church, [[Kannur]] in the late 1850s. The Christian Brothers came in 1862, introduced English, and erected a new building in 1865, from which its present history is now traced. When these Brothers departed in 1887 the [[Jesuit]] priests who ran the parish took over the school. In 1907 the Jesuits made it a European-style middle school, and in 1936 a high school under the Anglo-Indian code.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} In 1974, for need of financial assistance, the school came under the Kerala Education Rules, as an Anglo-Indian Higher Secondary School.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

St. Michael's A.I.H.S.S. has been ranked among the best schools in India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://educationsystemsforchild.blogspot.com/p/best-indian-schools.html|title=Education for Childrens: Best Schools in India|website=Education for Childrens|access-date=2017-08-28}}</ref>

===Facilities===
Facilities include smart classrooms, a multipurpose auditorium and a basketball court,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralajesuits.org/71487/st--michaels-anglo-indian-higher-secondary-school--kannur |title=St. Michaels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Kannur |work=Education |publisher=Kerala Jesuits |year=2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 }}</ref> along with laboratories for chemistry, physics, zoology, and botany plus an audio-visual room. There are special rooms for music and for arts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/the-hinduyoung-world-painting-competition-strokes-that-spoke-and-won/article5718877.ece|title=The Hindu-Young World Painting Competition: Strokes that spoke and won|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2016-12-18}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]
* [[List of schools in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.keralajesuits.org/71487/st--michaels-anglo-indian-higher-secondary-school--kannur |title=St. Michaels Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Kannur |work=Education |publisher=Kerala Jesuits |year=2021 }}

{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:St. Michael's AIHSS, Kannur}}
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Kannur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1865]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]

Khed Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:27:51Z

NamVanwagenen: New A Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khed
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1951
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''Khed Assembly constituency''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]], a western state of [[India]]. [[Khed, Ratnagiri|Khed]] was also part of [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/search?acname=Devgad|title=IndiaVotes AC: Winner summary over elections for Devgad|website=IndiaVotes|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref> Khed seat existed till 2004 elections.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Kabirbuwa Pandharinath Ramdas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Patne Jagannath Shioram || {{Full party name with color|Scheduled Castes Federation}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Vasantrao Marutrao Manjre || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan="2" | [[Husen Dalwai]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Bhosle Amrutrao Ganpatrao || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | Kadam Tukaram Baburao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="4" | [[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 52,881 |percentage = 57.10% |change = {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Babaji Gopal |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 27,460 |percentage = 29.65% |change = {{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatray Pandurang Sakpal |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,897 |percentage = 7.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Pandurang More |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,504 |percentage = 2.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suresh Jagannath Alias Jagatrao More |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 2,046 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Usha Kamalakar Guhagarkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 820 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,421 |percentage = 27.45% |change = {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,615 |percentage = 66.49% |change = {{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,608}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 139,290 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 54,639 |percentage = 63.95% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Keshavarao Jagatarao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 27,900 |percentage = 32.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Shahabuddin Abdulla |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,230 |percentage = 2.61% |change = {{decrease}}27.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayantarao Narayan Mahadik |party = Independent politician |votes = 559 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,739 |percentage = 31.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,839 |percentage = 66.27% |change = {{decrease}}12.29 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,446}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,063 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 67,344 |percentage = 67.45% |change = {{increase}}21.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosle Asha Keshavrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,369 |percentage = 30.42% |change = {{increase}}9.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Kashiram Shivaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 932 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parkar Mohmad Umar |party = Independent politician |votes = 928 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,975 |percentage = 37.04% |change = {{increase}}20.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,517 |percentage = 78.56% |change = {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,837}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,500 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}21.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 39,191 |percentage = 46.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Keshavarao Jagatarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,889 |percentage = 29.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Tukaram Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,007 |percentage = 21.28% |change = {{decrease}}34.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Krishnakant Dharu |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,504 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganjekar Vaman Keshao |party = Independent politician |votes = 560 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,302 |percentage = 16.90% |change = {{decrease}}6.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,672 |percentage = 68.93% |change = {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 125,731 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Tukaram Baburao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,655 |percentage = 55.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kehsvrao Jagatrao Bhosale |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,732 |percentage = 32.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanade Kishor Vithoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,884 |percentage = 4.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gambre Shankar Ramji |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,538 |percentage = 3.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatraya Anantrao Bhosale |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 1,351 |percentage = 2.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Belose Uday Ramchandra |party = Independent politician |votes = 540 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,923 |percentage = 23.34% |change = {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,156 |percentage = 64.85% |change = {{increase}}20.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,931}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,020 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Tukaram Baburao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,334 |percentage = 57.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosle Amrutrao Ganpatrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,845 |percentage = 35.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Hanumantrao Surve |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 2,605 |percentage = 6.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Rajaram Jagatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 331 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,489 |percentage = 22.45% |change = {{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,205 |percentage = 44.69% |change = {{decrease}}19.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,273}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,673 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosle Amrutrao Ganpatrao |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,158 |percentage = 52.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Husen Dalwai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,506 |percentage = 47.46% |change = {{decrease}}21.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,652 |percentage = 4.58% |change = {{decrease}}52.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,782 |percentage = 63.87% |change = {{increase}}8.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,957}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,165 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}16.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Husen Dalwai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,081 |percentage = 68.47% |change = {{increase}}18.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palane Madhao Ramajee |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,196 |percentage = 11.83% |change = {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhai Bhosale |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 4,791 |percentage = 10.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jogalekar Sadashiv Vishnu |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,862 |percentage = 8.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,885 |percentage = 56.65% |change = {{increase}}34.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,174 |percentage = 55.57% |change = {{decrease}}3.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 43,930}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,088 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Husen Dalwai]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,203 |percentage = 49.66% |change = {{decrease}}13.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. B. More |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,199 |percentage = 27.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. B. Pawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,394 |percentage = 10.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Jadhav |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,942 |percentage = 7.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. A. More |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,942 |percentage = 4.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,004 |percentage = 22.13% |change = {{decrease}}22.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,967 |percentage = 58.75% |change = {{increase}}15.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,680}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,541 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Marutrao Manjre |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,267 |percentage = 62.86% |change = {{increase}}13.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Balwant Ghumatkar |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,602 |percentage = 18.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atmaram Hari Dhasal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,637 |percentage = 8.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Ramjee Raundhal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,521 |percentage = 4.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandbhor Mahdav Alias Babanrao Nathujee |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 4.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramchandra Tukaram Waghmare |party = Independent politician |votes = 314 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,665 |percentage = 44.58% |change = {{increase}}24.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,754 |percentage = 43.49% |change = {{decrease}}10.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,651}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,314 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Scheduled Castes Federation |swing = {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patne Jagannath Shioram |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 17,009 |percentage = 51.45% |change = {{increase}}32.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvai Husein Misarikhan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,511 |percentage = 31.80% |change = {{decrease}}43.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vadgaonkar Tarachand Hirachand |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,804 |percentage = 29.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandbhor Raghunath Abaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,883 |percentage = 17.80% |change = {{decrease}}57.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosale Shantaram Ganpatrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,538 |percentage = 16.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghumatkar Narayan Balwant |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,954 |percentage = 14.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,498 |percentage = 19.66% |change = {{decrease}}36.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,058 |percentage = 53.62% |change = {{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,058}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,652 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.15 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Scheduled Castes Federation |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}23.46 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Khed <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kabirbuwa Pandharinath Ramdas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,184 |percentage = 74.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Narayan Balwant |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 3,997 |percentage = 18.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shinde Pandurang Govind |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,424 |percentage = 6.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,187 |percentage = 56.41% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,605 |percentage = 38.60% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,605}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,972 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|18.83|73.29|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khed}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

2025–26 Mumbai City FC season

2026-04-07T10:27:44Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{Primary sources|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox football club season
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| club = [[Mumbai City FC]]
| chrtitle = Director of Football
| chairman = Sujay Sharma
| manager = {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Kratky]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| league = [[Indian Super League]]
| league result = [[2025–26 Indian Super League|TBD]]
| cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Indian Super Cup]]
| cup1 result = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| cup2 =
| cup2 result =
| league topscorer = [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] (4*)
| season topscorer = [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] (4*)
| highest attendance = 3,911 vs [[NorthEast United]], [[2025-26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] (1 March 2026)
| lowest attendance = 2,190 vs [[SC Delhi]], [[2025-26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] (8 March 2026)
| average attendance =
| largest win = 4–1 vs [[SC Delhi]], [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]]
| largest loss = 1–0 vs [[Rajasthan United]], Super Cup
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _navycollar
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 81C1FF
| body1 = 81C1FF
| rightarm1 = 81C1FF
| shorts1 = 81C1FF
| socks1 = 81C1FF
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _navycollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = 000000
| body2 = 000000
| rightarm2 = 000000
| shorts2 = 000000
| socks2 = 000000
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Mumbai City FC season|2024–25]]
| nextseason = [[2026–27 Mumbai City FC season|2026–27]]
| updated = 3 June 2025
}}
The '''2025–26 season''' is the twelfth season in [[Mumbai City FC]]'s existence, where the club will compete in the [[Indian Super League]] and [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]].

==Players==
=== First-team squad ===
{{updated|19 February 2026}}<ref>https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-unveils-squad-for-indian-super-league-2025-26</ref>
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Phurba Lachenpa]]}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Hmingthanmawia Ralte|Valpuia]]}}
{{fs player|no=4|nat=POR|pos=DF|name=[[Nuno Reis]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Vikram Partap Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]}}
{{fs player|no=8|nat=FIN|pos=MF|name=[[Joni Kauko]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Brandon Fernandes]]}}
{{fs player|no=11|nat=ESP|pos=FW|name=[[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]}}
{{fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sanjeev Stalin]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Franklin Nazareth}}
{{fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Bijay Chhetri]]}}
{{fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Amandeep}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dhruv Alva}}
{{fs mid}}
{{fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Halen Nongtdu}}
{{fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Rehenesh T. P.|Rehenesh TP]]}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Nathan Rodrigues]]}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ayush Chhikara}}
{{fs player|no=30|nat=ARG|pos=FW|name=[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Akash Mishra]]}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Ahan Prakash]]}}
{{fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sahil Panwar]]}}
{{Fs player|no=39|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Aadil Sheikh}}
{{fs player|no=45|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Zothanpuia}}
{{fs player|no=71|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Ishaan Shishodia]]}}
{{fs player|no=77|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Gyamar Nikum]]}}
{{fs player|no=92|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Noufal PN]]}}
{{fs end}}

== Transfers ==
=== In ===
====Transfers in====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Date of arrival
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Previous club
! scope="col" |Transfer fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|8 June 2025
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Mumbai City sign Lalnuntluanga Bawitlung ahead of 2025-2026 campaign | url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-sign-lalnuntluanga-bawitlung-ahead-of-2025-2026-campaign }}</ref>
|-
|16 June 2025
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Zothanpuia
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{cite web | title=Mumbai City Complete Signing of Zothanpuia | url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-complete-signing-of-zothanpuia }}</ref>
|-
|17 June 2025
|FW
|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>https://x.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1934983263573127514</ref>
|-
|9 October 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijay Chhetri]]
|{{flagicon|URU}} [[Colón F.C.|Colón]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto4">https://x.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1976143533074776363</ref>
|-
|9 October 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Dhruv Alva
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Peña Balsamaiso CF|Peña Balsamaiso]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|9 October 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amandeep
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan SG|Mohun Bagan]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto4"/>
|-
|5 February 2026
|DF
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Reis]]
|{{flagicon|POR}} [[União Santarém]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-mumbai-city-fc-sign-nuno-reis-202602|title=ISL 2025-26: Mumbai CIty FC sign Nuno Reis ahead of new season|website=Khel Now}}</ref>
|-
|5 February 2026
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Panwar]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai City{{efn|The club had initially released Panwar at the end of his previous contract, but later announced he had re-signed with the club. Both stints were independent of each other.}}
| Free transfer
|<ref>https://x.com/i/status/2019343153522950322</ref>
|-
|10 February 2026
|MF
|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[KuPS]]
| Free transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bold.dk/fodbold/klubber/mumbai-city-fc/nyheder/joni-kauko-skifter-til-mumbai-city|title=Joni Kauko skifter til Mumbai City|date=February 10, 2026|website=Bold}}</ref>
|}

====Loans in====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Start Date
! scope="col" |End Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |From club
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|}

===Out===
====Transfers Out====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
!Date of departure
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |Outgoing club
! scope="col" |Transfer Fee
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|26 May 2025
|MF
|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Yoell van Nieff]]
| {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Anorthosis Famagusta]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/yoell-van-nieff-and-jeremy-manzorro-part-ways-with-mumbai-city-fc|title=Yoell van Nieff and Jeremy Manzorro part ways with Mumbai City FC|date=26 May 2025|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|26 May 2025
|MF
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Jeremy Manzorro]]
|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[FK IMT]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|27 May 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hardik Bhatt]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/dinesh-singh-extends-his-stay-with-neu-mcfc-bfc-announce-departures|title=Dinesh Singh extends his stay with NEU; MCFC, BFC announce departures|date=27 May 2025|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|27 May 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amey Ranawade]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|27 May 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|End of loan
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|27 May 2025
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hitesh Sharma (footballer)|Hitesh Sharma]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|End of loan
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|27 May 2025
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Daniel Lalhlimpuia]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|27 May 2025
|GK
|{{flagicon|IND}} Vishal Joon
|
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto3"/>
|-
|28 May 2025
|FW
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Nikos Karelis]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panserraikos F.C.|Panserraikos]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-bid-adieu-to-nikolaos-karelis-and-sahil-panwar|title=Mumbai City FC bid adieu to Nikolaos Karelis and Sahil Panwar|date=28 May 2025|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|28 May 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahil Panwar]]
| Mumbai City {{efn|The club had initially released Panwar at the end of his previous contract, but later announced he had re-signed with the club. Both stints were independent of each other.}}
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto1"/>
|-
|29 May 2025
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-bengaluru-fc-and-odisha-fc-announce-new-departures|title=Mumbai City FC, Bengaluru FC, and Odisha FC announce new departures|date=29 May 2025|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>
|-
|29 May 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|SYR}} [[Thaer Krouma]]
|{{flagicon|SYR}} [[Al-Karamah SC|Al-Karamah]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref name="auto2"/>
|-
|31 May 2025
|FW
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|Free Transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-east-bengal-fc-bipin-singh-202507|title=ISL: East Bengal FC announce signing of Bipin Singh on free transfer
|first=Khel Now|last=Triyasha Chatterjee|date=13 July 2025|website=khelnow.com}}</ref>
|-
|23 August 2025
|DF
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohun Bagan]]
|Undisclosed fee
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-mohun-bagan-mehtab-singh-202508|title=Mohun Bagan announce arrival of experienced defender Mehtab Singh ahead of ACL 2 campaign|first=Khel Now|last=Aasif Ali|date=23 August 2025|website=khelnow.com}}</ref>
|-
|5 January 2026
|DF
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Persijap Jepara]]
|Free transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/tiri-leaves-mumbai-city-fc-player-updates-isl-indian-super-league/article70473156.ece|title=Spanish defender Tiri leaves Mumbai City FC|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=5 January 2026|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|-
|14 January 2026
|MF
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jon Toral]]
|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Persik Kediri]]
|Free transfer
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/jon-toral-leaves-mumbai-city-fc-player-updates-isl-indian-super-league-news/article70510419.ece|title=Spanish midfielder Jon Toral parts ways with Mumbai City FC|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=14 January 2026|website=Sportstar}}</ref>
|}

====Loans Out====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; text-align:left"
! scope="col" |Start Date
! scope="col" |End Date
! scope="col" |Position
! scope="col" |Player
! scope="col" |To club
! scope="col" |Ref
|-
|22 July 2025
|31 May 2026
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Supratim Das
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|<ref>https://x.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1947635468775886877</ref>
|-
|30 July 2025
|31 May 2026
|MF
|{{flagicon|IND}} Seilenthang Lotjem
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|<ref>https://x.com/MumbaiCityFC/status/1950444066061373452</ref>
|-
|}

== Personnel ==

=== Corporate ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
!{{Tooltip|Position|Role at the club}}
!{{Tooltip|Name|Nationality, first name and last name}}
|-
| Owner(s)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mumbai City Football India Pvt Ltd (65%) {{flagicon|IND}} Sneha Parekh & Others (25%) {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranbir Kapoor]] (9%) {{flagicon|IND}} Bimal Parekh (1%)
|-
| Chairman
|
|-
| Board of directors
| {{flagicon|IND}} Bimal Parekh {{flagicon|IND}} Sneha Parekh 
|-
| CEO
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kandarp Chandra
|-
|-
| Head of Corporate Sales
| {{flagicon|IND}} Jonathan Rego
|-

| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rocky Kalan
|-
| Marketing manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharth Yadav
|-
| Assistant marketing manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dwaipayan Ghosh
|-
| Sponsorship & sales
| {{flagicon|IND}} Zain Zaidi
|-
| Finance manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Megha Srivastava
|-
| Finance controller
| {{flagicon|IND}} Urvashi Champaneri
|-
|}

=== Technical ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Kratky]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mumbai City FC Welcomes Petr Kratky As New Head Coach|url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/mumbai-city-fc-welcomes-petr-kratky-as-new-head-coach|access-date=9 December 2023|website=www.mumbaicityfc.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Mohan Dass
|-
| Director of football
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sujay Sharma
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rocky Kalan
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| Manish Kajania
|-
| rowspan="1" | Strength & conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Adrian Dias<ref name=dp>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-20 |title=David Preece and Adrian Dias join Mumbai City's Coaching & Technical Staff |url=https://www.mumbaicityfc.com/news/david-preece-and-adrian-dias-join-mumbai-citys-coaching |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Mumbai City FC |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | Performance analyst
| {{flagicon|IND}} Narendra Vakare
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Trishit Ghosh
|-
| rowspan="2"| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Suhas Kandekar
|-
| {{flagicon|IND}} Akhilesh
|-
| Team doctor
| {{flagicon|IND}} Simarpreet Singh Kalra
|-
| Head of rehabilitation and sports medicine
| {{flagicon|IND}} Sandeep Kurale
|-
| Team photographer
|
|-
| Media manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Swati Kalyadapu
|-
| Kit manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rishi Roy
|-
|-
| Logistics Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Tanay Narvekar
|-
| Head of youth and grassroots development
| {{flagicon|IND}} Dinesh Nair
|-
|}

== Competitions ==
=== Indian Super League ===
{{Main|2025–26 Indian Super League}}

Mumbai's first game in the [[2025-26 Indian Super League]] was against [[Chennaiyin FC]], where the club came out with a 1-0 victory at home. [[Pritam Kotal]]'s own goal for Chennaiyin was the only goal of the match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/47965483/mumbai-city-vs-chennaiyin-fc-isl-sumit-nagal-action-delhi-open-indian-sports-live-february-19|title=Mumbai City beat Chennaiyin FC in ISL; Indian women's football team win in friendly in Perth: Indian Sports, February 19 |date=February 19, 2026|website=ESPN}}</ref> The club also won their next match away against [[Kerala Blasters]] 1-0. Forward [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz]] missed a first-half penalty, but captain [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]] scoring the winning goal early in the second half.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-mumbai-city-fc-live-score-updates-isl-2025-26-kbfc-v-mcfc-highlights-goals-standings-streaming-info-news/article70660566.ece|title=Kerala Blasters vs Mumbai City HIGHLIGHTS, ISL 2025-26: Chhangte goal gives narrow 1-0 win to MCFC as KBFC suffers back-to-back losses|first=Team|last=Sportstar|date=February 22, 2026|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

The club drew their next two games, 1-1 against [[NorthEast United]], and 2-2 against [[SC Delhi]]. Both games were at home.

==== League table ====
{{2025–26 Indian Super League points table|showteam=MCI}}

===Super Cup===
{{main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup}}
After the club confirmed their participation in the Super Cup, they were drawn in Group D alongside [[SC Delhi]] (formerly Hyderabad FC), [[Rajasthan United]], and [[Kerala Blasters]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-draw-teams-find-out-group-stageopponents|title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 draw: Teams find out group-stage opponents|date=26 September 2025|website=www.indiansuperleague.com}}</ref>

Mumbai won their first match against SC Delhi 4–1, courtesy of goals from [[Jorge Pereyra Diaz]], [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]], and a brace from [[Vikram Partap Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/super-cup-mumbai-city-have-it-easy-against-sc-delhi/articleshow/124856832.cms|title=Super Cup: Mumbai City have it easy against SC Delhi|date=28 October 2025 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> In their next match of the competition, the club lost 1–0 to [[I-League]] team [[Rajasthan United]] after a goal from Robinson Blandón in the 43rd minute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-super-cup-rajasthan-united-win-over-mumbai-city-fc-fairytale-202511|title=How Rajasthan United's win over Mumbai City makes compelling case for 'mind over matter'|website=Khel Now}}</ref>

In the group decider, Mumbai secured a 1–0 win over [[Kerala Blasters]] courtesy of a [[Freddy Lallawmawma]] own goal in the 88th minute. This meant the club finished level on points with Kerala Blasters, but progressed to the semi-final based on head-to-head.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/kerala-blasters-vs-mumbai-city-score-report-highlights-aiff-super-cup-results-kbfc-v-mcfc-indian-football-news/article70249481.ece|title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26: Kerala Blasters crashes out as Mumbai City enters semifinals|first=Neeladri|last=Bhattacharjee|date=6 November 2025|website=Sportstar}}</ref>

In the semi-finals, the club lost 2–1 to defending champions [[FC Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fc-goa-edge-mumbai-city-in-semi-final-to-set-up-aiff-super-cup-title-defence|title=FC Goa edge Mumbai City in semi-final to set up AIFF Super Cup title defence|website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
;Group stage
{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group D|showteam=MUM}}
{{Further information|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage}}
==== Matches ====
{{legend2|#CCFFCC|Win|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFFFCC|Draw|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#FFCCCC|Loss|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}} {{legend2|#CCCCCC|Void|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group D|Group Stage]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|10|27|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
| score = 1–4
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57401 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57395_Match_Summary_V2_1761570405.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]
| team2 = Mumbai City
| goals1 =
*[[Andrei Alba|Alba]] {{goal|75|p}}
| goals2 =
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|P. Díaz]] {{goal|7}}
*[[Vikram Partap Singh|V. P. Singh]] {{goal|9||90+4}}
*[[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Ortiz]] {{goal|32}}
|location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| attendance = 272
| referee = Pratik Mondal Man of the Match: [[Vikram Partap Singh|Vikram Partap]] (Mumbai City)
|result = W
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group D|Group Stage]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|03|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57403 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57403_Match_Summary_V1_1762185787.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]
| team2 = Mumbai City
| goals1 =
*[[Robinson Blandón|Blandón]] {{goal|43}}
| goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| attendance = 150
| referee = Pratik Mondal Man of the Match: Robinson Blandón (Rajasthan)
|result = L
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group D|Group Stage]]
| date = {{Start date|2025|11|06|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Mumbai City
| score = 1–0
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=57406 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/57406_Match_Summary_V1_1762445267.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]
| team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| goals1 =
*[[Muhammed Saheef|Saheef]] {{goal|88|o.g.}}
| goals2 =
|location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| attendance = 488
| referee = Harish Kundu Man of the Match: [[Akash Mishra]] (Mumbai City)
|result = W
}}
;Knockout stage
{{Main|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Knockout stage{{!}}2025–26 AIFF Super Cup knockout stage}}
{{#lst:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Bracket}}
{{Football box collapsible
|round = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Knockout stage|Semi-final]]
|date = {{Start date|2025|12|4|df=y}}
|time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
|score = 2–1
|team2 = Mumbai City
|goals1 =
*[[Brison Fernandes|Brison]] {{goal|20}}
*[[David Timor|Timor]] {{goal|23}}
|goals2 =
*[[Brandon Fernandes|Brandon]] {{goal|59}}
|location = {{nowrap|[[Margao]], [[Goa]]}}
|stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|referee = Pratik Mondal
|motm = [[David Timor]] (Goa)
|attendance = 5,000
|report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=58109 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/58109_Match_Summary_V2_1764867092.pdf {{nowrap|PDF Report}}]
|result = L
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai City FC}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Mumbai City FC season}}
[[Category:Mumbai City FC seasons]]
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season by team|Mumbai City]]
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season]]

K. P. R. Gopalan

2026-03-29T17:43:29Z

NamVanwagenen: updated page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|auto=yes|date=May 2012}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
'''Kunnathu Puthiyaveettil Ramapurathu Gopalan''' (1 June 1906 – 5 August 1997), popularly known as '''KPR''' was an Indian politician and a communist leader from [[Kalliasseri]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-16 |title=ഗാന്ധിജിയുടെ ഗോപാലൻ നമ്പ്യാർ; കൃഷ്ണപിള്ളയ്‌ക്ക്‌ ബോൾഷെവിക്ക്‌ |url=http://cms.deshabhimani.com/special/kpr-gopalan-morazha/1007580 |access-date=2024-06-29 |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Home | url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?16857 | access-date=2026-03-29 | website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Veteran Communist Gopalan Dead | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/veteran-communist-gopalan-dead-197080601159_1.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629081040/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/veteran-communist-gopalan-dead-197080601159_1.html | access-date=2026-03-29 | archive-date=2024-06-29}}</ref> Once a member of the [[Kerala State Assembly]], he lost his seat in the general election of 1 February 1960.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m189.htm | title=Members - Kerala Legislature }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp_sortby=Relevance&kssp_date_range_type=publication&x=26&y=7&kssp_a_id=17312n01ind&kssp_selected_tab=article&kssp_v_id=6&kssp_cl_ids=nm114523 |title=General Elections in Kerala. - Victory of Anti-Communist Alliance. - Congress-Praja Socialist Coalition Ministry formed by Mr. P. T. Pillai |work=Keesing's Record of World Events |date=March 1960 |volume=6 |page=17312 }}</ref> He was subsequently re-elected. While a member, he led a failed attempt at armed revolt in the [[Cannanore]] area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp_selected_tab=article&kssp_a_id=23161n01ind |title=Activities of extremist communist groups in Indian states |work=Keesing's Record of World Events |volume=15 |date=January 1969 |page=23161 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keesings.com/print/search?SQ_DESIGN_NAME=print&kssp_selected_tab=article&kssp_a_id=23798n01ind |title=Political developments in Kerala and West Bengal |work=Keesing's Record of World Events |volume=17 |date=January 1970 |page=23798 }}</ref>{{verify source|date=June 2024}} At one point he was sentenced to death by the colonial authorities, before the sentence was commuted by [[Charu Chandra Biswas]], at the urging of [[A. K. Gopalan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1996-09-30 |title=K.P.R. Gopalan: Founder member of Kerala's communist movement is still driven by the cause |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19960930-kunnath-puthenpurayil-ramapurath-gopalan-still-driven-by-communist-movement-833859-1996-09-29 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Virendra |title=INDIAN POLITY with Indian Constitution & Parliamentary Affairs: Special Focus on CSAT and Different State PSC Prelims & Mains, Graduate & Post Graduate Course (Public Administration & Political Science) Staff Selection Commission Examination (Metric & Graduate level and also helpful for different Law examination |publisher=Neelkanth Prakashan |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-925472-9-9 |pages=201}}</ref>

Gopalan was one of the founding members of the Communist Party in Kerala in 1940. He, in cooperation with the KPCC, was the main organizer of Morozha protest on 15 September 1940.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=VB |date=2015-10-25 |title=KERALA: CPI(M) Scores Victory in Local Body Elections |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2015/1025_pd/kerala-cpim-scores-victory-local-body-elections |access-date=2024-06-29 |newspaper=[[People's Democracy (newspaper)|People's Democracy]]}}</ref> The protest became violent when police tried to suppress it. One Sub-Inspector and a Constable died in the clash with the mob, mainly constituted of farmers, agricultural labourers, and other trade union workers.

The police caught all prominent leaders, including Gopalan and E. Narayanan Nayanar, the elder brother of [[E. K. Nayanar]], former Kerala Chief Minister for 11 years.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ras.org.in/articles/102/text/article.html | title=Aspects of the Peasant Movement in Malabar: An Interview with E. K. Nayanar }}</ref> The court sentenced all of them to imprisonment and later on appeal, Madras High Court sentenced Gopalan to death. He was sent to Bellary Jail. The verdict attracted wide protest across Kerala and India. Kerala observed a day honoring K.P.R. Gopalan and Mathrubhumi, the leading newspaper wrote an editorial demanding that his death sentence be commuted. Gandhiji was also involved and said it is not acceptable. British communist party protested and the case even received the attention of the British Parliament. Due to this mass protest, the British Government finally reduced the punishment from hanging to life imprisonment. Later, he was released when Congress Interim Government took power in Madras state. Eminent Communist leader [[P. Krishna Pillai]] wrote an article hailing Gopalan entitled "The Bolshevik Hero of Kerala". Gopalan died of natural causes on 5 August 1997, aged 91. His niece K. P. Sarada was married to E. K. Nayanar.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, K. P. R.}}
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1906 births]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1957–1959]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1967–1970]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Sikandar Hayat Khan

2026-03-28T01:24:08Z

NamVanwagenen: general refined information and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian politician and statesman (1892–1942)}}
{{for|Azad Kashmir politician|Sikandar Hayat Khan (Azad Kashmir politician)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Major Sir [[Khan Bahadur]]
| name = Sikandar Hayat Khan
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=small|sep=,|KBE}}
| image = File:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan.png
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption = Khan in 1935
| order =
| office = 1st [[Premier of the Punjab]]
| term_start = 5 April 1937
| term_end = 26 December 1942
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| governor =
| majority =
| predecessor = ''Office established''
| successor = [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana]]
| office2 = [[List of governors of Punjab (British India)|Governor of the Punjab]] (''Acting'')
| term_start2 = 19 July 1932
| term_end2 = 19 October 1932
| term_start3 = 15 February 1934
| term_end3 = 9 June 1934
| monarch2 =
| president2 =
| governor_general2 =
| governor2 =
| majority2 =
| predecessor2 = Sir [[Geoffrey Fitzhervey de Montmorency]]
| successor2 = Sir Geoffrey Fitzhervey de Montmorency
| predecessor3 = Sir [[Herbert William Emerson|Herbert Emerson]]
| successor3 = Sir Herbert Emerson
| office4 = 2nd [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|President of BCCI]]
| term_start4 = 1933
| term_end4 = 1935
| predecessor4 = [[R. E. Grant Govan]]
| successor4 = [[Hamidullah Khan]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1892|06|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Multan]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1942|12|26|1892|06|05|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| father = [[Muhammad Hayat Khan|Nawab Muhammad Hyat Khan]]
| relations = [[Liaqat Hayat Khan]] (brother) [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] (son) [[Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan]] (daughter) [[Tahira Mazhar Ali]] (daughter) [[Mazhar Ali Khan (journalist)|Mazhar Ali Khan]] (son in law) [[Tariq Ali]] (grand son)
| party = [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]
| relatives =
| occupation =
| profession =
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[University of the Punjab|Punjab University]]
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}}
| unit = [[67th Punjabis]]
| serviceyears = 1916–1920
| rank = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| battles = [[World War I]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
}}
[[Khan Bahadur]] [[Sir]] '''Sikandar Hayat Khan''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KBE}} (also spelt '''Sikandar Hyat-Khan''' or '''Sikandar Hyat Khan'''; 5 June 1892 – 26 December 1942) was a British Indian politician and statesman from the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] who served as the [[Premier of the Punjab]], among other positions.<ref name=SOP>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-sikandar-hayat-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 October 2018|website=Story Of Pakistan website|title=Profile of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan|access-date=16 January 2023|date=1 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022072944/http://storyofpakistan.com/sir-sikandar-hayat-khan}}</ref><ref name=TFT>{{Cite news |author=M. Tauqir Alam |date=29 March 2023 |title=The Resolution Of March 23, 1940: One Document Two Nations |newspaper=The Friday Times newspaper |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/29-Mar-2023/the-resolution-of-march-23-1940-one-document-two-nations|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221201212/https://thefridaytimes.com/29-Mar-2023/the-resolution-of-march-23-1940-one-document-two-nations |access-date=21 February 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sikandar Hayat Khan was born in [[Multan]], Punjab, [[British Raj]] in a Punjabi family from the [[Khattar]] tribe.<ref>[[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]], ''Soldier-Sahibs'', London, 2000, p. 166</ref><ref>See Sir Sikander Hyat Khan: The Soldier-Statesman of the Punjab, A Special Memorial Volume, Lahore: Government of the Punjab, 1943, pp. 10–12.</ref><ref name=SOP/> His father was Nawab [[Muhammad Hayat Khan]], a civil servant and a close associate of [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]], and his grandfather was Sardar Karam Khan, who died in battle fighting for the British against the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] in the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Talbot |first=Ian |title=Punjab and the Raj, 1849–1947 |date=1988 |publisher=Riverdale Company |isbn=0913215287}}</ref>

He was educated at Oriental Collegiate High School in [[Aligarh]] and later at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], and was sent to study medicine at [[King's College London]] in the [[United Kingdom]] but was recalled home by his family circa 1915.<ref>See ''Sir Sikander Hyat Khan: The Soldier-Statesman of the Punjab'', A Special Memorial Volume, Lahore: Government of the Punjab, 1943, pp. 10–12.</ref><ref name=SOP/>

During the [[First World War]], he initially worked as a War Recruitment Officer in his native [[Attock District]]<ref>''Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan: The Soldier-Statesman of the Punjab'', p. 31.</ref> and later served as one of the first Indian officers to receive the King's Commission, with the [[67th Punjabis|2/67th Punjabis]] (later the [[2nd Punjab Regiment|1/2nd Punjab Regiment]]) where he was sent to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in [[France]].<ref>See Field-Marshal Sir [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Percival Wavell]], later Lord Wavell, in ''Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan: The Soldier-Statesman of the Punjab'', pp. 33–34.</ref><ref>During World War 2, when serving as the Premier of the Punjab, Khan was given an honorary rank of Lieutenant-Colonel but this only temporary and in no way indicated actual military rank. See Wavell, above, p 34</ref> As a result of his distinguished services in the Great War and later, the [[Third Afghan War]], he was appointed a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]], Military Division (MBE, Mil.) by the Government of British India.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=32001 |supp=y|page=8051|date=30 July 1920}}</ref><ref>See 'The Handbook of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire', 1921 ed</ref>

After 1920, Khan turned his talents to business and by dint of his financial acumen and managerial skills, soon became a director or managing director of several companies, including the Wah Tea Estate, The [[Amritsar]]-[[Kasur]] Railway Company, The People's Bank of Northern India, The [[Sialkot]]-[[Narowal]] Railway, The ACC Wah Portland Cement Company, the Wah Stone and Lime Company, Messrs. Owen Roberts, the Punjab Sugar Corporation Ltd, Messrs. Walter Locke & Co, The Lahore Electricity Supply Co and many others.<ref>Dr. Iftikhar H. Malik, "Sir Sikandar Hayat: A Political Biography", Islamabad: NIHCR, 1985, p. 12.</ref><ref name=SOP/> He also entered grassroots politics at this time, and remained an [[Magistrate|honorary magistrate]] and Chairman of the Attock [[District Board]].

Later, for a brief while he also remained the acting deputy-governor of the newly established [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 1935,<ref>He was also a member of its first Central board of directors, when the RBI was established in April 1935 on the recommendations of the Hilton-Young Commission of 1925–26. See the History section of the Official Website of the RBI http://www.rbi.org.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219113959/http://www.rbi.org.in/ |date=19 December 2010 }}</ref> prior to returning to take on party leadership in the Punjab in 1936.

==Later life and career==
In 1921, Khan was elected to the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly (British India)|Punjab Legislative Council]] and his effective political role now began, as he became one of the main leaders of the Punjab [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC&q=Sikander+Hayat+Khan+led+the+Unionist+Party&pg=PA133 |title=Haryana: A historical perspective |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1986 |isbn=81-7156-083-0 |pages=133}}</ref> (later known as the [[Unionist Party (Punjab)|Unionist Party]]), an all-Punjab political party formed to represent the interests of the landed gentry and landlords of Punjab which included [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslims]], [[Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindus]].<ref name=SOP/>

After an outstanding period of political enterprise between 1924 and 1934,<ref>During which time he was also the first Indian native to have the unique distinction of being twice appointed as acting governor of the Punjab, in 1932 and then again in 1933–34.</ref><ref>Dr. Iftikhar H. Malik, pp. 41–46 for details</ref> he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Civil Division (KBE) in the [[1933 New Year Honours]] list.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33898 |supp=y|page=11|date=30 December 1932}}</ref><ref>also see Prof. Lajpat Nair, ''Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan: Politics'', Paper, Proceedings of the Institute for Current Affairs, Lahore, October 1943.</ref> he in due course took over leadership of the Unionist Party from Sir [[Fazli Husein]]. Khan led his party to victory in the 1937 elections, held under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], and then governed the Punjab as Premier in coalition with the [[Sikh]] [[Akali Dal]] and the [[Indian National Congress]]. When Khan was the Unionist Premier, he extended the offer of Parliamentary Secretaryship to [[Ghazanfar Ali Khan]], who became a strong backer of the Unionist Party in the assembly.<ref name="Gilmartin 485–517">{{Cite journal |last=Gilmartin |first=David |date=1 January 1979 |title=Religious Leadership and the Pakistan Movement in the Punjab |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=485–517 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00007228 |jstor=312311|s2cid=144573384 }}</ref> This government carried out many reforms for the better of the Punjabi [[Zamindar|''zamindar'']] or [[agrarian community]]. When Indian farmers faced a crash of agricultural prices and economic distress in the late 1930s, Khan took further measures to alleviate their misery in the Punjab<ref>Inspired by the earlier example of his late father Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, who had played an instrumental role in helping the Punjab peasantry out of debt during the 1890s; see IH Malik, ''Sir Sikandar: A Political Biography'' aa</ref> – similar steps were also taken by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the Premier of Bengal, in working to relieve the Bengali peasantry from crippling debts to private sources, using both legal and administrative measures.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=D. |date=1 January 2004 |title=Preventable Deaths |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=39 |issue=30 |pages=3347–3348 |jstor=4415309}}</ref><ref name=SOP/>

Khan opposed the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Syed Nesar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wzm36rEol3sC&q=Origins%20of%20Muslim%20consciousness%20in%20India&pg=PP1 |title=Origins of Muslim Consciousness in India: a world-system perspective |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-313-27331-6 |pages=179}}</ref> and supported the [[Allied Powers (World War II)|Allied Powers]] during [[World War II]]. Khan believed in co-operating politically with the British for the independence of India and the unity of Punjab.<ref>Ahmad, aa</ref>

In 1937, soon after winning the general elections, confronted by internal pressure from many of his Muslim parliamentary colleagues and conscious of the need to maintain a balanced, equitable stance in a volatile and much-divided Punjabi political milieu,<ref>According to the first-hand account of Sir [[Penderel Moon]], who was then serving under Khan as a British [[Indian Civil Service]] officer, in discussions in 1937 and 1938, Khan explained to him the vital need for (a) maintaining the unity and integrity of the Punjab as a whole, and (b) at the same time striking a 'fine balance' in ensuring the rights of all Punjabi communities and communal factions; and he opined that rather than let things slide into anarchy and chaos, he would try his level best to do his 'utmost' to keep talking and making necessary concessions to all sides. While well-intentioned, this was probably attempting too much in circumstances that were inevitably headed towards divisiveness and beyond his control. See Moon, ''Divide and Quit'', London: Chatto & Windus, 1962, pp. 19–20.</ref> Khan decided to also negotiate with the Muslim elements under the leadership of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]].<ref>See Syed Amjad Ali, Memoirs, Lahore, 1985, p 278: the author said that 'Thanks to the agreement reached between Jinnah and Sir Sikandar in Lucknow, the dream of Pakistan became real. All Pakistanis today should be thankful to these two great Muslim leaders and their wisdom', 192; and Wolpert 1999, aa, where Wolpert states that 'The Punjab was more than just a bare Muslim majority [like Bengal]; the Punjab meant Pakistan, made Pakistan possible', pp 150–51</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heeger |first=Gerald A. |date=1 January 1972 |title=The Growth of the Congress Movement in Punjab, 1920–1940 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.2307/2053177 |jstor=2053177|s2cid=154447365 }}</ref>

Khan and Jinnah signed the Jinnah-Sikandar Pact at [[Lucknow]] in October 1937,<ref name=SOP/> merging the Muslim elements of his powerful Unionist force with the All India Muslim League, as a move towards reconciling the various Muslim elements in the Punjab and elsewhere in India, towards a common, united front for safeguarding their community rights and interests.<ref>Stanley Wolpert, ''Jinnah of Pakistan'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp. 150–151. {{ISBN|0-19-577389-6}}</ref> Within the agreement, Khan announced he was "advising all the Muslim members of the Unionist Party in Punjab to join the League."<ref name=TFT/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heeger |first=Gerald A. |date=1 January 1972 |title=The Growth of the Congress Movement in Punjab, 1920–1940 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=39–51 |doi=10.2307/2053177 |jstor=2053177|s2cid=154447365 }}</ref> Later, he was also one of the chief supporters and architects of the [[Lahore Resolution]] of March 1940, calling for an autonomous or semi-independent Muslim majority region within the larger Indian confederation.<ref name=TFT/><ref>Syed Amjad Ali, aa; and IH Malik, aa</ref> Sikandar Hayat Khan, however, [[Opposition to the partition of India|opposed the partition of India]] and condemned "any reference to the 'Lahore Resolution' as the 'Pakistan Resolution'."<ref name="Mansingh2006">{{Cite book |last=Mansingh |first=Surjit |title=Historical Dictionary of India |date=2006 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=9780810865020 |language=en |quote=Both Sikandar Hayat Khan and his successor, Khizr Hayat Khan Tiwana, vehemently opposed the idea Partition when it was mooted in the early 1940s, partly because as Punjabi Muslims they did not agree with Jinnah on the need for a Pakistan and largely because the thought of partitioning Punjab, as an inevitable consequence, was so painful.}}</ref><ref name="Malik1985">{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Iftikhar Haider |title=Sikandar Hayat Khan (1892–1942): a political biography |date=1985 |publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research |page=17 |language=en}}</ref> To Khan, the "partition meant disrupting the Punjab and the Unionist Party, and he was not prepared to accept this".<ref name="Malik1985" />

Khan's final days as Punjab's premier were extremely troublesome and marred by controversies and bitterness:<ref>Mansergh and Lumby (eds), ''Transfer of Power Documents'', London, 1971, Vol. III, p. 431.</ref> since 1940 the [[Khaksars]] had been constantly giving trouble; he was having a rough time within the Muslim League with [[Malik Barkat Ali]] and others; and in the Legislative Assembly [[Bhai Parmanand]] and Master [[Tara Singh Malhotra|Tara Singh]] were questioning his increasingly inconsistent stance over Pakistan and Punjabi unity.<ref>Detailed review in the ''Civil and Military Gazette'' newspaper, 8 and 10 November 1942.</ref> Khan's legacy was challenged when [[Khizar Hayat Tiwana|Malik Khizar Hayat]] refused to comply with League demands in 1944, leading Jinnah to repeal the Sikandar-Jinnah Pact from 1937.<ref name="Gilmartin 485–517"/> Trying to yoke together an impossible 'political mosaic'<ref>Letter, [[Lord Linlithgow]] to Sir [[Leo Amery]], 28 December 1942, British Library/IOR, Accession No. L/1/1/1427</ref> took a drastic toll on Khan's health, probably resulting in his early fatality. In a letter from [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Viceroy Linlithgow]] to Sir [[Leo Amery]] dated two days after Khan's death, the Viceroy offered a lengthy personal evaluation of Khan:
{{blockquote|The real tragedy of the last couple days has been the sudden death of Sikandar. He had his faults, as you and I well know. He was a rather difficult person to rely on in a really tight corner, and on more than one occasion he had caused me serious embarrassment. But he had a really remarkable record of achievement, and his services both to the Punjab and to India were very great indeed... I always felt... that he had an extremely difficult hand to play in the Punjab and that was the most probable explanation of his apparent weakness. He has with great skill for a number of years kept together a delicate political mosaic and I am by no means [untroubled] as I write at the thought of what may happen, for Sikandar was well-known to be very non-communal in temper and outlook, and he had conciliated a far greater degree of general support in that most important Province than anyone whom I can think of as a possible successor is likely to manage to do.<ref>Letter, [[Lord Linlithgow]] to Sir [[Leo Amery]], 28 December 1942.Mansergh and Lumby (eds), ''Transfer of Power Documents'', London, 1971, Vol. III, p. 431.</ref>}}

Khan died on the night between 25/26 December 1942, of a sudden heart failure, at his home.<ref name=SOP/> He is buried at the footsteps of the [[Badshahi Masjid]] in Lahore.<ref>Dr Iftikhar H. Malik, ''Sir Sikandar Hayat: A Political Biography'', p. 97. Also see Omer Tarin, 'Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan and the Restoration of the Badshahi Mosque, Lahore', PHS digest, 1995, Vol2, pp 21–29</ref><ref>[https://www.dawn.com/news/591207/sir-sikandar-hayat-s-grave-victim-of-neglect Sir Sikandar Hayat's grave victim of neglect] Dawn (newspaper), Published 14 December 2010, Retrieved 7 July 2020</ref><ref name=SOP/>


==Legacy==
Among Khan's children, the following attained noteworthy public status:

*[[Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan]], Pakistan's first woman minister
*[[Shaukat Hayat Khan]], senior Muslim League leader and political figure. Remained MNA in the 1970s Assembly and as a opposition MNA played an important role for the drafting and approval of 1973s Pakistan constitution.
*[[Tahira Mazhar Ali]], socialist leader and public activist
*[[Izzet Hayat Khan]], businessman and former Pakistani ambassador to [[Tunisia]]

Among his grandchildren are [[Tariq Ali]], the British-Pakistani socialist writer and [[Yawar Hayat Khan]], former senior director/producer of PTV (Pakistan Television). Another grandson Sardar Sikandar Hayat, eldest son of Sardar [[Shaukat Hayat Khan]] participated actively in constituent politics and remained MPA twice from Fatehjang (Attock) and also served as provincial minister.

Among his great-grandchildren is the noted Pakistani poet and scholar Omer Tarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilyas Khan |date=November 2011 |title=Interview of poet Omer Tarin |url=https://ilyask2.wordpress.com/2011/11/28/interview-with-poet-omer-tarin-2011/ |access-date=7 July 2020
|website=WordPress.com website}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Premier of the Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Presidents of BCCI}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sikandar Hayat}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1942 deaths]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:People from Attock District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:Hayat Khattar family|Sikandar]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Punjab]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Pakistani recipients of the Order of the British Empire]]

Sonia Khurana

2026-03-27T17:00:39Z

NamVanwagenen: cleaned up intro for clarity and corrected details

{{short description|Indian artist (born 1968)}}
{{Multiple issues |
{{Resume-like|date=March 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox artist
| name = Sonia Khurana
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Royal College of Art]] [[College of Art, Delhi|College Of Art]]
| known_for = Multimedia
}}
'''Sonia Khurana''' (born 1968, in [[Delhi, India]]) is an Indian artist. She works with lens-based media: photo, video, and the moving image, as well as performance, text, drawing, sound, music, voice, and installation.

== Career ==
Sonia Khurana studied art in London at the Royal College of Art, where she completed her Masters in 1999, and earlier in Delhi at the Delhi College of art. In 2002, Sonia did a two-year Residency Programme for practice-based research at the Rijksakademie VanBeeldende Kunsten in Amsterdam.

Sonia made her debut solo exhibition, consisting of moving image works, in Delhi, India, in the year 2000, after returning from the U.K. The exhibition, 'Lone women don't lie', is one of the early exhibitions of the moving image in the Indian context.

Her works have been shown in Europe during the exhibition elles@Centre Pompidou (2009/2010), in the United States during the Global Feminisms exhibition in Brooklyn (2007), in some of the biennale in Asia: the Aichi triennale [2010], the Busan biennale [2004], the [[Gwangju Biennale]] [2008], and in the seminal exhibition west heavens, in Shanghai [2010]<ref name=Turner&Antoinette>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Caroline |last2=Antoinette |first2=Michelle |year=2014 |title=Contemporary Asian Art and Exhibitions: Connectivities and World-making |publisher=ANU Press |page=102 |isbn=9781925022001}}</ref> among several others [ listed under group shows ].

Her single channel video Bird, produced in 1999 while she was at the Royal College of Arts in London placed her both within the feminist discourse, as well as among the emerging generation of artists working with digital media.

== Solo exhibitions ==
2014 January to March: Oneiric house, an off-site exhibition with the [[Kiran Nadar Museum of Art]],
New Delhi, at Outset India foundation in Jorbagh. Curator Roobina Karoda

2010 February: Solo exposition of recent videos at Studio Teresa Sapey, Madrid, Spain, in conjunction with ARCO Madrid.

2009 March–April: Living in the round – I Solo exposition the Max Muller Bhavan - Goethe institut, Delhi. Self curated. Co-curator Katja Kessing.

2007 June to August: Still moving image, recent digital and video works, Gallerie Jousse Enterprise, Paris. Self Curated, in cooperation with Gallerie enrico Navara.

2006 January to February: Many lives, recent videos at Apeejay Media Gallery, New Delhi. Self curated. Curatorial advisor [[Pooja Sood]].

2000 September to October: Lone women don't lie first solo exposition of work in video and digital media. The Queen's Gallery, the British Council New Delhi, Simultaneously at the Goethe Institute, New Delhi. Self curated.

Group exhibitions:

2015 February: Progress and hyegine, Zacheta, National gallery of Modern art Warsaw. Poland [video installation and performance talk] Curator: Anda Rottenberg.

2014 December to 2015 January: The missing pavilion Jawaharlal, Nehru University, new Delhi. Curator [[Gayatri Sinha]].

2014 December to 2015 January: My Memory, Your History: Narratives of the North, Birla Academy of Arts & Culture, Calcutta-India. Curator Priya Pall

2014 November to 2015 January: Ethereal, Leila Heller Gallery, New York curator Dr. Amin Jaffer

2014 November: Drawing 2014 - Seven Decades of Indian Drawing Gallery Espace, New Delhi
Co-curator Annapurna Garimella, jackfruit Arts.

2014 November: The [[Yvonne Rainer]] Project. The choreography cinema, Jeu de Paume, Paris. Curator Chantal Pontbriand.

2013 January to November: Difficult loves : Seven Contemporaries, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, New Delhi. Curator Roobina Karode.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rastogi |first1=Akansha |last2=Karode |first2=Roobina |year=2015 |title=Seven Contemporaries: Anita Dube, Bharti Kher, Dayanita Singh, Ranjani Shettar, Sheba Chhachhi, Sheela Gowda & Sonia Khurana |publisher=Kiran Nadar Museum of Art |isbn=9788192803722}}</ref>

2013 November to 2015 January: Aesthetic bind - Phantomata, Chemould Prescott Gallery, Bombay.
Curator Dr Geeta Kapur.

2013 December to 2014 January: Mythopoetics: Re-picturing the feminine, 1st Kochi Biennale's collateral show. Travelled to Griffith university, Brisbane, Australia. Curator Marnie Dean.

2013 October to December: Take me elsewhere – vanity projects, New York. curator Diana Campbell

2012 June to September: How am I: exhibition, eight artists from India and Denmark, Kastrupgaard Samlingen, Copenhagen and LKA, New Delhi.

2011 December to 2012 January: Your name if different there exhibition curated by [[Nancy Adajania]]. Includes three other artists works. Volte Mumbai.

2011 May to September: Paris-Delhi-Bombay : at the Pompidou center, Paris. A survey show if Contemporary [[Indian art]]. Curators Fabrice Bousteau and Sophie Duplaix

2011 June to September: video: an art, a history, at the [[Singapore Art Museum|Singapore art Museum]]. A travelling exhibition from the collection of Centre Pompidou, Paris.

2009 May to 2011 February: Elles@Pompidou.center: a two-year-long, historical survey exhibition from the collection of Centre Pompidou, Paris.

2010 October to December: Place time play project: West heavens. Shanghai. Commissioned by Tsongzung Chang. Curator Chaitanya Sambrani.<ref name=Turner&Antoinette/>

2010 November: a tribute to Yvonne Rainer BFI, London. Curator [[Chantal Pontbriand]].

2010 January to April: Where three dreams cross: photography from the Indian subcontinent, the Whitachapel art Gallery, London. Traveled to Fotomuseum Winturthur, Zurich. Curator Suni Gupta.

2008 December to 2009 February: India Moderna IVAM, Valencia and Billboards across the city.
Curator Juan Guardiola.

2009 February: ARCO Madrid, video and public performance lying-down-on-the-ground.

2008 December: Where in the world, [[Devi Art Foundation]], curated by the students of School of Art and Aesthetics, J.N.U., with Naman Ahuja and Kavita Singh.

2008 September: Gwangju Biennale, Korea, curated by [[Okwui Enwezor]], with [[Ranjit Hoskote]].

2008 August: Still Moving image inaugural exhibition of the Devi Art Foundation, Delhi

2008/2007 July, April: Les Rencontres Internationales Berlin, Madrid, Paris.

2008 March: Click - Contemporary Photography in India. Vadhera art gallery, New Delhi.

2008 February: A season of film at [[Axel Lapp]] Projects, Berlin

2007 March: Global Feminisms at the Brooklyn museum. Traveled to various venues for two years. Curators by Maura Riley and Linda Nochlin.

2007 November: New Delhi New Wave, Marella Gallery, Milan. Curator: Jerome Nuertes

2007 November:Carolee Schneeman and four women artists, at Elga Wimmer gallery New York (in conjunction with Performa 2007, New York).

2007 October: FIAC 2007, Paris (with gallery Jousse Enterprise)

2007 October: Tiger by the Tail Rose Museum, Brandies University, Boston. Curators: Wendy Tarlow Kaplan, Elinor Gadon, Roobina Karode.

2007 September: Global Feminism remix Davis Museum, Wellesley College, Boston

2007 September: Horn, Please Kunsthmueum Bern, Switzerland. Curators: Bernhardt Fibicher, Suman Gopinath

2007 September to 2008: Public places Private Spaces, contemporary photography and video art in India. Newark Museum, and Minneopolis art Institute. Curator Gayatri Sinha.

2007 July: 2nd International Artists’ Airshow. Gunpowder Park, Essex, London. A collaboration between Gunpowder park and Arts Catalyst, London.

2007 May: Classe de Danse, Photos and video related to movement. Progr, Bern. Switzerland. Curated by Alessio Fransoni and Ilari Valbonesi

2007 March: I fear, I believe, I desire Gallery Espace, New Delhi. Curator Gayatri Sinha.

2007 January: Private/Corporate IV: Works from the Lekha and Anupam Poddar, New Delhi, and DaimlerChrysler Collections. Curators Renate Wiehager.

2007 November to December: Out of the Box: [[Carolee Schneemann]] and her influence on young contemporary gallery Elga Wimmer, New York. Corator elga Wimmer.

2006 November: Canarias Media art Festival, Grand Canary Island

2006 October: Pasaeges, Palais de Bozar, Brussels. Curator Deepak ananth, Jany Lauga.

2006 October: Bombay Maximum City, Lille, France.

2006 September: Hungry God a survey Exhibition of contemporary Indian Art. Arario Beijing.

2006 July: Art on the beach [inc the book, Made by Indians] Gallerie Enrico Navara

2006 June: Sub-contingent: The South Asian Subcontinent in Contemporary art, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, Torino.

Residencies:

2001 to 2003: 2-year research Residency, the Rijksakademie Amsterdam

2008 summer: A self proposed, off-site residency supported by O.C.A., Norway 2008.

2007: travelling, short period, artist residency. Supported by GegenwArt, and Kunstmuseum Berne, Switzerland 2007.

2006 April to June: 2 month, project production residency at Werklitz, Germany.

2006 June to August: 2-month residency at Internationale DesArts, Paris. Supported by InstitutFrancais, New Delhi.

2006 August to October: 2-month residency at Institute for Media Arts/CASA ASIA, Barcelona.

2000 October: KHOJ International workshop (through the Triangle Trust), Modinagar, India

1998 summer: Studio Residency at the Ecole Internationale DesArts, Paris, for the students of Royal College of art, London.

Collections:

Public collections:

*collection of the audio-visual department at Centre Pompidou, Paris
*Moon Chow collection, Hong Kong
*Dacra Art Center, Florida
*Daimler Chrysler collection, Berlin
*Lekha and anupam Poddar collection (Devi Art Foundation), Delhi
*Spencer Museum of art, Kansas
*Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, India

Private collections:

*Alessia Bulgari private collection, Rome
*Mortimer Chatterjee and tara Lal, Bombay
*Anurag Khanna's private collection, Ahmedabad
*Shalini Passi's private collection, Delhi
*Diego Strazzer, Milan
*Priya Paul, Park hotels, Delhi
*Eegje Schoo, Amsterdam

== Awards ==
1997: INLAKS Award, India. [Grant including complete expenses for two years, to pursue Masters at the Royal College Of Art, London.]

2001: Research grant, Ministry of Education, The Netherlands. [ invitation and Grant including complete expenses for two years, to pursue artistic research at the Rijksakademie, Amsterdam.]

2006: A two-month Research Grant to realise a new project at Werkleitz, Germany. [ I realized the video project ‘five visits ]

2003: A modest support grant by Josine De Bruyn Kops Fonds for visual media Artists, the Netherlands.

1993: Sailoz Mukherjee Award for best graduate student, College of art, New Delhi.

Recent participations in talks, seminars and performance events:

2015 September: Panelist for the B.B.C., art hour, staged at the British council, New Delhi.

2015 September: Presentation by Sonia Khurana on her practice at the Shiv Nadar University, Greater Noida.

2015 February: "body matters/bodis matter: Performance lecture by Sonia Khurana, on the occasion of the closing of the exhibition: progress and hygiene at the Zachenta Nations Museum of modern art, Warsaw.

2014 March: Panel discussion: On "Oneiric house", ongoing solo exhibition. Panelists: Dr. Geeta Kapur, Gayatri sinha, Roobina Karode, Sonia Khurana.

2014 November: Panel discussion on individual practices at Kiran Nadar Museum, New Delhi. Panelists: Kumkum Sangari, Gayatri Sinha, Nilima Sheikh, Sonia Khurana.

2013 March: Symposium: ‘On scale, site and poetics of recent exhibitions, speaker, for the panel on ‘Vision Documenta’, at School of Arts & Aesthetics, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], New Delhi.

2012 January: Performance art: the medium of the century. Discussant for panel discussion at India Art Fair, with co-panelists Rosalee Goldberg and Geeta Kapur.

2010 October: Participation, in the exhibition as well as the forum, with both installation and performance for the exhibition: from the West heavens: place/time/play. A large exhibition in Shanghai that happens concurrent to, and in conjunction with the Shanghai Biennale.

2010 September: Public talk as part of the Liverpool biennale: In conversation: Sonia Khurana and Catherine Butterworth [ field notes from lying down on the ground ] at the Liverpool John Moores University.

2010 August: Invited to an artists talk to one of Tokyo's leading artists’ spaces : AIT, in Tokyo.In conversation with Roger Macdonald, writer & teacher in visual arts.

2010 August: Invited to participate in the ongoing aichi triennale in Nagoya, Japan, with a multi channel installation: video/ text/ image [lightboxes] and a public performance event: "lying down on the ground" at the aichi trielnnale, Nagoya, Japan.

2010 July to August: A performance-led workshop at the New Art Exchange in Nottingham, working with local youth and women students from girls school

2010 June: Invited to the art department, at the University o Kansas, for a recce trip, in order to explore and research themes for a performance-led workshop with students.

2010 May: Art Institutions and Feminist Politics Now invited speaker at symposium at Museum of Modern Art, New York.

2010 May: Artists’ space: Rosascape Paris invited for first edition of a series of talks titled: "who's talking". In conversation with Chantal Pontbriand.

2010 May: " Beyond the spectacle: Performance practices and audience experiments" closed-door, think tank at the Museum of modern art, New York.

Guest teaching:

*Shiv Nadar University, fine arts Department Delhi NCR [ current visiting faculty].
*Rhode Island School of design, Providence.
*University of Western Cape in South Africa, D.I.T., Durban.
*National School of Drama, new Delhi, District Six Museum, Cape Town.
*Mohille Parikh lecture series, N.C.P.A., Bombay, M.S.University, Baroda, Chitra Kala Parishad, Bangalore.
*Jawaharlal Nehru University, department of performing arts, New Delhi.
*University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
*Spenser school of art, Kansas, Lawrence.
*Utrecht school of art and Design, University of Newcastle, Department of Fine Arts.
*University of East London.
*Royal College of Art, London.

== Publications ==
Small publications on artists’ solo exhibitions:

Oneiric house: round about midnight: moving image, music, text. an off-site exhibition with the Kiran Nadar Museum of art, New Delhi, at Outset India foundation in Jorbagh.
Printed at Archana Printers, New Delhi. Supported and distributed by the Nadar Museum of art, Delhi.

Five visits Solo exposition the Max Muller Bhavan/ Goethe institut, Delhi. 2009 March
Printed at Archana Printers, New Delhi. Supported and distributed by the Goethe Institute, New Delhi.

Lone women don't lie first solo exposition of work in video and digital media, 2000 September.
Printed at Archana Printers, New Delhi. Supported and distributed by the British council, New Delhi.

Select essays on/including Sonia Khurana [apart from minor texts in all exhibition catalogues]
Difficult loves : Seven Contemporaries, Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, New Delhi.
Essay on Sonia Khurana by Roobina Karode. Published in 2014, by Kiran Nadar Museum of art, Delhi.

Aesthetic bind – Phantomata. Essay on the exhibitions by Dr Geeta Kapur, Published in 2013, by gallery Chemould Prescott road, Bombay.

Place time play project: west heavens: artistic, cultural exchange between China and India. Shanghai.

‘lying down on the ground: additional notes’, a Proposal-as-poem, by Sonia Khurana, Published in
2010 Oct to Dec, in the book, West Heavens, By Hanart Gallery, Hong Kong.

India Moderna IVAM, Valencia and Billboards across the city. A Q and A between Nancy Adajania and Sonia Khurana, published in the book India Moderna, in 2008 December.
Where in the world, Devi Art Foundation, curated by the art&aesthetics deptt, J.N.U., a short text on sonia Khurana's video ‘bird’, by Natasha Ginwala, 2008 December, Published by Devi Art Foundation.

An Essay on Sonia Khurana, focusing on the video: head hand, by Brinda Kuma and Latika Gupta, for the exhibition, Self into Social, Deptt of arts and aesthetics, J.N.U. New Delhi. 2005 March

Nowhere: Addressing place in video/installation art from India: the works of Sonia Khurana, [[Navjot Altaf]], Shilpa Gupta and Vivan Sundaram by Dr. Elena Bernadini on for Tate publications, 2004

A Phenomenology of Origins: Sonia Khurana in Sonia Khurana: for Lone Women Don't Lie New Delhi: Max Mueller Bhavan and The British Council, New Delhi Calcutta: Published as Exhibition catalogue essay, in 2000, and as a chapter in Dr. Waiwright's Phd thesis at SOAS.

Gender Mobility: Through the Lens of Five Women Artists, and essay by Dr. Geeta Kapur, including a comprehensive section on arstis Sonia Khurana. Published in the book: Global Feminisms, on the occasion of exhibition by the same title, by the Brooklyn museum, 2007 March.

The Logic of Birds: Points of Departure for Indian Women Artists by Nancy Adajania, for the publication: Tiger by the Tail Rose Museum, Brandies University, Boston. 2007 October

The first, comprehensive monograph on Sonia Khurana's work, is to be published by the Kiran Nadar Museum of Art, New Delhi in 2016. Books/ catalogues/ essays, authored or co-authored by Sonia Khurana, that exist online

Web link: Centre pompidou archive: interview with Sandrine Ettienne
http://www.newmedia-art.org/cgi-bin/show-art.asp?LG=GBR&ID=9000000000085780&na=KHURANA&pna=SONIA&DOC=bio

An essay on new media art: http://retiary.org/idea/idea6/idea_6/sonia/sonia.htm

On the video installation ''five visits'': http://www.volte.in/pdf/2007/8-FIVE_VISITS.pdf

On flower carrier, a conversation with Nancy Adajania published in the book: India Moderna, published, by IVAM, museum for contemporary art, Valencia
http://www.volte.in/pdf/2009/self-as-situational-experiment.pdf
on the solo exhibition: Oneiric House: round about midnight
Ongoing Conversation: artist Sonia Khurana with writer Belinder Dhanoa.
Also published in Domus India, journal for art and architecture, in Ademedia.og (academic journal) and Critical collective: online journal http://www.criticalcollective.in/ArtistConversationInner3.aspx?Aid=153

Some web publications relevant to portfolio submitted:

On Oneiric house: round about midnight

https://www.domusweb.it/en/local-editions/2014/07/09/india.html

https://www.knma.in/node/286

http://gujralfoundation.org/projects/sonia-khurana-2014/

https://www.deccanherald.com/content/384359/in-realm-sleep-insomnia.html

http://www.mattersofart.net/reviews-details.aspx?mpgid=5&pgid=5&rid=72

http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=2375663&date=2014-04-17

https://www.zacheta.art.pl/files/edukacja/Post%C4%99p%20i%20higiena_sesja%20ENG.pdf

http://www.zippednews.com/oneiric

on the single channel video: bird

http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=flights-recounted-sonia-khurana&iid=28&articleid=759

http://www.newmedia-art.org/cgi-bin/show-oeu.asp?ID=150000000045875&lg=GBR

https://vimeo.com/67239104

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHV5_fqKTbU

http://www.artnet.com/artists/sonia-khurana/bird-re-take-i-48-works-bK0W_kR7Exg2HAvdGbuj6Q2

http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/CollectionOnline/SpecialCollectionItem/2798

http://www.museindia.com/featurecontent.asp?issid=58&id=5336

http://osianama.com/econ-agp7-1187909

http://www.musee-rodin.fr/sites/musee/files/resourceSpace/4283_63ea98704c3f89d.pdf

https://artnews.org/jousse/?exi=7011

https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/column-rooms-and-performance-art-2001657

on the single channel video logic of birds / and on a connected project: lying down on the ground

http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/CollectionOnline/Details/31918

http://www.volte.in/images/news/sonia-khurana/logic-of-birds-2006.pdf

https://artistresearcher.wordpress.com/2010/09/20/in-conversation-with-sonia-khurana-and-catherine-butterworth/

https://web.archive.org/web/20150920035215/http://www.frieze.com/shows/review/three-shows/

On the exhibition lone women don't lie: first essay by Leon Wainwright:
http://www.criticalcollective.in/ArtistInner2.aspx?Aid=153&Eid=195#Essay_Title153

On the single channel video head hand:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rTIhExa6dQ0

http://osianama.com/mast-art-0000487

http://www.paris-art.com/marche-art/still-moving-image/khurana-sonia/5380.html

http://www.artnet.com/artists/sonia-khurana/head-hand-c4zOkZSxilOL_loISGQUYA2

http://static1.squarespace.com/static/51c2c03fe4b032aad70504ab/t/547da0f0e4b036ff1df2780f/1417519344277/aesthetic-bind-curated-geeta-kapur_low.pdf

http://www.jeudepaume.org/pdf/DP_YvonneRainer.pdf

On performance
http://www.swapnaatamhane.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/C110_p34-39_Tamhane.pdf

On the video installation ''surreal pond''
http://www.artnet.com/artists/sonia-khurana/surreal-pond-i-epiphany-a-Bnd8orKjYPXh4eFGuXSAcQ2

https://www.arthaps.com/show/ethereal_1

On the video installation ''skin''
https://web.archive.org/web/20160105214956/http://sahapedia.org/political-endeavours-the-emergence-of-installation-art-in-india/

Other:

http://blog.britishcouncil.org.in/tag/sonia-khurana/

http://www.aaa.org.hk/WorldEvents/Details/8046

http://westheavens.net/en/people/166

==References==
{{reflist}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517113244/http://khojworkshop.org/user/sonia_khurana International Artists Association - ''Sonia Khurana'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khurana, Sonia}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from New Delhi]]

Silambarasan discography

2026-03-23T21:25:25Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{Short description|none}}

[[Silambarasan]] (born 3 February 1984) is an Indian actor, director, music director, playback singer and lyricist working mainly for the Tamil film industry apart from some Telugu songs. He has worked with notable composers like A. R. Rahman, Yuvan Shankar Raja, Harris Jayaraj, Deva, Srikanth Deva, James Vasanthan, R. P. Patnaik, D. Imman, Hip Hop Adhi, Dhina, Anirudh, Devi Sri Prasad, G. V. Prakash Kumar, Thaman S etc.

==Discography==
===As a playback singer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Silambarasan film playback singing credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Composer
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 1989
| "I am a Little Star"
| ''[[Samsara Sangeetham]]''
| rowspan="6" | [[T. Rajendar]]
| rowspan="4"|Tamil
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/111116/nobody-can-dump-me-str.html | title=Nobody can dump me: STR | date=11 November 2016 | access-date=5 April 2022 | archive-date=13 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513051400/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/111116/nobody-can-dump-me-str.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999
| "Monisha"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]''
|
| <ref name="tr" />
|-
| "Mo Mo Monisha"
|
| <ref name="tr" />
|-
| "Monalisa Monalisa"
|
| <ref name="tr" />
|-
| "Monalisa Monalisa"
| rowspan="2"|''Yehi To Pyar Hai'' (D)
| rowspan="2"|Hindi
|Debut song in Hindi
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saregama.com/album/yehi-to-pyar-hai_6809|title=Yehi To Pyar Hai|work=Saregama|access-date=24 July 2023|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724103348/https://www.saregama.com/album/yehi-to-pyar-hai_6809|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|"Monisha Monisha"
|
|-
| rowspan="12" | 2002
| "Mullaaga Kuththakkodaathu"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]''
| rowspan="2"|T. Rajendar
| rowspan="30"|Tamil
|
| <ref name="tr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.starmusiq.top/movies/sonnal-thaan-kaadhala-2001-tamil-movie-songs-5945-starmusiq-download.html|title=Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala (2001) Tamil Movie mp3 Songs Download - Music By T. Rajendar - StarMusiQ.Com|via=www.starmusiq.top|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2019-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218203719/https://www.starmusiq.top/movies/sonnal-thaan-kaadhala-2001-tamil-movie-songs-5945-starmusiq-download.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Chukkumala Chukkumala"
|
|<ref name="tr" />
|-
| "Baila More"
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.starmusiq.top/movies/kadhal-virus-2002-tamil-movie-songs-186-starmusiq-download.html|title=Kadhal Virus (2002) Tamil Movie mp3 Songs Download - Music By A.R.Rahman - StarMusiQ.Com|via=www.starmusiq.top|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2019-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218203722/https://www.starmusiq.top/movies/kadhal-virus-2002-tamil-movie-songs-186-starmusiq-download.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Jothikava"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]''
| rowspan="4" | [[T. Rajendar]]
|
| <ref name="tr2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-azhivathillai-songs-T0000419|title=Kadhal Azhivathillai Songs Download, Kadhal Azhivathillai Tamil MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Tamil Songs|website=www.raaga.com|access-date=2019-12-18|archive-date=2023-06-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607045345/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/kadhal-azhivathillai-songs-T0000419|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Clinton Magalo"
|
|<ref name="tr2" />
|-
| "Paarkadha Podhu Podhu"
|
| <ref name="tr2" />
|-
| "Kalakkuthu Karagaatam"
| ''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]''
|
|<ref name="tr2" />
|-
| "Queen Marys"
| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]''
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "Sight Adippom"
| ''[[April Maadhathil]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Stella Maris"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Samasthanam]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "Koththamalli"
|
|
|-
| "Dil Dil Dil"
| ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2003
| "Natpe Natpe"
| ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]''
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|
|-
| "Kuththadii Kuththadi"
| ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''
| rowspan="4" | [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "Kalakkuven"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]''
|
|
|-
| "Karuppo Sivappo"
|
|
|-
| "Adra Adra Dum"
|
|
|-
| "Kadhal Panna"
| ''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]''
| [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004
| "Pothu Thaaku"
| ''[[Kuthu]]''
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "En Aasai Mythiliae"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Thathai Thathai"
|
|
|-
| "Chedi Onnu Mulaikudhey"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2006
| "Gori Thera"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Saravana]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|
|-
|"Kadhal Keedal"
|
|
|-
| "Orangattu"
| ''[[Yuga (2006 film)|Yuga]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Dhina]]
|
|
|-
| "Eppadiyum Oruthankidda"
| ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]''
|
|
|-
| "Loosu Penne"
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Vallavan]]''
| rowspan="6" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Loosu Penne (Club Mix)"
|
|
|-
| "Kadhal Vanthirichu"
|
|
|-
| "Yammaadi Aathaadi"
|
|
|-
| "Loosu Ammayi"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vallavan|Vallabha]]'' (D)
| rowspan="2"|Telugu
| First Vocal In Telugu
|
|-
| "Loosu Ammayi (Club Mix)"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| "Hello Hello I Love You"
| ''[[Veerasamy]]''
|[[T. Rajendar]]
| rowspan="3"|Tamil
|
|
|-
| "Oyyale"
| ''[[Nee Naan Nila]]''
| Dhina
|
|
|-
|"Parangimala"
|''[[Pazhaniappa Kalloori]]''
|R. P. Patnaik
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2AwYpStMyPjOr1HyORLAo7 | title=Palaniappa Kalluri (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | website=[[Spotify]] | access-date=2022-06-22 | archive-date=2022-06-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622124810/https://open.spotify.com/album/2AwYpStMyPjOr1HyORLAo7 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2008
| "Mabbe Masakesindile"
| ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?]]''
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| "Pokkirina"
| ''[[Sandai]]''
| [[Dhina]]
| rowspan="32"|Tamil
|
|
|-
| "Thanni Karuthuruchi"
| ''[[Nenu Meeku Telusa?|Ennai Theriyuma ...?]]'' (D)
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
|
|
|-
| "Kutti Pisase"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Kaalai]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| "Vanthutaanda Kaalai"
|
|
|-
| "Nallamdhana"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Vechukkava (Remix)"
|
|
|-
| "Nijamena"
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Maa Vaadu]]'' (D)
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009
| "Karuppayee"
| ''[[Aathi Narayana]]''
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "Mansellam"
| ''[[Kulir 100°]]''
| [[Bobo Shashi]]
|
|
|-
| "Nan Unaku Niagara"
| ''[[Vaigai (film)|Vaigai]]''
| [[Sabesh–Murali]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/ragasiya-dances-for-silambarasan-s-song-tamil-news-45699.html|title=Ragasiya dances for Silambarasan's song|date=19 March 2009|access-date=16 March 2019|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Thallakulam"
| ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]''
| Ganesh Raghavendra
|
|
|-
| "Mallakottai Kannu"
| ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]''
| [[Dhina]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2010
| "Kannakkol Thiruda"
| ''[[Nellu (2010 film)|Nellu]]''
| [[S. S. Kumaran]]
|
|
|-
| "Ka Ka Ka"
| ''[[Naanayam]]''
| [[James Vasanthan]]
|
|
|-
| "Pattu Pattu"
| ''[[Thillalangadi]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Sundara Purusha"
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "Sama Sama Yama Yama"
| ''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]''
| [[V. Selvaganesh]]
|
|
|-
| "Oola Vediyae"
| ''[[Thottupaar]]''
| [[Srikanth Deva]]
|
|
|-
| "Kaattuvazhi"
| ''[[Mambattiyan]]''
| [[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011
| "No Money No Honey"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vaanam]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Evan Di Unna Pethan"
|
|
|-
| "Pondati"
| ''[[Osthe]]''
| [[S. Thaman]]
| ||
|-
| "Nathiyile- Fully Loaded"
| rowspan="2"|''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]''
| rowspan="2" | Abishek-Lawrence
|
|
|-
| "Nathiyile Alai Ondru"
|
|
|-
| "Love Anthem"
| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
| [[Silambarasan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012
| "Love Panlaama Venaama"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Podaa Podi]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| "I am a Kuthu Dancer"
|
|
|-
| "Appan Mavane Vaada"
|
|
|-
| "Natpukkillai Ellai"
| ''[[Oh My Friend|Sridar]]'' (D)
| [[Rahul Raj]]
|
|
|-
| "Vandharai Vazhavaikum"
| ''[[Mathil Mel Poonai]]''
| [[Ganesh Raghavendra]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2013
| "Oru Porambokku"
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Kalaipom"
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| "Jagada Jagada Remix"
| ''[[Backbench Student]]''
| [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| rowspan="2"|Telugu
|
|
|-
| "Diamond Girl"
| ''[[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]''
| [[S. Thaman]]
| SIIMA Award - 2014 - Best Playback Singer - Male - Telugu
|
|-
| "Venannu Sonnada"
| ''Anbha Azhaga''
| Arul Murugan
| rowspan="2"|Tamil
|
|
|-
| "Vellithirai"
| ''[[Netru Indru]]''
| Rehaan
|
|
|-
| "Bujji Pilla"
| ''[[Potugadu]]''
| [[Achu Rajamani]]
| Telugu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| "Kuttipayale"
| ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]''
| [[Dharan Kumar]]
| rowspan="26"|Tamil
|
|
|-
| "Maman Machan"
| ''[[Vallinam]]''
| [[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| "Penne Penne"
| ''[[Marumunai]]''
| Sathyadev
|
|
|-
| "Engathaan Porantha"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vaalu]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| "Love Endraven"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2015
| "Adiye Rathiye"
| ''[[Sagaptham]]''
| [[Karthik Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Melathaalam"
| ''[[Adida Melam]]''
| Abhishek
|
|
|-
| "Aasai Mela"
| ''Thiruttu Kalyanam''
| Vaidhy
|
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150515/entertainment-kollywood/article/simbu-andrea-roped-thiruttu-kalyanam-songs | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211061203/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150515/entertainment-kollywood/article/simbu-andrea-roped-thiruttu-kalyanam-songs | archive-date=11 December 2016 | title=Simbu, Andrea roped in for Thiruttu Kalyanam songs | work=Deccan Chronicle | date=15 May 2015 | url-status=live | access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Simbu-Andrea-sing-for-Thiruttu-Kalyanam/articleshow/47282243.cms|title=Simbu, Andrea sing for Thiruttu Kalyanam|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-11-25|archive-date=2020-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110154753/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Simbu-Andrea-sing-for-Thiruttu-Kalyanam/articleshow/47282243.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Hitu Songu Maama"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| "Desi Girl"

|
|
|-
| "Beep Song"
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2016
| "Kaathaga"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Kuralarasan]]
|
|
|-
| "En Raagam Oru Thalai Raagam"
|
|
|-
| "Naa Ragam Ontriragam"
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Sarasudu]]'' (D)
|
|
|-
| "Vote Song"
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
| [[Silambarasan]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqhp12pVedw|title=Vote Song - Official Lyric Video - STR | STR, VTV Ganesh|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2017-10-02|archive-date=2016-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511124806/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqhp12pVedw&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Thaarumaaru Thakkaalisoru"
| ''[[Veera Sivaji]]''
| [[D. Imman]]
|
|
|-
| "Hot Shot Hero"
| ''[[Thikka]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[S. Thaman]]
|
|
|-
| "Aattaikku Ready ah"
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
|
|
|-
| "Sumar Moonji Kumaru"
| ''[[Bruce Lee (2017 film)|Bruce Lee]]''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| "Showkali"
| ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
| (Film Version)
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017
| "Trend Song"
| ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Peiyophobilia"
| ''[[Rum (film)|Rum]]''
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|
|-
| "Raththam En Raththam"
| ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|
|-
| "Ek Gau Mein"
| ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]''
| [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|
|-
| "Seruppu Song"
| ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]''
| [[Ishaan Dev]]
| 100th song
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
| "Bakku Bakku"
| ''[[Thodraa]]''
| R. N. Uthamaraja
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APTqmxztHMU|title=Bakku Bakku Lyric Video Song | Thodraa Tamil Movie | STR | Prithvi | Veena | Latest Tamil Movie Song|via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2018-02-21|archive-date=2018-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206124325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APTqmxztHMU&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| "Kuniri Thakatha"
| ''[[Iruvudellava Bittu]]''
| Sridhar V. Sambhram
| Kannada
| Debut singer in Kannada
|
|-
| "Naan Yaarunnu Theriyumma"
| ''[[Raja Ranguski]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| rowspan="21"|Tamil
|
|
|-
| "Periyar Kuthu"
| {{N/A|Non-album single}}
| Ramesh Thamilmani
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019
|"Cow Song"
| ''[[Natpuna Ennanu Theriyuma]]''
| [[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| "Pinjula Pinjula"
| ''[[Simba (2019 film)|Simba]]''
| [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|
|-
| "Red Cardu"
| ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]''
| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|
|
|-
| "Gokka Makka"
| ''Titanic Kadhalum Kavundhu Pogum''
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
| Film unreleased
|
|-
|"Marana Matta"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[90ML (2019 Tamil film)|90ML]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Silambarasan]]
|
|
|-
| "Sivabaanam"
|
|
|-
| "Kadhal Kadikkuthu"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2020
| "Rainbow Thiralil"
| ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]''
| [[Nivas K. Prasanna]]
|
|
|-
|"No Cash"
|''[[Thatrom Thookrom]]''
|[[Balamurali Balu]]
|
|<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211209/XRpfg_PpnZo Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413120313/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRpfg_PpnZo&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRpfg_PpnZo| title = No Cash Video Song {{!}} Demonetization Anthem {{!}} Thatrom Thookrom Movie {{!}} STR {{!}} Kabilan Vairamuthu | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| "Dei Mamu"
| ''Ivan Than Uthaman''
| [[S. Thaman]]
| Film unreleased
|
|-
| "Don't Worry Pullingo"
| ''[[Irumbu Manithan]]''
| KS.Manoj
|
|
|-
| "Superstar Anthem"
| [[Friendship (2021 film)|''Friendship'']]
| DM.Udhay Kumar
|
|
|-
| "Gneyang Kaatthal Sei"
| Album Song
| Srinath Pitchai
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2021
| "Mangalyam"
|''[[Eeswaran]]''
| S. Thaman
|
|
|-
|"Yaaraiyum Ivalo Azhaga"
|''[[Sulthan (2021 film)|Sulthan]]''
| [[Vivek–Mervin]]
|
|
|-
| "Muruga"
| ''[[Yaadhum Oore Yaavarum Kelir]]''
|Nivas K Prasanna
|
|
|-
| "CSK Sigangala"
| ''Corona Kumar''
|Javed Riaz
|Film unreleased
|
|-
|"Voice of Unity"
|''[[Maanaadu]]''
|Yuvan Shankar Raja
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|"FIR Theme song"
|''[[FIR (2022 film)|FIR]]''
|Ashwath
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|"Bullet Song"
|rowspan="2"|''[[The Warriorr]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|Telugu
|rowspan="2"|Sang in both Tamil and Telugu
|
|-
|Tamil
|
|-
|"Kaalathukkum Nee Venum"
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Tamil
|
|
|-
| "Taali Taali"
|''[[Double XL]]''
| [[Sohail Sen]]
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|"Time Ivvu Pilla"
|''[[18 Pages]]''
|[[Gopi Sundar]]
| Telugu
|
|
|-
|2023
|"Thee Thalapathy"
|''[[Varisu]]''
|[[Thaman S]]
| rowspan="3" |Tamil
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|"Yendi Vittu Pona"
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]''
|[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
|
|
|-
|"Dillubaru Aaja"
|''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]''
|[[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]]
| Sung along with [[Shweta Mohan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |"Firestorm"
|''[[They Call Him OG]]''
| rowspan="3" |Thaman S
|Telugu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘OG’ first single ‘Firestorm’ takes social media by storm |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/og-first-single-firestorm-takes-social-media-by-storm-993415 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''They Call Him OG'' (D)
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|''They Call Him OG'' (D)
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|2026
|"Naanga Naalu Peru"
|''[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]''
|[[Sai Abhyankkar]]
|Tamil
|Sung along with Asal Kolaar & Sai Abhyankkar
|
|}

===As a lyricist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Silambarasan film lyricist credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Composer
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2003
| "Adra Adra Dum"
| ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]''
| [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|
|-
| 2006
| "Loosu Penne"
| ''[[Vallavan]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
|"Kaala Kaala"
| ''[[Kaalai]]''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|
|-
| "Where Is The Party"
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| "Love Anthem"
| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
| [[Silambarasan]]
|
|-
| "Evan Di Unna Pethan"
| ''[[Vaanam]]''
| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| "Pondati"
| ''[[Osthe]]''
| [[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| "Love Panlaama Venaama"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Podaa Podi]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Dharan Kumar]]
|
|-
| "I Am A Kuthu Dancer"
|
|-
| 2014
| "Kuttipayale"
| ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]''
| [[Silambarasan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| "Love Endravan"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Vaalu]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[S. Thaman]]
|
|-
| "Engathaan Porantha"
|
|-
| "Beep Song"
| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| "Kaathaga"
| ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
| [[Kuralarasan]]
|
|-
| "Vote Song"
| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
| [[Silambarasan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| "Trend Song"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan]]''
| rowspan="3" | [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|
|-
| "Spiritual Gaana"
|
|-
| "Thatha Love"
|
|}

===As composer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Silambarasan film composer credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Album
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2011
| Love Anthem
| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]''
| Guest composer Only one song "Kuttipayale"
|
|-
| 2016
| Vote Song
| ''{{N/A|Non-album single}}''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Simbuwraps up composing for Santhanam's 'Sakka Podu Podu Raja'|work=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/simbuwraps-up-composing-for-santhanams-sakka-podu-podu-raja/articleshow/56308155.cms|url-status=dead|accessdate=25 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128070949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/simbuwraps-up-composing-for-santhanams-sakka-podu-podu-raja/articleshow/56308155.cms|archivedate=28 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[90ML (2019 Tamil film)|90ML]]''|| ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Silambarasan filmography]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]

Kolkata Museum of Modern Art

2026-03-21T23:43:46Z

NamVanwagenen: expanded content

{{Short description|Proposed museum in New Town, Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox building
|name = Kolkata Museum of Modern Art
|alternate_names = KMOMA
|image = Proposed Logo Kolkata Museum of Modern art.gif
|location = [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area|Greater Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news|title=North 24 Parganas district|url=https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|archive-date=8 June 2019|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011413/https://www.wbtourismgov.in/destination/district/north_24_parganas#lb7|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|coordinates = {{coord|22.5255|88.3665|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = India
|architect = [[Herzog & de Meuron]]
|size = {{convert|10|acre|m2|order=flip}}
|established =
|visitation_num =
|visitation_year =
|governing_body = [[Government of West Bengal]]
|website = {{URL|http://kmomamuseum.org/index.html}}
}}

'''Kolkata Museum of Modern Art''' ('''KMOMA''') is a proposed [[art museum]] to be built in [[New Town, Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/news/25055-swanky-art-hub-comes-up-in-rajarhat.html|title = Swanky art hub comes up in Rajarhat|date = 14 November 2013}}</ref>

The KMOMA had been estimated to cost about Rs 500 crore and is set to be built on a {{convert|10|acre|m2|adj=on|order=flip}} plot in the nearby township of New Town by the state government, is designed by acclaimed Swiss architects [[Herzog & de Meuron]], who created the [[Beijing National Stadium|Bird's Nest]] stadium for the [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]].{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/asias-first-museum-of-modern-art-coming-up-in-kolkata/articleshow/3034951.cms|title=Asia's first museum of modern Art coming up in Kolkata|date=2008-05-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref>

The [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] had laid the foundation stone for this project in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/mamata-banerjee-lays-foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-1384512918|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229084133/http://post.jagran.com/mamata-banerjee-lays-foundation-of-kolkata-museum-of-modern-art-1384512918|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2017|title = English News Headlines: Latest News Today, Breaking News from India & World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/museum-of-modern-art-to-come-up-in-kolkata/article5352415.ece|title=Museum of modern art to come up in Kolkata|date=2013-11-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-28|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Location==
The KMOMA is located along the Major Arterial Road (part of [[Biswa Bangla Sarani]]) in Action Area - II of [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] at {{coord|22|35|55|N|88|28|03|E}}. The park will be surrounded by Akankha on the north, the [[New Town Eco Park]] and Kolkata International Convention Center on the south, the upcoming Central Business District and International Financial Hub on the east, and existing human settlement of Jatragachi/[[Hatiara]] on the west and south-west.

==See also==
*[[Indian Museum, Kolkata|Indian Museum]]
*[[HIDCO]]
*[[List of museums in India]]
*[[List of museums in West Bengal]]
*[[Museum of Modern Art]]
*[[The Last Harvest : Paintings of Rabindranath Tagore]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://kmomamuseum.org Official homepage]

{{West Bengal topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Modern art museums]]
[[Category:Proposed museums in India]]
[[Category:New Town, Kolkata]]

Akhtar Payami

2026-03-21T13:46:43Z

NamVanwagenen: Data.

{{Short description|Pakistani journalist and poet (1931–2013)}}
{{orphan|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=July 2025}}
'''Akhtar Payami''' (1931 – 8 April 2013) was an Indian–Pakistani journalist, poet and writer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-08 |title=शायर अख़तर पयामी : क़िस्सा-ए-काकुल-व-रुख़सार लिये आया हूं |url=https://janchowk.com/art-culture-society/poet-akhtar-payami-i-have-come-with-qissa-e-kakul-v-rukhsar/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=जनचौक |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-25 |title=Tribute paid to Akhtar Payami |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1013598/tribute-paid-to-akhtar-payami |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-News Editor of Dawn passes away |url=https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/ex-news-editor-of-dawn-passes-away/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=www.pakistanpressfoundation.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ṣiddīqī |first1=Muḥammad ʻAlī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lSHYAAAAMAAJ |title=Common Heritage |last2=Ikramullah |first2=Shaista Suhrawardy |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577808-3 |pages=33–35 |language=en}}</ref> He served as the editor of ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The Newspaper's Staff |date=2013-04-09 |title=Ex-News Editor of Dawn passes away |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/801307/ex-news-editor-of-dawn-passes-away |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN.COM]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[The Morning News (Bangladeshi newspaper)|Morning News]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sajjad |first=Mohammad |title=Akhtar Payami (1931-2013): Obituary of a Muhajir |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/articles/sajjad/Akhtar%20Payami.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=[[Bihar Times|www.bihartimes.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Nalin |title=Those who remember |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/articles/nalin/payami.html |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=[[Bihar Times|www.bihartimes.in]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Enayetullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eextAAAAMAAJ |title=A Testament of Time: 1965-1975 |date=1999 |publisher=Holiday Publication |isbn=978-984-31-0431-1 |pages=262 |language=en}}</ref> He is elder brother of [[Jabir Husain]], former politician and writer.

== Early life ==
Payami was born as Syed Sayeed Akhtar in February 1931 at [[Rajgir]], [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], India.<ref name=":0" />

He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from [[Patna University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2013-04-08 |title=Obituary: Akhtar Payami passes away |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/533073/obituary-akhtar-payami-passes-away |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Literary works ==

* Aina Khanae<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Umair |date=2014-03-16 |title=REVIEW: Aina Khanae by Akhtar Payami |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1093329 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN.COM]] |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Cite book |last=Payami |first=Akhtar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8BjAAAAMAAJ |title=Kalaas: Akhtar Payami Ki Nazmein |publisher=Urdu Markaz |year=1999 |editor-last=Husain |editor-first=Jabir |editor-link=Jabir Husain |language=ur |trans-title=Kalas: Poems of Akhtar Payami}}
* {{Cite book |last=Payami |first=Akhtar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CI8MAAAAIAAJ |title=تاريخ: ايک تمثيلى مطم |publisher=Urdu Markaz |year=1996 |editor-last=Husain |editor-first=Jabir |editor-link=Jabir Husain |location=Patna |language=ur |trans-title=History: An Allegorical Conclusion}}
* {{Cite book |last=Daudi |first=Obaidur Rahman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vU7QwAACAAJ |title=Life and Times of Maulana Shafi Daudi: A Valiant Freedom Fighter : Re-visited After Sixty Years of Independence |date=2008 |publisher=Zain Publications |language=en}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite thesis |last=Neha |first=Perween |title=Akhtar Payami ki Hayat Aur Adabi Khidmat Ek Tanqeedi Mutalea |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Ranchi University]] |url=http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14146/15568 |language=Urdu}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.rekhta.org/poets/akhtar-payami/all Akhtar Payami] on [[Rekhta (website)|Rekhta]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Payami, Akhtar}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]

{{Pakistan-journalist-stub}}
{{Pakistan-poet-stub}}

History of Kashmir

2026-03-21T02:31:11Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{History of Kashmir}}
The '''history of [[Kashmir]]''' is intertwined with the history of the broader [[Indian subcontinent]] in [[South Asia]] with influences from the surrounding regions of [[Central Asia|Central]], and [[East Asia]]. Historically, Kashmir referred to only the [[Kashmir Valley]] of the western [[Himalayas]].<ref name="Snedden2015">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|date=15 September 2015|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-84904-622-0|pages=22|author=Christopher Snedden}}</ref> Today, it denotes a larger area that includes the Indian-administered union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] (which consists of [[Jammu division|Jammu]] and the Kashmir Valley), [[Ladakh]], the Pakistan-administered territories of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], and the Chinese-administered regions of [[Aksai Chin]] and the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]].

Archaeological evidence of the presence of [[archaic humans]] in the Kashmir Valley dates to the [[palaeolithic period]], and evidence suggests settled human life during the [[neolithic period]]. During the [[Vedic period]], Indo-Aryan tribes migrated into [[Kasmira kingdom|Kasmira]]—the Kashmir Valley as known to the Vedic people. [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] rule introduced [[Buddhism]] into Kashmir by the third century BC. Kashmir became an important centre of Buddhism and [[Sanskrit]] learning under the [[Kushana Empire]] in the first half of the first millennium CE.

Between the seventh and ninth century CE, the [[Karkota dynasty]] ruled over the region. Under them, the region saw a period of economic prosperity and emerged as a centre of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] culture and Sanskrit scholarship. A native tradition of [[Kashmir Shaivism|non-dualistic Shaivism]] arose in the region during this period, flourishing during the following rule of the [[Utpala Dynasty|Utpala]]s in the 9th and 10th centuries. The [[Lohara dynasty]] was established in the early 11th century. Social decline and political turmoil in the 13th and early 14th centuries paved way for the establishment of the [[Shah Mir dynasty]] in mid-14th century. Under the Shah Miris, during the 14th and 15th centuries, [[spread of Islam|Islam]] spread in the region.

Internal conflict in the region in the late 16th century facilitated its annexation into the expanding [[Mughal Empire]], which ruled the region until the mid-18th century. From 1753 until 1819, the region was ruled by the Afghan [[Durrani Empire|Durranis]], from whom it was annexed by the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]]. In 1846, the region became part of the [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra]]-ruled [[princely state]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], under the paramountcy (or tutelage) of the British Crown. Dogra rule lasted until 1947, when the former princely state became a disputed territory, now administered by three countries: India, Pakistan, and the People's Republic of China.

==Etymology==
According to [[folk etymology]], the name "Kashmir" means "[[desiccate]]d land" (from the [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa-Latn|ka}} = water and {{lang|sa-Latn|shimīra}} = desiccate).<ref name="Dhar1986">{{citation|last=Dhar|first=Somnath|title=Jammu and Kashmir folklore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PwM7AAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Marwah Publications|page=8|isbn=9780836418095}}</ref> In the ''[[Rajatarangini]],'' a history of Kashmir written by [[Kalhana]] in the mid-12th century, it is stated that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. According to [[Hindu]] mythology, the lake was drained by the great [[rishi]] or sage, [[Kashyapa]], son of Marichi, son of [[Brahma]], by cutting the gap in the hills at [[Baramulla]] (''Varaha-mula''). When Kashmir had been drained, Kashyapa asked [[Brahmin]]s to settle there. This is still the local tradition, and in the existing physical condition of the country, there is some ground for the story which has taken this form. The name of Kashyapa is by history and tradition connected with the draining of the lake, and the chief town or collection of dwellings in the valley was called ''Kashyapa-pura'', which has been identified with ''Kaspapyros'' of [[Hecataeus of Miletus|Hecataeus]] (''apud'' [[Stephanus of Byzantium]]) and ''Kaspatyros'' of [[Herodotus]] (3.102, 4.44).<ref>{{EB1911 |inline=y |wstitle=Kashmir |volume=15 |page=688 |first=Thomas Hungerford |last=Holdich |author-link=Thomas Holdich}}</ref><ref name="Daniélou2003">{{citation |last=Daniélou |first=Alain |translator-last=Hurry |translator-first=Kenneth |title=A Brief History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kwnv3I6qIosC&pg=PA65 |date=2003 |publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear & Co |isbn=978-1-59477-794-3 |pages=65– |orig-year=first published in French, ''L'Histoire de l'Inde'', Fayard, 1971}}</ref> Kashmir is also believed to be the country meant by [[Ptolemy]]'s ''Kaspeiria''.{{sfn|Houtsma|1993|p=792}} Cashmere is an archaic spelling of Kashmir, and in some countries it is still spelled this way.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==Historiography==

''[[Nilamata Purana]]'' (complied c. 500–600 CE){{sfn|Kenoyer|Heuston|2005|p=28}} contains accounts of Kashmir's early history. However, being a Puranic source, it has been argued that it suffers from a degree of inconsistency and unreliability.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=74}}{{efn|Puranic genealogy are "incomplete and occasionally inaccurate". The chronology of events described in Puranas often do not tally with historical discoveries of modern era.}} [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' (River of Kings), all the 8000 Sanskrit verses of which were completed by 1150 CE, chronicles the history of Kashmir's dynasties from earlier times to the 12th century.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=13}}{{sfn|Sreedharan|2004|p=330}} It relies upon traditional sources like ''Nilmata Purana'', inscriptions, coins, monuments, and Kalhana's personal observations borne out of political experiences of his family.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=73–4}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=13}} Towards the end of the work mythical explanations give way to rational and critical analyses of dramatic events between 11th and 12th centuries, for which Kalhana is often credited as "India's first historian".{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=74}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=13}}

During the reign of Muslim kings in Kashmir, three supplements to ''Rajatarangini'' were written by [[Jonaraja]] (1411–1463 CE), Srivara, and Prajyabhatta and Suka, which end with [[Akbar]]'s conquest of Kashmir in 1586 CE.{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=75}} The text was translated into [[Persian language|Persian]] by Muslim scholars such as [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizam Uddin]], [[Firishta|Farishta]], and [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazl]].{{sfn|Sharma|2005|p=37}} ''Baharistan-i-Shahi'' and Haidar Mailk's ''Tarikh-i-Kashmir'' (completed in 1621 CE) are the most important texts on the history of Kashmir during the Sultanate period. Both the texts were written in Persian and used Rajatarangini and Persian histories as their sources.{{sfn|Hasan|1983|p=47}}

== Palaeolithic ==
At the Lower-Middle [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] Galander site near [[Pampore]] in the Kashmir Valley, remains of the extinct elephant species ''[[Palaeoloxodon turkmenicus]]'' have been found associated with knapped stone tools produced by [[archaic humans]], with the bones of the elephant suggested to display deliberate fracturing, perhaps produced during the act of butchery.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bhat |first1=Ghulam M. |last2=Ashton |first2=Nick |last3=Parfitt |first3=Simon |last4=Jukar |first4=Advait |last5=Dickinson |first5=Marc R. |last6=Thusu |first6=Bindra |last7=Craig |first7=Jonathan |date=October 2024 |title=Human exploitation of a straight-tusked elephant (Palaeoloxodon) in Middle Pleistocene deposits at Pampore, Kashmir, India |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=342 |article-number=108894 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108894 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024QSRv..34208894B }}</ref> The stone tools exhibit production techniques reminiscent of the [[Levallois technique|Levallois]] type, and the site is suggested to date to the [[Middle Pleistocene]], around 400-300,000 years ago.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Jukar |first1=Advait M. |last2=Bhat |first2=Ghulam |last3=Parfitt |first3=Simon |last4=Ashton |first4=Nick |last5=Dickinson |first5=Marc |last6=Zhang |first6=Hanwen |last7=Dar |first7=A. M. |last8=Lone |first8=M. S. |last9=Thusu |first9=Bindra |last10=Craig |first10=Jonathan |date=2024-10-11 |title=A remarkable Palaeoloxodon (Mammalia, Proboscidea) skull from the intermontane Kashmir Valley, India |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2024.2396821 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=44 |issue=2 |article-number=e2396821 |language=en |doi=10.1080/02724634.2024.2396821 |bibcode=2024JVPal..44E6821J |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Early history==
{{Further|Mauryan Empire|Kushan Empire|Huna people|Buddhism in Kashmir|Karkota Empire|Rajatarangini}}
{{multiple image
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|total_width = 400
|image1 = Harappan Burnished and Painted Clay Ovoid Vase with Round Carnelian Beads in National Museum, Delhi (3rd Millennium-2nd Millennium BC).jpg
|caption1 = Clay vase depicting horned figure, with round [[carnelian beads]], from [[Burzahom archaeological site|Burzahom]], {{circa|2700 BC}}.
|image2 = Nandi, the Bull Mount of Shiva LACMA M.87.272.10.jpg
|caption2 = A {{circa|200 CE}} sculpture of [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Nandi]], the bull mount of [[Shiva]], from Kashmir
}}
The earliest [[Neolithic]] sites in the flood plains of Kashmir Valley are dated to c. 3000 BCE. Most important of these sites are the settlements at [[Burzahom]], which had two Neolithic and one [[Megalithic]] phases. First phase (c. 2920 BCE) at Burzahom is marked by mud plastered pit dwellings, coarse pottery and stone tools. In the second phase, which lasted until c. 1700 BCE, houses were constructed on ground level and the dead were buried, sometimes with domesticated and wild animals. Hunting and fishing were the primary modes of [[subsistence economy|subsistence]] though evidence of cultivation of wheat, barley, and lentils has also been found in both the phases.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=111–3}}{{sfn|Kennedy|2000|p=259}} In the megalithic phase, massive circles were constructed and grey or black burnish replaced coarse red ware in pottery.{{sfn|Allchin|Allchin|1982|p=113}} During the later [[Vedic period]], as kingdoms of the [[Rigvedic tribes|Vedic tribes]] expanded, the [[Uttarakuru|Uttara–Kurus]] settled in Kashmir.{{sfn|Rapson|1955|p=118}}{{sfn|Sharma|1985|p=44}}

In 326 BCE, [[King Porus|Porus]] asked [[Abisares]], the king of Kashmir,{{efn|Formally, "Abisares" was the ruler of [[Abhisara]]s, the people of the [[Historical Poonch District|Poonch]] and [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] districts. Historian P. N. K. Bamzai believes his domain included Kashmir.{{sfn|Bamzai|1994|p=68}}}} to aid him against [[Alexander the Great]] in the [[Battle of Hydaspes]]. After Porus lost the battle, Abhisares submitted to Alexander by sending him treasure and elephants.{{sfn|Heckel|2003|p=48}}{{sfn|Green|1970|p=403}}
{{multiple image
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|total_width = 400
|image1 = Buddhist tope baramula1868.jpg
|caption1 = Photograph of unexcavated Buddhist stupa at [[Ushkur]] taken in 1868; the stupa, later excavated, dates to 500 CE.
|image2 = Beautiful mountain & Harwan Buddhist ruin.jpg
|caption2 = Buddhist ruins at Harwan, in the [[Dachigam National Park]]
}}
During the reign of [[Ashoka]] (304–232 BCE), Kashmir became a part of the [[Maurya Empire]] and [[Buddhism]] was introduced in Kashmir. During this period, many [[stupa]]s, some shrines dedicated to [[Shiva]], and the city of Srinagari ([[Srinagar]]) were built.{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=219}} [[Kanishka]] (127–151 CE), an emperor of the [[Kushan dynasty]], conquered Kashmir and established the new city of Kanishkapur.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1998|p=199}} Buddhist tradition holds that Kanishka held the [[Fourth Buddhist council]] in Kashmir, in which celebrated scholars such as [[Ashvagosha]], [[Nagarjuna]] and [[Vasumitra]] took part.{{sfn|Bamzai|1994|pp=83–4}} By the fourth century, Kashmir became a seat of learning for both Buddhism and Hinduism. Kashmiri Buddhist missionaries helped spread Buddhism to Tibet and China and from the fifth century CE, pilgrims from these countries started visiting Kashmir.{{sfn|Pal|1989|p=51}} [[Kumārajīva]] (343–413 CE) was among the renowned Kashmiri scholars who traveled to China. He influenced the Chinese emperor [[Yao Xing]] and spearheaded translation of many Sanskrit works into Chinese at the [[Chang'an]] monastery.{{sfn|Singh|2008|pp=522–3}}

The [[Alchon Huns]] under [[Toramana]] crossed over the [[Hindu Kush]] mountains and conquered large parts of western India including Kashmir.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=480}} His son [[Mihirakula]] (c. 502–530 CE) led a military campaign to conquer all of [[North India]]. He was opposed by [[Narasimhagupta|Baladitya]] in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and eventually defeated by [[Yasodharman]] in [[Malwa]]. After the defeat, Mihirakula returned to Kashmir where he led a coup on the king. He then conquered of [[Gandhara]] where he committed many atrocities on Buddhists and destroyed their shrines. Influence of the Huns faded after Mihirakula's death.{{sfn|Grousset|1970|p=71}}{{sfn|Dani|1999|pp=142–3}}
===Hindu Dynasties===
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|image1 = 8th century Standing Shiva Mahadeva, Kashmir, India, Clevelandart 1989.369.jpg
|caption1 = A {{circa|750–800 CE}} gray [[schist]] three-headed [[Shiva]] scrulpture from Kashmir, also showing [[Parvati]], [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya|Kumara]], [[Bhairava]] and [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Vrishabha]].
|image2 = Pandrethan Shiva Temple, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India (1981).jpg
|caption2 = [[Shiva temple at Pandrethan]], near Srinagar, dating to {{circa|8th–9th century CE}}.
}}
A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled over the region from the 7th-14th centuries.<ref name="Hindu Dysnaties">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2022-05-09|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent}} Quote: "A succession of Hindu dynasties ruled Kashmir until 1346, when it came under Muslim rule."</ref> After the seventh century, significant developments took place in Kashmiri Hinduism. In the centuries that followed, Kashmir produced many poets, philosophers, and artists who contributed to Sanskrit literature and Hindu religion.{{sfn|Pal|1989|p=52}} Among notable scholars of this period was [[Vasugupta]] (c. 875–925 CE) who wrote the ''[[Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta|Shiva Sutras]]'' which laid the foundation for a [[Monism|monistic]] Shaiva system called [[Kashmir Shaivism]]. Dualistic interpretation of Shaiva scripture was defeated by [[Abhinavagupta]] (c. 975–1025 CE) who wrote many philosophical works on Kashmir Shaivism.{{sfn|Flood|1996|pp=166–7}} Kashmir Shaivism was adopted by the common masses of Kashmir and strongly influenced Shaivism in [[Southern India]].{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=213}}
[[File:Central edifice of Martand-Sun Temple.jpg|left|250px|thumb|[[Martand Sun Temple]] Central shrine, dedicated to the deity [[Surya]]. The temple complex was built by the third ruler of the [[Karkoṭa Empire|Karkota dynasty]], [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]], in the 8th century CE. It is one of the largest temple complex on the Indian Subcontinent.]]
In the eighth century, the [[Karkota Empire]] established themselves as rulers of Kashmir.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} Kashmir grew as an imperial power under the Karkotas. Chandrapida of this dynasty was recognized by an imperial order of the Chinese emperor as the king of Kashmir. His successor [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] lead a successful military campaign against the Tibetans. He then defeated [[Yashovarman]] of [[Kanyakubja]] and subsequently conquered eastern kingdoms of Magadha, [[Kamarupa]], [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]], and [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]]. Lalitaditya extended his influence of Malwa and [[Gujarat]] and defeated [[Arabs]] at [[Sindh]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|pp=260–3}}{{sfn|Wink|1991|pp=242–5}} After his demise, Kashmir's influence over other kingdoms declined and the dynasty ended in c. 855–856 CE.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}}
{{multiple image
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|total_width = 400
|image1 = Ancient Temple, Naranag, Jammu and Kashmir, India.jpg
|caption1 = [[Wangath temple complex|Shaivite temple complex at Naranag]] built {{circa|8th century CE}}
|image2 = MET DP267829 (cropped).jpg
|caption2 = Portable shrine with image of the [[Buddha]], Jammu and Kashmir, {{circa|7-8th century CE}}.
}}
The Utpala dynasty founded by [[Avanti Varman (Utpala dynasty)|Avantivarman]] followed the Karkotas. His successor Shankaravarman (885–902 CE) led a successful military campaign against [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaras]] in [[Punjab]].{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=356}}{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} Political instability in the 10th century made the royal body guards (Tantrins) very powerful in Kashmir. Under the Tantrins, civil administration collapsed and chaos reigned in Kashmir until they were defeated by Chakravarman.{{sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=357}} [[Queen Didda]], who descended from the [[Hindu Shahi]]s of [[Udabhandapura]] on her mother's side, took over as the ruler in second half of the 10th century.{{sfn|Singh|2008|p=571}} After her death in 1003 CE, the throne passed to the [[Lohara dynasty]].{{sfn|Khan|2008|p=58}} Suhadeva, last king of the Lohara dynasty, fled Kashmir after Zulju (Dulacha), a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]–[[Mongol]] chief, led a savage raid on Kashmir in about 1320.{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}}{{sfn|Hasan|1959|pp=35–6}} His wife, Queen [[Kota Rani]] ruled until 1339. She is often credited for the construction of a canal, named "''[[Kutte Kol]]''" after her, diverting the waters of the Jhelum to prevent frequent flooding in Srinagar.<ref>Culture and political history of Kashmir, [[Prithivi Nath Kaul Bamzai]], M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1994.</ref>

During the 11th century, [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] made two attempts to conquer Kashmir. However, both his campaigns failed because he could not take by siege the fortress at Lohkot.{{sfn|Frye|1975|p=178}}

== Muslim rulers ==
{{Further information|Shah Mir Dynasty|Chak Dynasty|Durrani Empire}}

=== Prelude and Kashmir Sultanate (1346–1580s) ===
{{multiple image
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|image1 = Zeinulabuddin-tomb-srinagar1866.JPG
|caption1 = Photograph of gateway of enclosure of [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zein-ul-ab-ud-din]]'s tomb, in Srinagar, taken in 1868; the tomb was built in the 15th century CE.
|image2 = Jamia Masjid in Winter.jpg
|caption2 = [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar]], built 1402 CE, under the reign of [[Sikandar Shah Miri]].
}}
Historian [[Mohibbul Hasan]] states that the oppressive taxation, corruption, internecine fights and rise of feudal lords (''Damaras'') during the unpopular rule of the [[Lohara dynasty]] (1003–1320 CE) paved the way for foreign invasions of Kashmir.{{sfn|Hasan|1959|pp=32–4}} Rinchana was a [[Tibetan Buddhist]] refugee in Kashmir, who had established himself as the ruler after Zulju.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=308}}{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}} Rinchana's conversion to Islam is a subject of Kashmiri folklore. He was persuaded to accept Islam by his minister [[Shah Mir]], probably for political reasons. Islam had penetrated into countries outside Kashmir and in absence of the support from Hindus, who were in a majority,{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=309}} Rinchana needed the support of the Kashmiri Muslims.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=308}} Shah Mir's coup on Rinchana's successor secured Muslim rule and the rule of [[Shah Miri dynasty|his dynasty]] in Kashmir.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=309}}
[[File:Silver coin of Kashmir Sultanate.jpg|thumb|left|Silver sasnu of the Kashmir Sultan Shams al-Din Shah II (ruled 1537–38). During the Sultanate period, the Kashmir sultans issued silver and copper coins. The silver coins were square and followed a weight standard unique to Kashmir of between 6 and 7 gm. This coin weighs 6.16 gm.]]
In the 14th century, [[Islam]] gradually became the dominant religion in Kashmir.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/explore-the-beauty-of-kashmir-1444056294|title=Explore the Beauty of Kashmir|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=5 October 2015|last1=Downey|first1=Tom}}</ref> With the fall of Kashmir, a premier center of Sanskrit literary creativity, Sanskrit literature there disappeared.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hanneder|first=J.|title=On 'The Death of Sanskrit'|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |volume=45|issue=4|year=2002|pages=293–310|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1021366131934|s2cid=189797805|jstor=24664154|doi=10.1163/000000002124994847|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1017/s001041750100353x|title=The Death of Sanskrit|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume=43|issue=2|pages=392–426|year=2001|last1=Pollock|first1=Sheldon|s2cid=35550166}}</ref>{{rp|397–398}} Islamic preacher Sheikh Nooruddin Noorani, who is traditionally revered by Hindus as [[Nund Rishi]], combined elements of Kashmir Shaivism with Sufi mysticism in his discourses.{{sfn|Bose|2005|pp=268–9}} The Sultans between 1354 and 1470 CE were tolerant of other religions with the exception of [[Sikandar Butshikan|Sultan Sikandar]] (1389–1413 CE). Sultan Sikandar imposed taxes on non–Muslims, forced conversions to Islam, and earned the title ''But–Shikan'' for destroying idols.{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}} Sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] (c. 1420–1470 CE) invited artists and craftsmen from [[Central Asia]] and [[Persia]] to train local artists in Kashmir. Under his rule the arts of wood carving, [[papier-mâché]], shawls and carpets weaving prospered.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=313}} For a brief period in the 1470s, states of [[Jammu]], [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]] and [[Rajauri]] which paid tributes to Kashmir revolted against the Sultan Hajji Khan. However, they were subjugated by his son Hasan Khan who took over as ruler in 1472 CE.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=313}} By the mid 16th century, Hindu influence in the courts and role of the [[Brahmin|Hindu priests]] had declined as Muslim missionaries immigrated into Kashmir from Central Asia and Persia, and [[Persian language|Persian]] replaced Sanskrit as the official language. Around the same period, the nobility of [[Chak dynasty|Chaks]] had become powerful enough to unseat the Shah Mir dynasty.{{sfn|Asimov|Bosworth|1998|p=313}}

[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] general [[Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat|Haidar Dughlat]], a member of ruling family in [[Kashgar]], invaded Kashmir in c. 1540 CE on behalf of emperor [[Humayun]].{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}}{{sfn|Houtsma|1993|p=793}} Persecution of [[Shia Islam|Shia]]s, [[Shafi'i]]s and [[Sufism|Sufi]]s and instigation by [[Suri Empire|Suri]] kings led to a revolt which overthrew Dughlat's rule in Kashmir.{{sfn|Hasan|1983|p=48}}{{sfn|Houtsma|1993|p=793}}

=== Mughals (1580s–1750s) ===
{{multiple image
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|total_width = 400
|image1 = Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar.jpg
|caption1 = [[Shalimar Bagh, Srinagar|Shalimar Bagh]] in Srinagar, built in 1619 CE; the Mughals built several [[charbagh]]-style [[Mughal Gardens|gardens]] all over the Kashmir valley
|image2 = Prince Dara Shikoh and Mulla Shah, Accompanied by Five Retainers, in Kashmir, India, Mughal dynasty, ca. 1640—42 (crop).jpg
|caption2 = [[Dara Shikoh]] and [[Shah Badakhshi|Mulla Shah]] seated under a [[chinar tree]] in Kashmir, India, {{circa|1640–42 CE}}.
}}
Kashmir did not witness direct Mughal rule until the reign of Mughal emperor [[Akbar the Great]], who took control of Kashmir and added it to his [[Kabul Subah]] in 1586. [[Shah Jahan]] carved it out as a separate [[subah]] (imperial top-level province), with seat at Srinagar. During successive Mughal emperors many celebrated gardens, mosques and palaces were constructed. Religious intolerance and discriminatory taxation reappeared when Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] ascended to the throne in 1658 CE. After his death, the influence of the Mughal Empire declined.{{sfn|Chadha|2005|p=38}}{{sfn|Houtsma|1993|p=793}}

In 1700 CE, a servant of a wealthy Kashmir merchant brought ''Mo-i Muqqadas'' (the hair of the Prophet), a relic of [[Muhammad]], to the valley. The relic was housed in the [[Hazratbal Shrine]] on the banks of [[Dal Lake]].{{sfn|Schofield|2010|p=4}} [[Nadir Shah's invasion of India]] in 1738 CE further weakened Mughal control over Kashmir.{{sfn|Schofield|2010|p=4}}

=== Durrani Empire (1752–1819) ===
Taking advantage of the declining Mughal Empire, the Afghan Durrani Empire under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] took control of Kashmir in 1752.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s5KMCwAAQBAJ&q=durrani+capture+kashmir&pg=PA43|title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-1-84904-342-7|pages=43, 44}}</ref> In the mid-1750s the Afghan-appointed governor of Kashmir,<ref name="Banga">{{Cite journal|jstor=44155495|title=Ahmad Shah Abdali's Designs over the Punjab|last1=Banga|first1=Indu|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|year=1967|volume=29|pages=185–190}}</ref> [[Sukh Jiwan Mal]], rebelled against the Durrani Empire before being defeated in 1762.<ref name="Banga" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Dhar|first=Triloki Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kb815NoRRoC&q=Sukhjiwan,+the+Governor+of+Kashmir&pg=PA232|title=Saints and Sages of Kashmir|date=2004|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-576-0|pages=232}}</ref> After Mal's defeat, the Durrani engaged in the oppression of the remaining Hindu population through forced conversions, killings, and forced labor.<ref name=":0" /> Repression by the Durrani extended to all classes, regardless of religion, and a heavy tax burden was levied on the Kashmiri populace.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|url=https://www.zukunftsphilologie.de/fileadmin/pdf/zukunftsphilologie/lecture-cum-seminar/Zutshi_Languages_Belonging.pdf|title=Languages of Belonging; Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|pages=35}}</ref> According to the historian [[Victoria Schofield]]: "The names of the Afghan governors who ruled Kashmir are all but forgotten but not their cruelty, which was directed mainly towards the Hindus".<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |date=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-86064-898-4 |edition=New |location=London |pages=5 |chapter=Introducing Kashmir}}</ref> Extortion was common and many Kashmiris were sold as slaves to Afghanistan, adds Schofield.<ref name=":1" />

A number of Afghan governors administered the region on behalf of the Durrani Empire. During the Durrani rule in Kashmir, income from the region constituted a large part of the Durrani Empire's revenue.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi = 10.2307/2644508|jstor = 2644508|last1 = Rubin|first1 = Barnett R.|title = Lineages of the State in Afghanistan|journal = Asian Survey|year = 1988|volume = 28|issue = 11|pages = 1188–1209}}</ref> The empire controlled Kashmir until 1819, after which the region was annexed by the [[Sikh Empire]].<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=41394023|title=The Intractable Kashmir Issue: Search for a Rational Solution|last1=Zaidi|first1=S. H.|journal=Pakistan Horizon|year=2003|volume=56|issue=2|pages=53–85}}</ref>

== Sikh rule (1819–1846) ==

[[File:Sheik Imam-Ud-Din, Runjur Sing, and Dewan Dina Nath..jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shaikh Imam-ud-Din|Sheikh Imam-ud-din]], governor of Kashmir under the Sikhs, shown along with [[Ranjodh Singh Majithia|Ranjur Singh]] and [[Diwan Dina Nath|Dewan Dina Nath]]. 1847. (James Duffield Harding)]]

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Base coin of the Sikhs in Kashmir O1.jpg
| alt1 = (Obverse)
| caption1 = (Obverse) Inscribed ‘Har’ (Gurmukhi).
| image2 = Base coin of the Sikhs in Kashmir R1.jpg
| total_width = 230px
| alt2 = (Reverse)
| caption2 = (Reverse) Date of minting in Farsi 1878 VS (1821 CE)
| header = Sikh coins in Subah Kashmir were called 'Hari Singhee'.
}}
{{Multiple image
| image3 = Base coin of the Sikhs in Kashmir O2.jpg
| alt3 = (Obverse)
| caption3 = (Obverse) Inscribed ‘Om Sri’ (Devanagri).
| image4 = Base coin of the Sikhs in Kashmir R2.jpg
| total_width = 230px
| alt4 = (Reverse)
| caption4 = (Reverse) Date of minting in Farsi 1879 VS (1822 CE).
| footer = All coins bore the Gobindshahi couplet in Farsi on the obverse.
}}

After four centuries of Muslim rule, Kashmir fell to the conquering armies of the Sikhs under [[Ranjit Singh]] of [[Punjab]] after the [[Battle of Shopian]] in 1819.{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=94–95}} As the Kashmiris had suffered under the Afghans, they initially welcomed the new Sikh rulers.{{sfn|Schofield|2010|pp=5–6}} However, the Sikh governors turned out to be hard taskmasters, and Sikh rule was generally considered oppressive,{{sfn|Madan|2008|p=15}} protected perhaps by the remoteness of Kashmir from the capital of the Sikh Empire in Lahore.{{sfn|Zutshi|2003|pp=39–41}} The Sikhs enacted a number of anti-Muslim laws,{{sfn|Zutshi|2003|pp=39–41}} which included handing out death sentences for cow slaughter,{{sfn|Schofield|2010|pp=5–6}} closing down the [[Jamia Masjid, Srinagar|Jamia Masjid]] in Srinagar, and banning the ''[[azaan]]'', the public Muslim call to prayer;{{sfn|Zutshi|2003|pp=39–41}} these laws were however later repealed by the governor [[Shaikh Ghulam Muhy-ud-Din|Muhyuddin]] during the last decade of Sikh rule. Kashmir had also now begun to attract European visitors, several of whom wrote of the abject poverty of the vast Muslim peasantry and of the exorbitant taxes under the Sikhs. High taxes, according to some contemporary accounts, had depopulated large tracts of the countryside, allowing only one-sixteenth of the cultivable land to be cultivated.{{sfn|Schofield|2010|pp=5–6}} However, after a famine in 1832, the Sikhs reduced the land tax to half the produce of the land and also began to offer interest-free loans to farmers; Kashmir became the second highest revenue earner for the Sikh empire. During this time [[Pashmina|Kashmiri shawl]]s became known worldwide, attracting many buyers especially in the west.{{sfn|Zutshi|2003|pp=39–41}}

Earlier, in 1780, after the death of Ranjit Deo, the kingdom of Jammu (to the south of the Kashmir valley) was also captured by the Sikhs and made a tributary.{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=94–95}} Ranjit Deo's grandnephew, [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]], subsequently sought service at the court of Ranjit Singh, distinguished himself in later campaigns and got appointed as the Raja of Jammu in 1820. With the help of his officer, [[General Zorawar Singh|Zorawar Singh]], Gulab Singh soon captured for the Sikhs the lands of [[Ladakh]] and [[Baltistan]].{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=94–95}} The notable governors appointed to Kashmir by the Sikh kingdom include [[Moti Ram]], [[Hari Singh Nalwa|Hari Singh]], [[Diwan Kirpa Ram|Kirpa Ram]], [[Mihan Singh]] and Muhyuddin.

== Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu (Dogra Rule, 1846–1947) ==
{{Main|Kashmir}}

[[File:Gulab Sing.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Portrait of Maharaja Gulab Singh in 1847, a year after signing the Treaty of Amritsar. (Artist: James Duffield Harding).]]
[[File:Ruined temple, Boniar (Kashmir). 19 May 1876.jpg|thumb|10th century Boniar temple in 1876, cleared during the Dogra rule. Best preserved Kashmir temple.]]
In 1845, the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] broke out, and Gulab Singh "contrived to hold himself aloof until the [[battle of Sobraon]] (1846), when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted advisor of Sir [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]]. Two treaties were concluded. By the first the State of Lahore (''i.e.'' West Punjab) handed over to the British, as equivalent for ([[rupees]]) ten million of indemnity, the hill countries between [[Beas River|Beas]] and [[Indus]]; by the second{{sfn|Treaty of Amritsar 1846}} the British made over to Gulab Singh for (Rupees) 7.5 million all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of [[Indus]] and west of [[Ravi River|Ravi]]" (''i.e.'' the Vale of Kashmir).{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=94–95}} The [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] freed Gulab Singh from obligations towards the Sikhs and made him the Maharajah of Jammu and Kashmir.{{sfn|Schofield|2010|p=7}} The Dogras' loyalty came in handy to the British during the [[revolt of 1857]] which challenged [[British Raj|British rule]] in India. Dogras refused to provide sanctuary to mutineers, allowed English women and children to seek asylum in Kashmir and sent Kashmiri troops to fight on behalf of the British. British in return rewarded them by securing the succession of Dogra rule in Kashmir.{{sfn|Schofield|2010|p=9}} Soon after Gulab Singh's death in 1857,{{sfn|Schofield|2010|p=7}} his son, [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]], added the emirates of [[Hunza (princely state)|Hunza]], [[Gilgit, Pakistan|Gilgit]] and [[Nagar (princely state)|Nagar]] to the kingdom.{{sfn|Schofield|2010|p=11}}

[[Image:NWFP-Kashmir1909-a.jpg|thumb|left|1909 Map of the [[Kashmir region|Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu]]. The names of different regions, important cities, rivers and mountains are underlined in red.]]
The [[Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu]] (as it was then called) was constituted between 1820 and 1858 and was "somewhat artificial in composition and it did not develop a fully coherent identity, partly as a result of its disparate origins and partly as a result of the autocratic rule which it experienced on the fringes of Empire."<ref name=bowers>Bowers, Paul. 2004. [http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf "Kashmir." Research Paper 4/28] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326182755/http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2004/rp04-028.pdf |date=26 March 2009 }}, International Affairs and Defence, House of Commons Library, United Kingdom.</ref> It combined disparate regions, religions, and ethnicities: to the east, Ladakh was ethnically and culturally Tibetan and its inhabitants practised Buddhism; to the south, Jammu had a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs; in the heavily populated central Kashmir valley, the population was overwhelmingly [[Sunni Islam|''Sunni'']] Muslim, however, there was also a small but influential Hindu minority, the Kashmiri [[brahmin]]s or [[Kashmiri Pandits|pandits]]; to the northeast, sparsely populated [[Baltistan]] had a population ethnically related to Ladakh, but which practised [[Shia Islam|''Shi'a'' Islam]]; to the north, also sparsely populated, [[Gilgit Agency]], was an area of diverse, mostly ''Shi'a'' groups; and, to the west, [[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Punch]] was Muslim, but of different ethnicity than the Kashmir valley.<ref name=bowers/>

Despite being in a majority the Muslims were made to suffer severe oppression under Hindu rule in the form of high taxes, unpaid forced labor and discriminatory laws.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e181?_hi=3&_pos=46|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619232553/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t243/e181?_hi=3&_pos=46|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2018|title=Kashmir|publisher=OUP}}</ref> Many Kashmiri Muslims migrated from the Valley to Punjab due to famine and policies of Dogra rulers.<ref name="Sevea2012">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fk8hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16|title=The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India|date=29 June 2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-53639-4|pages=16–|author=Iqbal Singh Sevea}}</ref> The Muslim peasantry was vast, impoverished and ruled by a Hindu elite.<ref name="bose-sumantra-2005-p15-17">{{Harvnb|Bose|2005|pp=15–17}}</ref><ref name="talbot-singh-p54">{{Harvnb|Talbot|Singh|2009|p=54}}</ref>  The Muslim peasants lacked education, awareness of rights and were chronically in debt to landlords and moneylenders,<ref name="bose-sumantra-2005-p15-17" /> and did not organize politically until the 1930s.<ref name="talbot-singh-p54" />



==1947==
{{Further|1947 Poonch Rebellion|1947 Jammu massacres|Indo-Pakistani War of 1947}}
Ranbir Singh's grandson [[Hari Singh]], who had ascended the throne of Kashmir in 1925, was the reigning monarch in 1947 at the conclusion of British rule of the subcontinent and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition]] of the British Indian Empire into the newly independent [[Dominion of India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. An [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|internal revolt began in the Poonch region]] against oppressive taxation by the Maharaja.<ref>[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn13 Prem Nath Bazaz, "The Truth About Kashmir"]</ref> In August, Maharaja's forces fired upon demonstrations in favour of Kashmir joining Pakistan, burned whole villages and massacred innocent people.<ref>Official Records of the United Nations Security Council, Meeting No:234, 1948, pp.250–1:[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn13]</ref> The Poonch rebels declared an independent government of "Azad" Kashmir on 24 October.<ref name="Kashmir during 1947">[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1947_detailed.shtml 1947 Kashmir History]</ref> Rulers of Princely States were encouraged to accede their States to either Dominion – India or Pakistan, taking into account factors such as geographical contiguity and the wishes of their people. In 1947, Jammu and Kashmir's population was "77% Muslim and 20% Hindu".{{sfn|Stein|1998|p=368}} To postpone making a hurried decision, the Maharaja signed a [[standstill agreement (India)|standstill agreement]] with Pakistan, which ensured continuity of trade, travel, communication, and similar services between the two. Such an agreement was pending with India.<ref name="Schofield" /> Following [[1947 Jammu massacres|huge riots in Jammu]], in October 1947, [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] from Pakistan's [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] recruited by the Poonch rebels, invaded [[Kashmir]], along with the Poonch rebels, allegedly incensed by the atrocities against fellow Muslims in Poonch and Jammu. The tribesmen engaged in looting and killing along the way.<ref>{{citation |last=Jamal |first=Arif |title=Shadow War: The Untold Story of Jihad in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNO5MAAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Melville House |isbn=978-1-933633-59-6 |pages=52–53}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn17 Pathan Tribal Invasion into Kashmir]</ref> The ostensible aim of the guerilla campaign was to frighten Hari Singh into submission. Instead the Maharaja appealed to the Government of India for assistance, and the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]]{{efn|Viscount Louis Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of British India, stayed on in independent India from 1947 to 1948, serving as the first Governor-General of an independent India.}} agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p=368}} Once the Maharaja signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]], Indian soldiers entered Kashmir and drove the Pakistani-sponsored irregulars from all but a small section of the state. India accepted the accession, regarding it provisional<ref>[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn19 Govt. of India, White Paper on Jammu & Kashmir, Delhi 1948, p.77]</ref> until such time as the will of the people can be ascertained. Kashmir leader [[Sheikh Abdullah]] endorsed the accession as ad hoc which would be ultimately decided by the people of the State. He was appointed the head of the emergency administration by the Maharaja.<ref>[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_references.htm#fn19 Sheikh Abdullah, Flames of the Chinar, New Delhi, 1993, p.97]</ref> The Pakistani government immediately contested the accession, suggesting that it was fraudulent, that the Maharaja acted under duress and that he had no right to sign an agreement with India when the standstill agreement with Pakistan was still in force.

==Post-1947==
{{Further|Timeline of the Kashmir conflict|History of Azad Kashmir}}

In early 1948, India sought a resolution of the [[Kashmir conflict]] at the [[United Nations]]. Following the set-up of the [[United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan]] (UNCIP), the UN Security Council passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47|Resolution 47]] on 21{{nbsp}}April 1948. The UN mission insisted that the opinion of people of J&K must be ascertained. The then Indian Prime Minister is reported to have himself urged U.N. to poll Kashmir and on the basis of results Kashmir's accession will be decided.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A15FC3B5E17738DDDAA0894D9415B8788F1D3 |work=The New York Times |title=NEHRU URGES U.N. TO POLL KASHMIR; Would Have Supervised Ballot to Decide Accession – Bomb Attack by India Reported |date=3 November 1947 |access-date=4 May 2010}}</ref> However, India insisted that no referendum could occur until all of the state had been cleared of irregulars.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p=368}}

On 5 January 1949, UNCIP (United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan) resolution stated that the question of the accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through a free and impartial plebiscite.{{sfn|UNCIP Resolution, 5 January 1949}} As per the 1948{{sfn|UNCIP Resolution, 13 August 1948}} and 1949 UNCIP Resolutions, both countries accepted the principle, that Pakistan secures the withdrawal of Pakistani intruders followed by withdrawal of Pakistani and Indian forces, as a basis for the formulation of a Truce agreement whose details are to be arrived in future, followed by a plebiscite; However, both countries failed to arrive at a Truce agreement due to differences in interpretation of the procedure for and extent of demilitarisation one of them being whether the Azad Kashmiri army of Pakistan is to be disbanded during the truce stage or the plebiscite stage.{{sfn|UNCIP Resolution, 30 March 1951}}

   
In the last days of 1948, a ceasefire was agreed under UN auspices; however, since the [[plebiscite]] demanded by the UN was never conducted, relations between India and Pakistan soured,{{sfn|Stein|1998|p=368}} and eventually led to three more wars over Kashmir in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|1965]], 1971 and [[Kargil War|1999]]. India has control of about half the area of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir; Pakistan controls a third of the region, governing it as [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab (in Pakistan) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region. Pakistan was left with territory that, although basically Muslim in character, was thinly populated, relatively inaccessible, and economically underdeveloped. The largest Muslim group, situated in the Valley of Kashmir and estimated to number more than half the population of the entire region, lay in Indian-administered territory, with its former outlets via the Jhelum valley route blocked."<ref name=britannica-kashmir />

[[File:J&K10low.jpg|thumb|left|[[ceasefire|Cease-fire]] line between India and Pakistan after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|1947 conflict]]]]

The UN Security Council on 20 January 1948 passed Resolution 39 establishing a special commission to investigate the conflict. Subsequent to the commission's recommendation the Security Council, ordered in its Resolution 47, passed on 21 April 1948 that the invading Pakistani army retreat from Jammu & Kashmir and that the accession of Kashmir to either India or Pakistan be determined in accordance with a plebiscite to be supervised by the UN. In a string of subsequent resolutions the Security Council took notice of the continuing failure by India to hold the plebiscite. However, no punitive action against India could be taken by the Security Council because its resolution, requiring India to hold a Plebiscite, was non-binding. Moreover, the Pakistani army never left the part of the Kashmir, they managed to keep occupied at the end of the 1947 war. They were required by the Security Council resolution 47 to remove all armed personnels from the Azad Kashmir before holding the plebiscite.{{sfn|Resolution 47 (1948)}}


The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir, China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|communist revolution in 1949]]. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the north-east portion of Ladakh.:<ref name=britannica-kashmir>"Kashmir." (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 27 March 2007, from [https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-214222 Encyclopædia Britannica Online].</ref> "By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the [[Aksai Chin]] area to provide better communication between [[Xinjiang]] and western [[Tibet]]. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962."<ref name=britannica-kashmir /> China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]] was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1965.

In 1949, the Indian government obliged Hari Singh to leave Jammu and Kashmir and yield the government to [[Sheikh Abdullah]], the leader of a popular political party, the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference Party]].<ref name="Schofield">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1762146.stm Schofield, Victoria. 'Kashmir: The origins of the dispute', ''BBC News UK Edition'' (16 January 2002)] Retrieved 20 May 2005</ref> Since then, a bitter enmity has been developed between India and Pakistan and three wars have taken place between them over Kashmir. The growing dispute over Kashmir and the consistent failure of democracy<ref name="Elections in Kashmir">{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-elections.shtml |title=Elections in Kashmir |access-date=23 November 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201045510/http://kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/kashmir-elections.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> also led to the rise of Kashmir nationalism and militancy in the state.

In 1986, the [[1986 Anantnag riots|Anantnag riots]] broke out after the CM Gul Shah ordered the construction of a mosque at the site of a Hindu Temple in Jammu and Gul Shah made an incendiary speech.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=P. S. |title=Jammu and Kashmir at the Political Crossroads |date=1994 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=9780706976205 |page=214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl5uAAAAMAAJ }}</ref> Hindu-Muslim riots (a reaction to the opening of [[Babri Masjid]] to Hindu worshippers) were a national event, taking place in seven other states as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu-Moslem riots reported in Kashmir, Calcutta |url=https://apnews.com/article/7aace3ff6f33b7ee0fd67aa2cc54b66a |access-date=2022-03-12 |work=Associated Press News}}</ref> Following the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] that were widely perceived to have been rigged, disgruntled Kashmiri youth such as the so-called 'HAJY group' – Abdul Hamid Shaikh, Ashfaq Majid Wani, Javed Ahmed Mir and Mohammed [[Yasin Malik]] – joined the [[Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front]](JKLF) as an alternative to the ineffective democratic setup that was prevalent in Kashmir. This led to gain in the momentum of the popular insurgency in the Kashmir Valley.{{sfn|Puri|1993|p=52}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |title=1989 Insurgency |access-date=23 November 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126044335/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year 1989 saw the intensification of conflict in Jammu and Kashmir as [[Mujahadeen]]s from Afghanistan slowly infiltrated the region following the end of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] the same year.<ref name="BBC">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm BBC Timeline on Kashmir conflict.]</ref> Pakistan provided arms and training to both indigenous and foreign militants in Kashmir, thus adding fuel to the smouldering fire of discontent in the valley.<ref>[http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_files/hrw_arms.htm Human Rights Watch Report, 1994]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1881669.stm Pakistan admission over Kashmir]</ref><ref>See [[Operation Tupac]]</ref>

In August 2019, the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, and the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions to dissolve the state and reorganise it into two [[Union territory|union territories]] – [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west and [[Ladakh]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories|date=5 August 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> These changes came into effect from 31 October 2019.

==Historical demographics of Kashmir==

In the 1901 Census of the British Indian Empire, the population of the princely state of Kashmir was 2,905,578. Of these 2,154,695 were Muslims, 689,073 Hindus, 25,828 Sikhs, and 35,047 Buddhists. The Hindus were found mainly in Jammu, where they constituted a little less than 50% of the population.{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=99–102}} In the Kashmir Valley, the Hindus represented "only 524 in every 10,000 of the population (''i.e.'' 5.24%), and in the frontier ''wazarats'' of Ladhakh and Gilgit only 94 out of every 10,000 persons (0.94%)."{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=99–102}} In the same Census of 1901, in the Kashmir Valley, the total population was recorded to be 1,157,394, of which the Muslim population was 1,083,766, or 93.6% of the population.{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=99–102}} These percentages have remained fairly stable for the last 100 years.{{sfn|Rai|2004|p=27}} In the 1941 Census of British India, Muslims accounted for 93.6% of the population of the Kashmir Valley and the Hindus constituted 4%.{{sfn|Rai|2004|p=27}} In 2003, the percentage of Muslims in the Kashmir Valley was 95%<ref name=BBC2003>BBC. 2003. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/south_asia/03/kashmir_future/html/default.stm ''The Future of Kashmir? In Depth.'']</ref> and those of Hindus 4%; the same year, in Jammu, the percentage of Hindus was 67% and those of Muslims 27%.<ref name=BBC2003/>

Among the Muslims of the ''Kashmir province'' within the princely state, four divisions were recorded: "Shaikhs, Saiyids, Mughals, and Pathans. The Shaikhs, who are by far the most numerous, are the descendants of Hindus, but have retained none of the caste rules of their forefathers. They have clan names known as ''krams'' ..."<ref name="imperialgazetteerkashmir">''Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume 15''. 1908. Oxford University Press, Oxford and London. pp. 99–102.</ref> It was recorded that these ''kram'' names included "Tantre", "Shaikh", "Bat", "Mantu", "Ganai", "Dar", "Damar", "Lon", etc. The [[Sayyid|Saiyids]], it was recorded, "could be divided into those who follow the profession of religion and those who have taken to agriculture and other pursuits. Their ''kram'' name is 'Mir.' While a Saiyid retains his saintly profession Mir is a prefix; if he has taken to agriculture, Mir is an affix to his name."<ref name="imperialgazetteerkashmir" /> The ''Mughals'' who were not numerous were recorded to have ''kram'' names like "Mir" (a corruption of "Mirza"), "Beg", "Bandi", "Bach" and "Ashaye". Finally, it was recorded that the Pathans "who are more numerous than the Mughals, ... are found chiefly in the south-west of the valley, where [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] colonies have from time to time been founded. The most interesting of these colonies is that of Kuki-Khel Afridis at Dranghaihama, who retain all the old customs and speak [[Pashtu]]."<ref name="imperialgazetteerkashmir" /> Among the main tribes of Muslims in the princely state are the Butts, Dar, Lone, Jat, Gujjar, Rajput, Sudhan and Khatri. A small number of Butts, Dar and Lone use the title Khawaja and the Khatri use the title Shaikh the Gujjar use the title of Chaudhary. All these tribes are indigenous of the princely state which converted to Islam from Hinduism during its arrival in region.

Among the Hindus of ''Jammu'' province, who numbered 626,177 (or 90.87% of the Hindu population of the princely state), the most important castes recorded in the census were "[[Brahmin]]s (186,000), the [[Rajput]]s (167,000), the [[Khatri]]s (48,000) and the [[Thakur (Indian title)|Thakkars]] (93,000)."{{sfn|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)|pp=99–102}}

==Gallery==

<gallery>
File:Horned figure on pottery. Pré-Indus civilization. Kashmir.jpg|Pot, excavated from Burzahom (c. 2700 BCE), depicts horned motifs, which suggest links with sites like Kot-Diji, in [[Sindh]].
File:Muslim-shawl-makers-kashmir1867.jpg|A Muslim shawl making family in Kashmir. 1867. ''Cashmere shawl manufactory'', chromolith., William Simpson.
File:Kashmiri-home-life-1890.jpg|Kashmiri home life c. 1890. Photographer unknown.
File:Muslim papier-mache ornament painters.jpg|Muslim papier-mâché ornament painters in Kashmir. 1895. Photographer: unknown.
File:Kashmir-hindu-priests.jpg|Three Hindu priests writing religious texts. 1890s, Jammu and Kashmir, photographer: unknown.
File:Ladakhi-men-kashmir1890.jpg|Full-length portrait of two Ladakhi men. 1895, Ladakh, unknown photographer.
File:Khanqah-e-Moula 01.jpg|The [[Khanqah-e-Moula]] on the banks of Jhelum river, built during reign of [[Sikandar Shah Miri]] in 1395
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 47]]
* [[Kashmiriyat]]
* [[Sharada Peeth]]
* [[Buddhism in Kashmir]]
* [[Harsha of Kashmir]]
* [[List of topics on the land and the people of "Jammu and Kashmir"]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|33em}}
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* {{citation|last=Kennedy|first=Kenneth A. R.|title=God-Apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6zQHNavWlsC&pg=PA259|year=2000|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11013-1}}
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* {{citation|last=Rai|first=Mridu|title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7637.html|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-85065-661-6}}
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* {{citation|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|title=Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC|year=2010|publisher=I. B. Tauris.|isbn=978-1-84885-105-4}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Subhra|title=Life in the Upanishads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gqmy7FdD_XUC&pg=PA44|year=1985|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-202-4}}
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0}}
* {{citation|last=Stein|first=B.|author-link=Burton Stein|year=1998|title=A History of India|edition=1st|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|place=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-20546-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXdVS0SzQSAC}}
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* {{citation|last=Wink|first=André|title=Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA245|year=1991|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-09509-0}}
* {{citation|last=Zutshi|first=Chitralekha|title=Language of belonging: Islam, regional identity, and the making of Kashmir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7Ptp4Iod8EC|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press/Permanent Black|isbn=978-0-19-521939-5}}
{{refend}}

'''Primary sources'''
{{refbegin|colwidth=33em}}
* Muḥammad, A. K., & Pandit, K. N. (2009). [[Tohfatu'l-Ahbab|A Muslim missionary in mediaeval Kashmir: Being the English translation of Tohfatu'l-ahbab]]. New Delhi: Voice of India.
* Pandit, K. N. (2013). [[Baharistan-i-shahi]]: A chronicle of mediaeval Kashmir. Srinagar: Gulshan Books.
* {{citation |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15); Karachi to Kotayam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3P-ctgAACAAJ |year=1908 |publisher=Great Britain Commonwealth Office |isbn=978-1-154-40971-0 |ref={{sfnRef|The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Volume 15)}}}}
* {{citation |title=Resolution 47 (1948) of 21 April 1948 |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,,RESOLUTION,IND,,3b00f23d10,0.html |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=[[UN Security Council]] |date=21 April 1948 |ref={{sfnRef|Resolution 47 (1948)}}}}
* {{citation |title=Treaty of Amritsar, 16 March 1846 |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar |access-date=26 February 2013 |date=16 March 1846 |ref={{sfnRef|Treaty of Amritsar 1846}}}}
* {{citation |title=UNCIP Resolution, 13 August 1948 |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |date=10 January 1949 |ref={{sfnRef|UNCIP Resolution, 13 August 1948}} |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223084814/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{citation |title=UNCIP Resolution, 5 January 1949 |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |date=10 January 1949 |ref={{sfnRef|UNCIP Resolution, 5 January 1949}} |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223084814/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm |url-status=dead}}
* {{citation |title=UNCIP Resolution, 30 March 1951 |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm |access-date=26 February 2013 |publisher=[[Mount Holyoke College]] |date=10 January 1949 |ref={{sfnRef|UNCIP Resolution, 30 March 1951}} |archive-date=23 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223084814/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/uncom2.htm |url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

===Historiography===
* {{citation|last=Ganguly|first=D.K.|title=History and Historians in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7v76i0eF9tQC&pg=PA12|year=1985|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-03250-7}}
* {{citation |last=Ghose |first=D. K. |year=1969 |title=Source-Material for the History of Kashmir (Second Half of the Nineteenth Century) |journal=Quarterly Review of Historical Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=7–12}}
* {{citation|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul |title=Historians of medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxluAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Meenakshi Prakashan|oclc=12924924}}
* {{citation |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2006.00372.x|title=Never Ending Stories: Recent Trends in the Historiography of Jammu and Kashmir|year=2007|last1=Hewitt|first1=Vernon|journal=History Compass|volume=5|issue=2|pages=288–301}} covers 1846 to 1997
* {{citation |doi=10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00652.x|title=From âSale to Accession Deedââ Scanning the Historiography of Kashmir 1846â1947|year=2009|last1=Lone|first1=Fozia Nazir|journal=History Compass|volume=7|issue=6|pages=1496–1508}}
* {{citation|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|title=Historiography: A History of Historical Writing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkpTy-_jEoYC&pg=PA74|year=2005|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-155-3}}
* {{citation|last=Sreedharan|first=E.|title=A Textbook of Historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJVoi3PIejwC&pg=PA330|year=2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2657-0}}
* {{citation |doi=10.1017/S0026749X11000345|title=Whither Kashmir Studies?: A Review|year=2012|last1=Zutshi|first1=Chitralekha|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=46|issue=4|pages=1033–1048|s2cid=144626260}}
* {{citation |doi=10.1177/0019464613487119|citeseerx=10.1.1.893.7358|title=Past as tradition, past as history: The Rajatarangini narratives in Kashmir's Persian historical tradition|year=2013|last1=Zutshi|first1=Chitralekha|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=50|issue=2|pages=201–219|s2cid=143228373}}

==External links==
* [http://history.world-citizenship.org/baharistan-i-shahi Baharistan -i Shahi A Chronicle of Medieval Kashmir translated into English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922114637/http://history.world-citizenship.org/baharistan-i-shahi |date=22 September 2013 }}
* [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html ''Conflict in Kashmir: Selected Internet Resources by the Library, University of California, Berkeley, USA''; Bibliographies and Web-Bibliographies list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110214218/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/kashmir.html |date=10 November 2017 }}
* [http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/ Kashmir Website with Historical Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915214006/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/ |date=15 September 2024 }}
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-kashmirsultans.html Coins of the Kashmir Sultanate (1346–1586)]
* {{in lang|ar}} [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4077 "The Great History of the Events of Kashmir"] from 1821

{{History of India by State}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Kashmir}}
[[Category:History of Kashmir| ]]
[[Category:History of India by region]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan by location]]
[[Category:History of China by location]]
[[Category:Sikhs]]
[[Category:Ranjit Singh]]
[[Category:Coins]]

Postcolonialism

2026-03-19T22:55:37Z

NamVanwagenen: Put up basic bio v1

{{Short description|Study of the cultural legacy of colonialism and imperialism}}
'''Postcolonialism''' is the academic study of the cultural, political and economic consequences of [[colonialism]] and [[imperialism]], focusing on the impact of human control and [[extractivism|exploitation]] of colonized people and their lands. The field started to emerge in the 1960s, as scholars from previously colonized countries began publishing on the lingering effects of colonialism, developing an analysis of the history, culture, literature, and discourse of imperial power. It is part of the [[critical theory]] framework in broader sense, and more narrowly, [[critical race theory]].<ref name="routledgesoc.com-Critical Race">{{cite web |title=Critical Race and Postcolonial Theory {{!}} Social Theory Rewired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives |url=https://www.routledgesoc.com/profile/critical-race-and-postcolonial-theory#:~:text=Both%20critical%20race%20theory%20and,create%20more%20racially%20just%20societies. |website=New Directions in Social Work |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref><ref name="Ingram-2019-Critical Theory in Routledge">{{cite book |author1=James Ingram |author1-link= |editor1-last=Gordon |editor1-first=Peter Eli |editor2-last=Watanabe |editor2-first=Yumiko |editor3-last=Honneth |editor3-first=Axel |title=The Routledge companion to the Frankfurt School |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |location=London New York (N.Y.) |isbn=9780367659714 |url=https://www.academia.edu/37558012/Critical_Theory_and_Postcolonialism_in_The_Routledge_Companion_to_the_Frankfurt_School_ed_Peter_Gordon_Espen_Hammer_and_Axel_Honneth |access-date=17 February 2026 |chapter=Critical Theory and Postcolonialism}}</ref>

==Purpose and basic concepts==
As an [[epistemology]] (i.e., a study of [[knowledge]], its nature, and verifiability), ethics ([[moral philosophy]]), and as a political science (i.e., in its concern with affairs of the citizenry), the field of postcolonialism addresses the matters that constitute the postcolonial identity of a [[Decolonization|decolonized]] people, which derives from:<ref>On the power dynamics between Western cultural knowledge production and Indigenous knowledge systems, see Laurie, Timothy, Hannah Stark, and Briohny Walker. 2019. "[https://www.academia.edu/38122177 Critical Approaches to Continental Philosophy: Intellectual Community, Disciplinary Identity, and the Politics of Inclusion]." ''[[Parrhesia (journal)|Parrhesia]]'' 30:1–17.</ref>

# the colonizer's generation of [[cultural knowledge]] about the colonized people; and
# how that cultural knowledge was applied to subjugate a geographically or culturally distinct people into a colony of the colonizing empire, which, after initial invasion, was effected by means of the cultural identities of 'colonizer' and 'colonized'.

Postcolonialism is aimed at disempowering such theories (intellectual and linguistic, social and economic) by means of which colonialists "perceive," "understand," and "know" the world. Postcolonial theory thus establishes intellectual spaces for [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern peoples]] to speak for themselves, in their own voices, and thus produce cultural discourses of philosophy, language, society, and economy, balancing the imbalanced us-and-them [[Power (philosophy)|binary power-relationship]] between the colonist and the colonial subjects.<ref>Ashcroft, Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen (2000). ''Post-Colonial Studies: The Key Concepts''. New York: Routeledge. pp. 168–173. {{ISBN|0-203-93347-8}}.</ref>

===Approaches===
Understanding the complex chain of political and social, economic, and cultural impacts left in the aftermath of colonial control is essential to understanding post-colonialism. A wide range of experiences are included in post-colonial discourse, from ongoing battles against colonialism and globalization to struggles for independence. The long-lasting effects of colonialism will be faced by them, such as identity issues, structural injustices, and the elimination of indigenous knowledge and customs.

Postcolonialism encompasses a wide variety of approaches, and theoreticians may not always agree on a common set of definitions. On a simple level, through [[Anthropology|anthropological]] study, it may seek to build a better understanding of colonial life—based on the assumption that the colonial rulers are [[unreliable narrator]]s—from the point of view of the colonized people. On a deeper level, postcolonialism examines the [[Power (social and political)|social and political power]] relationships that sustain colonialism and [[neocolonialism]], including the social, political, and cultural [[narrative]]s surrounding the colonizer and the colonized. This approach may overlap with studies of [[contemporary history]], and may also draw examples from anthropology, [[historiography]], [[political science]], [[philosophy]], [[sociology]], and [[human geography]]. Sub-disciplines of postcolonial studies examine the effects of colonial rule on the practice of [[Postcolonial feminism|feminism]], [[Postcolonial anarchism|anarchism]], [[postcolonial literature|literature]], and [[Postcolonial theology|Christian thought]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raja|first1=Masood|date=2019-04-02|title=What is Postcolonial Studies?|url=https://postcolonial.net/2019/04/what-is-postcolonial-studies/|access-date=16 July 2019|website=Postcolonial Space|publisher=Masood Raja}}</ref>

At times, the term '''''postcolonial studies''''' may be preferred to ''postcolonialism'', as the ambiguous term ''colonialism'' could refer either to a system of government, or to an [[ideology]] or [[world view]] underlying that system. However, ''postcolonialism'' (i.e., postcolonial studies) generally represents an ideological response to colonialist thought, rather than simply describing [[Decolonization|a system that comes after colonialism]], as the prefix ''post-'' may suggest. As such, postcolonialism may be thought of as a reaction to or departure from colonialism in the same way [[postmodernism]] is a reaction to [[modernism]]; the term ''postcolonialism'' itself is modeled on postmodernism, with which it shares certain concepts and methods.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TRANS Nr. 11: Paul Michael Lützeler (St. Louis): From Postmodernism to Postcolonialism |url=http://www.inst.at/trans/11Nr/luetzeler11.htm |website=inst.at}}</ref>

A clear reflection of the continuous fights for independence around the world is provided by the ongoing struggles against colonialism and globalization. The harsh effects of colonial rule and the homogenizing effects of globalization have development to movements in recent years. The opposition to colonialism and globalization represents a complex battle for liberty and independence, ranging from community organizations calling for economic sovereignty and self-determination to indigenous people defending their land and culture against corporate exploitation. These initiatives, which cross continents rather than stay inside a specific area, demonstrate the interdependence of movements and the shared pursuit of justice and emancipation.

===Colonialist discourse===
[[File:Ernest Renan 1876-84.jpg|thumb|In ''La Réforme intellectuelle et morale'' (1871), the orientalist Ernest Renan, advocated imperial stewardship for civilizing the non–Western peoples of the world.]]
[[Colonialism]] was presented as "the extension of civilization," which ideologically justified the self-ascribed racial and cultural superiority of the Western world over the non-Western world. This concept was espoused by [[Ernest Renan]] in ''La Réforme intellectuelle et morale'' (1871), whereby imperial [[stewardship]] was thought to affect the intellectual and moral reformation of the coloured peoples of the lesser cultures of the world. That such a divinely established, natural harmony among the human races of the world would be possible, because everyone has an assigned [[cultural identity]], a social place, and an economic role within an imperial colony. Thus:<ref name="EdwardSaid">[[Edward Said|Saïd, Edward]]. 2000. "Nationalism, Human Rights, and Interpretation." ''Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays''. pp. 418–19.</ref>

{{Blockquote|The regeneration of the inferior or degenerate races, by the superior races is part of the providential order of things for humanity.... ''Regere imperio populos'' is our vocation. Pour forth this all-consuming activity onto countries, which, like China, are crying aloud for foreign conquest. Turn the adventurers who disturb European society into a ''ver sacrum'', a horde like those of the Franks, the Lombards, or the Normans, and every man will be in his right role. Nature has made a race of workers, the Chinese race, who have wonderful manual dexterity, and almost no sense of honour; govern them with justice, levying from them, in return for the blessing of such a government, an ample allowance for the conquering race, and they will be satisfied; a race of tillers of the soil, the Negro; treat him with kindness and humanity, and all will be as it should; a race of masters and soldiers, the European race.... Let each do what he is made for, and all will be well.|''La Réforme intellectuelle et morale'' (1871), by Ernest Renan|title=|source=}}

From the mid- to the late-nineteenth century, such [[Racialism (racial categorization)|racialist]] group-identity language was the cultural common-currency justifying geopolitical competition amongst the European and American empires and meant to protect their over-extended economies. Especially in the colonization of the Far East and in the late-nineteenth century [[Scramble for Africa]], the representation of a homogeneous European identity justified colonization. Hence, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany proffered theories of national superiority that justified colonialism as delivering the light of civilization to unenlightened peoples. Notably, ''[[Civilizing mission|la mission civilisatrice]]'', the self-ascribed 'civilizing mission' of the French Empire, proposed that some races and cultures have a higher purpose in life, whereby the more powerful, more developed, and more civilized races have the right to colonize other peoples, in service to the noble idea of "civilization" and its economic benefits.<ref>Evans, Graham, and Jeffrey Newnham. 1998. ''The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations''. [[Penguin Books]].{{Bulleted list|"Colonialism," p. 79.|"Imperialism," p. 244.}}</ref><ref>[[Edward W. Saïd|Saïd, Edward]]. 2000. "The Clash of Definitions." In ''Reflections on Exile, and Other Essays''. p. 574.</ref>

===Postcolonial identity===
[[File:Guatemala - Antigua - Houses.jpg|thumb|Spanish colonial architecture in [[Antigua Guatemala]]]]
Postcolonial theory holds that decolonized people develop a postcolonial identity that is based on cultural interactions between different identities (cultural, national, and ethnic as well as gender and class based) which are assigned varying degrees of social power by the colonial society.{{Citation needed|reason=Seems like assumption rather than fact, reliable source confirming this dynamic needed.|date=June 2019}} In [[postcolonial literature]], the anti-conquest narrative analyzes the [[identity politics]] that are the social and cultural perspectives of the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] colonial subjects—their creative resistance to the [[Cultural hegemony|culture of the colonizer]]; how such cultural resistance complicated the establishment of a colonial society; how the colonizers developed their postcolonial identity; and how [[neocolonialism]] actively employs the 'us-and-them' binary social relation to view the non-Western world as inhabited by '[[Other (philosophy)|the other]]'.

As an example, consider how [[Neocolonialism|neocolonial]] discourse of geopolitical [[homogeneity]] often includes the relegating of decolonized peoples, their cultures, and their countries, to an imaginary place, such as "the [[Third World]]." Oftentimes the term "the third World" is over-inclusive: it refers vaguely to large geographic areas comprising several continents and seas, i.e. Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Oceania. Rather than providing a clear or complete description of the area it supposedly refers to, it instead erases distinctions and identities of the groups it claims to represent. A postcolonial critique of this term would analyze the self-justifying usage of such a term, the discourse it occurs within, as well as the philosophical and political functions the language may have. Postcolonial critiques of homogeneous concepts such as the "[[Arabs]]," the "[[First World]]," "[[Christendom]]," and the "[[Ummah]]", often aim to show how such language actually does not represent the groups supposedly identified. Such terminology often fails to adequately describe the heterogeneous peoples, cultures, and geography that make them up. Accurate descriptions of the world's peoples, places, and things require nuanced and accurate terms.<ref name="sharp6">{{cite book| last = Sharp| first = J.| title = Geographies of Postcolonialism| chapter = Chapter 6, "Can the Subaltern Speak?"| publisher = SAGE Publications| year = 2008}}</ref> By including everyone under the [[Third World]] concept, it ignores why those regions or countries are considered Third World and who is responsible.

One of the ongoing struggles is balancing the cultural heritage of the indigenous people with the norms and values imposed by colonizers. This can cause identity fracture and a sense of displacement in people as well as communities. In addition, the hierarchical social structures that were created during colonial control have continued to support inequalities in power and injustice, which contributed to identity conflicts based on gender, class, and ethnicity. These problems are not just historical artifacts; rather, they are fundamental components of society and are expressed in current discussions about government, language, education, and cultural representation. In order to address these persistent identity problems, it is necessary to thoroughly reconsider historical narratives, acknowledge a variety of viewpoints, and work to create inclusive and equitable societies that enable people to affirm and reclaim their distinct cultural identities in the post-colonial era.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postcolonialism An Historical Introduction Pdf 11 |url=https://groups.google.com/g/nuilisate/c/nBWZHjK-sSk?pli=1 |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=groups.google.com}}</ref>

===Difficulty of definition===
As a term in [[contemporary history]], ''postcolonialism'' occasionally is applied, temporally, to denote the immediate time after the period during which imperial powers retreated from their colonial territories. Such is believed to be a problematic application of the term, as the immediate, historical, political time is not included in the categories of identity-discourse, which deals with over-inclusive terms of cultural representation, which are abrogated and replaced by postcolonial criticism. As such, the terms ''postcolonial'' and ''postcolonialism'' denote aspects of the subject matter that indicate that the [[Decolonization|decolonized]] world is an intellectual space "of contradictions, of half-finished processes, of confusions, of [[hybridity]], and of liminalities."{{sfn|Dictionary of Human Geography|2007|p=561}} The lack of clarity in the definition of the subject matter coupled with an open claim to normativity makes criticism of postcolonial discourse problematic, reasserting its dogmatic or ideological status.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naficy|first=Hamid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSG_LWhncnEC&q=%22postcolonial+studies%22+ideological&pg=PA141|title=The Pre-occupation of Postcolonial Studies|date=2000|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-2521-5|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Church, Purisima Concepción, Campeche, Mexico.jpg|thumb|281x281px|[[Campeche Cathedral]], located in Campeche City, Mexico ]]
In ''Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics'' (1996), Helen Gilbert and Joanne Tompkins clarify the denotational functions, among which:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gilbert|first1=Helen|title=Post-Colonial Drama: Theory, Practice, Politics|last2=Tompkins|first2=Joanne|publisher=Routledge|year=1996|isbn=978-0-415-09023-0}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|The term ''post-colonialism''—according to a too-rigid etymology—is frequently misunderstood as a temporal concept, meaning the time after colonialism has ceased, or the time following the politically determined Independence Day on which a country breaks away from its governance by another state. Not a naïve [[teleological]] sequence, which supersedes colonialism, ''post-colonialism'' is, rather, an engagement with, and contestation of, colonialism's discourses, power structures, and social hierarchies... A theory of post-colonialism must, then, respond to more than the merely chronological construction of post-independence, and to more than just the discursive experience of imperialism.||title=|source=}}

The term ''post-colonialism'' is also applied to denote the [[Homeland|Mother Country]]'s [[Neocolonialism|neocolonial]] control of the decolonized country, affected by the [[Legalism (Western philosophy)|legalistic]] continuation of the economic, cultural, and linguistic power relationships that controlled the colonial politics of knowledge (i.e., the generation, production, and distribution of knowledge) about the colonized peoples of the non-Western world.{{Sfn|Dictionary of Human Geography|2007|p=561}}<ref name="sharp1">{{cite book|last = Sharp|first = J.|title = Geographies of Postcolonialism|chapter = Chapter 1, On Orientalism|publisher = SAGE Publications.|year = 2008}}</ref> The cultural and religious assumptions of colonialist logic remain active practices in contemporary society and are the basis of the Mother Country's neocolonial attitude towards her former colonial subjects—an economical source of labour and raw materials.{{sfn|Fischer-Tiné|2011|loc=§ Lead}} It acts as a non interchangeable term that links the independent country to its colonizer, depriving countries of their [[independence]], decades after building their own identities.

Postcolonialism, as in the postcolonial condition, is to be understood, as [[Mahmood Mamdani]] puts it, as a reversal of colonialism but not as superseding it.<ref name="w497">{{cite book | last=Veracini | first=Lorenzo | title=The Settler Colonial Present | publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK | publication-place=London | date=2015 | isbn=978-1-137-39404-0 | doi=10.1057/9781137372475 | page=38}}</ref>

==Notable theoreticians and theories==

===Frantz Fanon and subjugation===

In ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'' (1961), [[psychiatrist]] and [[philosopher]] [[Frantz Fanon]] analyzes and medically describes the nature of [[colonialism]] as essentially destructive. Its societal effects—the imposition of a [[Subjugated knowledge|subjugating colonial identity]]—is harmful to the mental health of the native peoples who were subjugated into colonies. Fanon writes that the ideological essence of colonialism is the systematic denial of "all attributes of humanity" of the colonized people. Such [[Objectification|dehumanization]] is achieved with physical and mental violence, by which the colonist means to inculcate a [[Slave mentality|servile mentality]] upon the natives.

For Fanon, the natives must violently resist colonial subjugation.{{sfn|Fanon|1963|p=250}} Hence, Fanon describes violent resistance to colonialism as a mentally cathartic practise, which purges colonial servility from the native [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]], and restores self-respect to the subjugated.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} Thus, Fanon actively supported and participated in the [[Algerian Revolution]] (1954–62) for independence from France as a member and representative of the ''[[National Liberation Front (Algeria)|Front de Libération Nationale]]''.{{sfn|Fanon|1961}}

As postcolonial [[Praxis (process)|praxis]], Fanon's mental health analyses of colonialism and imperialism, and the supporting economic theories, were partly derived from the essay "[[Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism]]" (1916), wherein [[Vladimir Lenin]] described colonial imperialism as an advanced form of [[capitalism]], desperate for growth at all costs, and so requires more and more human exploitation to ensure continually consistent profit-for-investment.<ref>Barkawi, Tarak. 2005. "War and world politics." Pp. 225–39 in ''[[The Globalization of World Politics]]'', edited by [[John Bayliss|J. Baylis]], [[Patricia Owens (academic)|P. Owens]], and S. Smith. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1S_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA231 231]–35.</ref>

Another book that predates postcolonial theories is Fanon's ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]''. In this book, Fanon discusses the logic of colonial rule from the perspective of the existential experience of racialized subjectivity. Fanon treats colonialism as a ''total project'' which rules every aspect of colonized peoples and their reality. Fanon reflects on colonialism, language, and racism and asserts that to speak a language is to adopt a civilization and to participate in the world of that language. His ideas show the influence of French and German philosophy, since existentialism, phenomenology, and hermeneutics claim that language, subjectivity, and reality are interrelated. However, the colonial situation presents a paradox: when colonial beings are forced to adopt and speak an imposed language which is not their own, they adopt and participate in the world and civilization of the colonized. This language results from centuries of colonial domination which is aimed at eliminating other expressive forms in order to reflect the world of the colonizer. As a consequence, when colonial beings speak as the colonized, they participate in their own oppression and the very structures of alienation are reflected in all aspects of their adopted language.<ref>{{Citation|last=Drabinski|first=John|title=Frantz Fanon|date=2019|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/frantz-fanon/|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|editor-last=Zalta|editor-first=Edward N.|edition=Spring 2019|publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|access-date=2020-08-30}}</ref>

===Edward Said and orientalism===
[[Cultural critic]] [[Edward Said]] is considered by [[E. San Juan, Jr.]] as "the originator and inspiring patron-saint of postcolonial theory and discourse" due to his interpretation of the theory of [[orientalism]] explained in his 1978 book, [[Orientalism (book)|'' Orientalism'']].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=E. San Juan, Jr. |author-link1=E. San Juan, Jr. |title=The Limits of Postcolonial Criticism: The Discourse of Edward Said |journal=Against the Current |date=November–December 1998 |volume=77 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/atc/1781.html |via=[[Marxists Internet Archive]]}}</ref> To describe the us-and-them "binary social relation" with which Western Europe intellectually divided the world—into the "[[Eurocentrism|Occident]]" and the "[[Orient]]"—Said developed the denotations and connotations of the term ''orientalism'' (an art-history term for Western depictions and the study of the Orient). Said's concept (which he also termed "orientalism") is that the cultural representations generated with the us-and-them binary relation are [[Social constructionism|social construct]]s, which are mutually constitutive and cannot exist independent of each other, because each exists on account of and for the other.{{sfn|Said|1978}}

Notably, "the West" created the cultural concept of "the East," which according to Said allowed the Europeans to suppress the peoples of the Middle East, the Indian Subcontinent, and of Asia in general, from expressing and representing themselves as discrete peoples and cultures. Orientalism thus conflated and reduced the non-Western world into the homogeneous cultural entity known as "the East." Therefore, in service to the colonial type of imperialism, the us-and-them orientalist paradigm allowed European scholars to represent the Oriental World as inferior and backward, irrational and wild, as opposed to a Western Europe that was superior and progressive, rational and civil—the opposite of the Oriental Other.

Reviewing Said's ''Orientalism'' (1978), [[A. Madhavan]] (1993) says that "Said's passionate thesis in that book, now an 'almost canonical study', represented Orientalism as a 'style of thought' based on the antinomy of East and West in their world-views, and also as a 'corporate institution' for dealing with the Orient."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Review: Edward Said: The Exile As Interpreter | journal = Culture and Imperialism Representations of the Intellectual: The Reith Lectures | year = 1993 | first = A. | last = Madhavan | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 183–86 }}</ref>

In concordance with philosopher [[Michel Foucault]], Said established that [[Power-knowledge|power and knowledge]] are the inseparable components of the intellectual binary relationship with which Occidentals claim "knowledge of the Orient." That the applied power of such cultural knowledge allowed Europeans to rename, re-define, and thereby control Oriental peoples, places, and things, into imperial colonies.<ref name="sharp1" /> The power-knowledge binary relation is conceptually essential to identify and understand colonialism. Hence,

{{Blockquote|To the extent that Western scholars were aware of contemporary Orientals or Oriental movements of thought and culture, these were perceived either as silent shadows to be animated by the orientalist, brought into reality by them or as a kind of cultural and international proletariat useful for the orientalist's grander interpretive activity.|'' Orientalism'' (1978), p. 208.<ref>Said, 1978: 208</ref>}}

Nonetheless, critics of the homogeneous "Occident–Orient" binary social relation, say that Orientalism is of limited descriptive capability and practical application, and propose instead that there are variants of Orientalism that apply to Africa and to Latin America. Said responds that the European West applied Orientalism as a ''homogeneous'' form of [[Other (philosophy)|The Other]], in order to facilitate the formation of the cohesive, collective European cultural identity denoted by the term "The West."{{sfn|Said|1978|loc=Chapter Three: Latent and Manifest Orientalism, pp. 201–25}}

With this described binary logic, the West generally constructs the Orient subconsciously as its alter ego. Therefore, descriptions of the Orient by the Occident lack material attributes, grounded within the land. This imaginative interpretation ascribes female characteristics to the Orient and plays into fantasies that are inherent within the West's alter ego. It should be understood that this process draws creativity, amounting to an entire domain and discourse.

In ''Orientalism'' (p. 6), Said mentions the production of "philology [the study of the history of languages], lexicography [dictionary making], history, biology, political and economic theory, novel-writing and lyric poetry." There is an entire industry that exploits the Orient for its own subjective purposes, one that lacks a native and intimate understanding. Such industries become institutionalized and eventually become a resource for manifest Orientalism, or for compiling misinformation about the Orient.<ref>[[Rana Kabbani|Kabbani, Rana]]. 1994. ''Imperial Fictions: Europe's Myths of Orient''. London: Pandora Press. {{ISBN|0-04-440911-7}}.</ref>

{{Blockquote|The ideology of Empire was hardly ever a brute jingoism; rather, it made subtle use of reason and recruited science and history to serve its ends.|author=[[Rana Kabbani]]|title=''Imperial Fictions: Europe's Myths of Orient'' (1994)|source=p. 6}} These subjective fields of academia now synthesize the political resources and think-tanks that are so common in the West today. Orientalism is self-perpetuating to the extent that it becomes normalized within common discourse, making people say things that are latent, impulsive, or not fully conscious of it.<ref name="McLeod">{{cite book|title=Beginning Postcolonialism|last=McLeod|first=John|date=2010|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7858-3|location=Manchester, United Kingdom}}</ref>{{rp|49–52}}

There have been other attempts to generalize the concept of Orientalism beyond the limited historical case of "the West and the rest." For example, in their edited volume ''[https://www.berghahnbooks.com/title/BaumannGrammars Grammars of Identity/Alterity: A Structural Approach]'', anthropologists Gerd Baumann and Andre Gingrich propose that Orientalism should be re-appropriated as one of three basic modes of human relations. The others are Segmentation (under which others are accepted as legitimate and equal), and Encompassment (under which the other's separate existence is rejected and denied; the other can only be seen as a subset of the self). Orientalism, then, is an unequal mix of recognition, fascination, and contempt. The book's many authors examine how this scheme may be applicable in multiple ethnographic and literary contexts around the world (=mostly outside the West/Rest paradigm, such as examining the relation between dominant lowlanders and dominated highland ethnic groups, in Laos).

===Gayatri Spivak and the subaltern===
In establishing the Postcolonial definition of the term ''[[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]]'', the philosopher and theoretician [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]] cautioned against assigning an over-broad connotation. She argues:<ref>de Kock, Leon. 1992. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706205400/http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/viewFile/2505/2458 Interview With Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: New Nation Writers Conference in South Africa]." ''ARIEL: A Review of International English Literature'' 23(3):29–47. Archived from the [http://ariel.synergiesprairies.ca/ariel/index.php/ariel/article/viewFile/2505/2458 original] on 2011-07-06.</ref>

{{Blockquote|... ''subaltern'' is not just a classy word for "oppressed", for The Other, for somebody who's not getting a piece of the pie... In postcolonial terms, everything that has limited or no access to the [[cultural imperialism]] is subaltern—a space of difference. Now, who would say that's just the oppressed? The working class is oppressed. It's not ''subaltern''.... Many people want to claim subalternity. They are the least interesting and the most dangerous. I mean, just by being a discriminated-against minority on the university campus; they don't need the word 'subaltern'... They should see what the mechanics of the discrimination are. They're within the hegemonic discourse, wanting a piece of the pie, and not being allowed, so let them speak, use the hegemonic discourse. They should not call themselves subaltern.||title=|source=}}

[[File: Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak at Goldsmiths College.jpg|thumb|250px|Engaging the voice of the Subaltern: the philosopher and theoretician Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, at Goldsmith College.]]

Spivak also introduced the terms ''[[essentialism]]'' and ''[[strategic essentialism]]'' to describe the social functions of postcolonialism.

''Essentialism'' denotes the perceptual dangers inherent to reviving subaltern voices in ways that might (over) simplify the cultural identity of heterogeneous social groups and, thereby, create stereotyped representations of the different identities of the people who compose a given social group. ''Strategic essentialism'', on the other hand, denotes a temporary, essential group-identity used in the praxis of discourse among peoples. Furthermore, essentialism can occasionally be applied—by the so-described people—to facilitate the subaltern's communication in being heeded, heard, and understood, because strategic essentialism (a fixed and established subaltern identity) is more readily grasped, and accepted, by the popular majority, in the course of inter-group discourse. The important distinction, between the terms, is that strategic essentialism does not ignore the diversity of identities (cultural and ethnic) in a social group, but that, in its practical function, strategic essentialism temporarily minimizes inter-group diversity to pragmatically support the essential group-identity.<ref name="sharp6" />

Spivak developed and applied Foucault's term ''epistemic violence'' to describe the destruction of non-Western ways of perceiving the world and the resultant dominance of the Western ways of perceiving the world. Conceptually, epistemic violence specifically relates to women, whereby the "Subaltern [woman] must always be caught in translation, never [allowed to be] truly expressing herself," because the colonial power's destruction of her culture pushed to the social margins her non–Western ways of perceiving, understanding, and knowing the world.<ref name="sharp6" />

In June of the year 1600, the Afro–Iberian woman Francisca de Figueroa requested from the [[King of Spain]] his permission for her to emigrate from Europe to New Granada, and reunite with her daughter, Juana de Figueroa. As a subaltern woman, Francisca repressed her native African language, and spoke her request in Peninsular Spanish, the official language of [[Spanish colonization of the Americas|Colonial Latin America]]. As a subaltern woman, she applied to her voice the Spanish cultural filters of [[sexism]], Christian monotheism, and servile language, in addressing her colonial master:<ref>{{cite book|last=McKnight|first=Kathryn Joy|title=Afro-Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero–Atlantic World, 1550–1812|publisher=Hacket Publishing Company|year=2009|location=Indianapolis|page=59}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|I, Francisca de Figueroa, mulatta in colour, declare that I have, in the city of Cartagena, a daughter named Juana de Figueroa; and she has written, to call for me, in order to help me. I will take with me, in my company, a daughter of mine, her sister, named María, of the said colour; and for this, I must write to Our Lord the King to petition that he favour me with a licence, so that I, and my said daughter, can go and reside in the said city of Cartagena. For this, I will give an account of what is put down in this report; and of how I, Francisca de Figueroa, am a woman of sound body, and mulatta in colour.... And my daughter María is twenty-years-old, and of the said colour, and of medium size. Once given, I attest to this. I beg your Lordship to approve and order it done. I ask for justice in this.

[On the twenty-first day of the month of June 1600, Your Majesty's Lords Presidents and Official Judges of this House of Contract Employment order that the account she offers be received, and that testimony for the purpose she requests given.]| ''Afro–Latino Voices: Narratives from the Early Modern Ibero–Atlantic World: 1550–1812'' (2009)|title=|source=}}

Moreover, Spivak further cautioned against ignoring subaltern peoples as "cultural Others", and said that the West could progress—beyond the colonial perspective—by means of introspective [[self-criticism]] of the basic ideas and investigative methods that establish a culturally superior West studying the culturally inferior non–Western peoples.<ref name="sharp6" />{{sfn|Spivak|1990|pp=62–63}} Hence, the integration of the subaltern voice to the intellectual spaces of [[social studies]] is problematic, because of the unrealistic opposition to the idea of studying "Others"; Spivak rejected such an anti-intellectual stance by social scientists, and about them said that "to refuse to represent a cultural Other is salving your conscience...allowing you not to do any homework."{{sfn|Spivak|1990|pp=62–63}} Moreover, postcolonial studies also reject the colonial cultural depiction of subaltern peoples as hollow [[Mimesis|mimics]] of the European colonists and their Western ways; and rejects the depiction of subaltern peoples as the passive recipient-vessels of the imperial and colonial power of the Mother Country. Consequent to Foucault's philosophic model of the binary relationship of power and knowledge, scholars from the [[Subaltern Studies|Subaltern Studies Collective]], proposed that anti-colonial resistance always counters every exercise of colonial power.

===Homi K. Bhabha and hybridity===
In ''The Location of Culture'' (1994), theoretician [[Homi K. Bhabha]] argues that viewing the human world as composed of separate and unequal cultures, rather than as an [[integral]] human world, perpetuates the belief in the existence of imaginary peoples and places—"[[Christendom]]" and the "[[The Islamic World|Islamic World]]", "[[First World]]," "[[Second World]]," and the "[[Third World]]." To counter such linguistic and sociological [[reductionism]], postcolonial [[Praxis (process)|praxis]] establishes the philosophic value of hybrid intellectual spaces, wherein ambiguity abrogates truth and authenticity; thereby, ''[[hybridity]]'' is the philosophic condition that most substantively challenges the ideological validity of colonialism.<ref>Bhabha, 1994: 113</ref>

=== {{Anchor|alternative modernity}}R. Siva Kumar and alternative modernity ===
In 1997, on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of India's Independence, "[[Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism]]" was an important exhibition curated by [[R. Siva Kumar]] at the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.org.hk/Collection/Details/48720|title=Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism – Asia Art Archive}}</ref> In his catalogue essay, Kumar introduced the term Contextual Modernism, which later emerged as a postcolonial tool in the understanding of [[Indian art]], specifically the works of [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Ramkinkar Baij]], and [[Benode Behari Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1418/14180690.htm|title=Finding an expression of its own|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Santiniketan artists did not believe that to be indigenous one has to be historicist either in theme or in style, and similarly to be modern one has to adopt a particular trans-national formal language or technique. Modernism was to them neither a style nor a form of internationalism. It was re-engagement with the foundational aspects of art necessitated by changes in one's unique historical position.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://humanitiesunderground.org/all-the-shared-experiences-of-the-lived-world-ii/|title=humanities underground » All The Shared Experiences Of The Lived World II}}</ref>}}
In the post-colonial history of art, this marked the departure from Eurocentric unilateral idea of [[modernism]] to alternative context sensitive ''modernisms''.
{{Blockquote|The brief survey of the individual works of the core Santiniketan artists and the thought perspectives they open up makes clear that though there were various contact points in the work they were not bound by a continuity of style but by a community of ideas. Which they not only shared but also interpreted and carried forward. Thus they do not represent a school but a movement.|''[[Santiniketan: The Making of a Contextual Modernism]]'', 1997}}

Several terms including [[Paul Gilroy]]'s ''counterculture of modernity'' and [[Tani E. Barlow]]'s ''Colonial modernity'' have been used to describe the kind of alternative modernity that emerged in non-European contexts. Professor Gall argues that 'Contextual Modernism' is a more suited term because "the colonial in ''colonial modernity'' does not accommodate the refusal of many in colonized situations to internalize inferiority. Santiniketan's artist teachers' refusal of subordination incorporated a counter vision of modernity, which sought to correct the racial and cultural essentialism that drove and characterized imperial Western modernity and modernism. Those European modernities, projected through a triumphant British colonial power, provoked nationalist responses, equally problematic when they incorporated similar essentialisms."<ref>Gilroy, Paul Christopher, and [[Dipesh Chakrabarty]]. 2011. "[http://www.huichawaii.org/assets/gall,-david---overcoming-polarized-modernities.pdf Overcoming Polarized Modernities: Counter-Modern Art Education: Santiniketan, The Legacy of a Poet's School]." {{S2CID|131768551}}</ref>

===Dipesh Chakrabarty===
In ''Provincializing Europe'' (2000), [[Dipesh Chakrabarty]] charts the [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] history of the Indian struggle for independence, and counters [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]], Western scholarship about non-Western peoples and cultures, by proposing that Western Europe simply be considered as culturally equal to the other cultures of the world; that is, as "one region among many" in human geography.{{sfn|Fischer-Tiné|2011|loc=# 9}}{{sfn|Fischer-Tiné|2011|loc=# 10, 11}}

===Derek Gregory and the colonial present===
[[Derek Gregory]] argues the long trajectory through history of British and American colonization is an ongoing process still happening today. In ''The Colonial Present'', Gregory traces connections between the [[geopolitics]] of events happening in modern-day Afghanistan, [[Palestine]], and Iraq and links it back to the us-and-them binary relation between the Western and Eastern world. Building upon the ideas of the other and Said's work on orientalism, Gregory critiques the economic policy, military apparatus, and transnational corporations as vehicles driving present-day colonialism. Emphasizing discussion of ideas around colonialism in the present tense, Gregory utilizes modern events such as the [[September 11 attacks]] to tell spatial stories around the colonial behavior happening due to the War on Terror.<ref>Gregory, Derek. 2004. ''The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq''. Blackwell Pub.</ref>

=== Amar Acheraiou and Classical influences ===
Acheraiou argues that colonialism was a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] venture moved by appropriation and plundering of foreign lands and was supported by military force and a discourse that legitimized violence in the name of progress and a universal civilizing mission. This discourse is complex and multi-faceted. It was elaborated in the 19th century by colonial ideologues such as [[Ernest Renan]] and [[Arthur de Gobineau]], but its roots reach far back in history.

In ''Rethinking Postcolonialism: Colonialist Discourse in Modern Literature and the Legacy of Classical Writers,'' Acheraiou discusses the history of colonialist discourse and traces its spirit to ancient Greece, including Europe's claim to racial supremacy and right to rule over non-Europeans harboured by Renan and other 19th-century colonial ideologues. He argues that modern colonial representations of the colonized as "inferior," "stagnant," and "degenerate" were borrowed from Greek and Latin authors like [[Lysias]] (440–380 BC), [[Isocrates]] (436–338 BC), [[Plato]] (427–327 BC), [[Aristotle]] (384–322 BC), [[Cicero]] (106–43 BC), and [[Sallust]] (86–34 BC), who all considered their racial others—the Persians, Scythians, Egyptians as "backward," "inferior," and "effeminate."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Rethinking Postcolonialism|last=Acheraiou|first=Amar|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-55205-0|location=London}}</ref>

Among these ancient writers [[Aristotle]] is the one who articulated more thoroughly these ancient racial assumptions, which served as a source of inspiration for modern colonists. In ''[[Politics (Aristotle)|The Politics]],'' he established a racial classification and ranked the Greeks superior to the rest. He considered them as an ideal race to rule over Asian and other 'barbarian' peoples, for they knew how to blend the spirit of the European "war-like races" with Asiatic "intelligence" and "competence."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Politics|last=Aristotle|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|location=Cambridge|pages=40; 165}}</ref>

Ancient Rome was a source of admiration in Europe since the enlightenment. In France, [[Voltaire]] (1694–1778) was one of the most fervent admirers of Rome. He regarded highly the Roman republican values of rationality, democracy, order and justice. In early-18th century Britain, it was poets and politicians like [[Joseph Addison]] (1672–1719) and [[Richard Glover (poet)|Richard Glover]] (1712 –1785) who were vocal advocates of these ancient republican values.

It was in the mid-18th century that ancient Greece became a source of admiration among the French and British. This enthusiasm gained prominence in the late-eighteenth century. It was spurred by German Hellenist scholars and English romantic poets, who regarded ancient Greece as the matrix of Western civilization and a model of beauty and democracy. These included: [[Johann Joachim Winckelmann]] (1717–1768), [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] (1767–1835), and [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] (1749–1832), [[Lord Byron]] (1788–1824), [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] (1772–1834), [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] (1792–1822), and [[John Keats]] (1795–1821).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Greek Heritage in Victorian Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/greekheritageinv0000turn|url-access=registration|last=Turner|first=Frank M.|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1981|location=New Haven|isbn=9780300024807}}</ref>

In the 19th century, when Europe began to expand across the globe and establish colonies, ancient Greece and Rome were used as a source of empowerment and justification to Western civilizing mission. At this period, many French and British imperial ideologues identified strongly with the ancient empires and invoked ancient Greece and Rome to justify the colonial civilizing project. They urged European colonizers to emulate these "ideal" classical conquerors, whom they regarded as "universal instructors."

For [[Alexis de Tocqueville]] (1805–1859), an ardent and influential advocate of la "Grande France," the classical empires were model conquerors to imitate. He advised the French colonists in [[Algeria]] to follow the ancient imperial example. In 1841, he stated:<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tocqueville|first=Alexis de|title=Sur l'Algérie|publisher=Flammarion|year=2003|location=Paris|pages=97–177}}</ref><blockquote>[W]hat matters most when we want to set up and develop a colony is to make sure that those who arrive in it are as less estranged as possible, that these newcomers meet a perfect image of their homeland....the thousand colonies that the Greeks founded on the Mediterranean coasts were all exact copies of the Greek cities on which they had been modelled. The Romans established in almost all parts of the globe known to them municipalities which were no more than miniature Romes. Among modern colonizers, the English did the same. Who can prevent us from emulating these European peoples?.</blockquote>The Greeks and Romans were deemed exemplary conquerors and "[[heuristic]] teachers,"<ref name=":0" /> whose lessons were invaluable for modern colonists ideologues. [[John Robert Seeley|John-Robert Seeley]] (1834–1895), a history professor at Cambridge and proponent of imperialism stated in a rhetoric which echoed that of [[Ernest Renan|Renan]] that the role of the British Empire was 'similar to that of Rome, in which we hold the position of not merely of ruling but of an educating and civilizing race."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Expansion of England (1883)|last=Seeley|first=John Robert|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1971|location=Chicago|pages=170–1}}</ref>

The incorporation of ancient concepts and racial and cultural assumptions into modern imperial ideology bolstered colonial claims to supremacy and right to colonize non-Europeans. Because of these numerous ramifications between ancient representations and modern colonial rhetoric, 19th century's colonialist discourse acquires a "multi-layered" or "[[palimpsest]]ic" structure.<ref name=":0" /> It forms a "historical, ideological and narcissistic continuum," in which modern theories of domination feed upon and blend with "ancient myths of supremacy and grandeur."<ref name=":0" />

=={{Anchor|Postcolonial literary study|Postcolonial literary theory}}Postcolonial literary study==
As a [[literary theory]], postcolonialism deals with the literatures produced by the peoples who once were colonized by the European imperial powers (e.g. Britain, France, and Spain) and the literatures of the decolonized countries engaged in contemporary, postcolonial arrangements (e.g. [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]) with their former mother countries.{{sfn|Hart|Goldie|1993|p=155}}<ref>Evans, Graham, and Jeffrey Newnham, eds. 1998. ''The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations''. pp. 83–84, 182–83.</ref>

Postcolonial literary criticism comprehends the literatures written by the colonizer and the colonized, wherein the subject matter includes portraits of the colonized peoples and their lives as imperial subjects. In Dutch literature, the Indies Literature includes the colonial and postcolonial genres, which examine and analyze the formation of a postcolonial identity, and the postcolonial culture produced by the diaspora of the [[Indo people|Indo-European]] peoples, the Eurasian folk who originated from Indonesia; the peoples who were the colony of the [[Dutch East Indies]]; in the literature, the notable author is [[Tjalie Robinson]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rob| first=Nieuwenhuys| year=1978|title=Oost-Indische spiegel. Wat Nederlandse schrijvers en dichters over Indonesië hebben geschreven vanaf de eerste jaren der Compagnie tot op heden|trans-title=Indian mirror. Some Dutch writers and poets have written about Indonesia from the first year of the Company to date.|publisher=Querido|location=Amsterdam|language=nl| url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/nieu018oost02_01/nieu018oost02_01_0077.php|access-date=2016-02-23}}</ref>
''[[Waiting for the Barbarians]]'' (1980) by [[J. M. Coetzee]] depicts the unfair and inhuman situation of people dominated by settlers.

To perpetuate and facilitate control of the colonial enterprise, some colonized people, especially from colonies ruled by the British Empire, were sent to attend university in the Imperial Motherland; they were to become the native-born, but Europeanised, ruling class of colonial satraps. Yet, after decolonization, their bicultural educations originated postcolonial criticism of empire and colonialism, and of the representations of the colonist and the colonized. In the late 20th century, after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|dissolution of the USSR]] in 1991, the constituent [[Soviet Socialist Republics]] became the literary subjects of postcolonial criticism, wherein the writers dealt with the legacies (cultural, social, economic) of the [[Russification]] of their peoples, countries, and cultures in service to [[Greater Russia]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaurav Gajanan Desai, Supriya Nair|year=2005|title=Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism|publisher=[[Rutgers University]] Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MSBQcsVwvUC&q=postcolonialism+soviet+union&pg=PA472 | isbn=978-0-8135-3552-4 | access-date=2016-02-23}}</ref>

Postcolonial literary study is in two categories:

# the study of postcolonial nations; and
# the study of the nations who continue forging a postcolonial national identity.

The first category of literature presents and analyzes the internal challenges inherent to determining an ethnic identity in a decolonized nation.

The second category of literature presents and analyzes the degeneration of civic and nationalist unities consequent to ethnic [[parochialism]], usually manifested as the [[demagogue]]ry of "protecting the nation," a variant of the us-and-them binary social relation. Civic and national unity degenerate when a [[Patriarchy|patriarchal]] régime unilaterally defines what is and what is not "the national culture" of the decolonized country: the [[Nation state|nation-state]] collapses, either into communal movements, espousing grand political goals for the postcolonial nation; or into ethnically mixed communal movements, espousing political separatism, as occurred in [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonized Rwanda, the Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; thus the postcolonial extremes against which [[Frantz Fanon]] warned in 1961.

==Application==
===Middle East===
In the essay "Overstating the Arab State" (2001) by Nazih Ayubi, the author deals with the psychologically-fragmented postcolonial identity, as determined by the effects (political and social, cultural and economic) of Western colonialism in the Middle East. As such, the fragmented national identity remains a characteristic of such societies, consequence of the imperially convenient, but arbitrary, colonial boundaries (geographic and cultural) demarcated by the Europeans, with which they ignored the tribal and clan relations that determined the geographic borders of the Middle East countries, before the arrival of European imperialists.<ref>Ayubi, Nazih. 2001. ''Overstating the Arab State''. Bodmin: [[I.B. Tauris]]. pp. 86–123.</ref> Hence, the postcolonial literature about the Middle East examines and analyzes the Western discourses about [[identity formation]], the existence and inconsistent nature of a postcolonial national-identity among the peoples of the contemporary Middle East.{{sfn|Sadiki|2004}}

[[File:Middle east.jpg|thumb|250px|"The Middle East" is the Western name for the countries of South-western Asia.]]

In his essay "Who Am I?: The Identity Crisis in the Middle East" (2006), P.R. Kumaraswamy says:

{{Blockquote|Most countries of the Middle East, suffered from the fundamental problems over their national identities. More than three-quarters of a century after the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, from which most of them emerged, these states have been unable to define, project, and maintain a national identity that is both inclusive and representative.{{sfn|Kumaraswamy|2006|p=1}} }}

Independence and the end of colonialism did not end social fragmentation and war (civil and international) in the Middle East.{{sfn|Sadiki|2004}} In ''The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses'' (2004), [[Larbi Sadiki]] says that the problems of national identity in the Middle East are a consequence of the orientalist indifference of the European empires when they demarcated the political borders of their colonies, which ignored the local history and the geographic and tribal boundaries observed by the natives, in the course of establishing the Western version of the Middle East. In the event:{{sfn|Kumaraswamy|2006|p=1}}<blockquote>[I]n places like Iraq and Jordan, leaders of the new sovereign states were brought in from the outside, [and] tailored to suit colonial interests and commitments. Likewise, most states in the Persian Gulf were handed over to those [Europeanised colonial subjects] who could protect and safeguard imperial interests in the post-withdrawal phase.</blockquote>Moreover, "with notable exceptions like Egypt, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, most [countries]...[have] had to [re]invent, their historical roots" after decolonization, and, "like its colonial predecessor, postcolonial identity owes its existence to force."{{sfn|Sadiki|2004|p=122}}

===Africa===
[[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|Colonialism in 1913: the African colonies of the European empires; and the postcolonial, 21st-century political boundaries of the decolonized countries. (Click image for key)]]

In the late 19th century, the [[Scramble for Africa]] (1874–1914) proved to be the tail end of [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] colonialism of the European imperial powers, yet, for the Africans, the consequences were greater than elsewhere in the colonized non–Western world. To facilitate the colonization the European empires laid railroads where the rivers and the land proved impassable. The Imperial British railroad effort proved overambitious in the effort of traversing continental Africa, yet succeeded only in connecting colonial North Africa (Cairo) with the colonial south of Africa (Cape Town).

Upon arriving to Africa, Europeans encountered various African civilizations namely the [[Ashanti Empire]], the [[Benin Empire]], the Kingdom of [[Dahomey]], the [[Buganda]] Kingdom (Uganda), and the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], all of which were annexed by imperial powers under the belief that they required European stewardship.

About East Africa, Kenyan writer [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o]] wrote ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964), the first postcolonial novel about the [[East Africa]]n experience of colonial imperialism; as well as ''[[Decolonising the Mind|Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature]]'' (1986). In ''[[The River Between]]'' (1965), with the [[Mau Mau Uprising]] (1952–60) as political background, he addresses the postcolonial matters of African religious cultures, and the consequences of the imposition of Christianity, a religion culturally foreign to Kenya and to most of Africa.

In postcolonial countries of Africa, Africans and non–Africans live in a world of genders, ethnicities, classes and languages, of ages, families, professions, religions and nations. There is a suggestion that [[individualism]] and postcolonialism are essentially discontinuous and divergent cultural phenomena.<ref>"Extravagant Postcolonialism: Ethics and Individualism in Anglophonic, Anglocentric Postcolonial Fiction; Or, 'What was (this) Postcolonialism?'" ''[[ELH]]'' 75(4):899–937. [[Johns Hopkins University Press]]. 2008.</ref>

===Asia===

[[File:French Indochina c. 1930.jpg|thumb|Map of French Indochina from the colonial period showing its five subdivisions: Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina, Cambodia and Laos. (Click image for key)]]

[[French Indochina]] was divided into five subdivisions: [[Tonkin]], [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], [[Cochinchina]], [[Cambodia]], and [[Laos]]. Cochinchina (southern Vietnam) was the first territory under French control; [[Saigon]] was conquered in 1859; and in 1887, the Indochinese Union (Union indochinoise) was established.

In 1924, Nguyen Ai Quoc (aka [[Ho Chi Minh]]) wrote the first text against the French colonization: ''Le Procès de la Colonisation française'' ('French Colonization on Trial')

[[Trinh T. Minh-ha]] has been developing her innovative theories about postcolonialism in various means of expression, literature, films, and teaching. She is best known for her documentary film ''[[Reassemblage (film)|Reassemblage]]'' (1982), in which she attempts to [[Deconstruction|deconstruct]] anthropology as a "western [[Hegemonic masculinity|male]] [[Hegemony|hegemonic]] ideology." In 1989, she wrote ''[[Trinh T. Minh-ha#Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism (1989)|Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism]]'', in which she focuses on the acknowledgement of oral tradition.

=== Eastern Europe ===
The [[partitions of Poland]] (1772–1918) and occupation of Eastern European countries by the Soviet Union after the Second World War were forms of "white" colonialism, for long overlooked by postcolonial theorists. The domination of European empires ([[Prussia]]n, [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]], [[Russian Empire|Russian]], and later [[Soviet Empire|Soviet]]) over neighboring territories (Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, and Ukraine), consisting in military invasion, exploitation of human and natural resources, devastation of culture, and efforts to re-educate local people in the empires' language, in many ways resembled the violent conquest of overseas territories by Western European powers, despite such factors as geographical proximity and the missing racial difference.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chioni Moore|first=David|date=2001|title=Is the Post- in Postcolonial the Post- in Post-Soviet? Toward a Global Postcolonial Critique|url=https://www.mlajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1632/pmla.2001.116.1.111|journal=PMLA|volume=116|issue=1 |pages=111–128|doi=10.1632/pmla.2001.116.1.111|s2cid=233321293|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Postcolonial studies in East-Central and Eastern Europe were inaugurated by [[Ewa M. Thompson]]'s seminal book ''Imperial Knowledge: Russian Literature and Colonialism'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thompson|first=Ewa M.|url=https://archive.org/details/imperialknowledg0000unse|title=Imperial Knowledge. Russian Literature and Colonialism|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=2000|isbn=9780313313110|url-access=registration}}</ref> followed by works of [[Aleksander Fiut]], Hanna Gosk, Violeta Kelertas,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kelertas|first=Violeta|title=Baltic Postcolonialism|publisher=Brill|year=2006|isbn=978-90-420-1959-1|location=Amsterdam}}</ref> Dorota Kołodziejczyk,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kołodziejczyk|first1=Dorota|last2=Şandru|first2=Cristina|date=2012|title=On Colonialism, Communism and East-Central Europe – some reflections|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rjpw20/48/2|journal=Journal of Postcolonial Writing|volume=48|pages=113–116|doi=10.1080/17449855.2012.658242|s2cid=161462559|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Janusz Korek,<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Korek|editor-first=Janusz |title=From Sovietology to Postcoloniality: Poland and Ukraine from a Postcolonial Perspective|publisher=Södertörns högskola|year=2007|isbn=9789189315723|location=Huddinge, Sweden}}</ref> Dariusz Skórczewski,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Skórczewski|first=Dariusz|title=Polish Literature and National Identity: A Postcolonial Perspective|publisher=University of Rochester Press – Boydell & Brewer|year=2020|isbn=9781580469784|location=Rochester}}</ref> Bogdan Ştefănescu,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ştefănescu|first=Bogdan|date=2012|title=Reluctant Siblings: Notes on the Analogy between Post- communist and Postcolonial Subalterns|journal=Word and Text: A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics|volume=2|issue=1 |pages=13–25}}</ref> and Tomasz Zarycki.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zarycki|first=Tomasz|title=Ideologies of Eastness in Central and Eastern Europe|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=9780415625890|location=London}}</ref>

=== Ireland ===
{{Quote box|quote =If by colonization we mean the conquest of one society by another more powerful society on its way to acquiring a vast empire, the settlement of the conquered territory by way of [[population transfer]]s from the conquering one, the systematic denigration of the culture of the earlier inhabitants, the dismantling of their social institutions and the imposition of new institutions designed to consolidate the recently arrived [[settler]] community's power over the 'natives' while keeping that settler community in its turn dependent on the 'motherland', then Ireland may be considered one of the earliest and most thoroughly colonized regions of the [[British Empire]].| width=500px |source=Joe Cleary, ''Postcolonial writing in Ireland'' (2012)}}

[[Ireland]] experienced centuries of English/British colonialism between the 12th and 18th centuries – notably the [[Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)|Statute of Drogheda, 1494]], which subordinated the [[Parliament of Ireland|Irish Parliament]] to the English (later, British) government – before the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merged with the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] on 1 January 1801 as the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. Most of Ireland became independent of the U.K. in 1922 as the [[Irish Free State]], a self-governing dominion of the British Empire. Pursuant to the [[Statute of Westminster, 1931]] and enactment of a new [[Irish Constitution]], Éire became fully independent of the United Kingdom in 1937; and then became a republic in 1949. [[Northern Ireland]], in northeastern Ireland (''northwestern'' Ireland is part of the Republic of Ireland), remains a province of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://undpress.nd.edu/9780268022877/ireland-and-postcolonial-theory|title=Ireland and Postcolonial Theory}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251841.001.0001/acprof-9780199251841-chapter-9|title=Postcolonial Ireland|first=Joe|last=Cleary|editor1-first=Kevin|editor1-last=Kenny|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|via=oxford.universitypressscholarship.com|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199251841.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-925184-1}}</ref> Many scholars have drawn parallels between:
* the economic, cultural and social subjugation of Ireland, and the experiences of the colonized regions of the world<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29735684|title=Modern Ireland: Post-Colonial Society or Post-Colonial Pretensions?|author=Kennedy, Liam|year=1992|journal=The Irish Review|issue=13|pages=107–121|doi=10.2307/29735684|jstor=29735684|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* the depiction of the native [[Gaelic Irish]] as wild, tribal savages and the depiction of other [[indigenous peoples]] as primitive and violent<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/153662440/Ireland_and_Irishness_The_Contextuality_of_Postcolonial_Identity.pdf |doi=10.1080/24694452.2018.1507812|title=Ireland and Irishness: The Contextuality of Postcolonial Identity|year=2019|last1=Scanlon|first1=Lauren A.|last2=Satish Kumar|first2=M.|journal=Annals of the American Association of Geographers|volume=109|issue=1 |pages=202–222|bibcode=2019AAAG..109..202S |s2cid=166137125}}</ref>
* the [[partition of Ireland]] by the U.K. government, analogous to the partitioning and boundary-drawing of the other future nation states by colonial powers<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.discoversociety.org/2017/06/06/the-irish-language-in-postcolonial-perspective/|title=The Irish language in postcolonial perspective|date=June 6, 2017}}</ref>
* the post-independence struggle of the Irish Free State (which became the [[Republic of Ireland]] in 1949) to establish economic independence and its own identity in the world, and the similar struggles of other post-colonial nations; though, uniquely, Ireland had been independent, then become part of the U.K., then mostly independent again.<ref>{{Cite thesis|last=Flannery|first=Eoin|date=June 21, 2004|title=Fanon's one big idea: Ireland and postcolonial studies|type=PhD thesis|publisher=Mary Immaculate College, University of Limerick|url=https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/handle/10395/2076|hdl=10395/2076|via=MIRR – Mary Immaculate Research Repository}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2025}} Ireland's membership of and support for the [[European Union]] has often been framed as an attempt to break away from the United Kingdom's economic orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249909.001.0001/acprof-9780199249909-chapter-8|title=The Irish Republic as 'Postcolonial' Polity|first=Stephen|last=Howe|year=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|via=oxford.universitypressscholarship.com|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199249909.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-924990-9}}</ref>

In 2003, Clare Carroll wrote in ''Ireland and Postcolonial Theory'' that "the "colonizing activities" of [[Walter Raleigh|Raleigh]], [[Humphrey Gilbert|Gilbert]], and [[Francis Drake|Drake]] in Ireland can be read as a "rehearsal" for their later exploits in the Americas, and argues that the English Elizabethans represent the Irish as being more alien than the contemporary European representations of Native Americans."<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/175415|title=Ireland and Postcolonial Theory (review)|first=Nessa|last=Cronin|date=June 21, 2004|journal=New Hibernia Review|volume=8|issue=3|pages=145–147|via=Project MUSE|doi=10.1353/nhr.2004.0054|s2cid=144238619|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Rachel Seoighe wrote in 2017, "Ashis Nandy describes how colonisation impacts on the native's interior life: the meaning of the [[Irish language]] was bound up with loss of self in socio-cultural and political life. The purportedly wild and uncivilised Irish language itself was held responsible for the 'backwardness' of the people. Holding tight to your own language was thought to bring death, exile and poverty. These ideas and sentiments are recognised by [[Seamus Deane]] in his analysis of recorded memories and testimony of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine in the 1840s]]. The recorded narratives of people who starved, emigrated and died during this period reflect an understanding of the Irish language as complicit in the devastation of the economy and society. It was perceived as a weakness of a people expelled from [[modernity]]: their native language prevented them from casting off 'tradition' and 'backwardness' and entering the 'civilised' world, where English was the language of modernity, [[progress]] and survival."<ref name="auto"/>

[[Troubles (Northern Ireland)|The Troubles]] (1969–1998), a period of conflict in [[Northern Ireland]] between mostly Catholic and Gaelic Irish nationalists (who wish to join the Irish Republic) and mostly Protestant Scots-Irish and Anglo-Irish unionists (who are a majority of the population and wish to remain part of the United Kingdom) has been described as a post-colonial conflict.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20557531|title=Postcolonialism and Stories of the Irish Troubles|author=Storey, Michael|year=1998|journal=New Hibernia Review / Iris Éireannach Nua|volume=2|issue=3|pages=63–77|doi=10.1353/nhr.1998.a926619 |jstor=20557531|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/honors_theses/382|title=It's Not Paddy: Cinematic Portrayals of Irish Colonial Conflicts|first=Bridget|last=Shaffrey|date=May 10, 2017|type=BA thesis|publisher=Bucknell University}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2023}}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://journals.openedition.org/etudesirlandaises/1743|title=The Impact of British Colonialism on Irish Catholicism and National Identity: Repression, Reemergence, and Divergence|first=Timothy J.|last=White|date=June 30, 2010|journal=Études irlandaises|issue=35–1|pages=21–37|via=journals.openedition.org|doi=10.4000/etudesirlandaises.1743|doi-access=free}}</ref> In ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'', Daniel Finn criticised journalism which portrayed the conflict as one of "ancient hatred", ignoring the imperial context.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2020/07/ireland-sinn-fein-ira-one-mans-terrorist|title=Ireland's National Conflict Is About Imperialism as Well as Sectarianism|website=jacobinmag.com}}</ref>

=== Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) ===
[[Structural adjustment|Structural adjustment programmes]] (SAPs) implemented by the [[World Bank]] and [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] are viewed by some postcolonialists as the modern procedure of [[Colonialism|colonization.]] Structural adjustment programmes (SAPs) calls for trade liberalization, privatization of banks, health care, and educational institutions.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://journals2.scholarsportal.info/pdf/14706423/v29i0003/170_sapahw.xml|title=Structural adjustment programmes and human well-being|last=McGregor,S|date=2005-05-03|website=journals2.scholarsportal.info|access-date=2016-02-10}}</ref> These implementations minimized government's role, paved pathways for companies to enter Africa for its resources. Limited to production and exportation of cash crops, many African nations acquired more debt, and were left stranded in a position where acquiring more loan and continuing to pay high interests became an endless cycle.<ref name=":1" />

''The Dictionary of Human Geography'' uses the definition of colonialism as "enduring relationship of domination and mode of dispossession, usually (or at least initially) between an indigenous (or enslaved) majority and a minority of interlopers (colonizers), who are convinced of their own superiority, pursue their own interests, and exercise power through a mixture of coercion, persuasion, conflict and collaboration."<ref>Clayton, Dan. 2009. "[https://resilience2to1.com/resilience/pdf/humanGeography.pdf colonialism]." Pp. 94–98 in ''The Dictionary of Human Geography'' (5th ed.), edited by [[Derek Gregory|D. Gregory]], [[Ron Johnston (geographer)|R. Johnston]], G. Pratt, [[Michael Watts (geographer)|M. J.Watts]], and [[Sarah Whatmore (geographer)|S. Whatmore]]. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.</ref>

== Postcolonial literature ==
{{Main|Postcolonial literature}}

===Foundational works===
Some works written prior to the formal establishment of postcolonial studies as a discipline have been considered retroactively as works of postcolonialist theory.
* 1924. ''Le Procès de la Colonisation française'' ('French Colonization on Trial'), by [[Nguyen Ai Quoc]] (aka Ho Chi Minh)<ref>[[Ho Chi Minh]] (Nguyễn Ái Quốc). [1924] 2017. [http://www.leinsdorf.com/The%20Case%20Against%20French%20Colonialism%20%20Copyright,%202017-2.htm ''The Case Against French Colonization''] (1st ed.), translated by J. Leinsdorf. Pentland Press. {{ASIN|B01N33WV86}}.</ref>
* 1950. ''[[Discourse on Colonialism]]'', by [[Aimé Césaire]]
* 1952. ''[[Black Skin, White Masks]]'', by [[Frantz Fanon]]
* 1961. ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'', by Frantz Fanon
* 1965. ''[[The Colonizer and the Colonized]]'', by [[Albert Memmi]]
* 1970. ''Consciencism'', by [[Kwame Nkrumah]]
* 1978. ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]'', by [[Edward Said]]
* 1988. ''[[Can the Subaltern Speak?]]'', by [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]]

== Scholarly projects ==
In an effort to understand postcolonialism through scholarship and technology, in addition to important literature, many stakeholders have published projects about the subject. Here is an incomplete list of projects.
* [http://ipcs.org.au/ The Institute of Postcolonial Studies], based in Naarm/Melbourne, is an independent public education project dedicated to research and addressing contemporary matters informed by postcolonial and critical inquiry. IPCS edits the well-known journal ''[[Postcolonial Studies]]'' (published with Taylor and Francis).
* [https://scalar.chass.ncsu.edu/bodies-and-structures/index Bodies and Structure] (2019), on the spatial history of [[Japan]] and its empire
* [http://chicanadiasporic.org/journey/chicana/index?path=index Chicana Diasporic] (2018), a research hub that highlights the [[Chicana feminism|Chicana]] Caucus of the [[National Women's Political Caucus|National Women's Caucus]] from 1973 to 1979
* [http://harlemshadows.org/ Harlem Shadows] (2018), an open source collection of [[Claude McKay]]'s 1922 collection of poems
* [http://passamaquoddypeople.com/ Passamaquoddy People: At Home on the Oceans and Lakes] (2014), a digital archive of photos and recordings of the [[Passamaquoddy]] people
* [https://writersmakeworlds.com/ Postcolonial Writers Make Worlds] (2017), critical reading of [[Black British|Black]] and [[British Asian|Asian British]] literature
* [http://xpmethod.plaintext.in/torn-apart/volume/2/index Torn Apart/Separados] (2018), visualizations and scholarly journal tracking global crisis situations
* W.E.B. Du Bois's Data Portraits: Visualizing Black America (2019), charts from [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]] in color about the lives of [[African Americans|Black Americans]]

==Criticism==

=== Undermining of universal values ===

Indian-American Marxist scholar [[Vivek Chibber]] has critiqued some foundational logics of postcolonial theory in his book ''[[Postcolonial Theory and the Specter of Capital]]''. Drawing on [[Aijaz Ahmad]]'s earlier critique of Said's ''[[Orientalism (book)|Orientalism]]''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Aijaz|title=In Theory|date=1993|publisher=Verso|location=London}}</ref> and [[Sumit Sarkar]]'s critique of the [[Subaltern Studies]] scholars,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Sumit|title=Writing Social History|date=1997|publisher=Oxford India|pages=82–108}}</ref> Chibber focuses on and refutes the principal historical claims made by the Subaltern Studies scholars; claims that are representative of the whole of postcolonial theory. Postcolonial theory, he argues, essentializes cultures, painting them as fixed and static categories. Moreover, it presents the difference between [[Eastern world|East]] and [[Western world|West]] as unbridgeable, hence denying people's "universal aspirations" and "universal interests." He also criticized the postcolonial tendency to characterize all of [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] values as [[Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]]. According to him, the theory will be remembered "for its revival of cultural [[essentialism]] and its acting as an endorsement of [[orientalism]], rather than being an antidote to it."<ref name=jacobinmag>{{cite web|title=Who speaks for the Subaltern?|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2013/04/how-does-the-subaltern-speak/|publisher=jacobinmag}}</ref>

=== Fixation on national identity ===

The concentration of postcolonial studies upon the subject of ''[[national identity]]'' has determined it is essential to the creation and establishment of a stable nation and country in the aftermath of decolonization; yet indicates that either an indeterminate or an ambiguous national identity has tended to limit the social, cultural, and economic progress of a decolonized people. In ''Overstating the Arab State'' (2001) by Nazih Ayubi, Moroccan scholar Bin 'Abd al-'Ali proposed that the existence of "a pathological obsession with...identity" is a cultural theme common to the contemporary academic field Middle Eastern Studies.<ref name=":3">Ayubi, Nazih. 2001. ''Overstating the Arab State''. Bodmin: [[I.B. Tauris]].</ref>{{Rp|148}}

Nevertheless, Kumaraswamy and Sadiki say that such a common sociological problem—that of an indeterminate national identity—among the countries of the Middle East is an important aspect that must be accounted in order to have an understanding of the politics of the contemporary Middle East.{{sfn|Kumaraswamy|2006|p=1}} In the event, Ayubi asks if what 'Bin Abd al–'Ali sociologically described as an obsession with national identity might be explained by "the absence of a championing social class?"<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|148}}

In his essay ''The Death of Postcolonialism: The Founder's Foreword'', Mohamed Salah Eddine Madiou argues that postcolonialism as an [[academic study]] and critique of [[colonialism]] is a "dismal failure." While explaining that [[Edward Said]] never affiliated himself with the postcolonial discipline and is, therefore, not "the father" of it as most would have us believe, Madiou, borrowing from [[Roland Barthes|Barthes]]' and [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|Spivak]]'s death-titles (''[[The Death of the Author]]'' and ''Death of a Discipline'', respectively), argues that postcolonialism is today not fit to study colonialism and is, therefore, dead "but continue[s] to be used which is ''the'' problem." Madiou gives one clear reason for considering postcolonialism a dead [[discipline]]: the avoidance of serious colonial cases, such as [[Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Madiou|first=Mohamed Salah Eddine|title=The Death of Postcolonialism: The Founder's Foreword|url=https://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/JU/article/view/2303/pdf|journal=Janus Unbound: Journal of Critical Studies|date=11 November 2021|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–12}}</ref>

==See also==
{{col div}}
* [[Anticolonialism]]
* [[Cultural cringe]]
* [[Cross-culturalism]]
* [[Decolonization]]
* [[Decolonization of public space]]
* [[Ethnology]]
* [[Linguistic imperialism]]
* [[Nation-building]]
* [[Postcolonial anarchism]]
* [[Postcolonial feminism]]
* [[Postcolonial international relations]]
* [[Postcolonial theology]]
* [[Post-communism]]
* [[Post-Western era]]
* [[Street name controversy]]
* ''[[Burn!]]'' (1969), directed by Gillo Pontecorvo
* ''[[The Dogs of War (film)|The Dogs of War]]'' (1980), directed by John Irvin
* ''[[An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness"]]'' (1975), by [[Chinua Achebe]]
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Gregory|first=Derek|title=Dictionary of Human Geography|year=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell Publishing|location=Hoboken,NJ.}}
* {{Cite book|last=Fanon|first=Frantz|title=The Wretched of the Earth|year=1963|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8021-5083-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/wretchedofearth08fano}}
* {{cite news|first= Harald|last=Fischer-Tiné|url=http://www.ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/postcolonial-studies/harald-fischer-tine-postcolonial-studies|title=Postcolonial Studies|newspaper=Ego | Europäische Geschichte Online |year=2011|publisher=European History Online}}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Hart|first1=Jonathan|last2=Goldie|first2=Terrie|editor1-last=Makaryk|editor1-first=Irene Rima|editor2-last=Hutcheon|editor2-first=Linda|editor3-last=Perron|editor3-first=Paul|title=Post-colonial Theory|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Literary Theory: Approaches, Scholars, Terms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CTJCiLG9AeoC&pg=PA155|access-date=14 November 2011|year=1993|publisher=University of Toronto Press|location=Toronto, Canada|isbn=0-8020-5914-7}}
* {{Cite journal | last = Kumaraswamy | first = P. R. | title = Who Am I? The Identity Crisis in the Middle East | journal = The Middle East Review of International Affairs | volume = 10| issue = 1, Article 5 | date = March 2006 }}
* {{cite book|last=Quayson|first=Ato |author-link=Ato Quayson|title=Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice, or Process?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa8waWTrgFwC&pg=PA2
|access-date=22 November 2011|year=2000|publisher=Polity Press, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7456-1712-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Sadiki | first = Larbi | title = The Search for Arab Democracy: Discourses and Counter-Discourses | publisher = C. Hurst & Co. Ltd | year = 2004 | location = India | isbn =978-1-85065-494-0}}
* {{Cite book| last = Said| first = Edward|title = Orientalism| publisher = Pantheon | year = 1978|location=New York|isbn=978-0394428147}}
* {{cite web|first=Gayatri Chakravorty |last=Spivak |title=Can the Subaltern Speak? |year=1990 |url=http://www.maldura.unipd.it/dllags/docentianglo/materiali_oboe_lm/2581_001.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105154619/http://www.maldura.unipd.it/dllags/docentianglo/materiali_oboe_lm/2581_001.pdf |archive-date=January 5, 2012 }}
* [[Syed Hussein Alatas|Alatas, Syed Hussein]]. 1977. ''The Myth of the Lazy Native''.
* [[Benedict Anderson|Anderson, Benedict]]. [1983] 1991. ''[[Imagined Communities|Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism]]''. London: Verso. {{ISBN|0-86091-329-5}}.
* Ashcroft, B., G. Griffiths, and H. Tiffin. 1990. ''[[The Empire Writes Back|The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literature]]''.
* [[Samir Amin|Amin, Samir]]. 1988. ''L'eurocentrisme'' ('Eurocentrism').
* [[S. N. Balagangadhara|Balagangadhara, S. N.]] [1994] 2005. ''[[The Heathen in His Blindness...|"The Heathen in his Blindness..." Asia, the West, and the Dynamic of Religion]]''. Manohar books. {{ISBN|90-04-09943-3}}.
* [[Homi K. Bhabha|Bhabha, Homi K.]] 1994. ''The Location of Culture''.
* Chambers, I., and L. Curti, eds. 1996. ''The Post-Colonial Question''. Routledge.
* Chatterjee, P. ''Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories''. Princeton University Press.
* [[Leela Gandhi|Gandhi, Leela]]. 1998. ''Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction''. Columbia University Press: {{ISBN|0-231-11273-4}}.
* [[Che Guevara|Guevara, Che]]. 11 December 1964. "Colonialism is Doomed" (speech). ''19th [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly of the United Nations]]''. Havana.
* [[Trinh T. Minh-ha|Minh-ha, Trinh T.]] 1989. ''Woman, Native, Other: Writing Postcoloniality and Feminism''. Indiana University Press.
* [[Alamgir Hashmi|Hashmi, Alamgir]]. 1998. ''The Commonwealth, Comparative Literature and the World: Two Lectures''. Islamabad: Gulmohar.
* [[Paulin J. Hountondji|Hountondji, Paulin J.]] 1983. ''African Philosophy: Myth & Reality''.
* [[Kumari Jayawardena|Jayawardena, Kumari]]. 1986. ''Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World''.
* JanMohamed, A. 1988. ''Manichean Aesthetics: The Politics of Literature in Colonial Africa''.
* [[Declan Kiberd|Kiberd, Declan]]. 1995. ''Inventing Ireland''.
* [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin, Vladimir]]. 1916. ''[[Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism]]''.
* [[Octave Mannoni|Mannoni, Octave]], and P. Powesland. ''Prospero and Caliban, the Psychology of Colonization''.
* [[Ashis Nandy|Nandy, Ashis]]. 1983. ''The Intimate Enemy: Loss and Recovery of Self Under Colonialism''.
* [[Anne McClintock|McClintock, Anne]]. 1994. "The Angel of Progress: Pitfalls of the Term 'Postcolonialism'." In ''Colonial Discourse/Postcolonial Theory'', edited by M. Baker, P. Hulme, and M. Iverson.
* [[Walter Mignolo|Mignolo, Walter]]. 1999. ''Local Histories/Global designs: Coloniality''.
* [[Chandra Talpade Mohanty|Mohanty, Chandra Talpade]]. 1986. ''Under Western Eyes''.
* [[V. Y. Mudimbe|Mudimbe, V. Y.]] 1988. ''The Invention of Africa''.
* [[Uma Narayan|Narayan, Uma]]. 1997. ''Dislocating Cultures''.
* Parry, B. 1983. ''Delusions and Discoveries''.
* [[Anibal Quijano|Quijano, Aníbal]]. [1991] 1999. "Coloniality and Modernity/Rationality." In ''Globalizations and Modernities''.
* [[Roberto Fernández Retamar|Retamar, Roberto Fernández]]. [1971] 1989 . "Calibán: Apuntes sobre la cultura de Nuestra América" ['Caliban: Notes About the Culture of Our America']. In ''Calibán and Other Essays''.
* [[Edward Said|Said, Edward]]. 1993. ''Culture and Imperialism''.
* [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty]]. 1988. ''[[Can the Subaltern Speak?]]''
* [[Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o|wa Thiong'o, Ngũgĩ]]. 1986. ''[[Decolonising the Mind|Decolonizing the Mind: The Politics of Language in African Literature]]''.
* [[Robert J. C. Young|Young, Robert J. C.]] 1990. ''White Mythologies: Writing History and the West''.
* Ankerl, G. 2000. ''Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations''. Geneva: [[Indiana University Press]]. {{ISBN|2-88155-004-5}}.
* Bachetta, Paola. 2012. ''Cahiers du CEDREF'' on ''Decolonial Feminist and Queer Theories''.
* [[Hamid Dabashi|Dabashi, Hamid]]. 2007. ''[[Iran: A People Interrupted]]''.
* Dean, B., and J. Levi, eds. 2003. ''At the Risk of Being Heard: Indigenous Rights, Identity, and Postcolonial States''. University of Michigan Press. {{ISBN|0-472-06736-2}}.
* Dhawan, N. 2005. "Postkolonial Theorie. Eine kritische Einführung" ['Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Enquiry'].
* Kuttainen, Victoria. 2009. ''Unsettling Stories: Settler Postcolonialism''.
* [[Nadine El-Enany|El-Enany, Nadine]]. 2020. ''Bordering Britain''
* [[Priyamvada Gopal|Gopal, Priyamvada]]. 2019. ''[[Insurgent Empire]]''
* [[Achille Mbembe|Mbembe, Achille]]. 2000. ''[[On the Postcolony]]''. [[Regents of the University of California]].
* McLeod, John. 2000. ''Beginning Postcolonialism''.
* 2010. ''Beginning Postcolonialism'' (2nd ed.). Manchester University Press.
* [[Walter Mignolo|Mignolo, Walter]]. 2005. ''The Idea of Latin América''.
* Paperson, L. 2005. "The Postcolonial Ghetto." {{doi|10.5070/B81110026}}.
* Poddar, Prem, and David Johnson, ed. 2008. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIFMuFC0E-wC&q=prem+poddar A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures in English]''. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7486-3602-0}}. Retrieved 2016-02-23.
* [[Richard Pine|Prine, Richard]]. 2014. ''The Disappointed Bridge: Ireland and the Post-Colonial World''.
* [[Roopika Risam|Risam, Roopika]]. 2018. ''New Digital Worlds: Postcolonial Digital Humanities in Theory, Praxis, and Pedagogy''.
* [[Philip Carl Salzman|Salzman, Philip C.]], and D. Robinson Divine, eds. 2008. ''[[Postcolonial Theory and the Arab–Israeli Conflict]]''. Routledge.
* [[Robert J. C. Young|Young, Robert J. C.]] 2001. ''Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction''.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Library resources box}}

{{Litcrit}}
{{Theories of History}}
{{Colonization}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Postcolonialism| ]]
[[Category:Neocolonialism]]
[[Category:Africana philosophy]]
[[Category:Postmodern theory]]
[[Category:Post-structuralism]]

Director general of police

2026-03-17T10:25:25Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{short description|Highest police rank in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Director General
| body = Respective States and Union Territories Police Force
| native_name = 
| insignia = IPS DG+ADG.png
| insigniasize = 55px
| insigniacaption = Shoulder Rank of DGP
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize = 100px
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = Car Flag for Director General of Police
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| imagecaption = Star Plate for Police Vehicle
| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department = [[Police department]]
| style =
| type =
| status = Head of Police Force of [[States and union territories of India|States and Union Territories of India]]
| abbreviation = '''DGP'''
| member_of = [[Indian Police Service]]
| reports_to = * [[Minister for Home Affairs]] of the State Government
* [[Home Secretary]] of the State/UT Government
{{small|(Home Department of the concerned State/UT Govt.)}}
| residence = Respective Police Headquarters of States and Union Territories of India
| seat =
| nominator = [[Union Public Service Commission]]
| appointer = Respective cabinet of States And Union Territories of India
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = 2 years
| termlength_qualified = (minimum)
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]] (Addl. DGP)
| salary = {{big|•}} {{INRConvert|225000|lk=r}} ({{small|monthly}})
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Director General of Police''' ('''DGP''') is the highest-ranking [[Indian Police Service|police officer]] in [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|Indian states and union territories]]. The DGP is appointed by the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] and holds a [[three-star rank]]. In many states, there are multiple officers holding the rank of Director General of Police (DGP) as per [[Government of India|Union government]] norms. Among them, one officer is typically appointed as the Head of the Police Force, serving as the Director General of Police (DGP) of the state. Other DGP-ranked officers often head separate departments like Prisons, Anti-Corruption Bureau, Fire and Rescue Services, or have independent charge of police units, functioning separately from the State DGP.

The DGP is responsible for overseeing the entire police force and law enforcement activities within their respective jurisdiction. This position holds significant authority and plays a crucial role in maintaining law and order, implementing crime prevention strategies, and ensuring public safety. The DGP is usually appointed by the state government and works closely with other law enforcement agencies and government officials to uphold the rule of law and protect citizens' rights.<ref name="OnlyIAS">{{cite web |title=DGP Full Form: DGP Stands For Director General Of Police |url=https://pwonlyias.com/dgp-full-form/ |website=Only IAS |date=2023-08-29 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name="BestIAS">{{cite web |title=DGP full form- Director General of Police |url=https://bestiasinstitute.org/full-form/dgp-full-form/ |website=Best IAS Institute |date=2024-03-26 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref>

== Appointment of Director General of Police ==

The appointment of the Director General of Police (''Head of Police Force'') in Indian states and union territories follows a structured process mandated by the [[Supreme Court of India]], primarily based on the directives issued in the landmark Prakash Singh case of 2006. These directives aim to ensure transparency, meritocracy, and stability in the leadership of state police forces.<ref name="ManoramaYearbook">{{cite web |title=What is Prakash Singh case judgement? |url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2022/01/25/what-is-prakash-singh-case-judgement.html |website=Manorama Yearbook |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=UPSC tightens guidelines for appointment of State DGPs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/state-dgp-appointees-must-have-at-least-six-months-to-retire-those-on-deputation-need-central-consent-amended-upsc-guidelines/article67485609.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2023-11-02 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref> The Director General of Police is designated as the head of the police department for all administrative and operational purposes.

=== Supreme Court Directives ===

In the [[Prakash Singh]] case, the Supreme Court issued several directives to reform the police appointment process, emphasizing the need for a transparent and merit-based selection system.<ref name="ManoramaYearbook" /> Key aspects of these directives include:

* '''Consultation with UPSC:''' State governments are required to consult the [[Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)]] before appointing a DGP. This consultation involves sending the names of eligible officers to the UPSC at least three months before the incumbent DGP's retirement.<ref name="DrishtiIAS">{{cite web |title=Tightening Regulations for Appointing State DGPs |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/tightening-regulations-for-appointing-state-dgps |website=Drishti IAS |date=2023-11-03 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref>
* '''Preparation of Panel:''' The UPSC prepares a panel of three officers deemed fit for the DGP position based on seniority, service record, and range of experience. This panel is then sent back to the state government, which is required to appoint one of the shortlisted officers as the DGP.<ref name="NextIAS">{{cite web |title=Appointment of DGP's |url=https://www.nextias.com/ca/current-affairs/09-02-2023/appointment-of-dgps |website=NEXT IAS |date=2023-02-09 |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref>
* '''Minimum Tenure:''' The selected DGP is mandated to have a minimum tenure of at least two years, irrespective of their date of superannuation. This provision aims to provide stability and continuity in police leadership.<ref name="DrishtiIAS"/>
* '''Eligibility Criteria:''' Only officers with a minimum of 30 years of service and holding the rank of Additional Director General (ADG) or equivalent are considered for the DGP position. Additionally, officers must have at least six months of service left before retirement at the time of their empanelment.<ref name="NextIAS"/>
* '''No Acting DGPs:''' The Supreme Court has explicitly rejected the practice of appointing "Acting DGPs," requiring states to appoint a permanent DGP to ensure stable leadership.<ref name="DrishtiIAS"/>

===Other appointments===
When a state or union territory (UT) cadre has more than one director general (DG)-ranked officer, one of them is appointed as the Director General of Police (DGP), who serves as the head of the police force (HoPF). The remaining DG-ranked officers in a state or UT may be appointed to various positions outside of the police department, such as Director General of Prisons and Correctional Services, Director General of Fire and Rescue Services, Director General of the Anti-Corruption Bureau, Traffic and Road Safety Commissioner, Excise Commissioner, or heads of state public sector undertakings. Alternatively, they may be appointed to commensurate positions in various central police organizations or agencies under the union government.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tspolice.gov.in/jsp/userMenu.do?method=viewOrganizationStructure | title=Telangana State Police }}</ref>

In the [[Government of India|Union Government]], officers of DGP rank serve as heads of major [[Central Armed Police Forces|central police forces]] and [[List of Indian intelligence agencies|intelligence and security agencies]] such as [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]], [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]], [[National Investigation Agency|NIA]], [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]], [[Border Security Force|BSF]], [[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF]], [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police|ITBP]], [[Sashastra Seema Bal|SSB]], [[National Security Guard|NSG]], [[Special Protection Group|SPG]], [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]], [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]], and [[Railway Protection Force|RPF]]. They also lead directorates related to civil defence, fire services, and internal security, playing a key role in national law enforcement and security.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ DGP-rank Positions in States and Union Territories
! Designation !! Role !! Ministry/Department
|-
| Director General of Police (DGP) || Head of the police force (HoPF) in the state/UT || Home Department
|-
| Director General of Prisons and Correctional Services || Oversees prison administration and correctional services || Home / Prisons Department
|-
| Director General of Fire and Rescue Services || Leads fire and emergency services || Home / Fire Services Department
|-
| Director General of Anti-Corruption Bureau || Heads anti-corruption efforts in the state || Vigilance / Home Department
|-
| Transport / Road Safety Commissioner || Manages traffic enforcement and road safety || Transport Department
|-
| Excise Commissioner || Oversees enforcement of excise laws and revenue collection || Excise Department / Finance Department
|-
| Head of State Public Sector Undertaking || Leads a state-owned enterprise || Concerned Line Department / PSU Ministry
|-
| Deputation to Central Agencies || Assigned to central police or intelligence organizations || Union Government (various ministries)
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+ DGP-rank Positions in the Union Government
! Designation !! Role !! Ministry
|-
| [[Director of the Intelligence Bureau|Director, Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) || Heads domestic intelligence || [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]
|-
| [[Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation|Director, Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) || Leads central crime investigation || [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions|Department of Personnel and Training]] (DoPT)
|-
| [[Research and Analysis Wing|Secretary, Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW) || Heads foreign intelligence operations || [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]
|-
| [[Director General of the National Investigation Agency|Director General, National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) || Leads anti-terror investigations || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) || Commands the largest central armed police force || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| [[Director General of the Border Security Force|Director General, Border Security Force]] (BSF) || Guards India's borders || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) || Provides security to public sector undertakings || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) || Protects the India-China border || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) || Secures borders with Nepal and Bhutan || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, National Security Guard (NSG) || Handles counter-terrorism and hostage rescue || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director, Special Protection Group (SPG) || Provides security to the Prime Minister and former PMs || Cabinet Secretariat
|-
| Director General, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) || Leads disaster response operations || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) || Manages drug law enforcement || Ministry of Home Affairs
|-
| Director General, Railway Protection Force (RPF) || Ensures security of Indian Railways || [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]]
|-
| Director General, Civil Defence / Fire Services / Internal Security || Oversees civil protection and internal security || Ministry of Home Affairs
|}

== Salary ==
The pay matrix for Director General of Police (DGP) ranked officers comprises Pay Level 17, the apex grade, and Pay Level 16. The Head of Police Force or State Police Chief, holding the rank of DGP, receives a monthly fixed salary of ₹225,000, excluding allowances. This salary scale is also applicable to Directors General (DGs) of some Central Police Organisations at the Union government level.<ref name="IPSPayRules">{{cite web |title=The Indian Police Service (Pay) Rules, 2016 |url=https://ips.gov.in/otherscirculars/IPS%20%28Pay%29%20Rules,%202016.pdf |website=Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms, Government of India |access-date=2024-07-10}}</ref><ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web |date=2023-05-01 |title=Flexibility in rule governing apex pay scales of DG-rank IPS officers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/flexible-seniority-rule-for-top-ips-officers-in-india-government-to-decide-pay-scale-for-9-out-of-13-posts-101682965627120.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

For other DG ranked officers within state governments eligible for Pay Level 16, including DG of Prisons, DG of Fire and Rescue, DG of Civil Defence and Home Guards, DG of Anti-Corruption Bureau, or equivalent posts, the monthly pay ranges from ₹205,400 to ₹224,400, exclusive of allowances.<ref name="IPSPayRules" />

In November 2022, the government approved a proposal to grant apex scale salary to the Directors of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) and the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), ensuring they receive salaries at par with Secretary-rank Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officers, irrespective of seniority.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |date=2022-12-01 |title=Two top police posts, IB and CBI chiefs, to get salaries at par with Secretary-rank IAS officers irrespective of seniority |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/two-top-police-posts-ib-and-cbi-chiefs-to-get-salaries-at-par-with-secretary-rank-ias-officers-irrespective-of-seniority/article66210056.ece |access-date=2024-07-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Insignia and Uniform ==
[[File:S R. Jangid.jpg|thumb|S R. Jangid, IPS, former DGP of Tamil Nadu in uniform]]
DGP-ranked officers wear [[Gorget patches]] on their collars, which feature a dark blue background with an oak leaf pattern stitched on it, similar to those worn by Additional Directors General (ADGs) and Inspectors General (IGs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upsc.gov.in/|title=UPSC|work=Upsc.gov.in|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613074203/http://india.gov.in/govt/paycommission.php/ |url-status=dead |title=National Portal of India|archive-date=13 June 2009|website=india.gov.in}}</ref> The insignia and uniform are the same as those of the DGP for both Special DGPs and Additional DGPs.

== List of current Chiefs of Police Forces in the States and Union territories of India ==
[[File:Maharashtra Police Headquarters, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|[[Maharashtra Police]] Headquarters in [[Mumbai]], where the state DGP sits.]]
[[File:Tamil Nadu Police head Quarters Beach Road Chennai.jpg|thumb|[[Tamil Nadu Police]] Headquarters in [[Chennai]], where the state DGP sits.]]
[[File:UP पुलिस मुख्यालय - Signature Building UP Police New headquarter, Lucknow.png|thumb|upright=1.13|[[Uttar Pradesh Police]] Headquarters in [[Lucknow]], where the state DGP sits.]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+State Police Chiefs
!style="padding-center:15px;"|S.No.
!style="padding-center:15px;"|State
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Headquarters
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Name of Police Chief
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Batch<ref name="mha-ips-list">{{cite web|url=http://mha1.nic.in/IPS_Query.Asp|title=IPS : Query Form|work=Mha1.nic.in|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224155708/http://mha1.nic.in/IPS_Query.asp|archive-date=24 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|1
|[[Andhra Pradesh Police|Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Amaravati]]
|align=center|[[Harish Kumar Gupta]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|-
|2
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Police|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|[[Itanagar]]
|align=center|Shiv Darshan Singh Jamwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1995
|-
|3
|[[Assam Police|Assam]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|align=center|Harmeet Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|-
|4
|[[Bihar Police|Bihar]]
|[[Patna]]
|align=center|Vinay Kumar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1991
|-
|5
|[[Chhattisgarh Police|Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Raipur]]
|align=center|Arun Dev Gautam, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name=CGP>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh Police at Glance |url=http://cgpolice.gov.in/indian-police-service-ips-civil-list |publisher=Chhattisgarh Police |access-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616035629/http://www.cgpolice.gov.in/indian-police-service-ips-civil-list |archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
|align=right|1992
|-
|6
|[[Goa Police|Goa]]
|[[Panaji]]
|align=center|Alok Kumar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1996
|-
|7
|[[Gujarat Police|Gujarat]]
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|align=center|''Dr. K. L. N. Rao (acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|-
|8
|[[Haryana Police|Haryana]]
|[[Panchkula]]
|align=center|Ajay Singhal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|-
|9
|[[Himachal Pradesh Police|Himachal Pradesh]]
|[[Shimla]]
|align=center|''Ashok Tiwari (acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1993
|-
|10
|[[Jharkhand Police|Jharkhand]]
|[[Ranchi]]
|align=center|''Tadasha Mishra (acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1994
|-
|11
|[[Karnataka Police|Karnataka]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|align=center|M. A. Saleem, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksp.gov.in/home/dg-message.php|title=Karnataka Police|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110145607/http://www.ksp.gov.in/home/dg-message.php|archive-date=10 January 2016}}</ref>
|align=right|1993
|-
|12
|[[Kerala Police|Kerala]]
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|align=center|[[Ravada A. Chandrasekhar]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1991
|-
|13
|[[Madhya Pradesh Police|Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Bhopal]]
|align=center|Kailash Makwana, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1988
|-
|14
|[[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|align=center|[[Sadanand Date]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1990
|-
|15
|[[Manipur Police|Manipur]]
|[[Imphal]]
|align=center|Rajiv Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1993
|-
|16
|[[Meghalaya Police|Meghalaya]]
|[[Shillong]]
|align=center|Idashisha Nongrang, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|-
|17
|[[Mizoram Police|Mizoram]]
|[[Aizawl]]
|align=center |Sharad Agarwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1997
|-
|18
|[[Nagaland Police|Nagaland]]
|[[Kohima]]
|align=center|Rupin Sharma, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nagapol.gov.in/dgp_address.html|title=Nagaland Police – DGP Address|work=Nagapol.gov.in|access-date=18 February 2015|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029204114/http://nagapol.gov.in/dgp_address.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=right|1992
|-
|19
|[[Odisha Police|Odisha]]
|[[Cuttack]]
|align=center|Y. B. Khurania, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1990
|-
|20
|[[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|align=center|[[Gaurav Yadav (police officer)|Gaurav Yadav]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=पीटीआई |date=2023-02-24 |title=Punjab News: पंजाब पुलिस के डीजीपी बोले- माहौल खराब करने की साजिश को सफल नहीं होने देंगे |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/punjab/punjab-dgp-gaurav-yadav-on-hungama-waris-punjab-de-lovepreet-toffan-amritsar-jail-latest-news-2343359 |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-07 |title=CAT dismisses petition challenging Gaurav Yadav's posting as Punjab DGP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/cat-dismisses-petition-challenging-gaurav-yadavs-posting-as-punjab-dgp-9312749/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|align=right|1992
|-
|21
|[[Rajasthan Police|Rajasthan]]
|[[Jaipur]]
|align=center|Rajeev Kumar Sharma, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1990
|-
|22
|[[Sikkim Police|Sikkim]]
|[[Gangtok]]
|align=center|Akshay Sachdeva, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1991
|-
|23
|[[Tamil Nadu Police|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Chennai]]
|align=center|''G. Venkataraman (acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1994
|-
|24
|[[Telangana Police|Telangana]]
|[[Hyderabad]]
|align=center|[[B. Shivadhar Reddy]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1994
|-
|25
|[[Tripura Police|Tripura]]
|[[Agartala]]
|align=center|Anurag Dhankar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1994
|-
|26
|[[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[Lucknow]]
|align=center|''Rajeev Krishna (acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1991
|-
|27
|[[Uttarakhand Police|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Dehradun]]
|align=center|Deepam Seth, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1995
|-
|28
|[[West Bengal Police|West Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|align=center|''Siddh Nath Gupta (acting)'', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|}

[[File:Delhi Police Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Headquarters of Delhi Police. It also serves as the office of [[Police Commissioner of Delhi]], who is the ex-officio DGP of Delhi.]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+<big>Police Chiefs of Union Territories</big>
!style="padding-center:15px;"|S.No
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Union Territory
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Headquarters
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Name of the Police Chief
!style="padding-center:15px;"|Batch
!Rank
|-
|1
|[[Andaman and Nicobar Police|Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|[[Port Blair]]
|align=center|Hargobinder Singh Dhaliwal, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right| 1997
|DG
|-
|2
|[[Chandigarh Police|Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh]]
|align=center|Dr. Sagar Preet Hooda, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1997
|DG
|-
|3
|[[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Police|Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]
|[[Daman, India|Daman]]
|align=center|Milind Mahadeo Dumbere, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|2006
|[[Deputy inspector general of police#India|DIG]]
|-
|4
|[[Delhi Police|Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|align=center|[[Satish Golcha]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|DG
|-
|5
|[[Jammu and Kashmir Police|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|[[Srinagar]] ''(May–Oct)'' [[Jammu]] ''(Nov-Apr)''
|align=center|[[Nalin Prabhat]], [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1992
|DG
|-
|6
|[[Ladakh Police|Ladakh]]
|[[Leh]]
|align=center|Mukesh Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1996
|DGP
|-
|7
|[[Lakshadweep Police|Lakshadweep]]
|[[Kavaratti]]
|align=center|Sameer Sharma, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right| 2011
|[[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]]
|-
|8
|[[Puducherry Police|Puducherry]]
|[[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
|align=center|Shalini Singh, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|align=right|1996
|DG
|}

== See also ==
* [[Advocate general (India)|Advocate General]]
* [[Additional Director General of Police]]
* [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]]
* [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]
* [[Head of Forest Forces]]
* [[Police forces of the states and union territories of India|Police forces of India]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chiefs of police]]
[[Category:Police ranks of India]]
[[Category:Three-star officers]]

Amarajeevi (1965 film)

2026-03-05T18:15:41Z

NamVanwagenen: add references and fixed typos

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amarajeevi
| image = Amarajeevi postr grn.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = G. Krishna Murthy
| producer = D. Narayanappa
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = Raja Shankar [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] [[T. N. Balakrishna]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography = S. K. Varada Rajan
| editing =
| studio =
| released = {{Film date|1965|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Amarajeevi''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಅಮರಜೀವಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1965 Indian [[Kannada]] film, directed by G. Krishna Murthy and produced by D. Narayanappa. The film stars Raja Shankar, [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]], [[T. N. Balakrishna]] and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/amarajeevi-1965|title=Amarajeevi|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Amarajeevi-1965/9219800489|title=Amarajeevi|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=nthwall.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150129160439/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Amarajeevi-1965/9219800489|archive-date=29 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/amarajeevi.htm|title=Amarajeevi|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*Raja Shankar
*[[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]]
*[[T. N. Balakrishna]]
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]]
*B. Ramadevi

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Vijaya Bhaskar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Amarajeevi-K0000885|title=Amarajeevi Songs|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=raaga.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Halliyoora Hammera" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] || Kanagal Prabhakara Shastry || 02:54
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:1965 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1965 Indian films]]
{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Mylapore clique

2026-03-02T00:32:54Z

NamVanwagenen: created new pg

{{Short description|Influential faction in the Madras Presidency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
[[File:V. Bhashyam Iyengar.png|thumb|190x190px|Dewan Bahadur Sir [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]]]
[[File:CP Ramaswami Aiyar.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI KCIE]]]]

The '''Mylapore clique''' (also termed an oligarchy,<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC |title=A History of India |date=2010-02-04 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1 |language=en}}</ref> faction,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zBRAQAAIAAJ |title=Cambridge South Asian Studies |date=1965 |isbn=978-0-521-20755-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOawCwAAQBAJ |title=Modern India 1885–1947 |date=1989-01-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-19712-5 |language=en}}</ref> group,<ref name=":0" /> set,<ref name=":22" /> and cabal<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ |title=March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947 |date=1989 |publisher=University of Michigan Press (original); Lalitha Publications |language=en}}</ref>) was a small group<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Kannan |first=R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USfI9rPtpygC&dq=mylapore+clique&pg=PT27 |title=Anna: The Life and Times of C.N. Annadurai |date=2017-06-13 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-313-4 |language=en}}</ref> of politically moderate and elite [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] (primarily [[Tamil Brahmins]]),<ref name=":02" /> — many of whom were noted lawyers, administrators, academics or educators, and industrialists<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nr5HAAAAMAAJ |title=March to Freedom in Madras Presidency, 1916-1947 |date=1989 |publisher=Lalitha Publications |language=en}}</ref> — in the [[Madras Presidency]]. The clique is considered to have "wielded almost exclusive influence and patronage in the service and government appointments",<ref name=":02" /> and "controlled the flow of resources out of the institutions of the capital",<ref>{{Citation |last=Washbrook |first=David |title=Political Change in a Stable Society: Tanjore District 1880 to 1920 |date=1975 |work=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940 |pages=20–68 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=C. J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_2 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_2 |isbn=978-1-349-02746-0 |editor2-last=Washbrook |editor2-first=D. A.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and "dominated the professional and political life of [[Madras Presidency|[the presidency]]]."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganesan |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=mylapore+clique&pg=PA59 |title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937 |date=1988-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-082-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
Informal and exclusive, the clique was controlled by two extended families, the [[Vembaukum family|Vembaukum]] [[Iyengar|Iyengars]], and the [[Calamur Viravalli|Calamur Viravalli-Chetpet]] [[Iyer|Iyers]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Washbrook |first=D. A. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511563430 |title=The Emergence of Provincial Politics |date=1976-07-29 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511563430 |isbn=978-0-521-20982-3}}</ref> and took its name from [[Mylapore|the luxurious Madras City neighborhood]] in which many of its members kept mansions. The clique formed and began to exert influence during the 1880s and 1890s under the headship of [[Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] and [[Sir S. Subramania Iyer]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOawCwAAQBAJ |title=Modern India 1885–1947 |date=1989-01-24 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-19712-5 |language=en}}</ref> with [[R. Raghunatha Rao]] as a tertiary leader.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-ExuAAAAMAAJ |title=Madras Presidency in Pre-Gandhian Era: A Historical Perspective, 1884-1915 |date=1997 |publisher=Lalitha Publications |language=en}}</ref> Some argue that the clique reached its zenith between 1910 and 1920,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vēṇu |first=Ē Es |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_XBuAAAAMAAJ |title=Anna and the Crusade |date=1987 |publisher=Nakkeeran Pathippagam |language=en}}</ref> while others highlight its influence in ministry and magistracy continuing into the 1920s and 1930s, with [[Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] as leader.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Studdert-Kennedy |first=Gerald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2k_AAAAMAAJ |title=Providence and the Raj: Imperial Mission and Missionary Imperialism |date=1998-11-24 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-9277-6 |language=en}}</ref>

American historian [[Eugene F. Irschick]] said of them, "the Mylapore Clique was most powerful in the High Court and the Judiciary, but its great influence permeated the [[Fort St. George, India|Secretariat at Fort St. George]] and all the Tamil District administrations. It was not without its ramifications in the more important Telugu Districts — [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Krishna district|Kistna]], [[Godavari District|Godavaris]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]], and [[Ballari|Bellary]].'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irschick |first=Eugene F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fLY7v3tbM8kC |title=Politics and Social Conflict in South India |publisher=University of California Press |language=en|author-link=Eugene F. Irschick}}</ref> Affiliates and relatives of senior members - especially those related to the two dominant families - ascended the bureaucracy, magistracy, and business communities, under a government which had come to operate appointments using "the celebrated principle of the best-backed" candidates.<ref>{{Cite book |author=University of London Centre of South Asian Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seAlAAAAMAAJ |title=Leadership in South Asia |date=1977 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0540-3 |language=en}}</ref> One beneficiary was [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]], initially funded by clique member [[R. Ramachandra Rao]], then Collector of [[Nellore]] and President of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]], who obtained for him a well-salaried accounting clerkship in the [[Madras Port Trust]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar |first=Srinivasa Ramanujan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of5G0r6DQiEC |title=Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary |date=1995-09-07 |publisher=American Mathematical Soc. |isbn=978-0-8218-9125-4 |language=en}}</ref> which was succeeded by a special scholarship at the [[University of Madras]] secured by the advocacy of university vice-chancellor, Justice of the High Court, and clique leader [[P. R. Sundaram Iyer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kanigel |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m08ADAAAQBAJ&dq=ramanujan+pr+sundaram&pg=PA178 |title=The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan |date=2016-04-26 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4767-6349-1 |language=en}}</ref>{{Efn-lr|On his return from England, sickened with tuberculosis, Ramanujan was treated by the medical specialist P. S. Chandrasekhara Iyer, brother of clique leader [[Sir P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]].}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajagopalan |first=K. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOTuAAAAMAAJ&q=brother+doctor+treat+ramanujan |title=Srinivasa Ramanujan |date=1988 |publisher=Sri Aravinda-Bharati |language=en}}</ref>

Senior members routinely served as judges and justices of the [[High Court of Madras]], as [[Tehsildar|Tehsildars]] and [[District collector|district magistrates]], as Ministers of the [[Executive Council of the Governor of Madras]] and the [[Legislative Council of Madras]], in [[Madras Corporation]], and in similar offices; in parallel, they were often honoured by the British as [[Order of the British Empire|Companions or Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] or [[Order of the Star of India|of the Order of the Star of India]], and/or as [[Knight Bachelor|Knights Bachelor]], with the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]],{{Efn-lr|Justice V. Krishnaswamy Iyer; Dewan Bahadur Justice C.V. Viswanatha Sastri}} as well as with the titles of [[Rao Bahadur|Rai or Rao Bahadur]], and of [[Dewan Bahadur]]. Members were mainstays as high as the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], governing all [[British India]] as it sat under the purview of their ministerial portfolios,{{efn-lr|e.g. Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, Sir P.S. Sivaswamy Iyer}} and sat even on the [[Privy Council (United Kingdom)|Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]{{Efn-lr|V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, also created a [[Companion of Honour]]}} and as [[British India|India's]] delegates to the [[League of Nations]], the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], and the [[London Economic Conference|London Economic Conference of 1933]].{{Efn-lr|Sir C.P. Ramaswami Iyer, Sir P.S. Sivaswami Iyer}}

The Mylapore clique and its ur-elements were of central importance in the [[Madras Mahajana Sabha]],<ref name=":22" /> forerunner of the [[Indian National Congress]], which it dominated without resistance in the southern territories until 1905,<ref name=":32" /> rendering it nearly 'moribund'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knight |first=Lionel Charles |title=Britain in India: 1858 - 1947 |date=2012 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=978-0-85728-517-1 |series=Anthem perspectives in history |location=London}}</ref> [[Annie Besant]] developed close ties to the Mylapore set resulting in the exploration of [[Theosophy]] by many Mylapore elites, and, after 1910, the metamorphosis of the set's regional machines, via [[Theosophical Society]] branches into tools of nationalist mobilization,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Gyan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2XcDwAAQBAJ |title=Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India |date=2020-06-16 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-21421-4 |language=en}}</ref> eventually resulting in [[Home Rule Movement (India)|India's Home Rule Movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararajan |first=Saroja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyFuAAAAMAAJ |title=Sir C.P. Ramaswami Aiyar, a Biography |date=2002 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-7764-326-8 |language=en}}</ref> Beyond conventional politics, the Mylapore clique was also active in long-running attempts to reform of the Madras Presidency's 75,000 Hindu temples<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Baker |first=Christopher |title=Temples and Political Development |date=1975 |work=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940 |pages=69–97 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=C. J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_3 |access-date=2024-03-26 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_3 |isbn=978-1-349-02746-0 |editor2-last=Washbrook |editor2-first=D. A.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as the ''Dharmarakshana Sabha'',<ref>{{Citation |last=Gould |first=William |title=Social and Religious Reform in 19th-Century India |date=2020-01-30 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History |url=https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-382 |access-date=2024-03-26 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.382 |isbn=978-0-19-027772-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref> against which British colonial administrators, increasingly wary, effectively waged a proxy war in the 1910s, although the ''Sabha'' succeeded in obtaining its selectees' appointments to the administration of the richest of the presidency's temples through the courts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajaraman |first=P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGMmAAAAMAAJ |title=The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37 |date=1988 |publisher=Poompozhil Publishers |language=en}}</ref>

Opposition came at first, haphazardly, from [[Triplicane Six]] ringleader and editor-in-chief of [[the Hindu]], [[G. Subramania Iyer]],<ref name=":4" /> who was sidelined after the 1880s, and consequently from [[C. Sankaran Nair|Sir C. Sankaran Nair]]'s 'less well-placed'<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chvjAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Archaeology |date=1980 |publisher=University of Michigan Press (original); Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad |language=en}}</ref> [[Egmore clique]], backed by [[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar]], who in 1905 purchased control of [[The Hindu]]; later, from, the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]];<ref>{{Citation |last=Washbrook |first=David |title=The Development of Caste Organisation in South India 1880 to 1925 |date=1975 |work=South India: Political Institutions and Political Change 1880–1940 |pages=150–203 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=C. J. |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_5 |access-date=2024-03-27 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-02746-0_5 |isbn=978-1-349-02746-0 |editor2-last=Washbrook |editor2-first=D. A.|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Venkatraman |first=V. |date=2019 |title=March To Freedom: Indian Press and Public Opinion Towards Indian Independence in Madras Presidency 1942-1947 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3437197 |journal=SSRN Electronic Journal |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3437197 |issn=1556-5068|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and [[Dravidian movement|Non-Brahmin movement, today known as the Dravidian movement]] are viewed by scholars as a reaction to and against Mylapore hegemony,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Veluchamy |first=C. |title=Political Trends and Dawn of the Justice Party Volume : III, Issue : III, April - 2013 |url=https://oldisrj.lbp.world/ArchiveArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2267 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=oldisrj.lbp.world |publisher=Lakshmi Book Publication |doi=10.9780/22307850|doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torri |first=Michelguglielmo |date=1977 |editor-last=Washbrook |editor-first=D. A. |title=Social System and Ideology in South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365773 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=12 |issue=29 |pages=1144–1148 |jstor=4365773 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> while the Mylapore-Egmore rivalry proved crucial to the formation of the mature [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":22" /> Along with the neutral (though [[Brahminical]]) [[Triplicane|Triplicane Clique]] of Ramarao and [[M. O. Parthasarathy Iyengar]], Mylapore and Egmore were often referred to as Madras' 'Three Inns of Court', paralleling London's [[Gray's Inn]], [[Lincoln's Inn]], and [[Middle Temple]]. During the [[Indian Home Rule movement|Home Rule movement]], Mylapore and Egmore were briefly allied, although this failed to last. The [[Indian Nationalism|nationalists]] of the Salem Clique led by [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]] wrestled with the Mylapore faction for control over the [[1937 Madras Presidency Legislative Assembly election|provincial congress]] and eventually succeeded with the [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] line of engagement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-20 |title=Madras was where idea of Congress was born |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/madras-was-where-idea-of-congress-was-born/articleshow/33976753.cms |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=B.A |first=Pon Vasanth |date=2023-09-26 |title=Was Indian National Congress founded in Madras? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-mylapore-building-and-the-birth-of-indian-national-congress/article67349879.ece |access-date=2024-09-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Senior members ==
* Dewan Bahadur Sir [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] †
* Dewan Bahadur Sir [[S. Subramania Iyer]] [[Order of the Star of India|KCIE]] †
* Dewan Bahadur [[R. Raghunatha Rao|Rai Raghunatha Rao]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
* Justice [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer]] [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind]] †
* Sir [[P. S. Sivaswami Iyer]] [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI CIE]]
* [[C.V. Kumaraswami Sastri|Dewan Bahadur Chief Justice Sir]] [[C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri]]
* Dewan Bahadur Justice [[C.V. Viswanatha Sastri]], [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind]]
* Sir [[V. C. Desikachariar]]
* [[V. S. Srinivasa Sastri]] [[Companion of Honour|CH]] [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]]
* Dewan Bahadur Sachivottama Sir [[C. P. Ramaswami Iyer]] [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI KCIE]] †
* [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
* Dewan Bahadur Justice [[L. A. Govindaraghava Aiyar]]
* [[G. A. Natesan]]
* Justice [[P. R. Sundaram Iyer]]
* Judge [[C. R. Pattabhirama Iyer]]
* Dewan Bahadur [[R. Ramachandra Rao]]

(† denotes a generational leader)

== Allies or subordinate members ==
* ''Dewan Bahadur Sir [[Mocharla Ramachandra Rao|Mocharla Ramachandra Rao Pantulu Garu]] [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|Kaisar-i-Hind]]''
* [[Konda Venkatappayya]]
* [[N. Subba Rao Pantulu]]
* [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam|Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu]]

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Mylapore clique]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-roman" responsive="1"></references>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Mylapore clique| ]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Madras Presidency]]

Pritisangam

2026-03-01T09:34:41Z

NamVanwagenen: Put up initial info needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Pritisangam
| alt_name =
| iucn_category=IV
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Maharashtra
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| location = [[Satara district|Satara]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Karad]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Pune]], [[Kolhapur]]
| coordinates = {{coord|17.285|N|74.184|E|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| governing_body =
| url =
}}
'''Pritisangam''' is a place where the [[Krishna River]] and [[Koyna River]], meet. Both rivers originate from [[Mahabaleshwar]] and meet each other at [[Karad]] from front.{{clarify|date=October 2023}} This [[Confluence|sangam]] is very rare in world where two rivers come from front and take a turn and become one river.<ref>[http://bhaaratdarshan.com/mh/travel/karad-priti-sangam/ Pretisangam]</ref> Pritisangam meaning Confluence of Love.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==Places nearby==
There is beautiful natural [[Ghat]] nearby sangam and temple of Gramdevi of [[Karad]], Krishnamai. Now there is very good garden and it is most visited tourist spot in Karad. This place is also famous for the Samadhi of Late [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] who was first Chief Minister of Maharashtra India. It is built on the banks of rivers at Pritisangam. Some of the well-known places are Krishnamai Temple, high minarets. There is famous well known as "Nakatya Rawlyachi Vihir".<ref>[http://www.holidayiq.com/Karad-Priti-Sangam-Karad-Sightseeing-1023-12257.html Pretisnagam]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Satara district topics}}
[[Category:Karad]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Satara district]]

Constable Manju

2026-03-01T03:52:00Z

NamVanwagenen: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sun TV Network#Owned channels]]

History of Mangaluru

2026-02-28T06:23:54Z

NamVanwagenen: New New Page

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
The '''History of Mangaluru''' dates back to the 3rd century BC and has been ruled by a number of rulers. In the era of [[modern India]], the area was controlled by the [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay]], who lost it to [[Shivappa Nayaka]], who in turn lost it to [[Hyder Ali]].

Until [[India's independence]] Mangaluru remained under the rule of [[British India]] who had taken over by defeating [[Tipu Sultan]] in the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. [[Mangaluru]] which was a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] was merged into a unified [[Mysore State]] in 1956.

==Multilingual city==
[[File:Sultan Battery 2163.JPG|thumb|The [[Sultan Battery (Mangalore)|Sultan Battery]] in Mangaluru, built in 1784 by [[Tipu Sultan]] to defend the city from British warships entering the Gurupura river<ref>{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8xMS8zMCNBcjAwNDAy&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |title=Worst-Case Scenario |access-date=25 August 2008 |date=30 November 2006 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314044022/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQkcvMjAwNi8xMS8zMCNBcjAwNDAy&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom |archive-date=14 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle+-+Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=20080226200802261632455073e44f0c1
|title=Mangalore: Of cultural institutions, tiles and religious spots
|author=Kunal Bhatia
|accessdate=25 August 2008
|date=26 February 2008
|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]
|url-status=live
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121011841/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?Page=article&sectname=Lifestyle%20-%20Leisure&sectid=79&contentid=20080226200802261632455073e44f0c1
|archivedate=21 November 2011
}}</ref>]]
Mangaluru is the heart of a distinct multilinguistic—cultural region : [[Tulunadu]] a homeland of [[Tulu Language|Tulu]]-speaking People, which was nearly coterminous with the modern district of [[South Canara]].<ref name="Shatkin2013">{{cite book|author=Gavin Shatkin|title=Contesting the Indian City: Global Visions and the Politics of the Local|date=14 August 2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-29584-7|chapter=Chapter 10: Planning Mangalore: Garbage Collection in a Small Indian City}}</ref>
In the third century BC, the town formed part of the [[Maurya]] Empire, ruled by the Mauryan emperor, [[Ashoka]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].<ref name="bmsc">{{cite thesis|type=PhD |author=Fedrick Sunil Kumar N.I |title=The basel mission and social change-Malabar and south canara a case study (1830–1956)" |publisher=University of Calicut |date=2006 |chapter=Chapter 6 : The Basel Mission in South Canara|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/30037/13/13_chapter%206.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|176}} From the third to sixth century AD, the [[Kadamba dynasty]], whose capital was based in [[Banavasi]] in [[North Canara]], ruled over the entire [[Kanara|Canara]] region as independent rulers.<ref name="Puttaswamaiah19802">{{cite book|author=K. Puttaswamaiah|title=Economic Development of Karnataka: A Treatise in Continuity and Change|page=33|year=1980|publisher=Oxford & IBH}}</ref> From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the [[South Canara]] region was ruled by its own native [[Alupas|Alupa]] rulers. An [[Old Malayalam]] inscription ([[Ramanthali inscriptions]]), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of [[Alupa dynasty]] of [[Mangaluru]], can be found at [[Ezhimala]] (the former headquarters of [[Mushika dynasty]]) near [[Kannur|Cannanore]], in the [[North Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]].<ref>Narayanan, M. G. S. ''Perumāḷs of Kerala.'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 483.</ref>
The Alupas ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyas of Badami]], [[Rashtrakutas|Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]], [[Western Chalukyas|Chalukyas of Kalyani]], and [[Hoysalas|Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra]].<ref name="sk">{{cite book|last=Bhat|first=N. Shyam|title=South Kanara, 1799–1860: a study in colonial administration and regional response|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-7099-586-9}}</ref>{{rp|17}} During the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (c. 1110 – c.1160), in the 1130s and 1140s, the city was home to the Arabic-speaking [[Tunisian people|Tunisian]] Jewish merchant [[Abraham Ben Yiju]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ghosh|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC&pg=PA189&dq=&sig=ACfU3U1d2AKJLTdQT1Hs-VurHOe06DStCg#PPA189,M1 189]|Ref=9}}</ref>

==Ibn Battuta==
The [[Moroccan people|Moroccan]] traveller [[Ibn Battuta]], who had visited the town in 1342, referred to it as ''Manjarur'', and stated that the town was situated on a large [[estuary]], called the "estuary of the wolf," and was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|1829|loc=[https://web.archive.org/web/20081007092612/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/07china2.html#malabar Perils and detours in Malabar]|Ref=17}}</ref><ref name="Doddamane1993">{{cite book|author=A. Wahab Doddamane|title=Muslims in Dakshina Kannada: A Historical Study up to 1947 and Survey of Recent Developments|year=1993|publisher=Green Words Publication}}</ref>{{rp|30}} By 1345, the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|17}} During the Vijayanagara period (1345–1550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur ''rajyas'' (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and [[Barkur]]. But many times only one governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur ''rajyas'', and when the authority passed into the hands of Keladi rulers (c. 1550–1763), they had a governor at Barkur alone.<ref name="sk"/>{{rp|19}} In 1448, [[Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī|Abdur Razzaq]], the Persian ambassador of [[Shahrukh Mirza|Sultan Shah Rukh]] of [[Samarkand]], visited Mangalore, ''en route'' to the [[Vijayanagara]] court.<ref name="Doddamane1993"/>{{rp|31}} The Italian traveller, [[Ludovico di Varthema]], who visited India in 1506 says that he witnessed nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready for sail in the port of Mangalore.<ref name="sk"/>{{rp|20}}

==European influence==
[[Europe]]an influence in Mangaluru can be traced back to 1498, when the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed at [[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Island]] near [[Udupi]], just after his arrival at [[Koyilandy]], [[Kozhikode]].<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm
|title = Where rocks tell a tale
|first = J.
|last = Kamath
|date = 16 September 2002
|accessdate = 8 July 2008
|newspaper = [[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130922134826/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm
|archivedate = 22 September 2013
|df = dmy-all}}</ref> In the 16th century, the Portuguese came to acquire substantial commercial interests in Canara. [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509–1529), the then ruler of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagara empire]] maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese. The Portuguese trade was gradually gathering momentum and they were striving to destroy the Arab and [[Moplah]] trade along the coast. In 1524, when Vasco da Gama heard that the Muslim merchants of [[Calicut]] had agents at Mangalore and [[Basrur]], he ordered the rivers to be blockaded. In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]] took possession of Mangalore. The coastal trade passed out of Muslim hands into Portuguese hands.<ref name="sk"/>{{rp|20}} In 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler, [[Sadashiva Raya]], entrusted the work of administering the coastal region of Canara to Sadashiv Nayaka of [[Keladi]]. By 1554, he was able to establish political authority over South Canara. The disintegration of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijaynagara Empire]] in 1565 gave the rulers of Keladi greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|27}} They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system. The two provinces of Mangalore and [[Barkur]] continued to exist. The Governor of Mangalore also acted as the Governor of the Keladi army in his province.<ref name="sk" />{{rp|30}} In 1695, the town was torched by [[Arab]]s in retaliation for Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.<ref>{{cite book|last=Muthanna|first=I. M.|title=Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture|year=1977|publisher=Lotus Printers|page=235}}</ref> The 16th century work ''[[Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen]]'' written by [[Zainuddin Makhdoom II]] appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in [[Arabic]] and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of [[Kunjali Marakkar]] alongside the [[Zamorin]] of [[Calicut]] from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize [[Tulu Nadu]] and [[Malabar coast]].<ref name="A. Sreedhara Menon 2011">A. Sreedhara Menon. ''Kerala History and its Makers''. D C Books (2011)</ref><ref name="frontline.in">A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala.
Books [http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2704/stories/20100226270407900.htm]</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Roland E. Miller.
''Mappila Muslim Culture'' SUNY Press, 2015</ref>

==Mysore Sultans==
[[File:Mangalorefort1783.jpg|left|thumb|250px|alt=A fort with two-tiered ramparts and many bastions rises above the far bank of a river. Some human settlements are visible nearby.| A pen and ink drawing of Mangalore Fort made in 1783, after it had been taken by the [[English East India Company]]]] [[Hyder Ali]], the ''de facto'' ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], conquered Mangaluru in 1763,<ref name="sch64">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=62|Ref=sch}}</ref> consequently bringing the city under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the [[Honourable East India Company|British East India Company]] from 1767 to 1783,<ref name="autogenerated1">{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|p=[https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog 114]|Ref=27}}</ref> but was subsequently wrested from their control in 1783 by Hyder Ali's son, Tipu Sultan; who renamed it ''Jalalabad''.<ref>{{harvnb|Thornton|1859|p=[https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog 170]|Ref=27}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lal|2002|p=22}}</ref> The [[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second Anglo–Mysore War]] ended with the [[Treaty of Mangalore]], signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 8 March 1784.<ref>{{harvnb|Forrest|1887|pp=314–316|Ref=8}}</ref> After the defeat of Tipu at the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth Anglo–Mysore War]], the city remained in control of the British, headquartering the [[Kanara|Canara]] district under the Madras Presidency.<ref name="can">{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071855190700.htm
|title = Mangaluru: it has come a long way
|accessdate = 27 July 2008
|first = M.
|last = Raghuram
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|date = 18 July 2007
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108062642/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/18/stories/2007071855190700.htm
|archivedate = 8 November 2012
|df = dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Thornton">{{harvnb|Townsend|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=zLBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA628&dq= 628]|Ref=271}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Riddick|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA28&dq=&sig=ACfU3U1AqhfzPUctT1n1lmbLKqrtzEu7qw#PPA28,M1 28]|Ref=23}}</ref>

==Ancient port==
According to the [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[physician]] [[Francis Buchanan]] who visited Mangalore in 1801, Mangaluru was a rich and prosperous port with flourishing trading activity.<ref name="jp0687">{{harvnb|Prabhu|1999|p=152}}</ref> Rice was the grand article of export, and was exported to [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Bombay]], [[Goa]] and [[Malabar district|Malabar]]. ''Supari'' or [[Areca nut|Betel-nut]] was exported to Bombay, [[Surat]] and [[Kutch]]. [[Black pepper|Pepper]] and [[Sandalwood]] were exported to Bombay. [[Turmeric]] was exported to Muscat, Kutch, Surat and Bombay, along with [[Cinnamon|Cassia Cinnamon]], [[Sugar]], [[Iron]], [[Potassium nitrate|Saltpeter]], [[Ginger]], [[Coir]] and [[Timber]].<ref name="jp0687"/>

[[File:Light House Hill, Mangalore.JPG|thumb|right|The Light House Hill tower in [[Light House Hill]], [[Hampankatta]], served as a watchtower for the British Navy.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061800910200.htm
|title = Feeling on top of the world
|accessdate = 22 August 2008
|first = M.
|last = Raghuram
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|date = 18 June 2005
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108062950/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/06/18/stories/2005061800910200.htm
|archivedate = 8 November 2012
|df = dmy-all}}</ref>]]

==British period==
The [[British Empire|British]] colonial government did not support industrialisation in the region, and local capital remained invested mostly in land and money lending, which led to the later development of banking in the region. With the arrival of European missionaries in the early 19th century, the region saw the development of educational institutions and a modern industrial base, modelled on European industries. The opening of the [[Lutheran]] Swiss [[Basel Mission]] in 1834 was central to the industrialisation process. Printing press, cloth-weaving mills and tile factories manufacturing the famed [[Mangalore tiles]] were set up by the missionaries.<ref name="Shatkin2013" /> When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was bifurcated into [[North Canara]] and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore was transferred into South Canara and became its headquarters.<ref name="Bhat2001"/>{{rp|5}} South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was detached from Madras Presidency and transferred to [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1862.<ref name="Bhat2001">{{cite book|author=N. Shyam Bhat|title=Judiciary and Police in Early Colonial South Kanara, 1799–1862|year=2001|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-820-4}}</ref>{{rp|6}} The enactment of the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865) mandated the establishment of the [[Municipal council]] on 23 May 1866, which was responsible for urban planning and providing civic amenities.<ref name="far">{{cite book|title=The Christian Impact on South Kanara|first=Kranti K.|last= Farias|publisher=Church History Association of India|year=1999}}</ref>{{rp|178}} The Italian [[Jesuits]], who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, played an important role in education, economy, health, and social welfare of the city.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=211432|title = Last of Italian Jesuits in Mangalore dies in his homeland|last = Monteiro|first = John B|date = 2014-01-08|work = [[Daijiworld Media]]|access-date = 2015-03-01}}</ref> The linking of Mangalore in 1907 to the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]], and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India, further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country.<ref name="so">{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/29/stories/2007102958510300.htm
|title = Mangalore was once the starting point of India's longest rail route
|date = 29 October 2007
|accessdate = 19 March 2008
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110914103324/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/29/stories/2007102958510300.htm
|archivedate = 14 September 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The two world wars 1 and 2 saw the migration of natives of undivided [[Dakshina Kannada district]] to [[Mysore kingdom]], other parts of [[Madras presidency]] and [[Bombay presidency]]. By the early 20th century, Mangalore had become a major supplier of educated manpower to [[Bombay]], [[Bangalore]], and the [[Middle East]].<ref name="Shatkin2013" />

==Karnataka state==
As a result of the [[States Reorganisation Act]] (1956), Mangalore (part of the [[Madras Presidency]] until this time) was incorporated into the dominion of the newly created [[Mysore State]] (now called [[Karnataka]]).<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|title=States Reorganisation Act 1956|access-date=1 July 2008|publisher=Commonwealth Legal Information Institute|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516123014/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/|archive-date=16 May 2008}}</ref><ref name="skdg">{{cite book|year=1973|title=South Kanara District Gazetteer|series=Karnataka State Gazetteer|volume=12|publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]])}}</ref>{{rp|415}} Mangalore is the second largest city of Karnataka, and ninth largest port of India, providing the state with access to the [[Arabian Sea]] coastline.<ref name="Shatkin2013" /> Mangalore experienced significant growth in the decades 1970–80, with the opening of [[New Mangalore Port]] in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976.<ref name="Panda1991">{{cite book|author=Damodar Panda|title=Cargo Handling in the Major Ports of India|year=1991|publisher=Minerva Associates (Publications)|isbn=978-81-85195-33-9|page=30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2419/stories/20071005507310600.htm|title = Industrial leap|last = Sharma|first = Ravi|journal = [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|issue = 19 ( 22 Sep.-Oct. 05, 2007)|volume = 24}}</ref> Today, the Mangalore region is a nationally known higher education hub with a flourishing service sector, particularly in medical services, a small but growing [[Information technology|IT]] regional hub, and a booming real estate and banking industry.<ref name="Shatkin2013" />

==Historical references==
The first reference to Mangalore came from [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan]] king Chettian, who ruled the coastal region during 715 CE. He called the town Mangalapuram.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/New-names-invoke-a-hoary-past/articleshow/44873377.cms|title = New names invoke a hoary past|date = 2014-10-19|work = [[The Times of India]]|access-date = 2015-02-23}}</ref> Mangalore is identified to be at the center of the [[Satyaputra Kingdom]]. The region later evolved to become what is present-day [[South Canara]], with the spread of [[Tulu language]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/britishraj/Jackson2/chapter16.html | title=Chapter 16 – the Kingdoms of the South }}</ref> There are many historical references regarding to the town. [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]], a [[Greeks|Greek]] monk referred to the port of ''Mangarouth''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/cosmas_11_book11.htm
|title = Cosmas Indicopleustes, Christian Topography (1897) pp. 358–373. Book 11
|accessdate = 2007-05-24
|publisher = The Tertullian Project}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], a [[Roman citizen|Roman]] historian made references of a place called ''Nithrias'',<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.indianchristianity.com/html/Books.htm
|title = Kodungallur – The Cradle of Christianity in India
|accessdate = 2007-05-24
|publisher = Indian Christianity.com}}</ref> and Greek historian [[Ptolemy]] referred to ''Nitre''. Both the references were probably to the [[Netravati River|River Netravathi]]. [[Ptolemy]] had also mentioned this city of Mangalore in his work as ''Maganoor''.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://viswamurugu.com/tuluweb1.html
|title = My Research into Lost Civilization of Tulu
|accessdate = 2007-03-20
|author=Viswa
|publisher = Tulu Research Institute for Esoteric Physics}}</ref> Roman writer Arien called Mangalore ''Mandegora''. A 7th-century copper inscription referred to Mangalore as ''Mangalapura''.
had ruled this place from 200 to 600 A.D.<ref name="MCCH"/><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10.htm
|title = The Kadambas of Banavasi
|accessdate = 2008-03-19
|publisher = OurKarnataka.Com, Inc.
|archive-date = 5 February 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181122/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka10.htm
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> The ancient history proved that Mangalore had been the capital of [[Alupas|Alupa dynasty]] until the 14th century.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Alupa-Dynasty-31556.htm
|title=Alupa Dynasty
|publisher=india9.com}}</ref> A traveler, [[Ibn Battuta]] who had visited the town in 1342 stated that he arrived at a place named ''Manjurun'' or ''Mandjaur'' situated on a large estuary. He had mentioned that the town was a trading centre and [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Yemen]]i merchants disembarked at Mangalore.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~dludden/global1.htm
|title = A Quick Guide to the World History of Globalization
|accessdate = 2007-06-04
|publisher = School of Arts & Sciences – University of Pennsylvania}}</ref> In 1448, Abdul Razak, a Persian Ambassador passed via this route to [[Vijayanagara|Vijayanagar]]. He said that he had seen a glorious temple here.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ourkarnataka.com/states/history/historyofkarnataka5.htm
|title = Karnataka History
|accessdate = 2008-03-01
|author=Mr. Arthikaje
|publisher = OurKarnataka.Com, Inc.}}</ref> The inscriptions at [[Moodabidri]] stated a King Mangaras Odeya was the governor of ''Mangaluru Raajya'' during the reign of [[Harihara Raya II|Vira Harihararaya II]] of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar dynasty]]. Another inscription stated that Deeva Raaja Odeya ruled the ''Mangaluru Raajya'' in 1429 during the reign of Vijayanagara [[Deva Raya II|King Veera Devaraya II]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=40036&n_tit=Udupi%3A+Copper+Inscriptions+of+Vijayanagar+Empire+Found+in+Barkur
|title = Copper Inscriptions of Vijayanagar Empire Found in Barkur
|author=Vinay Pais
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|accessdate = 2008-03-19}}</ref> Various powers have fought for control over Mangalore. The major dynasties that ruled the town till the arrival of Portuguese were the Western [[Chalukyas]], [[Rashtrakutas]] and [[Hoysalas]].

===Mythological associations===
[[Image:Sultan Battery 2163.JPG|200px|thumb|The ''Sultan Battery'' in Mangalore built in 1784 by [[Tippu Sultan]] to prevent [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] warships from entering the [[Gurupura]] river<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.mangaloremithr.com/NewsDisplay.aspx?News-ID=301&Title=Sultan
|title = Sultan Battery – built by Tippu Sultan was known as Sultan's Battery
|accessdate = 2008-03-06
|publisher = MangaloreMithr.com}}</ref>]]
According to [[Hindu mythology]], the region covering Mangaluru was a part of the ''Parashurama Srishti'', the coastal belt reclaimed from the sea by the legendary sage [[Parashurama]]. As for other mythological associations, [[Rama]] was the Lord of [[Kanara]] during the days of the [[Ramayana]]. [[Sahadeva]], the youngest of the [[Pandava]]s, was the Governor of this place during the days of the [[Mahābhārata|Mahabharatha]]. The Pandavas lived in [[Banavasi]] during their exile visiting [[Sarapady]] near Mangalore. [[Arjuna]], the hero of Mahabharata also appears to have visited this place when he travelled from [[Gokarna, India|Gokarna]] to ''Adur'' near [[Kasaragod Town|Kasargod]]. It was the land of enchantment of [[Western Ghats|Sahyadri mountains]], where the great sages [[Kanvas|Kanva]], ''Vysa'', ''Vashista'', [[Vishvamitra]] and others spent their days of meditation.<ref name="MCCH">{{cite web
|url = http://www.mangalorecity.gov.in/tourism.html
|title = Mangalore-Brief History
|accessdate = 2008-03-19
|publisher = Mangalore City Corporation
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080324054302/http://mangalorecity.gov.in/tourism.html
|archivedate = 24 March 2008
|df = dmy-all}}</ref>

==Portuguese==
The [[European ethnic groups|European]] influence in Mangaluru can be traced back to the year 1498, when the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] explorer [[Vasco da Gama]] landed at [[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Islands]] near Mangaluru on his voyage from [[Portugal]] to [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bharatonline.com/karnataka/udupi/st-marys-island.html
|title= St. Mary's Island Beach |accessdate= 2008-01-14 |publisher= BharatOnline.com}}</ref> In 1520 the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] took control of the area from [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] rulers. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Portuguese commanded the [[Arabian Sea]] from the port of Mangalore and they intruded actively in the affairs of the local chieftains.<ref name="MCCH"/> In 1695, the town was burnt by the [[Arab]]s in retaliation for Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.bookrags.com/research/mangalore-ema-04/
|title = Mangalore
|accessdate = 2008-03-19
|publisher = BookRags }}</ref>

==Kingdom of Mysore==
[[Hyder Ali]] (1722–1782) the ruler of [[Mysore]] conquered Mangaluru in 1763, and it was under his administration till 1768, before being annexed by the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] between 1768 and 1794. Later in 1794 [[Hyder Ali]]'s son [[Tippu Sultan]] again took control of the area.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Octletf94.html
|title = Tipu Sultan
|accessdate = 2007-06-04
|publisher = Renaissance.com
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070609191031/http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Octletf94.html
|archive-date = 9 June 2007
|url-status = dead
}}</ref> During his regime, the city was caught in the crossfires of [[Anglo-Mysore Wars|Anglo-Mysore relations]]. The [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] ended with the ''Treaty of Mangalore'' which was signed in Mangaluru between Tippu Sultan and the [[British East India Company]] on 11 March 1784.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Tipu_Sultan/TreatyofMangalore1784.htm |title= Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu Sultan and the East India Company, 11 March 1784 |accessdate= 2008-03-19 |publisher=Project South Asia |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080621133629/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Tipu_Sultan/TreatyofMangalore1784.htm |archivedate = 2008-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url = http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258686
|title = Second Anglo – Mysore War (1780–1784)
|accessdate = 2008-03-19
|website = Sify Ltd.
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222718/http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258686
|archive-date = 30 September 2007
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>[[Image:View from our Balcony - Industrial Mangalore.jpg|thumb|200px|Mangalore witnessed an [[economy|economic]] and [[Industrial sector|industrial]] boom during the late twentieth century]] The [[British Empire|English]] again captured Mangaluru in 1791, but Tippu besieged it in 1793 and the English surrendered the city in 1794. With the death of Tippu Sultan and the fall of [[Srirangapatna]] during the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] in 1799, the city was recaptured by the British, and it remained under British administration till India's independence in 1947.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258651
|title= 1799: Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
|accessdate= 2008-03-19
|website= Sify Ltd.
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070812110144/http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258651
|archive-date= 12 August 2007
|url-status= dead
}}</ref>

==British administration==
The city had a peaceful administration under [[British Empire|British rule]] and permanent visible improvements effected during this period. It flourished gradually in [[education]] and in industry and became a commercial centre for [[export]] and [[import]] trade. The linking of Mangalore, in 1907, with the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]] and later the advent of motor vehicles further increased the trade and communication with the rich hinterland. The opening of the [[Basel Mission]] in 1834 brought many industries into the city.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400
|title=Mangalore: Comtrust Carries on Basel's Mission
|accessdate=2008-03-21
|author=John B. Monteiro
|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928062532/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=400
|archivedate=28 September 2011

}}</ref>

==After independence==
After [[Partition of India|India's independence]] in 1947, Mangaluru which was a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] was merged into a unified [[Mysore State]] in 1956. Thereafter, Mangaluru gained a very important position in the state since it gave the erstwhile Mysore state the benefit of a coastline. The late twentieth century witnessed Mangaluru develop as a business and commercial centre. In spite of this, Mangaluru still retained its old world charm such as tile-roofed buildings amidst [[coconut]] groves, [[fishing]] [[boating|boats]] silhouetted against the darkening skyline. The present day city bustles with great activity in the upcoming [[Information technology|IT Sector]] and the prognosis of a prosperity in this international trade looms.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://mangalore.dazzlingindia.com/about.html
|title = Mangalore
|accessdate = 2008-03-18
|publisher = Ukisoft, Corp. |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080417040303/http://mangalore.dazzlingindia.com/about.html |archivedate = 2008-04-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last=Forrest |first=George W. |authorlink=George William Forrest |title=Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat |volume=2 |year=1887 |isbn=3337278663 |publisher=Government Central Press |ref=8}}
* {{cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Amitav |title=The Imam and the Indian: Prose Pieces |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQHp9wsWaZcC |year=2002 |access-date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-7530-047-7 |ref=9}}
* {{cite book |last=Lal |first=K. S. |author-link=K. S. Lal |year=2002 |title=Return to roots: emancipation of Indian Muslims |publisher=Radha Publications |isbn=978-81-7487-245-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Lee |first=Samuel |title=Quoted in "Selections from the Travels of Ibn Batuta" |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/ibnbatuta/ |chapter=On the Malabar Coast |year=1829 |access-date=29 July 2008 |isbn=1605206210 |publisher=Oriental Translation Committee |ref=17}}
* {{cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Alan Machado |year=1999 |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |isbn=978-81-86778-25-8}}.
* {{cite book |last=Riddick |first=John F. |title=The History of British India: A Chronology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC |year=2006 |access-date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=0-313-32280-5 |ref=23}}
* {{cite book |year=1973 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6j8tgAACAAJ |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |pages=33–85 |chapter=History |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]]) |ref=sch}}
* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=0520242254}}
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Edward |title=The History of the British Empire in India |publisher=Cox and Wyman Printers |year=1859 |url=https://archive.org/details/historybritishe04thorgoog |access-date=5 July 2008 |isbn=1331267595 |ref=27}}
* {{cite book |last=Townsend |first=George Henry |title=A Manual of Dates: A Dictionary of Reference to the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records |publisher=Warne |year=1867 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LtBCAAAAIAAJ |access-date=19 August 2008 |isbn=0266609635 |ref=271}}
{{refend}}

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Mangalore}}
[[Category:History of Mangalore| ]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka by city|Mangalore]]

2024 ISL Cup final

2026-02-20T14:23:56Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{Main|2023–24 Indian Super League|2024 ISL Cup playoffs}}
{{Infobox football match
| image = File:Yuva Bharati Krirangan.png
| image_size = 260px
| caption = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Yuva Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]] had hosted the match.
| event = [[2023–24 Indian Super League]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| team1score = 1
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| team2score = 3
| details =
| date = 4 May 2024
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| man_of_the_match1aname = Player of the Match
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Lalengmawia Ralte]] (Mumbai City)
| referee = Venkatesh R
| attendance = 62,007
| weather =
| previous = [[2023 ISL Cup final|2023]]
| next = [[2025 ISL Cup final|2025]]
}}
The '''2024 Indian Super League cup final''' was the final match of the [[2024 ISL Cup playoffs]]. It was played on 4 May 2024 between [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] and [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="Venues">{{cite web |title=Indian Super League Announced the Venues |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/indian-super-league-announces-the-venues-of-the-2023-2024-playoffs-and-semi-finals |website=Indian Super League |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref>

Mohun Bagan SG played their third final and Mumbai City played their second final. Mumbai City won the match 3–1 to secure their second ISL Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-come-from-behind-to-win-isl-cup |title=Report: Mumbai City FC come from behind to win ISL Cup |date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504182931/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-come-from-behind-to-win-isl-cup |archive-date=4 May 2024 |url-status=live |publisher=Indian Super League}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]] finished first in the [[2023–24 Indian Super League#Regular season|regular season]] table and won 3–2 aggregate against [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] in the [[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Semi-finals|playoff semi-final]] to qualify for the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan SG romp to final after hard-fought win over Odisha FC |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mohun-bagan-sg-romp-to-final-after-hard-fought-win-over-odisha-fc |website=Indian Super League |access-date=28 April 2024}}</ref>

[[Mumbai City FC]] finished second in the [[2023–24 Indian Super League#Regular season|regular season]] table and won 5–2 aggregate against [[FC Goa|Goa]] in the [[2024 Indian Super League playoffs#Semi-finals|playoff semi-final]] to qualify for the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai City FC confirm their spot in the final with a win over FC Goa |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/report-mumbai-city-fc-confirm-their-spot-in-the-final-with-a-win-over-fc-goa |website=Indian Super League |access-date=29 April 2024}}</ref>

==Match==
<section begin=Final />
{{football box
| id = Final
| date = 4 May 2024
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
| score = 1–3
| report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/63330
| team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| goals1 = [[Jason Steven Cummings|Cummings]] {{Goal|44}}
| goals2 =
*[[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]] {{Goal|53}}
*[[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin]] {{Goal|81}}
*[[Jakub Vojtuš|Vojtuš]] {{Goal|90+7}}
| stadium = [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| attendance = 62,007
| referee = Venkatesh R
}}
<section end=Final/>
{|width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_b = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_ra = _mbsg2023h
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _mbsg2023h
| leftarm = _mbsg2023h
| body =
| rightarm = _mbsg2023h
| shorts = 7A1024
| socks = _mbsg2023h
| title =Mohun Bagan SG}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _vneckblue
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 81C1FF
| body = 81C1FF
| rightarm = 81C1FF
| shorts = FFFFFF
| socks = 00000
| title = Mumbai City
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
|-
|DF ||'''15'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|-
|DF ||'''26'''|| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Héctor Yuste]]
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
|-
|MF ||'''17'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Liston Colaco]] ||{{yel|90+10}} ||
|-
|MF ||'''22'''|| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Tangri]] || ||{{suboff|84}}
|-
|MF ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
|-
|MF ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]]
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Thapa]] || ||{{suboff|70}}
|-
|FW ||'''35'''||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]] || ||
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dimitri Petratos]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF ||'''45'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amandeep Bhan]]
|-
|DF ||'''32'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dippendu Biswas]] || ||
|-
|DF ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Brendan Hamill (soccer)|Brendan Hamill]] || || ||
|-
|MF ||'''14'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalrinliana Hnamte]] || ||
|-
|MF ||'''33'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Glan Martins]] || ||
|-
|FW ||'''25'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiyan Nassiri]] || ||{{subon|84}}
|-
|MF ||'''27'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sahal Abdul Samad]] ||{{yel|90+2}}||{{subon|70}}
|-
|GK ||'''31'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arsh Shaikh]] ||||
|-
|MF ||'''16'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Suryavanshi]] ||||
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan=3| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López]]
|}
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||'''1'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Phurba Lachenpa]]
|-
|DF ||'''5'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab Singh]]
|-
|DF ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Tiri (footballer)|Tiri]]
|-
|DF ||'''35'''||{{flagicon|SYR}} [[Thaer Krouma]]
|-
|DF ||'''2'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]]
|-
|MF ||'''45'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalengmawia Ralte]]
|-
|MF ||'''20'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jayesh Rane]] ||{{yel|70}}||{{suboff|78}}
|-
|MF ||'''10'''||{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]] || ||{{suboff|69}}
|-
|FW ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vikram Partap Singh]] ||{{yel|65}}
|-
|FW ||'''30'''||{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]||||{{suboff|72}}
|-
|FW ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|-
|colspan=3|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||'''13'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
|-
|MF ||'''60'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Franklin Nazareth]]
|-
|MF ||'''16'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vinit Rai]]|| ||{{subon|78}}
|-
|DF ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hmingthanmawia]]
|-
|DF ||'''27'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nathan Rodrigues]]
|-
|FW ||'''11'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurkirat Singh]]
|-
|FW ||'''29'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]]|| ||{{subon|69}}
|-
|DF ||'''17'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sanjeev Stalin]]
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Jakub Vojtuš]] ||{{yel|90+9}}||{{subon|72}}
|-
|colspan=3|'''Head coach:'''
|-
|colspan=3| {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Kratky]]
|}
|}

{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"
|-
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Player of the Match'''
* [[Lalengmawia Ralte]] (Mumbai City)<ref>{{Cite web |first=Neeladri |last=Bhattacharjee |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-2023-24-final-review-analysis-mumbai-city-fc-mohun-bagan-indian-football-mbsg-v-mcfc/article68148860.ece |title=ISL 2023-24 final review: Mumbai City relishes sweet revenge over Mohun Bagan |date=7 May 2024 |website=Sportstar |publisher=The Hindu}}</ref>
| style="width:50%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of extra time if necessary.
*Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
*Nine named substitutes.
*Maximum of five substitutions.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League Official Website]

{{Indian Super League}}
{{2023–24 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Indian Super League finals]]
[[Category:2023–24 Indian Super League season]]
[[Category:2023–24 in Indian football]]
[[Category:May 2024 sports events in India|Indian Super League Final]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant matches]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC matches]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

Vinod Ganatra

2026-02-16T21:31:35Z

NamVanwagenen: starting new details...

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Infobox person | name = Vinod Ganatra | citizenship = Indian | occupation = Film director, producer, screenwriter | known_for = Work in children's cinema and family-oriented films in India| awards = More than 36 national and international awards }}

'''Vinod Ganatra''' is an Indian film director, producer, and screenwriter, known for his work in children's cinema and family-oriented films in India. He has created approximately 400 documentaries, produced 25 TV programs and received more than 36 national and international awards. He has been associated with initiatives promoting quality children's content in Indian cinema and served as a member of the central panel of the jury and head of the eastern panel of the jury at the [[66th National Film Awards]], He has also been a part of the jury at the [[60th Maharashtra State Film Awards]].

== Career ==
Ganatra is known for his work in children's cinema and family-oriented films in India. He has created approximately 400 documentaries, produced 25 TV programs and received more than 36 national and international awards. He has been associated with initiatives promoting quality children's content in Indian cinema and served as a jury of over a 100 national, regional and international film festivals, including the [[66th National Film Awards]], He has also been a part of the jury at the [[60th Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=indiantelevision com |date=2013-09-06 |title=Indian filmmaker on international jury of CICFF |url=https://indiantelevision.com/movies/indian-filmmaker-on-international-jury-of-cicff/ |access-date=2026-02-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1556770&reg=3&lang=2</ref>

He became the first Indian filmmaker to receive the [[Liv Ullmann]] Peace Prize, in [[Chicago]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-18 |title=Mumbai filmmaker Vinod Ganatra conferred Nelson Mandela Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/mumbai-filmmaker-vinod-ganatra-conferred-nelson-mandela-lifetime-achievement-award-23354677?button=next |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

In 2026, he was appointed as a jury member at the 12th China International Children's Film Festival<ref name=":1" />

== Selected filmography ==

* ''Heda Hoda''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-06-18 |title=Mumbai filmmaker Vinod Ganatra conferred Nelson Mandela Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Jun/18/mumbai-filmmaker-vinod-ganatra-conferred-nelson-mandela-lifetime-achievement-award |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Harun-Arun]]''<ref name=":0" />
* ''Gubbachigalu''
* Lukka Chhuppi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-02-02 |title=Small people need big films |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/small-people-need-big-films/article5643035.ece |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Gantara has received more than 36 national and international awards.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, he received the Nelson Mandela Lifetime Achievement Award of South Africa for his contribution to films at the 7th Nelson Mandela Children's Film Festival.<ref name=":0" />

His 2009 Gujarati language children's film [[Harun-Arun]] won eight international awards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harun-Arun bags seven awards - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/harunarun-bags-seven-awards/766899/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210902084019/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/harunarun-bags-seven-awards/766899/ |archive-date=2021-09-02 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=archive.indianexpress.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganatra, Vinod}}
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of awards and nominations received by A. R. Rahman

2026-02-15T14:36:04Z

NamVanwagenen: general fix article as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{dynamic list}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 30em; text-align:collapsible infobox"
|+ List of awards won by A. R. Rahman
|-
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:The President Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting the Best Music Direction Award for the year 2002 to A. R. RAHMN for the Tamil Film Kannathil Muthamittal for his original musical score highlighting the cultural conflicts and.jpg|frameless]]
President Dr. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], presenting the [[national film award for best music direction]], year of 2002 to ''A. R. Rahman'' for the tamil film, ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|-
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #D9E8FF; text-align: center;" | Awards & Nominations
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
|| '''Awards'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" | '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;" | '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[oscar Awards|Academy Award]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|5}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[National Film Award]]
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards|Critics' Choice Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards]]
|{{won|15}}
|{{nom|29}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|18}}
|{{nom|33}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[IIFA Awards]]
|{{won|16}}
|{{nom|22}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[IIFA Utsavam]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Golden Globe Awards|Golden Globes]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Grammy Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|2}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Satellite Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|4}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[MTV Video Music Award]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|5}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
; [[World Soundtrack Academy|World Soundtrack Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|
; [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|14}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|
; [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|{{won|19}}
|{{nom|34}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|
; [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|10}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|
; [[Star Screen Awards|Screen Awards]]
|{{won|9}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of wins and nominations
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''177'''}}
|{{nom|'''250'''}}
|-
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|Footnotes]]

|}

[[A. R. Rahman]] is an Indian composer, singer and songwriter. Described by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' as one of the most popular composers,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=22 February 2011 |title=The 2011 Oscar Race: TIME Picks the Winners |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2044968_2052929_2053238,00.html |access-date=10 February 2014}}</ref> he has provided musical scores predominantly for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]] apart from a few films in other regional film industries of India and [[World cinema|international productions]]. Rahman started his career by composing musical scores for documentaries, advertisements and Television channels. He made his debut as a film composer through ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' after being approached by its director [[Mani Ratnam]]. The soundtrack became popular upon release, which led to him winning the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction]] at the [[40th National Film Awards]], the first time for a debutant.{{efn|Rahman was tied with [[Ilaiyaraaja]] before [[Balu Mahendra]], the chairman of the jury decided to vote in favour of Rahman.<ref name="Mathai2009">{{Cite book |last=Mathai |first=Kamini |title=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |title-link=A. R. Rahman: The Musical Storm |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-670-08371-8 |pages=99–100}}</ref>}} As of 2024, Rahman has garnered 7 [[National Film Awards]], 15 [[Filmfare Awards]] and 18 [[Filmfare Awards South]], a record for an Indian composer. A.R. Rahman wins big [[Hollywood Music in Media Awards]] and [[Hollywood Independent Music Awards]] in 2024 for, [[The Goat Life]] (natively known as '''Aadujeevitham''')

== Honorary ==

=== Government ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Honouring body
! Notes
|-
| 1995
| [[Kalaimamani]]
| [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| Awarded for contributions to music
|-
| 2000
| [[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 January 2000 |title=Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri awardees |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/01/27/stories/02270005.htm |url-status=usurped |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103022618/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/01/27/stories/02270005.htm |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[Government of India]]
| Fourth-highest civilian award
|-
| 2001
| [[Awadh Samman]]
| [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| Awarded for exceptional and meritorious contribution in music
|-
| 2004
| National Lata Mangeshkar Award<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2005 |title=A R Rehman to receive 'Lata Mangeshkar Award' |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/02/21/2102rehman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725175000/http://news.indiainfo.com/2005/02/21/2102rehman.html |archive-date=25 July 2008 |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=indianinfo.com}}</ref>
| [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| Awarded for contributions to music
|-
| 2010
| [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Padma Bhushan for Rahman, Aamir; Segal gets Padma Vibhushan |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Padma-Bhushan-for-Rahman-Aamir-Segal-gets-Padma-Vibhushan/Article1-501814.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=26 January 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103025317/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Padma-Bhushan-for-Rahman-Aamir-Segal-gets-Padma-Vibhushan/Article1-501814.aspx |archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref>
| [[Government of India]]
| Third-highest civilian award
|}

=== Honorary Doctorate ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Honouring body
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| [[Anna University]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 March 2009 |title=Rahman to be awarded honorary doctorate |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200903030131.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103230113/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200903030131.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aligarh Muslim University]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2009 |title=AMU to honour Rahman |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2009/02/26/stories/2009022652090300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204081952/http://www.thehindu.com/2009/02/26/stories/2009022652090300.htm |archive-date=4 February 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Middlesex University]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2009 |title=UK university confers Doctorate on A R Rahman |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200907180318.htm |access-date=4 December 2009 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107090621/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/009200907180318.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| [[Royal Conservatoire of Scotland]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2014 |title=Scotland pays tribute to AR Rahman |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/ar-rahman-awarded-with-a-doctorate-in-music-by-the-royal-conservatorie-of-scotland.html |access-date=1 February 2014 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2014 |title=Another Doctorate for ARR |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/102925.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202093814/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/102925.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2014 |access-date=1 February 2014 |website=Indiaglitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Berklee College of Music]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirsch |first=Mark |title=With Berklee Honorary Degree, A.R. Rahman Comes Full Circle |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2014/10/25/with-berklee-honorary-degree-rahman-comes-full-circle/hjGu55LAXAv1GDpgyvMelI/story.html |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=The Boston Globe }}</ref>
|}

=== Other Honorary Awards ===

* 1994 – Sanskriti Award<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskriti Awards – Winners List |url=http://www.sanskritifoundation.org/pdf/AwardeesList.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226032715/http://www.sanskritifoundation.org/pdf/AwardeesList.pdf |archive-date=26 December 2010 |access-date=16 January 2011 |publisher=Sanskriti Foundation}}</ref>
** Contributions to music awarded by the [[Sanskriti Foundation]]
* 1995 – Bommai Nagi Reddy Award<ref name="Sanskriti" />
* 1995 – [[Mauritius]] National Award<ref name="Timesnow">{{Cite web |date=6 January 2010 |title=The golden boy of Indian music A R Rahman turns 44 |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4335762.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924045000/http://www.timesnow.tv/articleshow/4335762.cms |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=16 January 2011 |website=The Times of India |publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
**Contributions to music awarded by [[Mauritius]]
* 1995 – [[Malaysia]]n Award<ref name="Timesnow" />
** Contributions to music awarded by [[Malaysia]]
* 1995 – Rajiv Gandhi Award<ref name="Sanskriti" />
* 1996 – 'Gana Kaladhar'<ref>{{Cite web |title=A R Rahman receiving Gana Kaladhar from Sivaji Ganeshan |url=http://www.bharatkalachar.com/growth3.htm |access-date=16 January 2011 |publisher=Bharatkalachar.com}}</ref>
* 2001 – Al-Ameen Education Society Community Award
* 2002 – Amir Khusro Sangeet Nawaz Award
*2005 – Mahavir-Mahatma Award<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahavir Mahatma Awards 2005 |publisher=Times Foundation |url=http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/Oneness-Initiative/articleshow/1651354.cms |access-date=4 March 2009 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025334/http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/Oneness-Initiative/articleshow/1651354.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2006 – Honorary Award from [[Stanford University]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanford University honours A R Rahman |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jul/06bsp.htm |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>
* 2006 – [[Sanatan Sangeet Sanskriti#Sanatan Sangeet Puraskar|Sanatan Sangeet Puraskar]]<ref name="Sanskriti">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=A. R. Rahman – Talent Tujhe Salaam |url=http://www.sanatan.in/events.html |access-date=16 January 2011 |website=[[Sanatan Sangeet Sanskriti]] |publisher=Sanatan.in |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221153321/http://www.sanatan.in/events.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Contributions to music awarded by the [[Sanatan Sangeet Sanskriti]]
* 2006 – [[Swaralaya Yesudas Award]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2007 |title=Swaralaya Award for A.R.Rahman |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/31/stories/2007013112120400.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=31 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515001001/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/31/stories/2007013112120400.htm |archive-date=15 May 2007}}</ref>
** Swaralaya-Kairali-Yesudas Award for outstanding performance in the music field
* 2007 – Limca Book of Records Indian of the Year for Contribution to Popular Music<ref>{{Cite web |title=Limca Book of records felicitates A.R. Rahman |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/limca-book-records-felicitates-ar-rahman |access-date=16 January 2011 |publisher=Radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
* 2008 – CNN-IBN Global Indian of the Year<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noGxNBuMmM4 |title=CNN IBN Global Indian of the year 2008 – ARRahman |date=2008 |via=YouTube |access-date=16 January 2011 |work=[[CNN IBN]]}}</ref>
* 2008 – NDTV Indian of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2008 |title=Rahman awarded NDTV Indian of the year |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/rahman-awarded-ndtv-indian-year |publisher=Radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
* 2008 – [[Rotary International|Rotary Club of Madras]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2008 |title=A R Rahman Honored |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/15580.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626115742/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/15580.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2008 |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
** Lifetime Achievement Award
* 2009 – CNN-IBN Entertainer of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=A R Rahman named entertainer of the year |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/107287/ioty-a-r-rahman-named-entertainer-of-the-year.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221191407/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/107287/ioty-a-r-rahman-named-entertainer-of-the-year.html |archive-date=21 December 2009 |access-date=16 January 2011 |website=[[CNN IBN]] |publisher=IBNLive}}</ref>
* 2009 – CNN-IBN Indian of the Year<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2009 |title=Rahman wins CNN-IBN Indian of the Year award |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahman-wins-cnnibn-indian-of-the-year-award/107520-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091225175520/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rahman-wins-cnnibn-indian-of-the-year-award/107520-3.html |archive-date=25 December 2009 |website=[[CNN IBN]] |publisher=IBNLive}}</ref>
* 2009 – NDTV Global Indian Entertainer Award<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2010 |title=NDTV awards: Amitabh, SRK, Ash icons of Indian entertainment |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100132627 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120224635/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?id=ENTEN20100132627 |archive-date=20 January 2012 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
* 2009 – UK Asian Music Award for Outstanding Achievement<ref name="Businessofcinema.com">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2009 |title=UK Asian Music Awards honours A R Rahman |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=12384 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111163414/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=12384 |archive-date=11 January 2011 |publisher=Businessofcinema.com}}</ref>
* 2009 – Placed by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in [[Time 100|List of World's Most Influential People]].<ref name="The 2009 TIME 100 – A.R. Rahman">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090503144449/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1894410_1893836_1894435,00.html The 2009 TIME 100 – A.R. Rahman] TIME.</ref>
* 2010 – 10th Annual Mahindra Indo-American Arts Council Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2010 |title=10th Annual MIAAC Film Festival Wraps Up with Awards Ceremony for Best Picture, Actors, and director |url=http://www.iaac.us/miaac2010/Press-Release.htm |publisher=Indo-American Arts Council, Inc.}}</ref>
**Special Achievement Award for Significant Contribution to the Globalization of Indian Music
* 2010 – British Asian Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Music<ref name="Businessofcinema.com" />
*2010 – [[Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2010 |title=A R Rahman to receive Indira Gandhi Award |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-R-Rahman-to-receive-Indira-Gandhi-Award/articleshow/6703236.cms |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref>
* 2010 – FICCI Global Icon<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2010 |title=Big B, SRK honored at the Chevrolet FICCI Frames Excellence Awards |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/55447.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323084649/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/55447.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2010 |work=Indiaglitz}}</ref>
*2010 – "Crystal Award"<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2011 |title=AR Rahman honoured at World Economic Forum Davos meet |work=Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_ar-rahman-honoured-at-world-economic-forum-davos-meet_1499582 |access-date=27 January 2011}}</ref>
**Lifetime Achievement Award instituted by [[World Economic Forum]]
*2010 – Outstanding Achievement in Music at [[The Asian Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Winners Announced for 2010 Asian Awards |url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/news/2010/asian-awards-winners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512043420/http://redhotcurry.com/news/2010/asian-awards-winners.htm |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref>
*2011 – GQ Legend of the Year Award<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 September 2011 |title=A.R. Rahman at GQ India Men of the Year Awards 2011 |publisher=NDTV |url=http://green.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=18&ID=11458 |access-date=26 October 2011 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401144423/http://green.ndtv.com/PhotoDetail.aspx?Page=18&ID=11458 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*2011 – Lifetime Achievement Award at the 8th [[Dubai International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 December 2011 |title=A R Rahman gets lifetime achievement award at Dubai International Film Festival |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/a-r-rahman-gets-lifetime-achievement-award-at-dubai-international-film-festival/articleshow/11030519.cms |access-date=8 December 2011}}</ref>
*2012 – Vuclip Icons of the Year 2012 – Most Admired Bollywood Music Composer<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2012 |title=AR Rahman, Sonu Niigaam, Sunidhi Chauhan emerge as 'Vuclip Icons of the Year 2012' in music |publisher=Radioandmusic.com |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/ar-rahman-sonu-niigaam-sunidhi-chauhan-emerge-vuclip-icons-year-2012-music |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>
*2016 – [[Fukuoka Prize]] (Japan)<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2016 |title=AR Rahman receives top Japanese cultural award |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1113402/ar-rahman-receives-top-japanese-cultural-award/}}</ref>
*2018 – Lifetime Achievement Award From [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS]] Foundation<ref>{{Cite web |title=A R Rahman's Visit to KISS |url=https://kiss.ac.in/gallery/a-r-rahmans-visit-to-kiss/ |access-date=2019-10-08 |website=Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences}}</ref>
*2019 – "Global Icon of Inspiration" (Behindwoods Gold Mic Music Awards)<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Behindwoods |user=behindwoods |number=1180788294990192640 |date=6 October 2019 |title=Isai Puyal AR Rahman receiving the award for being the "Global Icon of Inspiration"!! Thank you sir! 🔥🤩🤩 @arrahman #vcarebehindwoodsgoldmicmusicawards #BehindwoodsGoldMic https://t.co/uR10hAbHnG|access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615214115/https://twitter.com/behindwoods/status/1180788294990192640 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*2025 - Lakshminarayana International Award<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bharat |first1=Monali |title=AR Rahman to Be Honoured with Lakshminarayana International Award for Artistic Excellence |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/ar-rahman-lakshminarayana-international-award-artistic-excellence |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AR Rahman honoured with Lakshminarayana International Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Dec/18/ar-rahman-honoured-with-lakshminarayana-international-award |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

== Film awards and nominations ==

=== [[Academy Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | [[81st Academy Awards|2009]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] {{small|(Shared with [[Gulzar]] for "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]")}}
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" | Best Original Song {{small|(Shared with [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] for "[[O... Saya]]")}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | [[83rd Academy Awards|2011]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | ''[[127 Hours]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Score
|{{nom}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Song {{small|(Shared with [[Dido (singer)|Dido]] and [[Rollo Armstrong]] for "[[If I Rise]]")}}
|{{nom}}
|}

=== [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[64th British Academy Film Awards|2011]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

=== [[Golden Globe Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[66th Golden Globe Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[68th Golden Globe Awards|2011]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

=== [[Grammy Award]]s ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | [[52nd Annual Grammy Awards|2010]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Grammy Award for Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]]<ref name="Grammy2009">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=India's A.R. Rahman strikes Grammys gold |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGgeRMlZ8ASQ9a-5v5AnbvmL0K9Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204030253/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hGgeRMlZ8ASQ9a-5v5AnbvmL0K9Q |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2010 |access-date=1 February 2010 |publisher=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media|Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media]] {{small|(For "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]")}}
|}

=== [[World Soundtrack Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | 2009
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film|Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film]] {{small|(Shared with [[Gulzar]] for "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]")}}
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film|Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film]] {{small|(Shared with [[M.I.A. (rapper)|M.I.A.]] for "[[O... Saya]]")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Score of the Year|Best Original Soundtrack of the Year]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2011
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[127 Hours]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film|Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film]] {{small|(Shared with [[Dido (singer)|Dido]] and [[Rollo Armstrong]] for "[[If I Rise]]")}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[World Soundtrack Award – Public Choice|The Public Choice Award]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2017
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]
| {{won}}
|}

=== [[Satellite Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[13th Satellite Awards|2008]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Satellite Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Satellite Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] {{small|(Shared with [[Gulzar]] for "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]")}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | [[15th Satellite Awards|2010]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" | ''[[127 Hours]]''
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Satellite Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Satellite Award for Best Original Song|Best Original Song]] {{small|(Shared with [[Dido (singer)|Dido]] and [[Rollo Armstrong]] for "[[If I Rise]]")}}
|{{nom}}
|}

=== [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[14th Critics' Choice Awards|2008]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
|style="text-align:center;" | [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Score|Best Score]]
|{{won}}
|-
|style="text-align:center;" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] {{small|(Shared with [[Gulzar]] for "[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]")}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[16th Critics' Choice Awards|2010]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[127 Hours]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Song|Best Song]] {{small|(Shared with [[Dido (singer)|Dido]] and [[Rollo Armstrong]] for "[[If I Rise]]")}}
|{{won}}
|}

=== Other International Awards ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Film / Song / Theatre
!Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2003
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Laurence Olivier Awards]] (United Kingdom)
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical|Best New Musical]]
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Bombay Dreams]]''
| {{Nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2006
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Dora Mavor Moore Awards]] (Canada)
| style="text-align:center;" |General Theatre Division – Outstanding Musical Direction {{small|(along with [[Värttinä]]) }}
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[The Lord of the Rings (theatre)|The Lord of the Rings]]''
| {{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2011 |title=Dora Mavor Moore Awards |url=http://tapa.ca/files/2006Nominees.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706204815/http://tapa.ca/files/2006Nominees.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2011 |website=tapa.ca}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |2008
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Song|Critics' Choice Award for Best Song]]
| rowspan="2" |<nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| {{Nom}}<ref name="BFCA2008">{{Cite news |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=9 December 2008 |title='Button,' Milk' top Critics Choice list |url=http://www.azcentral.com/ent/movies/articles/2008/12/09/20081209criticschoice1209.html |access-date=21 August 2010 |work=The Arizona Republic |publisher=Gannett Company |location=Phoenix, AZ}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |[[Houston Film Critics Society]] Awards
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Song {{small|(performed by [[Sukhwinder Singh]], written by A. R. Rahman and [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]) }}
| {{Nom}}<ref name="2008 Houston">{{Cite news |date=22 December 2008 |title=Houston Film Critics Society Names Films for 2008 |url=http://www.thecelebritycafe.com/features/22798.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223223912/http://thecelebritycafe.com/features/22798.html |archive-date=23 December 2008 |access-date=28 December 2009 |work=The Celebrity Cafe}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Score
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" |''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| {{Nom}}<ref name="2008 Houston" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards]] (United States)
| style="text-align:center;" |[[San Diego Film Critics Society Awards 2008|Best Score]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Awards |url=http://sdfcs.org/?page_id=16 |access-date=20 August 2010 |publisher=San Diego Film Critics Society}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Chicago Film Critics Association Awards]] (United States)
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]
| {{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Caro |first=Mark |date=19 December 2008 |title=Slumdog Millionaire director Danny Boyle enjoyed making the movie in India so much that 'they did have to drag me away at the end' |url=http://www.projo.com/movies/content/lb_movie_Slumdog_director_12-19-08_T4CBO9S_v6.22b6d8d.html |access-date=14 August 2010 |work=The Providence Journal |publisher=A. H. Belo Corporation}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[New York Film Critics Online]] Awards (United States)
| style="text-align:center;" |NYFCO Award for Best Score
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tremblay |first=Bob |date=13 December 2008 |title=Get Reel: Every 'Slumdog' has its day |url=http://www.wellsvilledaily.com/entertainment/x1196582477/Get-Reel-Every-Slumdog-has-its-day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719084513/http://www.wellsvilledaily.com/entertainment/x1196582477/Get-Reel-Every-Slumdog-has-its-day |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=21 August 2010 |work=Wellsville Daily Reporter |publisher=GateHouse Media, Inc. |location=Wellsville, NY}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards]] (United States)
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Music|Best Music Score]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=34th Annual Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |url=http://www.lafca.net/years/2008.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180538/http://www.lafca.net/years/2008.html |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=20 August 2010 |publisher=Los Angeles Film Critics Association}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Black Reel Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Black Reel Awards of 2008#Best Original Soundtrack|Best Original Soundtrack]]
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2008 |title=Cadallic, Slumdog & Bees are Triple Threats at Black Reel Awards |url=http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/75882/Cadillac,-Slumdog-&-Bees-are-triple-threats-at-Black-Reel-Awards |access-date=15 August 2010 |work=Daily Express |location=London}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Score
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 PFCS Award Winners Announced |url=http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/annual-awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030160849/http://phoenixfilmcriticssociety.org/annual-awards |archive-date=30 October 2010 |access-date=20 August 2010 |publisher=Phoenix Film Critics Society}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |2009
| style="text-align:center;" |[[2009 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[MTV Movie Award for Best Musical Moment|Best Song From a Movie]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]]" from ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| {{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 MTV Movie Awards |url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/2009/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415045101/http://www.mtv.com/ontv/movieawards/2009/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 April 2009 |access-date=16 August 2010 |publisher=MTV Networks}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[UK Asian Music Awards]] (United Kingdom)
| style="text-align:center;" |Outstanding Achievement by an Asian in Music Field<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2009 |title=2009 UK AMA Award Winners – on desihits.com |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/uk-ama-award-winners-20090306 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810021538/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/uk-ama-award-winners-20090306 |archive-date=10 August 2010 |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=desihits.com}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;" | -
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" |2010
| style="text-align:center;" |BMI London Awards
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Score
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Couples Retreat]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2010 |title=A.R. Rahman Picks Up BMI Film Award in London |url=http://www.bmi.com/photos/entry/549749 |publisher=Broadcast Music Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2010 |title=Don Black named Icon at BMI London Awards |url=http://www.pastdeadline.com/hr/content_display/music/news/e3if40aadb1b179f42a6d2416f23a3ddd93?pn=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105201903/http://www.pastdeadline.com/hr/content_display/music/news/e3if40aadb1b179f42a6d2416f23a3ddd93?pn=2 |archive-date=5 January 2011 |publisher=Pastedeadline.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|WAFCA Awards]]
| style="text-align:center;" |[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Score|Best Score]]
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=2010 WAFCA Winners |url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |access-date=6 December 2010 |publisher=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]] |archive-date=18 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118200725/http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Denver Film Critics Society Awards
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Song
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |"[[If I Rise]]" from ''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2011 |title=Denver Film Critics Society 2011 Award Winners |url=http://denverfilmcritics.org/694/news/denver-film-critics-society-2011-award-winners/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210200/http://denverfilmcritics.org/694/news/denver-film-critics-society-2011-award-winners/ |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=31 January 2011 |publisher=Denver Film Critics Society}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2" |[[Houston Film Critics Society]] Awards
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Song {{small|(performed by [[Dido (singer)|Dido]] and A. R. Rahman, written by A. R. Rahman and [[Rollo Armstrong|Rollo]]) }}
| {{Nom}}<ref name="2010 Houston">{{Cite news |date=12 December 2010 |title=The Houston Area Film Critics Nominations |url=http://www.awardsdaily.com/2010/12/the-houston-area-film-critics-nominations/ |work=[[AwardsDaily]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |Best Original Score
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{Nom}}<ref name="2010 Houston" />
|}

=== [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (Tamil)
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
| rowspan="7" {{won}}<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=40th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf |access-date=2 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref name="44thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=44th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/44th_nff_1997.pdf |access-date=9 January 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref name="49thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=49th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/49th_nff_2002.pdf |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref><ref name="50thawardPDF">{{Cite web |title=50th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (Tamil)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lagaan]]'' (Hindi)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (Tamil)
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]'' (Tamil)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]'' (Hindi)
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]]

|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ponniyin Selvan 1]]'' (Tamil)
|}

=== [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1992
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]
| rowspan="6" {{won}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622010121/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |archive-date=22 June 2008 |access-date=2009-10-20 |publisher=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1996 State Awards |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522211531/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archive-date=22 May 2008 |access-date=2009-08-11 |publisher=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madras Talkies Accolades |url=http://www.madrastalkies.com/Accolades.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520060628/http://www.madrastalkies.com/Accolades.asp |archive-date=20 May 2009 |access-date=2009-07-05 |publisher=Madrastalkies.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1993
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1994
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1996
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Minsaara Kanavu]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1999
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sangamam (1999 film)|Sangamam]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2014
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|}

=== [[Filmfare Awards]] ===

==== [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Soundtrack]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[41st Filmfare Awards|1996]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]''
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[44th Filmfare Awards|1999]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Dil Se..]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[45th Filmfare Awards|2000]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[47th Filmfare Awards|2002]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lagaan]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[50th Filmfare Awards|2005]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Swades]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[52nd Filmfare Awards|2007]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[54th Filmfare Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[55th Filmfare Awards|2010]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Delhi 6]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[57th Filmfare Awards|2012]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[59th Filmfare Awards|2014]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[61st Filmfare Awards|2016]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Dil Bechara]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
| {{Nominated}}
|}

==== [[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Background Score]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]''
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[50th Filmfare Awards|2005]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Swades]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[53rd Filmfare Awards|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[54th Filmfare Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[56th Filmfare Awards|2011]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Raavan (2010 film)|Raavan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[60th Filmfare Awards|2015]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mom (film)|Mom]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Dil Bechara|Dil Bechera]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[99 Songs]]''
| {{nom}}
|}
'''[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Playback Singer]]'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Category
!Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] for the Song '''"[[Tere Bina (Guru song)|Tere Bina]]"'''
|{{nom}}
|}

==== Special Awards ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[40th Filmfare Awards|1995]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award for New Music Talent]]
| {{won}}
|}

=== [[Filmfare Awards South]] ===

==== [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Tamil]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[40th Filmfare Awards South|1993]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
| rowspan="28" style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[41st Filmfare Awards South|1994]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[42nd Filmfare Awards South|1995]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[43rd Filmfare Awards South|1996]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[44th Filmfare Awards South|1997]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kadhal Desam]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[45th Filmfare Awards South|1998]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Minsaara Kanavu]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[46th Filmfare Awards South|1999]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[47th Filmfare Awards South|2000]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mudhalvan]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[48th Filmfare Awards South|2001]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[51st Filmfare Awards South|2004]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Boys (2003 film)|''Boys'']]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[54th Filmfare Awards South|2007]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[55th Filmfare Awards South|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The Boss]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[56th Filmfare Awards South|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Sakkarakatti]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Enthiran]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[61st Filmfare Awards South|2014]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviyathalaivan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[24 (2016 film)|24]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2019]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
| {{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack)|''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'']]
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer]] for the song '''"Marakuma Nenjam"'''
|{{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Ponniyin Selvan: II (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: II'']]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Best Music Director]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==== [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Telugu]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[58th Filmfare Awards South|2011]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Telugu)|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==== [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Malayalam]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Category
!Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Malayankunju]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
|{{nom}}
|}

=== [[Filmfare OTT Awards]] ===

==== Soundtrack ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|2024]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | Best Music Director
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==== Background Score ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2024 Filmfare OTT Awards|2024]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|Amar Singh Chamkila]]''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | Best Background Score
| {{won}}
|-
|}

=== [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]] ===

==== [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Soundtrack]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[1st IIFA Awards|2000]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
| rowspan="14" style="text-align:center;" | [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[2nd IIFA Awards|2001]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Fiza]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[3rd IIFA Awards|2002]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lagaan]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Zubeidaa]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[4th IIFA Awards|2003]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[8th IIFA Awards|2007]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[9th IIFA Awards|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[11th IIFA Awards|2010]]
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Delhi-6]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[13th IIFA Awards|2012]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[14th IIFA Awards|2013]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[22nd IIFA Awards|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[99 Songs]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

==== [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Background Score]] ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[4th IIFA Awards|2003]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | [[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| rowspan="6" {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[8th IIFA Awards|2007]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[9th IIFA Awards|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[13th IIFA Awards|2012]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[22nd IIFA Awards|2022]]
| style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|}

==== Special Awards ====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Result
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[9th IIFA Awards|2008]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Outstanding Contribution by an Indian in International Cinema
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[10th IIFA Awards|2009]]
| style="text-align:center;" | Music Director of the Decade {{small|(for "[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'', ''Lagaan'', ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]'', ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' and ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]")}}
|}

=== [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Language
!Film
!Category
!Result
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|Kannada
|[[Godfather (2012 film)|Godfather]]
| rowspan="6" |Best Music Director
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
| rowspan="13" |Tamil
|''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
|''[[OK Kanmani]]''
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
|''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]''
|Best Music Director
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer for the Song
'''"Neethane Neethane"'''
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]''
|Best Music Director
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer for the Song
'''"Mazhai Kuruvi"'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bigil]]''
|Best Music Director
|-
|Best Male Playback Singer for the Song
'''"Singappenney"'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|Best Music Director
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|Vendhu Thanindhadhu Kaadu]]''
|Best Male Playback Singer for the Song
'''"Marakkuma Nenjam"'''
|{{Nominated}}
|}

=== [[Mirchi Music Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Category
!Results
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[1st Mirchi Music Awards|2009]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]''
|Album of the Year
| rowspan="10" {{won}}
|-
|Music Composer of the Year
|-
|Listeners Choice Album of the Year
|-
|Listeners Choice Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''</nowiki>Kabhi Kabhi Aditi"'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
|Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''</nowiki>Jashn-e-Bahara"'''
|-
|Best Background Score
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[2nd Mirchi Music Awards|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |''[[Delhi-6]]''
|Album of the Year
|-
|Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Masakali''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Music Composer of the Year
|-
|Best Song Arranger & Programmer for '''<nowiki>''Masakali''</nowiki>'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Raavan (2010 film)|Raavan]]''
|Best Background Score
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|Best Song Arranger & Programmer for '''<nowiki>''Ranjha Ranjha''</nowiki>'''
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[4th Mirchi Music Awards|2012]]
| rowspan="8" |''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
|Album of the Year
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|Music Composer of the year for '''<nowiki>''Nadaan Parinde''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Music Composer of the year for '''<nowiki>''[[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]]''</nowiki>'''
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}
|-
|Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Nadaan Parinde''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''[[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]]''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Song representing Sufi tradition for '''<nowiki>''Kun Faya Kun''</nowiki>'''
| rowspan="3" {{won}}
|-
|Listeners Choice Album of the Year
|-
|Listeners Choice Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Nadaan Parinde''</nowiki>'''
|-
|[[5th Mirchi Music Awards|2013]]
|''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]''
|Best Background Score
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|[[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
|''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]''
|Best Background Score
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Agar Tum Saath Ho''</nowiki>'''
| {{nom}}
|-
|Listeners Choice Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Agar Tum Saath Ho''</nowiki>'''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[14th Mirchi Music Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="7" |''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|Album of the Year
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
|-
|Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Chaka Chak''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Music Composer of the year '''<nowiki>''Chaka Chak''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Music Composer of the year '''<nowiki>''Rait Zara Si''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Music Composer of the year '''<nowiki>''Tere Rang''</nowiki>'''
|-
|Listeners Choice Album of the Year
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
|Listeners Choice Song of the Year for '''<nowiki>''Chaka Chak''</nowiki>'''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Dil Bechara]]''
|Album of the Year
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
|Listeners Choice Album of the Year
|-
|''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
|Best Song Arranger & Programmer for '''<nowiki>''Param Sundari''</nowiki>'''
|{{won}}
|}

=== Other awards ===

==== [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] ====
* 2011 – Best Music Director – ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2011 |title=Vikatan Awards 2010 |publisher=[[Ayngaran]] |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/frame.php?iframepath=moviedetails.php?movid=697 |access-date=17 February 2011}}</ref>
* 2016 – Best Music Director – ''[[O Kadhal Kanmani]]''
* 2017 – Best Music Director – ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' and ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''
* 2022 – Best Music Director – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]], [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]] & [[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''
* 2022 – Best Male Playback Singer – For the song "Marakkuma Nenjam" from ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''

==== [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] ====
*2011 – [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Song]] – "[[Sadda Haq (song)|Saadda Haq]]" (''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'')

==== [[Bollywood Movie Awards|Bollywood Music Awards]] ====
*2000 – [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]] – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''<ref name="Bollywood Music Awards 2000">{{Cite magazine |date=24 November 2000 |title=Fans Enchanted by Bollywood Music Awards |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001124/fartic1.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Screen India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919023658/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20001124/fartic1.htm |archive-date=19 September 2009 |access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref>
*2000 – Song of the Year – "Taal Se Taal Mila" (''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'')<ref name="Bollywood Music Awards 2000" />
*2002 – Best Music Director – ''[[Lagaan]]''
*2003 – Best Music Director – ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''

==== CineGoers' Award ====
*1993 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
*1994 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
*1995 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
*1996 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''

==== [[Cinema Express Awards]] ====
*1993 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
*1994 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
*1995 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
*1997 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kadhal Desam]]''
*1999 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
*2013 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]''

==== [[CineMAA Awards]] ====
* 2011 – Best Music Director – ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2011 |title=Lux Cinemaa awards 2011 – Telugu cinema |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/cinemaa-awards2011.html |access-date=17 August 2012 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==== CNN-IBN Song of the Year Award ====
* 2006 – "Roobaroo" (''[[Rang De Basanti]]'')
* 2007 – "[[Tere Bina (Guru song)|Tere Bina]]" (''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'')
* 2008 – "Kabhi Kabhi Aditi" (''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na]]'')

==== Film Fans' Awards ====
*1993 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
*1994 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
*1995 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
*1996 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''

==== Global Film & Music Festival Award ====
* 2023 – Best Music Composer for Feature Film in Foreign Language – ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Parthiban |first=Radhakrishnan |user=rparthiepan |number=1620287396125478915 |date=31 January 2023 |title=Happy to share another international award for #iravinnizhal 🏆Best Music Composer🏆 ⚜️ A.R Rahman⚜️ https://t.co/zF5VGVqj5z|access-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302204556/https://twitter.com/rparthiepan/status/1620287396125478915 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== [[Global Indian Film Awards]] (GIFA) ====
* 2007 – [[Global Indian Film Awards|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
* 2007 – [[Global Indian Film Awards|Best Background Music]] – ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''

==== [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] (GIMA) ====
* 2012 – Best Music Director – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
* 2012 – Best Background Score – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
* 2012 – Best Album – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
* 2015 – Best Album – ''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]''

==== [[IIFA Utsavam]] ====
*2017 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
*2024 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan 2]]''
*2024 – Best Music Director - Background Score (Tamil) – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan 2]]''

==== ITunes Music Awards ====

* ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) – [[ITunes]] Music Award for Best Indian Album
* ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa (soundtrack)|Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) – [[iTunes]] Music Award for Best Tamil Album
* ''[[Ye Maaya Chesave (soundtrack)|Ye Maaya Chesave]]'' (2010) – [[iTunes]] Music Award for Best Telugu Album
* ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' (2013) – [[ITunes]] Music Award for Best Tamil Album<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-15 |title=What connects Rahman and Dhanush to Apple? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/What-connects-Rahman-and-Dhanush-to-Apple/articleshow/27776712.cms |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10151848698086720&_rdc=1&_rdr |access-date=2023-06-22 |via=Facebook}}</ref>
* ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011) – [[iTunes]] Music Award for Best Indian Album
* [[O Kadhal Kanmani]] (2015) – [[ITunes]] Music Award for Best Indian Album<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-14 |title=Apple Music's 'Best of 2015' list includes Dilwale and O Kadhal Kanmani |url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/apple-musics-best-of-2015-list-includes-dilwale-and-o-kadhal-kanmani-3674487.html |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Tech2}}</ref>
* [[O Kadhal Kanmani]] (2015) – [[ITunes]] Music Award for Best Artist

==== Jaipur International Film Festival Award ====
* 2023 – Best Music – ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''<ref>{{cite tweet |author=A. R. Rahman |author-link=A. R. Rahman |user=arrahman |number=1611767010328989696 |date=7 January 2023 |title=EPI 🌺🤲🏼 @rparthiepan https://t.co/GDsPyHZvHR |access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref>

==== Just Plain Folks Music Awards ====
* 2009 – Just Plain Folks Music Award For Best Music Album – ''[[Varalaru]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Just Plain Folks |url=http://jpfolks.com/09albumwinners.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017193502/http://www.jpfolks.com/09albumwinners.html |archive-date=17 October 2018 |access-date=3 September 2009 |website=jpfolks.com}}</ref>

==== Kalasaagar Awards ====
*1993 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]''
*1994 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
*1995 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
*1996 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''

==== [[MTV]] Awards ====
*[[MTV Video Music Award – International Viewer's Choice|MTV Video Music Awards]]
**[[1999 MTV Video Music Awards#International Viewer's Choice Awards|1999]] – [[MTV Video Music Award – International Viewer's Choice#MTV India|International Viewer's Choice Awards (MTV India)]] – "[[Dil Se Re]]" – ''[[Dil Se..]]''
*[[MTV Asia Awards]]
**2003 – [[MTV Asia Award for Favorite Artist India]]
*[[MTV Immies]]
**2003 – [[MTV Immies#Award winners|Best Music Composer (Film Category)]] – "Saathiya" – ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''

==== Sangeet Awards ====
*2004 – Best Music Direction (Critics Award) – ''[[Yuva]]''
*2004 – Best Music Arrangement (Critics Award) – "Yeh Rishta" – ''[[Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities]]''
*2005 – Best Music Direction (Critics Award) – ''[[Swades]]''

==== Screen Videocon Awards / [[Star Screen Awards]] ====
*1998 – Best Non-Film Album – ''[[Vande Mataram (album)|Vande Mataram]]'' (Non-Film category)<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=23 January 1997 |title=Screen Videocon Award Winners |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/films2.htm |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Screen India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703055056/http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan23/films2.htm |archive-date=3 July 2009 |access-date=9 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sheela Reddy |date=9 March 2009 |title=At Which Time Dilip Became Rahman |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?239906 |magazine=[[Outlook India|Outlook]] |access-date=25 January 2011}}</ref>
*2000 – [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
*2007 – [[Star Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]] – ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
*2008 – Best Music Director – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
*2008 – Best Background Music – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
*2009 – Best Music Director – ''[[Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na|Jaane Tu...Ya Jaane Na]]''
*2009 – Best Background Music – ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''
*2010 – Best Music Director – ''[[Delhi-6]]''
*2012 – Best Music Directoe – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=18th Annual Colors Screen Awards Winners |url=http://www.filmicafe.com/screenawards2012.php |url-status=dead |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109122826/http://www.filmicafe.com/screenawards2012.php |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref>

==== [[Star Screen Awards|Screen Videocon Awards South]] ====
*1997 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Kadhal Desam]]''
*1998 – Best Music Director (Tamil) – ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]''

==== SuMu Music Awards ====
*1993: R. D. Burman Award for Best New Composer<ref name="Sanskriti" />

==== Sunfeast Tamil Music Awards ====
* 2008: Best Music Composer of the Year – ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji: The Boss]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isayaruvi Sunfeast Tamil Music Awards 2008 |url=http://www.mirchigossips.com/music/isayaruvi-music-awards-2008/ |access-date=4 March 2009 |publisher=mirchigossips.com}}</ref>

==== V. Shantaram Award ====
*2001 – Best Music Director – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
*2007 – Best Music Director – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
*2008 – Best Music Director – ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''

==== [[Vijay Awards]] ====
* 2007 – [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''
* 2008 – [[Chevalier Sivaji Ganesan Award for Excellence in Indian Cinema]]
* 2010 – Best Music Director – ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
* 2013 – Best Music Director – ''[[Kadal (2013 film)|Kadal]]''
* 2017 – Best Music Director – ''[[Kaatru Veliyidai]]''

==== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ====
* 2000 – [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]''
* 2002 – Best Music Director – ''[[Lagaan]]''
* 2003 – Best Music Director – ''[[Saathiya (film)|Saathiya]]''
* 2007 – Best Music Director – ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
* 2008 – Best Music Director – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
* 2008 – [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Music]] – ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
* 2012 – Best Music Director – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''

==== [[Zee Cine Awards]] Tamil ====
*[[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award Tamil for Pride of Indian Cinema]] (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020 winners list: Ajith, Kamal Haasan, Dhanush won these honours |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-ajith-kamal-haasan-dhanush-won-these-honours-811280 |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=International Business Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2020 |title=Zee Cine Awards Tamil 2020: The complete winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/zee-cine-awards-tamil-2020-winners-list-dhanush-kamal-haasan-samantha-akkineni-nayanthara-6200402/}}</ref>

=== Nominations ===

==== [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] ====
*2011 – [[BIG Star Most Entertaining Music]] – ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''

==== [[MTV]] Awards ====

* [[MTV India]]
** 2006 – [[MTV Youth Icon of the Year]]

==== [[Star Screen Awards|Screen Weekly Awards]] ====
*2002 – Best Music Director – ''[[Lagaan]]''
*2002 – Best Background Score – ''Lagaan''

==== [[CineMAA Awards]] ====
*2004 – Best Music Director – ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]''

==== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ====
*2005 – Best Music Director – ''Swades''
*2005 – Best Background Score – ''Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities''
*2011 – Best Background Score – ''Raavan''

== See also ==
* [[List of accolades received by Slumdog Millionaire|List of accolades received by ''Slumdog Millionaire'']]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.arrahman.com/ A. R. Rahman Official Website]
*{{Cite web |title=Awards for A. R. Rahman |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0006246/awards |access-date=24 February 2009 |publisher=[[IMDb]]}}

{{A. R. Rahman|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, A. R. Awards}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman|Awards]]
[[Category:Lists of awards received by Indian musician|A. R. Rahman]]

James Michael (forester)

2026-02-14T23:05:57Z

NamVanwagenen: New Post

[[File:General J. Michael.jpg|thumb]]
General '''James Michael''' (1828 – 17 February 1907) was a [[British Army|British army]] officer with the [[Indian Staff Corps|Madras Staff Corps]] who served as a pioneer forester in the [[Anaimalai Hills|Anamalais]] in India. He later served as a secretary to the government. His work to show that timber operations could be made financially lucrative helped established the Forest Department in India. Sir [[Joseph Fayrer]] called him the father of practical forestry in India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birdwood, H.M. |year=1899 |title=The hill forests of western India |journal=The Journal of the Society for Arts |volume=47 |issue=2437 |pages=731–739 |jstor=41335320}}</ref>

== Life and work ==
Michael was the son of Colonel James Michael.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/armorialfamilies02infoxd/page/n205/mode/1up |title=Armorial Families |publisher=T.C.&E.C. Jack |year=1895 |editor=Fox-Davies, A.C. |place=Edinburgh |page=688}}</ref> He became a second Lieutenant in the Madras Staff Corps in 1844, becoming a Lieutenant in 1847, Captain in 1856 with the 39th Native Infantry, Major in 1864 and Lt. Col. in 1870. He was promoted Colonel on 10 December 1875 and on 7 March 1876 he was made [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The India list and India Office list for 1902|page=138|place=London|year=1902|publisher=Harisson and Sons|url=https://archive.org/details/indialistandind00offigoog/page/137/mode/2up}}</ref> He later wrote on the history of the [[Madras Army]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Michael |first=J. |date=1888 |title=The Native Army of Madras: Organization, Equipment, and Interior Economy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03071848809416468 |journal=Royal United Services Institution. Journal |language=en |volume=32 |issue=144 |pages=329–363 |doi=10.1080/03071848809416468 |issn=0035-9289}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/newannualarmylis1880hart/page/42/mode/1up|title=The new annual army list, militia list, and Indian civil service list for 1880|year=1880}}</ref>

Michael was a keen sportsman who became known for routinely shooting 5 elephants in a row.<ref>{{cite news|title=Big game in India.|newspaper= Alpena Evening News |date=9 September 1901 |page =4 |url=https://digmichnews.cmich.edu/?a=d&d=AlpenaAEN19010909-01.1.4}}</ref> He had spent some time in Switzerland observing forestry operations and he was proposed by General [[Frederick Conyers Cotton]] to oversee the forests of the Anamalai hills where timber contractors were supposedly cutting down trees for the Bombay dockyards with little concern for sustainability. He was posted there in June 1848 and after 7 years of working he was forced to resign due to poor health. He established roads, timber slips to move logs down the hillsides and other measures for harvesting. He published a ''Anamullay Forests Report'' where he showed how the measures he had taken were yielding financial benefits. His position was later taken up by [[Hugh Cleghorn (forester)|Hugh Cleghorn]] who was appointed as the first conservator of forests in 1856.<ref>{{cite book|pages=8–9|author=Birdwood, George|chapter=Preface|title=Catalogue of the Indian Exhibit at the International Forestry Exhibition Edinburgh|year=1884|place= Edinburgh}}</ref> He was also involved in the first forestry exhibition in Edinburgh. He married Mary Adelaide Emma Money in 1867. He served as Fellow of Madras University and as a secretary to the government. After retirement he lived in Berkshire where he became [[Justice of the peace|Justice of the Peace]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Birdwood, George|year=1901|title=Correspondence| journal=Journal of the Society of Arts|pages=757–760 |volume=49| issue= 2547|jstor= 41336027}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pages=905–908|title=Early forest operations in India|author=Michael, J. |journal=The Journal of the Society of Arts|volume=38| issue= 1974 |year= 1890|jstor=41328006}}</ref>

It is unclear if Michael visited New Zealand but [[Richard Owen]] thanks Michael for showing him the bones of ''Dinornis maximus'' obtained in August 1865 at Glenmark Estate in the Middle Island, New Zealand. The bones were discovered while digging a drain across a swamp.<ref>{{cite journal|title=On Dinornis (Part XII). containing a description of the Femur, Tibia, and Metatarsus of Dinornis maximus, Owen|author=Owen, Richard|pages=497–500| volume=6|journal=Transactions of the Zoological Society of London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28778208|year=1867 |issue=8 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1869.tb00584.x }}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michael, James}}
[[Category:1828 births]]
[[Category:1907 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Foresters]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:British foresters]]

Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar

2026-02-05T20:42:24Z

NamVanwagenen: adjusted formatting after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
| birth_name =
| image = Vengayil Kunjiraman Nayanar.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1860}}
| birth_place = [[Malabar district]], British India
| death_date = {{death-date and age|14 November 1914|1860}}
| death_place = Malabar district, British India
| occupation = Writer
| nationality = [[British India|Indian]]
| influences = 
| influenced = 
| genre = Short Story, Essay, Criticism
| notableworks = ''[[Vasanavikriti]]''
| signature =
}}

{{Given name hatnote|Kunhiraman Nayanar|Vengayil|lang=Malayali}}'''Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar''' (1860 – 14 November 1914) was a [[Malayali]] essayist and short story writer<ref>{{Cite book |last=C |first=Ashokan Nambiar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z911EQAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&dq=vengayil+kunjiraman+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjwJfPmsOSAxWPxzgGHcuJIGQQ6AF6BAgJEAM |title=Print and the Novel in 19th Century Kerala: Reconsidering Colonial Modernity |date=2024-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-5640-902-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1226&dq=vengayil+kunjiraman+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjwJfPmsOSAxWPxzgGHcuJIGQQ6AF6BAgNEAM |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tarakan |first=Ke Eṃ |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=3nhkAAAAMAAJ&q=vengayil+kunjiraman+nayanar&dq=vengayil+kunjiraman+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjjwJfPmsOSAxWPxzgGHcuJIGQQ6AF6BAgQEAM |title=A Brief Survey of Malayalam Literature: History of Literature |date=1990 |publisher=K.M. Tharakan |language=en}}</ref>, and a prominent [[Jenmi]] of [[Malabar district]].

==Vengayil family==
Nayanar was born in an aristocratic [[Nair]] family known as [[Jenmi|Vengayil]] in Chirakal Taluk, Northern part of [[Malabar District|Malabar district]] in British India. The Vengayil Nayanar [[tharavad]] were a significant land-owning family of Malabar district in the 1800s in British India. They, at the time, owned more than 200,000 acres (810 km square) of land including vast forest lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=South Indian History |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sg5uAAAAMAAJ&q=Vengayil+nayanar&dq=Vengayil+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwisk-3VjcOSAxWqUGcHHcalLXw4ChDoAXoECAYQAw |title=Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ... |date=1994 |publisher=The Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Education |first=Kerala (India) Department of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PDJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vengayil+nayanar&dq=Vengayil+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2kv6PkMOSAxWtT2wGHUsCAsM4PBDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore |last2=Menon |first2=A. Sreedhara |date=1962 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. T. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=kHtbkuXruzwC&pg=PA44&dq=Vengayil+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9tPugjcOSAxXes1YBHXd5F78Q6AF6BAgOEAM |title=Agrarian Relations in Late Medieval Malabar |date=2003 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-135-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wigram |first=Herbert |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_KMDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA195&dq=Vengayil+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9tPugjcOSAxXes1YBHXd5F78Q6AF6BAgJEAM |title=A Commentary on Malabar Law and Custom |date=1882 |publisher=Cookson and Company |language=en}}</ref> .The land directly under the ownership of the Vengayil family was comparable to the size of the 13-gun salute princely state of Kapurthala State (352 square miles (910 km2)), and 11-gun salute Morvi State (242 square miles (630 km2))<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurup |first=K. K. N. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=JdxwAAAAMAAJ&q=Vengayil+nayanar&dq=Vengayil+nayanar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm8ZbKj8OSAxXMS2cHHZj9EiQ4FBDoAXoECAUQAw |title=Agrarian Struggles in Kerala |date=1989 |publisher=CBH Publications |isbn=978-81-85381-01-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Early life and education==
Kunhiraman Nayanar was born to Vengayil Kunhakkam Amma and Puliyappadappu Haridasan Somayajipad, from Perinchellor Graamam, [[Taliparamba]]. His early education was in [[Sanskrit]], and later joined the [[English language|English]] school at Taliparamba, followed by the Saidampetta Agricultural College in [[Calicut]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerala (India) |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZF0bAAAAIAAJ&q=Vengayil+nayanar+life&dq=Vengayil+nayanar+life&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwizzeivl8OSAxWQcGwGHWZEA-M4HhDoAXoECAoQAw |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Kozhikode (supplement) |date=1962 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Presses |language=en}}</ref> In 1904 he became a member of the [[Malabar District|Malabar District Board]], and in 1907 was elected to the [[Madras Legislative Assembly]]. He died while serving as a member there on 14 November 1914, aged 54<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinhā |first=Madhubālā |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=8qQpAQAAIAAJ&q=Vengayil+nayanar+life&dq=Vengayil+nayanar+life&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiayMH0lsOSAxW8UGcHHbbZM7EQ6AF6BAgKEAM |title=Encyclopaedia of South Indian Literature |date=2009 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-3740-4 |language=en}}</ref>.

==Literature==
Nayanar came to the literary world through ''Kerala Pathrika'' (started in 1884 by [[Chengalathu Kunhirama Menon|C. Kunhiraman Menon]] (1854–1936) and [[Appu Nedungadi]] (1860–1934) at [[Calicut]]). He was also closely associated with periodicals like ''[[Vidya Vinodini]]'' (started in 1889 at [[Trichur]] under the editorship of C. P. Achutha Menon), ''Kerala Chandrika'' (started in 1879 at [[Trivandrum]]), ''[[Kerala Sanchari]]'' (after 1898 under the editorship of Murkoth Kumaran), ''Kerala Pathrika'' and the English Journal ''Malabar Spectator''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chapter IV Genesis and Exodus of early newspapers (1847-1906) |url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13232/10/10_chapter%204.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426103436/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13232/10/10_chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2023}}</ref> He wrote the first Malayalam short story, ''[[Vasanavikriti]]''. Under the pen names "Kesari", "Vajrasoochi","Vajrabahu", Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar's works obtained wide appreciation from all over South India. Kesari was a sharp critic of social reality, criticising social inequalities. He was also a close friend of [[Hermann Gundert|Dr. Hermann Gundert]] and [[William Logan (Malabar Manual)|William Logan]] who did a lot of research on the history, language, and culture of Kerala.

==Family==
Vengayil Nayanar's grandson was [[K. P. Candeth]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1909&dq=kp+candeth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi60s2WmcOSAxXwzzgGHWvPBfsQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=A. J. S. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ZBSSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA106&dq=kp+candeth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi60s2WmcOSAxXwzzgGHWvPBfsQ6AF6BAgLEAM |title=Battleground Chhamb: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 |date=2025-10-27 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-75309-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Vk4jAQAAMAAJ&q=kp+candeth&dq=kp+candeth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMhoqQmsOSAxWzSGwGHZtZKIo4ChDoAXoECA0QAw |title=Indian Information |date=1965 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |language=en}}</ref>, a [[Lieutenant General]] in the [[Indian Army]] and first [[Governor of Goa]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diu (India) |first=Goa, Daman and |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uWf-IC8JVqAC&q=kp+candeth&dq=kp+candeth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi60s2WmcOSAxXwzzgGHWvPBfsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Government Gazette. Boletim Oficial |date=1962 |language=pt-BR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L2bfAAAAMAAJ&q=kp+candeth&dq=kp+candeth&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMhoqQmsOSAxWzSGwGHZtZKIo4ChDoAXoECAwQAw |title=Indian Armed Forces Yearbook |date=1962 |publisher=Indian youth. |language=en}}</ref>. His son was [[A. C. N. Nambiar]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Israel |first=Milton |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dkI_RHPPGKMC&pg=PA260&dq=acn+nambiar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf4duimMOSAxXTyzgGHaDWKSgQ6AF6BAgLEAM |title=Communications and Power: Propaganda and the Press in the Indian National Struggle, 1920-1947 |date=1994-04-14 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-46763-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=plkgX7n_ASMC&q=acn+nambiar&dq=acn+nambiar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf4duimMOSAxXTyzgGHaDWKSgQ6AF6BAgJEAM |title=The Indian Trade Journal |date=1956 |publisher=Department of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=India Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=uT5utHV5uZsC&q=acn+nambiar&dq=acn+nambiar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf4duimMOSAxXTyzgGHaDWKSgQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=The Legislative Assembly Debates: (Official Report) |date=1933 |publisher=Government of India Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Tapan K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ATxuAAAAMAAJ&q=acn+nambiar&dq=acn+nambiar&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf4duimMOSAxXTyzgGHaDWKSgQ6AF6BAgQEAM |title=Taraknath Das: Life and Letters of a Revolutionary in Exile |date=1998 |publisher=National Council of Education, Bengal, Jadavpur University |isbn=978-81-86954-00-3 |language=en}}</ref>, an Indian Nationalist and involved with the [[Indian Legion]] during the [[Second World War]].

==Works==
Some of Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar's works are lost. Most of his works were published in periodicals such as ''[[Vidya Vinodini]]'', ''Saraswathi'' and ''Kerala Pathrika''. Some of his works are compiled by Prof. K. Gopalakrishnan and published by ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' under the title ''Kesari Nayanarude Krithikal''.
; Stories
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=[[Vidya Vinodini]]|title=[[Vasanavikriti]]|year=1891|volume=2|issue=5}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Menokkiye Konnatharanu|year=1893|volume=4|issue=7}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Dwaraka|year=1893|volume=4|issue=9}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Ente Anubhavam|year=1900}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Saraswathi|title=Madirashi Pithalattam|date=n.d.}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Saraswathi|title=Oru Pottabhagyam|date=n.d.}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=|title=Paramartham|date=n.d.}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Mithavadi|title=Kathayonnumalla|year=1908}}

; Essays on literature
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Akhyayika Allenkil Novel|year=1891|volume=2|issue=4}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Natakam|year=1891|volume=2|issue=9}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Swabhasha|year=1892|volume=3|issue=8}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Bhramam|year=1892|volume=3|issue=8}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Mahakavikalude Jeevakalam|year=1892|volume=3|issue=9}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Mahakavyam|year=1893|volume=3|issue=12}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Gadyakavyam|year=1893|volume=4|issue=1}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Pouranikakalathe Parishkarasthithi|year=1893|volume=4|issue=2}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Novel|date=n.d.|volume=|issue=}}

; Essays on culture
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Nammude Chila Pracheena Acharopacharangalum Sthanamanangalum Mattum Mattum|year=1898|volume=9|issue=11}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Achara Parishkaram|date=n.d.|volume=|issue=}}

; Essays on agriculture
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Krishi Parishkaram I|year=1894|volume=6|issue=1}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Krishi Parishkaram I|year=1894|volume=6|issue=2}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Krishisambandhamaya Chila Aithihyangal|year=1898|volume=9|issue=11}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=[[Bhashaposhini]]|title=Kerala Janmisabha|year=1913|volume=17|issue=9–10}}

; Miscellaneous
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Vaidyam|year=1893|volume=4|issue=6}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Marichalathe Sukham|year=1893|volume=4|issue=7}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Kerala Pathrika|title=Kapadavedanthikal|year=1893|volume=|issue=}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Vidya Vinodini|title=Sheettukali|year=1894|volume=5|issue=1}}
* {{Cite magazine|author=Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar|magazine=Bhashaposhini|title=Vidyarthikalum Mathrubhashayum|year=1914|volume=|issue=|url=https://books.sayahna.org/ml/pdf//kvnr-01.pdf}}
* Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar (1909). Introduction. In: [[Kottarathil Sankunni]]. ''[[Aithihyamala]]'' Part 1.
* Vengayil Kunhiraman Nayanar (1914). Introduction. In: [[Kottarathil Sankunni]]. ''[[Aithihyamala]]'' Part 2.

==See also==
*[[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|"Kesari" A. Balakrishna Pillai]] was a critic who was also known by the pseudonym "Kesari".
*[[Madayi Kavu]]
*[[Malayalam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.payyanur.com/literature.htm Payyanur.com], "History"
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080925134038/http://www.ksd.kerala.gov.in/hist.htm KSD.kerala.gov.in], "History of Kasaragod"
*[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit30.htm PRD.kerala.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060130115708/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/mala/lit30.htm |date=30 January 2006 }}, "The Essay"
*[http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/med/history.htm PRD.kerala.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060127003412/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/prd2/med/history.htm |date=27 January 2006 }}, "History of Press in India"
*[http://members.rediff.com/drkansanpillai/nayanar.htm Rediff.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104015537/http://members.rediff.com/drkansanpillai/nayanar.htm |date=4 November 2005 }}, "Nayanars of Kerala"

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayanar, Vangayil}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1914 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

Children of Air India

2026-01-11T22:19:51Z

NamVanwagenen: expand layout further and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|2013 poetry collection by Renée Sarojini Saklikar}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Children of Air India: Un/authorized Exhibits and Interjections
| image = Children of Air India.jpg
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| author = [[Renée Sarojini Saklikar]]
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| language = English
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| subject = [[Air India Flight 182]] bombing
| genre = [[Poetry]]
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| publisher = [[Nightwood Editions]]
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| pub_date = 2013
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| isbn = 978-0-88971-287-4
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'''''Children of Air India: Un/authorized Exhibits and Interjections''''' is a 2013 poetry collection by [[Renée Sarojini Saklikar]], published by [[Nightwood Editions]]. The title refers to the bombing of [[Air India Flight 182]] in 1985.

The book's launch was held at the Djavad Mowafaghian World Art Centre in the Goldcorp Centre for the Arts,<ref>Staff. "[https://www.straight.com/life/524861/renee-sarojini-saklikar-launches-new-book-children-air-india Renée Sarojini Saklikar launches new book, children of air india]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129054042/http://www.straight.com/life/524861/renee-sarojini-saklikar-launches-new-book-children-air-india Archive]). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. November 6, 2013. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> located at [[Simon Fraser University Vancouver]], on Wednesday November 13, 2013.<ref>"[https://www.sfu.ca/vancouver/welcome/sfuvanblog/Fall2013/November2013/rsbooklaunch.html Book launch: children of air india: un/authorized exhibits and interjections]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129053741/http://www.sfu.ca/vancouver/welcome/sfuvanblog/Fall2013/November2013/rsbooklaunch.html Archive]). [[Simon Fraser University Vancouver]]. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> The book, which examines the event itself and the impact on other persons,<ref name=Taylorspirits>Taylor, Rob. "[http://prismmagazine.ca/2013/11/08/in-the-power-of-spirits-children-of-air-india-by-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ in the power of spirits – “children of air india” by Renée Sarojini Saklikar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129173638/http://prismmagazine.ca/2013/11/08/in-the-power-of-spirits-children-of-air-india-by-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ |date=2014-11-29 }}" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129173638/http://prismmagazine.ca/2013/11/08/in-the-power-of-spirits-children-of-air-india-by-renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Archive]). ''[[Prism International]]'', Creative Writing Program of the [[University of British Columbia]]. November 8, 2013. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> includes poems and written scenarios. Saklikar did not include names of many victims in her stories since her publisher had advised her not to include them. The name of one of her cousins, Irfan, is within the final version.<ref name=Lederman>Lederman, Marsha. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/poets-new-book-communes-with-the-ghosts-of-the-air-india-bombing/article15349779/ Poet’s new book communes with the ghosts of the Air India bombing]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref>

The book won the 2014 [[Canadian Authors Association]] Award for Poetry,<ref>{{cite web |title=2014 Winners |url=https://canadianauthors.org/national/awards/2014-winners |website=Canadian Author's Association |date=15 October 2014 |access-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> and was a finalist for the 2014 [[Dorothy Livesay Poetry Prize]],<ref>"[http://library.ryerson.ca/asianheritage/authors/renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Renée Sarojini Saklikar]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044012/http://library.ryerson.ca/asianheritage/authors/renee-sarojini-saklikar/ Archive]). [[Ryerson University]]. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref> category BC Book Prize.<ref>"[http://www.bcbookprizes.ca/winners/2014 2014 Finalists]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141025071635/http://www.bcbookprizes.ca/winners/2014 Archive]). BC Book Prize. Retrieved on November 22, 2014.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[http://www.harbourpublishing.com/title/childrenofairindia Children of Air India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129065045/http://www.harbourpublishing.com/title/childrenofairindia |date=2014-11-29 }}'' - [[Harbour Publishing]]
{{Air India 182}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2013 poetry books]]
[[Category:Canadian poetry collections]]
[[Category:Air India Flight 182]]
[[Category:Indian poetry anthologies]]
[[Category:Indo-Canadian culture]]

Nepali Congress (Democratic)

2026-01-11T18:18:03Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{about|a defunct party which merged into [[Nepali Congress]]|the currently active party|Nepali Congress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Nepali Congress (Democratic)
| native_name = नेपाली काँग्रेस (प्रजातान्त्रिक)
| colorcode = lightgreen
| logo = Nepali Congress.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| president = [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
| general_secretary = [[Bimalendra Nidhi]]
| foundation = 22 September 2002
| dissolution = 25 September 2007
| split = [[Nepali Congress]]
| merged = [[Nepali Congress]]
| ideology = [[Social democracy]]
| headquarters = [[Kathmandu District]]
| international =
| website =
| country = Nepal
}}
{{politics of Nepal}}
'''Nepali Congress (Democratic)''' ({{Langx|ne|नेपाली काँग्रेस (प्रजातान्त्रिक)}} was a [[political party]] in [[Nepal]], which was formed in 2002 due to a vertical split of the original [[Nepali Congress]]. The Nepali Congress (Democratic) was led by [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]], while the original was led by [[Girija Prasad Koirala]].

== Name ==
Before the name Nepali Congress (Democratic) was chosen, different proposals were discussed. The Central Working Committee member Pradeep Giri suggested Nepali Congress (Socialist, Republic). Other proposals were Nepali Congress (Deuba) and Nepali Congress (Bisweswor, Ganesh Man).<ref name="Nepalnews.com newsflash Arc482">[http://www.nepalnews.com.np/archive/2002/september/arc482.htm Nepalnews.com (newsflash) Arc482]</ref> The name Nepal Congress (Democratic) was made public on 22 September 2002.<ref name="Nepalnews.com newsflash Arc482"/>

== Tarun Dal ==
Tarun Dal was the youth wing of the Nepali Congress (Democratic). The 3rd general convention of Tarun Dal was held in [[Chitwan District|Chitawan]] on July 17–20, 2007 and elected Mahendra Yadav as the new president of Tarun Dal.

== Nepal Students Union (Nepal Bidyarthi Sangh) ==
The Nepal Students Union (''Nepal Bidyarthi Sangh'') was the students wing of Nepali Congress (Democratic). The 8th general convention of Nepal Student Union (NSU) declared Kisor Rathor and Kiran Paudel as president and general secretary. The 9th general convention of the Nepal Students Union (NSU), affiliated with the Nepali Congress (Democratic), was held in [[Nepalgunj]] from 10 to 15 July 2007.

== Merger of Nepali Congress and Nepali Congress (Democratic) ==
On 25 September 2007, Nepali Congress (Democratic) and Nepali Congress merged back together. The unified party retains the name [[Nepali Congress]] and uses the tree as its election symbol.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

== See also ==
* [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]
* [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]
* [[Bimalendra Nidhi]]
* [[Nepali Congress]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.decont.org/ Decont website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813172845/http://www.decont.org/ |date=13 August 2020 }}

{{political parties in Nepal}}

[[Category:Defunct socialist parties in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepali Congress|Democratic]]

GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Sola

2025-12-30T02:09:16Z

NamVanwagenen: updated

{{Short description|Medical college in Ahmedabad, Gujarat}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
|name = GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Sola
|image =
|type = [[Government]]
|established = {{start date and age|2012}}
|dean = Dr. Yogeshanand S. Goswami
|address = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
|country = [[India]]
|colors =
|affiliations = [[Gujarat University]]
|website = http://www.gmersmchsola.com/Home
}}
'''GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Sola''' is a medical college located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]. It was established in the year 2012. The college imparts the degree Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. The college is affiliated to [[Gujarat University]] and is recognised by [[National Medical Commission]]. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 150.

==Courses==
GMERS Medical College and Hospital, Sola undertakes education and training of students MBBS courses. This college is offering 150 MBBS seats from 2019 of which 85% Seats are of state quota and 15% is for Nation Counselling.

==Sola Civil Hospital==
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Sola Civil Hospital
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = Sola, [[Ahmedabad]]
| region = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| healthcare = Public
| type = General
| emergency = Yes
| beds =
| speciality = Multispeciality
| founded =
| website = [https://www.gmersmchsola.com/GMERS-Sola-HospitalDepartment GMERS Sola-Hospital]
}}'''Sola Civil Hospital''' is a public healthcare facility situated in the Sola area of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sola Civil's Rs 40-cr 'corporate' makeover |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/sola-civils-rs-40-cr-corporate-makeover/81856759.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref> The hospital offers a wide range of healthcare services, encompassing general medical care as well as specialized treatments in departments such as [[cardiology]], [[neurology]], [[orthopedics]], [[pediatrics]], and [[gynecology]]. Sola Civil Hospital aims to deliver affordable healthcare, with a focus on serving disadvantaged sections of society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Razing of Sola Civil building delayed due to internal row |url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/disaster-waiting-to-happen/81847667.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-28 |title=Ahmedabad: Fire safety gear installation only half done at Sola Civil Hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/fire-safety-gear-installation-only-half-done-at-sola-civil-hospital/articleshow/79454843.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-09 |title=Botched up surgery alleged at Sola Civil hospital |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/botched-up-surgery-alleged-at-sola-civil-hospital/articleshow/53609317.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Services and facilities ===
The hospital is equipped with modern medical technology and provides emergency services, outpatient and inpatient care, as well as surgical procedures. It has also conducted clinical trials for [[Covaxin]], the [[COVID-19]] vaccine developed in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-28 |title=Ahmedabad: Power outage in Sola Civil Hospital troubles patients, relatives |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/power-outage-in-sola-civil-troubles-patients-relatives/articleshow/92507192.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Community outreach ===
The hospital actively participates in public health initiatives and campaigns for disease prevention. Additionally, it organizes health camps, offering free or subsidized healthcare services to underprivileged communities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-27 |title=Sola Civil Hospital in Ahmedabad begins Phase-3 trial of Covaxin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/sola-civil-hospital-in-ahmedabad-begins-phase-3-trial-of-covaxin/articleshow/79446268.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Healthcare in India]]
* [[List of hospitals in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:2012 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Gujarat]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Gujarat-university-stub}}

MouthShut.com

2025-12-17T08:35:44Z

NamVanwagenen: created new pg.

{{short description|Indian review website}}
{{Infobox dot-com company
| name = MouthShut.com
| logo =
| logo_size = 227px
| company_type =
| url = {{official|mouthshut.com}}
| website_type = [[Review website|Review and ratings]]
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| launched = 2000
| founder = [[Faisal Farooqui]]
| industry =
| advertising =
| native_clients =
| commercial = Yes
| registration = Required for posting
| current_status = Active
}}

'''Mouthshut.com''' is a consumer review and rating platform<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Sujata |date=2017-03-01 |title=Food above all! Not just meetings, Mouthshut's Faisal Farooqui pitches in at the office canteen too |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/food-above-all-not-just-meetings-mouthshuts-faisal-farooqui-pitches-in-at-the-office-canteen-too/articleshow/57405035.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> founded in 2000 by [[Faisal Farooqui]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Work for the sake of passion, not a paycheck' |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/2009/jun/30work-for-the-sake-of-passion-not-a-paycheck.htm |access-date= |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouthshut.com (India) Private Limited Information |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/ |access-date= |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref> The platform hosts user-written reviews and ratings for over 800,000 products and services available in India. The platform covers over 400 categories.<ref name="ft2">{{cite web |title=India: Diligent shoppers offer opportunity to manufacturers - FT.com |url=https://www.ft.com/content/4aeecaea-bec6-11df-a755-00144feab49a |accessdate=14 January 2014 |publisher=ft.com}}</ref> The company has been involved in legal challenges regarding internet intermediary rules, notably petitioning the Supreme Court against provisions of the Information Technology Rules, 2021, which led to the repeal of Section 66A and the reading down of intermediary guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Saurav |title=This Supreme Court petition could be a big step in the fight for Internet democracy in India |url=http://scroll.in/article/678539/this-supreme-court-petition-could-be-a-big-step-in-the-fight-for-internet-democracy-in-india |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |date=18 September 2014 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Shreeja |date=2014-08-30 |title=SC seeks govt reply on PIL challenging powers of IT Act |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/DSjZ9XsezZ4fN2GGfkWu1N/SC-seeks-govt-reply-on-PIL-challenging-powers-of-IT-Act.html |access-date= |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pahwa |first=Nikhil |date=2013-04-29 |title=MouthShut Challenges IT Rules In The Supreme Court Of India |url=https://www.medianama.com/2013/04/223-mouthshut-it-rules-supreme-court-of-india/ |access-date= |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Faisal Farooqui conceived the idea of a review website in 1998 while attending the [[State University of New York]] at [[Binghamton, New York|Binghamton]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian civil society to WhatsApp, Facebook: Ask users before they are added to group chats |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/technology/indian-civil-society-to-whatsapp-facebook-ask-users-before-they-are-added-to-group-chats-2580949.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |date=June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He recognized the significance of customer feedback for business growth during a class.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Shanbaug |first=Amit |date=2011-12-19 |title=Mouthshut.com: Building funds via feedback |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mouthshut-com-building-funds-via-feedback/articleshow/11143968.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

He returned to [[India]] and launched MouthShut.com in late 2000. The platform was initially marketed via a curated email list of 1800 individuals, including contacts of the company's initial employees, staff, friends, and relatives.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-29 |title=Swades, the dotcom way - Express Computer |url=http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20051003/technologylife02.shtml |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051029150704/http://www.expresscomputeronline.com/20051003/technologylife02.shtml |archive-date=2005-10-29 }}</ref>

Later, Farooqui used the rear space of [[Auto rickshaw|auto rickshaws]] as a medium to promote the website.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Moinak |date=2007-03-23 |title=Chunnu, Munnu left out as autos load dotcom ads |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/chunnu-munnu-left-out-as-autos-load-dotcom-ads/articleshow/1795954.cms |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dotcoms discover a new marketing vehicle |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-dotcoms-discover-a-new-marketing-vehicle-1055159 |access-date= |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> In 2001, the team implemented a 'Dial-the-CEO' option, allowing users to provide direct feedback.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-04-20 |title=Ice people: Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/ice-people-faisal-farooqui-105042001022_1.html |access-date= |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

Video reviews for products and services were enabled on the platform in December 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MouthShut.com launches video review and video blogging platform - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/mouthshut.com-launches-video-review-and-video-blogging-platform-24022.html |access-date= |website= |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2007, Farooqui expanded the video review concept into a dedicated video review platform, Dekhona.com.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cherian |first=Jacob |date=2007-11-02 |title=Making money with the click of a mouse |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/starting-up/making-money-with-the-click-of-a-mouse/articleshow/2510636.cms |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In December 2008, the platform introduced mobile reviews that could be posted via an SMS shortcode.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MouthShut.com launches mobile reviews |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/digital/21886_mouthshutcom-launches-mobile-reviews |access-date= |website=afaqs!}}</ref>

In July 2012, the website transitioned from a reviews-only platform to one providing buying guides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-12-30 |title=Mouthshut.com to start its own reviews |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/mouthshutcom-to-start-its-own-reviews/article23070759.ece |access-date= |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Products ==
In May 2011, MouthShut.com launched Dealface.com, a website offering sales deals across industry segments. This was later integrated into Mouthshut.com.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Anupam |date=2011-05-13 |title=Deal Sites Launched By MouthShut, IndyaRocks; Suggestions |url=https://www.medianama.com/2011/05/223-mouthshut-dealface-indyarocks-dealyantra-dealnama/ |access-date= |website=MediaNama |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouthshut.com launches Dealface.com |url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/mouthshutcom-launches-dealfacecom/16307.html |access-date= |website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2014, the company launched its mobile application for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mallya |first=Harshith |date=2014-02-19 |title=App Review: Mouthshut's newly launched Android app |url=https://inc42.com/resources/app-review-mouthshuts-newly-launched-android-app/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
In 2006, MouthShut received the [[Manthan Award]] for Best Youth Website from the [[Government of India|Govt. of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manthan Awards announced in 14 categories |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/15690_manthan-awards-announced-in-14-categories |access-date= |website=afaqs!|date=8 August 2006 }}</ref>

MouthShut.com received the Best Portal of the Year - Gold award at the first India Digital Media Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Avinash |date=2023-02-01 |title=Meet India's Top Professional Bloggers who Dominate Blogosphere |url=https://www.brandloom.com/top-professional-bloggers |access-date= |website=BrandLoom Consulting |language=en-US}}</ref>

MouthShut CEO Faisal Farooqui has been credited with introducing [[Web 2.0]] concepts in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive {{!}} Opinion, that matters: MouthShut's Faisal Farooqui |url=https://www.adgully.com/exclusive-opinion-that-matters-mouthshut-s-faisal-farooqui-51240.html |access-date= |website=www.adgully.com |date=31 July 2012 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Faisal is mentioned as one of the first Indian dotcom founders of the 21st century. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The First Class of the Indian Startups: The Unsung Heroes |url=https://www.startupguru.co/blog/the-first-class-of-indian-internet-startups/ |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=www.startupguru.co}}</ref>

== Mouthshut.com and freedom of speech ==
To protect its review writers from threats by brands, MouthShut stated in its filings with the [[Supreme Court of India]] that it would not reveal the identity of any review writers unless ordered by a court of competent jurisdiction. On April 29, 2013, MouthShut.com filed a petition in the Supreme Court of India challenging India's [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|Information Technology Rules 2011]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-11 |title=We believe that a consumer's review is sacrosanct: MouthShut.com |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/opinion/interviews/story/we-believe-that-a-consumer-review-is-sacrosanct-mouthshutcom-133218-2014-03-11 |access-date= |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> MouthShut.com argued that this law would effectively delegate essential executive functions, such as censoring and restricting citizens' free speech, to private parties like MouthShut.com, leaving them vulnerable to legal challenges over user content. The verdict was in favor of MouthShut.com, leading to the repeal of Section 66A and the reading down of IT Rules and intermediary guidelines.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Soma |title=Section 66A of IT Act: We took up battle, big guys didn't, says MouthShut founder Faisal Farooqui |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/section-66a-of-it-act-we-took-up-battle-big-guys-didnt-says-mouthshut-founder-faisal-farooqui/articleshow/46683331.cms?from=mdr |access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-24 |title=Sec 66A of IT act scrapped: 5 points observed by Supreme Court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/sec-66a-of-it-act-scrapped-5-points-observed-by-supreme-court/story-EtZnxzRGrfsutSk5fjML4H.html |access-date=2020-11-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-24 |title=SC strikes down 'draconian' Section 66A |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-strikes-down-section-66-a-of-the-it-act-finds-it-unconstitutional/article61470585.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In February 2014, MouthShut was blocked by [[Bangalore]]-based ISP ACT Internet company and its [[Hyderabad]]-based subsidiary [[Atria Convergence Technologies|Beam Fiber]], without a stated reason.<ref name="medianama">{{cite web |title=Update: Mouthshut Blocked By Beam Fibre; Issue Escalated To TRAI And DoT - MediaNama |url=http://www.medianama.com/2014/02/223-mouthshut-blocked-beam-trai-dot |accessdate=14 April 2015 |publisher=medianama.com}}</ref> The company escalated the issue with the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) and the [[Department of Telecommunications]] (DoT).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-29 |title=Nine Indian startup CEOs write to TRAI against zero-rating platforms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/facebooks-free-basics-9-indian-startup-ceos-jointly-write-to-trai-chairman-against-it/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, the website was unblocked by the two [[Internet service provider|ISPs]].<ref name="exchange4media">{{cite web |title=Mouthshut finally unblocked, will consider legal action against ISP |url=http://www.exchange4media.com/54504_mouthshut-finally-unblocked-will-consider-legal-action-against-isp.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220094520/http://www.exchange4media.com/54504_mouthshut-finally-unblocked-will-consider-legal-action-against-isp.html |archive-date=20 December 2014 |accessdate=14 April 2015 |publisher=exchange4media.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouthshut finally unblocked, will consider legal action against ISP - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/mouthshut-finally-unblockedwill-consider-legal-action-against-isp-54504.html |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2017, the company blocked 80,000 fake user profiles to prevent potential spamming and fake reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkhel |first=Aritra |date=2017-12-05 |title=Mouthshut gags 80k fake user profiles |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/mouthshut-gags-80k-fake-user-profiles/articleshow/61924449.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-29 |title=Legal Notice To Faisal Farooqui For Remove Fake Review Post On His website Mouthshut.Com - IMTS INSTITUTE |url=https://imtsinstitute.com/legal-notice-to-faisal-farooqui-for-remove-fake-review-post-on-his-website-mouthshut-com/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>

In March 2018, MouthShut.com deleted 4,100 user profiles that were posting fake reviews.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-13 |title=The Irony of a Name |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-irony-of-a-name/ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Review websites]]

History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system

2025-12-16T15:34:14Z

NamVanwagenen: New New Article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Numeral systems}}
The [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system]] is a decimal [[place-value]] numeral system that uses a [[0 (number)|zero]] glyph as in "205".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/university/scit/modules/mm2217/han.htm |title=Hindu–Arabic Numerals |access-date=2005-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227042328/http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/university/scit/modules/mm2217/han.htm |archive-date=2005-12-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 

Its glyphs are descended from the Indian [[Brahmi numerals]]. The full system emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries, and is first described outside India in [[Al-Khwarizmi]]'s ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' (ca. 825), and second [[Al-Kindi]]'s four-volume work ''On the Use of the Indian Numerals'' (''c''. 830).<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Kindi.html |title=Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah Al-Kindi |access-date=2007-01-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026091801/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Al-Kindi.html |archive-date=2007-10-26 }}</ref> Today the name ''Hindu–Arabic numerals'' is usually used.

==Decimal system==
Historians trace modern numerals in most languages to the [[Brahmi numeral]]s, which were in use around the middle of the 3rd century BC.<ref name=ind-num/> The [[place value]] system, however, developed later. The Brahmi numerals have been found in inscriptions in caves and on coins in regions near [[Pune, Maharashtra]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India. These numerals (with slight variations) were in use up to the 4th century.<ref name=ind-num>
{{cite web
|title = Indian numerals
|author = John J O'Connor and Edmund F Robertson
|publisher = [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]
|url = https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Indian_numerals/
|date = November 2000
|access-date = 2022-07-24
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706140353/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html
|archive-date = 2015-07-06
}}</ref>

During the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] (early 4th century to the late 6th century), the Gupta numerals developed from the Brahmi numerals and were spread over large areas by the Gupta empire as they conquered territory.<ref name=ind-num/> Beginning around 7th century, the Gupta numerals developed into the Nagari numerals.

==Development in India==
{{further|Positional notation}}

During the [[Vedic period]] (1500–500 BC), motivated by geometric construction of the fire altars and astronomy, the use of a numerical system and of basic mathematical operations developed in northern India.{{sfn|Smith|Karpinski|2013|pp=12–15}}{{sfn|Plofker|2009|loc=Ch. 2}} Hindu cosmology required the mastery of very large numbers such as the ''kalpa'' (the lifetime of the universe) said to be 4,320,000,000 years and the "orbit of the heaven" said to be 18,712,069,200,000,000 ''yojanas''.{{sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=68–69}} Numbers were expressed using a "named place-value notation", using names for the powers of 10, like ''dasa'', ''shatha'', ''sahasra'', ''ayuta'', ''niyuta'', ''prayuta'', ''arbuda'', ''nyarbuda'', ''samudra'', ''madhya'', ''anta'', ''parardha'' etc., the last of these being the name for a trillion (1012).{{sfn|Plofker|2009|p=14}} For example, the number 26,432 was expressed as "2 ''ayuta'', 6 ''sahasra'', 4 ''shatha'', 3 ''dasa'', 2."{{sfn|Menninger|2013|p=397}} In the Buddhist text [[Lalitavistara]], the Buddha is said to have narrated a scheme of numbers up to 1053.{{sfn|Smith|Karpinski|2013|p=15}}{{sfn|Plofker|2009|p=57}}

[[File:Edicts of Ashoka numerals.jpg|thumb|The first [[Brahmi numerals]], ancestors of Hindu-Arabic numerals, used by [[Ashoka]] in his [[Edicts of Ashoka]] {{Circa|250 BC}}.]]
The form of numerals in [[Ashoka]]'s inscriptions in the [[Brahmi]] script (middle of the third century BC) involved separate signs for the numbers 1 to 9, 10 to 90, 100 and 1000. A multiple of 100 or 1000 was represented by a modification (or "enciphering"{{sfn|Menninger|2013|p=395}}) of the sign for the number using the sign for the multiplier number.{{sfn|Plofker|2009|p=44}} Such enciphered numerals directly represented the named place-value numerals used verbally. They continued to be used in inscriptions until the end of the 9th century.

In his seminal text of 499 CE, [[Aryabhata]] devised a novel positional number system, using Sanskrit consonants for small numbers and vowels for powers of 10. Using the system, numbers up to a billion could be expressed using short phrases, e. g., ''khyu-ghṛ'' representing the number 4,320,000. The system did not catch on because it produced quite unpronounceable phrases, but it might have driven home the principle of positional number system (called ''dasa-gunottara'', exponents of 10) to later mathematicians.{{sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=73–75}} A more elegant ''katapayadi'' scheme was devised in later centuries representing a place-value system including zero.{{sfn|Plofker|2009|pp=75–77}}

===Place-value numerals without zero===
[[File:Bakhshali manuscript zero detail.jpg|thumb|[[Bakhshali manuscript]], detail of the dot "zero".]]
While the numerals in texts and inscriptions used a named place-value notation, a more efficient notation might have been employed in calculations, possibly from the 1st century AD. Computations were carried out on clay tablets covered with a thin layer of sand, giving rise to the term ''dhuli-karana'' ('sand-work') for higher computation. [[Karl Menninger (mathematics)|Karl Menninger]] believes that, in such computations, they must have dispensed with the enciphered numerals and written down just sequences of digits to represent the numbers. A zero would have been represented as a "missing place", such as a dot.{{sfn|Menninger|2013|p=398}} The single manuscript with worked examples available to us, the [[Bakhshali manuscript]] (of unclear date), uses a place value system with a dot to denote the zero. The dot was called the ''shunya-sthāna'' 'empty-place'. The same symbol was also used in algebraic expressions for the unknown (as in the canonical ''x'' in modern algebra).{{sfn|Sarasvati|Jyotishmati|1979|pp=27, 66}}

Textual references to a place-value system are seen from the 5th century onward. A commentary on [[Patanjali]]'s [[Yoga Sutras]] from the 5th century reads, "Just as a line in the hundreds place [means] a hundred, in the tens place ten, and one in the ones place, so one and the same woman is called mother, daughter and sister."{{sfn|Plofker|2009|p=46}}

A system called ''bhūta-sankhya'' ('object numbers' or 'concrete numbers') was employed for representing numerals in Sanskrit verses, by using a concept representing a digit to stand for the digit itself. The Jain text entitled the ''[[Lokavibhaga]]'', dated 458,{{sfn|Ifrah|1998|p=417}} mentions the objectified numeral
{{quote|"''panchabhyah khalu shunyebhyah param dve sapta chambaram ekam trini cha rupam cha''"}}
meaning 'five voids, then two and seven, the sky, one and three and the form', i.e., the number 13107200000.{{sfn|Ifrah|1998|p=416}}<ref>It has been claimed that a mid-third century text ''Yavana-jataka'' (on "Greek horoscopy") employed the device of ''bhūta-sankhyas'' ({{harvnb|Plofker|2009|p=47}}). But it is now considered an error of interpretation. ({{citation|last=Mak |first=Bill M. |title=The Transmission of Greek Astral Science into India Reconsidered-Critical Remarks on the Contents and the Newly Discovered Manuscript of the Yavanajātaka |journal=History of Science in South Asia |volume=1 |year=2013 |doi=10.18732/H2RP4T |pages=1–20 |doi-access=free }})</ref> Such objectified numbers were used extensively from the 6th century onward, especially after [[Varāhamihira]] ({{circa}} 5th century). Zero is explicitly represented in such numbers as "the void" (''sunya'') or the "heaven-space" (''ambara akasha'').<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|Karpinski|2013|loc=Ch. III}}; {{harvnb|Ifrah|1998|pp=411–418}}; {{harvnb|Menninger|2013|p=398}}</ref> Correspondingly, the dot used in place of zero in written numerals was referred to as a ''sunya-bindu''.<ref name=Salomon/>

===Place-value numerals with zero===
[[File:Gwalior zeros.jpg|thumb|The numeral "zero" as it appears in two numbers (50 and 270) in an inscription in [[Gwalior]]. Dated to the 9th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David Eugene |last2=Karpinski |first2=Louis Charles |title=The Hindu-Arabic numerals |date=1911 |publisher=Boston, London, Ginn and Company |page=52 |url=https://archive.org/stream/hinduarabicnumer00smitrich#page/52/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/cristic/8727810760/ For a modern image]</ref>]]
In 628 CE, astronomer-mathematician [[Brahmagupta]] wrote his text ''[[Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta]]'' which contained the first mathematical treatment of zero. He defined zero as the result of subtracting a number from itself, postulated negative numbers and discussed their properties under arithmetical operations. His word for zero was ''shunya'' (void), the same term previously used for the empty spot in 9-digit place-value system.{{sfn|Ifrah|1998|p=439}} This provided a new perspective on the ''shunya-bindu'' as a numeral and paved the way for the eventual evolution of a zero digit. The dot continued to be used for at least 100 years afterwards, and transmitted to Southeast Asia and Arabia. Kashmir's [[Sharada script]] has retained the dot for zero until this day.

By the end of the 7th century, decimal numbers begin to appear in inscriptions in Southeast Asia as well as in India.<ref name=Salomon>
{{citation |last=Salomon |first=Richard |title=Indian Epigraphy : A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC&pg=PA61 |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-535666-3 |pages=61–63}}
</ref> Some scholars hold that they appeared even earlier. A 6th century copper-plate grant at Mankani bearing the numeral 346 (corresponding to 594 CE) is often cited.{{sfn|Plofker|2009|p=45}} But its reliability is subject to dispute.<ref name=Salomon/><ref>
{{citation |last=Shastri |first=Ajaya Mitra |title=Mankaṇi Charter of Taralasvāmin and the Antiquity of the Decimal Notation |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=79 |number=1/4 |year=1998 |pages=161–170 |jstor=41694535}}
</ref> The first indisputable occurrence of 0 in an inscription occurs at [[Gwalior]] in 876 CE, containing a numeral "270" in a notation surprisingly similar to the modern numerals.<ref>{{harvnb|Plofker|2009|pp=45–46}}; {{harvnb|Menninger|2013|pp=396–397}}; {{harvnb|Ifrah|1998|p=400}}</ref> Throughout the 8th and 9th centuries, both the old Brahmi numerals and the new decimal numerals were used, sometimes appearing in the same inscriptions. In some documents, a transition is seen to occur around 866.<ref name=Salomon/>

==Adoption by the Arabs==
Before the rise of the [[Caliphate]], the Hindu–Arabic numeral system was already moving West and was mentioned in [[Syria]] in 662 AD by the [[Assyrian people|Syriac]] [[Nestorian Christian|Nestorian]] scholar [[Severus Sebokht]] who wrote the following:

:''"I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, …, of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value."''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Arabic numerals|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals/|access-date=2021-05-23|website=MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive|language=en}}</ref>

According to [[Al-Qifti]]'s ''History of Learned Men'':<ref name=":1" />

:''"... a person from India presented himself before the Caliph al-Mansur in the year [776 AD] who was well versed in the siddhanta method of calculation related to the movement of the heavenly bodies, and having ways of calculating equations based on the half-chord [essentially the sine] calculated in half-degrees … This is all contained in a work … from which he claimed to have taken the half-chord calculated for one minute. Al-Mansur ordered this book to be translated into Arabic, and a work to be written, based on the translation, to give the [[Arab]]s a solid base for calculating the movements of the planets …"''

The work was most likely to have been [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''[[Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta]]'' (The Opening of the Universe) which was written in 628.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The universal history of numbers : from prehistory to the invention of the computer|date=2000 |publisher=Wiley|others=David Bellos|isbn=0-471-37568-3|location=New York|oclc=42291138}}</ref>

In his text ''The Arithmetic of Al-Uqlîdisî'' (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1978), [[A.S. Saidan]]'s studies were unable to answer in full how the numerals reached the Arab world:

:''"It seems plausible that it drifted gradually, probably before the 7th century, through two channels, one starting from Sind, undergoing Persian filtration and spreading in what is now known as the Middle East, and the other starting from the coasts of the [[Indian Ocean]] and extending to the southern coasts of the Mediterranean."''

[[Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi|Al-Uqlidisi]] developed a notation to represent decimal fractions.<ref>[http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Uqlidisi.html Al-Uqlidisi biography] by J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson</ref><ref>[https://jeff560.tripod.com/fractions.html Earliest Uses of Symbols for Fractions] by Jeff Miller</ref> The numerals came to fame due to their use in the pivotal work of the [[Persian people|Persian]] mathematician [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi|Al-Khwarizmi]], whose book ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' was written about 825, and the [[Arab]] mathematician [[Al-Kindi]], who wrote four volumes (see [2]) "On the Use of the Indian Numerals" (Ketab fi Isti'mal al-'Adad al-Hindi) about 830. They, amongst other works, contributed to the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the [[Middle East]] and the West.

==Development of symbols==
The development of the numerals in early Europe is shown below:
{{multiple image
| align = none
| header = "Histoire de la Mathematique" by the French scholar J.E. Montucla, published in 1757
| image1 = Apices du moyen-âge.PNG
| width1 = 300
| caption1 = Table of apices
| image2 = EuropeanFormOfArabianDigits.png
| width2 = 400
| caption2 = Table of numerals
| caption_align = center
}}

==The abacus versus the Hindu–Arabic numeral system in early modern pictures==
<gallery>
File:Houghton Typ 520.03.736 - Margarita philosophica.jpg
File:Rechentisch.png
File:Rechnung auff der Linihen und Federn.JPG
File:Köbel Böschenteyn 1514.jpg
File:Rechnung auff der linihen 1525 Adam Ries.PNG
File:1543 Robert Recorde.PNG
File:Peter Apian 1544.PNG
File:Adam riesen.jpg
</gallery>

==Adoption in Europe==
{{main|Arabic numerals}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Codex Vigilanus Primeros Numeros Arabigos.jpg
| width1 = 220
| caption1 = The first Arabic numerals in Europe appeared in the ''[[Codex Vigilanus]]'' in the year 976.
| image2 = Cosmographia 1482.JPG
| width2 = 136
| caption2 = Medieval Arabic Numbers at World map from Ptolemy, Cosmographia. Ulm: Lienhart Holle, 1482
| image3 = JuanDeYciar.jpg
| width3 = 181
| caption3 = ''Libro Intitulado Arithmetica Practica'', 1549
}}
*'''976'''. The first Arabic numerals in Europe appeared in the ''[[Codex Vigilanus]]'' in the year 976.
*'''1202'''. [[Fibonacci]], an [[Italy|Italian]] mathematician who had studied in [[Béjaïa]], Algeria, promoted the Arabic numeral system in [[Europe]] with his book ''[[Liber Abaci]]'', which was published in 1202.
*'''1482'''. The system did not come into wide use in Europe, however, until the invention of [[printing]]. (See, for example, the [http://bell.lib.umn.edu/map/PTO/TOUR/1482u.html 1482 Ptolemaeus map of the world] printed by [[Lienhart Holle]] in Ulm, and other examples in the [[Gutenberg Museum]] in [[Mainz]], [[Germany]].)
*'''1512'''. The numerals appear in their modern form on the title page of ''Conpusicion de la arte de la arismetica y juntamente de geometría'' by Juan de Ortega.<ref>''Conpusicion de la arte de la arismetica y juntamente de geometría'', Juan de Ortega</ref>
*'''1549'''. The numerals appear in their modern form on the title page of ''Libro Intitulado Arithmetica Practica'' by [[Juan de Yciar]], the Basque calligrapher and mathematician, published in [[Zaragoza]].

In the last few centuries, the European variety of Arabic numbers spread around the world and became the most commonly used numeral system.

Even in many countries which have their own numeral systems, the European Arabic numerals are widely used in commerce and mathematics.

==Impact on arithmetic==
The significance of the development of the positional number system is described by the French mathematician [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] (1749–1827) who wrote:

{{quote|It is [[India]] that gave us the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by the means of ten symbols, each symbol receiving a value of position, as well as an absolute value; a profound and important idea which appears so simple to us now that we ignore its true merit, but its very simplicity, the great ease which it has lent to all computations, puts our arithmetic in the first rank of useful inventions, and we shall appreciate the grandeur of this achievement when we remember that it escaped the genius of [[Archimedes]] and [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]], two of the greatest minds produced by antiquity.<ref name="Kumar2003">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Raj|title=Essays on Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC&pg=PA196|year=2003|publisher=Discovery Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7141-682-0|pages=196–}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* {{annotated link|List of numeral system topics}}
* {{annotated link|List of numeral systems}}
* {{annotated link|Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date}}

==Notes==
<references />

; Sources
* {{citation |last=Ifrah |first=Georges |title=The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBUqngEACAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Harvill |orig-year=first published in French in 1981 |isbn=978-1-860-46324-2}}
* {{citation |last=Menninger |first=Karl |title=Number Words and Number Symbols: A Cultural History of Numbers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RXbCAgAAQBAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Courier Corporation |orig-year=first published by MIT Press in 1969 |translator=Paul Broneer |isbn=978-0-486-31977-3}}
* {{citation |last=Plofker |first=Kim |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |title-link= Mathematics in India (book) |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-691-12067-6}}
* {{citation |last1=Sarasvati |first1=Svami Satya Prakash |last2=Jyotishmati |first2=Usha |title=The Bakhshali Manuscript: An Ancient Treatise of Indian Arithmetic |publisher=Dr. Ratna Kumari Svadhyaya Sansthan |location=Allahabad |year=1979 |url=http://cincinnatitemple.com/articles/Bakhshali-Manuscript.pdf |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620160848/http://www.cincinnatitemple.com/articles/Bakhshali-Manuscript.pdf |archive-date=2014-06-20 |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last1=Smith |first1=D. E. |author-link1=D. E. Smith |author-link2=Louis Charles Karpinski |first2=L. C. |last2=Karpinski |title=The Hindu–Arabic Numerals |publisher=Dover |year= 2013 |orig-year=first published in Boston, 1911 |isbn=978-0486155111 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/22599#download}}

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120321111930/http://sciences.aum.edu/~sbrown/Hindu%20Arabic%20and%20Chinese.pdf "The Development of Hindu–Arabic and Traditional Chinese Arithmetic" by Professor Lam Lay Yong, member of the International Academy of the History of Science]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150706140353/http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/HistTopics/Indian_numerals.html Indian numerals by J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100223222138/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Arabic_numerals.html Arabic numerals by J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051227042328/http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/university/scit/modules/mm2217/han.htm Hindu–Arabic numerals]
*{{Citation
| last1=Filliozat
| first1=Pierre-Sylvain
| year=2004
| chapter=Ancient Sanskrit Mathematics: An Oral Tradition and a Written Literature
| editor1-last=Chemla
| editor1-first=Karine
| editor1-link = Karine Chemla
| editor2-last=Cohen
| editor2-first=Robert S.
| editor3-last=Renn
| editor3-first=Jürgen
| display-editors = 3
| editor4-last=Gavroglu
| editor4-first=Kostas
| title=History of Science, History of Text (Boston Series in the Philosophy of Science)
| publisher=Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 254 pages
| pages=137–157
| doi=10.1007/1-4020-2321-9_7
| isbn=978-1-4020-2320-0
| postscript = .
}}

{{History of mathematics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Hindi-Arabic Numeral System}}
[[Category:Numeral systems]]
[[Category:Elementary mathematics]]
[[Category:Arabic language]]
[[Category:History of science and technology in India]]

Tuli Goon

2025-12-15T20:21:13Z

NamVanwagenen: starting details

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Tuli Goon
| image =
| image_size =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|2|21}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Right Back]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = 2010–2013
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 8
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Tuli Goon''' (born 21 February 1988 in [[Kolkata]]) is an Indian former [[association football|footballer]] who played as a [[defender (association football)|right back]] for [[India women's national football team]].

==International==
Goon has represented Indian Senior National Team in the [[2010 South Asian Games]] in [[Bangladesh]], [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship]] and [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship]]. She was also part of the Indian Team which played the Combined Dutch Team in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tuli Goon|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/player-profile-details.htm?id=153|work=the-aiff.com}}</ref>

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012]]
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goon, Tuli}}
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Women's association football full-backs]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]

{{India-women-footy-bio-stub}}
{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Ashmuji

2025-12-11T16:36:32Z

NamVanwagenen: Creating.

{{Short description|Village in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Single source|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ashmuji
| native_name = عٲشہِ موج
| native_name_lang = ks
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = IKI 20231222 221710.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Green Park Ashmuji in 2023
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33|40|21|N|75|04|25|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 4
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kulgam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 192231
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01932
| registration_plate = JK 18
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ashmuji''' known as '''Ash-Mouj''' is a village in [[Kulgam district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in India.<ref name="ESPNcricinfo">{{cite web | url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/rasikh-salam-1161489|title=Rasikh Salam profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos }}</ref>The name Ashmuji originates from two words: “Aisha,” an Islamic Arabic female name, and “Mouji,” a Kashmiri term for “mother.” Together, they form the name of the village, Ashmuji.

==Demographics and government==
The literacy rate of Ashmuji is 67.41%, higher than state average of 67.16%. Male literacy is around 78.66% while female literacy is 56.14%.

Ashmuji is a municipal committee city in the districts of Kulgam, Jammu and Kashmir. The Ashmuji city is divided into 5 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Ashmuji Municipal Committee has population of 5,567 of which 2,824 are males while 2,743 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

Ashmuji Municipal Committee has total administration over 1,016 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Municipal Committee limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Ashmuji Data==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ashmuji Data
! Particulars
! Total
! Males
! Females
|-
! Total no. of houses
| 1016
| -
| -
|-
! Population
| 5567
| 2824
| 2743
|-
! Child (0–6)
| 15.72%
| -
| -
|-
! Schedule caste
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! Schedule tribe
| 0
| 0
| 0
|-
! Literacy
| 67.41%
| 77.66%
| 56.14%
|-
! Total Workers
| 1911
| 1397
| 514
|-
! Main Workers
| -
| -
| -
|-
! Marginal Workers
| -
| -
| -
|}

== Ashmuji Religion Data ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ashmuji Religion Percentage
! Muslim
| 99.73%
|-
! Hindu
| 0.13%
|-
! Christian
| 0.09%
|-
! Sikh
| 0.00%
|-
! Buddhist
| 0.04%
|-
! Jain
| 0.00%
|-
! Others
| 0.00%
|-
! No Religion
| 0.02%
|}

== Demographics==
The literacy rate of Ashmuji is 67.41% higher than state average of 67.16%. In Ashmuji, the male literacy rate is around 78.66% while the female literacy rate is 56.14%.

{{bar box
|title=Population
|titlebar=#00ec00
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Females]]|Orange|45.6}}
{{bar percent|[[Male|Males]]|Purple|54.4}}
|caption=Percentage of Males & Females out of Total Population
}}

{{bar box
|title=Literacy Rate
|titlebar=#00ec00
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Females]]|Orange|56.14}}
{{bar percent|[[Male|Males]]|Purple|78.66}}
|caption=Percentage of Males & Females out of Total Population
}}

== Parks ==
• Green Park Ashmuji

• Mini Park Kantchowa

== Stadiums ==
• Sports Stadium Ashmuji

• Seeki Ground Ashmuji

• Mirpora Ground Ashmuji

== Schools ==

* Hanfia Model Institute Ashmuji
* Modern English Medium School Ashmuji
* Govt. Higher Secondary School Ashmuji
* FBI Ashmuji
* PBS Ashmuji
* Govt Girls Middle school Ashmuji
* Govt middle school mirpora Ashmuji

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kulgam district]]

{{Kashmir-stub}}

General Hewett (1811 ship)

2025-12-11T14:33:07Z

NamVanwagenen: brief adjusted layout further and fixed typos

{{short description|British East India Company merchant ship and convict transport 1811–1864}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|country=United Kingdom
|flag=[[File:Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg|60px]] {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|yard_number=
|owner=*1813: M'Tagart
*1813: EIC
*1830: Tindall
*1854: Michael
*1856: Wilson
|builder=Matthew Smith, [[Howrah]]{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=103}}
|name=''General Hewett''
|namesake=[[Sir George Hewett, 1st Baronet]]
|laid_down=
|launched=1811,<ref name=BL>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS045-001115035 British Library: ''General Hewitt''.]</ref> [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]]{{efn|The ''Register of Shipping'' for 1814 gave her origin as Bombay,<ref name=RS1814>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024214440?urlappend=%3Bseq=268 ''Register of Shipping'' (1814), Seq.№64.]</ref> which is either an error, or reflects a change of registry from Calcutta to Bombay prior to her sale in Britain.}}
|fate=Sold in 1864 for a hulk or to be broken up
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|type=
| tons_burthen = 894,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=103}} or 898,<ref name=BL/> or 960,<ref name=House>House (1814), p.627.</ref> or 960{{small|{{frac|52|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=114}} or 970<ref name=RS1814/> ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length =*{{convert|147|ft|2|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (overall)<ref name=BL/>
*{{convert|118|ft|7|in|m|1|abbr=on}} (keel)<ref name=BL/>
| beam = {{convert|37|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL/>
| draft =
| hold_depth = {{convert|15|ft|0|in|m|1|abbr=on}}<ref name=BL/>
|draught=
|propulsion=Sail
|speed=
|complement=
|armament=*1814:18 × 18-pounder [[carronade]]s<ref name=RS1814/>
*Or: 14 guns
|notes= In 1854, the [[Moorsom System|Moorsom Commission]] devised a new measurement system [[Gross register tonnage]] (register tonnage). On this metric, ''General Hewett'' measured 1055 tons.<ref name=Riddiford>Riddiford, Merron, ''Western District Families'',[http://mywdfamilies.wordpress.com/2013/03/10/the-general-hewitt-portland-bay-1856/] - accessed 25 November 2014.</ref>
}}
}}

'''''General Hewett''''', sometimes spelled '''''General Hewart''''' or '''''General Hewitt''''', was a three-deck sailing ship launched at Calcutta in 1811. The British [[East India Company]] (EIC) purchased her to use her in the China trade. However, unlike most [[East Indiamen]], on her first voyage from England she transported [[convict]]s from England to Australia. Thereafter, she performed five voyages for the EIC. The EIC sold her in 1830, and she then became a general merchantman. In 1864, she was sold for a hulk or to be broken up.

==Career==
''General Hewett'' was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain on 14 November 1813.<ref name=House/> She first appears in the ''Register of Shipping'' in 1814, with M'Tagart as both master and owner.<ref name=RS1814/> By then her owner had sold her to the EIC.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=103}} At the time the EIC purchased ''General Hewitt'', the company had only three vessels of its own. It chartered all the rest, including the ones built expressly for the EIC's trade.<ref>''Macmillan's Magazine'', Vol. 18, p.78.</ref>

===Convict transport (1813–14)===
Under the command of Captain Percy Earl, ''General Hewitt'' sailed from England on 26 August 1813, with 300 male convicts, 104 crew, 70 soldiers, 15 women and five children. The soldiers came from the [[46th (South Devonshire) Regiment of Foot|46th Regiment of Foot]] and guarded the convicts. She sailed in company with {{ship||Wanstead|1813 ship|2}} and [[Chilean ship Lautaro (1818)|''Windham'']], and under the escort of [[HMS Cornwallis (1805)|HMS ''Akbar'']], at least for the early part of the voyage.{{sfnp|McPhee|2006|pp=16-17}} The convoy also included {{ship||Roxburgh Castle|1809 ship|2}}, which was carrying military equipment to the [[Cape of Good Hope]], and {{ship||Chapman|1777 ship|2}}, which was transporting an army detachment to the Cape and [[Isle of France (Mauritius)|Île de France]] (Mauritius).{{sfnp|McPhee|2006|pp=16-17}}

''General Hewett'' arrived at [[Port Jackson]] on 7 February 1814, having travelled via [[Madeira]] and [[Rio de Janeiro]].{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|pp=290-1}}

The voyage took 165 days, during which 34 male convicts died,{{sfnp|Bateson|1959|p=327}} a large number, mostly of contagious [[dysentery]]. The losses on ''General Hewitt'', {{ship||Surry|1811 ship|2}}, and [[Three Bees]] led in 1814, to Surgeon [[William Redfern]] preparing a report for Governor [[Lachlan Macquarie]] on the sanitary problems of the ships transporting convicts to New South Wales. This report led to a great improvement in conditions, including the appointment of a medical officer for each voyage.

''General Hewett'' left Port Jackson on 6 April, bound for [[Ceylon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article71247621 |title=Arrival of Vessels at Port Jackson, and their Departure |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=Australian Town and Country Journal, Saturday 3 January 1891, p.16 |publisher= |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> She carried the main contingent of the [[73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot|73rd Regiment of Foot]] (10 officers, including the commanding officer, Lt. Col. Maurice O'Connell, 362 rank and file, 96 women, and 163 children), which the 46th Regiment was replacing.<ref>,{{cite web |url=http://73rdregiment.tripod.com/id10.html |title=Regimental History – 1809–1815 |work=73rd Regiment of Foot |access-date=2014-11-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040415/http://73rdregiment.tripod.com/id10.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }} - accessed 21 November 2014.</ref> They arrived in Colombo on 18 August 1814.

===EIC===
''General Hewett'' made five trips to China or India for the EIC between 1816 and 1825.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=114}}

====Voyage #1 (1816-17)====
Captain Walter Campbell left Portsmouth on 9 February 1816, in company with {{HMS|Alceste|1806|6}} and the brig {{HMS|Lyra|1808|6}}, which were carrying [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|Lord Amherst]] on his 1816 diplomatic mission to China. The group reached [[Madeira]] on 19 February. ''Lyra'' and ''General Hewitt'' went on to [[Simon's Bay]] on 13 April, [[Batavia (Dutch East Indies)|Batavia]] on 12 June, [[Hong Kong]] bay on 10 July, and [[Huangpu District, Guangzhou|Whampoa]] on 22 October.<ref name=BL/> ''Alceste'' sailed to [[Rio de Janeiro]] and met up with the other two vessels on 9 June, at the [[Anyer|Anjere]] [[Roadstead|roads]].<ref>''Asiatic Journal'', Vol. 5 (1818), p.488.</ref>

After Lord Amherst had landed at [[Taku Forts|Taku]] to proceed to [[Beijing|Peking]], ''Alceste'' and ''General Hewett'' had gone to [[Guangzhou|Canton]]. There the authorities refused permission for ''Alceste'' to ascend the river and ordered the local merchants to deny ''General Hewitt'' any cargo. ''Alceste'' fired several broadsides at the fort and junks that attempted to block her way, and proceeded to anchor at the usual place. Shortly thereafter ''Alceste'' received fresh provisions, and ''General Hewett'' a cargo. The firing that had taken place at the mouth of the river was officially described as a "friendly interchange of salutes".<ref>''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'', Vol. 89 (January 1861), pp.53-54.</ref>

On her return voyage ''General Hewett'' crossed the [[Pearl River (China)|Second Bar]] on 4 December, and reached [[Saint Helena|St Helena]] on 12 March 1817. She arrived at [[The Downs (ship anchorage)|the Downs]] on 12 May.<ref name=BL/> Part of the presents for the Emperor of China, which Lord Amherst had not been able to deliver due to a disagreement between the British and the Court over protocol, had been sold in Canton and ''General Hewett'' was returning with the rest.<ref>''The Edinburgh monthly magazine'' [afterw.] ''Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine'' [afterw.] ''Blackwood's magazine'', Vol 1 (May 1817), p.205.</ref>

====Voyage #2 (1818-19)====
Captain Peter Cameron left the Downs on 28 May 1818, bound for [[Bengal]] and [[Chennai|Madras]]. On 14 September, ''General Hewett'' arrived at the New Anchorage, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. As she made her way back down the coast, she reached [[Kakinada|Coninga]] on 30 December, and then Madras on 9 January 1819. Homeward bound, she reached [[Colombo]] on 28 February, [[Port Louis]] on 13 April, and St Helena on 30 June. She arrived at [[Gravesend, Kent#Gravesend and Thames|Long Reach]] in September.<ref name=BL/>

====Voyage #3 (1820-21)====
Captain James Pearson left the Downs on 15 April 1820, for China.<ref name=BL/> On 7 August, while navigating Clement's Strait, the eastern branch of [[Gaspar Strait]] between [[Bangka Island|Banca]] and [[Belitung|Billiton]] islands, ''General Hewett'' struck a rock and was aground for about 15 minutes. The rock came to be known as General Hewitt's Rock.{{sfnp|Horsburgh |1836|p=175}}

''General Hewett'' arrived at Whampoa on 28 August. On the return leg of her voyage she crossed the Second Bar on 5 November, reaching [[Cape colony|the Cape]] on 28 February 1821, and St Helena on 31 March. She arrived at Long Reach on 30 May.<ref name=BL/>

This return voyage was not without incident as His Majesty's Customs at [[Cape Town]] seized her cargo and that of ''Marchioness of Ely'' on account of defective manifests. This case also involved an issue of jurisdiction between the [[Vice admiralty court]] and the Court of Justice. The EIC's agent at Cape Town had to post bond in order for the vessels to continue on their journeys.

====Voyage #4 (1822-23)====
Captain Pearson left the Downs again on 19 June 1822, for Bengal.<ref name=BL/> On this voyage she carried part of the [[16th The Queen's Lancers|16th Lancers]], which regiment was transferring to India.<ref>''Historical Record...'' (1842), p.87.</ref> ''General Hewett'' reached the Cape on 1 October, and arrived at the New Anchorage on 23 December. She was back at the Cape on 4 May 1823, and St Helena 16 days later. She arrived at Blackwall, on the Thames on 26 July.<ref name=BL/>

====Voyage #5 (1824-25)====
Captain Thomas William Barrow,{{sfnp|Hardy|1835|pp=18&29}} who had served aboard ''General Hewett'' as first officer on her previous voyage,{{sfnp|Hardy|1835|pp=18&29}} left the Downs on 23 June 1824, for Bengal. [''General Hewett'' arrived at the New Anchorage on 30 October. She left Bengal on 8 March 1825, and reached St Helena on 24 May.<ref name=BL/> ''General Hewitt'', Barrow, commander, was reported to be off Weymouth on 18 July. She arrived at Long Reach on 20 July.<ref name=BL/>

The EIC sold ''General Hewett'' to William Tindall on 22 September 1830, for £6250.<ref name=BL/>

===Merchantman===
As a merchantman, ''General Hewett'' made numerous voyages to Australia carrying immigrants.

''General Hewett'' received a new deck, wales, and major repairs in 1842. She left London on 20 October 1845, under the command of Captain Hart. On this voyage she carried passengers and cargo and arrived at Port Jackson on 21 January 1846.

Departing Plymouth on 11 August 1848, under the command of John Gatenby, she carried passengers and cargo and arrived at Port Jackson on 13 November 1848. She left afterwards for India.

Leaving London on 24 August 1852, under the command of John Gatenby, she carried passengers and cargo and arrived at Port Jackson on 24 December 1852.

In 1854, William Tindall sold ''General Hewitt'' to J. Michael, of London, for £6,250.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=114}} ''General Hewett'' was sheathed in felt and copper fastened with iron bolts in 1854.

On 3 April 1756, Michael sold ''General Hewitt'' to J. Wilson, of London, for £4,550.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=114}}

''General Hewett'', under the command of Christopher Loudt, master, left Plymouth for on 5 July 1856, and arrived at [[Portland, Victoria]], on 9 October. She carried 366 immigrants.<ref name=Riddiford/>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Origin
! Statute adults
! Children (1–12 years old)
! Infants
! Total
|-
| English
| 110
| 39
| 7
| 156
|-
| Scotch
| 50
| 6
| 2
| 58
|-
| Irish
| 139
| 10
| 3
| 152
|-
| Total
| 299
| 55
| 12
| 366
|-
|Source: Merron Riddiford<ref name=Riddiford/>
|
|}

These amounted to 320½ statute adults, with the fare per statute adult being [[£sd|£]]13 4[[shilling|s]] 6[[pence|d]]. On the voyage about four or five children were born, and the number of deaths was about the same. Agricultural laborers (105) and female domestics (60) accounted for about half of the immigrants. Married couples numbered 74, and single men numbered 82. There was labour strife on board with crewmen jumping ship when she arrived, others refusing to work on the voyage, and two assaulting Loudt.<ref name=Riddiford/>

==Fate==
In 1864, ''General Hewitt'' was sold for a hulk or to be broken up.{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=114}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*''Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australia'', Vol. 5 (1818), (Parbury, Allen, and Company).
* {{cite book |title =The Convict Ships | first =Charles | last =Bateson | author-link=Charles Bateson | year =1959 | publisher =Brown, Son & Ferguson | oclc =3778075}}
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |date=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Hardy |first=Charles |date=1835 |title=Supplement to a Register of Ships Employed in the Service of the ... East India Company from 1760 to the Conclusion of the Commercial Charter, Etc.}}
*''Historical Record of the Sixteenth, Or the Queen's Regiment of Light Dragoons, Lancers: Containing an Account of the Formation of the Regiment in 1759, and of Its Subsequent Services to 1841''. (John W. Parker).
* {{citation |last=Horsburgh |first=James |date=1836 |title=India Directory, Or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and the Interjacent Ports |volume=2 |publisher=W. H. Allen}}
*House of Commons, Parliament, Great Britain (1814), ''Minutes of the Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on Petitions Relating to East-India-Built Shipping''. (H.M. Stationery Office)
* {{cite book |last=McPhee |first=John |date=2006 |title=Joseph Lycett: Convict Artist |publisher=Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales |isbn=978-1876991210}}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=John, (of the Master Attendant's Office, Calcutta)|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:General Hewett (1811)}}
[[Category:1811 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Convict ships to New South Wales]]
[[Category:Ships of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships]]
[[Category:Merchant ships of the United Kingdom]]

Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology

2025-12-09T02:19:30Z

NamVanwagenen: Stub.

{{Short description|Indian government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Agency for New and renewable Energy Research & Technology
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| logo = Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology (ANERT).jpg
| logo_caption = ANERT logo
| formed = 1986
| jurisdiction = [[Kerala]], India
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| minister1_name = [[K. Krishnankutty]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Electricity
| chief1_name = Harshil R Meena IAS
| chief1_position = [[Chief executive officer]]
| parent_department = [[Department of Power (Kerala)|Power Department]], [[Government of Kerala]]
| website = {{URL|http://anert.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology''' ('''ANERT''') (earlier known as the Agency for Non-conventional Energy & Rural Technology) is a government agency in the [[Government of Kerala|Kerala]], [[India]]. Its mission is gathering and disseminating knowledge about [[non-conventional energy|renewable energy]], [[energy conservation]], and rural technology. The agency was established in 1986 with its headquarters at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ANERT|url=http://anert.gov.in/|publisher=Govt of Kerala, India|access-date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

== About ==
ANERT is an autonomous organisation which was initially established under the [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment|Science, Technology & Environment Council (STEC)]], of the Government of Kerala. It is the primary agency handling renewable energy programmes in Kerala and carrying out topical programs in Kerala for the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] (MNRE), a bureau of the [[Government of India]]. The body was registered under the Charitable Societies Act by the government of Kerala, and now functions under the state's Power Department.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ireeed.gov.in/policydetails?id=56 |title=Kerala Renewable Energy Policy |work=ireeed.gov.in |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331173439/http://www.ireeed.gov.in/policydetails?id=56 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administration==
===Governing body===
ANERT is administered by a governing body chaired by the state Minister for Electricity, with highest oversight by a director appointed by the Government. This board provides direction for activities in various energy-related areas.

===Executive committee===
ANERT has also an [[executive committee]] chaired by the Secretary to the Government of Kerala, Power Department. Other members are the Secretary to Government for the Finance (Expenditure) Department, Government of Kerala, the chairman of the [[Kerala State Electricity Board]], the member secretary of the [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment]], and two additional members nominated by the state government.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Programmes==
Major programmes that are implemented by ANERT are:<ref>{{cite web|title=ANERT |url=http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_power/anrt_org_in.htm |publisher=Govt. of Kerala, India |access-date=11 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424012518/http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/dept_power/anrt_org_in.htm |archive-date=24 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=((Planning Commission, Govt of India, New Delhi))|title=Kerala development Report|year=2008|publisher=Govt of India|isbn=9788171885947|page=220}}</ref>

=== Solar Photovoltaic Programme (SPV) ===
Under this programme, ANERT distributes devices which use [[solar energy]]. These include [[solar lantern]]s, home lighting systems, [[street light]] systems, TV [[Battery pack|power packs]], and [[vaccine refrigerator]]s. These devices are distributed in accordance with MNRE and other programmes using ANERT funds.<ref>{{cite journal|title=ANERT plans 10,000 roof-top solar panels in Kerala|journal=The Economic Times|date=9 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Solar Thermal Energy Programme ===
The Solar Thermal Energy Programme aims to supplement [[thermal energy]] requirements at various temperatures for different applications; they include cooking, [[water heating]], heating for industrial processes, crop drying, space heating, and water [[desalination]]. Programme processes include harnessing solar energy from the Sun and converting it into heat energy using various solar thermal devices and systems.

=== Wind Energy Programme ===
ANERT is in the process of increasing [[wind power]] usage at different locations within the state. In association with MNRE, the agency has conducted a detailed study of the wind potential in Kerala. Its largest capacity [[wind farm]] is located at [[Kanjikode]], in [[Palakkad District]]; it has a capacity of 22 MW<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/State-seeks-to-raise-wind-energy-output-by-25-MW/article17072093.ece|title=State seeks to raise wind energy output by 25 MW|date=2017-01-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-03-31|last1=Nandakumar|first1=T.|language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Bio-Energy Programme ===
This program aims to recover [[energy]] from waste; study the scientific disposal of waste; convert waste into [[fertilizer]] after energy extraction; improve [[sanitation]]; protect the environment; and generate relevant employment opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Carbon Neutral Fuels and Chemicals from Standalone Biomass Refineries |url=https://www.ijee.latticescipub.com/wp-content/uploads/papers/v3i2/B1845113223.pdf|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref> Domestic and industrial [[Biodegradable waste|biowaste]] is of major import to the agency, as it can be converted into [[producer gas]] via [[gasification]]. This gas can be used for heating and generating [[electricity]].<ref>{{cite web|title=ANERT invites applications for setting up biogas plants on subsidised rate |date=25 July 2017 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jul/25/anert-invites-applications-for-setting-up-biogas-plants--on-subsidised-rate-1632986.html |publisher= New Indian Express |access-date=31 March 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Domestic biogas plants from Anert for cooking |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Domestic-biogas-plants-from-Anert-for-cooking/article13993486.ece |publisher=thehindu.com |access-date=31 March 2018 }}</ref>

=== National Programme on Improved Chulha ===
In 2001, as part of its declared "[[Women's empowerment|Women's Empowerment]] Year", MNRE decided to make 10,000 villages throughout India "smoke free" by the promotion of improved [[chulha]]s, or cooking stoves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wcd.nic.in/empwomen.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025071255/http://wcd.nic.in/empwomen.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-10-25|title=NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN|date=2015-10-25|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref>

== Training and Workshops ==
ANERT provides training and workshops for field level staffs to improve services.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/feb/21/anert-training-programme-for-kseb-field-staff-1776488.html|title=Anert training programme for KSEB field staff|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anert.gov.in/Training%20Programme%20on%20Installation,%20Repair%20and%20Maintenance%20of%20SPV%20Sysytems|title=Training Programme on Installation, Repair and Maintenance of SPV Sysytems {{!}} Anert|website=anert.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-03-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Policies ==
=== Kerala Renewable Energy Policy 2002 ===
The Kerala Renewable Energy Policy was introduced in April 2002 to develop, propagate, and promote non-conventional energy sources, as well as to exploit natural resources for cheaper power projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biomasspower.gov.in/state-wise-policy-kerala.php|title=Biomass website|website=biomasspower.gov.in|access-date=2018-03-31|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401074903/http://biomasspower.gov.in/state-wise-policy-kerala.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Wind Energy Policy 2004 ===
The Wind Energy Policy was instituted to set up wind farms on private lands in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://103.251.43.130/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=2:renewableenergy&id=103:wind-policy&Itemid=49|title=Wind Power Plants – policy, guidelines, application format|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-03-31|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401005516/http://103.251.43.130/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=2:renewableenergy&id=103:wind-policy&Itemid=49|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Kerala Solar Energy Policy 2013 ===
In November 2013 the Solar Energy Policy was implemented to increase the use of solar energy appliances in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://anert.gov.in/index.php/node/113|title=Solar energy policy – Anert|website=anert.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2018-03-31|archive-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004057/http://anert.gov.in/index.php/node/113|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State agencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:Renewable energy organizations]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in India| ]]
[[Category:Appropriate technology]]
[[Category:Solar energy organizations]]
[[Category:Energy in Kerala]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1986]]

Subrah Iyar

2025-11-27T14:39:45Z

NamVanwagenen: slightly add lead per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian businessman (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subrah S. Iyar
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|06|11}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra State]], [[India]]
| education = [[IIT Bombay]], B.S. [[University of Southwestern Louisiana]], M.S.
| occupation = Founder of Moxo
| known_for = Founder of [[Cisco WebEx]]
| children = 2
}}

'''Subrah S. Iyar''' (born June 11, 1957) is an [[entrepreneur]]. He co-founded and was CEO of [[web conferencing]] provider [[WebEx]] until its acquisition by [[Cisco Systems]] in 2007 for US $3.2 billion.
He is an early investor in and an advisor to [[Zoom Communications]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/21/zoom-founder-left-job-because-he-wasnt-happy-became-billionaire.html | title=Zoom’s founder left a 6-figure job because he wasn’t happy—and following his heart made him a billionaire | first=Tom | last=Huddleston Jr. | work=[[CNBC]] | date=21 August 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Subrah S. Iyar was born in Mumbai, and received a B.S. in electrical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT-B)]]. After graduation in 1982, he moved to the United States.<ref name="cio">{{cite news | url=https://www.cio.com/article/2440507/cio-20-20-honorees--innovator-s-profile--subrah-iyar-of-webex-communications-inc-.html | title=CIO 20/20 Honorees--Innovator's Profile: Subrah Iyar of WebEx Communications Inc. | first=Elana | last=Varon | work=[[CIO magazine]] | date=1 October 2002}}</ref>

==Career==
Beginning in 1983, he worked for 6 years for [[Apple Inc.]], where he was instrumental in creating the first OS licensing business in the Newton Group.<ref name=10K/>

From 1989 to 1995, he worked at [[Intel]], where he directed product marketing and OEM sales management within the LAN software and systems group.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

From October 1995 until November 1996, he was president of Future Labs, a subsidiary of [[Quarterdeck Office Systems]].<ref name=10K/>

He was vice president of sales, marketing, and business development at Teleos Research, which was acquired by [[Autodesk]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.internetnews.com/infra/article.php/3554751/Subrah+Iyar+Chairman+and+CEO+WebEx.htm | title=Subrah Iyar, Chairman and CEO, WebEx | first=David | last=Needle | work=[[Internet News]] | date=October 7, 2005}}</ref><ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1109935/000119312507096181/d10ka.htm | title=WebEx Communications, Inc. 2016 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>

Iyar became an entrepreneur in 1996, when he founded [[WebEx]] in partnership with [[Min Zhu (entrepreneur)|Min Zhu]]. The founding of the company was fueled by an interest in [[web conferencing]]. Min Zhu, a [[Stanford University]]-trained System Engineer had been struggling to develop a web-conferencing tool, when he met Iyer, who went into business together.<ref name=cio/>

On May 29, 2007, [[Cisco Systems]] acquired WebEx for $3.2 billion.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release-content?type=webcontent&articleId=3433902 | title=Cisco Completes Acquisition of WebEx | publisher=[[Cisco Systems]] | date=29 May 2007}}</ref>

After a 6-year break spending time with his 2 daughters, in 2012, Iyar co-founded and became CEO of Moxo.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.inc.com/christina-desmarais/webex-cofounder-subrah-iyar-moxtra.html | title=The Idea That Lured WebEx's Founder Back into Start-upsAfter a multi-billion dollar exit and a six year break, WebEx co-founder Subrah Iyar is back in the game with a new mobile app. | first=CHRISTINA | last=DESMARAIS | work=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]] | date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Moxo is a digital client interaction platform that received funding from Cisco and [[KDDI]] from Japan.<ref>{{cite press release | title=Moxtra Accelerates Position in Mobile Content Collaboration Space, Secures $10M in First Round of Funding | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20130924005327/en/Moxtra-Accelerates-Position-Mobile-Content-Collaboration-Space | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=24 September 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|1}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyar, Subrah}}
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Rajdhani College, Bhubaneswar

2025-11-19T06:51:55Z

NamVanwagenen: rework page for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rajdhani College, Bhubaneswar
| image = Rajdhani_College_Bhubaneswar_Front_Side_in_2015.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| motto =
| established = 1973
| type = [[Co-education]]
| parent =
| affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[Utkal University]], [[CHSE, Odisha]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| principal = Mrs. Minati Mishra
| dean =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| website = http://www.rajdhanicollege.org.in/
| logo =
}}

'''Rajdhani College''' is a college owned by the [[Government of Odisha]] located in the capital city of [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>Higher Education Department, Government of Odisha, http://dheodisha.gov.in/</ref> The college started in 1973 as one of the three government colleges in the city of Bhubaneswar in addition to the Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College and College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar for general science and arts studies. In 1975 the college was shifted to a temporary government building in Unit-I and functioned there for fourteen years as an independent institution. It was shifted to its new building at Baramunda in 1989. The college is affiliated with the [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]] in 10+2 streams and to the [[Utkal University]] at the UG and PG stages. The college is located close to NH 5 and accessible from various locations of Bhubaneswar due to the proximity of the large Baramunda bus stand.

== History ==

Rajdhani College, a college in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], started functioning as the morning shift of Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College, Bhubaneswar in 1973 with provision for teaching Intermediate and Degree classes in the Arts. In 1975 the college was shifted to a temporary government building in Unit-I and functioned there for fourteen years as an independent institution. It was moved to its new building at Baramunda in 1989. The college is affiliated with the [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]] in +2 streams and to the [[Utkal University]] at the [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] stages. Admission into various programs is conducted per the merit list prepared under the e-admission process as per the rules of [[Government of Odisha]]. <ref>Higher Education Department, Government of Odisha, http://dheodisha.gov.in/</ref>

== Departments ==

Rajdhani College is considered one of three Government colleges in the city of [[Bhubaneswar]] in addition to the BJB College and College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar for general arts, commerce, and science studies. The College at present has the following departments for UG and PG teaching:<ref name=Primary>Rajdhani College, Bhubaneswar Website, http://www.rajdhanicollege.org.in/</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
* Botany
* [[Chemistry]]
* Commerce
* English
* Economics
* Education
* Anthropology
* Geography
* Geology
* History
* Mathematics
* Odia
* Philosophy
* Physics
* Political science
* Sanskrit
* Sociology
* Zoology
}}

== Programs ==

The college is affiliated with the [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]] in +2 streams and to the [[Utkal University]] at the UG and PG stages. The college has various +2, UG and PG classes in arts, science, and commerce disciplines as follows:<ref name=Primary />
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Master of Science]] in [[Chemistry]], Botany, Physics, Zoology, Mathematics
* [[Master of Arts]] in Education, Odia, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, English, Sanskrit, History
* [[Master of Commerce]]
* [[Bachelor of Science]] in [[Chemistry]], Botany, Physics, Zoology, Geology, Mathematics
* [[Bachelor of Education]] (B.Ed.)
* [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Education, Odia, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Anthropology, Geography, English, Sanskrit, Philosophy, History
* [[Bachelor of Commerce]]
* Self-financing UG courses [[Bachelor of Computer Applications]] & [[Bachelor of Business Administration]]
* Self-financing PG courses on MBA (Agri-business) and Personnel Management & Industrial Relations (PMIR)
* 10+2 Science
* 10+2 Arts
* 10+2 Commerce
* 10+2 Vocational
}}

== Gallery ==

<gallery class="center" mode=packed>
File:Rajdhani_College_Bhubaneswar_Main_Gate_in_2015.jpg|The Rajdhani College Bhubaneswar Main Gate in 2015.
File:Rajdhani_College_Bhubaneswar_Front_Side_in_2015.jpg|The Rajdhani College Bhubaneswar front side in 2015.
File:Rajdhani_College_Bhubaneswar_Front_Structure_in_2015.jpg|The Rajdhani College Bhubaneswar front side structure in 2015.
</gallery>

== Principals of the College ==

Following is a list of Principals who have led the College after 1975.

[[File:Rajdhani_College_Bhubaneswar_Principal_List_in_2015.jpg|thumb|right|The Rajdhani College Bhubaneswar Principal's list in 2015.]]

{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* 2018 – present : Lalatendu Keshari Das
* 2014-2018: Jahan Ara Begum
* 2014-2014: A. K. Kar
* 2014-2014: Geetika Patnaik
* 2013-2014: G. C. Nanda
* 2011-2013: S. N. Jena
* 2011-2011: Abhimanyu Bhayan
* 2011-2011: S. N. Jena
* 2010-2011: P. K. Pattanayak
* 2010-2010: A. K. Otta
* 2010-2010: P. K. Pattanayak
* 2009-2010: S. Mohapatra
* 2008-2009: P. K. Pattanayak
* 2008-2008: S. R. Mishra
* 2008-2008: P. K. Pattanayak
* 2008-2009: S. P. Mohanty
* 2006-2008: S. K. Panda
* 2004-2006: S. Baliarsingh
* 2002-2004: M. Kundu
* 2001-2002: R. K. Mohanty
* 1999-2001: B. K. Mishra
* 1999-1999: N. Das
* 1998-1999: S. R. Kanungo
* 1998-1998: S. K. Pattnaik
* 1997-1998: R. C. Rout
* 1997-1998: B. K. Mohapatra
* 1996-1997: D. G. Panda
* 1994-1996: R. K. Mishra
* 1993-1994: P. C. Dash
* 1991-1993: N. K. Rath
* 1990-1991: K. M. Acharya
* 1988-1990: S. K. Acharya
* 1988-1988: S. Das
* 1986-1988: A. K. Meeshraw
* 1986-1986: J. K. Dwivedy
* 1983-1986: S. C. Das
* 1982-1983: N. K. Rath
* 1975-1982: M. Mohapatra
}}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Saraju Mohanty]], [[Professor]] at the [[University of North Texas]], [[Denton, Texas|Denton]], United States.<ref>Prof. Saraju Mohanty, [[Professor]] at the [[University of North Texas]], [[Denton, Texas|Denton]], United States, http://www.cse.unt.edu/site/node/18</ref><ref>Homepage of Prof./Dr. Saraju P. Mohanty, http://www.smohanty.org</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Utkal University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1973]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Orissa]]

Playment

2025-10-13T02:43:34Z

NamVanwagenen: Put up new stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian data labeling company}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}{{notability|1=Companies|date=February 2017}}}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Playment
| logo = [[File:Playment_Logo.png|200px]]
| company_type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2015}} [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| founder = Siddharth Mall Ajinkya Malasane Akshay Lal
| dissolved =
| location = Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| locations =
| incorporated =
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = Siddharth Mall ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) Ajinkya Malasane(Head of Business Development) Akshay Lal(Head of Product Development)
| industry = Internet
| products =
| services = Data Labeling for Artificial Intelligence
| url = [https://playment.io/ playment.io]
| ipv6 =
| parent = [[Telus Digital]]
| website_type =
| advertising =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| launch_date = November 2015
| current_status = Active
| screenshot =
| caption =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Playment''' is an Indian [[data labeling]] platform which helps [[machine learning]] engineers build high quality ground truth datasets for training and validating machine learning models. It breaks down large problems into [[Microtasking|micro-tasks]] and distributes among its large community of trained annotators. It works on the principle of [[microwork]], where a series of small tasks which together comprise a large unified project, and are completed by many people over the [[Internet]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.socialedge.org/blogs/samasourcing/archive/2009/08/25/microwork-and-microfinance|title=socialedge.org|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022082656/http://www.socialedge.org/blogs/samasourcing/archive/2009/08/25/microwork-and-microfinance|archive-date=2011-10-22|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2011/04/digital_economy|title=Jobs of the future|date=2011-04-07|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref>

Annotators can browse through existing tasks and complete them in exchange for points, the points can be further exchanged for vouchers on online e-commerce sites such as [[Flipkart]], [[Amazon.com|Amazon(India)]] and [[Paytm]].

== History ==
Playment was founded in August 2015 by Siddharth Mall, Ajinkya Malasane, and Akshay Lal, alumnus of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagapur]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati]] and [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology Kharagapur]] respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dealstreetasia.com/stories/india-dealbook-playment-raises-funding-from-saif-adani-buildtraders-mps-in-ma-news-46384/|title=Playment raises funding; Adani, BuildTraders & MPS in M&A|website=www.dealstreetasia.com|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref> They worked at [[Flipkart|Flipkart.com]] as Senior Business Analysts, and left to create their new company Playment. On July 2, 2016, Playment run by Crowdflux Technology Pvt Ltd raised $700k Seed capital in funding from SAIF Partners<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/saif-partners-invests-rs-4-7-cr-in-playment-116070200582_1.html|title=Saif Partners invests Rs 4.7 cr in Playment|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2016-07-02|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=2016-10-26}}</ref>

Playment was acquired by TELUS International in July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telusinternational.com/investors/news/telus-international-acquires-playment?INTCMP=ti_investors/news-events_news-events_to_telus-international-acquires-playment|title=TELUS International acquires Playment, firmly staking its leadership in the global data annotation market|date=2021-07-21|access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref>

== Services ==
[[Training, test, and validation sets|Training Data]] for [[Machine learning|Machine Learning]], [[Automatic image annotation|Image annotation]] & Data labeling for [[Computer vision|Computer Vision]], and more.

== See also ==
* [[Amazon Mechanical Turk]]
* [[CrowdFlower]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/venture-capital/SAIF-Partners-invests-Rs-4-7-Cr-in-Playment/articleshow/53022130.cms
*https://inc42.com/flash-feed/playment-funding/
*http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/saif-partners-invests-rs-4-7-cr-in-playment-116070200582_1.html
*https://techcrunch.com/2017/02/13/playment-gives-companies-on-demand-workers-to-analyze-data-using-mobile-devices/

== External links ==
* {{official website|playment.io}}

{{Telus}}

[[Category:Internet properties established in 2015]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Telus]]
[[Category:2021 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Crowdsourcing]]

Robert Walls (admiral)

2025-10-08T20:46:26Z

NamVanwagenen: added references

{{Short description|Australian admiral (1941–2023)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= Robert Walls
|image=
|image_size=
|alt=
|caption=
|nickname=
|birth_date= {{birth date|1941|03|15|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Colac, Victoria]]
|death_date= {{death date and age|2023|08|28|1941|03|15|df=yes}}
|death_place=
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= Australia
|branch= [[Royal Australian Navy]]
|serviceyears= 1955–1997
|rank= [[Vice admiral (Australia)|Vice Admiral]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands= [[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]] (1995–97) [[Commander Australian Fleet|Maritime Commander Australia]] (1991–93) [[Deputy Chief of Navy (Australia)|Deputy Chief of Naval Staff]] (1991) {{HMAS|Brisbane|D 41|6}} (1987–88) {{HMAS|Moreton||6}} (1983–84) {{HMAS|Tobruk|L 50|6}} (1981–83)
|battles= [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] [[Vietnam War]]
|awards= [[Officer of the Order of Australia]] [[National Order of Merit (France)|Knight of the National Order of Merit]] (France)
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}

[[Vice admiral (Australia)|Vice Admiral]] '''Robert Andrew Kevin Walls''', {{postnominals|country=AUS|size=100|AO}} (15 March 1941 – 28 August 2023) was a senior officer of the [[Royal Australian Navy]] (RAN). In 42 years of service, Walls commanded HMA Ships [[HMAS Tobruk (L 50)|''Tobruk'']], [[HMAS Moreton|''Moreton'']] and [[HMAS Brisbane (D 41)|''Brisbane'']], and served as [[Deputy Chief of Navy (Australia)|Deputy Chief of Naval Staff]] and [[Commander Australian Fleet|Maritime Commander Australia]], before his career culminated in his appointment as [[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]] from April 1995 until his retirement in March 1997.

==Early life==
Walls was born in [[Colac, Victoria]], on 15 March 1941, the eldest of four sons to Andrew Nowell Walls, a local government official who served as a [[Cipher|cypher]] officer in the [[Royal Australian Naval Volunteer Reserve]] during the [[Second World War]], and Hilda Margaret (née Thompson).<ref name="Who">{{cite web |url=http://connectweb.com.au/view-biography.aspx?pid=4352&p=WWA|title=Vice Admiral Robert Andrew Kevin Walls|website=ConnectWeb|publisher=[[Who's Who in Australia]] Online|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="Navybio">{{cite web|last=Perryman|first=John|url=http://www.navy.gov.au/biography/vice-admiral-robert-andrew-kevin-walls|title=Vice Admiral Robert Andrew Kevin Walls|work=Biographies|publisher=Royal Australian Navy|access-date=19 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite AuDB|first=Andrew|last=Lemon|title=Walls, Andrew Nowell (1912–1990)|volume=18|year=2012|id2=walls-andrew-nowell-15854|accessdate=19 April 2016}}</ref> Initially educated at Colac High School, Walls joined the Royal Australian Naval College at {{HMAS|Cerberus|naval base|6}} as a [[cadet midshipman]] in January 1955; his class was the last intake of 13-year-olds to be accepted by the college.<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/> Mid-way through Walls' training, the college relocated to {{HMAS|Creswell||}} in [[Jervis Bay Territory|Jervis Bay]].<ref name="Navybio"/>

==Naval career==
Walls graduated in late 1958 and, following service at sea in {{HMAS|Swan|U74|6}}, was sent to the [[Britannia Royal Naval College]] in the United Kingdom for further training from April 1959. Promoted to [[acting sub-lieutenant]], he returned to Australia in September 1960, served in {{HMAS|Melbourne|R21|6}} and {{HMAS|Quiberon|G81|6}}, then completed the Destroyer Gunnery Officer’s course at HMAS ''Cerberus'' in 1962. His next posting was to {{HMAS|Quickmatch|G92|6}}, during which he was promoted to [[Lieutenant (naval)|lieutenant]] in February 1963. Following further specialist training at ''Cerberus'' later that year, Walls joined {{HMAS|Derwent|DE 49|6}} as part of the ship's commissioning crew in 1964. He remained on the ''Derwent'' for just over a year, which included service in the waters off Malaysia and Borneo as part of the [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]].<ref name="Navybio"/>

In November 1965, Walls joined the crew of {{HMAS|Hobart|D 39|6}} as the ship was commissioned into service in the United States. His time with ''Hobart'', which was to last over two years, included a deployment to [[Vietnam War|Vietnamese waters]] from March to September 1967.<ref name="Navybio"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Walls, Robert Andrew Kevin|url=http://www.vietnamroll.gov.au/VeteranDetails.aspx?VeteranId=1239181|work=Vietnam War Nominal Roll|publisher=Department of Veterans' Affairs|access-date=19 April 2015}}</ref> ''Hobart'' operated in gunfire support duties as part of the [[United States Seventh Fleet]] during this time, with Walls serving as an Air Intercept Controller; this included brief secondments to {{USS|Kitty Hawk|CV-63|6}} and {{USS|Long Beach|CGN-9|6}}.<ref name="Navybio"/><ref>{{harvnb|Grey|1998|p=144}}</ref> The six month tour saw ''Hobart'' fire over 10,000 rounds at 1,050 targets, with the ship itself being fired upon ten times but suffering no casualties. In recognition of this, ''Hobart'''s crew was recognised with the award of a United States [[Navy Unit Commendation]].<ref name="Navybio"/><ref>{{harvnb|Cassells|2000|p=39}}</ref>

Walls returned to the United Kingdom from March 1968 for a three-year exchange with the [[Royal Navy]]. The posting occasioned service aboard the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Hermes|R12|6}} and as a training officer at the [[RNAS Yeovilton (HMS Heron)|Royal Naval Air Station Yeovilton]]. He was promoted to [[lieutenant commander]] in February 1971 and, returning to Australian soon thereafter, was made direction officer on {{HMAS|Perth|D 38|6}}. This was followed by a period as a training officer at {{HMAS|Watson||6}}, before Walls was posted to the staff of the [[Commander Australian Fleet|Flag Officer Commanding HM Australian Fleet]] in 1975. Made [[executive officer]] of the ''Perth'' in January 1977, he was promoted to [[commander]] in June that year.<ref name="Navybio"/>

[[File:HMAS Tobruk (L 50).jpg|thumb|right|280px|HMAS ''Tobruk'', Walls' first ship command (1981–83).]]
Walls' second posting to the ''Perth'' was a relatively brief one, as he was relocated to the Navy Office in [[Canberra]] for staff work from February 1978 for a period of almost four years. This was followed by appointment to his first ship command, the recently commissioned [[heavy-lift ship]] {{HMAS|Tobruk|L 50|6}}, in December 1981.<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/> Walls' period of command was marked by ''Tobruk'''s first operational deployment. The ship left [[Brisbane]] on 15 February 1982 to transport eight [[UH-1 Iroquois]] helicopters of the [[Royal Australian Air Force]], along with supporting stores, to join the [[Multinational Force and Observers]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. On docking at [[Ashdod]] on 19 March, ''Tobruk'' became the first Australian warship to visit Israel. Walls and his crew arrived back in Brisbane on 30 April.<ref name="Navybio"/><ref>{{harvnb|Doolan|2007|pp=57–66}}</ref> In June the following year, Walls was made Commander Australian Amphibious Squadron and commanding officer of the naval base {{HMAS|Moreton||6}}.<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/>

On promotion to [[Captain (naval)|captain]] in June 1984, Walls returned to the Navy Office as Director of Naval Force Development.<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/> For his services in this role, he was appointed a [[Member of the Order of Australia]] in the [[Queen's Birthday Honours]] of June 1987.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Queen's Birthday 1987 Honours|url=http://gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/QB87.pdf|newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette|date=8 June 1987|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> That same month, he was appointed to command the [[guided missile destroyer]] {{HMAS|Brisbane|D 41|6}}. Promoted to [[Commodore (rank)|commodore]] in June 1988, Walls attended the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] in [[New Delhi]], India the following year, graduating with a Master of Defence Studies. Returning to Australia in 1990, he was appointed Director-General Naval Policy and Maritime Doctrine. He was promoted to [[Rear admiral (Australia)|rear admiral]] that June.<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/>

Following a brief tenure as [[Deputy Chief of Navy (Australia)|Deputy Chief of Naval Staff]] for eight months in 1991,<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/> Walls was appointed [[Commander Australian Fleet|Maritime Commander Australia]] during a ceremony aboard his former command, HMAS ''Tobruk'', on 7 November. In this role, he was responsible for the command of the Australian fleet.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Navy Maritime Commander on Deck|url=http://navyleague.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/The-Navy-Vol_54_Part1-1992-Jan-and-Apr-1992.pdf|newspaper=The Navy: The Magazine of the Navy League of Australia|date=January–March 1992|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> While Maritime Commander, Walls also served on the board of the [[STS Young Endeavour#Young Endeavour Youth Scheme|Young Endeavour Youth Scheme]].<ref name="Who"/> Advanced to an [[Officer of the Order of Australia]] in the [[Australia Day Honours]] of 1992,<ref>{{cite news|title=The Australia Day 1992 Honours|url=http://gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/honours/AD92.pdf|newspaper=Commonwealth of Australia Gazette|date=25 January 1992|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> he was made Assistant Chief of Defence Force (Development) in 1994. Walls served in this role for a year, before he was promoted to [[Vice admiral (Australia)|vice admiral]] and appointed [[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]] (VCDF) on 20 April 1995 in succession to Lieutenant General [[John Baker (general)|John Baker]], who had been appointed [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]].<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/> Walls' tenure as VCDF coincided with an efficiency review into the Defence organisation, to which he was appointed to the senior review panel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defence Media Release – Restructuring the Australian Army and the Defence Efficiency Review|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/minister/der/m961015a.htm|publisher=Department of Defence|date=15 October 1996|access-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Walls retired from the RAN in March 1997 after 42 years of service, and was succeeded as VCDF by Vice Admiral [[Chris Barrie (admiral)|Chris Barrie]].<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/>

==Retirement==
On his retirement from the RAN, Walls embarked on a corporate career in the defence industry. He was a director of the defence manufacturer [[Thales Underwater Systems]] from 1997 to 2003, on the board of the Australian defence contractor [[CEA Technologies]] from 1998 to 2000, chairman of Smart Shield from 1999 to 2001, and a director of the defence contractor [[Thales Australia|ADI Limited]] from 1999 to 2003. Walls has also served on the Advisory Council for the [[Australian National University]]'s [[Strategic and Defence Studies Centre]]. In 2002 he was recognised by the French government with appointment as a [[National Order of Merit (France)|Knight of the National Order of Merit]].<ref name="Who"/><ref name="Navybio"/> A keen [[Fly fishing|fly fisher]] and [[opera]] attendee, Walls lived in the [[Australian Capital Territory]] until his death on 28 August 2023, at the age of 82.<ref name="Tribute">{{cite news|title=Obituaries: Robert Walles|url=https://tributes.canberratimes.com.au/obituaries/489138/robert-walls|newspaper=Canberra Times|date=2 September 2023|access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="Who"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|last=Cassells|first=Vic|title=The Destroyers: Their Battles and Their Badges|year=2000|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=East Roseville, NSW|isbn=0-7318-0893-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Doolan|first=Ken|authorlink=Ken Doolan|title=HMAS Tobruk: Warship for Every Crisis|publisher=Grinkle Press|location=Queanbeyan, ACT|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9802821-0-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Grey|first=Jeffrey |authorlink=Jeffrey Grey |title=Up Top: The Royal Australian Navy and Southeast Asian Conflicts, 1955–1972|year=1998|series=[[The Official History of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948–1975]]|publisher=Allen & Unwin|location=St. Leonards, NSW|isbn=1-86448-290-7}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=Lieutenant General [[John Baker (general)|John Baker]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Vice Chief of the Defence Force]]|years=1995–1997}}
{{s-aft|after=Vice Admiral [[Chris Barrie (admiral)|Chris Barrie]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Rear Admiral [[Ken Doolan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commander Australian Fleet|Maritime Commander Australia]]|years=1991–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=Rear Admiral [[Donald Chalmers]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Rear Admiral [[Ian MacDougall]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Chief of Navy (Australia)|Deputy Chief of Naval Staff]]|years=1991}}
{{s-aft|after=Rear Admiral [[Rodney Taylor]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walls, Robert (admiral)}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Australian military personnel of the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]
[[Category:Australian military personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Australian Naval College]]
[[Category:Knights of the Ordre national du Mérite]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:Royal Australian Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of the Defence Force (Australia)]]
[[Category:People from Colac, Victoria]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Victoria (state)]]

Anjaan: Special Crimes Unit

2025-09-10T11:49:34Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{Short description|Indian Horror Mystery TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Anjaan - Special Crimes Unit.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| native_name =
| genre = {{Plain list|
* [[Horror fiction|Horror]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| creator = 
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Venkatraman Subramaniam|Sneha Kamath|Nishant Chaturvedi|Hitesh Bali|Priyali Saxena|Kunal Valecha|Jitesh R}}
| director = ''Various''
| creative_director = Pratim Rai
| starring = {{ubl|[[Gashmeer Mahajani]]|[[Heena Parmar]]}}
| music = Bharatt-Saurabh
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 65
| producer = {{ubl| Vikram Rai|Bhuvanesh Shrivastava}}
| camera = [[Multi-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 45 minutes
| company = Lotus Talkies Productions Private Limited
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|02|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2018|05|11}}
| network = [[Discovery Jeet]]
}}

'''Anjaan: Special Crimes Unit''' is an Indian paranormal investigative crime horror television series, which airs on [[Discovery Jeet|Discovery JEET]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2018 |title=Chills & thrills 2018 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/chills-thrills/539711.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626075444/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/chills-thrills/539711.html |archive-date=2018-06-26 |publisher=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> It features [[Heena Parmar]] and [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘The Real Thing Has Yet To Come Out On Table’: Gashmeer Mahajani Opens Up About Betrayal & His Show Gunaah (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/the-real-thing-has-yet-to-come-out-on-table-gashmeer-mahajani-opens-up-about-betrayal-his-show-gunaah-exclusive |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-03-13 |title=Gashmeer Mahajani met with an accident |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/gashmeer-mahajani-met-with-an-accident/articleshow/63288131.cms |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They investigate crime cases, that are connected to the supernatural. The show premiered on 12 February 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-jeet-s-pre-launch-ad-inventory-sales-overshoot-target-says-karan-bajaj-76172.html|title=Discovery Jeet's pre-launch ad inventory sales overshoot target, says Karan Bajaj 2018|publisher=adgully.com|date=2018}}</ref>

==Plot==
The series shows the journey of ACP Vikrant Singhal who is after a gangster named Vanraaj. Many people believe Vanraaj to be an evil spirit. Vikrant is a logical and level headed police officer, who does not believe in ghosts, his junior officer ACP Shivani Joglekar can see paranormal species. They are paired together at an abandoned police station of Mumbai Police - Shaitan Chowki, which is full of unsolved case files. Shivani's deceased elder brother Shiddhant Joglekar was killed mysteriously with bullet wounds with no bullets. Shivani and Vikrant find out that Siddhant was in charge of Vanraaj's investigation and they try to link these cases.

Meanwhile, they are called for another mysterious cases which are linked to certain files from Shaitan Chowski. The paranormal species that were wronged in their lives try to contact Shivani in order to get justice. Vikrant and Shivani are thus called to solve series of unsolved cases from other police stations as well. In between Vikrant gets glimpses of information regarding Vanraaj, and every time he fails to catch him. All they have is a mysterious symbol from Brahmi script. Vanraaj kills Shivani on night, and Vikrant decides to avenge her murder. He finds a link between the symbol and an orphanage in Rajasthan and heads there. There he meets Aditi Sharma, who is an Delhi-based ASP. Like Shivani, Aditi is also capable of seeing paranormal species, she is sent by Shivani's spirit to save Vikrant.

The orphanage was abandoned since 20 years but Aditi finds an old photograph of four small kids including herself. Her father tells her that she was adopted from an orphanage in Bengaluru, where she was shifted after a massive fire accident in the orphanage in Rajasthan. Determine to solve the mystery, she and Vikrant decide to get her transferred from [[Delhi]] to [[Mumbai]].

The episodes are based on unsolved case stories that are solved by Vikrant and Aditi. The link to Vanraaj and the orphanage reveals slowly through the episodes in parallel. In the season finale, Aditi finds out that in the photograph of the four kids was of herself with Siddhant and Shivani who are her siblings. These four are destined to protect the one who can destroy the evil that is Vanraaj. This person is meant to be Vikrant, who is pulled into the portal to another world by Vanraaj leaving Aditi alone.

==Cast==
*[[Gashmeer Mahajani]] as ACP Vikrant Singhal
*[[Heena Parmar]] as ASP Aditi Sharma
*[[Cherry Mardia]] as ACP Shivani Joglekar
*Sanjay Gurbaxani as DCP Suresh Dutt
*Vasudha Mahadevan as Shivani's Mother
*[[Abigail Jain]] as Annanya
*Pavitra Goregaonkar as Midwife
*[[Melissa Pais]] as Suman

==See also==
* [[List of Hindi horror shows]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Discovery Jeet original programming]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=8479368}}

Fauji 2

2025-09-05T10:30:44Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{About||the 1989 television series|Fauji (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Fauji 2.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Action (genre)|Action]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl|Amarnath Jha|Vishal Chaturvedi|Prerna Rawat|Anil Choudhary|Chaitanya Tulsyan}}
| director = Abhinav Pareek Nishant C Shekhar
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Vicky Jain
* [[Gauahar Khan]]
}}
| music = [[Shreyas Puranik]]
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes =
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sandeep Singh (producer)|Sandeep Singh]]
* Vicky Jain
* Zafar Mehdi
}}
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Legend Studios
| network = [[DD National]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|11|18}}
| last_aired = 
| related = [[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]
}}
'''''Fauji 2''''' ([[translation]]: "Soldier 2") is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television series produced by [[Sandeep Singh (producer)|Sandeep Singh]] under Legend Studios. A sequel to the 1989 series ''[[Fauji (TV series)|Fauji]]'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Shah Rukh Khan's mini-series Fauji gets a Doordarshan rerun: All about the iconic military drama | website=Hindustan Times | date=24 October 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shah-rukh-khans-mini-series-fauji-gets-a-doordarshan-rerun-all-about-the-iconic-military-drama-101729757111297.html}}</ref> it stars Vicky Jain and [[Gauahar Khan]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Vicky Jain and Gauahar Khan to play lead roles in Fauji 2 | website=The Tribune | date=16 October 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/vicky-jain-and-gauahar-khan-to-play-lead-roles-in-fauji-2/}}</ref> The series premiered on [[DD National]] on 18 November 2024,<ref>{{cite web |title=Gauahar Khan starrer 'Fauji 2' streaming now on DD National |url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-india/gauahar-khan-starrer-fauji-2-streaming-now-on-dd-national/articleshow/151074314.cms |website=www.femina.in |language=en}}</ref> and digitally streams on Waves.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=India's Public Broadcaster Prasar Bharati Unveils Waves Streaming Platform at Goa Festival |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/waves-india-streaming-platform-goa-iffi-1236216285/ |website=Variety |date=21 November 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Vicky Jain<ref>{{cite web | title=Vicky Jain on stepping into Shah Rukh Khan's shoes for the reboot of Fauji: 'We might go and visit him soon' | website=The Indian Express | date=19 October 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/vicky-jain-on-stepping-into-shah-rukh-khans-shoes-for-the-reboot-of-fauji-we-might-go-and-visit-him-soon-9621149/}}</ref> as Colonel Sanjay Singh
* [[Gauahar Khan]]<ref name="Cast" >{{cite web | last=Das | first=Ananya | title=Fauji 2: Shah Rukh Khan's iconic 1989 series to be rebooted with Vikas Jain, Gauahar Khan. Check details here | website=Hindustan Times | date=15 October 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/fauji-2-shah-rukh-khans-iconic-1989-series-to-be-rebooted-with-vikas-jain-gauahar-khan-check-details-here-101728983385212.html}}</ref> as Lieutenant Colonel Simarjeet Kaur
* Aashish Bhardwaj<ref name="Cast" /> as Daksh Desai
* Utkarsh Kohli<ref name="Cast" /> as Rangrez Phogat
* [[Rudra Soni]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Harun Malik
* Ayaan Manchanda<ref name="Cast" /> as Aakash Chhetri
* Niel Satpuda<ref name="Cast" /> as Vijay Sachan
* Suvansh Dhar<ref name="Cast" /> as Abhimanyu Rai
* Ashish Wadde <ref name="Cast" /> as Abhimanyu Father
* Priyanshu Rajguru<ref name="Cast" /> as Subbu Balakrishnan
* Aman Singh Deep<ref name="Cast" /> as Vikram Singh Bagga
* Udit Kapur<ref name="Cast" /> as Arjun Negi
* Maansi<ref name="Cast" /> as Kavya Rajadhyaksha
* Sushmita Bhandari<ref name="Cast" /> as Kinjal Joshi

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[DD National]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Fauji 2: Modern revival of the 1989 series with Vikas Jain, Gauahar Khan | website=The Statesman | date=15 October 2024 | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/fauji-2-modern-revival-of-the-1989-series-with-vikas-jain-gauahar-khan-1503353619.html}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the series began in October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Dishya | title=Shooting For Fauji Sequel Begins In Pune, Makers Introduce New Cast | website=News18 | date=24 October 2024 | url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/shooting-for-fauji-sequel-begins-in-pune-makers-introduce-new-cast-9097698.html}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 2 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Das | first=Ananya | title=Fauji 2 trailer unveiled on Shah Rukh Khan's 59th birthday, his iconic character Abhimanyu Rai to return. Watch | website=Hindustan Times | date=2 November 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/fauji-2-trailer-unveiled-on-shah-rukh-khans-59th-birthday-his-iconic-character-abhimanyu-rai-to-return-watch-101730535634253.html}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Fauji 2
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shreyas Puranik]]<ref name="Cast" />
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2025
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=06|s=27}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
The music for Fauji 2 is composed by [[Shreyas Puranik]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Fauji 2 {{!}} Title Track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/fauji-2-title-track/videoshow/117598792.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fauji 2 {{!}} Song - Jahaan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/fauji-2-song-jahaan/videoshow/118151666.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklisting
| total_length = 06:27
| title1 = Fauji 2 (Title Track)
| length1 = 3:28
| music1 = [[Shreyas Puranik]]
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title2 = Jahaan
| length2 = 2:59
| music2 = Shashi Suman
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|34058582}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{DD National Shows}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Indian military television series]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Puttenahalli Lake (Yelahanka)

2025-06-29T20:58:27Z

NamVanwagenen: improved article

{{Short description|Lake in Yelahanka, India}}
{{distinguish|Puttenahalli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Puttenahalli Lake Bird Sanctuary
| map =
| map_width = 200
| label = Puttenahalli Lake WS
| label_position = right
| iucn_category = IV
| location = [[Yelahanka]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Bangalore]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|06|40|N|77|34|34|E|type:waterbody_region:IN-KA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = 10 ha
| established = proposed, 2007
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Karnataka Forest Department
|website={{url|http://www.puttenahalli.org/|Yelahanka Puttenahalli Lake and Bird Conservation Trust}}}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|13.11116|77.57616}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 14
| width = 260
| height = 250
| caption = {{center|Puttenahalli Lake and vicinity}}
| map-data = Q1355

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|13.11116|77.57616}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 6
| label1 = Puttenahalli Lake
| label-size1 = 10
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = right | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = -2
| mark-title1 = Puttenahalli Lake
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Puttenahalli Lake
}}
'''Puttenahalli WS Lake'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghosh |first=Sadhan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM6FDwAAQBAJ&dq=puttenahalli+lake+yelahanka&pg=PA89 |title=Waste Valorisation and Recycling: 7th IconSWM—ISWMAW 2017, Volume 2 |date=2019-01-29 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-13-2784-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2019-01-26 |title=Yelahanka's Puttenahalli lake to be rejuvenated soon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/yelahankas-puttenahalli-lake-to-be-rejuvenated-soon/article26101894.ece |access-date=2022-08-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> also spelled as '''Puttanahalli Lake''' is a 10-hectare water body near [[Yelahanka]], 14 km north of [[Bangalore]].

This lake is not to be confused with another lake having similar name viz Puttenahalli lake, in [[J.P Nagar]] South Bangalore.

==Lake rejuvenation==
Eight residents from the neighbourhood have started a trust called "Yelahanka Puttenahalli Lake and Bird Conservation Trust" to protect the birds and work towards increasing bio-diversity in the lake with the help of the government. The government and trust are working towards making the lake a bio-diversity spot and to declare the lake to be a bird reserve.

[[Yelahanka Lake]] (which is near Puttenahalli Lake): The [[Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] (BBMP) in association with private firms organized a massive plantation drive at the Yelahanka Lake with volunteers planting of thousand saplings. The drive is part of 'Wake the Lake' campaign which focuses on rejuvenating dying lakes. Palike officials said the initiative aims at sensitizing the community living around the lake and mobilize their efforts to revive the lake.

BBMP has tied up with the United Way of Bengaluru, a network partner of the 126-year-old US based charity-United Way Worldwide, for the purpose. The BBMP has drawn up a mandate clearing encroachments by demolishing as many as 15 buildings on the lake bed and recovering 7 acres and 13 [[gunta]]s of land worth Rs 3 crores to plant a thousand saplings in an attempt to address this pressing issue of the 'Garden City'. Environmentalist Saalumarada Thimmakka was also a part of this initiative and encouraged the volunteers through her speech to participate in such causes. The eminent environmentalist recognized world over for her work in planting 284 banyan trees in the city and tending to them single handed was the guest of honor at the event. John Devaraj, a renowned art director, choreographed a puppet-o-thon with the students to put more enthusiasm for the drive.

==Lake habitat==
===Birds===
[[File:Spotbilled pelican.jpg|thumb|right|[[Spot-billed pelican]] ''Pelecanus philippensis''|167x167px]][[Biodiversity]] experts have discovered 49 species of birds breeding here. Among those birds are [[darter]]s, [[painted stork]]s, [[black-crowned night heron]]s, [[purple heron]]s, [[pond heron]]s, [[egret]]s, [[Asian openbill stork]]s, [[Eurasian spoonbill]]s, [[spot-billed pelican]]s, [[little grebe]]s, [[little cormorant]]s, [[Indian spot-billed duck]]s, [[purple moorhen]]s and [[common sandpiper]]s.

==See also==

* [[Lakes in Bangalore]]
* [[Puttenahalli Lake (JP Nagar)|Puttenahalli Lake]] is also the name of a small rejuvenated lake (area: 13 acres 25 [[gunta]]s) in Puttenahalli, Bangalore South. This lake is presently being maintained by [http://www.puttenahallilake.in/ Puttenahalli Neighbourhood Lake Improvement Trust].

==References==
<references />

==Further reading==
*{{Cite web |date=25 April 2007 |title=Puttenahalli lake to be bird reserve |url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IE120070425002613&Page=1&Title=Bangalore&Topic=0&aDate=4%2F25%2F2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929105048/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IE120070425002613&Page=1&Title=Bangalore&Topic=0&aDate=4%2F25%2F2007 |archive-date=29 September 2007 |website=newindpress.com}}
*{{Cite web |last=Khanna |first=Bosky |date=2018-11-18 |title=Lokayukta to inspect Puttenahalli Lake, seeks report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/lokayukta-inspect-puttenahalli-703570.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}
*{{Cite web |last=Rajan |first=Arjun |date=2019-01-29 |title=Yelahanka's dry lake to get a new life soon |url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/rejuvenation-of-the-yelahanka-puttenahalli-lake-to-be-complete-by-mid-february-31867 |access-date= |website=Citizen Matters, Bengaluru |language=}}
*{{Cite web |last=Mandyam |first=Nithya |date=27 January 2019 |title=Puttenahalli Lake on revival mode celebrates first habba |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/puttenahalli-lake-on-revival-mode-celebrates-first-habba/articleshow/67704576.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}

[[Category:Lakes of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Karnataka]]

Vanamamalai Perumal Temple

2025-06-20T06:13:20Z

NamVanwagenen: starting location...

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sri Vanamamalai Perumal Temple
| image = Naguneri18.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8|29|30.9|N|77|39|26.5|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name = Thiruvaramangai
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tirunelveli]]
| location = [[Nanguneri]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Thothadrinathan([[Vishnu]])
Varamangai([[Lakshmi]])

| facade_direction =
| tower = Nandhavarthana Vimanam
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
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}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
The '''Vanamamalai Perumal Temple''', also known as '''Arulmigu Sree Vanamamalai Totatri Perumal Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] [[Hindu temple|temple]] dedicated to the god [[Vishnu]], in Vanamamalai or Totadrikshetram ([[Nanguneri]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] on the banks of [[Thamiraparani]] river. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' shrines dedicated to Vishnu. Vishnu is worshipped here as Vanamalai Perumal and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Varamanagi.<ref>{{cite book|title=108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu|last=M. S. |first=Ramesh|publisher= Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam}}</ref> The temple is believed to have been built by the [[Pandyas]], with later contributions from [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara kings]] and [[Madurai Nayaks]]. The temple covers an area of {{convert|5|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} and has a five-tiered temple tower.

The temple is one of the eight ''[[Swayambhu|Svayambu]]'' Kshetrams, the eight temples associated with Vishnu, that manifested on its own. Vanamamalai is believed to have appeared to [[Shesha|Adishesha]] and [[Garuda]]. Six daily rituals and a dozen yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the chariot festival, celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''[[Tamil calendar|Chittirai]]'' (March–April), is the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Vanamamalai Mutt.

==Legend==
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The details about the presiding deity finds mention in ''Brahmananda Purana'', ''Skanda Purana'' and ''Narasimha Purana''. Sage [[Narada]] got the narration about the features of Thodatri and Sargunamangai from [[Shiva]].<ref name=hindu1/> As per [[Hindu]] legend, [[Lakshmi]], the consort of [[Vishnu]], is believed to have been born at this place as Srivaramangai (meaning ''lady'') and hence the place came to be known as Varangunamangai. As per another legend, [[Adisesha|Adishesha]], the serpent performed penance at this place to seek the grace of Vishnu to lay on him. Vishnu was pleased by his devotion and rested on the serpent. [[Garuda]], the eagle-mount of Vishnu, also performed penance and was granted a wish to be guarding [[Vaikunta|Vaikuntha]], the abode of Vishnu.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=4955–6}}</ref>

As per local legend, a childless king named Kaaarya worshiped Vishnu at this place. Vishnu directed him to Nanguneri under the earth. The king dug up the earth to see blood oozing from the place. To stop the blood, the king was asked to perform ablution on the presiding deity with oil every day. Blessed with children, the king constructed the temple.<ref name=hindu1/>

==History==
The temple has many inscriptions, the earliest of which is from 1236 CE. The inscription is from the period of [[Sundara Pandya I]] indicates a gift from him on the occasion of Adi Puram. Another inscription from 1275 from [[Kulasekara I]] indicates the details of tax collection in the region. The inscription on the Eastern Gopuram from the period of [[Sundara Pandya II]] in 1284 indicates gift of land to the temple. The gift of [[Vikrama Pandya III]] is inscribed on the northern wall in 1299. A gift of money to sculpt the image of Sadagopar in 1305 is found in the Eastern wall in the second precinct.<ref name=hindu1>{{cite news|title=Headquarters of Vanamamalai Mutt|url= http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/headquarters-of-vaanamamalai-mutt/article3500755.ece|date=7 June 2012|access-date=13 August 2016|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras, Volume 1|url=https://archive.org/details/listsantiquaria00sewegoog|last=Sewell|first=Robert|publisher=E.Keys|year=1882|page=[https://archive.org/details/listsantiquaria00sewegoog/page/n330 315]}}</ref> From the Vijayanagara rulers, the temple came under the administration of kings of Travancore. A [[sanyasi]] named Pushpanjali was entrusted with the donations from the kings. During 1447, the temple came under the administration of Vanamamalai Mutt. The first pontiff of the temple arranged for the installation of the idol of the consort of Vanamamalai from Tirupathi. The Namboodris were also replaced by the priests from Tirupathi during the period. During the 17th century, the then pontiff sought the help of the ruling Naik king to resolve local disputes. During 1794, the Nawab of Carnatic, Abdul Umra, endowed extensive lands to the Mutt.<ref>{{cite news|title=Vanamamalai Math's history|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/11/30/stories/2002113000930900.htm|date=30 November 2002|access-date=7 January 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

The presiding deity is called Devapiran as he is believed to have married Varamangai, the daughter of the pontiff of Vanamamalai Mutt. The temple is maintained and administered by the pontiff in modern times.<ref name=hindu1/>

==Architecture==
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The temple has a large five-tiered [[gopuram]] (gateway tower) and a large temple compound having two [[prakarams]] (closed precincts of a temple).<ref>Tourist Guide to South India. Various authors. Page 117.</ref> There are various pillared halls in the temple. The presiding deity, Vanamamalai Perumal is seen seated on the [[Adisesha]], the serpent deity. Sridevi and Bhoodevi, the two consorts of Perumal are seen on either sides of the presiding deity.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=8–9}}</ref> The shrine of the presiding deity is located axial to the gateway tower and approached through Ardhamandapam and Mahamandapam, pillared halls. There are three precincts in the temple, with the shrine of Thayar located in the second precinct. There is a festival hall in the second precinct in the temple facing South that has sculpted pillars indicating various legends of the ''[[Puranas]]''. The most notable of them being a legend of ''[[Mahabharata]]'' where [[Bhima]] attacks a lion legged person with his club. The second precinct has pillared halls that has smaller sculpted representation indicating various [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]].<ref>{{cite journal|title='Expanding Form': The Architectural Sculpture of the South Indian Temple, ca. 1500-1700|page=237|first=Crispin |last=Branfoot|volume=62|issue=2|year=2002|journal=Artibus Asiae|publisher=Artibus Asiae Publishers|doi=10.2307/3250266 |jstor=3250266}}</ref>

==Religious importance==
The temple is considered one of the eight ''Sywayambu Kshetras'' of Vishnu where presiding deity is believed to have manifested on its own. Seven other temples in the line are [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]], [[Bhu Varaha Swamy temple]], and [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] in [[South India]] and [[Muktinath|Saligrama]], [[Naimisaranya]], [[Pushkar]] and [[Badrinath Temple]] in [[North India]].<ref name=hindu>{{cite news|title=Symbolising religious unity|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/symbolising-religious-unity/article3404308.ece|work=The Hindu|last=S.|first=Prabhu|date=10 May 2012|access-date=13 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Lord of Vengadam|last=S.|first=Ramanujjan|page=54|publisher=PatridgeIndia|year=2014|isbn=978-1482834628}}</ref> The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]] in ten hymns. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book.<ref name="dinamalar"/> As per the accounts of the Jeeyar, the head of the Vanamamalai Mutt, Janakapuri in Nepal, where [[Rama]] (an [[avatar]] of Vishnu) married [[Sita]], also has a place called Nanguneri, similar to the Vanamamalai temple.<ref>{{cite news|title=The great temple in Nanguneri|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/02/stories/2002120201390900.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040129212028/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/02/stories/2002120201390900.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2004|date=2 December 2012|access-date=8 January 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai}}</ref>

==Festivals and religious practices==
[[File:Naguneri11.jpg|180x225px|thumb|Life size temple sculptures]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis based on Vaiksana Agama. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Thodatri Nathan Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=172|publisher=Dinamalar|year=2011|access-date=5 September 2015}}</ref> The major festival, the twelve-day Brahmotsavam is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of Thai (January - February).<ref name="dinamalar"/>

Vishnu is considered as ''{{Transliteration|hi|alankara priyar}}'' (one who prefers decoration), and [[Shiva]] as ''{{Transliteration|hi|abisheka priyar}}'' (one who prefers ablution). Vanamamlai temple is one of the few Vishnu temples where ablution is done for the presiding deity on a daily basis. At around 7 am every day, ablution is performed on the presiding deity with milk, curd and other [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] items. The ghee used for ablution is poured in the oil well in the temple, which is considered sacred.<ref name="dinamalar"/> During the festival occasions, the festival idols are brought to the Vanamamalai Mutt located outside the premises of the temple.<ref name=hindu1/>

==Vanamamalai Mutt==
Vanamamalai Mutt is a [[Sri Vaishnavism#Vadakalai and Tenkalai denominations|Tenkalai]] [[Sri Vaishnava]] [[Matha|Mutt]] and the jiyars of mutt are the hereditary trustees of Vanamamalai Perumal temple. The history of Vanamamalai Mutt can be traced back to the time of [[Manavala Mamunigal]]'s disciples. The first head of the Mutt in 1447 was Vanamamalai Ramanuja Jeer and it has an unbroken continuity of Guru Parambara Jeeyars.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tamil Nadu State: Tirunelveli District |date=2002 |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu, Commissioner of Archives and Historical Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JhRWAAAAYAAJ&q=Vanamamalai+jiyar+mutt |language=en}}</ref> The current head is HH Vanamamalai Madhurakavi Ramanuja Jeeyar Swamy. It had [[Telugu people|Telugu]] connections and has attracted non-brahmin [[Naidu]]s from [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking families. Today, the mutt has more than 200 subsidiaries [[mathas]] called Totadri throughout India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Katherine |title=Turbulent Transformations: Non-Brahmin Śrīvaiṣṇavas on Religion, Caste and Politics in Tamil Nadu |date=2021 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-949258-8-0 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgVGzgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Vanamamalai Perumal Temple}}

{{Famous Vishnu temples}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirunelveli district]]

Tiger Zinda Hai (soundtrack)

2025-04-20T07:47:52Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Tiger Zinda Hai
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| cover = Tiger Zinda Hai (soundtrack).png
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2017|12|12}}
| recorded = 2017
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:29
| language = Hindi
| label = [[YRF Music]]
| producer = {{hlist|[[Meghdeep Bose]]|Abhijit Nalani}}
| prev_title = [[Befikre]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]
| next_year = 2019
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|_x7NSt0TG24|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Tiger Zinda Hai
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Swag Se Swagat
| single1date = 19 November 2017
| single2 = [[Dil Diyan Gallan (song)|Dil Diyan Gallan]]
| single2date = 26 November 2017
}}
}}

'''''Tiger Zinda Hai''''' is the [[Soundtrack album|soundtrack]] to the 2017 film [[Tiger Zinda Hai|of the same name]] directed by [[Ali Abbas Zafar]]; a sequel to ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]'' (2012), the film stars [[Salman Khan]] and [[Katrina Kaif]] reprising their roles from the first film. [[Vishal–Shekhar]] composed the six-song soundtrack which was produced by [[Meghdeep Bose]] and Abhijit Nalani and lyrics are written by [[Irshad Kamil]]. The soundtrack was released through [[YRF Music]] on 12 December 2017 and became the most-streamed Bollywood soundtrack on YouTube.

== Development ==
[[Vishal–Shekhar]] composed the film's soundtrack in their second collaboration with Khan and Zafar after ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]'' (2016). They replaced [[Sohail Sen]], the original composer of the predecessor ''Ek Tha Tiger'', whereas [[Julius Packiam]], who did the background score for the first film, returned for the sequel. [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Atif Aslam]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Jyoti Nooran]] and [[Raftaar]] performed vocals for the songs. [[Meghdeep Bose]] produced two of the songs: "Swag Se Swagat" and "Daata Tu" while Abhijit Nalani produced the remainder of the tracks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Swag Se Swagat' took us nine months to complete: Meghdeep Bose |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171221-swag-se-swagat-took-us-nine-months-complete |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223195323/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/171221-swag-se-swagat-took-us-nine-months-complete |archive-date=2017-12-23 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Radio and Music |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2017-01-11 |title=A man of many parts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/A-man-of-many-parts/article17024420.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109153038/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/A-man-of-many-parts/article17024420.ece |archive-date=2024-01-09 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to Bose, the song "Swag Se Swagat" took him nine months for the appropriate sound.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-22 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai song Swag Se Swagat was made after nine months of struggle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swag-se-swagat-tiger-zinda-hai-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-meghdeep-bose-4949054/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126001536/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swag-se-swagat-tiger-zinda-hai-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-meghdeep-bose-4949054/ |archive-date=2018-01-26 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The composer duo arranged Packiam's theme track from the first film as the title track "Zinda Hai" to enhance its appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2019-05-29 |title=What makes Salman Khan's blockbusters sound larger than life? Ask Julius Packiam |url=https://scroll.in/reel/924034/what-makes-salman-khans-blockbusters-sound-larger-than-life-ask-julius-packiam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605162340/https://scroll.in/reel/924034/what-makes-salman-khans-blockbusters-sound-larger-than-life-ask-julius-packiam |archive-date=2019-06-05 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> [[Atif Aslam]] performed the song "Dil Diyan Gallan", despite the ban imposed on Pakistani artists working in Hindi film industry, in response to the 2016 [[2016 Uri attack|terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-26 |title=These 11 Atif Aslam songs released after the 2016 ban on Pakistani artists are testimony to Bollywood's hypocrisy |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-these-11-atif-aslam-songs-released-after-the-2016-ban-on-pakistani-artists-are-testimony-to-bollywood-s-hypocrisy-2721018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226124019/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/photo-gallery-these-11-atif-aslam-songs-released-after-the-2016-ban-on-pakistani-artists-are-testimony-to-bollywood-s-hypocrisy-2721018 |archive-date=2019-02-26 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref> Initially, the song was offered to [[Arijit Singh]] before Khan refused him after a dispute with the singer on an award show, back in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-29 |title=Arijit Singh finally gets to sing Dil Diyan Gallan, fans turn on Salman Khan and Atif Aslam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/arijit-singh-finally-gets-to-sing-dil-diyan-gallan-fans-turn-on-salman-khan-and-atif-aslam/story-EJ11y9dYF9pudO5Sb2R4BM.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616122014/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/arijit-singh-finally-gets-to-sing-dil-diyan-gallan-fans-turn-on-salman-khan-and-atif-aslam/story-EJ11y9dYF9pudO5Sb2R4BM.html |archive-date=2021-06-16 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Release ==
The song "Swag Se Swagat" was released as a [[Single (music)|single]] from the album on 19 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-19 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai's Swag Se Swagat: Salman Khan's Swag And Katrina Kaif's Moves Are Blockbuster |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tiger-zinda-hais-swag-se-swagat-salman-khans-swag-and-katrina-kaifs-moves-are-blockbuster-1778131 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207013658/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tiger-zinda-hais-swag-se-swagat-salman-khans-swag-and-katrina-kaifs-moves-are-blockbuster-1778131 |archive-date=2017-12-07 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-19 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai song Swag Se Swagat is making us want to take a vacation to Greece |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/tiger-zinda-hai-song-swag-se-swagat-is-making-us-want-to-take-a-vacation-to-greece/articleshow/61750645.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330222506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/tiger-zinda-hai-song-swag-se-swagat-is-making-us-want-to-take-a-vacation-to-greece/articleshow/61750645.cms |archive-date=2023-03-30 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> While the song was appreciated for Khan and Kaif's dance, and the composition, it was also accused of being allegedly lifted from the song "The Horns" by DJ Katch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-25 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai song Swag Se Swagat accused of plagiarism; Vishal-Shekhar trolled |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-song-swag-se-swagat-accused-of-plagiarism-vishal-shekhar-trolled-4234957.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125144605/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-song-swag-se-swagat-accused-of-plagiarism-vishal-shekhar-trolled-4234957.html |archive-date=2018-01-25 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> An Arabic version the song was performed by Rabih Baroud and [[Brigitte Yaghi]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 December 2017 |title='Swag se swagat' gets Arabic version |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/swag-se-swagat-gets-arabic-version-117121400560_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804045706/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/swag-se-swagat-gets-arabic-version-117121400560_1.html |archive-date=4 August 2018 |access-date=2 October 2024 |newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref> The second song "Dil Diyan Gallan" was released on 26 November,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-26 |title=Ali Abbas Zafar on Dil Diyan Gallan: The highlight is the Katrina portrait that Salman has drawn on a frozen lake |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-frozen-lake-austria-ali-abbas-zafar-dil-diyan-gallan-4964286/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601124618/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-frozen-lake-austria-ali-abbas-zafar-dil-diyan-gallan-4964286/ |archive-date=2018-06-01 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> with Khan and Kaif appearing at the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 11|11th season]] of ''[[Bigg Boss]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-26 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai's Dil Diyan Gallan: Katrina Kaif's Portrait By Salman Khan Will Win Your Heart |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tiger-zinda-hais-dil-diyan-gallan-katrina-kaifs-portrait-by-salman-khan-will-win-your-heart-1782911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515031621/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tiger-zinda-hais-dil-diyan-gallan-katrina-kaifs-portrait-by-salman-khan-will-win-your-heart-1782911 |archive-date=2024-05-15 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-26 |title=Bigg Boss 11 Weekend Ka Vaar highlights: Salman Khan, Katrina Kaif launch Tiger Zinda Hai song, win hearts |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-highlights-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-tiger-zinda-hai-4965538/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117215643/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/bigg-boss-11-weekend-ka-vaar-highlights-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-tiger-zinda-hai-4965538/ |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The album was released under the [[YRF Music]] label on 7 December.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiger Zinda Hai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Vishal–Shekhar and Julius Packaim |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tiger-zinda-hai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1324456542 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101055119/https://music.apple.com/in/album/tiger-zinda-hai-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1324456542 |archive-date=2023-01-01 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Apple Music}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x7NSt0TG24 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai Audio Jukebox {{!}} Salman Khan {{!}} Katrina Kaif {{!}} Vishal and Shekhar {{!}} Irshad Kamil |date=2017-12-07 |last= |type=Jukebox |publisher=YRF |access-date=2024-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829015853/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_x7NSt0TG24 |archive-date=2023-08-29 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical ===
Devarsi Ghosh of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote "[Vishal–Shekhar] seem to have been on auto-pilot mode in the five original tracks of this shoot-'em-up flick – nothing strikes and nothing lands".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2017-12-14 |title='Tiger Zinda Hai' soundtrack review: If only the songs were more alive |url=https://scroll.in/reel/861257/tiger-zinda-hai-soundtrack-review-if-only-the-songs-were-more-alive |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028020927/https://scroll.in/reel/861257/tiger-zinda-hai-soundtrack-review-if-only-the-songs-were-more-alive |archive-date=2022-10-28 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Devansh Sharma of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "the music of ''Tiger Zinda Hai'' offers more diversity than that of the first part but its best songs may not end up becoming the most popular of the year."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devansh |date=2017-12-15 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai music review: Vishal-Shekhar's album offers more diversity, less recall value |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-vishal-shekhars-album-offers-more-diversity-less-recall-value-4255049.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217013733/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-vishal-shekhars-album-offers-more-diversity-less-recall-value-4255049.html |archive-date=2017-12-17 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Vishal-Shekhar’s only release for the year gives the ''Tiger'' series some much needed sonic reprieve."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2017-12-18 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai's music album review: Second time's the charm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/second-times-the-charm/article21859694.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231836/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/second-times-the-charm/article21859694.ece |archive-date=2023-08-10 |access-date=2024-10-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' wrote "This tiger is alive and kicking".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2017-12-07 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai (Music review), Hindi – Vishal-Shekhar, Julius Packiam |url=https://milliblog.com/2017/12/12/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-hindi-vishal-shekhar-julius-packiam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115235929/https://milliblog.com/2017/12/12/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-hindi-vishal-shekhar-julius-packiam/ |archive-date=2018-01-15 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Pramod Gaikwad, writing for ''[[International Business Times]]'' stated: "To sum up everything, the combination Vishal-Shekhar and Ali Abbas Zafar in ''Tiger Zinda Hai'' has once again proved to be a winner after ''Sultan'' (2016) in terms of music."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaikwad |first=Pramod |date=2017-12-07 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai music review: Apart from Swag Se Swagat, the album is a perfect blend of genres |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-apart-swag-se-swagat-album-perfect-blend-genres-752911 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214000558/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-apart-swag-se-swagat-album-perfect-blend-genres-752911 |archive-date=2017-12-14 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=International Business Times India |language=en}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated three-and-a-half out of five and wrote "The music of ''Tiger Zinda Hai'' is primarily situational [...] there is ''<nowiki/>'Swag Se Swagat''' and that should keep the party goers happy till the next Salman Khan film arrives."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=2017-12-07 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai Music Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tiger-zinda-hai/songs/music-critic-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502142520/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tiger-zinda-hai/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=2018-05-02 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Bollywood Life]]'' described the album as "a mixed bag of dancing numbers and soulful melodies."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=2017-12-20 |title=Tiger Zinda Hai music review: The soundtrack of this espionage thriller is a treat for Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif fans |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-the-soundtrack-of-this-espionage-thriller-is-a-treat-for-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-fans-1124609/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811024430/https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/tiger-zinda-hai-music-review-the-soundtrack-of-this-espionage-thriller-is-a-treat-for-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaif-fans-1124609/ |archive-date=2022-08-11 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref>

=== Commercial ===
The album for ''Tiger Zinda Hai'' was the most streamed Hindi film soundtrack on YouTube garnering around 1.5 billion views.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-28 |title=Did you know Salman Khan starrer Tiger Zinda Hai is the most streamed album on YouTube? |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/salman-khans-special-message-from-tiger-3-out-now/103978708 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129145247/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/salman-khans-special-message-from-tiger-3-out-now/103978708 |archive-date=2023-11-29 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=Mirchi |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Tiger Zinda Hai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:29
| all_writing = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| title1 = Dil Diyan Gallan
| length1 = 4:20
| extra1 = [[Atif Aslam]]
| title2 = Zinda Hai
| note2 = Tiger Theme by [[Julius Packiam]]
| length2 = 4:14
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
| title3 = Swag Se Swagat
| length3 = 3:56
| extra3 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Neha Bhasin]]
| title4 = Daata Tu
| length4 = 4:14
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title5 = Tera Noor
| length5 = 4:42
| extra5 = [[Jyoti Nooran]]
| title6 = Dil Diyan Gallan
| note6 = Unplugged
| length6 = 4:03
| extra6 = Neha Bhasin
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Promotional singles
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Swag Se Swagat
| note1 = Arabic version
| length1 = 3:55
| extra1 = Rabin Baroud, [[Brigitte Yaghi]]
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Extended soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tiger Zinda Hai
| note1 = Teaser Theme
| length1 = 1:08
| extra1 = [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| title2 = Tiger Zinda Hai
| note2 = Trailer Theme
| length2 = 2:42
| extra2 = [[Julius Packiam]]
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Accolades for ''Tiger Zinda Hai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)''
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards|28 January 2018]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Irshad Kamil]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations – Mirchi Music Awards 2017 |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127233224/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/ |archive-date=27 January 2018 |access-date=13 March 2018 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{YRF Spy Universe}}

[[Category:2017 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]

Sabariya

2025-03-23T09:46:39Z

NamVanwagenen:

{{multiple issues|
{{essay-like|date=May 2013}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2013}}
}}

The Savaria are a [[Gond people]] of [[Janjgir-Champa district]] in [[Chhattisgarh]] state of India.

==Geographic distribution==
Most Sabariya people live in the Janjgir-Champa district. In other districts, such as [[Balauda bazar]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]], [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]] and [[Raigarh]], the Sabariya population is fewer and is mostly found in the areas that share borders with the Janjgir-Champa District.

A total of 99 villages were identified as having Sabariya members. Some villages have less than 10 members, others have a higher number. The villages with the highest Sabariya populations are Balauda(500 person) (381 persons), Kamrid (230 persons) and Nawagarh (200 persons).

Among the [[tehsil]]s, Jaijaipur, [[Champa, Chhattisgarh|Champa]], [[Akaltara]], [[Pamgarh]] and [[Janjgir]] have the highest number of Sabariya villages. Below is a summary of tehsils with the number of villages.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Tehsil!! District!! No. of Villages
|-
|Jaijaipur|| Janjgir Champa|| 15
|-
|Champa|| Janjgir Champa|| 13
|-
|Akaltara|| Janjgir Champa|| 12
|-
|Pamgarh|| Janjgir Champa|| 12
|-
|Janjgir|| Janjgir Champa|| 12
|-
|Baloda ||Janjgir Champa|| 9
|-
|Nawagarh|| Janjgir Champa|| 9
|-
|Malkharoda|| Janjgir Champa|| 6
|-
|Shakti|| Janjgir Champa|| 5
|-
|Dabhara|| Janjgir Champa|| 1
|-
|Bailaigarh|| Raipur|| 3
|-
|Masturi|| Bilaspur|| 2
|-
| || Total|| 99
|}

As in the article of Father Britto, the Sabariya do not have their own exclusive villages. They share only a part of the villages in which they live, and at the most, 35 families live in a village. However, they stay a little further from the houses of other communities.

==Language==
K. S. Singh listed Sabariya as ''Gond Sabaria'' in Singh 1998 and 1993 and said they speak [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. Singh (1993) highlighted the following points on Sabariya:
* They are a Scheduled Tribe.
* They speak Telugu among themselves (in-group).
* They speak Telugu, Chhattisgarhi and Hindi (inter-group).
* They live in Raigarh District, Madhya Pradesh [now in Chhattisgarh].

Most people that we met called their language Telugu, as reported in Singh and Menon 1997. They also called their language ''Sabri bhasha''.

Britto wrote, “They speak a mixture of Telugu and Chhattisgarhi”. There must be a lot of the roots of this language related to Telugu. But their speech is quite different from the Telugu spoken in Andhra Pradesh. Pastor Joseph, who is a Telugu speaker, did not understand their language. He had to learn it and now he can communicate with them to some degree.{{cn|date=October 2022}}

In 30 August 2021, a code change request to grant ISO 639-3 code [sdy] for Sabariya has submitted to SIL, but rejected in 15 December 2023 due to lack of evidences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2022-003|title=2022-003 {{!}} ISO 639-3|access-date=16 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Comments received for ISO 639-3 Change Request 2022-003 |url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2022/CR_Comments_2022-003.pdf |access-date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

==Sabariya people==
The Sabariya people we have interviewed said they came to Janjgir-Champa District about eight generations ago from Andhra Pradesh. They did not remember the region in Andhra Pradesh where they had come from. They came to Janjgir-Champa to dig a pond for a king, Raja Bhoj. That pond is still there in Champa town and has now been developed as a park. After digging that pond, the Raja did not make any arrangement for them to go back to their homeland, so they continued to live in Janjgir Champa.

They are called by various names such as Gonds (officially), Sidhar, Zamadhar, Sardar, Adivasi Gond and Sabariya. They prefer to be called Telugu Gond (Singh 1998). One man in Kotadabri village said that they were Gonds but they came to be known as Sabariya because they are experts in using “sabal”, an iron rod for digging earth (Singh1998:1064) . The most common name seems to be Sabariya, and people use that name most, so we have used that name in this report.

When we travelled in the Janjgir Champa District, the hospital staff could easily identify a Sabariya person, especially the elderly people. The men usually keep their hair long and tied in a bundle behind their head. They wear “Gamcha” a piece of cloth worn tightly around their loins.

Men and women work in fields, boys look after cattle, and small girls take care of the babies and houses. Their work includes tilling the ground, digging wells and foundations.

They continue to face land issues, so they meet together annually to discuss issues that they need to demand from the government, especially related to the land.

Primarily, the Sabariya people are Hindus and worship multiple gods. Some of the gods they have informed us about are Durga, Narsingha Dev Nath, Burhadev (a household god), Raja Bhoj, Vishnu, Mangal Dev, Sarangani, Paretin Dev, Dulha Dev (a household god).

There is an organization among the Sabariya called “Adivasi Samaj Seva Budadev”, which is just being established. Their office is in Sothi village and the president is Mr Jagdev from Munund village. This organization could become a bond that would unite the people of Sabariya. At this point, there is no strong leadership among them that can bring all of their people to one platform and approach the government.

Marriage takes place only among the Sabariya themselves. They do not intermarry with people from other communities (either giving or taking spouses for their children). Within Sabariya, they must marry someone from outside of one's own clan.

The population estimate is very vague. Some estimated it as high as 50,000 people. The document provided by the Adivasi Samaj Seva Budadev listed 86 Sabariya villages and a population of 5,744. This may be a reflection of their actual number because the Sabariya villages are widely scattered. The highest populated village has 380 persons, followed by 230 and then 200. All the other villages have less than 200. Some villages have a population as low as nine people.

Though they are tribals, the government has not recognized them as a Scheduled Tribe. The reason is not clear. They are in the process of getting their identity as a Scheduled Tribe recognized by the government.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Britto, F. M.. 2009. ''Illiterate, Migrant Children Get a Taste of Education, Thanks To Catholic Priests''. (May 13, 2011).{{failed verification|date=September 2015}}
* DDWS. 2011. Names of habitations in the yearly status report: Rural water supply programme. (May 13, 2011). A report on 13 May 2011, for Janjgir-Champa District.{{failed verification|date=September 2015}}
* Singh, K. S. and S. Manoharan. 1993. ''Languages and Scripts'' (People of India: National Series, Vol. IX). Delhi: Oxford University Press and Anthropological Survey of India. Page 105.
* Singh, K. S. 1998. ''India’s Communities: A-G'' (People of India: National Series, Vol. IV). Delhi: Oxford University Press and Anthropological Survey of India. Page 1064.
* Menon, T. Madhava. 1997. ''The Encyclopaedia of Dravidian Tribes'', Vol. II. Thiruvananthapuram: The International School of Dravidian Linguistics. Page 88. [Quoted from Singh, with a little additional information on Savaria].
* Blair, Frank. 1990. ''Survey on a shoestring: A manual for small-scale language surveys''. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.{{failed verification|date=September 2015}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Janjgir-Champa district]]
[[Category:Culture of Chhattisgarh]]

Aditya Birla Public School

2025-03-19T08:33:48Z

NamVanwagenen:

'''Aditya Birla Public School''' is the name of several [[Private school|private schools]] in India operated by the [[Aditya Birla Group]], including:

*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Rayagada]], Rayagada, Odisha, India
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Renukoot]], [[Renukoot]], Uttar Pradesh, India
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Renusagar]], Renusagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Rehla]], Rehla
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Veraval]], [[Veraval]], Gujarat, India
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Kotputli]], [[Kotputli]], Rajasthan, India
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Dalla]], [[Dalla, Punjab]], India
*[[Aditya Birla Public School, Rewa]], [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]], India

{{dab}}

Rajni Jha

2025-03-02T17:02:54Z

NamVanwagenen: Put up some pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian paraconoe athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Rajni Jha''' is an Indian para athlete from [[Madhya Pradesh]] who competes in canoeing. She qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Summer Paralympics]] in the canoeing women's KL2 event, earning India a quota place but her name was missing in the final list.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=India at Paris Paralympics 2024: Complete list of 84 athletes at Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> India also qualified through the [[2023 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships]] in [[Duisburg]], Germany; and 2024 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in [[Szeged]], Hungary.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=Canoeist Rajni qualifies for Paris Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/canoeist-rajni-qualifies-for-paris-paralympics/articleshow/110023111.cms |access-date=2024-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Jha is from Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matter Of Concern: World-Class Infra But Only 6 Athletes For Paris Olympics! |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/matter-of-concern-world-class-infra-but-only-6-athletes-for-paris-olympics |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> She is born with polio. She began at the MP Water Sports Academy run by the sports department of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":0" /> Senior national coach Mayank Thakur spotted her and introduced her to canoeing. She now trains under coach Pijush Kanti Baroi at the State Kayaking Canoeing Academy. She works in the RTO office at Bhopal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Para canoeist Rajni Jha qualifies for Paris Paralympics 2024 |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2024/5/11/Para-canoeist-Rajni-Jha-qualifies-for-Paris-Paralympics-2024.html |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jha represented India at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-21 |title=India at Asian Para Games 2023: Complete list of Indian athletes |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/india-at-asian-para-games-2023-complete-list-of-indian-athletes-china-hangzhou-2022-news/article67445414.ece |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She qualified after earning a third place at the Para Canoe World Championships at [[Hungary]] in May 2024.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajni, Jha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Paralympic canoeists for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Polio survivors]]
[[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

Masjid Akhonji

2025-01-24T16:18:18Z

NamVanwagenen: created new info.

{{Short description|Mosque in Mehrauli, Delhi, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Masjid Akhonji
| native_name = مسجد اخونجی
| native_name_lang = ur
| location = Mehrauli, [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5266810|77.1764680|display=inline|format=dms}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| functional_status = [[Demolished]]
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Islamic]]
}}

'''Masjid Akhonji''' was a historic mosque located in the [[Mehrauli]] area of Delhi, India. It was estimated to be approximately 600-700 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakhsh |first=Zenaira |date=2024-02-01 |title=‘How can 800-yr-old masjid be an encroachment?’ Mehrauli mosque demolition confounds historians |url=https://theprint.in/india/how-can-800-yr-old-masjid-be-an-encroachment-mehrauli-mosque-demolition-confounds-historians/1948768/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The mosque was a vital religious and cultural site in the area until its demolition in January 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=Mehrauli: A mosque demolished, and orphans displaced in India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-68137664.amp |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=BBC News |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== History ==
The exact date of the mosque's construction is uncertain, though it is widely believed to have been built during the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate]] period, possibly under the reign of [[Razia Sultana]] or later rulers. The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) listed the mosque in a 1920 catalog of historical monuments. Known for its modest design, the mosque had a three-arched entrance, carved stone pillars, and rubble masonry walls plastered for protection.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Masjid Akhonji: 700-Year-Old Mosque Razed by DDA, Court Asked to Intervene |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/masjid-akhonji-700-years-mosque-dda-court/amp |publisher=The Wire |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref>

== Demolition ==
On January 30, 2024, the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) demolished Masjid Akhonji. The demolition also included a [[madrasa]] and a [[Cemetery|graveyard]] adjacent to the mosque. The DDA claimed that the structures were encroachments on public land.<ref>{{cite web |title=600-Year-Old Mosque Demolished in Delhi |url=https://thekashmiriyat.co.uk/600-year-old-mosque-demolished-by-authorities-in-delhi/ |publisher=The Kashmiriyat |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=700-Year-Old Mosque Razed by DDA |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/masjid-akhonji-700-years-mosque-dda-court/amp |publisher=The Wire |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mogul |first=Rhea |date=2024-02-15 |title=‘Erasing a part of history’ – What a double mosque demolition tells us about India ahead of crucial election |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/15/india/india-mosque-demolitions-religious-divide-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

On February 5, 2024, the Delhi High Court intervened after the January 30 demolition of Masjid Akhonji. The court directed the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) to maintain the status quo on the land where the mosque stood. The mosque's demolition was criticized by the [[Delhi Waqf Board]], which claimed that the action was conducted irreverently, with records and religious texts destroyed, and the mosque's imam left homeless. The court's ruling applies only to the specific land where the mosque existed, not the surrounding areas<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Delhi High Court Asks DDA to Explain Mosque Demolition |url=https://scroll.in/article/1058312 |publisher=Scroll.in |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Architecture ==
The mosque was modest in size but featured traditional Indo-Islamic architectural elements. Its three-arched facade, intricately carved stone pillars, and plastered rubble masonry reflected the architectural style of Delhi's Sultanate period.<ref>{{cite web |title=Masjid Akhonji: 700-Year-Old Mosque Razed by DDA, Court Asked to Intervene |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/masjid-akhonji-700-years-mosque-dda-court/amp |publisher=The Wire |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:Destroyed mosques]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2024]]
[[Category:Former mosques in India]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]

Mawai, Raebareli

2024-12-15T15:27:24Z

NamVanwagenen: created new info.

{{other uses|Mawai (disambiguation){{!}}Mawai}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mawai
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Rohniya block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Mawai (#190) in Rohaniya CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.918542|N|81.389596|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1809
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mawai''' is a village in [[Rohaniya]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=365–74 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 35 km from [[Raebareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,809 people, in 314 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It does not host a permanent market or a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mawai as comprising 4 hamlets, with a total population of 819 people (450 male and 359 female), in 179 households and 172 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cxiv-cxv of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 628 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mawai as having a population of 1,088 people, in 258 households, and having an area of 254.14 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=240–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
UP-33

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Drugs Controller General of India

2024-10-18T09:26:57Z

NamVanwagenen: enhanced structure after review and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Director of CDSCO}}
{{cleanup|reason=this article is confusing, unorganized, and poorly written.|date=November 2019}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Drugs Controller General of India
| incumbent = Dr. Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
| department = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| constituting_instrument = [[Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940]]
| image =
| deputy = Drugs Controller General of India
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Drugs Controller General of India''' ('''DCGI''') is the head of department of the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]] of the [[Government of India]] responsible for approval of [[License|licences]] of specified categories of [[drugs]] such as blood and blood products, [[IV fluids]], [[vaccine]]s, and sera in India. Drugs Controller General of India, comes under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]].<ref>[http://cdsco.nic.in/forms/Default.aspx CENTRAL DRUGS STANDARD CONTROL ORGANIZATION] (accessed on 18 Oct 2014) [https://web.archive.org/web/20141023113749/http://cdsco.nic.in/forms/Default.aspx archived 2014.10.23]</ref> DCGI also sets standards for manufacturing, sales, import, and distribution of drugs in India.

== Function ==
DCGI lays down the standard and quality of manufacturing, selling, import and distribution of drugs in India.
* Preparation and maintenance of national reference standard.
* To bring about the uniformity in the enforcement of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act.
* Training of Drug Analysts deputed by State Drug Control Laboratories and other Institutions
* Analysis of Cosmetics received as survey samples from CDSCO (central drug standard control organisation)

With the notification of Medical Device Rules 2017 by the Government of India, DCGI will also act as Central Licensing Authority (CLA) for the medical devices which fall under the purview of these rules. Out of four Classes of medical devices from Class A to Class D, DCGI will be the direct licensing authority for Class C and Class D devices, whereas it will coordinate licensing for Class A and B devices through State drug controllers, who will act as State Licensing Authority or SLA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Medical Device Rules G.S.R. 78 (E) |url=https://www.apacmed.org/content/uploads/2017/03/Final_New-MD-rules-20-03-2017.pdf}}</ref>

== Governance ==
The government on 1 February 2023 appointed Dr. Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi as Drug Controller General of India. The government earlier on 14 August 2019 appointed Dr. VG Somani as Drug Controller General of India (DCGI). Dr. VG Somani succeeded S Eswara Reddy, the interim DCGI who was appointed in February 2018. DCGI heads the Indian drug regulatory body the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO), whose functions include ensuring the quality of drugs and cosmetics sold in the country, approval of new drugs and regulating clinical trials.<ref>4 SEP 2012, ET BUREAU, Economic Times [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/pharmaceutical-companies-told-to-submit-safety-reports-on-new-drugs-every-6-months/articleshow/16244666.cms Pharmaceutical companies told to submit safety reports on new drugs every 6 months] (accessed on 4 Sept 2012)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/announcements/govt-appoints-vg-somani-as-new-drug-controller-general-4338301.html|title=Govt appoints VG Somani as new Drug Controller General|website=Moneycontrol|date=14 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Zonal Offices Of CDSCO ==
The central government have established 6 zonal offices of CDSCO (Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation) at [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]], and [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]], [https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/Departments/Zones/Hyderabad-West/ Hyderabad], [[Ahmedabad]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction|url=https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/About-us/Introduction/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=cdsco.gov.in}}</ref> various Sub-Zonal offices and Port offices, which works in close collaboration with the state control administration and assist them in securing uniform [[enforcement]] of the Drug Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zonal Offices - CDSCO |url=https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/Zonal-office/ |website=www.cdsco.gov.in |publisher=MoHFW, Government of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cdsco.gov.in/opencms/opencms/en/Home/ Central Drugs Standard Control Organization], Government of India

[[Category:Drug safety]]
[[Category:Pharmacy organisations in India]]
[[Category:National agencies for drug regulation]]