Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Deepak Hooda

2023-10-13T18:44:34Z

Nakulsoni91:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{for|the kabbadi player|Deepak Niwas Hooda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Deepak Hooda
| image =
| country = India
| fullname = Deepak Jagbir Hooda
| nickname = Deepak
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|19 April 1995}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/497121.html Deepak Hooda | India Cricket | Cricket Players and Officials]. ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved on 2015-10-23.</ref>
| height = 6 ft 1 in<ref>[https://www.cricketerlife.com/deepak-hooda-biography/] on [[Cricketer Life]]</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| international = true
| internationalspan = 2022–present
| odidebutdate = 6 February
| odidebutyear = 2022
| odidebutagainst = West Indies
| odicap = 243
| odishirt = 57
| lastodidate = 30 November
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodiagainst = New Zealand

| T20Idebutdate = 24 February
| T20Idebutyear = 2022
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Icap = 97
| T20Ishirt = 57
| lastT20Idate = 1 February
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand

| club1 = [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| year1 = 2012/13–2020
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year2 = 2014–2015
| clubnumber2 = 5
| club3 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year3 = 2016–2019
| clubnumber3 = 5
| club4 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year4 = 2020–2021
| club5 = [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| year5 = 2021-Present
| club6 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year6 = 2022-Present
| column1 = [[One Day Internationals|ODI]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 141
| bat avg1 = 28.2
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 33
| deliveries1 = 150
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 39.67
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 1/6
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| columns = 3
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 46
| runs2 = 2,908
| bat avg2 = 42.76
| 100s/50s2 = 9/15
| top score2 = 293[[not out|*]]
| deliveries2 = 1,679
| wickets2 = 20
| bowl avg2 = 40.95
| fivefor2 = 2
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/31
| catches/stumpings2 = 47/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 Internationals|T20I]]
| matches3 = 6
| runs3 = 350
| bat avg3 = 68.33
| 100s/50s3 = 1/0
| top score3 = 104
| deliveries3 = 23
| wickets3 = 5
| bowl avg3 = 6
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/10
| catches/stumpings3 = 1/–
| date = 1 February 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/deepak-hooda-497121 Cricinfo
}}

'''Deepak Jagbir Hooda''' (born 19 April 1995) is an Indian International [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[Indian cricket team]]. He also plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] for [[Lucknow Super Giants]] and [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]] in the domestic cricket. He is an all-rounder who bats right-handed and bowls right-arm [[off break]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepak Hooda profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/deepak-hooda-497121|access-date=2022-02-09|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He made his international debut for India in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deepak Hooda profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/deepak-hooda-497121|access-date=2022-02-09|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=February 2022}}
Born to Jagbir Hooda, a [[Warrant officer|warrent officer]] in [[Indian Air Force]] and service player for Kabaddi himself, junior hooda was active in sports since childhood. He started playing cricket when he was in school. He played at senior level at the age of 14 when he represented Kendriya Vidyalaya U-17 cricket team in the SGFI in the year 2009. He was a wicket-keeper batsman earlier and then, he became a batting all-rounder.

==Domestic career==
According to his coach, Sanjiv Sawant, Hooda is a "very accurate bowler".<ref>{{cite web|title=Accuracy pays off for Deepak Hooda|date=16 February 2014|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/accuracy-pays-off-for-deepak-hooda/|publisher=Indian Express|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Hooda is also known to be an agile fielder.<ref>{{cite web|title=Deepak Hooda makes most of match practice|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-deepak-hooda-makes-most-of-match-practice-1976474|publisher=DNA India|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> He made his [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] debut on 10 April 2015 for [[Rajasthan Royals]] against [[Punjab Kings]] (then Kings XI Punjab) and scored 30 off 15 balls.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket scorecard - Kings XI Punjab vs Rajasthan Royals, 3rd Match, Indian Premier League 2015|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/14596/kxip-vs-rr-3rd-match-indian-premier-league-2015|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref> In his second match in IPL for Rajasthan Royals vs [[Delhi Daredevils]], he scored his maiden half-century scoring 54 off 25 balls and became the [[man of the match]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cricket scorecard - Delhi Capitals vs Rajasthan Royals, 6th Match, Indian Premier League 2015|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/live-cricket-scorecard/14599/dc-vs-rr-6th-match-indian-premier-league-2015|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

Hooda scored his first double-century in [[first-class cricket]] playing for Baroda in the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group A#Round 4|fourth round]] of the [[2016–17 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="Ranji">{{cite news |date=28 October 2016 |title=Deepak Hooda's 293* flattens Punjab |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2016-17-1053433/baroda-vs-punjab-group-a-1053535/match-report-2 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>

IN 2016 IPL auction, Hooda was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for a price of 4.2 crores. He was retained ahead of 2017 auction but was released by the team after the 10th edition of IPL. In January 2018, he was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |title=List of sold and unsold players |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1134446 |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He was released by the Sunrisers Hyderabad ahead of the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Where do the eight franchises stand before the 2020 auction? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/where-do-the-eight-franchises-stand-before-the-2020-auction-1206731 |access-date=15 November 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> In the [[List of 2020 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2020 IPL auction]], he was bought by the [[Kings XI Punjab]] ahead of the [[2020 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL auction analysis: Do the eight teams have their best XIs in place? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-auction-analysis-do-the-eight-teams-have-their-best-xis-in-place-1210632 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

In the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2022 IPL auction]], Hooda was bought by the [[Lucknow Super Giants]] for ₹5.75 crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/ipl-auction-2022-live-updates-day-1/article38413730.ece |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |title= PL Auction 2022 live updates|date=12 February 2022 }}</ref>

==International career==
In November 2017, Hooda was named in India's squad for their [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) series [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2017–18|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Washington Sundar, Thampi, Hooda in India's T20 squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/washington-sundar-basil-thampi-deepak-hooda-in-india-s-t20-squad-1128468|access-date=2021-04-13|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In February 2018, Hooda was named in India's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for the [[2018 Nidahas Trophy]], but he did not play.<ref name="India">{{cite web |url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17166/rohit-sharma-to-lead-india-in-nidahas-trophy-2018 |title=Rohit Sharma to lead India in Nidahas Trophy 2018 |work=BCCI Press Release |access-date=25 February 2018 |date=25 February 2018 |archive-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225211131/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2018/press-releases/17166/rohit-sharma-to-lead-india-in-nidahas-trophy-2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In December 2018, he was named in India's team for the [[2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1167689.html |title=India Under-23s Squad |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref>

In January 2022, Hooda was named in India's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad for their home series [[West Indian cricket team in India in 2021–22|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-2022-rohit-sharma-and-kuldeep-yadav-return-for-west-indies-odis-and-t20is-1298852 |title=Rohit and Kuldeep return for West Indies ODIs and T20Is |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> He made his ODI debut against the West Indies in the first ODI of the same series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278676.html |title=1st ODI (D/N), Ahmedabad, Feb 6 2022, West Indies tour of India and scored 26 runs of 32 deliveries.|work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=6 February 2022}}</ref> The following month, he was added to India's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad, also for their series against the West Indies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555868/kl-rahul-and-axar-patel-ruled-out-of-t20i-series |title=KL Rahul and Axar Patel ruled out of T20I Series |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=11 February 2022}}</ref> Also in February 2022, he was named in India's T20I squad for their series [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2021–22|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ravindra-jadeja-sanju-samson-back-in-india-squad-for-sri-lanka-t20is-1301954 |title=Ravindra Jadeja, Sanju Samson back in India squad for Sri Lanka T20Is |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=19 February 2022}}</ref> He made his T20I debut on 24 February 2022, for India against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1278684.html |title=1st T20I (N), Lucknow, Feb 24 2022, Sri Lanka tour of India |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>

In June 2022, Hooda was named in India's squad for their T20I series [[Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022|against Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-india-hardik-pandya-to-captain-india-in-ireland-t20is-rahul-tripathi-gets-maiden-call-up-1320109 |title=Hardik Pandya to captain India in Ireland T20Is; Rahul Tripathi gets maiden call-up |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> In the second match of the series, Hooda went on to score his maiden [[List of centuries in Twenty20 International cricket|T20I century]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ireland-vs-india-deepak-hooda-smashes-55-ball-century-to-put-india-in-command-in-2nd-t20i-1967865-2022-06-28 |title=Ireland vs India: Deepak Hooda smashes 55-ball century to put India in command in 2nd T20I |work=India Today |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> His partnership with [[Sanju Samson]] of 176 runs was the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Highest partnerships (by wicket)|highest partnership for the second wicket]] in men's T20I and the [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Highest partnerships by wicket|highest partnership for any wicket for India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/deepak-hooda-sanju-samson-register-highest-t20i-partnership-for-india-7997088/|title=Deepak Hooda, Sanju Samson register highest T20I partnership for India|work=Indian Express|date=28 June 2022|access-date=28 June 2022|language=en}}</ref>

He was also selected for India's squad for the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022 ICC T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=T20 World Cup, IND vs SA: Deepak Hooda Replaces Axar Patel as Rohit Sharma Elects to Bat Against South Africa |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/t20-world-cup-ind-vs-sa-deepak-hooda-replaces-axar-patel-as-rohit-sharma-elects-to-bat-against-south-africa-6271279.html |access-date=2022-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=497121}}

{{Baroda cricket squad}}
{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hooda, Deepak}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:India Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:Baroda cricketers]]
[[Category:India Blue cricketers]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian A cricketers]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:Lucknow Super Giants cricketers]]

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

2023-02-12T16:25:58Z

Nakulsoni91: Just published an influential work.

#REDIRECT [[Maulana Azad]]

Mallabhum

2022-12-16T22:58:12Z

Nakulsoni91: Created an insightful write-up.

#REDIRECT [[Mallabhum kingdom]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ministry of Steel (India)

2022-09-16T00:35:20Z

Nakulsoni91: Page crafted.

#REDIRECT [[Ministry of Steel]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Ministry of Textiles (India)

2022-04-08T06:55:58Z

Nakulsoni91: Published a well-researched resource.

#REDIRECT [[Ministry of Textiles]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
{{R from alternative title}}
}}

Electoral district

2022-02-07T14:26:31Z

Nakulsoni91: Published a well-researched resource.

{{Short description|Representative subdivisions}}
{{About|areas forming a single electorate|subdivisions of such an area|Electoral precinct|and|Polling station}}
{{Redirect|Constituency}}

{{Voting}}

An '''electoral district''', also known as an '''election district''', '''legislative district''', '''voting district''', '''constituency''', '''riding''', '''ward''', '''division''', or ('''election''') '''precinct''' is a subdivision of a larger [[State (polity)|state]] (a [[country]], [[administrative region]], or other [[polity]]) created to provide its population with representation in the larger state's [[legislative body]]. That body, or the state's constitution or a body established for that purpose, determines each district's boundaries and whether each will be represented by a [[Single-member district|single member]] or multiple members. Generally, only [[voters]] (''constituents'') who [[Residency (domicile)|reside]] within the district are permitted to vote in an [[election]] held there. District representatives may be elected by a [[first past the post|first-past-the-post]] system, a [[Proportional representation|proportional representative]] system, or another [[voting system|voting method]]. They may be selected by a [[direct election]] under [[universal suffrage]], an [[indirect election]], or another form of [[suffrage]].

==Terminology==
{{See also|List of electoral districts by nation}}
The names for electoral districts vary across countries and, occasionally, for the office being elected. The term ''constituency'' is commonly used to refer to an electoral district, especially in [[British English]], but it can also refer to the body of eligible voters or all the residents of the represented area or only those who voted for a certain candidate.

The terms ''(election) precinct'' and ''election district'' are more common in [[American English]].

In [[Canadian English]], [[Electoral district (Canada)|the term]] is used, especially officially, but is also colloquially and more commonly known as a ''[[Riding (division)|riding]]'' or ''constituency''. In some parts of Canada, ''constituency'' is used for provincial districts and ''riding'' for federal districts. In colloquial [[Canadian French]], they are called {{Lang|fr|comtés}} ("counties"), while ''circonscriptions {{Lang|fr|comtés}}'' is the legal term.

In Australia and New Zealand, electoral districts are called ''electorates'', however elsewhere the term ''electorate'' generally refers specifically to the body of voters.

In [[India]] electoral districts are referred to as "''Nirvācan Kṣetra''" ({{lang-hi|निर्वाचन क्षेत्र}}) in [[Hindi]], which can be literally translated to English as "electoral area" though the official English translation for the term is "constituency". The term "Nirvācan Kṣetra" is used while referring to an electoral district in general irrespective of the legislature. When referring to a particular legislative constituency, it is simply referred to as "Kṣetra" along with the name of the legislature, in Hindi (e.g. 'Lok Sabha Kshetra' for a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency). Electoral districts for municipal or other local bodies are called "wards".

Local electoral districts are sometimes called ''[[ward (electoral subdivision)|ward]]s'', a term also used for administrative subdivisions of a municipality. However, in [[local government in the Republic of Ireland|the Republic of Ireland]], voting districts are called [[local electoral area]]s.

[[File:Michael Moore LibDem MP Office.jpg|thumbnail|right|National and supranational representatives from electoral districts typically have offices in their respective districts. This photo shows the office of a Member of Parliament in the UK.]]

==District magnitude==
''District magnitude'' is a term invented by the American political scientist [[Douglas W. Rae]] in his 1967 [[PhD dissertation|dissertation]] ''The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws''.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Douglas W. Rae]]|year=1967|title=The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws}}</ref> It refers to the number of seats assigned to each district, and thus the easiness to be elected, as the threshold ''de facto'' decreases in proportion.

The concept of magnitude explains [[Duverger's Law|Duverger's observation]] that [[plurality voting]] tends to produce [[two-party system]]s, and [[proportional representation]] (PR) methods tend to produce [[multi-party system]]s.

District magnitude is minimal (exactly 1):
* in plurality voting in ''[[single-member district]]s'' (as in most cases)
* [[general ticket]], [[plurality block voting]] in [[plural district]]s, and certain pro-landslide [[party-list system]]s in ''multi-member districts'' (rarely used nationwide nowadays)

District magnitude is larger than 1 where multiple members are elected, such as under [[proportional representation]] or [[single transferable vote]] elections. In STV elections DM normally range from 2 to 10 members in a district. But 21 are elected in a single contest conducted through STV in New South Wales (Australia). In list PR systems DM may exceed 100.

District magnitude is maximized where:
* jurisdictions with a single electoral district for the whole elected body. This includes the legislatures of: [[Elections in South Africa|South Africa]] (1 district for 26.7 million registered people and 400 seats), [[Elections in the Netherlands|the Netherlands]] (1 district for 13 million and 150 seats), [[Elections in Mozambique|Mozambique]] (13 million, 250 seats), [[Elections in Serbia|Serbia]] (6.584 million, 250 seats), [[Elections in Israel|Israel]] (6.578 million, 120 seats), [[Elections in Slovakia|Slovakia]] (4.4 million, 150 seats), and [[Elections in Moldova|Moldova]] (3 million, 101 seats). In each of these cases, it takes less than a percentage point of the nation's electorate to capture a seat.
* systems use [[mixed-member proportional representation]], using both local multi-member constituencies (of various district magnitudes and seat-to-vote disproportions), and national [[leveling seats]], when the nationwide results have priority. That is the case in Scandinavia: [[Elections in Sweden|Sweden]] (6.53 million, 349 seats, see [[national apportionment of MP seats in the Riksdag]] article), [[Elections in Denmark|Denmark]] (4.2 million, 179 seats), [[Elections in Norway|Norway]] (3.7 million, 169 seats), and [[Elections in Iceland|Iceland]] (0.2 million, 63 seats). Since 2017, Germany's [[Bundestag]] is also made up of [[additional member system|additional members]] meant to make up for imbalances in the number of MPs (members of parliament) by state caused by [[overhang seat]]s.

DM is moderate where districts break up the electorate or where relatively few members overall are elected, even if the election is held at-large.

District magnitude may be set at an equal number of seats in each district. Examples include: all districts of the [[Northern Irish Assembly|Northern Ireland Assembly]] elected 6 members (5 members since 2017); all those of the [[Parliament of Malta]] send 5 MPs, whereas Chile, between 1989 and 2013, used a method called [[binomial voting]] which assigned 2 MPs to each district.

In many cases, however, multi-member constituencies correspond to already existing jurisdictions (regions, districts, wards, cities, counties, states or provinces), which creates differences in district magnitude from district to district:
*[[Republic of Ireland]] for the [[Dáil Éireann]]: 3-, 4-, and 5-member districts.
*[[Elections in Hong Kong#Legislative elections|Hong Kong]] for half of the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong]]: 5- to 9-member districts.
*The [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]]: 1- to 11-member districts.

The concept of district magnitude helps explains why Duverger's speculated correlation between proportional representation and party system [[political fragmentation|fragmentation]] has many counter-examples, as PR methods combined with small-sized multi-member constituencies may produce a low [[effective number of parties]].

In a system where votes are not wasted, a set proportion of votes, as a minimum, will be attained by each successful candidate. This is set as the inverse of the district magnitude plus one, plus one, the [[Droop quota]]. Droop is the mathematical threshold that is the mathematical minimum whereby no more will be elected than there are seats to be fill. It ensures election in contests where all votes are used to elect someone. (Probabilistic threshold should include the likely number of votes wasted to minor lists). For instance, a 10%-polling party will not win a seat in a 5-member district (Droop quota of 1/6=16.67%) but will do so in a 10-member district as its 10 percent of the vote exceeds the Droop quota in such a district (1/11=9%). In systems where a noticeable number of votes are wasted, such as Single non-transferable voting or Instant-runoff voting where voters are prohibited from ranking all candidates, you will see candidates win with less than Droop. Even in STV, if the rules permit voters not to rank all the candidates, some votes are declared exhausted and it is likely that one or two members in a district will be elected without attaining Droop.<ref>A Report on Alberta Elections, 1905-1982</ref><ref>[https://london.ca/sites/default/files/2020-09/2018%20Election%20Results.pdf 2018 City of London Municipal Election - Certified Results] london.ca Retrieved 4 April 2023</ref>

Larger district magnitudes means larger districts, so annihilate the need and practice of [[gerrymandering]], Gerrymandering is the practice of partisan redistricting by means of creating imbalances in the make-up of the district map, made easier by a multitude of micro-small districts. A higher magnitude means less wasted votes, and less room for such maneuvers. As well, a fair voting system in the district contests also means that gerrymandering is ineffective because each party gets their fair share of seats however districts are drawn, at least theoretically.

Multiple-member contests sometimes use [[plurality block voting]], which allows the single largest group to take all the district seats. Each voter having just one vote in a multi-member district, Single voting, a component of most [[party-list proportional representation]] methods as well as [[single non-transferable vote]] or [[single transferable vote]], prevents such a landslide.

=== Minorities ===
Magnitude is a major factor in the inclusion of [[Minority group|minorities]].

Plurality (and other elections with lower district magnitudes) are known to limit the representation of minorities. [[John Stuart Mill]] had first proposed [[proportional representation]] (PR) in the mid-19th century precisely to respond to this shortcoming.

With lower district magnitudes, the only way to include demographic minorities scattered across the country is to force parties to include them:
* women: some [[women in government#Quotas|gender quota]]s may compel registered parties to a certain sex ratio between the candidates they put forward in [[Single-member district|single-seat districts]]. This can also be an internal policy, as the one used by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] since 1995 (see [[all-women shortlist]]).
* ethnic groups:
** such a system is in use in [[Elections in Singapore|Singapore]] which requires one team member (at least) to be of a different race from the others. This is the system of the numerically dominant [[Group Representation Constituency|group representation constituencies]].
** in the United States, the Supreme Court ruled that districts should be drawn to create a number of [[minority-majority district]]s proportional to the minority population of the area (see [[majority minority in the United States]]). This is an implicit, not explicit requirement, based on [[zoning]].
** in New Zealand, the [[Maori electorate|Māori electorate]]s have been in use for over a century so that voters of Māori extraction can elect their own MPs; contrary to the US' solution, the Māori electorates overlap the generic electorates. And unlike the US, the distinction between ethnicities is explicit.

Greater magnitudes increase the chance for diverse walks of life and minority groups to be elected. However, it is not synonymous with proportional representation. A [[closed list]] PR method, for instance, gives the party machine the power to rank the candidates on the party list. In this case, greater magnitudes help minorities only if the party machines choose to include them.

==Apportionment and redistricting==
{{main|Apportionment (politics){{!}}Apportionment|Redistricting}}
''Apportionment'' is the process of allocating a number of representatives to different regions, such as states or provinces. Apportionment changes are often accompanied by ''redistricting'', the redrawing of electoral district boundaries to accommodate the new number of representatives. This redrawing is necessary under single-member district systems, as each new representative requires their own district. Multi-member systems, however, vary depending on other rules. Ireland, for example, redraws its electoral districts after every [[census]]<ref>[http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1997/en/act/pub/0025/sec0005.html §5: Establishment of Constituency Commission; Electoral Act, 1997] Irish Statute Book</ref> while [[Belgium]] uses its existing administrative boundaries for electoral districts and instead modifies the number of representatives allotted to each. [[Israel]] and the [[Netherlands]] are among the few countries that avoid the need for apportionment entirely by electing legislators [[at-large]].

Apportionment is generally done on the basis of [[population]]. Seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]], for instance, are reapportioned to individual states every 10 years following a census, with some states that have grown in population gaining seats. By contrast, seats in the [[Cantonal Council of Zürich]] are reapportioned in every election [[biproportional apportionment|based on the number of votes cast in each district]], which is only made possible by use of multi-member districts, and the [[House of Peoples of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], by contrast, is apportioned without regard to population; the three major ethnic groups – [[Bosniaks]], [[Serbs]], and [[Croats]] – each get exactly five members. ''[[Malapportionment]]'' occurs when voters are under- or over-represented due to variation in district population.

In some places, geographical area is allowed to affect apportionment, with rural areas with sparse populations allocated more seats per elector: for example in Iceland, the Falkland Islands, Scottish islands, and (partly) in US Senate elections.

=== Gerrymandering ===
{{main|Gerrymandering}}
''Gerrymandering'' is the manipulation of electoral district boundaries for political gain. By creating a few "forfeit" districts where opposing candidates win overwhelmingly, gerrymandering politicians can manufacture more, but narrower, wins for themselves and their party. Gerrymandering relies on the [[wasted vote|wasted-vote effect]], effectively concentrating wasted votes among opponents while minimizing wasted votes among supporters. Consequently, gerrymandering is typically done under voting systems using single-member districts, which have more wasted votes.

While much more difficult, gerrymandering can also be done under proportional-voting systems when districts elect very few seats. By making three-member districts in regions where a particular group has a slight majority, for instance, gerrymandering politicians can obtain 2/3 of that district's seats. Similarly, by making four-member districts in regions where the same group has slightly less than a majority, gerrymandering politicians can still secure exactly half of the seats.

However, any possible gerrymandering that theoretically could occur would be much less effective because minority groups can still elect at least one representative if they make up a significant percentage of the population (e.g. 20–25%), compared to single-member districts where 40–49% of the voters can be essentially shut out from any representation.

==Swing seats and safe seats==
{{main|Marginal seat|Safe seat}}
Sometimes, particularly under non-proportional winner-take-all voting systems, electoral districts can be prone to [[landslide election|landslide victories]]. A ''safe seat'' is one that is very unlikely to be won by a rival politician due to the makeup of its [[constituency]]. Conversely, a ''swing seat'' is one that could easily ''swing'' either way. In [[Elections in the United Kingdom#General elections|United Kingdom general elections]] and [[United States]] presidential and congressional elections, the voting in a relatively small number of swing seats usually determines the outcome of the entire election. Many politicians aspire to have safe seats. 
In large multi-party systems like [[India]], swing seats can lead to a [[hung assembly]] like situation if a significant number of seats go for regional parties instead of the larger national parties who are the main competitors at the national or state level, as was the situation in the [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower house of the [[Parliament of India]]) during the 1990s.

==Constituency work==
Elected representatives may spend much of the time serving the needs or demands of individual ''constituents'', meaning either voters or residents of their district. This is more common in assemblies with many single-member or small districts than those with fewer, larger districts. In a looser sense, corporations and other such organizations can be referred to as constituents, if they have a significant presence in an area.

Many assemblies allow free postage (through [[franking privilege]] or prepaid envelopes) from a representative to a constituent, and often free telecommunications. [[Caseworker (politics)|Caseworkers]] may be employed by representatives to assist constituents with problems. Members of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] (both Representatives and Senators) working in Washington, D.C., have a governmentally staffed district office to aid in constituent services. Many state legislatures have followed suit. Likewise, [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|British MPs]] use their Parliamentary staffing allowance to appoint staff for constituency casework. [[Client politics]] and [[pork barrel]] politics are associated with constituency work.

==Special constituencies with additional membership requirements==
{{Main|Reserved political positions}}
In some elected assemblies, some or all constituencies may group voters based on some criterion other than, or in addition to, the location they live. Examples include:
* By ethnic groups: [[Communal constituencies]] in Fiji; [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved seats in India]] for [[Anglo-Indian]]s and [[scheduled castes and scheduled tribes]]; [[Māori electorates]] in New Zealand.
* By qualification: [[University constituency]] in Ireland and formerly the United Kingdom, [[Functional constituency (Hong Kong)|functional constituency]] in Hong Kong.
* By residence outside the country: [[Overseas constituencies]] in [[Constituencies for French residents overseas|France]] and [[Overseas constituencies of the Italian Parliament|Italy]].

== Voting without constituencies ==
Not all democratic political systems use separate districts or other electoral subdivisions to conduct elections. [[Politics of Israel|Israel]], for instance, conducts parliamentary elections as a single district. The 26 electoral districts in [[Politics of Italy|Italy]] and the 20 in the [[Politics of the Netherlands|Netherlands]] have a role in the actual election, but no role whatsoever in the division of the seats. [[Ukraine]] elected half of the [[Verkhovna Rada]] (the Ukrainian Parliament) in this way in the [[2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election|elections in October 2012]].<ref name=newUKRelectionlawof171111>[http://www.kyivpost.com/news/politics/detail/117151/ "Parliament Passes Law on Parliamentary Elections"], ''[[Kyiv Post]]'', 17 November 2011.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{Terms for types of country subdivisions}}
{{Portal bar|Politics}}

[[Category:Constituencies| ]]
[[Category:Elections]]
[[Category:Electoral systems]]
[[Category:Types of administrative division]]