Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Modinagar

2026-05-08T15:22:17Z

Nagaraj15: adding some data initial version

{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Modinagar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Modi mandir.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Laxmi Narayan Mandir, Modinagar,
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.828|N|77.569|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1933
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal Committee
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 219.16
| population_total = 475,843
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| registration_plate = UP-14
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Khadiboli]]
<ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web |title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=133155 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518065514/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=133155 |archive-date=2015-05-18 |access-date=10 May 2015 |publisher=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201204
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 201204
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name = Dr. Manju Shivach <ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/modi-nagar-mla-results "Modinagar MLA"]</ref>
| leader_title1 = Chairman of NPP
| leader_name1 = Mr. Ashok Maheshwari <ref>[https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/ghaziabad/story---1674521.html "Modinagar Chairman"]</ref>
| official_name =
}}

'''Modinagar''' is a town and a [[municipal board]] in [[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is 24 km from [[Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad city]], 48 km from [[New Delhi]]. It is a part of [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].

The city was founded in 1933 by [[Gujarmal Modi]] who established the [[Modi Group|Modi Group of Industries]] here along with his brother, Kedar Nath Modi. It is approximately 45 [[kilometres]] north-east of [[New Delhi]]. It is situated on Ghaziabad Meerut [[National Highway 58 (India)|National Highway No. 58]], approximately equally distant from [[Meerut]] and [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]]. It is best known as the home of business conglomerate [[Modi Enterprises]]. In recent years, Modinagar has been developed as an [[educational]] hub as many new institutions are being established in and around the city due to its location in [[National Capital Region]]. Modinagar is also a part of [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]. It is connected to recently constructed Delhi - Meerut Expressway (NE-3) via Bhojpur exit.

==Boundaries==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2026}}
It lies in Lat. 280 50' north and Long. 770 35' east, 25 km north-east of [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]].

Modinagar lies on the [[Delhi]]-[[Mussoorie]] National Highway ([[National Highway 58 (India)|NH-58]]). Parallel to this road runs the [[Delhi]]-[[Saharanpur]] section of the [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway]]. A metalled road going to [[Hapur]] originates from the city. [[Modinagar railway station]] is in between [[Meerut]] and [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] stations. Most of the major express trains as well as all general passenger [[trains]] from [[Delhi]] to Meerut-[[Haridwar]]-[[Dehradun]] route stop at this railway station.

== Economics ==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2026}}
Modinagar is known as the home of Modi Enterprises. The area has long been associated with sugar mills. The climate and good irrigation are ideal for growing fruit and vegetables. In recent years, Modinagar has grown as a bedroom community to [[Delhi]] and hosts a growing technology industry.

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Modinagar (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|93.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|6.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|0.16}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Uttar Pradesh|Jainism]]|pink|0.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Uttar Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.03}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.09}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2006|alt=As of the 2006}} India census,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>
According to the final data, of Modinagar in Ghaziabad Municipal Corporation had a population of 475,843 and a sex ratio of 930 females per 1070 males. Males constitute 53.3% of the population and females 46.7%. Modinagar had high literacy rate of 86.75% compare to Ghaziabad because Ghaziabad had a literacy rate of 84.78% and also greater than the national average of 60.5%. Male literacy is 90%, and Female literacy is 78%. 15.67% of the population was under the age of 6 years. Modinagar have having a heavy dynamics with 93.45% Hindus and 6.05% are Muslims. Community present are [[Jats]] is largest community in Modinagar, [[SC/ST]]s is second largest community in Modinagar, [[Brahmin]]s is third largest community in Modinagar, [[Rajput]]s and [[Muslim]]s is fourth, [[Yadav]]s, [[Gujjar]]s, [[Prajapati]], [[Gadariya]] etc. Community population are around 160,050 are [[Jats]], 53,015 are [[SC/ST]] Castes, 52,050 [[Brahmin]]s including 28,050 [[Tyagi]]s, 38,950 [[Rajput]]s, 22,293 are [[Muslim]]s, 18,432 [[Gurjar|Gujar]]s, 16,154 [[Bania (caste)|Baniya]]s, 14,093 [[Gadariya]]s, 20,076 ([[Prajapati]], [[Saini]], [[Bhumihar]]) and 30,000 etc. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 12.68% and 0.12% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |year=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Ghaziabad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1214/download/3870/DH_2011_0909_PART_A_DCHB_GHAZIABAD.pdf |access-date= |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages in Modinagar (2011)<ref name="Lang"/>
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 19.24 |color2 = orange
|label1 = [[Khadiboli]] |value1 = 77.52 |color1 = Red
|label3 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value3 = 1.06 |color3 = pink
|label4 = Urdu |value4 = 2.18 |color4 = green
}}

[[Khadiboli]] is the most spoken language with 77.52 percent people speak [[Khadiboli]] in Modinagar. [[Hindi]] language is official language and largest population 19.24 percent spoke [[Hindi]]. Other languages such as [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], are spoken by a minority. There is a smattering of speakers of other languages due to Modinagar is near to Ghaziabad's position in the Delhi metro area.<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue - Uttar Pradesh (Town Level) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10235/download/13347/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0900.XLSX |access-date=27 June 2022 |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rail=={{unsourced section|date=May 2026}}
[[File:Namo Bharat Train Model.jpg|thumb|191x191px]]
The [[Delhi–Meerut_Regional_Rapid_Transit_System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]] is an 82.15 km (51.05 mi) long semi-high speed rail connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut. It is partly operational, with its second section from Sahibabad to Modinagar North opened to the public on 20 October 2023, and in 2024 the section from Modinagar to Meerut was also inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, Sh. Narendra Modi.

==Population of Modinagar Tehsil==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Particulars !! Rural!! Urban !! Total
|-
| Total Population || 2,96,176 || 3,41,309 || 6,37,485
|-
| Male Population || 1,58,479 || 1,81,395 || 3,39,874
|-
| Female Population || 1,37,697 || 1,59,914 || 2,97,611
|-
| Population Density || 1,542 / km² || 4,792 / km² || 2,421 / km²

|}

==Government and politics==
{{unsourced section|date=May 2026}}
In 2022, Assembly elections [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate Manju Shiwach won the election.

The city administration is based at Tehsil, Modinagar and both the top chairs of the city namely, Sub Divisional Magistrate and The Circle Officer of Police have office at Tehsil.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
https://web.archive.org/web/20110528213837/http://www.acledu.co.in/
* {{cite book|last=Herdeck|first=Margaret |author2=Gita Piramal |title=India's industrialists, Volume 1 India's Industrialists|publisher=Lynne Rienner |year=1985|isbn=0-89410-415-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcbBEHHI-90C&q=Gujarmal+Modi&pg=PA233|ref=Gi}}
* {{cite book|last=Saxena|first=Aruna |title=Perspectives in industrial geography: a case study of an industrial city of Uttar Pradesh|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1989|isbn=81-7022-250-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o31qeLOxQYsC&q=Gujarmal+Modi&pg=PA181|ref=Sa}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.nppmodinagar.com Modinagar City Nagar-Palika Website]
*
*

{{Modi Enterprises}}
{{Ghaziabad district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Modinagar| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ghaziabad district]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1933]]
[[Category:Company towns in India]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Industrial cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Modi Enterprises]]

Syed Abid Husain Senior Secondary School

2026-05-02T03:35:01Z

Nagaraj15: creating the stub w/ sources...

{{Short description|High school in New Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox school
| former_names = Jamia Senior Secondary School (Self-financed)
| schooltype = Senior Secondary
| sister_school = Jamia Sr. Secondary school, Jamia Girls Sr. secondary school, Jamia Middle school, Mushir Fatma Jamia Nursery school
| name = Syed Abid Husain Sr. Secondary school
| logo =
| logo_size = 100
| image = Jamia School.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Main building of S.A.H. Sr. Sec. School (right) adjacent to Jamia Middle school (left)
| motto = ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|ʻallam al-insān-a mā lam yaʻlam}}''
| motto_translation = Taught man what he knew not.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Surah Al-Alaq Verse 5 {{!}} 96:5 العلق - Quran O|url=https://qurano.com/en/96-al-alaq/verse-5/|access-date=5 July 2021|website=qurano.com|language=en}}</ref>
| location = [[Okhla]], [[Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|33|42.9732|N|77|17|5.3268|E|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| established = 1989
| school_board = Jamia Board (affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]])
| district = [[South East Delhi]]
| authority = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| principal1 = Shagufta Shandar
| staff =
| faculty =
| classes = Prep to Class XII
| avg_class_size = 40-60
| age_range = 
| enrollment = 2200+ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Combined Prospectus 2023-24 |url=https://jmicoe.in/pdf23/PROSPECTUS%202023-24%20(01.03.2023).pdf |website=Jamia Millia Islamia}}</ref>
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]]
| campus_type = [[co-educational]]
| colours = ''Antique White'' {{color box|antiquewhite}} and ''Saddle Brown'' {{color box|saddlebrown}}
| houses = [[Ali Jauhar|Jauhar]] {{color box|green}} [[Zakir Husain|Zakir]] {{color box|yellow}} [[Gandhi]] {{color box|red}} [[Nehru]] {{color box|blue}}
| schedule_type = Morning & Evening
| hours_in_day = 6 hrs
| nickname = S.A.H.S.S.S
| accreditation = 
| affiliation = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| website = {{URL|www.jmi.ac.in/ACADEMICS/School/Syed-Abid-Husain-Senior-Secondary-School/Introduction}}
}}

'''Syed Abid Husain Sr. Secondary School''' ({{Abbreviation|SAHSSS}}) is a [[Private school|self-financed school]] located in Jamia Nagar, [[Okhla]], [[Delhi]]. It falls under the jurisdiction of [[Jamia Millia Islamia]], its parent university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Schools |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/schools |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref> When JMI shifted from [[Aligarh]] to [[Karol Bagh]] in 1925, the premises of Jamia Schools were one of the first to be built in Okhla.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2020 |title=100 years of Jamia Millia Islamia: Institute with roots in national struggle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/100-years-of-jamia-millia-islamia-institute-with-roots-in-national-struggle/story-s6n3HdkjEuHOylSA7THkfM.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The school itself was founded in 1989 as a private self-financed school under [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Abid Hussain Senior Secondary School - Okhla, Delhi - Reviews, Fee Structure, Admission Form, Address, Contact, Rating - Directory |url=https://directory.edugorilla.com/school/syed-abid-hussain-senior-secondary-school-okhla-delhi-fee-structure-syllabus-address-admission-form-contact-number/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=EduGorilla Listings |language=en-US}}</ref> Although the school has its own board, it follows the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] pattern.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamia Millia Islamia Class 10, 12 results declared at www.jmicoe.in |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/jamia-millia-islamia-class-10-12-results-declared-at-www-jmicoe-in-1701668-2020-07-17 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=School head highlights achievement of students at Jamia's SAH Senior Secondary School Annual Day - The Okhla Times |url=https://www.theokhlatimes.com/school/ |access-date=2023-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Jamia_Millia_Islamia_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg|254x254px|thumb|The school hostel building on a 1970 India post stamp]]

Founded in 1989, Syed Abid Husain Senior Secondary School operates under the aegis of Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) in New Delhi. The school is named in honor of [[Syed Abid Husain]], a scholar, educator, and one of the founding members of Jamia Millia Islamia. Husain made significant contributions to Indian education and literature, writing extensively in both Urdu and English.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syed Aabid Husain - Profile & Biography |url=https://www.rekhta.org/authors/syed-aabid-husain/profile?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=Rekhta |language=en}}</ref> The school's buildings and hostels were among the first structures constructed in 1935 after Jamia relocated from [[Karol Bagh]] to [[Okhla]] during [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History - Jamia |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/About-Jamia/Profile/History/History |access-date=2025-03-01 |website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref>

==Admission==

Admissions are conducted on the basis of [[Entrance examination (education)|entrance examinations]] for classes 6th, 9th and 11th and on the basis of drawing of lots for [[preschool]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2023 |title=Jamia Millia Islamia (JMI) issues notification for school admissions 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/admissions/jamia-millia-islamia-jmi-issues-notification-for-school-admissions-2023-101677834424247.html |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JMI Admissions 2023: Applications for admission to open soon; read details here |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/jmi-admissions-2023-applications-for-admission-to-open-soon-read-details-here/cid/1920161 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
| title =
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
| File:Abdul Ghaffar Madholvi School Library.jpg
| Abdul Ghaffar Madholvi School Library
| class1=
| alt1=
| File:School playground of Jamia Millia Islamia.jpg
| School playground of Jamia Millia Islamia
| class2=
| alt2=
| File:
| Write a caption here
| class3=
| alt3=
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| class4=
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}}

==See also==
* [[Jamia Hamdard]]
* [[Education in Delhi]]
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of schools in Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Jamia Millia Islamia}}
{{Portal bar|India|Education|School}}
{{School education in India}}

[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Schools affiliated to CBSE]]
[[Category:Minority schools]]
[[Category:English-language schools]]
[[Category:Hindi-language education]]

{{Delhi-school-stub}}

Manilal Dwivedi

2026-05-01T04:22:08Z

Nagaraj15: adding a data with sources

{{short description|Gujarati poet and writer (1858-1898)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Manilal Dwivedi
| image = Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1858|9|26}}
| birth_place = [[Nadiad]], [[Bombay presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1898|10|1|1858|9|26}}
| death_place = Nadiad, Bombay presidency, British India
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* philosopher
* social reformer
}}
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| residence =
| nationality = Indian
| education = BA
| alma_mater = [[Elphinstone College]] {{small|(1877–1880; [[Bachelor of Arts]])}}
| period = [[Gujarati literature#Modern literature (1850 AD – present)|Pandit Yuga]]
| movement =
| notableworks = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Kanta (play)|Kanta]]'' (1882)
* ''[[Nari Pratishtha]]'' (1884)
* ''[[Monism or Advaitism?]]'' (1889)
* ''[[Siddhantasara]]'' (1889)
* ''[[Atmanimajjan]]'' (1895)
* ''[[Nrusinhavatar]]'' (1896)
* ''[[Gulabsinh]]'' (1897)
* ''[[Sudarshan Gadyawali]]'' (1909)
* ''[[Atmavrittanta]]'' (1979)
}}
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| years_active = 1876–1898
}}
'''Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi''' ({{IPA|gu|məɲilal nəbʰubʰai dvivedi|pron|Gu-Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi.oga}}; 26 September 1858 – 1 October 1898) was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati-language]] writer, philosopher, and social thinker from [[British Raj|British India]], commonly referred to as Manilal in literary circles. He was an influential figure in 19th-century [[Gujarati literature]], and was one of several Gujarati writers and educators involved in the debate over social reforms, focusing on issues such as the status of women, child marriage, and the question of whether widows could remarry. He held [[Eastern world|Eastern civilisation]] in high esteem, and resisted the influence of [[Western culture|Western civilisation]], a position which drew him into conflicts with other social reformers of a less conservative outlook. He considered himself a "reformer along religious lines".{{sfn|Shukla|1995|p=90}}

Manilal's writings belong to the ''[[Gujarati literature#Modern literature (1850 AD – present)|Pandit Yuga]]'', or "Scholar Era" – a time in which Gujarati writers explored their traditional literature, culture and religion in order to redefine contemporary Indian identity when it was subject to challenge from the influential Western model introduced under [[British Raj|colonial rule]]. His works include ''[[Atmanimajjan]]'', a collection of poems on the theme of love in the context of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] (non-duality) philosophy; ''[[Kanta (play)|Kanta]]'', a play combining [[Indian classical drama|Sanskrit]] and English dramatic techniques; ''[[Nrusinhavatar]]'', a play based on Sanskrit dramatic traditions; ''Pranavinimaya'', a study of [[yoga]] and [[mysticism]]; and ''[[Siddhantasara]]'', a historical critique of the world's religious philosophies. His faith in [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]'s Advaita philosophy provided the fundamental underpinning for his philosophical thought. He was invited to present a paper at the first [[Parliament of World Religions]], held in [[Chicago]] in 1893, but financial considerations made his participation there impossible.

Manilal's beliefs led him to search for perfection and love in his friendships with men and women, though he was often disappointed by his experiences. He married at the age of thirteen and had two children, but his wife left him in 1890. He had multiple sexual relationships with women, and also visited [[brothel]]s, where he contracted [[syphilis]]. He suffered from frequent bouts of serious illnesses throughout his life and died prematurely at 40. [[Narmad]], the founder of modern Gujarati literature, considered Manilal his intellectual heir. Manilal elaborated upon Narmad's line of thinking through his writings in the monthlies ''[[Priyamvada (magazine)|Priyamvada]]'' and ''[[Sudarshan (magazine)|Sudarshan]]'', which he edited from 1885 until his death.

==Biography==
Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi was born on 26{{nbs}}September 1858 at [[Nadiad]], [[Gujarat]], to a Sathodara{{efn-ua|A subcaste of the [[Nagar Brahmin]] Hindu caste whose ancestors belonged to a village named Sathod (near [[Dabhoi]]).}} [[Nagar Brahmin|Nagar]] family. His grandfather, Bhailal Dave, left eleven thousand rupees and a house to Manilal's father, Nabhubhai, who worked as a [[moneylender]] and sometimes as a [[Pujari|temple priest]]. Nabhubhai had little education but desired that his son learn enough to work as a clerk, and therefore had him attend school from age four.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=14–15}}

[[File:Elphinstone College and Sassoon Library.jpg|thumb|Manilal obtained his Bachelor of Arts from [[Elphinstone College]] in 1880.|upright=0.7|alt=Building of Elphinstone College, Bombay]]
[[File:Shamaldas College Bhavnagar.jpg|thumb|[[Samaldas College]], [[Bhavnagar]]|upright=0.7|alt=Building of Shamaldas College, Bhavnagar]]
He showed good progress at secondary school; he was ranked first in the annual examination of the second standard{{efn-ua|An educational stage equivalent to grade or year.}} and won a prize. His teacher promoted him to the fourth standard, but Manilal was unhappy with the promotion and requested to be returned to the third standard. He was not proficient in [[Sanskrit]] and [[geometry]], and failed Sanskrit in his [[Matriculation#India|matriculation]] examination in 1875. However, he was ranked second in examinations at [[Bombay University]] the following year, winning the James Taylor Prize.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=15–16}}{{efn-ua|A prize awarded to the student scoring highest in the political economy and history examination. {{harv|University of Bombay|1880|p=166}}}}

He joined [[Elphinstone College]] in 1877 and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in history and politics in 1880. Under pressure from his father to earn a wage, he left the college and completed his [[Master of Arts]] studies as an [[autodidact]]. He returned to Nadiad, and in July 1880, became an assistant teacher at the government high school. In 1881, he was transferred to Bombay as a deputy education inspector of girls' schools. He joined [[Samaldas College]] in [[Bhavnagar]] as a professor of Sanskrit in 1885 but retired in 1889 due to health problems.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1130–1131}}{{sfn|Topiwala|Soni|Dave|1990|p=268}} From November 1892 to July 1893, he stayed at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]], Gujarat, preparing a catalogue of more than two thousand manuscripts from [[Jain]] libraries. This resulted in the establishment of the [[Baroda State]] Archaeology Department, which he headed from December 1893 to July 1895.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1130–1131}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=32}}

Manilal was a delegate from Nadiad to the [[Indian National Congress]]'s Bombay convention in 1889. In 1890 he was elected as secretary of the Congress committee of [[Kheda district]], and that year he was also hired by the Universities of both Bombay and Punjab to be a Sanskrit examiner for their BA and MA examinations. He retained both positions until 1892, and was chairman of the Nadiad Municipality school committee from 1891 to 1893.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=33}}

[[Dhirubhai Thaker]], a biographer of Manilal, noted that Manilal had an impressive personality and was tall and handsome in appearance. He habitually wore a long coat, a [[brahmin]]-style [[dhoti]], a red [[turban]] and a long loose scarf hanging over his shoulders.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=38}}

===Personal life===
In 1871 or 1872 Manilal married Mahalaxmi; he was then thirteen years old and she was four. She gave birth to two sons, one in 1882 and the other in 1887; but the marriage was unhappy and she frequently returned to her parents' house, leaving Manilal permanently in 1890. Manilal was obsessed with the idea of a perfect loving relationship,{{efn-ua|For "perfect loving relationship", Manilal used the phrase "Shuddha Premsthan", which [[Tridip Suhrud]] translates as "pure locus of love". {{harv|Suhrud|1999|p=102}}}} and was demanding of his friends, expecting them to treat the friendship as more important than their other relationships. The resulting strain cost him several friendships. He was equally demanding of his women friends; in some cases the relationship included sex, though again he was often disappointed by the outcomes. While he was in Bombay, he fell in love with the wife of an acquaintance, and spent hours each day with her. He composed poetry for her, but gave up the relationship and left for Bhavnagar when he discovered he was not her only lover. Another affair was with Diwalibai, a teacher in a Bombay girls' school; Manilal initially rejected her but she persisted, sending him a series of love letters, and he finally wrote back, agreeing to a written correspondence. He refused to see her in person, however, and she died of tuberculosis in January 1886. Manilal's obituary for her in his magazine ''[[Priyamvada (magazine)|Priyamvada]]'' was unemotional, but his journal records his regret that he did not respond to her: "Fool that you were, you did not respond nor could you enjoy!".{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=33–36}} Diwalibai's letters were first published by [[Ambalal Purani]] in the November 1936 issue of ''[[Kaumudi (magazine)|Kaumudi]]'', a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] monthly. They were reproduced in Manilal's autobiography ''[[Atmavrittanta]]'' as an appendix.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=193}}

In 1891, Manilal began an affair with Ramlakshmi, the wife of his pupil Chhotu, which lasted two-and-a-half years. He also had a brief affair with Chhotu's [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]], Ladi.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|pp=125–127}} In his autobiography, he admitted to having had sexual relationships with a close friend's wife, his wife's aunt, a woman seeking a job, a local woman, several prostitutes, servants, and the daughter of a close friend.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=188}}

{{blockquote|At this point I will state that the main quest in my life was to find a pure locus of love. If such a locus happened to be a woman, preferably a wife, so much the better. But if in the absence of a woman such an intimacy could be established with a man, that too suited my purpose. I pined for friendship only with this object in mind. In friendship I insisted that I must be the sole object of love. To me, love meant complete identity – identity that makes one forget one's own self and feel exquisite pleasure in doing so. I did chance to come across some women to satisfy my thirst for love – not for sex – but I was disappointed by both – men and women, in consequence of which my love turned into longing.|author=Manilal Dwivedi|source=''[[Atmavrittanta]]'' (1979){{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=102}}}}

===Long term health problems and death===
In his autobiography, ''Atmavrittanta'', Manilal says that he visited [[brothel]]s during his college years, and contracted [[syphilis]] as a result.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=19}} As early as his first term there in 1877, he became aware he had genital [[chancre]]s, but, unfamiliar with syphilis and its long-term effects, he failed to seek treatment as they healed on their own. Later, he suffered from a severe bout of rheumatism.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=116}}

Four years later, he again began to suffer from penile ulcers, and by the following year, 1882, a rash of secondary syphilitic lesions erupted all over his body, with cysts forming on both his hands and feet. He put up with this painful condition for well over a year, and eventually gained a measure of relief.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=118}} When the symptoms resurfaced in 1886, he consulted doctors who diagnosed him as suffering from tertiary syphilis. The advance of the disease caused an ulceration of his nostrils and sinuses, and further damage to his respiratory tract. Due to the corrosive effects of the infection on his tonsils and [[soft palate]], he lost his ability to articulate and found it difficult to swallow food. He was treated over the following two years in Bombay and then Nadiad, and experienced a slight alleviation of his symptoms by 1888, after a successful operation for a [[Prosthesis|plate implant]]. The operation enabled him to recover his speech and resume his job at Bhavnagar, though his painful nasal and throat ulcerations persisted and required follow-up treatment in Bombay.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=124}} Manilal's confidence returned to the point that by January 1889, he felt sure a complete cure was possible, and indeed, by June, he experienced a notable improvement in both his general health and his speaking ability.{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=125}}

In September 1898, he developed [[jaundice]] and [[pleurisy]]. He died on the morning of 1{{nbs}}October 1898 while writing at his home in Nadiad.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=38}}

==Philosophy and social reform==
Manilal was an adherent of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaitism]],{{sfn|Yajnik|1979|pp=91–92}} a Hindu philosophical school that considers only [[Brahman]] to be ultimately real.{{sfn|Dasgupta|1975|p=50}}{{sfn|Ram-Prasad|2013|p=231}} He believed that the self and God are not different in any way, and he argued that the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' teaches this point of view rather than being a philosophical precursor of Advaitism.{{efn-ua|Thaker considers this a strained and unconvincing argument. {{harv|Thaker|1983|p=43}}}} He believed that [[Hindu monasticism|withdrawal from the world, as a religious practice]], was wrong, and that instead one should fulfil one's duties, and sacrifice oneself for love of the world. Without a dualism between the self and the world, self-sacrifice becomes its own reward, and there is no expectation of a worldly reward: instead the soul receives "the joy of self-realization" in discovering that it and the world are not different.{{sfn|Yajnik|1979|pp=91–92}}

Manilal's beliefs were the basis of his ethics and of his approach to the social reform questions of the day.{{sfn|Yajnik|1979|p=92}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=43–44}} By the late nineteenth century, a social reform movement was well established in Bombay and Gujarat, including early Gujarati writers such as [[Narmad]], [[Dalpatram]], [[Karsandas Mulji]], and [[Navalram Pandya]].{{sfn|Pandya|2004|p=16}}{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=88–89}} Many reformers – the "modernists" – wanted to abandon traditional customs and adopt Western practices, these were "outer reforms", in Thaker's words, directed at such things as equal rights for women and the elimination of caste restrictions.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=56}} Manilal was associated with the orthodox reaction to this movement, known as revivalists, who believed in "reforms along national lines".{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=88–89}}

Manilal was often critical of old customs, but he argued that true reform should not begin with simply abandoning Indian culture;{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=56}} his message, in the words of [[K.M. Munshi]], was "No surrender to the West".{{sfn|Shukla|1995|p=90}} Despite his vehement opposition to much of the social reformers' agenda, he considered himself to be a reformer – "a reformer along religious lines", since he believed that reforming religious ideas would lead to appropriate social reform.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=56}}{{sfn|Shukla|1995|p=90}} For example, he agreed with those arguing against caste-restrictions on social behavior, but did not approve of achieving this goal by concealing or lying about someone's caste.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=56}} He argued that although the caste system was harmful, abolishing it without changing the underlying social attitudes would fail, as social discrimination would continue in a different form.{{sfn|Raval|1987|pp=201–202}}

The difference between Manilal's approach and that of the modernists was apparent in the controversy over marriage customs in the 1880s.{{sfn|Raval|1987|pp=214–215}} In 1885, Manilal published his essay ''[[Nari Pratishtha]]''. In this essay, he opposed widow-marriage,{{sfn|Raval|1987|p=202}} which was traditionally forbidden even if the prospective husband died after betrothal but before the wedding,{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=58}} and argued that a woman who understood her moral duties would not wish to remarry should she become a widow.{{sfn|Raval|1987|p=202}}{{sfn|Raval|1987|p=202}} The reformer [[Behramji Malabari]] was attempting to move the government to legally establish an [[Age of Consent Act, 1891|age of consent]] for women, and to legislate in favour of widow-remarriage.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=26}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=57}}{{sfn|Raval|1987|pp=214–215}} Manilal believed that marriage between Hindus was a religious, rather than worldly act,{{sfn|Raval|1987|p=214}} and hence the government had no standing to determine what was right.{{sfn|Raval|1987|p=215}} He and Malabari entered into a public disagreement on the issue which continued for six months in the pages of ''[[Advocate of India]]'' and ''[[The Spectator (Indian newspaper)|The Indian Spectator]]''. Malabari tried to persuade Manilal to give up his opposition to this; Manilal refused.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=26}} A meeting of orthodox Hindus in the Madhav Baug{{efn-ua|A Hindu public space in [[Bombay]] that includes a Laxminarayan temple and other buildings. {{harv|Chopra|2003|pp=418, 451}}}} which discussed some of these issues concluded that the help of the Government was not welcome with regard to marriage customs; an attempt to amend this statement to acknowledge that some changes to marriage customs were necessary, though the government should not be involved, was unable to gain support. Manilal defended the Madhav Baug meeting, arguing that it would be wrong for the government to enforce changes.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=57–58}} Instead, Manilal found support for changes in the rules of widow-marriage in his reading of scriptures: by a controversial interpretation of a sentence from the ''Parasharasmriti'', a work on legal code and conduct, he asserted that a betrothed woman who has not yet married can marry another man if her intended husband dies.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=58}}

In Manilal's view, child-marriage was harmful but it was rare for the woman in such a marriage to actually go to her husband's household before [[puberty]], and he felt that the reformers were exaggerating the problem in order to gain support.{{sfn|Raval|1987|pp=214–215}} It was during the controversy over the Madhav Baug meeting that the case of [[Rukhmabai|Rukmabai]] became public. Rukmabai had been married at thirteen years of age, but had refused to live with her husband for nine years. Her husband filed suit to force her to live with him, and the [[Bombay High Court]] found in his favour; Manilal wrote articles attacking the reformist position, which further estranged him from the modernists.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=58–59}}

Reformers such as [[Ramanbhai Neelkanth]] spoke out against Manilal's conservatism.{{sfn|Ray|1981|p=382}} Manilal criticised the [[Prarthana Samaj]]{{efn-ua|A movement for social and religious reform started in Bombay in 1867.}} for importing the concept of [[God in Christianity|God]] as a [[Transcendence (religion)|transcendental]] creator from Christianity, which, according to him, was "the fifth edition of [[Indian religions|Aryadharma]] (Indian religion)". On behalf of the Prarthana Samaj, Neelkanth entered into a seven-year dispute with Manilal on numerous topics related to religion, philosophy, social reform, education and literature. Their public debates, carried on in the pages of Manilal's ''Sudarashan'' and Neelkanth's ''[[Jnanasudha]]'', are considered unparalleled in Gujarat's history of reflective literature.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=51}}{{sfn|Suhrud|1999|p=157}}

Overall, Manilal was critical of both the modernists' approach and of cultural orthodoxy in isolation; he argued that "there is no antagonism between the Old and the New. Both are essential qualities – inherent in everyone. The world cannot go on if the two were not blended together".{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=57}} His unwillingness to support legislative reforms that did not address the underlying cultural and religious beliefs led him to be labelled as a conservative, despite his belief that the caste system, traditional marriage customs, and the inequality of men and women in Indian society were problems that needed to be resolved.{{sfn|Raval|1987|pp=200–201}}

=== Social reform organizations ===
At the age of 15, he, along with his friends, started a small local group of Prarthana Samaj in Nadiad. In Bombay, he was associated with the Gujarat Social Union, an association of Gujarati graduates. He took a keen interest in [[mesmerism]] and [[occultism]]. He came into contact with Colonel [[Henry Steel Olcott]], the first President of the [[Theosophical Society]], and became a member in 1882, writing a series of articles on [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|theosophy]].{{sfn|Raval|1987|pp=198–199}}

Manilal was the secretary of [[Buddhi Vardhak Sabha]], a group of Bombay intellectuals interested in social reform issues that had been founded in 1850 but which had become inactive. Manilal relaunched it at the suggestion of his friend [[Mansukhram Suryaram Tripathi]] and the group's activities brought him in contact with Narmad, who later saw Manilal as his successor in the field of social reform.{{sfn|Raval|1987|p=199}}

==Works==
{{further|List of works by Manilal Dwivedi}}
Manilal's writings belong to the ''[[Gujarati literature#Modern literature (1850 AD – present)|Pandit Yuga]]'' – an era in which Gujarati writers explored the traditional literature, culture and religion to redefine contemporary Indian identity when it was challenged by the Western culture brought by the colonial rule.{{sfn|Panchal|1998|p=5}} His writing career began in 1876 with the poem ''Shiksha Shatak'' and continued until his death.{{sfn|Chavda|1980|p=733}} He contributed to almost all popular forms and published poems, plays, essays, an adaptation of an English novel, book reviews, literary criticism, research, edited works, translations, and compilations. His autobiography was not published until 1979. His prose writings have been collected in ''[[Sudarshan Gadyawali]]'' (1909). He was an exponent of Advaita philosophy; throughout his life, he interpreted all aspects of human life and civilisation in the context of [[Advaita Vedanta]],{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1130–1131}} writing several articles and books on the topic.{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}}

===Literary works===
In 1882, Manilal published his play ''[[Kanta (play)|Kanta]]''.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1130–1131}} A fusion of [[Sanskrit drama]] and [[Shakespearean tragedy]], the play had the first tragic hero in Gujarati drama.{{sfn|George|1992|p=126}} Manilal wrote another play, ''[[Nrusinhavatar]]'' (1896), at the request of the [[Mumbai Gujarati Natak Company]]. It was based on [[Narasimha|Hindu mythological episodes]], and was staged in 1899 after his death.{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}}

[[File:Amar Aasha by Manilal Dwivedi.jpg|thumb|''[[Amar Asha]]'', a [[ghazal]] by Manilal Dwivedi, in his handwriting]]
Manilal based his poetry collection ''[[Atmanimajjan]]'' (1895) on his own experiences, with the theme of love.{{sfn|Topiwala|Soni|Dave|1990|p=23}} It largely consisted of [[ghazal]]s in the style of [[Persian mysticism|Persian Sufis]]. Despite flaws of language, such as the misuse of [[Persian language|Persian]] words, they were held to capture the spirit of the ghazal according to critic [[Mansukhlal Jhaveri]]. Through them, Manilal illustrated the concepts of the Advaita Vedanta, and expressed his disappointments and his cravings for love. His ghazal "[[Amar Asha]]" is popular in Gujarati.{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}}

He adapted [[Edward Bulwer-Lytton]]'s novel ''[[Zanoni]]'' into Gujarati as ''[[Gulabsinh]]'' (1897).{{sfn|Choudhuri|2016|p=2267}} According to Thaker, "''Gulabsinh'' occupies an important place in Gujarati literature as a unique adaptation of an English novel, and as a novel of occult interest and a rare love-story of a human and a [[superhuman]] character."{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=70}} It was later adapted into the [[Gujarati theatre|Gujarati plays]] ''Prataplakshmi'' (1914) by [[Mulshankar Mulani]] and ''Siddha Satyendra'' (1917) by [[Chhotalal Rukhdev Sharma]].{{sfn|Choksi|Somani|2004|p=117}}{{sfn|Choksi|Somani|2004|p=124}}

After his death, the manuscript of Manilal's autobiography, ''[[Atmavrittanta]]'', was in the possession of Manilal's disciple, the scholar [[Anandshankar Dhruv]], who never allowed it to be published for fear that it would damage Manilal's reputation. It was finally published in 1979, eighty years after Manilal's death. It created a stir due to its outspoken nature and its unreserved accounts of his moral lapses, including his extramarital sexual relationships.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1130–1131}}{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=90–91}}

===Religious and philosophical writings===
Manilal made Vedantic philosophy popular among the Gujarati community, examining the main features of Indian philosophy and of Hinduism. He imparted to Gujarati readers an awareness of the foundation of their religion and culture.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=13–14}} He argued in his writings that the native culture of India was superior to that of the West. He was recognised both in India and in abroad as a staunch proponent of ancient Hindu traditions and as a learned Indian philosopher.{{sfn|Thaker|Desai|2007|pp=355–356}}

Shortly after moving to Bhavnagar, Manilal published a book in English entitled ''Raja Yoga'' ({{literal translation|King of all [[Yoga]]s}}), in 1885.{{sfn|Birch|2013|p=407}} This reproduced a lecture he had delivered on the topic of 'The Logic of Commonsense', together with an introduction to [[theosophist]] Tookaram Tatya's English version of the ''Bhagavad Gita''. The book also contained his English versions of the ''[[Dṛg-Dṛśya-Viveka|Vakyasudha]]'' and the ''[[Aparokshanubhuti]]''. The English orientalist [[Edwin Arnold]], who met with Manilal in [[Bhavnagar]] and conversed with him at length, admired the book for its content and clarity.{{efn-ua|Arnold wrote in his book, ''India Revisited'' (1886): "Nor does [[Poona]] or Bombay contain any ''[[Shastri (degree)|Shastree]]'', with clearer conclusions on Hindu theology and philosophy, better command of lucid language, or ideas more enlightened and profound than Mr. Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi... whose book just published on the ''Raja Yoga'' ought to become widely known in Europe and to converse with whom has been a real privilege" ({{harvnb|Thaker|1983|p=25}}, {{harvnb|Arnold|1886|p=106}}).}} Shortly after its publication, Manilal received a letter inviting him to speak in the 7th [[International Congress of Orientalists|Oriental Congress]] in Vienna, which was to be held in December 1886. However, the [[Indian Political Department|political agent]] of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] decided to replace Manilal with another candidate, [[R. G. Bhandarkar]].{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=25}} Manilal wrote two articles for later Oriental Congresses: the first on ''The Purans (Philosophy verses Symbology)'', which was written for the 8th Oriental Congress held in Stockholm in 1889; and another on [[Jain philosophy]] for the 9th Oriental Congress held in London in 1892. He was awarded a certificate of merit for the second article.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=30}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=46}}

Manilal wrote two books intended as a response to the Westernised reformist movement of his age. The first, ''Pranavinimaya'', contained practical expressions of spiritualism according to Hindu philosophy. It was written from 2 August to 9 September 1888 and published in December. It addresses mesmerism and presents a study of yoga and [[mysticism]]; it attempts to establish a similarity between mesmerism and yoga, and to establish the superiority of [[Spiritualism (beliefs)|spiritualism]] over [[materialism]].{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=29}}

The second book, ''[[Siddhantasara]]'', was a discourse on the theoretical aspects of Advaita philosophy in the context of other world religions. Manilal began writing it shortly after ''Pranavinimaya'', though his work was delayed by illness. It was completed in March 1889 and published in June.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=29}} It outlines the development of [[Indian philosophy]] and makes a case for the superiority of Advaita philosophy over all other religious philosophies. It created prolonged controversy; many were particularly critical of what they regarded as logical lapses and inconsistencies in Manilal's arguments.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|pp=45–47}}

He was invited to present a paper at the first [[Parliament of World Religions]], held in [[Chicago]] in 1893, but he could not afford to go. His paper on [[Hinduism]] was read there by [[Virchand Gandhi]].{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=418}}{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=31}} Manilal wrote several books in English which were well received in India, Europe and America, including ''[[Monism or Advaitism?]]'' (1889) and ''Advaita Philosophy''.{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}} He published an anthology of the aphorisms of [[Vedanta]] under the title ''The Imitation of Shankara'' (1895), with simultaneous publication in Gujarati as ''Panchashati''.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=37}}

===Social reform and educational writings===
In 1884, Manilal published ''[[Nari Pratishtha]]'' in eight installments in the weekly periodical ''[[Gujarati (magazine)|Gujarati]].'' It was republished, with additions, in book form in 1885.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=21}}{{sfn|Thaker|2011|p=31}} It deals with the status of women in Hindu tradition,{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=90–92}} and lays out Manilal's beliefs: in his view women were more capable of love and more dutiful than men, and that should be the focus of their education, though he also believed they should be taught subjects such as science and history.{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=91–92}} He believed that "a couple joined in love is undivided by death",{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=91–92}} so he considered widow remarriage a sin. He was opposed to teaching women English, and he believed that women's menstruation meant that they should not work outside the home.{{sfn|Shukla|1995|pp=91–92}}

In 1885, Manilal founded and edited a magazine called ''[[Priyamvada (magazine)|Priyamvada]]'' to discuss the problems faced by Indian womanhood. At the time, most Gujarati women were uneducated, and the magazine did not draw the response he had hoped for from the women's community, so in 1890 he renamed it ''[[Sudarshan (magazine)|Sudarshan]]'', and made it wider in scope.{{sfn|Chavda|1980|p=733}}{{sfn|Dalal|1999|pp=9–10}} He elaborated upon Narmad's line of thinking through his writings in these magazines which he edited until his death.{{sfn|Patel|2000|pp=38–39}} ''Sudarshan Gadyawali'' (1909) collects these articles, which cover subjects such as religion, education, sociology, economics, politics, literature and music. According to Jhaveri, with these magazines, Manilal emerged as the acknowledged master of Gujarati prose. ''Bal Vilas'' (1897) is a collection of Manilal's essays on religion and morality, written for schoolgirls.{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}}

===Translations===
Manilal translated the Sanskrit plays ''[[Bhavabhuti#Malatimadhava|Malatimadhava]]'' and ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'' by [[Bhavabhuti]] into Gujarati. Of these, ''Uttararamacarita'' was considered an excellent translation by Jhaveri. Manilal also translated [[Samuel Smiles]]'s ''Character'' into Gujarati as ''Charitra'' (1895),{{sfn|Jhaveri|1978|pp=101–104}} and [[Samuel Neil]]'s ''Culture and Self-Culture'' as ''Shikhsna ane Svashikshan'' (1897).{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=37}} He translated the ''Bhagavad Gita'' with commentary into Gujarati.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=29}} He prepared with translation and notes the English editions of [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yogadarshan]]'' and ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]'' for the Theosophical Societies of India and America respectively.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=30}}

== Reception ==
[[File:Plaque at birth place of Manilal Dwivedi.jpg|thumb|[[Commemorative plaque|Plaque]] at Manilal's birth place]]
Manilal, along with his fellow Gujarati writer Govardhanram Tripathi, significantly contributed to Gujarati literature. The period of their activity (1885–1905) is recognised as the ''Mani-Govardhan Era'' rather than by a general terms such as ''Sakshar Yuga'' or ''Pandit Yuga''.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=54}} Anandshankar Dhruv publicly described Manilal as a ''Brahmanishtha'' (one who always keeps his mind fixed on the Supreme Brahman, the [[ultimate reality]]).{{sfn|Patel|2000|pp=38–39}} Thaker wrote a biographical play, ''[[Uncho Parvat, Undi Khin]]'' (1993; 'Lofty Mountain, Cavernous Valley'), based on Manilal's life.{{sfn|Desai|2002|p=69}}

Manilal occupies a distinctive place in Gujarati literature. Throughout his life, he struggled at both a personal and public level to live up to the practical principles he elicited from his reading of the Advaita Vedanta tradition. His vision combined an ardent advocacy of [[Aryan]] philosophy with a [[Hindu]] worldview. He endeavoured to publicise his opinions to counteract what he saw as the blind enthusiasm of his fellow Indians for Western culture. Manilal thought that the [[Nonduality (spirituality)|non-dualistic]] philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, despite its complexity, contained important values which could inspire people to lead practical lives while remaining faithful to its ideals.{{sfn|Thaker|1983|p=11}}

[[Mahatma Gandhi]], during his first stint in gaol in South Africa in January 1908, read widely in the literature of Western writers such as [[Tolstoy]], [[Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson|Emerson]] to enlarge his vision and, "among the masters of Indian philosophy", he turned to Manilal's book on ''Raja Yoga'' and his commentary on ''Bhagavad Gita''.{{sfn|Parel|1997|p=6}}

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist-ua}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book| chapter = A Model Native State
| last = Arnold | first = Edwin | year = 1886
| author-link = Edwin Arnold
| title = India Revisited
| publisher = [[Roberts Brothers]] | location = Boston
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B5s2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA99
| pages = 99–116
}}
*{{cite journal | title = Rājayoga: The Reincarnations of the King of All Yogas
| last = Birch | first = Jason
| journal = [[International Journal of Hindu Studies]]
| date = December 2013 | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 399–442
| doi = 10.1007/s11407-014-9146-x | jstor = 24713650 | s2cid = 143065487
| url = https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/35262/1/Birch%20Ra%CC%84jayoga%20IJHS.pdf }} {{Closed access}}
*{{cite book| title = Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography
| last = Chattopadhyaya | first = Rajagopal | year = 1999
| publisher = [[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]] | location = Delhi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA418
| page = 418
| isbn = 978-81-208-1586-5
}}
*{{cite journal | title = The 19th Century Social Reform in Gujarat: A Contemporary Evaluation
| last = Chavda | first = Vijay Singh
| journal = Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
| year = 1980 | volume = 41 | page = 733
| jstor = 44141900
}} {{Closed access}}
*{{Cite book| title = Gujarati Rangbhoomi: Riddhi Ane Ronak
| script-title = gu:ગુજરાતી રંગભૂમિ: રિદ્ધિ અને રોનક
| trans-title = Compilation of Information regarding professional theatre of Gujarat
| editor1-last = Choksi | editor1-first = Mahesh
| editor2-last = Somani | editor2-first = Dhirendra
| year = 2004
| publisher = [[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]] | location = Ahmedabad
| language = gu
| pages = 117, 124
| oclc = 55679037
}}
*{{Cite book| title = The City and Its Fragments: Colonial Bombay, 1854–1918
| last = Chopra | first = Preeti
| publisher = University of California | location = Berkeley
| volume = 2
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=A11OAQAAMAAJ
| date = 2003
| oclc = 937449532
}}
*{{cite book| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: I-L
| editor-last = Choudhuri | editor-first = Indra Nath
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]] | location = New Delhi
| volume = 3 | page = 2267
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z4ruAQAACAAJ
| date = 2016
| isbn = 978-81-260-4758-1
}}
*{{cite book| title = Princes And the Press
| last = Dalal | first = Yasin | year = 1999
| publisher = [[Saurashtra University]] | location = Rajkot
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aI9KAQAAIAAJ
| oclc = 82772563
}}
*{{cite book| title = A History of Indian Philosophy
| last = Dasgupta | first = Surendranath | year = 1975
| author-link = Surendranath Dasgupta
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | location = Delhi
| volume = 1 | page = 50
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&pg=PA50
| isbn = 978-81-208-0412-8
}}
*{{cite book| title = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti
| editor-last = Datta | editor-first = Amaresh
| year = 1988
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi
| volume = 2 | pages = 1130–1131
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1130
| isbn = 978-81-260-1194-0
}}
*{{cite book| title = More Happenings: Gujarati Theatre Today (1990–1999)
| last = Desai | first = S.D. | year = 2002
| publisher = [[Gujarat Sahitya Academy]] | location = Gandhinagar
| page = 69
| isbn = 81-7227-113-1
}}
*{{cite book| title = Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems
| editor-last = George | editor-first = K. M. | editor-link = K. M. George (writer)
| year = 1992
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA126
| page = 126
| isbn = 978-81-7201-324-0
}}
*{{cite book| title = History of Gujarati Literature
| last = Jhaveri | first = Mansukhlal | year = 1978
| author-link = Mansukhlal Jhaveri
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DA0RAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 101–104
| oclc = 639128528
}}
*{{cite book| title = B.K. Thakore
| last = Panchal | first = Shirish | year = 1998
| author-link = Shirish Panchal
| publisher = [[Sahitya Akademi]] | location = New Delhi
| series = [[Makers of Indian Literature]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gZZjWzi42eUC&pg=PA5
| page = 5
| isbn = 978-81-260-0373-0
}}
*{{cite book| title = Tagore's ''Chitra'' and Aurobindo's ''Savitri'': A Comparative Study
| last = Pandya | first = Ketki N. | year = 2004
| publisher = Atlantic Publishers | location = New Delhi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ENRie2M4z9gC&pg=PA16
| isbn = 978-8-126-90353-5
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Introduction
| last = Parel | first = Anthony J. | year = 1997
| title = Gandhi: 'Hind Swaraj' and Other Writings
| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]] | location = New York
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QG9xAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6
| pages = xiii–lxii
| isbn = 978-0-521-57405-1
}}
*{{cite book| title = Moral and Social Thinking In Modern Gujarat
| last = Patel | first = C. N. | year = 2000
| author-link = C. N. Patel
| publisher = [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]] | location = Gandhinagar
| pages = 38–39
| oclc = 297205718
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Dreams and Reality: The Śaṅkarite Critique of Vijñānavāda
| last = Ram-Prasad | first = Chakravarthi | year = 2013
| author-link = Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
| title = Epistemology: Indian Philosophy
| editor-last = Perrett | editor-first = Roy W.
| publisher = Routledge | location = New York
| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hfVXAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA231
| page = 231
| isbn = 978-1-135-70294-6
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Reform Controversy and New Approach to Cultural Synthesis
| last = Raval | first = R. L. | year = 1987
| title = Socio-Religious Reform Movements in Gujarat During the Nineteenth Century
| publisher = Ess Ess Publications | location = New Delhi
| pages = 185–232
| oclc = 838404380
}}
*{{cite book| title = Western Colonial Policy: A Study on its Impact on Indian Society
| editor-last = Ray | editor-first = N. R.
| year = 1981
| publisher = Institute of Historical Studies | location = Culcutta
| volume = 1 | page = 382
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bDY-AAAAMAAJ
| oclc = 916707731
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Gujarati Cultural Revivalism
| last = Shukla | first = Sonal | author-link = Sonal Shukla | year = 1995
| title = Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture
| editor-last = Patel | editor-first = Sujata | editor-link = Sujata Patel
| publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New Delhi
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZJPAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 88–98
| isbn = 978-0-19-563689-5
}}
*{{cite thesis| type = Ph.D thesis| title = Narrations of a Nation: Explorations Through Intellectual Biographies
| last = Suhrud | first = Tridip | year = 1999
| author-link = Tridip Suhrud
| publisher = School of Social Sciences, [[Gujarat University]] | location = Ahmedabad
| chapter = Love, Desire and Moksha: Manibhai Nabhubhai and the Loss of Svadharma
| chapter-url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/46631/8/08_chapter%203.pdf
| url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/46631
| hdl = 10603/46631
}}
*{{cite book| title = Manilal Dwivedi
| last = Thaker | first = Dhirubhai | year = 1983
| author-link = Dhirubhai Thaker
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi
| series = [[Makers of Indian Literature]]
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6Wg4AAAAMAAJ
| oclc = 10532609
}}
*{{cite book| title = Keṭalāka Sāhityika Vivādo
| script-title = gu:કેટલાક સાહિત્યિક વિવાદો
| trans-title = Some Literary Controversies
| last = Thaker | first = Dhirubhai | year = 2011
| publisher = [[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust]] | location = Ahmedabad
| language = gu
| page = 31
| oclc = 741752210
}}
*{{cite book| title = Gujarat: A Panorama of Heritage of the Gujarat
| editor1-last = Thaker | editor1-first = Dhirubhai
| editor2-last = Desai | editor2-first = Kumarpal | editor2-link = Kumarpal Desai
| year = 2007
| publisher = [[Gujarati Vishwakosh|Gujarat Vishwakosh Trust]] | location = Ahmedabad
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=g4oMAQAAMAAJ
| pages = 355–356
| oclc = 180581353
}}
*{{Cite book| title = Gujarati Sahitya Kosh: Arvachinkal
| script-title = gu:ગુજરાતી સાહિત્ય કોશ: અર્વાચીનકાળ
| trans-title = Encyclopedia of Gujarati Literature: Modern Era
| editor1-last = Topiwala | editor1-first = Chandrakant | editor1-link = Chandrakant Topiwala
| editor2-last = Soni | editor2-first = Raman
| editor3-last = Dave | editor3-first = Ramesh R.
| year = 1990
| publisher = [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | location = Ahmedabad
| volume = II
| language = gu
| oclc = 26636333
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = The James Taylor Prize
| year = 1880
| author = University of Bombay
| title = The Bombay University Calendar
| publisher = Thacker | location = Bombay
| page = 166
}}
*{{cite book| chapter = Philosophy in Gujarati
| last = Yajnik | first = J. A. | year = 1979
| title = Philosophy in the Fifteen Modern Indian Languages
| editor-last = Bedekar | editor-first = V. M.
| publisher = The Council for the Marathi Encyclopaedia of Philosophy | location = Pune
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FogRAAAAMAAJ
| pages = 74–103
| oclc = 911837204
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book| title = Maṇilāla Nabhubhāī Dwivedīnuṃ Jīvanacaritra
| script-title = gu:મણિલાલ નભુભાઈ દ્વિવેદીનું જીવનચરિત્ર
| trans-title = Biography of Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi
| last = Purani | first = Ambalal | year = 1951
| author-link = Ambalal Purani
| publisher = [[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] | location = Ahmedabad
| language = gu
| url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.305093/2015.305093.Manilal-Nabhubhai#page/n185/mode/2up
| via = [[Internet Archive]]
| oclc = 35740385
| ref = none
}}
*{{cite book| title = Manilāla Nabhubhāi: Sāhityasādhana
| script-title = gu:મણિલાલ નભુભાઇ: સાહિત્ય સાધના
| trans-title = Works of Manilal Nabhubhai
| last = Thaker | first = Dhirubhai | year = 1956
| publisher = Gurjar Grantharatna Karyalay | location = Ahmedabad
| language = gu
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305012 | via = [[Internet Archive]]
| oclc = 80129512
| ref = none
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisourcelang|gu|સર્જક:મણિલાલ દ્વિવેદી|Manilal Dwivedi}}
* {{Gbooks-author|Manilal Nabhubhai Dvivedi}}
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
* [https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ghp_booksection_detail/Mjc4OC00MTkyLTEx#page/1/mode/2up Works by Manilal Dwivedi] at [[Gandhi Heritage Portal]]
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Dvivedi Manilal Nabhubhai}}
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.423861|name=''Kanta'', play by Dwivedi}}
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.419689|name=''Pranvinimay''}}
* {{Internet Archive|id=in.ernet.dli.2015.256431|name=''Bal Vilas''}}

{{Manilal Nabhubhai Dwivedi}}
{{Authority control}}
{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Manilal Nabhubhai}}
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Culture of Payyanur

2026-05-01T01:16:22Z

Nagaraj15: new first details basic info

{{Short description|none}}
{{cleanup|reason=Overall formatting and appearance|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}

'''The culture of Payyanur''' reflects the area's coastal north Kerala setting and its long-standing connections to the wider cultural region of the [[Kannur district]] and [[Kerala]]. Located in [[Payyanur]] in northern Kerala, southern India, local life is shaped by temple-centred customs, seasonal festivals, and performing arts traditions that are shared with nearby localities while retaining distinctive local fixtures and places of worship.

==Uliyathu Kadavu==
Uliyathu Kadavu holds historical significance due to the iconic Salt Satyagraha of 1930, led by K. Kelappan. Payyanur offers a serene and welcoming environment for tourists. Located at the heart of the town, Gandhi Park features an impressive display of public art, developed through the efforts of the [[District Tourism Promotion Councils (DTPC)]]. The nearby village of Kunhimangalam is renowned as the “Land of Mangoes.”

==Theyyam==
[[File:Bali theyyam, Payyannur.jpg|thumbnail|Bali Theyyam]]
Like any other place in Kannur, 'Theyyam' and religious festivals (Kaliyattam) of various temples in and around will be attraction of Payyanur.

==Sree Kappattu Kazhagam==
Sree Kappattu Kazhagam is one of the most important ''kazhakam'' (Temple) in Payyanur, Kannur belonging to the [[Maniyani (caste)|Maniyani]] community. Important theyyams are performed during the ''Kaliyattam'' (festival). 39 Theyyam are performed during Kaliyattam. ''Poorakkali'' is another traditional artform, every year it will be hosted in the kazakam during the month of May. [[Marathukali]] (''Poorakkali'') is an important event held every year, which is a part of pooram festival. Kappttu Kazhagam is very well known for its "Perumkaliyattam" - Kaliyattam usually celebrated once in every 25 years. Last kaliyattam was celebrated in 1996. Due to the pandemic situation in 2020, kaliyattam was postponed.Now the temple officials Decided to celebrate "Perumkaliyattam" from 25 February 2024 to 3 March 2024.

The main families related to Kappat are:
#Puthiyaramban Tharavadu
#Thekkadavan Valiyaveedu
#Mattummal Tharavadu
#Kunnummal Tharavadu
#Manakkat Veedu
#Thekkadavan Padinjarveedu
#Thekkadavan Vadakkeveedu
#Thekkadavan Kallath
#Thekkadavan Kizhakee Veedu
#Thekkadavan Thekkeveedu

==Sree Muthappan Madappura, Keloth==
Sree Muthappan Madappura is one of the oldest madappura in Payyanur Area, The Madappura has great historical connection with Puthiyaramban Taravadu. The madappura officials has decided to celebrate the Tiruvappana Teyyam From 2016 onwards.

==Kandothidam Sree Someswari Temple Kandangali ==
Kandothidam Sree Someswari Temple is in Kandankali, Payyanur. This is one of the oldest temple in Payyanur Region. Devi is the main god of temple. After evening pooja Devi prasadam (appam and payasam) are given to devotees.

==Kunhimangalam Sree Malliyottu Palottu kavu==
[[File:Kerala Folklore Museum 2018-04-02u.jpg|thumb|Palottu Dhaivam displayed at Kerala Folklore Museum]]

Kunhimangalam Sree Malliyottu Palottu kavu is a temple situated at Kunhimangalam near Payyanur. It is about 2 km from Ezhilode on Payyanur-Kannur Road. The presiding deity is Palottu Daivam. Spanning an area of 5 acres, the kavu houses a nalukettu, sanctums of several gods and goddesses, Kailasakkallu, Kodimaram and Pattupura. There is also a Devi temple outside the Nalukettu. The priest of Palottu Daivam is Malliyodan whereas for other gods, it is Anthithiriyan. According to the historical evidences it is believed that the Palottu Daivam is the incarnation of Lord Vishnu to kill Hayagreevan, a demon. The temple is named after Malliyodan. Formerly, the temple was known as Shri Kurumba Temple. Many festivals are celebrated here which includes the five-day Vishu festival from the 1st to 5th of Malayalam month Medam (April) and the three-day Bharani festival. The annual ten-day Pooram festival from Karthika asterism to Pooram asterism in the Malayalam month of Meenam (March – April) also attracts a large number of people. One of the main traditional custom during the vishnu festival is the submitting Pal(milk) to the theyyam at early morning by Mullikodan/ ettiatt Taravadu.

==Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi Ramanthali==

[[Muchilot Bhagavathi]] is the chief goddess of Vaniya community. An exploration into the history of the goddess, Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi, the source of all prosperity, the reservoir of all knowledge and an immeasurable ocean of benevolence, reveals the fact that there are various opinions related to her life. Some of her devotees believe her to be the goddess bloomed from the sweat of [[Lord Shiva]] shed at the time of his stupendous dance on the Mount Kailasa. Whereas some others believe her to be a deity incarnated on the earth with a "prasadam" to purgate the world of all kinds of incurable diseases, or a goddess sent to earth in the form of flame to annihilate all the evils on the earth.

But some scholars are of the unanimous opinion that she was a Brahmin virgin born in "Rayaramangalath Mana" in the village of Peringellur, near [[Taliparamba]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi |title=Muchilot Bhagavathi Theyyam | THEYYAKKOLAM |access-date=2013-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101042637/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/muchilot-bhagavathi |archive-date=2013-11-01 }}</ref> Those were the days after the betrothal of the virgin renowned for her unfathomable Vedic knowledge. It so happened that "Peringellur Mootha Gurukkal" (a Brahmin) and his disciples challenged the "Naduvazhi", on the request of the "Naduvazhi" the Brahmin virgin took part in the "Naduvazhi". The mesmerizing arguments and counter arguments darted by the virgin against "Mootha Gurukal" and his disciples stunned them and so they were envious of her. Being very shrewd and deceptive, they meditated to trap her somehow.

So they asked her two questions: "Which is the most excruciating pain?" "What is the most ecstatial state?" "Labour pain" and "erotic state", she answered innocently.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.karipodymuchilot.com/muchilotBhagavathi.html |title=Karipody Thirur Muchilot , Muchilot Bhagavathi |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061801/http://www.karipodymuchilot.com/muchilotBhagavathi.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They distorted her answers stating that woman having no such mundane experiences could never answer those questions and so she was not virgin. The issue ended up in her excommunication. The innocent and fragile virgin being struck by the arrows of deception from the Brahmins took asylum at the scared feet of "[[Payyanur]] Perumal", "Karivellurappan" and "Rayaramangalath Bhagavathi", with a heart full of woes. She adored them and offered all the despairs and throes of her heart before their divine presence and resolved to immolate herself.

As she was preparing her pyre, a "Muchilot Karnavar" happened to reach there. On her request, he poured oil from a pot into the fire with much reluctance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://priyeshmb.hpage.co.in/muchilottu-bhagavathi_44491007.html |title=Sree Kadannappally Muchilottu Kavu |access-date=14 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082807/http://priyeshmb.hpage.co.in/muchilottu-bhagavathi_44491007.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thus she immolated herself and her soul departed to [[Lord Shiva]]. With a fraternal love, [[Lord Shiva]] sent her back to the earth with some boons, a golden fan, jewelry and various weapons to redeem the world. The Karnavar having seen the immolation of the virgin was full of grief and kept "Thuthika"(the empty pot) in the "Padinjattakam"(Pooja room), Karnavar's wife had an apparition vision of Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi, as she was drawing water from the well. Meanwhile, "Thuthika"(the empty pot) kept in the "Padinjattakam"(Pooja room) started tossing in the air. In an astrological speculation the Karnavar had an apocalypse that the soul of the virgin had been sent back by [[Lord Shiva]] to abide in him. The goddess whom the Karnavar places in a silver tabernacle in the "Padinjattakam", to worship began to be known as Sree Muchilot Bhagavathi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/narathsreemuchilottubhagavathi/muchilottu-bhagavathi|title = Muchilottu Bhagavathi - ॐ-Narath Shree Muchilottu Bhagavathi Kshethram-ॐ}}</ref>

== Sree Muchilot Kavu , Korom==

Korom a village in Payyanur entered into the tourism map of Kerala as a result of the proposed Perumkaliyattam - one of the popular [[theyyam]] forms- at Sree Muchilot Kavu in 2009. In 2009, [[Muchilot bhagavathi|Muchilot Bhagavathi]] Kavu Perumkaliyattam (The Big "feast" at Muchilottu goddess shrine)to be held at Korom in Payyanur and Vengara near Pazhayangadi. The perumkaliyattam consistes of several customs and rituals like Varachuvekkal (painting), kalnattu karmam (stick one's foot), upadevadha theyyattams ([[theyyam]] for sub-gods, vellattam (getting drunk) and then the thirumudi uyaral (upheaval of hairs) of [[Muchilot bhagavathi|Muchilot Bhagavathi]] (Goddess of Muchilottu). A prasadam feast is organised in a grand manner by giving food to more than a lakh devotees symbolising the marriage of Muchilottamma (Mother lordess of Muchilottu). Perumkaliyattams played a great role in the social formation of north Kerala as cited

== Chenankavu, Korom==

One of the most renowned [[Bhagavathi]] temples in north Kerala, [[Chenankavu]] Temple is located in Korom village. Annual festival used to feature a galore of Theyyams, like Karichamundi.

==Penunthanniyuur Subramanya Swami Temple==

Perunthanniyuur Subramanya Swami Temple is another historic temple in Payyanur. A Subramanya temple, which is lacking a Sarpa Pratishta, which was destroyed by Tippu Sulthan, and further by communist revolutions in North Malabar is with least facilities. The Deva Prashna carried out, defines that the Sarpa Kaave (sarpa pratishta) can play a unique role in maintaining the temple from downfall. This findings by the means of prashna that the Subramanya idol has a scar on its forehead, which was further justified by the Sri. Shankaran Namboothiri, the temple priest, sitting in the srikovil of the temple.

[[File:Payyannur 36.jpg|thumbnail|Kandoth Temple entrance]]

==Sree Rayarothidam Someswari Temple==

This temple is located at Padinjarekkara, Kadannappalli West. It is one of the famous Bhagavathi temple. Currently the temple is undergoing renovation work managed by Mr.E.P.G. Nambiar(Chennai)and other members of Erankot Tharavadu. Every year during the month of January (Makaram 17) theyyam "Karimchamundi" is performed in the temple.

==Sree Makeel Mundyakkavu, Kozhummal==

''Makeel Mundyakkavu'' is one of the famous and ancient 'kavu'(temple) situated at green village called Kozhummal, which is about 7 km away from Payyanur town.

==Other places of worship==
*Thayinery Sri Kurinhi kshethram
*Kadangottu Maakkam Bhagavathi temple, Kunhimangalam
* Kandothidam Someshwari temple
* Uma Maheswara Temple
* Thuluvannur Maha Vishu Temple
* Kaarali Bhagawathi Temple
* Mavicheri Sree Bhagawathi Temple
* Madathumpadi Subrahmanya Swami Temple
* Kotty Sree Aadhi Kannangadu Temple
* Kandangali Kanakath Kazhakam Poomala Bhagavathi Temple
* Thalayanneri poomala bagavathi kavu
* [https://theyyamkerala.in/kandoth-sree-koormba-bhagavathi-kshethram-kaliyaattam/ Kandoth Sree Kurumba Bhagavathi Temple]
* Vellur Sree Chamakkavu Bagavathy Temple
* [https://theyyamkerala.in/vellur-shree-kottanacherry-mahakshethram/ Kottanachery Maha temple Vellur]

==Notable people==
*[[V. P. Appukutta Poduval]], freedom fighter.
*The native place of legendary [[Kathakali]] master [[Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair]] is not far from this town.
*[[Unnikrishnan Namboothiri]]
*[[P. V. Kunhikrishnan]]
*[[K. U. Mohanan]]
*[[Malavika Mohanan]]
*[[Ganapathi S Poduval]]
*[[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]]
*[[K. C. Venugopal]]
*[[Chidambaram S. Poduval]]
*[[M. K. Raghavan]]
*[[Anaswara Rajan]]
*[[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]]
*[[A. C. Sreehari]]
*[[Satheesh Babu Payyannur]]
*[[P. Kunhikrishnan]]
*[[Sahal Abdul Samad]]
*[[Mohan Kupleri]]
*[[Parvathy Nambiar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kannur district}}

[[Category:Culture of Kannur district]]

Malini Jeevarathnam

2026-04-26T22:21:37Z

Nagaraj15: adding new biography first draft

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Malini Jeevarathnam
| birth_place = [[Paramakudi]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = Actor, film director
| yearsactive = 2017–present
}}

'''Malini Jeevarathnam ''' is an Indian documentary film director, who primarily works in [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are known for their acting and documentary work on LGBTQ+ issues.

== Personal life ==
Malini Jeevarathnam was born in Paramakudi, [[Tamil Nadu]] Ramanathapuram district. They studied Master's in Media Arts from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] and assisted [[Pa. Ranjith]] on his movie [[Madras (film)|Madras]], and in 2016 film [[Aruvi]], directed by [[Arun Prabu Purushothaman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=18 January 2018 |title=Misconception that only cities have lesbian women: Malini on 'Ladies and Gentlewomen' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/misconception-only-cities-have-lesbian-women-malini-ladies-and-gentlewomen-74946 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=Malini Jeevarathnam: On Self-respect, Queerness and Finding her Feet in Chennai |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/malini-jeevarathnam-on-self-respect-queerness-and-finding-her-feet-in-chennai/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521170835/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/malini-jeevarathnam-on-self-respect-queerness-and-finding-her-feet-in-chennai/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Career ==
Inspired by Ranjith's progressive ideas and the support from the film crew, they decided to come out as a lesbian, a decision that profoundly influenced their personal and professional life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ayyappan |first=Aathira |date=30 October 2019 |title=Why does queer filmmaker Malini Jeevarathnam obsessively make movies on LGBT issues? |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2019/Oct/30/why-does-queer-filmmaker-malini-jeevarathnam-obsessively-make-movies-on-lgbt-issues-8833.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref> They have done multiple short films around queerness in Tamil.

===Ladies and Gentlewomen===
With this motivation, they made their directorial debut with the 2017 documentary [[Ladies and Gentlewomen]] which talked about love, life, and suicide among lesbians. This venture was supported and produced by Pa. Ranjith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijaykumar |first=Vaishali |date=7 September 2020 |title=Finding life in a Queer-friendly city |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/Sep/07/finding-life-in-a-queer-friendly-city-2193343.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

This documentary has received Best Documentary awards at the Norway Tamil Film Festival, nominated for an award at the Pune International Queer Film Festival Out & Loud, and received many other accolades around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=18 January 2018 |title=Misconception that only cities have lesbian women: Malini on 'Ladies and Gentlewomen' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/misconception-only-cities-have-lesbian-women-malini-ladies-and-gentlewomen-74946 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2018 |title=Hearts that don’t follow rules |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/hearts-that-dont-follow-rules/article22741980.ece |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Why So Straight?===

Why So Straight is a short film that briefly explores the life of a queer artist named Ameya, from Pune. Despite its brevity, the film excels in instilling hope and showcasing sensitivity to uniqueness and gender fluidity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirra |first=Jaya Gomathi |date=28 July 2022 |title=Neon Lights and a Revolution of Joy: On the documentary Why So Straight? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/Jul/28/neon-lights-and-a-revolution-of-joy-on-the-documentary-why-so-straight-33190.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Balancing love, celebration, and acceptance with pain, rage, and estrangement, it offers a nuanced portrayal of queer experiences.

The film premiered at Medai Stage in Chennai earlier this year during a private event organized by filmmaker and producer Pa Ranjith.<ref>{{Cite news |title="குயர் படங்கள் அடுத்த 10 ஆண்டுகளில் அதிகம் வரும்" – மாலினி ஜீவரத்தினம் |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-60544406 |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref>

In 2023, they had also launched their production house Veytikaari Productions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Rupam |date=22 June 2023 |title=Ticket 9 — Queer Art Festival celebrates the Pride Month |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/art/2023/Jun/22/ticket-9-queer-art-festival-celebrates-the-pride-month-50207.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, they also worked as a script consultant for Kaadhal Embadhu Podhu Udamai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=28 June 2023 |title=Pride Month: Love, queer and beyond |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Jun/28/pride-month-love-queer-and-beyond-2589115.html |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which talks about a lesbian relationships.

== Activism ==

They have been a vocal activist in Chennai, Tamil Nadu and Kerala queer activism spaces. They identify as gender fluid, non-binary person, and prefer ''they/them'' pronouns.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2020 |title=Chennai: She, he, ze, or xi? Pronouns make a difference |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/she-he-ze-or-xi-pronouns-make-a-difference/articleshow/78776423.cms |access-date=3 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They have been part of multiple protests and panels in and around the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=8 June 2023 |title=American Centre in Chennai to hold panel discussion on LGBTQI+ community on June 10 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/american-centre-in-chennai-to-hold-panel-discussion-on-lgbtqi-community-on-june-10-717333 |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of actor credits for Malini Jeevarathnam
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
| 2024
| [[Inspector Rishi]]
| Chithra
| Tamil
| Web Series
|-
|2024
|Love And Let Love<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |first=Akchayaa |date=21 February 2024 |title=Love and Let Love: An evocative short film on queer joy, tolerance |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/love-and-let-love-an-evocative-short-film-on-queer-joy-tolerance |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|
|No Dialogue
|Short Film
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
! class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Ladies and Gentlewomen]]''
| Documentary Films about love, life, and suicide among lesbians.
|-
|2022
|''Why So Straight?''
| The story of a queer artist called Ameya Hemmadi.<ref>{{Cite news |title="குயர் படங்கள் அடுத்த 10 ஆண்டுகளில் அதிகம் வரும்" – இயக்குநர் மாலினி ஜீவரத்தினம் |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/india-60544406 |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=BBC News தமிழ் |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mirra |first=Jaya Gomathi |date=28 July 2022 |title=Neon Lights and a Revolution of Joy: On the documentary Why So Straight? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2022/Jul/28/neon-lights-and-a-revolution-of-joy-on-the-documentary-why-so-straight-33190.html |access-date=26 March 2025 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Kaadhal Embadhu Podhu Udamai
|Worked as a Script Consultant
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeevarathnam, Malini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Non-binary directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:People from Ramanathapuram district]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ film directors]]
[[Category:Indian non-binary people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian queer people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ artists]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ models]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

1996 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh

2026-04-26T05:18:15Z

Nagaraj15: creating new post first draft

{{Short description|General Election in Madhya Pradesh}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh, 1996
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1991 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh
| previous_year = 1991
| next_election = 1998 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh
| next_year = 1998
| election_date = April–May 1996
| seats_for_election = 40 seats
| leader1 =
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 27
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 15
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 =
| image2 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=70|width=80}}
| image1 = {{eppt|Bharatiya Janata Party|height=70|width=80}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 8
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 19
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats_before1 = 12
| seats_before2 = 27
}}
In the [[1996 Indian general election]] for [[Madhya Pradesh]] polls were held for 40 seats in the state. The result was a major victory for the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] which won 27 seats.[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]] fared poorly in this election and managed to won only 8 seats.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/96_Vol_I.pdf |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTIONS, 1996 TO THE ELEVENTH LOK SABHA, VOLUME 1 |access-date=14 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413154823/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Links/Books/96_Vol_I.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2018 |url-status=live |website=Chief Electoral Officer — Madhya Pradesh}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances ==

==={{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|39
|-
| style="background-color: green;"|
| [[Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| 1
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Digvijaya Singh]]
| 40
|-
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
!colspan="2"|Party
! flag
! Symbol
! Leader
! Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
| [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]
| 33
|-
| {{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| [[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50x50px|centre]]
| [[Mayawati]]
| 28
|}

==List of Candidates==
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP+]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}" |[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
!1
|[[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashok Argal
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Babu Lal Solanki
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dr. Pritam Prasad Choudhary
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Mukat Singh Sakhwar
|-

!2
|[[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dr. Ram Lakhan Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dr. Pt. Vishwanath Sharma
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Kedar Nath Kushwah (Kachhi)
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Rajesh Singh Bhadoria
|-

!3
|[[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
|{{party name with color|Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress|shortname=MPVC|color=#008000}}
|Madhavrao Scindhiya
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shashibhushan Bajpai
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Phool Singh Baraiya
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!4
|[[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|K. P. Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Prakash Singh Dhakad
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Sardar Singh Raghuwanshi
|-

!5
|[[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Virendra Kumar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anand Tulsiram Ahirwar
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Jaikaran Saket
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Uttam Khatik
|-

!6
|[[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Uma Bharti
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Manvendra Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|R. D. Prajapati
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!7
|[[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ram Krishna Kusmaria
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mukesh Nayak
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Sukhnandan Patel
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Raj Bahadur Singh
|-

!8
|[[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Toshan Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Sukhlal Kushwaha
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Arjun Singh
|-

!9
|[[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Parveen Kumari
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunder Lal Tiwari
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Buddha Hasen Patel
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!10
|[[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manik Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Moti Lal Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Basanti
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Tilak Raj Singh
|-

!11
|[[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gyan Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dalabir Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Phunde Lal Singh Marko
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-
!12
|[[Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency|Surguja]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Larangsai
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Khelsai Singh
|rowspan=2 style="background:white;"|
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Bhanu Pratap Singh
|-

!13
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nand Kumar Sai
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pushpa Devi Singh
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Shrimati Uma Rathiya
|-

!14
|[[Janjgir–Champa Lok Sabha constituency|Janjgir]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manaharan Lal Pandey
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhawanilal Verma
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Engineer Chaitram Chandra
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Bodh Ram
|-

!15
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Punnulal Mohle
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Khelan Ram
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Advocate T. R. Nirala
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Banshi Lal
|-

!16
|[[Sarangarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sarangarh]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shyamsundar Ratre
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Paras Ram Bhardwaj
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dauram Ratnakar
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|K. P. Haripriya
|-

!17
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ramesh Vaish
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dhanender Sahu
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Vishnu Baghel
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!18
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chandra Sekhar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pawan Diwan
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Janki Devi Dhruv
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Chandrika Sahu
|-

!19
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sohan Potai
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chhabila Arvind Netam
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Dr. J. R. Thakur
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Jhumuklal Vhendia
|-

!20
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajaram Todem
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mankuram Sodhi
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Ganga Potai
|-

!21
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Tarachand Sahu
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Pyare Lal Belchandan
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Paras Nath Patel
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Anjan Lal Chandrakar
|-

!22
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ashok Sharma
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shivendra Bahadur Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Ashok Sahu
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Balbir Khanuja
|-

!23
|[[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gaurishankar Chaturbhuj Bisen
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vishveshwar Bhagat
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Vijay Beniram Vare
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!24
|[[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Faggansingh Kulaste
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohanlal
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Rajendera Singh
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Maniklal
|-

!25
|[[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dada Baburao Paranjape
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sarvankumar Patel
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Ashok Patel
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Chandrika Prasad Tripathi
|-

!26
|[[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency|Seoni]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prahlad Singh Patel
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Vimla Verma
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Shyam Dhurvey
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Shashibhusan Singh
|-

!27
|[[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Choudhari Chandrabhan Singh Kubersingh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Alka Kamalnath
|rowspan=2 style="background:white;"|
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|-

!28
|[[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vijay Kumar Khandelwal
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Aslam Sherkhan
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Vishnu Rajoriya
|-

!29
|[[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sartaj Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rameshwar Neekhra
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Munna Lal Patel
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Nageen Kochar
|-

!30
|[[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sushil Chandra
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kailash Agnihotri (Kundal)
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Lalit Shrivastava
|-

!31
|[[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Shivraj Singh
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Hirdai Mohan Jain
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Nathoo Ram Lodhi
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Naresh Jain
|-

!32
|[[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Piarayelal Khandelwal
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Laxman Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Jagdish Suryavanshi
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Rajyavardhan Singh
|-

!33
|[[Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Shajapur]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Thawarchand Gehlot
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shakuntala Chouhan
|style="background:white;"|
|colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Puran Lal Malviya
|-

!34
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Nand Kumar Singh Chouhan (Nandu Bhaiya)
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shiv Kumar Singh Naval Singh
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Ganshyam Choudhari
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Salim Patel Hazi Hasham
|-

!35
|[[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rameshwar Pattidhar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bodar Singh Kalu Singh Mandloi
|rowspan=3 style="background:white;"|
|rowspan=3 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Rajinder Singh Chauhan
|-

!36
|[[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chhatar Sinh Darbar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Surajbhanu Shivbhanu Solanki
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Goverdhansinh Mukati
|-

!37
|[[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sau. Sumitra Mahajan
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Madhukar Verma
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Anil Lalbhadur
|-

!38
|[[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain]] (SC)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Satyanarian Jatiya
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sidhnatha Parihar
|{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|Bhanwarsingh Gangwal
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Babulal Nagulal Malvia
|-

!39
|[[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Jhabua]] (ST)
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhagirath Bhanwar
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dileep Singh Bhuria
|rowspan=2 style="background:white;"|
|rowspan=2 colspan=2|''Did not contest''
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Prabhudayal Ghehalot
|-

!40
|[[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Laxminarian Pandey
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ganshyam Patidar Nehrulal
|{{party name with color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|Arvind Chopra
|-

|}

==Result==
===Results by Party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party/Alliance
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|BJP+]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 94,72,940
| 41.32
| {{decrease}} 0.56
| 39
| 27
| {{increase}} 15
|-
| style="background:#008000; color:white;"|
| [[Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress|MPVC]]
| 3,37,539
| 1.47
| {{new}}
| 1
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 98,10,479
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 42.79
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 40
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 28
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{increase}} 16
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 71,11,753
| 31.02
| {{decrease}} 14.32
| 40
| 8
| {{decrease}} 19
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 18,74,594
| 8.18
| {{increase}} 4.64
| 28
| 2
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
| colspan="3"|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
| 10,78,589
| 4.70
| {{new}}
| 33
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 2,41,119
| 1.05
| {{decrease}} 3.19
| 8
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 1,68,448
| 0.73
| {{increase}} 0.31
| 4
| 0
|
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 4,45,775
| 1.94
| {{steady}}
| 60
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 21,94,115
| 9.57
|
| 1046
| 1
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 2,29,24,872
! 100%
! -
! 1259
! 40
! -
|}

=== Constituency-wise results ===
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Morena Lok Sabha constituency|Morena]] (SC)
|Ashok Argal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,72,675
|42.58
|Dr. Pritam Prasad Choudhary
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,34,696
|33.21
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|37,979
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|9.37
|-

!2
|[[Bhind Lok Sabha constituency|Bhind]]
|Dr. Ram Lakhan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,98,109
|39.21
|Kedar Nath Kushwah (Kachhi)
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,82,311
|36.08
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|15,798
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|3.13
|-

!3
|[[Gwalior Lok Sabha constituency|Gwalior]]
|Madhavrao Scindhiya
| style="background:#008000; color:black;" |
|[[Madhya Pradesh Vikas Congress|MPVC]]
|3,37,539
|66.33
|Phool Singh Baraiya
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,13,545
|22.31
| style="background:#008000; color:white;" |2,23,994
| style="background:#008000; color:white;" |44.02
|-

!4
|[[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
|Rajmata Vijaya Raje Scindia
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,72,633
|49.78
|K.P. Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,41,809
|25.89
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,30,824
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|23.89
|-

!5
|[[Sagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sagar]] (SC)
|Virendra Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,45,106
|52.25
|Anand Tulsiram Ahirwar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|96,789
|20.63
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,48,317
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|31.62
|-

!6
|[[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]
|Uma Bharti
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,94,472
|45.27
|Manvendra Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,63,382
|25.12
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,31,090
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|20.15
|-

!7
|[[Damoh Lok Sabha constituency|Damoh]]
|Ram Krishna Kusmaria
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,03,476
|50.89
|Mukesh Nayak
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,35,219
|22.67
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,68,257
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|28.22
|-

!8
|[[Satna Lok Sabha constituency|Satna]]
|Sukhlal Kushwaha
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,82,497
|28.37
|Virendra Kumar Sakhlecha
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,60,259
|24.91
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}; color:white;"|22,238
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}; color:white;"|3.46
|-

!9
|[[Rewa Lok Sabha constituency|Rewa]]
|Buddha Hasen Patel
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,58,379
|26.91
|Parveen Kumari
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,45,997
|24.81
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}; color:white;"|12,382
| style="background:{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}; color:white;"|2.10
|-

!10
|[[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]] (ST)
|Tilak Raj Singh
|{{Party color cell|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}
|[[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
|1,68,340
|26.40
|Manik Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,60,136
|25.11
| style="background:{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}; color:black;"|8,204
| style="background:{{party color|All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)}}; color:black;"|1.29
|-
!11
|[[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol (ST)]]
|Gyan Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,10,946
|33.92
|Dalabir Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,57,551
|25.34
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|53,395
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|8.58
|-

!12
|[[Surguja (Lok Sabha constituency)|Surguja (ST)]]
|Khelsai Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,61,213
|41.06
|Larangsai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,52,442
|39.68
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|8,771
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1.38
|-

!13
|[[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh (ST)]]
|Nand Kumar Sai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,61,080
|42.25
|Pushpa Devi Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,51,882
|40.76
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|9,198
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1.49
|-

!14
|[[Janjgir (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir]]
|Manaharan Lal Pandey
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,98,600
|30.75
|Bhawanilal Verma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,64,868
|25.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|33,732
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|5.22
|-

!15
|[[Bilaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Bilaspur (SC)]]
|Punnulal Mohle
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,26,054
|41.96
|Khelan Ram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,91,174
|35.49
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|34,880
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|6.47
|-

!16
|[[Sarangarh Lok Sabha constituency|Sarangarh (SC)]]
|Paras Ram Bhardwaj
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,18,055
|39.88
|Dauram Ratnakar
|{{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1,84,778
|33.79
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|33,277
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|6.09
|-

!17
|[[Raipur Lok Sabha constituency|Raipur]]
|Ramesh Vaish
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,52,990
|45.56
|Dhanender Sahu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,02,251
|36.42
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|50,739
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|9.14
|-

!18
|[[Mahasamund Lok Sabha constituency|Mahasamund]]
|Pawan Diwan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,50,521
|41.41
|Chandra Sekhar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,43,581
|40.26
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|6,940
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1.15
|-

!19
|[[Kanker Lok Sabha constituency|Kanker (ST)]]
|Chhabila Arvind Netam
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,19,191
|39.77
|Sohan Potai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,94,771
|35.34
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|24,420
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|4.43
|-

!20
|[[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar (ST)]]
|Mahendra Karma
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1,24,322
|32.15
|Mankuram Sodhi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,10,265
|28.51
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"|14,057
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}; color:black;"|3.64
|-

!21
|[[Durg Lok Sabha constituency|Durg]]
|Tarachand Sahu
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,69,450
|42.35
|Pyare Lal Belchandan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,43,703
|38.31
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|25,747
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|4.04
|-

!22
|[[Rajnandgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Rajnandgaon]]
|Ashok Sharma
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,22,616
|44.67
|Shivendra Bahadur Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,63,340
|32.78
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|59,276
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|11.89
|-

!23
|[[Balaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balaghat]]
|Vishveshwar Bhagat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,71,569
|30.91
|Gaurishankar Chaturbhuj Bisen
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,70,312
|30.68
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|1,257
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|0.23
|-

!24
|[[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla (ST)]]
|Faggansingh Kulaste
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,46,334
|44.89
|Mohanlal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,81,714
|33.11
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|64,620
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|11.78
|-

!25
|[[Jabalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jabalpur]]
|Dada Baburao Paranjape
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,56,621
|49.09
|Sarvankumar Patel
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,62,941
|31.17
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|93,680
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|17.92
|-

!26
|[[Seoni Lok Sabha constituency|Seoni]]
|Prahlad Singh Patel
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,62,373
|43.64
|Vimla Verma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,97,526
|32.85
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|64,847
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|10.79
|-

!27
|[[Chhindwara Lok Sabha constituency|Chhindwara]]
|Alka Kamalnath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,81,414
|46.69
|Choudhari Chandrabhan Singh Kubersingh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,60,032
|43.14
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|21,382
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|3.55
|-

!28
|[[Betul Lok Sabha constituency|Betul]]
|Vijay Kumar Khandelwal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,60,259
|52.22
|Aslam Sherkhan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,48,183
|29.74
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,12,076
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|22.48
|-

!29
|[[Hoshangabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshangabad]]
|Sartaj Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,69,084
|47.58
|Rameshwar Neekhra
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,16,557
|38.30
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|52,527
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|9.28
|-

!30
|[[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]
|Sushil Chandra
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,53,427
|49.27
|Kailash Agnihotri (Kundal)
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,02,533
|28.24
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,50,894
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|21.03
|-

!31
|[[Vidisha Lok Sabha constituency|Vidisha]]
|Shivraj Singh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,10,580
|54.15
|Hirdai Mohan Jain
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,34,822
|23.51
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,75,758
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|30.64
|-

!32
|[[Rajgarh Lok Sabha constituency|Rajgarh]]
|Laxman Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,57,218
|43.68
|Piarayelal Khandelwal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,32,017
|39.40
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|25,201
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|4.28
|-

!33
|[[Shajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Shajapur (SC)]]
|Thawarchand Gehlot
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,42,924
|56.31
|Shakuntala Chouhan
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,13,285
|35.02
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,29,639
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|21.29
|-

!34
|[[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]
|Nand Kumar Singh Chouhan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,89,099
|50.49
|Shiv Kumar Singh Naval Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,94,749
|34.01
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|94,350
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|16.48
|-

!35
|[[Khargone Lok Sabha constituency|Khargone]]
|Rameshwar Pattidhar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,86,549
|49.26
|Bodar Singh Kalu Singh Mandloi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,41,342
|41.49
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|45,207
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|7.77
|-

!36
|[[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar (ST)]]
|Chhatar Sinh Darbar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,98,741
|51.43
|Surajbhanu Shivbhanu Solanki
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,17,130
|37.38
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|81,611
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|14.05
|-

!37
|[[Indore Lok Sabha constituency|Indore]]
|Sau. Sumitra Mahajan
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,38,327
|50.94
|Madhukar Verma
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,33,894
|35.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,04,433
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|15.72
|-

!38
|[[Ujjain Lok Sabha constituency|Ujjain (SC)]]
|Satyanarian Jatiya
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,06,935
|53.06
|Sidhnatha Parihar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,95,678
|33.83
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|1,11,257
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|19.23
|-

!39
|[[Ratlam Lok Sabha constituency|Jhabua (ST)]]
|Dileep Singh Bhuria
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,88,933
|39.78
|Bhagirath Bhanwar
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|1,61,034
|33.90
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|27,899
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;"|5.88
|-

!40
|[[Mandsaur Lok Sabha constituency|Mandsaur]]
|Laxminarian Pandey
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,45,896
|49.69
|Ganshyam Patidar Nehrulal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,66,048
|38.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|79,848
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;"|11.47
|-

|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:2000s in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:1996 Indian general election by state or union territory|Madhya Pradesh]]

Abhimanyu Singh Sindhu

2026-04-25T16:27:31Z

Nagaraj15: creating some bio added tags

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Capt abhimanyu.JPG
| caption = Captain Abhimanyu
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Haryana]]
| term_start = 26 October 2014
| term_end = 27 October 2019
| 1blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata = {{centre|Term}}
| 2blankname = Minister of Finance Minister of Revenue Minister of Excise Minister of Planning Minister of Law Minister of Institutional Finance & Credit Control Minister of Rehabilitation
| 2namedata = 26 October 2014 – 27 October 2019
| 4blankname = Minister of Forest Minister of Industrial Training
| 4namedata = 26 October 2014 – 24 July 2015
| 3blankname = Minister of Industry Minister of Labour Minister of Environment
| 3namedata = 26 October 2014 – 22 July 2016
| office1 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = Saroj Mor
| successor1 = [[Ram Kumar Gautam]]
| constituency1 = [[Narnaund (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Narnaund]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|12|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khanda Kheri]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Harvard Business School]], [[Maharishi Dayanand University]], [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology]]
| occupation = Politician
| profession = {{hlist|Soldier|journalist|businessperson|social reformer}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Ekta Sindhu
| children = 3
| awards = Haryana Sahitya Akademi's ''Babu Bal Mukund Gupt'' award for Journalism
| mawards =
| website = {{URL|CaptainAbhimanyu.in}}
| date = 21 October
| year = 2014
| source =
| allegiance = {{flagu|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 1987–1994
| rank = [[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|21px]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]
| unit = 7[[Mechanised Infantry Regiment]]
| honorific_prefix = [[Captain (Army)|Captain]] (Retd.)
}}
Captain '''Abhimanyu Singh Sindhu''' (born 18 December 1967) is an Indian politician. He was [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] [[Minister (government)|minister]] with independent charge of eight departments in the [[Government of Haryana]] [[States and union territories of India|state]] in India in the first-ever government led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in [[Haryana]].

He served as a Cabinet Minister in the first-ever BJP-led government in Haryana (2014–2019)<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2014 |title=Captain Abhimanyu takes oath as new Haryana cabinet minister |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/captain-abhimanyu-takes-oath-as-new-haryana-cabinet-minister/story-o9Cc972U56n4w2cxlHwoVP.html |access-date=2 June 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> and is widely credited with playing a pivotal role in establishing BJP as a major political force in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2019 |title=Election 2019: How a Haryana minister united 3 camps in BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/election-2019-how-a-haryana-minister-united-3-camps-in-bjp-5747431/ |website=Indian Express |publisher=Indian Express Limited}}</ref>

He is also the founder-editor of the Hindi daily [[Hari Bhoomi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hari Bhoomi - Hindi Daily Newspaper |url=https://www.hindustanpages.com/hari-bhoomi-hindi-daily-newspaper/ |website=Hindustan Pages |publisher=Hindustan Pages}}</ref> and has been associated with various philanthropic initiatives, including the Sindhu Education Foundation and Param Mitra Manav Nirman Sansthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Param Mitra Manav Nirman Sansthan |url=https://www.parammitra.org/about-us |website=Param Mitra}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Abhimanyu was born on 18 December 1967 in Khanda Kheri village, Hisar district, Haryana, into a family rooted in Arya Samaj vedic values.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP leader Captain Abhimanyu keeps the faith in Khanda Kheri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/bjp-leader-captain-abhimanyu-keeps-the-faith-in-khanda-kheri/articleshow/71584994.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

He completed his Bachelor of Commerce from [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], Rohtak, in 1986, followed by an LLB in 2005 from the same university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Cabinet Minister Profile – Captain Abhimanyu |url=https://myneta.info/haryana2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=30 |website=MyNeta.info (ADR)}}</ref>

He completed a Postgraduate Diploma in Mass Communication from [[Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology|Guru Jambheshwar University]], Hisar, in 2007, and completed a three year executive education program at [[Harvard Business School]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP’s Captain Abhimanyu completes executive course at Harvard |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/bjp-captain-abhimanyu-completes-executive-course-harvard-business-school-134297-2015-08-08 |website=Business Today}}</ref>

In 2019, he earned his LL.M. (Pro) from [[National Law University, Delhi|National Law University]], New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Abhimanyu earns LL.M. from NLU Delhi |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/captain-abhimanyu-completes-llm-from-nlu-delhi/ |website=India Legal Live}}</ref>

== Military and early career ==
In 1987, Abhimanyu was commissioned into the Indian Army<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=From battlefield to ballot: The journey of Captain Abhimanyu |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/from-battlefield-to-ballot-the-journey-of-captain-abhimanyu/articleshow/44896066.cms |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> after graduating from the Officers' Training Academy. He served for five years in the 7 Mechanised Infantry Regiment,<ref name=":0" /> earning the Special Services Medal for his distinguished service.<ref name=":0" />

In 1994, although selected in the Indian Administrative Service<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Captain Abhimanyu chose public service over IAS career |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-HIS-captain-abhimanyu-chose-public-life-over-ias-career-news-hindi-4790043.html}}</ref> entrance exam with 201 rank in the first attempt, he chose to dedicate himself instead to philanthropy, education, and public service.<ref name=":1" />

Prior to formally entering politics, he founded multiple businesses <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=BJP's Captain Abhimanyu: Entrepreneur, Editor, Politician |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/haryana/story/bjp-captain-abhimanyu-profile-haryana-elections-2014-223294-2014-10-15 |website=India Today}}</ref> across sectors like transport, finance, and media.<ref name=":2" /> He was founder and editor of the newspaper ''Hari Bhoomi''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Hari Bhoomi - One of India's leading Hindi newspapers |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/print/hari-bhoomi-hindi-daily-growth-story-87534.html |website=Exchange4Media}}</ref>

== Political career ==

===Early political involvement===
In 1997, he participated in the Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra led by senior BJP leader L.K. Advani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swarna Jayanti Rath Yatra: The Movement for a New India |url=https://www.bjp.org/swarna-jayanti-rath-yatra}}</ref>

In 2003, he contributed to the BJP’s election management team in Chhattisgarh, helping the party form its first-ever government in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP wins historic first government in Chhattisgarh - The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2003/12/09/stories/2003120904300100.htm}}</ref>

===Electoral contests and party roles (2004–2013)===
Despite early electoral setbacks, Abhimanyu emerged as a central organizational figure within the BJP:

* As General Secretary of Haryana BJP (2005–2010), he organized major rallies for Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, enhancing the party's visibility in Rohtak and Jhajjar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana BJP and Atal Bihari Vajpayee Rallies |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana}}</ref>
* Nationally, he contributed to BJP’s victories in [[Uttarakhand]] (2007)<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Wins Uttarakhand 2007 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2007/03/03/stories/2007030304500100.htm}}</ref> and Punjab (2012), where the Akali Dal–BJP alliance achieved a historic victory, breaking a 37-year trend of anti-incumbency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP and Akali Dal Alliance Victory in Punjab 2012 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-akali-dal-punjab-elections-2012-1234567-2012-03-06}}</ref>
* In 2013, he was appointed National Spokesperson and co-incharge of [[Uttar Pradesh]], playing a role in preparing the ground for BJP’s 2014 electoral success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP’s 2014 Preparations in Uttar Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-gears-up-for-2014-up-polls/articleshow/22012345.cms}}</ref>
* On 15 September 2013, Abhimanyu also organised the landmark Ex-Servicemen Rally in Rewari, which marked the first major public event of [[Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's 2014 Lok Sabha]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Narendra Modi’s Ex-Servicemen Rally in Rewari, 2013 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/narendra-modis-ex-servicemen-rally-in-rewari-532411}}</ref> The rally drew an unprecedented gathering of veterans and supporters, signaling the beginning of a strong nationwide outreach. It played a key role in establishing PM Modi’s connect with the armed forces community and set the tone for the BJP's campaign narrative centered on nationalism and development.
* Organized and participated major mass mobilizations like the:
** Jhajjar Vijay Sankalp Rally<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhajjar Vijay Sankalp Rally |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/shah-reaches-out-to-farmers-soldiers-at-rallies-across-haryana-623153}}</ref>
** Loktantar Bachao Rally<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loktantra Bachao Rally |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/topic/loktantra-bachao-rally/ampnews}}</ref>
** Bijli Khoj Rally<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bijli Khoj Rally |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UT7in4OWkg}}</ref>
** Ram Sethu Movement<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Sethu Movement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/sethusamudram-project-bjp-against-present-alignment/articleshow/96980691.cms}}</ref>
** Vijay Sankalp Yatra<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sankalp Yatra |url=https://en.theharyanastory.com/article/1135/rahul-gandhi-launches-vijay-sankalp-yatra-in-haryana}}</ref>
** Jal Adhikar Rally<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jal Adhikar Rally |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/jal-adhikar-rally-khattar-says-agitating-farmers-should-also-demand-construction-of-satluj-yamuna-link/story-0stI9x2LNMEVcRW85VSEmK.html}}</ref>

===Legislative and ministerial career (2014–2019)===

In the 2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly elections, Abhimanyu won the Narnaund seat, marking a breakthrough for BJP in the region. He was inducted as a Cabinet Minister in Haryana’s first BJP-led government under Chief Minister Manohar Lal Khattar, handling an unprecedented 13 departments — the highest held by any minister during the term.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt Abhimanyu outdoes Ram Bilas in portfolio allocation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/capt-abhimanyu-outdoes-ram-bilas-in-portfolio-allocation/story-SQrPiawepFjQ4Ds6l6M6dP.html}}</ref>

===Key ministerial portfolios===
Minister of Finance, Minister of Revenue, Minister of Excise, Minister of Planning, Minister of Law, Minister of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Minister of Rehabilitation, Minister of Industry, Minister of Labour, Minister of Environment, Minister of Forest, Minister of Industrial Training.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finally Haryana ministers get portfolios |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/finally-haryana-ministers-get-portfolios-114102900031_1.html}}</ref>

===Major reforms and achievements===
* Agriculture: Introduced ₹12,000 per acre compensation for crop failure — a first in Haryana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crop loss compensation hiked to ₹12,000 per acre |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/crop-loss-compensation-hiked-to-rs15-000-per-acre-335771}}</ref>
* Land Governance: Pioneered drone-based property mapping and fully digitized land records, reducing long-standing land ownership disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soon, clearly demarcated plots in Haryana to be just a click away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/soon-clearly-demarcated-plots-in-haryana-to-be-just-a-click-away-484382}}</ref>
* Finance & Taxation: Spearheaded Excise Policy and VAT Online, contributed to GST Council deliberations, and introduced Performance Linked Account (PLA) for real-time budget allocations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana clears new excise policy with higher duties, stricter liquor rules |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-clears-new-excise-policy-with-higher-duties-stricter-liquor-rules/articleshow/120908468.cms}}</ref>
* Industrial Growth: Elevated Haryana’s Ease of Doing Business rank from 14th to 2nd nationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana jumps to 2nd spot in Centre’s ranking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/eodb-haryana-jumps-to-2nd-spot-in-centres-ranking/articleshow/61427644.cms}}</ref>
* Digital Governance: Led the rollout of digital pension disbursement and e-governance schemes aligned with the Digital India Mission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pension Haryana Portal for Social Security Pensioners |url=https://epensionhry.nic.in}}</ref>

===National campaigns and party leadership (2017–2024)===

Abhimanyu continued to play roles in BJP’s electoral strategy:

* Served as BJP in-charge for Punjab and Chandigarh (2017, 2018), and as co-incharge of [[Uttar Pradesh]] during the 2022 Assembly elections, where BJP achieved its highest seat share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt Abhimanyu will come to Punjab as BJP worker, not minister |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/capt-abhimanyu-will-come-to-punjab-as-bjp-worker-not-minister/articleshow/67305809.cms}}</ref>
* In 2024, he managed BJP’s campaign in [[Assam]] as state in charge, contributing to the party’s record performance in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhankar, Abhimanyu get new BJP duties (Assam In-Charge 2024) |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/dhankar-abhimanyu-get-new-bjp-duties/articleshow/108833329.cms}}</ref>

===International recognition===

Abhimanyu became the first minister from Haryana to:

* Address the [[International Labour Organization|International Labour Conference]] in Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haryana Minister to Address International Labour Conference |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/haryana-minister-to-address-international-labour-conference-459470}}</ref>
* Speaker at the prestigious Harvard India Conference, where he showcased Haryana’s governance and reform initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhimanyu invited to US conference |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/abhimanyu-invited-to-us-conference-728672}}</ref>

== Philanthropy and social initiatives ==
* Abhimanyu and Param Mitra Manav Nirman Sansthan have also been active in social service. They have been instrumental in establishing and supporting multiple Gurukuls across various states, where free education, accommodation, food, and other necessities are provided to underprivileged students. These Gurukuls aim to impart Vedic education along with modern subjects, fostering all-round development grounded in cultural and ethical values. Through these institutions, has worked to advance the social reformist ideals of ancient wisdom, emphasizing education, self-reliance, and moral development, particularly among economically disadvantaged sections of society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurukul education system promoted by social organizations in Haryana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/gurukul-education-at-heart-of-social-service-515720}}</ref>
* Donated his entire earning of five years from government salary as a minister (2014–2019) to sponsor weddings for 251 underprivileged girls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Abhimanyu Donates Ministerial Salary to Support Underprivileged Girls’ Weddings |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/capt-abhimanyu-donates-salary-to-sponsor-251-girl-child-weddings-103104}}</ref>
* Supports mass education projects through the Sindhu Education Foundation, which runs over a dozen schools and colleges in Haryana and Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhu Education Foundation’s Role in Rural Education |url=https://www.sindhufoundation.org/about-us}}</ref>
* Active promoter of archery, serving as President of the Haryana Archery Association and Senior Vice-President of the [[Archery Association of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt Abhimanyu leads Haryana Archery Association |url=https://www.haryanaarchery.com/office-bearers}}</ref>
* Medical camps and various other initiatives aimed at improving livelihoods in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt Abhimanyu’s rural outreach initiatives |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/captain-abhimanyu-organises-health-camps-in-villages-817202}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He hails from a large, joint family of Rohtak. His father, Ch Mitter Sen Sindhu, was an industrialist, great philanthropist, and social reformer, whose ideals greatly influenced him.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohtak’s Industrialist and Education Pioneer: Ch. Mitter Sen Sindhu |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/haryana/mitter-sindhu-the-philanthropist-of-rohtak-450931}}</ref>

Ch. Mitter Sen Sindhu actively participated in the Hindi Satyagraha agitation led by Arya Samaj in 1957, advocating for Hindi as India’s national language. He was arrested during the movement and released on 28 September 1957. He later established educational and industrial ventures focused on rural upliftment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Satyagraha and Arya Samaj’s Contribution to Language Movement |url=https://www.historyindia.com/arya-samaj-and-the-hindi-movement-1957}}</ref>

Abhimanyu remains closely associated with [[Vedas|Vedic principles]], emphasizing truth (Satya), equality (Samata), education (Shiksha), and social reform (Sudhar).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Captain Abhimanyu’s Vision Rooted in Vedic Values and Social Upliftment |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/abhimanyu-bjp-haryana-veda-pricniples-5003316}}</ref>

===Ideological influences===

Abhimanyu has been deeply influenced by the teachings of Dayanand Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda, particularly Vivekananda’s emphasis on selfless service, national pride, and the empowerment of youth through education and character-building. Inspired by Vivekananda’s vision of a spiritually awakened and socially responsible India, he has consistently promoted initiatives that integrate moral values, cultural pride, and social service. His focus on education through Gurukuls and his engagement in social reform efforts reflect Vivekananda’s ideals of upliftment through knowledge, discipline, and spiritual awareness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Swami Vivekananda’s Teachings Inspire Contemporary Indian Leaders |url=https://www.vivekananda.net/influence-on-modern-india}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Abhimanyu is widely regarded as one of the most influential and disciplined political leaders in Haryana’s modern political history. Known for blending military discipline, strategic foresight, and organizational acumen, he is credited with transforming BJP’s footprint in Haryana during a period when the party struggled for relevance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Capt Abhimanyu Transformed BJP’s Fortunes in Haryana |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/captain-abhimanyu-the-man-behind-bjp-rise-525118}}</ref>

A close aide of [[Amit Shah]], Abhimanyu also played a significant behind-the-scenes role in BJP’s landmark victory in [[Uttar Pradesh]] during the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha elections]]. His lifelong loyalty and commitment to the party, even during politically adverse periods, position him as a key pillar of the BJP in Haryana<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP’s 2014 Win in UP: The Strategic Minds Behind the Success |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-capt-abhimanyu-key-strategists-for-bjp-up-win-575431}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.captainabhimanyu.in/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abhimanyu Singh Sindhu}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:People from Hisar district]]
[[Category:People from Rohtak]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2014–2019]]

Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:45:46Z

Nagaraj15: creating basic entry and citations

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{coord|21.11667|73.1167|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN_scale:150000_source:earthtools|name=Bardoli|display=title}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bardoli
| type = LS
| map_image = બારડોલી – Bardoli.svg
| map_caption =
| established = 2008
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
| latest_election_year = [[2014 Indian general elections|2014]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| electors = 20,48,408 (2024)<ref name="u140">{{cite web | title=ECI/PN/102/2024 - EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases |date=25 May 2024 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency|Mangrol]] [[Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency|Mandvi]] [[Kamrej Assembly constituency|Kamrej]] [[Bardoli Assembly constituency|Bardoli]] [[Mahuva Surat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahuva]] [[Vyara Assembly constituency|Vyara]] [[Nizar Assembly constituency|Nizar]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Parbhubhai Vasava.jpg
}}
'''Bardoli''' is a Lok Sabha constituency in [[Gujarat]], a state in western India. This constituency was created in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=148}}</ref> It first held elections in 2009 and its first member of parliament (MP) was [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]] of the [[Indian National Congress]]. As of the latest elections in 2024, [[Parbhubhai Vasava]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] represents this constituency.

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
As of 2014, Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency comprises seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These are:<ref name=delimit/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="120px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|156
|[[Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency|Mangrol]]
|ST
| rowspan="5" |[[Surat district|Surat]]
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|157
|[[Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency|Mandvi]]
|ST
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|158
|[[Kamrej Assembly constituency|Kamrej]]
|None
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
| {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|169
|[[Bardoli Assembly constituency|Bardoli]]
|SC
|-
|170
|[[Mahuva Surat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahuva]]
|ST
|-
|171
|[[Vyara Assembly constituency|Vyara]]
|ST
| rowspan="2" |[[Tapi district|Tapi]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|172
|[[Nizar Assembly constituency|Nizar]]
|ST
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| colspan="4" | {{center|''from 1952-2008 : see [[Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandvi Lok Sabha]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== General election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardoli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Parbhubhai Vasava]]|votes=7,63,950|percentage=57.04|change={{up}}1.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Siddharth Chaudhary|votes=5,33,697|percentage=39.85|change={{up}}0.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=25,542|percentage=1.91|change={{up}}0.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rekhaben Chaudhari
|votes =16,144
|percentage = 1.21
|change ={{up}}0.50
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,30,253
|percentage = 17.19
|change = {{up}}1.21
}}

{{Election box turnout||votes=13,43,633|percentage=65.58|change={{decrease}}8.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bardoli]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Parbhubhai Vasava]]|votes=7,42,273|percentage=55.06|change=+3.43}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]|votes=5,26,826|percentage=39.08|change=-2.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=22,914|percentage=1.70|change=-0.04}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Tribal Party|candidate=Vasava Uttambhai Somabhai|votes=11,871|percentage=0.87|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Dineshbhai Gulabbhai Chaudhari|votes=9,520|percentage=0.71|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,15,447
|percentage = 15.98
|change = +5.71
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=13,49,645|percentage=73.89|change=-1.05}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Bardoli<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election – 2014|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm|archive-date=2 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0623.htm?ac=23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517151827/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0623.htm?ac=23|archive-date=17 May 2014|title=Bardoli|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Parbhubhai Vasava]]
|votes = 6,22,769
|percentage = 51.63
|change =+10.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]
|votes = 4,98,885
|percentage = 41.36
|change = -6.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Revaben Chaudhary
|votes = 13,270
|percentage = 1.10
|change =-0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Movaliyabhai Nopariyabhai Gamit
|votes = 11,625
|percentage =0.96
|change =-1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Chandubhai Machalabhai Chaudhari
|votes = 10,842
|percentage =0.90
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rameshbhai Bhikhabhai Rathod
|votes = 8,607
|percentage =0.71
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Jagatsinh Laljibhai Vasava
|votes = 7,321
|percentage =0.61
|change =-0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Surendrabhai Simabhai Gamit
|votes = 5,351
|percentage =0.44
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Aadivasi Sena Party
|candidate = Bhailalbhai Chhanabhai Rathod
|votes = 5,334
|percentage =0.44
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Hindusthan Nirman Dal
|candidate = Reniyabhai Shankarbhai Chaudhari
|votes = 2,184
|percentage =0.18
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 19,991
|percentage = 1.66
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,23,884
|percentage = 10.27
|change = +3.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,09,069
|percentage = 74.94
|change = +17.14
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Bardoli<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|title=Constituency Wise Detailed Results |pages=45|publisher=Election Commission of India|format=PDF|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811090059/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf|archive-date=11 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Tushar Amarsinh Chaudhary]]|votes=398,323|percentage=47.86|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Riteshkumar Vasava|votes=339,445|percentage=40.77|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Pravinsinh Vasava|votes=26,269|percentage=3.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Ranjanben Chimanbhai Gamit|votes=16,478|percentage=1.98|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Sonaben Bhikhubhai Patel|votes=15,257|percentage=1.83|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sukabhai Mangabhai Rathod|votes=10,655|percentage=1.28|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Kamleshbhai Prabhubhai Chaudhari|votes=8,215|percentage=0.99|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Thakorbhai Manekjibhai Gamit|votes=5,046|percentage=0.61|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sumanbhai Narsinhbhai Gamit|votes=4,730|percentage=0.57|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = Maha–Gujarat Janta Party
|candidate = Vijaykumar Haribhai Patel
|votes = 3,177
|percentage = 0.38
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Arjunbhai Bhaljibhai Chaudhari|votes=2,496|percentage=0.30|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Pravinbhai Bhulabhai Rathod|votes=2,344|percentage=0.28|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 58,878
|percentage = 7.09
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=832,542|percentage=57.81|change=N/A}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Mandvi Lok Sabha constituency]]

{{Tapi district}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bardoli Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Tapi district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 2008]]

Nenu Local

2026-04-23T09:31:18Z

Nagaraj15: added initial pg from scratch

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Trinadha Rao Nakkina}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nenu Local
| image = Nenulocal1.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]
| producer = [[Dil Raju]] Shirish
| screenplay = [[Prasanna Kumar bezawada|Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]] [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]
| story = [[Prasanna Kumar bezawada|Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]]
| starring = [[Nani (actor)|Nani]] [[Keerthy Suresh]] [[Naveen Chandra]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Nizar Shafi]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor = Sri Venkateswara Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|02|03}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|60 [[crore]]}}<ref name="ibt">{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-2017-15-highest-grossing-telugu-movies-year-baahubali-2-khaidi-no-150-jlk-dj-753526|title=Tollywood in 2017: 15 highest grossing Telugu movies of the year - Baahubali 2, Khaidi No 150, JLK, DJ and others|work=IB Times|date=17 December 2017 }}</ref>
}}

'''''Nenu Local''''' ({{translation|I'm Local}}) is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[masala film]] directed by [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]], written by [[Prasanna Kumar Bezawada]], and produced by [[Dil Raju]] under [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/nenu-local-first-look-nani-moves-from-romcoms-to-action-title-3727344/|title=Nenu Local first look: Nani moves from romcoms to action title|date=28 October 2016 |publisher=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Naveen Chandra]], alongside [[Sachin Khedekar]], [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]], [[Posani Krishna Murali]], [[Easwari Rao]] and [[Rao Ramesh]]. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Nizar Shafi]] and [[Prawin Pudi]].

''Nenu Local'' was released on 3 February 2017 to mixed reviews from critics and became major commercially successful at the box office. The film was remade in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''[[Total Dadagiri]]'' and in Odia as ''Local Toka Love Choka''.<ref name="ibt" />

==Plot==
Babu, a college graduate with a carefree attitude, makes an [[Exam invigilator|exam supervisor]] help him pass the exam. After completing his exam, Babu falls for his classmate Keerthy and pursues her to accept his love. Keerthy soon falls for Babu after he helps her friend Paddu reunite with her fiancée. However, Babu's happiness is short-lived when he learns that Keerthy is engaged to [[Inspector|SI]] Siddharth "Siddhu" Varma.

Siddhu had fallen in love with Keerthy and met her father, who told Siddhu to achieve something in life. After getting posted as SI. Keerthy's father agrees to the proposal. Keerthy tells Babu to make her father accept him as his son-in-law, but trouble ensues as it is revealed that Keerthy's father is the same exam supervisor, who rejects Babu due to his carefree nature. Keerthy helps Babu to apply for a job, but Babu refuses, leading Keerthy to breakup with Babu.

On the day of the wedding, The bride's father arrives and demands to call his son-in-law. Siddhu and Babu arrive and the bride's father aims a [[shotgun]] at Babu to kill him. In front of his impending death, Babu convinces the bride's father that his daughter could never be happy after her marriage because his daughter's fiancée loved Paddu. Keerthy's father criticize Babu's speech and taunts to shoot himself.

Babu shoots himself with the bride's father's shotgun and gets severely injured where he is rushed to the hospital. Keerthy's father is convinced and accepts Babu and Keerthy's relationship. Few months later, Babu and Keerthy completes their graduation and get married. Babu participates in local elections and gets elected as the [[corporator]] with huge majority of his [[constituency]], while Siddhu asks his father to find out if his would-be doesn't have a boyfriend like Babu.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nani (actor)|Nani]] as Babu
*[[Keerthy Suresh]] as Keerthy
*[[Naveen Chandra]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Siddharth Varma
*[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Murthy, Keerthy's father
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Siri, Keerthy's mother
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Bride's father
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Babu's father
*[[Easwari Rao]] as Babu's mother
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Siddharth's father
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Store Salesman
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Nimmakayala Raghu
*[[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Constable
*[[Anish Kuruvilla]] as College Principal
*[[Rajitha]] as Siddharth's mother
*Ram Prasad as Babu's friend
*Viva Raghav as Babu's friend
*Jabardast Rocket Raghava as salesman
*[[Karate Kalyani]]
*[[Sushant Singh Rajput]] (photo appearance)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nenu Local
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 14 January 2017
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 17:21
| language = Telugu
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Khaidi No. 150]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Rarandoi Veduka Chudham]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

[[Devi Sri Prasad]] scored the soundtrack, which was released on 14 January 2017 on [[Aditya Music]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 17:21
| title1 = Next Enti
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = Sagar
| length1 = 3:46
| title2 = Arere Yekadda
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Manisha Eerabathini]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = Disturb Chestha Ninnu
| lyrics3 = Sri Mani
| extra3 = Prudhvi Chandra
| length3 = 3:04
| title4 = Champesaave Nannu
| lyrics4 = Sri Mani
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan|Kapil]], Sameera Bharadwaj
| length4 = 3:20
| title5 = Side Please
| lyrics5 = Sri Mani
| extra5 = [[Javed Ali]]
| length5 = 3:14
|all_writing=|title6=|length6=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[123telugu]]'' wrote "''Nenu Local'' is a likable love story, which is aimed at the youth and mass audience. Today’s younger generation will surely connect to Nani’s character and performance which is the biggest highlight of the film."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/nenu-local-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Nenu Local Telugu Movie Review|website=123telugu|date=4 February 2017 }}</ref> Srividya Palarpathi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Nenu Local is incredibly predictable. If not for Nani’s comedy timing and skill to keep audiences glued to the seats, the movie would have had nothing much to offer."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nenu-local/movie-review/56952123.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204130949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/nenu-local/movie-review/56952123.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-02-04|title=Nenu Local Review {2.5/5}: The film rides on Nani's charm and his comic timing|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' wrote "Plus points are Nani, entertainment and dialogues. On a whole, Nenu Local provides entertainment despite being routine."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/nenulocal.html|title=Nenu Local review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Nani & Keerthy Suresh|website=Idlebrain}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
The film grossed ₹24 crore at the worldwide box office in its opening weekend. By the end of its run, it was declared a blockbuster, becoming Nani's biggest solo commercial success to date, beating his previous record set by ''[[Bhale Bhale Magadivoy]]''. The movie subsequently became Nani's third film to gross $1 million in the US after ''[[Eega]]'' and Bhale Bhale Magadivoy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/nenu-local-3-day-worldwide-box-office-collection-nanis-movie-crosses-rs-25-crore-mark-1st-weekend-714971|title=Nenu Local 3-day worldwide box office collection: Nani's movie crosses Rs 25 crore mark in 1st weekend|first=Shekhar H|last=Hooli|website=[[International Business Times]] |date=6 February 2017 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.blastingnews.com/entertainment/2017/02/nenu-local-total-collections-box-office-at-the-ap-tg-and-overseas-001483599.html|title='Nenu Local' total collections box office at the Ap/Tg and overseas|date=21 February 2017|publisher=}}</ref>

The film was dubbed and released in Tamil as ''Naan Local'' and in Hindi as ''Super Khiladi 4'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/us/movies/naan-local/1100016931|title=Naan Local - Hotstar Premium|website=Hotstar}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|6494052}}
{{Trinadha Rao Nakkina}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2017 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trinadha Rao Nakkina]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]

Jagdish Chandra Choudhury

2026-04-19T16:59:45Z

Nagaraj15: Started new details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jagdish Chandra Choudhury
| image =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1983
| term_end = 1988
| predecessor = [[Nurul Huda (CPI(M) politician)|Nurul Huda]]
| successor = [[Karnendu Bhattacharjee]]
| constituency = [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]]
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| children =
| source =
}}

'''Jagdish Chandra Choudhury''' is an Indian politician from Assam. He was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar constituency]] in the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3998-assam-1983/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Assam |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1983-85.html|title=Assam Legislative Assembly – MLA 1983–85|accessdate=13 September 2019|website=Assam Legislative Assembly
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1983-election-results.html|title=Assam Assembly Election Results in 1983|accessdate=13 September 2019|website=www.elections.in
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhury, Jagdish Chandra}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1983–1985]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}

Chingai Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:03Z

Nagaraj15: new some page and citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chingai
| state = [[Manipur]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Outer Manipur]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Khashim Vashum]]
| party = {{Party index link|Naga People's Front}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| electors = {{formatnum:47449}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|5}}
}}
'''Chingai''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Manipur]] that makes up the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]. It is named after the village of [[Chingai]] in [[Ukhrul district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || P. Peter || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan="2"|Somi A. Shimray || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Hills Union }}
|-
| [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || R. V. Mingthing || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Somi A. Shimray || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|-
| [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Dr. Mashangthei Horam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Dr. Khashim Ruivah || {{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur}}
|-
| [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || A. Aza || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || Dr. Khashim Ruivah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[M. K. Preshow Shimray]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || rowspan="2"|[[Khashim Vashum]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|31.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|51.70}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.96}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|60.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|23.13}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|26.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|40.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Manipur Hills Union }}|44.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|27.83}}
}}
=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khashim Vashum]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=12,837 |percentage=31.39% |change=-20.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ningam Chamroy |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,501 |percentage=25.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Preshow Shimray]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,349 |percentage=22.86% |change=-4.99% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sword Vashum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,150 |percentage=19.93% |change=0.07% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,336 |percentage=5.71% |change=-18.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,898 |percentage=86.19% |change= 8.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,449 |change =15.17% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -20.32% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khashim Vashum]] |party=Naga People's Front |votes=16,582 |percentage=51.70% |change=23.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sword Vashum |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,932 |percentage=27.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Preshow Shimray]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,370 |percentage=19.86% |change=-17.10% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,650 |percentage=23.85% |change=20.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,071 |percentage=77.84% |change= 7.64% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,200 |change =8.37% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. K. Preshow Shimray]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,865 |percentage=36.96% |change=3.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khashim Vashum]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,050 |percentage=33.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paul Muinao |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,659 |percentage=28.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=815 |percentage=3.05% |change=-24.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,688 |percentage=70.20% |change= -7.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,018 |change =0.84% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -23.92% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khashim Ruivah |party=Independent politician |votes=17,796 |percentage=60.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Aza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,731 |percentage=33.29% |change=5.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Mingthing |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=1,503 |percentage=5.14% |change=0.70% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,065 |percentage=27.59% |change=25.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,230 |percentage=77.53% |change= -10.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,702 |change =17.68% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 32.88% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Aza |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,761 |percentage=28.00% |change=11.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khashim Ruivah |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=7,294 |percentage=26.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David N. K. Shimray |party=Samata Party |votes=6,459 |percentage=23.31% |change=6.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. N. Chihanpam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,429 |percentage=15.98% |change=-3.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Mingthing |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=1,232 |percentage=4.45% |change=-7.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Weapon Zimik |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=539 |percentage=1.94% |change=-6.65% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=467 |percentage=1.69% |change=-2.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,714 |percentage=87.64% |change= 2.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,038 |change =5.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= -9.91% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Khashim Ruivah |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,950 |percentage=23.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. N. Chihanpam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,290 |percentage=19.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David N. K. Shimray |party=Samata Party |votes=2,948 |percentage=17.26% |change=-4.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grace T. Shatsang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,850 |percentage=16.69% |change=-21.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mashangthei Horam |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,096 |percentage=12.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Raleng |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,467 |percentage=8.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rathing |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=477 |percentage=2.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=660 |percentage=3.86% |change=-12.06% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,078 |percentage=56.72% |change= -28.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,442 |change =12.22% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -14.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mashangthei Horam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,716 |percentage=37.91% |change=11.19% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David N. G. Zimik |party=Samata Party |votes=5,054 |percentage=21.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khathing |party=Independent politician |votes=2,980 |percentage=12.96% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Weapon Zimik |party=Manipur Hill People'S Council |votes=2,440 |percentage=10.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Mingthing |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,687 |percentage=7.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rathing |party=Janata Party |votes=1,129 |percentage=4.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kapow |party=Independent politician |votes=984 |percentage=4.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,662 |percentage=15.93% |change=15.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,990 |percentage=85.59% |change= 2.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,126 |change =-3.16% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 11.17% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Somi A. Shimray |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,180 |percentage=26.75% |change=6.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mashangthei Horam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,174 |percentage=26.72% |change=-7.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ngalengai |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,003 |percentage=25.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=David N. K. Shimray |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=3,417 |percentage=14.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Weapon Zimik |party=Manipur Hill People'S Council |votes=1,332 |percentage=5.76% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6 |percentage=0.03% |change=-0.30% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,106 |percentage=83.19% |change= 1.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,011 |change =41.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.97% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Mingthing |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,348 |percentage=33.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Khathing |party=Independent politician |votes=5,296 |percentage=33.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somi A. Shimary |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,238 |percentage=20.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Rathing |party=Independent politician |votes=806 |percentage=5.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Weapon Zimik |party=Independent politician |votes=745 |percentage=4.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Keison |party=Independent politician |votes=428 |percentage=2.70% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=52 |percentage=0.33% |change=-2.72% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,861 |percentage=81.97% |change= 3.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,776 |change =12.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= -6.82% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Somi A. Shimray |party=Janata Party |votes=5,472 |percentage=40.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Peter |party=Independent politician |votes=5,060 |percentage=37.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Standhope Muivah |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,715 |percentage=20.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngayan |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=1.87% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=412 |percentage=3.05% |change=-6.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,499 |percentage=78.02% |change= -0.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,555 |change =26.11% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Manipur Hills Union |swing= -4.30% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Somi A. Shimray |party=Manipur Hills Union |votes=4,847 |percentage=44.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Peter |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,834 |percentage=35.47% |change=24.54% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Standhope Muivah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,210 |percentage=11.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yarui Ngam |party=Independent politician |votes=919 |percentage=8.50% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,013 |percentage=9.37% |change=-0.60% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,810 |percentage=78.63% |change= 3.82% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,920 |change =70.71% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Hills Union |loser=Independent politician |swing= 17.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Chingai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Peter |party=Independent politician |votes=1,666 |percentage=27.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som I |party=Independent politician |votes=1,069 |percentage=17.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Standhope Muivah |party=Independent politician |votes=881 |percentage=14.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mingthing |party=Independent politician |votes=865 |percentage=14.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=654 |percentage=10.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zingthan |party=Independent politician |votes=474 |percentage=7.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khongsan Keison |party=Independent politician |votes=377 |percentage=6.30% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=597 |percentage=9.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,986 |percentage=74.81% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,154 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ukhrul district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
{{coord|25.31|94.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Ukhrul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]

Bagepalli Gudibande Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:33Z

Nagaraj15: creating a info v1

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bagepalli Gudibanda
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Kolar district|Kolar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 41,672
| mla = B. V. Narayana Reddy
| party = {{Party index link|Socialist Party (India)}}
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| reservation = None
}}

'''Bagepalli Gudibanda Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhana Sabha]] seats in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. V. Narayana Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| colspan="5" align="center" |1957 onwards: ''Seat does not exist. See [[Chikballapur Assembly constituency|Chikballapur]]''
|-
|}

== Election results ==

===Assembly Election 1952===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bagepalli Gudibande<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=B. V. Narayana Reddy |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes = 13,446 |percentage = 54.35% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=H. Suryanarayana Joshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 5,538 |percentage = 22.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Appasami Reddy |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,921 |percentage = 15.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gudibanda Rama Rao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,834 |percentage = 7.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,908 |percentage = 31.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,739 |percentage = 59.37% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,739}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,672|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Socialist Party (India) |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.724413|77.741653|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kolar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Karnataka-geo-stub}}

Kingdom of Jaisalmer

2026-04-11T19:19:41Z

Nagaraj15: Started info - done

{{Short description|Medieval Rajput kingdom in India (1156–1947)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Jaisalmer
| common_name = Jaisalmer
| nation =
| status_text =
| era =
| year_start = 1156
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1947
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Chahamanas of Shakambhari{{!}}Kingdom of Sambhar
| s1 = India{{!}}Indian Union
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag = Jaisalmer Flag.svg
| image_coat = COA of Jaisalmer State.svg
| image_map = {{Rajputana 1525 CE|center||{{Annotation|66|84|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|36px]]}}||none}}
| image_map_caption = {{center|Location of Jaisalmer within [[Rajputana]] circa 1525, with neighbouring polities.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.4 (a) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003445/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=186 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| image_map2 = {{multiple image| align = center| perrow = 1| total_width = 300| caption_align = center| border= infobox
| image1 = Jailsalmer within Rajputana.jpg
| caption1 = Jailsalmer State (orange) within Rajputana (yellow), 1909.
}}
| stat_area1 = 41600
| stat_year1 = 1931
| stat_pop1 = 76,255
| today = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| footnotes = Coat of arms based on ''The Princely Armory.'' Publ. by The Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Calcutta. 1877
| demonym =
| capital =
}}

The '''Kingdom of Jaisalmer''' was a kingdom in the far-western part of present-day [[Rajasthan]], India, from the mid-12th century CE until 1947. In 1156 CE, [[Rawal Jaisal]] moved his capital from [[Lodhruva]] to [[Jaisalmer]] because the former was vulnerable to attacks from Turko-Afghan and Baloch tribes. The descendants of Jaisal continued to exercise absolute control over Jaisalmer until 1818 CE, when a treaty of [[subsidiary alliance]] with the [[British East India Company]] bringing under British protection and sphere of influence. Known as the Maharawal, the native ruler of the princely state was entitled to a 15-gun salute.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_392.gif |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 24, p. 386. |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124130413/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V24_392.gif |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:One Rupee coin of 1756, from the Princely state of Jaisalmer, minted during the reign of Ranjit Singh, photographed from a personal collection, May 7, 2024.jpg|thumb|One Rupee coin of 1756, from the Princely state of Jaisalmer, minted during the reign of Ranjit Singh.]][[File:Asia 800ad.jpg|thumb|The Bhati kingdom, marked as Multan in 800 CE]]The Bhatis of [[Jaisalmer]] belonged to the [[Bhati]] dynasty, a [[Yaduvanshi Rajput|Yaduvanshi]] clan of [[Rajput]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |first1=Mohammad |last1=Habib |first2=Khaliq Ahmad |last2=Nizami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5 |publisher=People’s Publishing House |location=New Delhi |year=1970 |page=838}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|pp=18, 55–60, 70}} They reportedly originated in [[Mathura]] through a common ancestor named [[Rao Bhati]], who is claimed to be a descendant of [[Pradyumna]].{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} According to the seventeenth-century ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'', the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to [[Bhatner]] in [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi Jungle]], and from there to other locations in [[Western India|western]] and [[Northwest India|northwestern India]] including [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab]]. Rao Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of what is now modern-day [[Lahore]].<ref>Yadav, J. N. Singh (1992). ''Yādavas Through The Ages (From Ancient Period to Date)'' (in 2 Vol.), Delhi: Sharada Publishing House, {{ISBN|978-81-85616-03-2}}, pp. 68–71</ref>{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006}} He is also credited with establishing the modern town of [[Bathinda]] in the Lakhi Jungle area in the 3rd century.{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}}According to [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], the [[Hindu Shahis]] of Afghanistan made an alliance with the Bhati rulers of [[Multan]], because they wanted to end the slave raids made by the Turkic ruler of [[Ghazni]], however the alliance was defeated by [[Alp-Tegin]] in 977 CE.<ref>Medieval India 1206-1526 part one, pg.17 by Satish Chandra</ref>

In 1156, [[Rawal Jaisal]] moved his capital from [[Lodhruva]] to [[Jaisalmer]] and the state took its name from this new capital.

[[File:Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|[[Rawal Jaisal]], founder of [[Jaisalmer Fort]].]]

[[File:Jaisalmer_forteresse.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|[[Jaisalmer Fort]], built in 1156 AD by the [[Rajput]] Rawal (ruler) [[Rawal Jaisal|Jaisal]].]]

Around 1299 CE, Rawal Jait Singh I faced a long siege by [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate]], who is said to have been provoked by a Bhati raid on his treasure caravan. By the end of the siege, facing certain defeat, the Bhati Rajput women committed '[[Jauhar]]', and the male warriors under the command of Mularaja met their fatal end in battle with the Sultan's forces. For a few years after the successful siege, the fort remained under the sway of [[Delhi Sultanate]], before being eventually reoccupied by some surviving Bhatis.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Rima Hooja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ|title=A HISTORY OF RAJASTHAN (PB)|date=2006|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0|pages=368}}</ref>

In 1541 CE, Rawal Lunakaran also fought [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Humayun]] when the latter attacked the fort on his way to [[Ajmer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|title=Fort full of life|website=www.frontline.in|access-date=2017-12-11|archive-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105034432/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2709/stories/20100507270906400.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He also offered his daughter in marriage to emperor [[Akbar]]. Mughals controlled the fort until 1762.<ref name=Verma>{{cite book|title=Forts of India|last=Verma|first=Amrit|year=2003|publisher=The Director, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|pages=21–23|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-230-1002-8}}</ref>

The treaty between the [[East India Company]] and Mulraj on 12 December 1818 allowed the Mulraj to retain control of the fort and provided for protection from invasion. After the death of Mulraj in 1820, his grandson Gaj Singh inherited control of the fort.<ref name=Verma/>

===Modern history (Princely state of Jaisalmer)===
On 11 December 1818 Jaisalmer became a [[British protectorate]] in the [[Rajputana Agency]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html |title=Princely States of India |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=20 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520133316/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="RajGz">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71381 |title=Provincial Gazetteers Of India: Rajputana |publisher=Government of India |date=2018-08-14}}</ref>

[[File:Jaisalmer_and_Neighbours.svg|thumb|Map of Jaisalmer State with the [[Thikana|duchies]] of Satto, Pithala, Loharki, Lakhmana, Didhu, Kanod, Tota, Bhadariya, and Nachna]]

Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, the main source of income for the kingdom was levies on [[Caravan (travellers)|caravan]]s, but the economy was heavily affected when [[Bombay]] emerged as a major port and sea trade replaced the traditional land routes. Maharawal Ranjit Singh and Bairi Sal Singh attempted to turn around the economic decline but the dramatic reduction in trade impoverished the kingdom. A severe [[drought]] and the resulting [[famine]] from 1895 to 1900, during the reign of Maharawal Salivahan Singh, only made matters worse by causing widespread loss of the livestock that the increasingly agriculturally based kingdom relied upon.

The attempts of Maharawal Jawahir Singh (1914–1949) at modernization were also not entirely successful in turning the kingdom's economy around, and the drylands of Jaisalmer remained backward compared with other regions of [[Rajputana]], especially the neighbouring state of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]. Nonetheless, the extensive water storage and supply, sanitation, and health infrastructures developed in the 1930s by the prime minister Dewan Bahadur Brijmohan Nath Zutshi provided significant relief during the severe droughts of 1941 and 1951. Maharawal During 1930–1947, Jawahir Singh and his ministers also promoted technical education and the academic disciplines of civil and mechanical engineering in the state.

After the departure of the British from India in 1947, the Maharawal signed an [[Instrument of Accession]] to the new [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], while retaining some internal autonomy until the 1950s.

==List of rulers==

=== Rawals ===

*[[Rawal Jaisal|Rawal Jaisal Singh]] (1153–1168), official founder of the kingdom
*Rawal Shalivahan Singh II (1168–1200)
*Rawal Bijal Singh (1200–1200)
*Rawal Kailan Singh (1200–1219)
*Rawal Chachak Dev Singh (1219–1241)
*Rawal Karan Singh I (1241–1271)
*Rawal Lakhan Sen (1271–1275)
*Rawal Punpal Singh (1275–1276)
*Rawal Jait Singh I (1276–1294)
*Rawal Mulraj Singh I (1294–1295)
*Rawal Durjan Sal (Duda) (1295–1306)
*Rawal Gharsi Singh (1306–1335)
*Rawal Kehar Singh II (1335–1402)
*Rawal Lachman Singh (1402–1436)
*Rawal Bersi Singh (1436–1448)
*Rawal Chachak Dev Singh II (1448–1457)
*Rawal Devidas Singh (1457–1497)
*Rawal Jait Singh II (1497–1530)
*Rawal Karan Singh II (1530–1530)
*Rawal Lunkaran Singh (1530–1551)
*Rawal Maldev Singh (1551–1562)
*Rawal Harraj Singh (1562–1578)
*Rawal Bhim Singh (1578–1624)
*Rawal Kalyan Das (1624–1634)
*Rawal Manohar Das (1634–1648)
*Rawal Ramchandra Dev (1648–1651)
*Rawal Sabal Singh (1651–1661)

=== Maharawals ===
*Maharawal Amar Singh of Jaisalmer (1661–1702)
*Maharawal Jaswant Singh of Jaisalmer (1702–1708)
*Maharawal Budh Singh (1708–1722)
*Maharawal Akhai Singh (1722–1762)
*Maharawal Mulraj Singh II (1762–1820)
*Maharawal Gaj Singh (1820–1846)
*Maharawal Ranjit Singh (1846–1864)
*HH Maharawal Sir [[Bairi Sal (ruler)|Bairi Sal]] (1864–1891)
*HH Maharawal Sir [[Shalivahan Singh|Shalivahan Singh III]] (1891 –1914)
*HH Maharawal Sir [[Jawahir Singh]] (1914–1949), last ruler of the state.
*HH Maharawal [[Girdhar Singh]] (1949–1950), he was instrumental in merging his former state with [[Rajasthan]] [[Rajputana Agency|Union]] in the year 1949 forming Greater Rajasthan in 1950.

=== Titular rulers ===

* Maharawal [[Raghunath Singh of Jaisalmer|Raghunath Singh]] (1950–1982) [[Government of India]] [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|abolished]] his right to the Privy Purse, hereditary titles and other privileges in 1971.
* Maharawal [[Brijraj Singh Bhati|Brijraj Singh]] (1982–2020)
* Maharawal [[Chaitanya Raj Singh]] (since 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaitanya Raj Singh becomes the 44th Maharawal of Jaisalmer |url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/rajasthan/chaitanya-raj-singh-becomes-the-44th-maharawal-of-jaisalmer |access-date=2022-09-11 |website=firstindia.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Dewans ===

*List of [[Dewans]] (chief ministers)

# Mohata Nathmal (1885–1890)
# Thakur kado singh (1890-1895)
# Mehta Jagjiwan (1895–1903)
# Thakur Kushal Singh (acting) (1890?–1900)
# Rawatmal Purohit Khetrapalia (acting) (1900–1909)
# Lakshmi Das Sapat (1909–1911)
# Mohammed Niyaz Ali Kazi (1911–1912)
# Murarji Rooji (1912–1930)
# M.L. Khosala
# Pandit Jamana Lal
# Munshi Nand Kishore
# Lala Rakhpat Raj
# P.K. Shurugula
# Brij Mohan Nath Zutshi
# Anand Swaroop
# Onkar Singh
# Lakhpat Rai Sikund (1940–1942)

==In popular culture ==

* '''''Jaisalmer ka Gundaraj''''' (lit. '''''Atrocious rule of Jaisalmer [king]'''''), by the [[Sagarmal Gopa]] (1900–46) - a [[freedom fighter]] and patriot from Jaisalmer district.<ref name="Saxena1971">{{cite book|author=K. S. Saxena|title=The Political Movements and Awakening in Rajasthan: 1857 to 1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUoMAAAAIAAJ|year=1971|publisher=S. Chand}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of princely states of British India (by region)]]
* [[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* {{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jaisalmer |volume=15 |page=129 |short=1}}

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|26.92|N|70.9|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jaisalmer district]]
[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1156 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States under the Rajputana Agency]]

Tamil Television Network

2026-04-11T09:24:00Z

Nagaraj15: creating some details w/ infobox...

{{short description|French Tamil-language satellite TV channel}}
{{morefootnotes|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = TTN
| logo = Tamil Television Network Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image =
| launch_date = June 1997
| picture_format =
| network =
| owner =
| country = [[France]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| area = Europe, Australasia, Middle East, North Africa
| affiliates =
| headquarters =
| former_names = Tamil Radio & Television (TRT)
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels =
| timeshift_service =
| website = http://www.ttn.tv
}}
'''Tamil Television Network (TTN)''' is a France-based [[Tamil language]] [[Satellite television|satellite television channel]]. Its main audience were [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]]s living in Europe, Australia and the Middle East. The channel mainly broadcast films, live broadcast of [[Association football|football]], [[cricket|crickets matches]] and news.

==Launch==
In June 1997 Paris based ''Radio Asia'' (founded by Sabapathy Suppiah Kuhanathan, editor of ''Eelanadu'') launched '''Tamil Radio & Television''' (TRT), the first Tamil-language TV station outside [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_02/uk/dossier/txt14.htm |title=Sri Lankan expats find a guardian angel |last=Anbarasan |first=Ethirajan |date=February 2000 |publisher=[[UNESCO]] Courier |accessdate=20 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517022052/http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_02/uk/dossier/txt14.htm |archivedate=May 17, 2008 }}</ref> The [[Pay television|subscription]] channel broadcast 24 hours to viewers across Europe, [[South Africa]], [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]]. The channel broadcast news and original cultural programmes as well as films, soap operas and music imported from [[Tamil Nadu]].

By 2000 it had about 7,000 subscribers and 50,000-60,000 viewers. Despite this the channel faced financial difficulties. In September 2000 ''Tamil Media Ltd'', owner of ''IBC Radio'', took a 50% stake in TRT, against the wishes of Kuhanathan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/2000/09/20/featur01.html|title=LTTE establishes global TV sweep with merger|last=Ranetunge|first=Dushy|date=20 September 2000|publisher=The Island, Sri Lanka|accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref> On January 14, 2001 TRT was renamed Tamil Television Network.

Sabapathy Suppiah Kuhanathan now started Dish Asia Network and DAN Tamil Alai Radio

==Closure==
The French authorities started investigating TTN after the [[Sri Lankan government]] protested about its links to the Tamil Tigers. The investigations revealed that TTN did not have a license to broadcast from the [[Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel]] (CSA), the French broadcasting regulator.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/2/12711.html|title=French guillotine ready to chop the head of Paris-based Tamil Television Network|date=28 February 2007|publisher=LankaNewspapers.com|accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref> Later TTN applied for a license but this was rejected by the CSA in February 2006 as TTN was already broadcasting from French soil without a license. The matter was referred to the Procureur de la République (Attorney General). The channel ceased broadcasting on 2 May 2007 when [[Globecast]] stopped relaying the channel.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilnet.com/art.html?catid=13&artid=22047|title=France suspends TTN broadcast|date=2 May 2007|publisher=[[TamilNet]]|accessdate=20 December 2009}}</ref>

==Relaunch==
In 2013 TTN Tamil Oli has started their own IP TV Service, where you could watch Tamil Channels like TTN Tamil Oli and more channels.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil-language television channels}}

[[Category:Defunct television channels]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television channels]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1997]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2007]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora mass media]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Europe]]
[[Category:France–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in France]]
[[Category:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]

2019–2024 Amaravati protests

2026-04-07T17:49:59Z

Nagaraj15: creating basic pg v1

{{update|the cessation of protests in 2024|date=April 2026}}
{{short description|Ongoing protests against decentralisation in Amaravati}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Infobox civil conflict
| title = 2019–2024 Amaravati protests
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{Start date|2019|12|18|df=yes}} {{ndash}} {{End date|2024|06|12|df=yes}} ({{Age in years, months and days|month=12|day=18|year=2019}})<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/protests-in-amaravati-enter-18th-day/article30481698.ece|title=Amaravati Protests enter 18th day|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2020-01-05|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Apparasu |first=Srinivasa Rao |date=2024-06-14 |title=Farmers in Amravati end 4.5 year protest after Naidu takes charge as chief minister |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/farmers-in-amravati-end-4-5-year-protest-after-naidu-takes-charge-as-chief-minister-101718307872134.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| concessions = * A High Power Committee has been allotted to discuss the committee reports and to take further decision on [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ap-sets-up-a-16-member-expert-panel-to-study-reports-on-capital-shifting/article30424835.ece|title=Now, a 16-member High Power Committee to study G.N. Rao Committee and BCG reports on A.P. Capital shifting|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/andhra-pradesh-govt-constitutes-16-member-high-power-committee-to-resolve-capital-city-crisis-2439245.html|title=Andhra Pradesh constitutes 16 member High Power Committee to resolve Capital city crisis|publisher=[[News18]]|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
* The bill was referred to [[Select committee (parliamentary system)|Select committee]] by the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]].
* The [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] ordered the government and police forces to allow the protestors to protest peacefully against the action of the government.
* The [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] directed the state government not to shift any of its offices to any other place and argued to maintain status quo on the issues.
| causes = * Introduction of [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Bill, 2020]]
* Proposal of the [[Decentralization#Government decentralization|Government decentralization]], and the theory of three capitals similar to [[South Africa]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh-jaganmohan-reddy-moots-three-capital-cities-idea/article30330958.ece|title=Andhra Pradesh Jaganmohan Reddy moots three capital idea|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2019-12-17|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref><ref name="hindu20191219">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/farmers-protest-jaganmohan-reddys-three-capital-idea-in-amaravati/article30349372.ece|title=Farmers protest Jaganmohan Reddy's three capital idea in Amaravati|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref>
* Suggestions of G. N. Rao, [[Boston Consulting Group|BCG]] Committees to have decentralized government<ref name="bs20191220">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/farmers-protest-against-expert-panel-s-recommendation-want-no-119122001484_1.html|title=Want no change in Amaravati, Say Protestors|publisher=[[The Business Standard]]|date=2019-12-20|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>
* Comments by [[Botsa Satyanarayana]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/botsa-satyanarayana-hints-to-develop-amaravati-as-it-hub-or-other-industrial-hub-instead-capital-city-592837|title=Botsa satyanarayana hints to develop amaravati as IT Hub or other Industrial Hub instead of Capital city|publisher=The Hans India|date=2019-12-26|access-date=2020-01-02}}</ref>
* [[Police brutality]] at [[Amaravati]]
| goals = * Full repeal of the [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020]]
* [[Amaravati]] to be retained as the sole capital of the state<ref name="ani20191220">{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amaravati-farmers-protest-situation-in-mandadam-village-continues-to-be-tense-after-clashes20200104161439/|title=Amaravati protestors demands amaravati as sole capital of the state|publisher=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref>
* Development of Amaravati as capital city of the state<ref name="ani20191220"/>
* Intervention of [[Prime minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], and [[President of India|President]] [[Ramnath Kovind]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amaravati-farmers-seek-centre-s-intervention-over-relocation-of-capital-city/story-1k8SmSP3YwUl0MprEl3I0O.html|title=Amaravati Farmers seeks centres intervention over relocation of capital city|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2019-08-23|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/amaravati-farmers-write-to-prez-pm-against-jagan-govts-proposal-to-develop-three-capitals-in-andhra-2435089.html|title=Amaravati Farmers Write to Prez, PM against Jagan Govt's Proposal to Develop Three Capitals in Andhra|publisher=[[News18]]|date=2019-12-24|access-date=2020-01-03}}</ref>
* Implementation of [[President's rule]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AUzZQtVTlU|title=Amaravati People Asking president's Rule in Andhra Pradesh|publisher=Telugu Today|date=2020-01-11|access-date=2020-01-11}}</ref>
* Release of arrested protesters
* Establishment of judicial enquiry on insider trading issue<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/former-andhra-cm-naidu-demands-judicial-inquiry-on-ysrcps-allegations-of-insider-trading-2434205.html|title=Former Andhra CM Naidu, Demands Judicial Inquiry on insider trading allegations|publisher=[[News18]]|date=2019-12-23|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>
| methods = '''Protestors:''' ''[[Demonstration (political)|demonstrations]]'', ''[[dharna]]'', ''[[hunger strike]]'', ''[[general strike]]'', ''[[picketing]]'', ''[[sloganeering]]'', ''[[satyagraha]]'', ''[[hashtag activism]]'' 
'''Authorities:''' ''[[arrests]] by police'', ''[[Riot police]]'', ''[[vandalism]]'', [[Baton charge|''lathi charge'']], ''[[mass arrest]]'', ''house arrest'', ''transport restrictions'', imposing ban on assembly (''[[Section 144]]'')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/section-144-imposed-in-amaravati-after-farmers-bandh-call/articleshow/72878992.cms|title=AP Capital: అమరావతిలో రైతుల బంద్.. 144 సెక్షన్ అమలు|publisher=Samayam|language=te|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>
| status = '''Ongoing''' protests in accordance with the restrictions due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in Andhra Pradesh|pandemic situation]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/andhra-pradesh/coronavirus-effect-amaravathi-parirakshana-samithi-sensational-decision-on-capital-movement-q7hyr1|title=ఉద్యమం ఉద్యమమే... కరోనా కరోనానే: అమరావతి పరిరక్షణ సమితి కీలక నిర్ణయం|publisher=[[Asianet News]]|date=2020-03-20|access-date=2020-08-23|language=te}}</ref>
'''Previously:'''
* [[Section 144]], [[Curfew]] imposed across [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].
* Multiple Police forces have been deployed in [[Amaravati]].
| result =
| side1 = {{flag|India}}
* Authorities
** [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
*** [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*** [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
*** [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]]
** [[Andhra Pradesh Police]]
*** [[Vijayawada City Police]]
'''Supported by:'''
* [[YSRCP|YSR Congress Party]]<ref name="hans20200107">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-writes-to-president-of-india-to-declare-amaravati-as-unconstitutional-595619|title=YSRCP writes to president, to declare Amaravati as unconstitutional|publisher=The Hans India|date=2020-01-07|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>
----
'''Other Organisations:'''
* YSRCP Student's Union<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/students-group-from-au-backs-jagan/articleshow/73394307.cms|title=Students' group from AU backs Jagan|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2020-01-20|access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref>
* Bar Association of Kurnool
| side2 = '''Protesters''': (''no centralised authority'')
* Multiple groups of citizens throughout Andhra Pradesh
* Farmers of [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Krishna district|Krishna]] districts<ref name="ani20191220"/>
* Amaravati Parirakshana Samithi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tv9telugu.com/amaravati-parirakshana-samiti-stir-protesters-prepare-and-take-lunch-on-road-182200.html|title=బీసీజీ రిపోర్ట్ బోగస్ : అమరావతి పరిరక్షణ సమితి|publisher=[[TV9 Telugu]]|language=te|date=2020-01-04|access-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>
* Andhra Pradesh JAC Union<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/amaravati-farmers-form-jac-resist-capital-shifting|title=Amaravati Farmers form JAC Union to resist capital shifting|publisher=Sunday Guardian|date=2020-01-04|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
* Rythu Aikya Karyacharana Samithi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jac-plans-to-scale-up-amaravati-protest-into-a-mass-movement/article33302564.ece|title = JAC plans to scale up Amaravati protest into a mass movement|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 10 December 2020}}</ref>
* Amaravati Mahila JAC Union<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-mahila-jac-urges-government-to-withdraw-3-capitals-proposal-637088|title=Vijayawada: Mahila JAC urges government to withdraw 3 capitals proposal|publisher=[[The Hans India]]|date=2020-08-03|access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref>
* Rajadhani Rythu Parirakshana Samithi<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/amaravati-farmers-move-high-court-seek-stay-on-three-capitals-for-andhra/story-sMNNM5mg7dncHxjeVQBd7O.html|title=Amaravati farmers move high court, seek stay on three capitals for Andhra|publisher=[[Business Line]]|date=2020-08-03|access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref>
* [[File:SFI_Flag.jpg|22px]] [[Students' Federation of India|Students Federation of India]]
* [[All India Students Association]]
* [[File:Telugu Mahila Flag.png|22px]] [[Telugu Nadu Students Federation]]<ref name="thehindu20191228">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/protesters-hit-the-road-in-amaravati-villages/article30418425.ece|title=Amaravati protesters hit the road in Amaravati villages|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2019-12-28|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
* [[File:Mahila_Congress.jpg|22px]] [[All India Mahila Congress|Andhra Pradesh Mahila Congress]]
* [[File:Telugu Mahila Flag.png|22px]] [[Telugu Mahila]]
* [[File:Flag_of_India.svg|22px]] [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]] groups across the world<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vaartha.com/andhra-pradesh/nris-protest-for-ap-capital-amaravati/|title=రాజధాని కోసం ఎన్నారైల నిరసనలు|language=te|publisher=[[Vaartha]]|date=2020-01-12|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
'''Supported by:'''
* [[File:Telugu Desam Party Flag.png|22px]] [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/chandrababu-naidus-wife-donates-bangles-for-save-amaravati-movement-of-farmers-2442499.html|title=Chandhrababu naidu wife donates bangles for save amaravati movement of Farmers|publisher=[[News18]]|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/naidu-joins-amaravati-protests-denies-kammas-had-benefited-land-deals-115174|title=TDP joins amaravati protests, denies Kammas benefited land deals|publisher=News Minute.com|date=2020-01-01|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>
* [[File:Janasena Party Flag.png|22px]] [[Jana Sena Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/finally-pawan-makes-his-mind-to-support-amaravati-farmers-on-capital-issue-593817|title=Finally Pawan makes his mind to support amaravati farmers on capital issue|publisher=The Hans India|date=2019-12-30|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref>
* [[File:BJP flag.svg|22px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/cm-jagan-has-no-power-to-move-the-capital-from-amaravati-kanna-lakshmi-narayana-595010|title=BJP:CM Jagan has no power to move capital from Amaravati|publisher=The Hans India|date=2020-01-04|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
* [[File:INC_Flag_Official.jpg|22px]] [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|22px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name="sm20200104">{{Cite news|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/cpi-leader-narayana-slams-cm-ys-jagan-on-ap-capital-issue/articleshow/73095219.cms|title='YS Jaganకు అమరావతి శాపం.. ప్రభుత్వం కూలిపోయే ఛాన్స్': సీపీఐ నారాయణ|publisher=Samayam|language=te|date=2020-01-04|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
* [[File:CPI-banner.svg|22px]] [[Communist Party of India]]<ref name="sm20200104"/>
* [[File:CPIML LIBERATION FLAG.png|22px]] [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
----
'''Other Organisations''':
* [[File:Location_North_America.svg|22px]][[File:Flag_of_India.svg|22px]] [[Telugu Association of North America]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/andhra-pradesh-as-farmers-stir-crosses-200-days-nris-bring-amaravati-back-to-focus/articleshow/76716674.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh: As Farmers' Stir Crosses 200 Days, NRIS Bring Amaravati Back to Focus|publisher=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=2020-06-30|access-date=2020-08-23}}</ref>
* Lorry Owners’ Association of Krishna
* Bar Association of Krishna
* Bar Association of Guntur<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/dont-move-hc-from-amaravati/articleshow/71265837.cms|title='Don't move high court from Amaravati'|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2019-09-24|access-date=2019-09-25}}</ref>
| leadfigures1 = {{Collapsible list
|bullets = yes
|title = '''[[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]'''
| [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]] {{small|([[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief minister]])}}
| [[Botsa Satyanarayana]] {{small|([[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Ministry|Minister of Municipal administration and Urban development]])}}
| [[Buggana Rajendranath]] {{small|([[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Ministry|Minister of Finance and Legislative affairs]])}}
}}
| leadfigures2 = '''Protesters''' (''no centralised leadership'')
| injuries = Around 200<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wky46ZuWKg0|title=మహిళలపై పోలీసుల దౌర్జన్యానికి నిరసనగా రాజధాని బంద్|language=te|publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]|date=2020-01-03|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/guntur/police-attack-on-women-in-capital-amaravathi-bandh-complained-to-nhrc-260609.html|title=రాజధాని మహిళలపై పోలీసుల దాడి.. నిరసనగా అమరావతి బంద్..ఎన్‌హెచ్‌ఆర్సీకి టీడీపీ ఫిర్యాదు|publisher=One India|language=te|date=2020-01-03|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref>
| fatalities = 58<ref name="indtoday20200104">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farmer-who-took-part-in-protest-against-ap-capital-shift-move-dies-of-heart-attack-1634002-2020-01-04|title=Farmer who took part in protest against AP capital shift move dies of heart attack|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2020-01-04|access-date=2020-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/amaravati-youth-commits-suicide-over-the-capital-shifting-596244|title=Amaravati: Youth commits suicide over the capital shifting|publisher=The Hans India|date=2020-01-10|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
| arrests = 200+<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110120/andhra-pradesh-police-beat-women-protesters.html|title=Andhra Pradesh police beat women protesters|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2020-01-11|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
| casualties_label = Deaths, injuries and arrests
}}

The '''2019–2024 Amaravati protests''', simply known as '''Amaravati protests''', were demonstrations in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] triggered by the idea of changing the one capital of [[Amaravati]] already identified and developed partially, to three capitals of Amaravati, [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Kurnool]] by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. This led to concerns that the decision would create chaos and insecurity for farmers who gave their fertile agricultural lands to the government in 29 villages of [[Guntur district]]. The protests began in [[Mandadam]], [[Thullur]], [[Uddandarayunipalem]] on 18 December 2019. In a few days, the protests spread across [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]], in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="thehans20191218"/> On 17 December 2020, series of events were done to mark the protests' anniversary.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan Kumar |date=2020-12-17 |title=Andhra Pradesh: One year for Amaravati movement, farmers to hold Jana Rana Bheri today |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-one-year-for-amaravati-movement-farmers-to-hold-jana-rana-bheri-today-662301 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217081826/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-one-year-for-amaravati-movement-farmers-to-hold-jana-rana-bheri-today-662301 |archive-date=17 December 2020 |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The 1,631-days long protests ended on 12 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-13 |title=Amaravati farmers end 1,631-day protest against three capitals |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/amaravati-farmers-end-1631-day-protest-against-three-capitals-898684 |access-date=2024-06-20 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> The decision was taken after [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] was sworn-in as the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]] for the fourth time on this day, and announced that Amaravati will be continued as the capital of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2024-06-13 |title=Andhra: Amaravati farmers end four-year-long protest after Naidu govt sworn-in |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-amaravati-farmers-end-four-year-long-protest-after-naidu-govt-sworn-in |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==

=== 2014–2018 ===
The TDP government (2014-19) claimed to build the region into a ''world-class capital city'' reflecting the state's historical and cultural heritage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/how-andhra-pradesh-plans-to-make-its-new-capital-amaravati-a-world-class-city/articleshow/58767503.cms|title=How Andhra Pradesh plans to make its new capital, Amaravati as 'world class city'|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2017-05-21|access-date=2018-06-18}}</ref> It was designed by the Singaporean company, with the masterplan being prepared by two [[Singapore government]] appointed consultants and other international consultants in association with both governments in order to develop ''India's Singapore''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/singapore-summit/andhra-capital-amaravati-will-be-bigger-better-than-singapore-chandrababu-naidu/story-RD2orApQTnvIsuHGtKYwkO.html|title=Andhra capital Amaravati will be bigger, better than Singapore: Chandrababu Naidu|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=2018-04-13|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/amaravati-masterplan-ap-to-ink-mou-with-singapore-govt-today/article9697352.ece|title=Amaravati masterplan: AP to ink MoU with Singapore govt today|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=2018-01-11|access-date=2019-01-26}}</ref>

The foundation stone was laid for [[Amaravati]], by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]], [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Former Chief minister]] [[Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] and the [[List of chief justices of India|Former Chief Justice of India]] [[Ranjan Gogoi]] has laid foundation stone for [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] at [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/live-amaravati-new-capital-of-andhra-pradesh-foundation-ceremony/article7792142.ece|title=Modi lays foundation for Amaravati: As it happened|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2015-10-22|access-date=2016-09-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/chief-justice-ranjan-gogoi-lays-foundation-stone-andhra-high-court-amaravati-96162|title=Chief Justice Ranjan Gogoi lays foundation stone for Andhra High Court in Amaravati|publisher=The News Minute|date=2019-04-04|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref> However, the Capital city was planned in rich fertile coastal plains on the banks of [[Krishna River]]; about 60 km from [[Bay of Bengal]] and said to be designed to have 51% of green spaces and 10% of water bodies. Thus, the new riverfront capital took away eminently cultivable land from farmers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/fpmYw43wSuaTHwfTgTlpgK/Amaravati-A-capital-idea.html|title=Amaravati: A capital idea, but how feasible?|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|date=2016-07-22|access-date=2016-08-17}}</ref> For the first time in India, the farmers of [[guntur district|Guntur]] and [[krishna district|Krishna]] districts had given 33,000 acres of land, to the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] on land pooling for Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/farmers-offer-33000-acre-land-for-andhra-capital-at-amravati-945878-2017-06-18|title=Farmers offer 33,000 acre land for Andhra capital at Amravati|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2017-06-18|access-date=2019-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/farmers-offer-33000-acre-land-for-andhra-capital-at-amravati/article9729845.ece|title=Farmers offer 33,000 acre land for Andhra capital at Amravati|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2017-06-18|access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref><ref name="bbc20200107">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/telugu/india-51017078|publisher=[[BBC]]|language=te|title='రాజధాని కోసం ప్రభుత్వాన్ని నమ్మి భూములిచ్చాం... ఇప్పుడు పిల్లా పెద్దా అంతా రోడ్డున పడ్డాం|date=2020-01-07|access-date=2020-01-08}}</ref> It had tied up around Rs 17,500 crore with the Housing and Urban Development Corporation, [[World Bank]], [[Andhra Bank]], [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and planned to raise the balance through public-private partnerships, investments, bonds, lease rental discounting also, it had estimated a budget of over Rs 1 lakh crore for the greenfield capital city.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/rs-17500-cr-wb-booster-shot-for-andhra-pradeshs-amaravati-city/446853/lite/|title=Rs 17,500 cr WB booster shot for Andhra Pradesh's Amaravati city|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=2016-11-16|access-date=2019-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/andhra-cm-naidu-taps-into-world-bank-to-fund-his-dream-capital-amaravati/story-rQN2B5uGXL6MU6l4bwtE3H_amp.html|title=Andhra CM Naidu taps into World Bank to fund his dream capital Amaravati|publisher=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=2018-04-28|access-date=2019-11-16}}</ref> The [[Government of India]], has granted only 2,500 crore and further promised to grant more in future.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/centre-gave-2500-cr-for-building-amaravati-cm/article21236386.ece|title=Centre gave ₹2,500 cr. forbuilding Amaravati: CM|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2017-12-01|access-date=2018-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/amaravati-will-be-andhra-pradeshs-new-capital-budget-20-000-crores-751648|title=Amaravati will be Andhra Pradesh's New Capital. Budget: 20,000 Crores|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=2015-04-02|access-date=2015-06-17}}</ref> But, the present government had stopped major projects and contracts backed by [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority|APCRDA]] and Andhra Pradesh Development Corporation Limited (ADCL), stating that the previous government has committed [[Abuse of information]], [[Insider trading]] on several properties in [[Amaravati]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/jun/02/fate-of-amaravati-projects-hangs-in-balance-1984935.html|title=Fate of Amaravati, hangs in balance|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=2019-06-02|access-date=2019-08-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/aug/27/we-have-details-of-insider-trading-in-amaravati-andhra-pradesh-municipal-administration-and-urban-de-2024940.html|title=We have details of insider trading in Amaravati:Botsa|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=2019-08-27|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref> Many construction works and road works at amaravati have come to a grinding halt, even as those undertaken by private companies continue albeit slowly, as the government had appointed several committees for review.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/several-projects-stalled-in-andhra-pradesh-as-blame-game-continues/article28697173.ece|title=Several projects stalled in Andhra Pradesh as blame game continues|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2019-06-24|access-date=2019-08-26}}</ref>

=== 2019–2024 ===
In July 2019, the [[World bank]] dropped the $300 million Amaravati capital project, and released statement that says "India withdrawn request for financing Amaravati project."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/world-bank-drops-300-million-amaravati-project/articleshow/70284071.cms|title=World Bank drops its $300 mn promise for amaravati project|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2019-07-18|access-date=2019-07-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-withdrew-request-for-financing-amaravati-project-world-bank-1572038-2019-07-22|title=India withdrew request for financing Amaravati project: World Bank|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2019-07-22|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/world-bank-says-it-dropped-amaravati-project-due-to-centre-withdrawing-finance-request/articleshow/70294727.cms|title=World Bank says it 'dropped' Amaravati project due to Centre withdrawing finance request|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2019-07-19|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref> After the World bank, Beijing-based [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] has also withdrawn $200 million funding for the [[Amaravati]] capital city project and leads the state government into financial crisis for construction of Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/asian-infrastructure-investment-bank-withdraws-funding-to-amaravati-project-1563946400320.html|title=Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank withdraws $200 million funding to Amaravati project|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|date=2019-07-24|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/china-backed-bank-drops-200-million-loan-for-amaravati-project-2073871|title=China-Backed Bank Drops $200 Million Loan For Amaravati Project|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=2019-07-23|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/finance/china-led-development-bank-joins-world-bank-in-pulling-funds-for-amaravati/articleshow/70344481.cms|title=After World Bank, China-led development bank pulls out of Amaravati project|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2019-07-23|access-date=2019-07-28}}</ref>

In November 2019, the Singapore consortium comprising Ascendas-Singbridge and [[Sembcorp]] withdrew from the capital city startup area project, after the state government decided not to proceed with the project owing to its other priorities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/withdrawal-of-singapore-consortium-from-amaravati-development-project-a-mutual-decision-says-satyanarayana20191113201134/|title=Withdrawal of Singapore Consortium from Amaravati Development Project a mutual decision, says Satyanarayana|publisher=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=2019-11-13|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-singapore-closes-amaravati-capital-city-startup-project/articleshow/72017810.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh: Singapore closes Amaravati capital city startup project|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2019-11-12|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref> On building the capital city at Amaravati, Urban development minister [[Botsa Satyanarayana]] had said: "Our priority is not to build [[London]] or [[Paris]]. It is not our priority and not in our capacity also. It is not possible for us to build" and had stated that the Amaravati region was not conducive for building a greenfield capital city and that it was prone to floods.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/210819/amaravati-not-safe-to-be-capital-andhra-minister-botsa-satyanarayana.html|title='Amaravati not safe to be capital': Andhra minister Botsa Satyanarayana|publisher=Asianage|date=2019-08-21|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/scrapping-chandrababu-naidus-plans-for-amaravati-will-be-easier-said-than-done-for-jaganmohan-reddy-govt-7226131.html|title=Scrapping Chandrababu Naidu's plans for Amaravati will be easier said than done for Jaganmohan Reddy govt|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=2019-08-26|access-date=2019-10-14}}</ref> Citing the financial condition of [[Andhra Pradesh]] due to the economic slowdown and alleged misdeeds of the previous regime, Finance minister [[Buggana Rajendranath]] had expressed inability to continue work on several large projects of Amaravati conceived by the previous government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/amaravati-start-up-area-project-not-financially-viable-andhra-fm-buggana-rajendranath20191113145825/|title=Amaravati start-up area project not financially viable: Andhra FM Buggana Rajendranath|publisher=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|date=2019-11-13|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/start-up-area-project-was-not-financially-feasible-ap-finmin/article29964941.ece|title=Start-up Area Project was not financially feasible: AP FinMin|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2019-11-13|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>

In December 2019, Chief minister [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy]] announced that the Andhra Pradesh would have three capitals namely as [[Amaravati]] in [[Coastal Andhra]] as the legislative capital with the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|state assembly]], [[Visakhapatnam]] in [[Uttarandhra]] as the administrative capital with the state secretariat and [[Kurnool]] in [[Rayalaseema]] as the judicial capital with the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|high court]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/andhra-pradesh-ys-jagan-mohan-reddy-three-capitals-amaravati-ysrcp-1629174-2019-12-17|title=Concept of 3 capitals to be considered in Andhra Pradesh: Chief Minister YS Jagan Mohan Reddy|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2019-12-17|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-to-have-three-capitals-says-ys-jaganmohan-reddy/articleshow/72853341.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh to have three capitals, says YS Jaganmohan Reddy|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2019-12-17|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref> This threw everybody into confusion, including foreign investors who had hedged their bets on the swift development of Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/after-dreaming-big-amaravati-investors-now-stare-at-a-bigger-vacuum/articleshow/70983608.cms|title=After dreaming big, Amaravati investors now stare at a bigger vacuum|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2019-09-25|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref> The farmers, residents of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region|APCR]] have condemned the comments and dragged into protests against the government.<ref name="thehans20191218">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/hours-after-cm-jagans-decision-farmers-of-amaravati-stage-protests-against-three-capitals-to-state-590770|title=Hours after CM Jagan's decision, farmers of Amaravati stage protests against three capitals to state|publisher=The Hans India|date=2019-12-18|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/had-jagan-mohan-reddy-opposed-amaravati-we-wouldn-t-have-given-lands-farmers-11577632657043.html|title=Had Jagan Mohan Reddy opposed Amaravati, we wouldn't have given lands: Farmers|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|date=2019-12-29|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/farmers-29-amaravati-villages-protest-jagan-s-proposal-three-capitals-114402|title=Farmers from 29 Amaravati villages protest Jagan's proposal for three capitals|publisher=The News Minute|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref>

The act has been challenged in [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing. The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|government]], led by [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], withdrew the [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020|act]], when the high court hearing reached the final stage. The chief minister, however, said his government would bring a better and more complete bill.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Andhra Pradesh Withdraws Controversial 3-Capital Bill|url=https://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/andhra-pradesh-to-withdraw-controversial-3-capital-bill-2620180|access-date=22 November 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

The protesters under the banner of Amaravati Parirakshana Samithi (APS) and Joint Action Committee (JAC) of Amaravati received support from all the political parties barring the ruling YCP when they held their long marches across Andhra Pradesh seeking support for their agitation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.siasat.com/andhra-pradesh-support-pours-in-for-padyatra-by-amaravati-farmers-2412404/ |title=Andhra Pradesh: Support pours in for padyatra by Amaravati farmers |date=2022-09-14 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Siasat}}</ref>

On 5 March 2022, High court ruled that the government can not abandon development of Amaravati as capital city after farmers parted with 33,000 acres of land against the agreement with APCRDA to develop it as the capital city and ₹15,000 crore was sunk in it over development expenditure. It asked the government to develop Amaravati within six months.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/capital-verdict-the-hindu-editorial-on-ap-high-court-judgment-on-amaravati/article65190899.ece |title=Capital verdict: On A.P. High Court judgment on Amaravati |date=2022-03-05 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> When the government appealed in the Supreme court, it got a stay on the judgement regarding developing the city within six months. Supreme court posted the case to 11 July 2023 for hearing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sc-posts-for-hearing-on-july-11-plea-of-ap-govt-against-hc-order-on-amaravati-capital-case20230328194123/ |title=SC posts for hearing on July 11 plea of AP govt against HC order on Amaravati capital case |date=2023-03-28 |website=ANI news |publisher=ANI}}</ref>

Meanwhile, Jaganmohan Reddy announced that [[Visakhapatnam]] will become the new capital when he addressed a meeting on 31 January 2023, relating to an upcoming investment summit in Vizag.<ref>{{cite news | last = Janyala | first = Sreenivas | title = Visakhapatnam will be Andhra's capital, says Jagan. What happens to Amaravati and the 3-capitals plan? | newspaper = The Indian Express | location = New Delhi | pages = | language = | publisher = Express Publications | date = 1 February 2023 | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/visakhapatnam-aps-capital-what-happens-to-amaravati-and-the-3-capitals-plan-8415874/ | access-date = 3 February 2023}}</ref> The Supreme court is set to hear it in April 2024, following its decision on 3 January 2024 about the government's request for expedited hearing.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jagan's 3-capital plan hits SC hurdle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagans-3-capital-plan-hits-sc-hurdle-101704743770746.html |date=9 January 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 March 2024 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302071225/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagans-3-capital-plan-hits-sc-hurdle-101704743770746.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavendra |first=V. |date=12 July 2023 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece/ |title=Three capitals case: Supreme Court adjourns hearing of SLP filed by A.P. govt. to December |work=The Hindu |access-date=14 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814103321/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/three-capitals-case-supreme-court-adjourns-hearing-of-slp-filed-by-ap-govt-to-december/article67071078.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Timeline ==

=== Timeline of the events ===
* '''2 June 2014'''
:*The [[Andhra Pradesh]] bifurcated by carving out the new state called, [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/andhra-pradesh-split-indias-29th-state-telangana-is-born-691955.html|title=Andhra Pradesh split, India's 29th state Telangana is born|publisher=[[News18]]|date=2014-06-02|access-date=2014-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/new-state-created-india-telangana-andhra-pradesh-172091-2013-07-30|title=How a new state is created in India|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=2013-07-30|access-date=2014-06-01}}</ref>
* '''8 June 2014'''
:*[[Chandrababu Naidu]] became chief minister of Andhra Pradesh and took office of residuary Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/Chandrababu-Naidu-to-be-sworn-in-as-CM-of-new-Andhra-Pradesh-on-Sunday/article20794432.ece|title=Chandrababu Naidu to be sworn in as CM of new Andhra Pradesh on Sunday|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2014-06-07|access-date=2014-06-16}}</ref>
* '''31 December 2014'''
:*The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] notified an area covering 7068 sq. km as the broader Andhra Pradesh Capital Region and the 122 sq. km as the Capital City region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20141231/281694023143237|title=A.P. Capital Region Development AAct comes to being|publisher=Press Reader|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2014-12-31|access-date=2015-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF|title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region - Ap.gov.in|publisher=[[APCRDA]]|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archive-date=11 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

:*The Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority Act, 2014 came into force.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-capital-plan-gets-going-CRDA-Bill-in-assembly/articleshow/45590010.cms|title=Andhra Pradesh capital plan gets going, CRDA Bill in assembly|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2014-12-21|access-date=2014-12-31}}</ref>
* '''1 April 2015'''
:*Andhra Pradesh cabinet approved the decision to name the capital city as ''Amaravati''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-cabinet-meet/article7058048.ece|title=Andhra Pradesh cabinet approves the plan to name the capital city as Amaravati.|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2015-04-01|access-date=2015-04-02}}</ref>
* '''25 May 2015'''
:*The [[Singapore Government]] has offered the master plan for Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/singapore-presents-master-plan-for-amaravati/article7244701.ece|title=Singapore presents master plan for Amaravati|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2015-05-25|access-date=2015-05-30}}</ref>
* '''22 October 2015'''
:*The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] has laid foundation stone for the new capital [[Amaravati]] along with [[Chandrababu Naidu]], [[K. Chandrasekhar Rao]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] and [[Venkaiah Naidu]] on Amaravati foundation ceremony.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151022/nation-current-affairs/gallery/auspicious-start-amaravati-prime-minister-narendra-modi-lays|title=An auspicious start for Amaravati as Modi lays foundation stone|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2015-10-22|access-date=2015-10-30}}</ref>
* '''1 July 2017'''
:*Chief minister, ministers and senior officers had officially started functioning from Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/A.P.-govt.-starts-work-from-new-Secretariat/article14408752.ece|title=A.P. govt. starts work from new Secretariat|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2017-06-30|access-date=2017-07-01}}</ref>
* '''3 February 2019'''
:*The [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Ranjan Gogoi]] has inaugurated the [[High Court of Andhra Pradesh]] at Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-high-court-complex-inauguration-5566752/|title=CJI Ranjan Gogoi to inaugurate interim Andhra Pradesh High Court complex|publisher=Indian Express|date=2019-02-03|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newsonair.com/News?id=359155&title=CJI-Ranjan-Gogoi-inaugurates-Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court-new-building-at-Amaravathy|title=CJI Ranjan Gogoi inaugurates Andhra Pradesh High Court new building at Amaravathy|publisher=[[All India Radio|Akash Vani]]|date=2019-02-03|access-date=2019-02-14|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013162400/http://www.newsonair.com/News?id=359155&title=CJI-Ranjan-Gogoi-inaugurates-Andhra-Pradesh-High-Court-new-building-at-Amaravathy|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''18 March 2019'''
:*The [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] have commenced operations from Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2019/mar/14/high-court-to-function-at-nelapadu-from-march-18-1950990.html|title=AP High Court to function at Nelapadu from March 18|publisher=Indian Express|date=2019-03-18|access-date=2019-03-31}}</ref>
* '''30 May 2019'''
:*[[Chandrababu Naidu]] have lost the elections and [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Jaganmohan Reddy]]'s [[YSR Congress]] formed new government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/monster-victory-for-jagan-humiliating-loss-for-naidu/articleshow/69474610.cms|title=Monster victory for Jagan, humiliating loss for Naidu|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2019-05-24|access-date=2019-05-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ys-jaganmohan-reddy-takes-oath-as-andhra-pradesh-cm/videoshow/69575795.cms|title=YS Jaganmohan Reddy takes oath as Andhra Pradesh CM|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2019-05-30|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>
* '''23 July 2019'''
:*[[World Bank]], [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] have announced pulling out of Amaravati project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/230719/after-world-bank-china-backed-bank-drops-usd-200-million-loan-for-ama.html|title=After World Bank, China-backed bank drops USD 200 mn loan for Amaravati|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2019-07-23|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref>
* '''13 September 2019'''
:*The New Government appointed, an Expert panel committee headed by G.N. Rao to take a review of the developmental plans initiated in Amaravati and also to suggest comprehensive development strategy for all-round development of the state including the capital.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/andhra-govt-appoints-expert-panel-to-decide-future-of-capital-likely-to-increase-12-more-districts-2308423.html|title=Andhra Govt Appoints Expert Panel to Decide Future of Capital, Likely to Increase 12 More Districts|publisher=[[News18]]|date=2019-09-14|access-date=2019-09-30}}</ref>
* '''11 November 2019'''
:*The [[Singapore government]] backed consortium have dropped the Amaravati startup area project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/singapore-consortium-pulls-out-of-andhras-startup-area-project/articleshow/72033967.cms|title=Singapore consortium pulls out of Andhra's Startup Area Project|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2019-11-13|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref>
* '''17 December 2019'''
:*[[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Jagan]] had announced the ''three capital'' proposal in the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] by taking [[South Africa]]'s capital model into consideration.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/-decentralised-administration-andhra-may-have-three-capitals-says-cm-jagan-11576603472552.html|title='Decentralised administration': Andhra may have three capitals, says CM Jagan|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|date=2019-12-17|access-date=2019-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagan-redddy-moots-three-capitals-for-andhra-for-decentralised-development/story-rGiZqucaxVQoFOGxAxBXJI.html|title=Jagan Reddy's Andhra may be India's first state with 3 capitals|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=2019-12-17|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>
* '''20 December 2019'''
:*The six-member expert panel comprising urban planning experts, have submitted its report to the [[Chief minister]] [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Jaganmohan Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/gn-rao-committee-submits-its-report-to-cm-jagan-reddy-at-camp-office-in-tadepalli-591336|title=GN Rao Committee submits its report to CM Jagan reddy at Camp office in Tadepalli|publisher=The Hans India|date=2019-12-20|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>

:*G. N. Rao further stated that, the panel suggested moving 'some of the capital functions' to other areas in form of Decentralized Government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/dec/21/gn-rao-panel-report-backs-jagan-mohans-three-capital-proposal-for-andhra-2078992.html|title=GN Rao panel report backs Jagan Mohan's three-Capital proposal for Andhra|publisher=Indian Express|date=2019-12-21|access-date=2019-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.sakshi.com/andhrapradesh/2019/12/20/gn-rao-committee-submits-report-to-ys-jagan|title=GN Rao Committee Submits Report To YS Jagan|publisher=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|date=2019-12-20|access-date=2019-12-23}}</ref>
* '''29 December 2019'''
:* The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] also constituted a High power committee to discuss on G. N. Rao Panel and BCG group reports due to widespread public blacklash.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/andhra-pradesh-constitutes-16-member-high-power-committee-to-find-solution-for-capital-city-crisis/73024503|title=Andhra Pradesh constitutes 16-member High Power Committee to find solution for capital city crisis|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=2020-01-13|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
* '''3 January 2020'''
:* The [[Boston Consulting Group]] had submitted the report to the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|government]] and supported the idea of three capitals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/boston-consulting-group-for-decentralised-development-of-ap/article30477960.ece|title=Boston Consulting Group for decentralised development of AP|publisher=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=2020-01-04|access-date=2020-01-04}}</ref>
* '''31 July 2020'''
:* [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]], Governor of Andhra Pradesh approved the repeal of APCRDA and [[Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020|Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation bill]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-01|title=Andhra Governor gives nod to CM Jagan Mohan Reddy's three-capital plan|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/andhra-governor-gives-nod-to-cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-s-three-capital-plan-11596271636431.html|access-date=2020-08-07|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>
* '''17 December 2020'''
:* Public meeting is held near the foundation ceremony area ([[Uddandarayunipalem]]) to commemorate the one year anniversary of the protests.<ref>{{Cite news|title=JAC plans to scale up Amaravati protest into a mass movement|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jac-plans-to-scale-up-amaravati-protest-into-a-mass-movement/article33302564.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bandari|first=Pavan Kumar|date=2020-12-17|title=Andhra Pradesh: One year for Amaravati movement, farmers to hold Jana Rana Bheri today|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-one-year-for-amaravati-movement-farmers-to-hold-jana-rana-bheri-today-662301|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[The Hans India]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217081826/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-one-year-for-amaravati-movement-farmers-to-hold-jana-rana-bheri-today-662301 |archive-date=17 December 2020 }}</ref>
* '''23 November 2021'''
:* The state government withdrew the 3-capital bill, leading protesters to believe that the government had given in to their demands. However, hours later, [[Chief minister]] [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy|Jaganmohan Reddy]] announced that the government would write a "better and more comprehensive" 3-capital bill.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Viswanath |first1=S. |title=Amaravati farmers' joy turns out to be short-lived |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2021/nov/23/amaravati-farmers-joy-turns-out-to-be-short-lived-2387033.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |work=[[New Indian Express]] |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>
* '''3 March 2022'''
:*The [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]] directs the state government to develop Amaravati as the sole capital. However, this is not recognized by the state government.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Protesting for 800 days, Amaravati farmers erupt in joy |url=https://hindupost.in/news/protesting-for-800-days-amaravati-farmers-erupt-in-joy/ |access-date=13 April 2023 |work=[[Hindu Post]] |date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
* '''12 September 2022'''
:* Amaravati Protests turns 1000 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PV |first=Ramana Kumar |date=2022-09-12 |title=Amaravati Farmers' March: 2nd Phase of Protest Begins With Arasavalli Temple Padyatra |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/amaravati-farmers-march-turns-1000-days-2nd-phase-of-protests-begins-with-arasavalli-temple-padyatra-5943403.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
:* Farmers began ''Maha Padayatra'' across [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sridhar |first=G. Naga |date=2022-09-12 |title=Fight for Amaravati: Farmers begin Maha Padayatra across AP |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/fight-for-amaravati-farmers-begin-maha-padayatra-across-ap/article65882852.ece |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[Business Line]] |language=en}}</ref> The protests which began in Amaravati will end on 11 November 2022 at the [[Arasavalli Sun Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Menon |first=Amarnath |date=2022-09-12 |title=Why Amaravati farmers are on a long march in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-amaravati-farmers-are-on-a-long-march-in-andhra-pradesh-1999377-2022-09-12 |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>
* '''28 November 2022'''
:*The [[Supreme Court of India]] [[Stay of execution|stays]] the previous decision by the Andhra Pradesh High Court to develop Amaravati as the sole capital, stating, "Is there no separation of power in the state of Andhra Pradesh? How can a high court begin acting executive?"<ref>{{cite news |title=Top court stays HC's order to develop Amaravati as Andhra capital in 6 months |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sc-stays-hc-s-march-order-to-andhra-to-develop-amaravati-as-capital-in-6-months-101669621422270.html |access-date=13 April 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 November 2022}}</ref>

=== Timeline of the protests ===
* '''17 December 2019'''
:*Hours after Jagan's announcement, violent demonstrations erupt in [[Amaravati]], especially in [[Thullur]], and other areas in the capital region.<ref name="thehans20191218"/>
* '''18 December 2019'''
:*Farmers held demonstrations on the roads with the cans of pesticides by citing suicide if the Jagan's decision wouldn't withdrawn.<ref name="abn20191219">{{Cite news|url=https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/m5/2470609/Andhra-Pradesh/19-12-2019#page/1/1|title=మూడు పై మంటాలు|language=te|publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-23|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204238/https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/m5/2470609/Andhra-Pradesh/19-12-2019#page/1/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

:*Thousands of farmers and labour union leaders had called for [[bandh]] across [[Mandadam]], [[Velagapudi]], [[Venkatapalem]], [[Krishnayapalem]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/m5/2470609/Andhra-Pradesh/19-12-2019#page/10/1|title=రాజధాని సెగలు|publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]|language=te|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-20|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027204238/https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/m5/2470609/Andhra-Pradesh/19-12-2019#page/10/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''19 December 2019'''
:*Various public and private departments, stores had openly supported the [[bandh]], and heavy traffic jam obstructed many government vehicles as protestors gathered on the roads.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/m5/2472139/Andhra-Pradesh/20-12-2019#page/1/1|title=తాడో పేడో|publisher=[[ABN Andhra Jyothi]]|date=2019-12-20|access-date=2019-12-25|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029104940/https://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/m5/2472139/Andhra-Pradesh/20-12-2019#page/1/1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
:*Protestors also blocked [[APSRTC]] buses moving towards [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat]] and [[Amaralingeswara Temple|Amaralingeswara temple]] despite the deployment of a huge posse of police in the 29 villages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2019/dec/19/amaravati-bandh-farmers-protest-against-remarks-of-chief-minister-jagan-in-state-assembly-2078316.html|title=Amaravati bandh: Farmers protest against remarks of Chief Minister Jagan in State Assembly|publisher=Indian Express|date=2019-12-19|access-date=2019-12-21}}</ref>
* '''11 October 2020'''
:*Various farmers, and members of the Amaravati Mahila JAC hold a rally from [[Thullur]] and raising slogans of 'Jai Amaravati'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 13, 2020|title=Amaravati farmers' protest enters 300th day |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/capital-region-farmers-protest-enters-300th-day/articleshow/78626628.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-09|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014005335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/capital-region-farmers-protest-enters-300th-day/articleshow/78626628.cms |archive-date=14 October 2020 }}</ref>
:*[[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]] participated in a farmers' rally held at [[Mylavaram]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-10-11|title=Protests staged for Amaravati as capital|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/protests-staged-for-amaravati-as-capital/article32829254.ece|access-date=2021-07-09|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* '''15 December 2022'''
:*[[Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee|APCC]] President Gidugu Rudra Raju made a visit to the [[Vijayawada railway station]], in solidarity with the protesters.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Varma |first1=Pothuri |title=APCC president extends support to Amaravati farmers' protest against three-capital move |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/apcc-president-extends-support-to-protesting-amaravati-farmers/article66268498.ece |access-date=13 April 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

== Protests and demonstrations ==
Amaravati farmers took to the streets with the announcement of [[Y. S. Jaganmohan Reddy Ministry|Chief minister]] Jagan's capital decentralization. Reactionary protests were held as well across the [[Guntur district|Guntur]] and [[Krishna district|Krishna]] districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are protesting on the road with cans of pesticides and have erred in moving the [[Andhra Pradesh Secretariat|Secretariat]] and [[Andhra Pradesh High Court|High Court]] from the already all-encompassing Amaravati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/amaravati-farmers-protest-andhra-cm-s-idea-of-three-capitals-119121800787_1.html|title=Amaravati farmers protest Andhra CM's idea of three capitals|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=2019-12-18|access-date=2019-12-19}}</ref> Farmers are demanding that the entire administration of government to stay where it is.

== In popular culture ==
[[Raajadhani Files|Rajadhani Files]], Telugu movie was inspired by the events around [[Amaravati]] protests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rajadhani-files-trailer-600-real-life-farmers-come-together-to-tell-their-tale-101707143134621.html|title=Rajadhani Files trailer: 600 real-life farmers come together to tell their tale|date=5 February 2024|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=12 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212085302/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/rajadhani-files-trailer-600-real-life-farmers-come-together-to-tell-their-tale-101707143134621.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2006 Indian anti-reservation protests]]
* [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[List of protests in the 21st century]]
* [[Assam Movement]]
* [[Samaikyandhra Movement]]
* [[Telangana Movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.andhra.2018-06-05.2957 G.249 N.455 Revenue Dept – Andhra Pradesh Capital Recognisation – orders – Issued] – The Andhra Pradesh Gazette. 5 June 2018.
* [https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.andhra.2018-03-08.2425 G.1119 N.182 MA & UD Dept Amaravati Land Allotment (Amendment) – orders – Issued] – The Andhra Pradesh Gazette. 8 March 2018.
* ''[https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDAV2/Views/DynamicHorizantalGovTab.aspx/ Go.No.RT-934 MA & UD Dept - A.P. Reorganization – Formation of New Capital for the State of A.P.– Website Design, Development and Maintenance for the New Capital City of Andhra Pradesh – Permission accorded – orders – Issued.]'' – APCRDA. 2 December 2014.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140518043714/http://www.aplegislature.org/en_GB/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7d75ff22-eb59-4a24-9c03-348d89498ee4&groupId=11343 A.P. Reorganization Act, 2014] – AP Legislature. 18 February 2014.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20161029112451/http://www.lawsofindia.org/statelaw/8488/TheAndhraPradeshReorganisationAct2014.html Act No : 6 of 2014 The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act]}} – PRSIndia.org. 18 February 2014.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amaravati protests, 2019-2023}}
[[Category:2019 protests]]
[[Category:2020 protests]]
[[Category:2021 protests]]
[[Category:2022 protests]]
[[Category:2023 protests]]
[[Category:2024 protests]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Amaravati]]
[[Category:2020s in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2010s in Amaravati]]
[[Category:2020s in Amaravati]]
[[Category:Political crises in India]]

Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)

2026-04-05T20:36:53Z

Nagaraj15: creating first bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (1956–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Amar Singh at the India Economic Summit 2008 cropped.jpg 
| caption = Singh speaking at the [[World Economic Forum]]'s India Economic Summit 2008.
| name = Amar Singh
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/samajwadi-party-wins-7-rajya-sabha-seats-in-up-kapil-sibal-emerges-victorious-1418013|title=Samajwadi Party wins 7 Rajya Sabha seats in UP, Kapil Sibbal emerges victorious|publisher=[[NDTV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823212833/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/samajwadi-party-wins-7-rajya-sabha-seats-in-up-kapil-sibal-emerges-victorious-1418013|archive-date=23 August 2019}}</ref>
| term_start = 26 November 1996
| term_end = 25 November 2014
| constituency = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| term_start2 = 5 July 2016
| term_end2 = 1 August 2020
| constituency2 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ambeth Rajan]]
| successor2 = [[Syed Zafar Islam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1956|01|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh, India 
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|08|1|1956|1|27|df=y}}
| death_place = Singapore
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Pankaja Kumari Singh|1987|2020}}
| children = 2 daughters
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Amar Singh''' (27 January 1956 – 1 August 2020) was an Indian politician from the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="gaeatimes">{{cite web |url=http://law.gaeatimes.com/2009/10/24/corruption-case-amar-singh-gets-reprieve-from-high-court-15183/ |title=Corruption case: Amar Singh gets reprieve from high court |publisher=law.gaeatimes.com |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325025044/http://law.gaeatimes.com/2009/10/24/corruption-case-amar-singh-gets-reprieve-from-high-court-15183/ |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="liveindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.liveindia.com/news/m.html |title=Amar Singh's telephone conversations recorded, Such acts are surely very bad and very shameful. |author=Rajesh Chopra www.liveindia.com|publisher=liveindia.com|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> He was the general secretary of the [[Samajwadi Party]] and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]].

On 6 January 2010, he resigned from all the posts of the Samajwadi Party<ref>{{cite news |title=Amar Singh quits all party posts |date=7 January 2010 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/07/stories/2010010757850100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110052738/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/07/stories/2010010757850100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> and was later expelled from the party by its chief, [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], on 2 February 2010, for disagreement with Yadav on the [[Women's Reservation Bill, 2010|Women's Reservation Bill]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Amar, Jaya expelled from SP |date=2 February 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amar-Jaya-expelled-from-SP/articleshow/5527183.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000922/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-02/india/28136835_1_amar-singh-political-party-primary-membership |url-status=live |archive-date=26 September 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>In 2011, he was arrested and spent a brief period in jail for alleged involvement in the [[cash-for-votes scandal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amar Singh arrested, sent to Tihar in cash-for-votes case|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amar-singh-arrested-sent-to-tihar-in-cash-for-votes-case-466819|access-date=11 August 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> In 2016, he was elected to Rajya Sabha with support from Samajwadi Party even after facing a stiff opposition from a section of the party including the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh [[Akhilesh Yadav]] (Mulayam's son). Amar Singh was also reinstated as one of the general secretaries of the party in October 2016. On 1 August 2020, Singh died of a kidney ailment in Singapore at the age of 64.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha MP Amar Singh dies at 64 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-mp-amar-singh-dies-at-64/story-QJ6pIYq4SVe6drwNBBKb4K.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 August 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Amar Singh was born on 27 January 1956 at [[Azamgarh]], Uttar Pradesh to a [[Bais Rajput]] family.<ref name="google">{{cite book|author=Chande, B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEhXiAnWXA4C&pg=PA337|title=Betrayal of Indian Democracy|date=1999|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|isbn=9788171567928|page=337|access-date=7 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vir |first=Sanghvi |date=5 August 2020 |title=The Rise And Fall Of Amar Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-taste-with-vir-sanghvi-the-rise-and-fall-of-amar-singh/story-WvyGeqCM0neQdYzgd4MxMO.html |access-date=2 July 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=I first met Amar Singh after I moved to Calcutta in 1986. He was no big deal then. Though he was a Rajput, ....}}</ref> He got his early education at his native place.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amar Singh : Biography |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amar-singh-biography-family-education-political-career-last-tweet-more-1596285965-1 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> Afterwards, his family moved to [[Kolkata]] where he completed his graduation from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]] and his law education from [[University of Calcutta|University College of Law, Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|date=1 August 2020|title=Amar Singh (27 January 1956 - 1 August 2020): Biography - Family, Education, Political Career, Last Tweet & More|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/amar-singh-biography-family-education-political-career-last-tweet-more-1596285965-1|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

Singh started his career as a liaison officer of [[K. K. Birla]], then owner of [[Hindustan Times]]. Working with Birla, he made inroads in journalist fraternity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.theprint.in/india/how-amar-singh-exposed-the-flaws-or-hypocrisy-of-indian-politics/159137/|title=अमर सिंह ने कैसे भारतीय राजनीति की खामियों (या पाखंड) को उजागर किया|date=2 August 2020 |access-date= 5 August 2020 |language=hi |trans-title=How Amar Singh exposed the flaws (or hypocrisy) of Indian politics}}</ref>

==Political career==
Singh's prominence in Delhi surged when the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government was reduced to a minority after the [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and [[All India Forward Bloc]] withdrew their support over the proposed [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Nuclear Accord]] with the United States. His [[Samajwadi Party]] pledged support to the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] government with the support of its 39 members.<ref>{{cite news |title=Samajwadi Party declares support to UPA |date=9 July 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070961720100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080712230039/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/09/stories/2008070961720100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 July 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

Singh along with his close associate [[Jaya Prada]] were expelled from the Samajwadi Party in February 2010 for anti party activities.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 February 2010|title=Amar Singh, Jaya Prada expelled from SP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/amar-singh-jaya-prada-expelled-from-sp/story-YZKx21kpQT8JcsvQqzZyFP.html|access-date=11 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On 21 December 2010, Singh launched his official website and blog.<ref>{{Cite web|title=With candid blogposts, Amar launches his website - Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/with-candid-blogposts-amar-launches-his-website/559001/0|access-date=11 August 2020|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

Singh floated his own political party, Rashtriya Lok Manch, in 2011, and fielded candidates in 360 of the 403 seats in Uttar Pradesh in the 2012 assembly polls. However his party did not win a single seat in these elections. He joined the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] party in March 2014, contested the general elections that year from [[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur Sikri]], Uttar Pradesh in [[2014 Indian general election]] and lost.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=NDTV.com |title=Amar Singh, Jaya Prada join Ajit Singh's Rashtriya Lok Dal |date=10 March 2014 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/amar-singh-jaya-prada-join-ajit-singh-s-rashtriya-lok-dal-493674 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>

He was admitted at a hospital in Dubai with kidney failure and was stated to be critical on 19 February 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/amar-singh-hospitalised-in-dubai/articleshow/18563179.cms?from=mdr | title = Amar Singh was hospitalised in Dubai - The Economic Times|newspaper=The Economic Times| date = 18 February 2013|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

==Positions held==
Amar Singh has been elected 4 times as [[Rajya Sabha]] MP. He had lost the [[16th Lok Sabha]] election from [[Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehpur Sikri]] in 2014 as [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/fatehpur-sikri-lok-sabha |title=Fatehpur Sikri Lok Sabha election results |work=Result University|access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Party
|-
| 1. || 1996 || 2002 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (1st term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
| 2. || 2002 || 2008 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (2nd term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
| 3. || 2008 || 2014 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (3rd term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] || [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
| 4. || 2016 || 2020 || [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|MP]] (4th term) in [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[Uttar Pradesh]] (died in 2020) || [[Independent politician|Ind]]
|}

'''Note:''' Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] in 2016 from Uttar Pradesh as an independent member by the support of [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP).

==Personal life==
Amar Singh had married Pankaja Kumari Singh on 14 June 1987 and the couple have 2 daughters: Drishti Singh and Disha Singh.

==Controversies==
On 22 July 2008, he accused Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister [[Mayawati]] of kidnapping six [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] of his party from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and holding them captive in Uttar Pradesh Bhavan, New Delhi.<ref name="rd1">{{cite news|url=http://specials.rediff.com/news/2008/jul/22video7.htm|title=SP's googly before trust vote|publisher=rediff|access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref> Later, [[Samajwadi Party]] expelled the six MPs for defying the party directive during the confidence motion voting.<ref name="ndtv6">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080058679&|title=SP expels six MPs for voting against govt|date= 25 July 2008|publisher=Press Trust of India|access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref>

He also courted controversy by asking for a probe in the Jamia Nagar [[Batla House encounter case|Batla house encounter case]]. First he gave ₹10 lakh cheque to the family of [[Mohan Chand Sharma]], a police officer who died in the encounter, which bounced when checked for its validity. Later he asked for a judicial enquiry into the firing incidence suggesting that the [[Encounter killing|encounter]] may have been fake. [[Mohan Chand Sharma]]'s family criticized him and returned his money.<ref name="ol">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=266&id=617026|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104072753/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?gid=266&id=617026|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=Sharma's family rejects SP offer|publisher=Outlook India|access-date=20 March 2009}}</ref><ref name="ie3">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/family-of-slain-delhi-cop-rejects-amar-singhs-cheque/370042/|title=Family of slain Delhi cop rejects Amar Singh's cheque|work=The Indian Express|access-date=6 April 2009}}</ref>

Amar Singh has been chargesheeted for offering bribes to three parliament members of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2008 under the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988|Prevention of Corruption Act]] by the Delhi Police on 24 August 2011.<ref name="ndtvaug2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/amar-singh-chargesheeted-in-cash-for-votes-scam-128665|title=Amar Singh chargesheeted in cash-for-votes scam|date= 24 August 2011|publisher=NDTV|access-date=24 August 2011}}</ref> Amar Singh has pleaded health grounds for not appearing before the courts where the chargesheet was being heard.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Hindustan Times |title=Amar Singh arrested, sent to Tihar jail in cash-for-votes scam |date=6 September 2011 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Amar-Singh-unwell-skips-court-hearing-adjourned/Article1-742156.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110906155226/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Amar-Singh-unwell-skips-court-hearing-adjourned/Article1-742156.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> However, distressed by adverse media reports, Singh has appeared before the courts to dispel allegations that he is running away from the process of law. After hearing his personal pleas, the Court has sent Singh to judicial custody till 19 September 2011, in Delhi's [[Tihar Jail|Tihar jail]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/226359/amar-singh-sent-to-tihar-jail-for-13-days-in-cashforvotes-scam/|title=Amar Singh sent to Tihar Jail for 13 days in cash-for-votes scam|date=6 September 2011|publisher=Indiavision news|access-date=6 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909074255/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/226359/amar-singh-sent-to-tihar-jail-for-13-days-in-cashforvotes-scam/|archive-date=9 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> But the money trail in this scandal was not traced to Amar Singh's account as per [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] order and nor concrete evidence could be found against him.

=== 2011 tapes controversy ===
Amar Singh had filed a petition in 2006 after some of his telephone conversations were illegally tapped and were in circulation. A man named Anurag Singh was arrested in the case.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Aman|title=Phone tapping controversy: Anurag Singh from spy to a convict|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/phone-tapping-controversy-anurag-singh-from-spy-to-a-convict/articleshow/18783740.cms|access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> The leader had moved the apex court and got a restraint order against their publication in the media. In May 2011, the [[Supreme Court of India]] removed the stay on publishing the taped conversations with Bollywood star including [[Bipasha Basu]].

===''Clinton Cash''===
In reference to the book ''[[Clinton Cash]]'', the ''[[New York Post]]'' questioned Singh's $5 million contribution to the [[Clinton Foundation]], writing "Singh’s donation was treated with suspicion and amusement in India."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Earle|first1=Geoff|last2=Campanile|first2=Carl|title='Clinton Cash' questions India politician's $5M donation|url=https://nypost.com/2015/04/28/clinton-cash-questions-india-politicians-5m-donation/|access-date=28 August 2015|work=New York Post|date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

==Films==

Amar Singh acted in many films including a small role in ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' and the role of a politician in the film ''[[JD (film)|JD]].''<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2010|title=Meet actor Amar Singh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/meet-actor-amar-singh/story-Oa5hBUPjPZqFW5EagLmBtM.html|access-date=11 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2015|title=Politician Amar Singh to act in a film|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/politician-amar-singh-to-act-in-a-film/16589162|access-date=11 August 2020|website=mid-day|language=en}}</ref> He also acted in a Malayalam-language film ''[[Bombay Mittayi]]'' in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=When Amar Singh starred with Dimple Kapadia in Malayalam film Bombay Mittayi|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/when-amar-singh-starred-with-dimple-kapadia-in-malayalam-film-bombay-mittayi/articleshow/77342534.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029075007/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/the-informer/when-amar-singh-starred-with-dimple-kapadia-in-malayalam-film-bombay-mittayi/articleshow/77342534.cms|archive-date=29 October 2020|access-date=11 August 2020|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2000
|''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amar Singh {{!}} Actor |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7867687/ |access-date=30 October 2023 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>''
|Himself
|-
|2011
|''[[Bombay Mittayi]]<ref name=":0" />''
|Mallika Mansoor
|-
|2016
|''[[A Trip to Unicorn Island]]<ref name=":0" />''
|Himself
|-
|2017
|''[[JD (film)|JD]]<ref name=":0" />''
|Politician
|}
Apne(2007) as Himself

== Death ==
Amar Singh died on 1 August 2020 at the age of 64 in Singapore due to kidney failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2020 |title=Amar Singh, Rajya Sabha member and former SP leader, passes away - India News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amar-singh-rajya-sabha-member-and-former-sp-leader-passes-away/articleshow/77302320.cms|access-date=1 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Politics|India
}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0802078|name=Thakur Amar Singh}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060104084902/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Mainweb.asp?mpcode=73 Member's Website - Shri Amar Singh]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Amar}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Inmates of Tihar Jail]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Azamgarh district]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Indian politicians disqualified from office]]

Cattle War

2026-04-01T05:34:30Z

Nagaraj15: new first article needs work

{{Short description|Conflict between Danish India and the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{about|the 1756 conflict in Thanjavur|the 1931 conflict in the United States|Iowa Cow War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Cattle War
| place = [[Tranquebar]]
| image = VAUPELL(1870) p2 087, Motiv zum Jahr 1750 (Cropped).png
| image_size = 287
| caption = Danish soldiers negotiating further territory to Tranquebar, 1750. By Otto Vaupell
| coordinates = {{coord|11|1|45|N|79|50|58|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = Thanjavurian victory
| territory = ''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}} [[File:Pavillon de la France (17è siècle).svg|22px]] [[French India]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
| date = 19 June{{Spaced ndash}}6 July 1756
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Hans Georg Krog]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Castonier]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} Hesselberg{{KIA}} {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Attrup]]{{KIA}} [[File:Pavillon de la France (17è siècle).svg|22px]] [[Georges Duval de Leyrit|De leyrit]] [[File:Pavillon de la France (17è siècle).svg|22px]] [[Porcher]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Pratap Singh of Thanjavur|Pratap Singh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Perumal Naik]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Manosiappa]]
| strength1 = {{circa|2,000}} men<ref name="Kay Larsen" /> 650 (French relief force) <hr> Total: {{circa|800}}
| strength2 = 2,000<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gregersen |first=Hans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDZnDwAAQBAJ&dq=tanjore+krog+1756&pg=PT130 |title=Trankebar |publisher=Forlag A/S |year=2018 |isbn=9788711978337 |language=Danish |trans-title=Tranquebar|pages=12–13}}</ref>–4,000<ref name="Kay Larsen" /> Cavalry 2,000 infantry<ref name="Kay Larsen" /><hr> Total: 4,000–6,000
| casualties1 = 71 killed<ref name="Kay Larsen" />
| casualties2 = Unknown
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
}}

The '''Cattle War''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]: ''Kvægkrigen)'' also commonly referred to as the '''Perumal War''' or the '''Perumal Naik-War''' (Danish: ''Perumalkrigen/Perumal Naik-krigen)''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=GUVERNØRER RESIDENTER, KOMMANDANTER OG CHEFER |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=GOVERNORS RESIDENTS, COMMANDERS AND CHIEFS}}</ref> was a colonial conflict between the [[Danish East India Company]] and the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]] over the Danish governor Hans Georg Krog's [[Expansionism|expansionistic]] [[foreign policy]]. The conflict started over the raiding of Danish cattle by the local supervisor of a small [[land district]], Perumal Naik.<ref name=":2" />

== Background and prelude ==
Established in 1620 after a treaty between [[Ove Gjedde]] and [[Raghunatha Nayak]], [[Fort Dansborg]] was the capital and center of commerce in [[Danish India]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramadurai |first=Charukesi |title=English - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011 |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=123hjemmeside.dk |language=da-DK |archive-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016135042/http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45934011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> surrounded on land by the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Kingdom of Thanjavur]].

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Tranquebar|Map of Tranquebar]]
| width = 150
| image2 = Historic map Tranquebar.JPG
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Historic map of Danish colony [[Tranquebar]] and [[Fort Dansborg]], 1700s, along the coastline of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background colour = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
| image1 =
}}
On 25 June 1750, a Danish proposal from governor Bonsach on the surrounding [[Suburb|hinterland]] of Dansborg was published.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klem |first=Knud |title=DEN DANSKE OSTINDIE- OG KINAHANDEL |publisher=HANDELS- OG SØFARTSMUSEET PAA KRONBORG |location=Elsinore |publication-date=1943 |pages=78 |language=Danish |trans-title=The Danish east Indian and China trade}}</ref> He proposed to the Nayak of Thanjavur that four nearby districts of an area of 60 km2 should be acquired by the Danish Company.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Christensen |first=Holger |title=Det danske fredmstød i Indien i 1750-erne. Baggrund og forløb |url=https://dwis.dk/images/Dokumenter/Specialer/Indien/Christensen_Det_danske_fremstoed_i_Indien_i_1750-erne.Kbh_1992.pdf |page=}}</ref> Bonsach hoped to gain financial profit from the districts.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jensen |first=Niklas |title=THE TRANQUEBARIAN SOCIETY |publisher=Det kongelige bibliotek |date=16 July 2015 |pages=10 |language=English}}</ref> The proposal was agreed upon with the Nayak and he [[Mortgage|mortgaged]] the areas to the authority in Dansborg.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/935155.pdf |title=Historisk Tidsskrift, Ottende Række |publisher=den danske historiske Forening |year=1910 |pages=58 |language=Danish |trans-title=Historical Journal, Eighth row}}</ref> In return the Nayak of Thanjavur could retrieve the areas at any time.

Six years later, in January [[1756]], the newly appointed local supervisor, Perumal Naik, was alleged by the Danes to have raided the newly Danish land districts.<ref name=":0"/> On 17 June of the same year, Naik raided and stole a herd of cattle, which belonged to a Danish district.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Geisler |first=Jens |date=2018-08-01 |title=Kvægkrigen på Coromandelkysten 1756 - |url=https://milhist.dk/kvaegkrigen-paa-coromandelkysten-1756/ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=milhist.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> In response, the Danish government in Tranquerbar sent a small force of Indian [[sepoy]]s to retake the lost cattle, although they were driven back. Negotiations followed, with the [[Thanjavur]]ians requesting to have the cattle returned.

Instead the Danish governorate retaliated with a [[punitive expedition]] to capture the nearby village of Anandamangalam around [[Tharangambadi|Tranquebar]].<ref name=":0" />

== The confrontation ==
=== Danish attack ===
[[File:Danish Fort.JPG|thumb|Danish Fort of Dansborg]]
On the night of 19 June, a contingent of the Danish corps took the village. In the next couple of days the Danes continuously fortified the [[pagoda]], in the newly conquered village.<ref name=":0" /> Concurrently forces of Perumal Naik attacked the Danish fortified positions. The confrontations were followed by prolonged negotiations, which were inconclusive.<ref name=":1" /> According to governor Krog, Anandamangalam was a rightful property of the [[Danish East India Company]], because of previous [[Pledge (law)|pledging]] of the village to the company in 1743, and he was therefore not willing to [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] the village.{{clarify|date=February 2024}} The governorate at Dansborg unilaterally agreed to keep the village as [[indemnity]] for the stolen cattle.<ref name=":0" />

The Vayak of Thanjavur was astonished that the Danes used violence instead of [[diplomacy]] and promised that Thanjavur was ready for war.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Map of the Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.jpg|thumb|Map of Tanjore, Tranquebar and other surrounding areas]]

=== Thanjvurian response ===
{{Main articles|Tillali Massacre}}
On 29 June the Nayak and Perumal Naik were gathering troops and demanded the [[Withdrawal (military)|withdrawal]] of Danish troops from Anandamangalam. The Danes stayed in the village to preserve their prestige.<ref name=":1" /> On the same day the Danes inserted some 60 men at the nearby village of Tillali. The Danes knew that their forces were weak and therefore sought an [[alliance]] with [[France]]. A [[French language|French]] [[Relief (military)|relief force]] of 650 men was sent,<ref name="Kay Larsen">{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |url=https://s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/samvirke/pdf/Sam_1935_0611.pdf |title=Danmarks Kolonier |publisher=BRUGSFORENINGS-BLADET |year=1935 |pages=270 |language=Danish |trans-title=Denmarks Colonies}}</ref> but it was intercepted by the [[British Raj|British]] before it could reach Tranquebar. The following day, 30 June, a larger force of Perumal Naik's men, and reportedly also the [[regular army]] of Tanjore, launched an attack early in the morning.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Outpost (military)|outpost]] in Tillali was overwhelmed<ref name=":2" /> and almost all of the Danish forces were killed, including captain Hesselberg.<ref name=":2" /> The confrontation at Tillali was followed up by minor skirmishes at Anandamangalam resulting in a Danish retreat to Tranquebar.

== Aftermath ==
[[File:European settlements in India from 1498-1739.PNG|left|thumb|European settlements in India from 1498-1739]]
The Danes were militarily defeated, and no longer sought an expansion of their territorial presence in [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. The Danes tried to persuade other European powers in the region to join them in order to ensure a favorable treaty.<ref name=":1" />

They pressured the French with [[racism]], stating that a [[White people|white]] nation should never be beaten by a [[Black people|black]] nation, thereby hoping France would send further help. They tried similarly with the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[British people|British]], stating that they must not assist "[[Paganism|these pagans]]," but should help the Danes instead by "continuing our rightful weapons against these inhumans".<ref name=":0" />

Governor Krog also tried to get help from the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], but they rejected that proposal. There was no danger for the Danes, and on 6 July, the forces of the vayak drew back to Thanjavur. Krog resigned later that year due to his military failure.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gaeffke |first1=Peter |last2=Strandberg |first2=Elisabeth |date=April 1989 |title=The Moḍī Documents from Tanjore in Danish Collections |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604459 |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=323 |doi=10.2307/604459 |jstor=604459 |issn=0003-0279|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Tranquebar}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}
* {{Annotated link|Raghunatha Nayak}}
* {{Annotated link|Carnatic wars}}
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Dansborg (1644)}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1756 in India]]
[[Category:1750s in Danish India]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:18th century in French India]]
[[Category:Punitive expeditions]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1756]]
[[Category:Wars involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792)]]
[[Category:18th-century military history of France]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Military history of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]

Arjun Son of Vyjayanthi

2026-03-24T21:04:37Z

Nagaraj15: creating first details w/ sources

{{Short description|2025 Indian telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pradeep Chilukuri
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Ashok Vardhan Muppa
* Sunil Balusu
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]
}}
| story = Pradeep Chilukuri
| screenplay = Pradeep Chilukuri Srikanth Vissa
{{infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
|label1=Dialogues by
|data1=Srikanth Vissa
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Nandamuri Kalyan Ram
* [[Vijaya Shanthi]]
* [[Sohail Khan]]
}}
| music = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ram Prasad]] '''Additional Cinematography:''' [[Prasad Murella]]
| editing = Tammiraju
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[N. T. R. Arts]]
* Ashoka Creations
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|18|df=yes}}
| country = India
| runtime = 144 minutes
| language = Telugu
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|15 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|title= Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi Box Office Collection|url= https://x.com/baapofmovies/status/1913885152435904754?s=46&t=tgQk4CuYtyz4BbqOLJejlA |access-date=2025-04-20}}</ref>
}}

'''''Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi''''' (stylized as '''''Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi''''') is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film|action thriller film]] directed by Pradeep Chilukuri and produced by [[N. T. R. Arts]] and Ashoka Creations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/arjun-so-vyjayanthi-packs-a-punch-with-emotions-and-action-says-director-pradeep-chilukuri-962929|title='Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi' packs a punch with emotions and action, says director Pradeep Chilukuri|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=15 April 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] and [[Vijayashanti]], alongside [[Saiee Manjrekar]], [[Sohail Khan]], [[Babloo Prithiveeraj]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1968)|Srikanth]] and [[R. Sarathkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/jr-ntr-hails-vijayashanti-as-true-lady-superstar-1872629|title=Jr NTR Hails Vijayashanti as True Lady Superstar|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=13 April 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sohail-khan-set-make-telugu-debut-nkr21-brooding-antagonist-avatar/|title=Sohail Khan set to make Telugu debut with NKR21; his brooding antagonist avatar out! 21 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/sohail-khan-is-set-to-make-his-telugu-debut-70396.html|title=Sohail Khan is set to make his Telugu debut | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref> The music was composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Lokanath]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|Ram Prasad]] and Tammiraju.

It is a spiritual sequel of 1990 film ''[[Karthavyam (1990 film)|Karthavyam]]'' with Vijayshanti reprised the same role in this movie as Kalyan Ram's mother.

''Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi'' was released on 18 April 2025 and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/14/arjun-so-vyjayanthis-teaser-release-date-revealed|title=Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi's teaser release date revealed|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=14 March 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jr-ntr-reviews-arjun-s-o-vyjayanthi-says-the-last-20-minutes-will-be-mind-blowing/384382f008902|title=Jr NTR reviews Arjun S/o Vyjayanthi, says the last 20 minutes will be mind-blowing|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Arjun, an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] aspirant-turned-kindhearted gangster, learns that Pathan, a notorious terrorist, wants to exact revenge on his mother Vyjayanthi, an honest IPS officer, where he sets out to protect Vyjayanthi.

== Cast ==
*[[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] as Arjun Vishwanath
*[[Vijayashanti]] as Vyjayanthi [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Arjun’s mother
*[[Sohail Khan]] as Mohammad Giyazuddin Pathan
*[[Saiee Manjrekar]] as Chitra, Arjun’s wife
*[[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]] as Police Commissioner Prakash
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Sarath Chandra
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as P. Shivaji, Arjun’s uncle
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as Coast Guard Vishwanath, Arjun’s father and Vyjayanthi’s husband
*[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Prakash’s assistant
*B. S. Avinash as Mahankali
*Gayathri Bhargav as Villager
*Sundip Ved as Thangavel
*Vadlamani Srinivas as Police CI
*Naga Mahesh as Police SI

==Production==
The film was initially referred to by its working title ''NKR21'' and was officially launched with a [[Muhurat shot|muhurtham]] ceremony held in [[Hyderabad]] on 20 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugucinema.com/news/vijayashanthi-plays-a-key-role-in-kalyan-rams-next|title=Vijayashanthi plays a key role in Kalyan Ram's next|date=20 October 2023|website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref>

The first glimpse of the film, featuring [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], was unveiled by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-shares-nkr-21-teaser-fist-of-flame-on-ntrs-birth-anniversary/articleshow/110484950.cms|title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram shares 'NKR 21' teaser 'Fist of Flame' on NTR's birth anniversary|work=The Times of India |date=28 May 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> On 24 June 2024, a special birthday glimpse video featuring [[Vijayashanti]] was released by the makers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/vijayashanthis-birthday-glimpse-from-nkr-21-will-vyjayanthi-ips-deliver-another-karthavyam/|title=Vijayashanthi's birthday glimpse from NKR 21: Will Vyjayanthi IPS deliver another 'Karthavyam'?|date=25 June 2024|website=The South First}}</ref> On 30 July 2024, the climax shoot was completed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/nandamuri-kalyan-ram-nkr-21-intense-climax-shoot-with-1000-artists-completed-645873.html|title=NKR 21: 1000 మందితో కళ్యాణ్ రామ్ సినిమా క్లైమాక్స్!!|first=ntv|last=Telugu|date=30 July 2024|website=NTV Telugu}}</ref> A new shooting schedule for the film began in [[Visakhapatnam]] on 24 October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nkr-21-begins-crucial-schedule-in-vizag-916759|title='NKR 21' begins crucial schedule in Vizag|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=24 October 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

On 21 December 2024, the makers released a poster featuring [[Sohail Khan]] as the antagonist, marking his debut in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/nkr21-team-drops-fl-of-antagonist-sohail-khan-931403|title='NKR21' team drops FL of antagonist Sohail Khan|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=20 December 2024|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> On 8 March 2025, the official title of the film was announced as ''Arjun S/O Vyajayanthi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/08/nkr-21-is-now-arjun-so-vyajayanthi|title=NKR 21 is now Arjun S/O Vyajayanthi|first=B. H.|last=Harsh|date=8 March 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> On 17 March 2025, the teaser of the film was released.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nandamuri-kalyan-rams-arjun-s-o-vyjayanthi-teaser-released|title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram's 'Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi' teaser released|first=Telangana|last=Today|date=17 March 2025|website=Telangana Today}}</ref> The pre-release and trailer launch event of the film was held on 12 April 2025 at [[Shilpakala Vedika]], with [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.|NTR]] as the chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefilmnagar.com/jr-ntr-to-attend-arjun-s-o-vyjayanthi-event/|title=Jr NTR to Attend Arjun S/o Vyjayanthi Event - The Film Nagar|first=Harsha|last=Suryadevara|date=11 April 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music is composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]. On 31 March 2025, the first single, "Nayaaldhi," was released. The lyrics were written by Raghu Ram, and the song was sung by [[Nakash Aziz]] and Sony Komanduri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/arjun-son-of-vyjayanthi-song-nayaaldhi-lyrical/videoshow/119945289.cms|title=Arjun Son Of Vyjayanthi | Song - Nayaaldhi (Lyrical)|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The second song of the film "Muchataga Bandhaale" was released on 9 April 2025, lyrics also written by Raghu Ram and Sung by [[Haricharan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/10/muchataga-bandhaale-from-arjun-so-vyjayanthi-explores-an-endearing-mother-son-bond|title='Muchataga Bandhaale' from Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi explores an endearing mother-son bond|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=10 April 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music =
| title1 = Nayaaldhi
| length1 = 3:21
| lyrics1 = Raghu Ram
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Sony Komanduri
| title2 = Muchataga Bandhaale
| length2 = 3:40
| lyrics2 = Raghu Ram
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| title3 = Amma Nee Maate
| length3 = 3:31
| lyrics3 = Raghu Ram
| extra3 = [[Raghu Ram]]
| title4 = Adigo Vastunnadu
| length4 = 4:17
| lyrics4 = Raghu Ram
| extra4 = Raghu Ram, Ritesh G Rao, Harshavardhan, Naresh Mamindla
}}

== Release ==
''Arjun S/o Vyjayanthi'' was released on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Apr/14/kalyan-rams-arjun-so-vyjayanthi-bags-ua-certification|title=Kalyan Ram's Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi bags U/A certification|first=Aditya|last=Devulapally|date=14 April 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-kalyan-rams-arjun-s/o-vyjayanthi-to-release-on-april-18/articleshow/119950436.cms|title=Nandamuri Kalyan Ram's 'Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi' to release on April 18|work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2025|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

Raisa Nasrren from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated 3/5 stars and stated "the film features action sequences and performances by Kalyan Ram and Vijaya Shanthi in key roles. While the action is a focal point, the writing has been noted as an area needing further development."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/arjun-s/o-vyjayanthi-the-ultimate-show-between-nandamuri-kalyan-ram-and-vijaya-shanti-make-it-an-interesting-watch-review-151447200|title=Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi: The Ultimate Showdown Between Nandamuri Kalyan Ram And Vijaya Shanti Make It An Interesting Watch|date=18 April 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref> ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote "''Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi'' follows a conventional narrative structure, with the final twenty minutes and the presence of Vijayashanthi receiving particular attention."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/arjun-s-o-vyjayanthi-review-for-final-20-minutes |title=Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi review: For final 20 minutes |date=18 April 2025 |website=Telugu Cinema}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated it 2 out of 5 and opined that the film falters in execution, and settles for adequacy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-04-18 |title=Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi Movie Review: All fire, not enough flavour |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Apr/18/arjun-so-vyjayanthi-movie-review-all-fire-not-enough-flavour |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that the film "ends up as an outdated, curious saga of a mother, son and birthday cakes".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-04-18 |title='Arjun S/O Vyjayanthi' movie review: Vijayashanthi, Kalyan Ram's film withers under the weight of a dated tale |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-so-vyjayanthi-movie-review-vijayashanthi-kalyan-rams-telugu-film/article69465107.ece |access-date=2025-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|28291501}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2025 action drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]

Arijit Singh

2026-03-23T14:04:38Z

Nagaraj15:

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1987)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup press release|1=article|date=December 2025}}
{{Resume-like|date=December 2025}}
{{Fan POV|date=December 2025}}
}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Arijit Singh
| image = Arijit Singh performance at Chandigarh 2025.jpg
| caption = Singh in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|04|25}}
| birth_place = [[Jiaganj Azimganj|Jiaganj]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[Sripat Singh College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Playback singer]]|[[Composer]]|[[Music producer]]}}
| works = [[Arijit Singh discography|Discography]]
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Koel Roy|2014}}
| children = 3
| relatives =
| honours = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Arijit Singh|Full list]]
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| label = {{flatlist|
* Oriyon Music
* [[Zee Music Company]]
* [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
* [[Sony Music India]]
* Muslux Studio
* [[YRF Music]]
* [[Eros Music]]
* [[Tips Industries|Tips]]}}
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* [[Sufi music|Sufi]]
* [[Rock music|Rock]]
* [[Pop music|Pop]]
* [[Folk music|Folk]]
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
* [[R'n'B]]
* [[Ghazals]]
* [[Qawwali]]
* [[Nazm]]
* [[Bhajan]]
* [[Indian classical music|Classical]]
}}
}}
| module2 =
| signature = Arijit Singh sig.png
}}

'''Arijit Singh''' ({{IPA|bn|oɾid͡ʒit̪ ʃiŋɦo}}; born 25 April 1987) is an Indian singer, music producer, and former playback singer. A leading figure in [[Hindi film music|Hindi]] and [[Music of Bengal|Bengali]] music, he is the recipient of several accolades including two [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|National Film Awards]] and eight [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Filmfare Awards]]. He was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 January 2025 |title=Balakrishna, Ajith, Shekhar Kapur, Shobana honoured with Padma Bhushan, Arijit Singh, Ricky Kej conferred with Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padma-awards-balakrishna-ajith-shekhar-kapur-shobana-arijit-singh-ricky-kej-9799275/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 January 2025 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126154012/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/padma-awards-balakrishna-ajith-shekhar-kapur-shobana-arijit-singh-ricky-kej-9799275/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Singh began his career when he participated in the reality show ''[[Fame Gurukul]]'' in 2005. He made his [[Hindi cinema]] debut in 2011 with the song "Phir Mohabbat" for the film ''[[Murder 2]]''. He received wider recognition with the release of "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" from ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' in 2013, which earned him his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].<ref>{{cite web |date=25 April 2017 |title=Awesome Arijit |url=http://www.newsindiatimes.com/awesome-arijit/26475 |access-date=4 May 2017 |work=New India Times |archive-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504140112/http://www.newsindiatimes.com/awesome-arijit/26475 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pant|first=Aditi|title=I slept through auditions: Arijit Singh|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/music/i-slept-through-auditions-arijit-singh/story-qmqcGY4pVBg1e6Ub7sHt0K.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 April 2016|date=24 May 2013|archive-date=2 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702125223/http://m.hindustantimes.com/music/i-slept-through-auditions-arijit-singh/story-qmqcGY4pVBg1e6Ub7sHt0K.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

He won the [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] twice for the songs "Binte Dil" from ''[[Padmaavat]]'' (2018) and "[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]" from ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'' (2022).

[[Spotify]] declared Singh the most-[[streamed]] Indian artist for seven consecutive years (2019–2025).<ref>{{cite news |title=Spotify most streamed Indian artist in 2019: Arijit Singh tops |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-spotify-most-streamed-indian-artist-in-2019-arijit-singh-tops-115197 |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=Zee Business |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012538/https://www.zeebiz.com/india/news-spotify-most-streamed-indian-artist-in-2019-arijit-singh-tops-115197 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> As of February 2026, he is the [[List of most-streamed artists on Spotify#Most-followed artists|most-followed artist globally]] on Spotify, with over 174.9 million followers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Singer Arijit Singh Surpasses Taylor Swift As Most-Followed Artist on Spotify |url=https://consequence.net/2024/08/arijit-singh-taylor-swift-spotify/ |access-date=24 August 2024 |website=Consequence.net |date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=8 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708095456/https://consequence.net/2024/08/arijit-singh-taylor-swift-spotify/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Peters|first=Daniel|title=Indian singer Arijit Singh overtakes Taylor Swift as most-followed artist on Spotify|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/indian-singer-arijit-singh-overtakes-taylor-swift-as-most-followed-artist-on-spotify-3786331|access-date=26 August 2024|work=NME|date=23 August 2024|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826120000/https://www.nme.com/news/music/indian-singer-arijit-singh-overtakes-taylor-swift-as-most-followed-artist-on-spotify-3786331|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Arijit Singh was born on 25 April 1987<ref name="Dob">{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday Arijit Singh: From Tum Hi Ho to Gerua, his Top 10 songs|work=The Indian Express|date=25 April 2016|access-date=27 April 2016|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/happy-birthday-arijit-singh-from-tum-hi-ho-to-gerua-his-top-10-songs-2769623/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426180633/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/happy-birthday-arijit-singh-from-tum-hi-ho-to-gerua-his-top-10-songs-2769623/|archive-date=26 April 2016}}</ref> in [[Jiaganj]], [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]], India to Surinder Kakkar Singh, a [[Punjabi Sikh]] father<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Prasun |last2=Hossain |first2=Alamgir |date=March 1, 2026 |title=With love from Jiaganj |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/life/with-love-from-jiaganj-inside-the-hometown-arijit-singh-never-left/cid/2149387 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph India]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2026-03-01 |title=Arijit Singh’s father Surinder Singh recalls family’s journey from Lahore to West Bengal after Partition; says Arijit used to sing kirtan in gurdwara |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arijit-singhs-father-surinder-singh-recalls-familys-journey-from-lahore-to-west-bengal-after-partition-says-arijit-used-to-sing-kirtan-in-gurdwara/articleshow/128919883.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="fc">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/arijit-singh-hometown-early-life-father-songs|title=Arijit Singh Is Everywhere, And Nowhere|access-date=14 September 2019|quote=Kakkar Singh, whose family came from Lahore...|archive-date=13 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013085047/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/arijit-singh-hometown-early-life-father-songs|url-status=live}}</ref> and Aditi Singh, a [[Bengali Hindu]] mother.<ref name="public transport">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-still-travel-by-public-transport-Arijit-Singh/articleshow/20367909.cms|title=I still travel by public transport: Arijit Singh|work=The Times of India|author=Agarwal, Stuti|date=31 May 2013|access-date=8 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150209202435/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/I-still-travel-by-public-transport-Arijit-Singh/articleshow/20367909.cms|archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> His paternal family came from [[Lahore]] during the [[Partition of India|Partition]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="fc" /> He began his music training at a very young age at home. His maternal aunt trained in [[Indian classical music]], and his maternal grandmother used to sing. His maternal uncle played the [[tabla]], and his mother also sang and played the tabla. He studied at [[Murshidabad#Educational Institutes|Raja Bijay Singh High School]] and later at the [[Sripat Singh College]], a [[University of Kalyani]] affiliate.<ref name="public transport" /> According to him he "was a decent student, but cared more about music" and his parents decided to train him professionally. He was taught [[Indian classical music]] by Rajendra Prasad Hazari and trained in tabla by Dhirendra Prasad Hazari. Birendra Prasad Hazari taught him [[Rabindra Sangeet]] (songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]) and pop music.<ref name="public transport" /> At the age of three, he started training under the Hazari brothers, and at the age of nine, he got a scholarship from the government for training in vocals in Indian classical music.<ref name="mess">{{cite web|url=http://www.zoom4india.com/entertainment/features/item/79193-my-life-has-always-been-a-mess.html|title=My life has always been a mess|work=Zoom4India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421145642/http://www.zoom4india.com/entertainment/features/item/79193-my-life-has-always-been-a-mess.html|archive-date=21 April 2017|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref>

Growing up, he listened to [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]] and [[Bengali music|Modern Bengali music]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Debarati S |date=June 24, 2022 |title=OnTheBeatWith{{!}} Arijit Singh: ‘I have learnt valuable music lessons just by listening to songs’ |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/onthebeatwith-arijit-singh-i-have-learnt-valuable-music-lessons-just-by-listening-to-songs-10832411.html |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> He idolised musicians like [[Bade Ghulam Ali Khan]], [[Ustad Rashid Khan]], [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] and Anand Chatterjee, and enjoyed listening to [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Hemant Kumar]], and [[Manna Dey]].<ref name="film">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/cant-stop-the-music-10245-2.html|title=Can't stop the music|author=Raghuvendra Singh|date=19 August 2015|access-date=4 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808233459/http://www.filmfare.com/features/cant-stop-the-music-10245-2.html|archive-date=8 August 2017}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2005–09: Career beginnings ===

Singh's musical career began when his guru Rajendra Prasad Hazari encouraged him to leave his hometown and participate in the reality show ''Fame Gurukul'' (2005) at the age of 18.<ref name="rise">{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/the-rise-and-rise-of-arijit-singh/39203/0|title=The rise and rise of Arijit Singh|author1=Chanda, Kathakali|author2=Mitter, Sohini|date=16 December 2014|website=Forbes India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170708162232/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/2014-celebrity-100/the-rise-and-rise-of-arijit-singh/39203/0|archive-date=8 July 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

During the show, filmmaker [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] invited Singh to sing "Yun Shabnami", a song intended for his film ''[[Saawariya]]''. The recording was later removed following changes in the film's script and was never released.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2023|title=Arijit Singh Birthday: Revisiting soulful singer's journey in music industry|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/arijit-singh-birthday-revisiting-soulful-singers-journey-in-music-industry/articleshow/99752680.cms|access-date=20 March 2024|work=The Economic Times|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502081820/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/arijit-singh-birthday-revisiting-soulful-singers-journey-in-music-industry/articleshow/99752680.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="shab">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali/article8199331.ece|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170709154007/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali/article8199331.ece|archive-date=9 July 2017|access-date=9 July 2017|title=If you will take music away from me I'll die|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 February 2016|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan}}</ref>

After ''Fame Gurukul'', Kumar Taurani of [[Tips Industries Limited|Tips]] signed Singh for a music album that was ultimately shelved. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=January 27, 2026 |title=Arijit Singh, Bollywood’s voice of love, retires from playback singing: ‘It was a wonderful journey’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/arijit-singh-retires-from-playback-singing-says-he-is-going-back-to-indian-classical-music-10497791/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Singh later moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2006 to work as a freelancer, initially living in a rented accommodation in the Lokhandwala area. He invested his early earnings in setting up a personal recording studio and worked as a music programmer and producer for advertisements, radio stations, and television channels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=/data/citytimes/2015/January/citytimes_January76.xml&section=citytimes|title=Arijit Singh holds Dubai spellbound with stunning performance|work=Khaleej Times|author=Shaban, Sadiq|date=18 January 2015|access-date=24 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005547/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/inside.asp?xfile=%2Fdata%2Fcitytimes%2F2015%2FJanuary%2Fcitytimes_January76.xml&section=citytimes|archive-date=26 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spotboye.com/vod/specials/video-i-had-to-sing-the-same-song-5-times-to-get-the-right-feel/57f66ea00b54c024269c3692|title=I had to sing 5 times to get the right feel|access-date=26 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165816/http://www.spotboye.com/vod/specials/video-i-had-to-sing-the-same-song-5-times-to-get-the-right-feel/57f66ea00b54c024269c3692|archive-date=27 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

He subsequently worked as a music programmer and producer with composers including [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Vishal–Shekhar]], [[Mithoon]], [[Monty Sharma]] and [[Pritam]]. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Khuranaa |first=Amann |date=April 25, 2015 |title=Arijit Singh: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/photo-features/arijit-singh-lesser-known-facts/photostory/47048612.cms?picid=47048624 |access-date=2026-02-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== 2010–13: Early releases and ''Aashiqui 2'' ===

In 2010, Singh collaborated with [[Pritam]] on films such as ''[[Golmaal 3]]'', ''[[Crook (film)|Crook]]'' and ''[[Action Replayy]]''. He sang "Neeve Na Neeve Na" for the Telugu film ''[[Kedi (2010 film)|Kedi]]'' and made his Hindi film playback debut with "Phir Mohabbat" from ''[[Murder 2]]''. He gained wider recognition after singing "Raabta" from ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'' and went on to contribute to soundtracks of films including ''[[Players (2012 film)|Players]]'', ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' and ''[[Barfi! (2012 film)|Barfi!]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/music-review-cocktail/article1-880214.aspx|title=Music review: Cocktail|work=Hindustan Times|author=Singh, Nirmika|date=28 June 2012|access-date=2 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630143348/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/music-review-cocktail/article1-880214.aspx|archive-date=30 June 2012}}</ref>

Singh's breakthrough came with the film ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013), particularly the song "[[Tum Hi Ho]]", which earned him several accolades including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].

He subsequently recorded songs for films such as ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'', ''[[Chennai Express]]'', ''[[Jackpot (2013 film)|Jackpot]]'' and ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5649/|title="Ranveer and Deepika gave it all for the songs of Ram Leela" – Sanjay Leela Bhansali|website=Bollywood Hungama|author=Jha, Subhash K.|date=21 October 2013|access-date=2 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203151209/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5649/|archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>

=== 2014–19: Continued success ===

Singh continued to collaborate with [[Pritam]] and other composers through the mid-2010s. He sang "Khairiyat" from the film ''[[Chhichhore]]'', composed by Pritam and written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. The song was released in September 2019 and received widespread popularity.<ref name="Khairiyat">{{cite web
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-arijit-singh-and-pritam-khairiyat-5955937/
|title=India is listening to Arijit Singh and Pritam's 'Khairiyat'
|publisher=The Indian Express
|date=September 2019
|access-date=14 September 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914162209/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/india-is-listening-to-arijit-singh-and-pritam-khairiyat-5955937/
|archive-date=14 September 2019
|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the same year, Singh sang "[[Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage]]" for the film ''[[Kabir Singh]]''.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/get-ready-for-the-romantic-and-intense-sufi-title-track-of-kalank-from-the-winning-team/articleshow/68627853.cms
|title=Get ready for the romantic and intense Sufi title track from the winning team
|website=The Times of India
|agency=TNN
|access-date=6 June 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405125637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/get-ready-for-the-romantic-and-intense-sufi-title-track-of-kalank-from-the-winning-team/articleshow/68627853.cms
|archive-date=5 April 2023
|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later in 2019, he collaborated with [[Shilpa Rao]] on the song "Ghungroo" from the film ''[[War (2019 film)|War]]'', composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]] with lyrics by [[Kumaar]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/war-song-ghungroo-hrithik-roshan-vaani-kapoor-s-dance-moves-are-unmissable/story-xY5bZq8eYw0SPj3D7tPpiM.html
|title=War song Ghungroo: Hrithik Roshan, Vaani Kapoor’s dance moves are unmissable
|work=Hindustan Times
|date=2 October 2019
|access-date=6 October 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003081335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/war-song-ghungroo-hrithik-roshan-vaani-kapoor-s-dance-moves-are-unmissable/story-xY5bZq8eYw0SPj3D7tPpiM.html
|archive-date=3 October 2019
|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2020–present: Independent ventures ===

In 2020, Singh recorded songs for several Hindi films, including ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', ''[[Chhapaak]]'', ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]'', and ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''. During the COVID-19 pandemic, he also lent his voice to the Amazon Prime Video series ''[[The Forgotten Army – Azaadi Ke Liye]]''.

In July 2020, Singh announced the launch of his independent music label, Oriyon Music, marking a shift toward releasing non-film music and exercising greater creative control over his work.<ref>{{cite web|last=Das|first=Garima|title=Arijit Singh gives an ultimatum to people using his voice without approval|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/arijit-singh-warning-to-people-using-his-voice-without-approval/|website=Bollywood Bubble|date=5 August 2020|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216055135/https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/arijit-singh-warning-to-people-using-his-voice-without-approval/|archive-date=16 December 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Later that year, he released the non-film single “Dil Ko Maine Di Kasam”, composed by [[Amaal Mallik]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Ko Maine Di Kasam Video Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsMRgnTcchY|date=9 August 2020|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302184740/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsMRgnTcchY|archive-date=2 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2020, Singh released “Rihaa”, his first independent single under Oriyon Music, serving as singer, composer, and producer. A Bengali version titled “Mukto Kore Dao” was also released.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arijit Singh Is Singer-Composer-Filmmaker In His First Independent Single, 'Rihaa'|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/arijit-singh-is-singer-composer-filmmaker-in-his-first-independent-single-rihaa/|website=Film Companion|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404145520/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/arijit-singh-is-singer-composer-filmmaker-in-his-first-independent-single-rihaa/|archive-date=4 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, Singh continued to record film music across Hindi and regional cinema. Among his releases that year was “O Saaiyaan” from the film ''[[The Power (2021 Indian film)|The Power]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Check Out New Hindi Song Music Video – 'Oh Saaiyaan' Sung By Arijit Singh, Raj Pandit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-song-music-video-oh-saaiyaan-sung-by-arijit-singh-raj-pandit/videoshow/80233932.cms|work=The Times of India|date=12 January 2021|access-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630130701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-song-music-video-oh-saaiyaan-sung-by-arijit-singh-raj-pandit/videoshow/80233932.cms|archive-date=30 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Singh sang "[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]" from ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''. The song received widespread acclaim and earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] at the 68th Filmfare Awards, marking his seventh win in this category.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arijit Singh is awarded Filmfare award for best male playback singer at 68th Filmfare Award|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners|access-date=28 April 2023|newspaper=Filmfare|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427192148/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2025, he won his eighth Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer for the song "[[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]" from ''[[Laapataa Ladies]]'', equalling [[Kishore Kumar]]'s record for most wins in this category.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajguru |first=Sumit |title=70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Arijit Singh Creates History; Joins Kishore Kumar In THIS Achievement |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-arijit-singh-creates-history-joins-kishore-kumar-in-this-achievement-article-152984609 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012070314/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-arijit-singh-creates-history-joins-kishore-kumar-in-this-achievement-article-152984609 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

Singh has remained one of the most-streamed Indian artists on digital platforms throughout the 2020s, with his catalogue continuing to feature prominently on Spotify India year-end charts.<ref>{{cite web|title=India’s Spotify 2024 report card: I-pop on rise, Punjabi tunes rule|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/indias-spotify-2024-report-card-i-pop-on-rise-ranveer-beats-joe-rogan-punjabi-tunes-rule-aashiqui-2-still-101733340063583.html|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=27 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227000000/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/indias-spotify-2024-report-card-i-pop-on-rise-ranveer-beats-joe-rogan-punjabi-tunes-rule-aashiqui-2-still-101733340063583.html|archive-date=27 December 2024|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2026, Singh announced his retirement from playback singing, while also stating that he will continue making independent music.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 27, 2026 |title=Arijit Singh retires from playback singing, says he will continue making independent music |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arijit-singh-retires-from-playback-singing-says-he-will-continue-making-independent-music/cid/2144594 | work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 2026 |title=BREAKING! Arijit Singh announces retirement from singing, singer says 'I am calling it off, it was a wonderful journey' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/breaking-arijit-singh-announces-retirement-from-singing-singer-says-i-am-calling-it-off-itt-was-a-wonderful-journey-13973159.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=27 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127172322/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/breaking-arijit-singh-announces-retirement-from-singing-singer-says-i-am-calling-it-off-itt-was-a-wonderful-journey-13973159.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=I am calling it off: Arijit Singh says he won't take any new playback assignments | work=India Today | date=27 January 2026 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/entertainment/story/calling-it-off-arijit-singh-retires-as-playback-singer-says-wont-take-new-assignments-2858649-2026-01-27 | access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Arijit Singh says he’s not done with music, cites multiple reasons for quitting playback singing; 'Going back to Indian classical music' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arijit-singh-says-hes-not-done-with-music-cites-multiple-reasons-for-quitting-playback-singing-going-back-to-indian-classical-music/articleshow/127654901.cms |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Vocals and musical style ==

Singh is known for his "natural" and "nasal" voice, praised for its texture, depth, and emotive quality. He is a soulful [[baritone]], described as "raw and grainy" yet versatile across genres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/arijit-singh-hitting-the-right-notes/1143659/3|title=Arijit Singh: Hitting the Right Notes – Page 2|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|author=Khurana, Suanshu|date=21 July 2013|access-date=22 January 2015|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231003629/http://archive.financialexpress.com/news/arijit-singh-hitting-the-right-notes/1143659/3|url-status=live}}</ref>

Though best known for romantic songs, Singh performs across styles, including club tracks ''Raat Bhar'', electronic ''Blame The Night'', Punjabi folk ''Samjhawan'', Sufi/qawwali ''Mast Magan'', and ghazals ''Gulon Mein Rang Bhare''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/superstars-2014-croon-along-with-shalmali-kholgade-arijit-singh-this-year/story-IBgQSPcTguorLojKYk8o5K.html|title=Superstars 2014: Croon along with Shalmali Kholgade, Arijit Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=31 December 2013|access-date=27 January 2015|archive-date=26 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926032218/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/superstars-2014-croon-along-with-shalmali-kholgade-arijit-singh-this-year/story-IBgQSPcTguorLojKYk8o5K.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He enjoys classical and folk music, avoids heavy metal, and credits lyricists such as Irshad Kamil, Sayeed Quadri, and Amitabh Bhattacharya for shaping his interpretations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/180916/i-want-to-direct-a-feature-film-arijit-singh.html|title=Arijit Singh wants to direct a feature film|date=18 September 2016|access-date=27 December 2025|archive-date=9 August 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153802/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/180916/i-want-to-direct-a-feature-film-arijit-singh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singh views singing as an art of expression, emphasizing understanding lyrics and rhythm over rigid technique, and credits his guru Rajendra Prasad Hazari for encouraging a balance of classical and modern training.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whistlingwoods.net/5th-veda/art-and-technique-singing-arijit-singh|title=Arts and technique of singing with Arijit Singh|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211081214/https://www.whistlingwoods.net/5th-veda/art-and-technique-singing-arijit-singh|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Public image and influences ==

Arijit has shared his fondness for singer [[Kishore Kumar]],<ref name="chord">{{cite web|title=Striking the right chord|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Striking-the-right-chord/2013/11/16/article1891329.ece|author=Sahoo, Namrata|date=16 November 2013|work=The Indian Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118060612/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Striking-the-right-chord/2013/11/16/article1891329.ece|archive-date=18 January 2015|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> while citing [[Mohit Chauhan]] and [[Atif Aslam]] as inspirations with whom he is often compared.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arijit Singh reacts to comparison with Atif Aslam!|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/arijit-singh-reacts-comparison-atif-aslam-055120197.html|website=in.movies.yahoo.com|language=en-GB|access-date=24 May 2020|archive-date=13 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013123632/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/arijit-singh-reacts-comparison-atif-aslam-055120197.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though he has been inspired by many artists, Singh named [[KK (singer)|KK]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-17 |title=Viral video: Arijit Singh pays tribute to his mentor KK, leaves fans teary-eyed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/viral-video-arijit-singh-pays-tribute-to-his-mentor-kk-leaves-fans-teary-eyed/articleshow/99550550.cms |access-date=2026-03-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as his favourite singer along with [[Ayushmann Khurrana]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} He named Pritam Chakraborty, Vishal–Shekhar, Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, Amit Trivedi, Mithoon and A. R. Rahman as his favourite music directors.<ref name="public transport" /> Singh has idolised [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]], [[Jagjit Singh]] and [[Mehdi Hassan]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}

In an interview with ''Filmbeat'' in April 2013, he declared that he is the biggest fan of singer [[Krishnakumar Kunnath]] (KK). <ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Nabanita |date=April 19, 2013 |title=Interview: Aashiqui 2 singer Arijit Singh |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/features/2013/interview-aashiqui-2-singer-arijit-singh-107922.html |access-date= |website=[[Filmibeat]] |language=en}}</ref> His desire to sing for [[Aamir Khan]]<ref name=chord /> came to reality in 2016 with the song "[[Naina (Arijit Singh song)|Naina]]" from ''Dangal''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/music/arijit-singhs-naina-from-aamir-khan-starrer-dangal-will-touch-your-heart-watch_1963761.html|title=Arijit Singh's 'Naina' from Aamir Khan starrer 'Dangal' will touch your heart! – Watch|date=2 January 2017|newspaper=Zee News|access-date=15 January 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116205137/http://zeenews.india.com/music/arijit-singhs-naina-from-aamir-khan-starrer-dangal-will-touch-your-heart-watch_1963761.html|archive-date=16 January 2017}}</ref> In an interview with ''The Indian Express'', Singh stated that he loves the work of [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Shefali Alvares]], and [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Irfan]]. He also mentioned that his "current favourite" singer is Chinmayi.<ref name=romantic>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/A-Real-Romantic/2015/06/13/article2863193.ece|title=A Real Romantic|work=The Indian Express|author=Menghnani, Reet|date=12 June 2015|access-date=15 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213093715/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/A-Real-Romantic/2015/06/13/article2863193.ece|archive-date=13 December 2015}}</ref>

In 2016 he appeared on the popular chat and comedy show ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' aired on Sony TV India. The show's host [[Kapil Sharma (comedian)|Kapil Sharma]] explained the difficulties he had bringing Singh on the show due to his shy nature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/All-is-not-ok-for-Arijit-Singh-but-Kapil-Sharma-makes-him-smile/articleshow/53907201.cms|title=All is not OK for Arijit Singh but Kapil Sharma makes him smile|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160902002037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/All-is-not-ok-for-Arijit-Singh-but-Kapil-Sharma-makes-him-smile/articleshow/53907201.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singh has often been portrayed by the Indian media as a "small-town boy who made it big".<ref name="Small">{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/arijit-singh-the-small-town-boy-who-made-it-big-in-bollywood/15907620.shtml|title=Arijit Singh small town boy who made it big in Bollywood|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428154733/http://www.merinews.com/article/arijit-singh-the-small-town-boy-who-made-it-big-in-bollywood/15907620.shtml|archive-date=28 April 2017|url-status=live|access-date=10 April 2017}}</ref> He had also been [[Internet troll|trolled]] on social media to which he replied "I use my social media sparingly for things that are close to my heart. I don't read the comments. My team filters out the comments for me, and I don't involve myself a lot in paying attention to criticism on social media. I speak what I want to speak, and my team lets me know the needful."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arijit-singh-i-dont-read-comments-on-social-media/articleshow/62957705.cms|title=Arijit Singh: I don't read comments on social media – Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221055549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/arijit-singh-i-dont-read-comments-on-social-media/articleshow/62957705.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/arijit-singh-speaks-about-trolling-on-social-media|title=ट्रोल होने पर पहली बार खुलकर बोले अरिजीत सिंह,'मुझे किसी बात से फर्क नहीं पड़ता'- Amarujala|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129193257/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/arijit-singh-speaks-about-trolling-on-social-media|url-status=live}}</ref>

Arijit enjoys listening to retro songs by singers [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]] and [[Asha Bhosle]] and the classical and [[ghazal]] songs along with the music of [[Coldplay]]. He expressed his desire to work with artist [[Norah Jones]] someday as he loves her music.

He says he is uncomfortable with all the attention that fame has brought.<ref name="Radio and Music, Arijit Singh Interview" /> In a 2023 interview on ''The Music Podcast'', Singh reflected on his relationship with fame, stating that he had become detached from the public perception of his name, describing it as “a perception people have created about me.” He also said that he previously felt uncomfortable hearing his own songs at home and avoided them for a period, noting “nobody would play a song when I was at home.”, but later grew more indifferent toward the attention.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 28, 2026 |title=Throwback: Arijit Singh once banned his own songs at home; criticized Bollywood’s pay structure as 'unfair' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/throwback-arijit-singh-once-banned-his-own-songs-at-home-criticized-bollywoods-pay-structure-as-unfair/articleshow/127719625.cms |access-date=2026-03-02 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=January 28, 2026 |title=When Arijit Singh spoke about how the music industry ‘kills an artiste’ |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2026/Jan/28/when-arijit-singh-spoke-about-how-the-music-industry-kills-an-artiste |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Impact and recognition ==

In an interview music director and composer, Pritam said: "Arijit is a good singer, a smart musician, and an intelligent musician as well."<ref name="Coldplay">{{cite web|date=31 January 2017|title=Collaborating with Coldplay would be awesome says Pritam|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170131-collaborating-coldplay-would-be-awesome-says|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612092636/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/170131-collaborating-coldplay-would-be-awesome-says|archive-date=12 June 2017|access-date=12 June 2017|publisher=RadioandMusic.com}}</ref> [[Vishal Dadlani]] of the music director duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] said Singh is a phenomenal singer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Not happy about few music scores in the past:Vishal Dadlani|date=27 October 2016|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/not-happy-about-few-music-scores-in-the-past-vishal-dadlani/story-0qAylK12YL2VcZ8pco6aWN.html|access-date=10 March 2017}}</ref> In another interview, he said "Arijit has the ability and the openness needed to make every recording a genuine collaboration. He's also a really nice guy, with no ego. That helps."<ref name="Mono">{{cite web|title=Monopoly of Arijit Singh in playback singing today|date=26 February 2017|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arijit-singh-in-playback-singing-today-4543639/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410140513/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arijit-singh-in-playback-singing-today-4543639/|archive-date=10 April 2017|access-date=4 March 2017}}</ref> Filmmaker Sanjay Leela Bhansali in an Interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, "Arijit Singh is very special".<ref name="Shab">{{cite news|author=Sankhyan Ghosh|title=Interview with sanjay leela bansali|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali/article8199331.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421142420/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/interview/interview-with-sanjay-leela-bhansali/article8199331.ece|archive-date=21 April 2017|access-date=26 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=5 February 2016}}</ref>

Shreya Ghoshal remarked that he "is versatile and has a soulful voice".<ref>{{cite web|date=30 July 2017|title=Arijit Singh in Concert|url=http://www.tlcevents.co.uk/arijit-singh-2016.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730201235/http://www.tlcevents.co.uk/arijit-singh-2016.html|archive-date=30 July 2017|access-date=30 July 2017|work=TLC Events}}</ref> [[Shankar Mahadevan]] said "I knew him before he became Arijit Singh. He is an educated musician, he understands his [[Sargam (music)|Sargam]], and he has got depth."<ref>{{cite web|title=Arijit is an educated musician says shankar mahadevan|date=2 November 2015|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arijit-singh-is-an-educated-musician-shankar-mahadevan/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125085359/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/arijit-singh-is-an-educated-musician-shankar-mahadevan/|archive-date=25 January 2016|access-date=9 February 2016}}</ref> [[Suresh Wadkar]] praised him as one of the "great singers of this generation".<ref>{{cite web|date=12 October 2014|title=On song{{spaces}}– always|url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/5518cc67-b127-47e8-8194-4a8eb173257d.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005248/http://gulftoday.ae/portal/5518cc67-b127-47e8-8194-4a8eb173257d.aspx|archive-date=26 February 2015|access-date=22 February 2015|publisher=[[The Gulf Today]]}}</ref> Sonu Nigam rated Arijit higher than himself, at 7 on 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-06 |title=When Sonu Nigam rated Arijit Singh higher than AR Rahman, himself as a singer: ‘He is 7 on 10, I am 5’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sonu-nigam-rated-arijit-singh-better-singer-than-himself-ar-rahman-dedicated-acha-sila-diya-salman-khan-8759783/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2014, Singh married Koel Roy, a childhood friend and a neighbour of his,<ref name="film" /><ref name="zoom4">{{cite web|title=My life has always been mess|url=http://www.zoom4india.com/entertainment/features/item/79193-my-life-has-always-been-a-mess.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619112443/http://www.zoom4india.com/entertainment/features/item/79193-my-life-has-always-been-a-mess.html|archive-date=19 June 2017|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> shortly after both divorced their former partners.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sen, Torsha|date=5 February 2013|title=Singer Arijit Singh confirms that he is married|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/singer-arijit-singh-confirms-that-he-is-married/article1-1180386.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311181311/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tabloid/singer-arijit-singh-confirms-that-he-is-married/article1-1180386.aspx|archive-date=11 March 2015|access-date=24 February 2015|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Singh has a step daughter from Koel's first marriage and 2 sons from Koel's marriage with him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Arijit Singh Birthday: अरिजीत सिंह ने एक साल से कम में लिया पहली बीवी से तलाक, एक बेटी की मां से की थी दूसरी शादी!|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/photo-gallery-arijit-singh-birthday-singer-married-with-childhood-friend-koel-roy-has-step-daughter/1667099|access-date=24 April 2024|website=Zee News|language=hi|archive-date=24 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424090809/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/photo-gallery-arijit-singh-birthday-singer-two-marriages-divorced-first-wife-then-married-koel-roy-has-step-daughter-2-sons/1667099|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh divides his time between [[Mumbai]] and his hometown of [[Jiaganj Azimganj|Jiaganj]] which has become his main base in recent years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-20 |title=Arijit Singh chooses quiet life in hometown over Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/arijit-singh-chooses-quiet-life-in-hometown-over-mumbai/articleshow/90942422.cms |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920015255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/arijit-singh-chooses-quiet-life-in-hometown-over-mumbai/articleshow/90942422.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Singh says apart from being a singer, he is a badminton player, a writer, a movie freak and a documentary maker. He also likes cricket and cites [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Lance Klusener]], [[Sourav Ganguly]], and [[Jonty Rhodes]] as his favourite sportsmen. He is an ardent football fan, and a [[Manchester United]] fan. He also expressed a wish to sing the anthem for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup]] in Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=20 November 2019|title=Arijit Singh wants to sing the 2022 World Cup Qatar anthem |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/arijit-singh-wants-to-sing-the-2022-world-cup-qatar-anthem-1502728620.html|date=30 January 2019|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920020201/https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/arijit-singh-wants-to-sing-the-2022-world-cup-qatar-anthem-1502728620.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In badminton, he likes [[Saina Nehwal]].<ref name="Radio and Music, Arijit Singh Interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com:80/entertainment/editorial/interviews/arijit-singh-music-has-become-very-corporate-now-150602|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102214807/http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/arijit-singh-music-has-become-very-corporate-now-150602|title=Arijit Singh -Music have become very corporate now|author=RnM Team|publisher=radio and music.com|date=2 June 2015|archive-date=2 November 2015|access-date=22 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Singh's mother, Aditi Singh, died from a [[Stroke|cerebral stroke]] on 20 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Taank|first=Shagun|date=20 May 2021|title=Arijit Singh's Mother Dies At 52 Due To Cerebral Stroke|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arijit-singhs-mother-dies-at-52-due-to-cerebral-stroke-2446015|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404213046/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/arijit-singhs-mother-dies-at-52-due-to-cerebral-stroke-2446015|url-status=live}}</ref> She was 52 years old.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2021|title=Arijit Singh's mother Aditi Singh passes away, succumbs to a cerebral stroke|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/arijit-singhs-mother-aditi-singh-passes-away-succumbs-cerebral-stroke/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=6 June 2024|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405164409/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/arijit-singhs-mother-aditi-singh-passes-away-succumbs-cerebral-stroke/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Discography ==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Arijit Singh}}

== Concerts, tours and events ==

=== 2013{{En dash}}2015 ===
Singh performed live with [[Harshdeep Kaur]] at the Dubai Music Week Bollywood Night concert in September 2013, including hits like “[[Kabira (song)|Kabira]]”. Later that year, on 10 November 2013, he performed "[[Kabira (song)|Kabira]]" at the event organized by Xavier Institute.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 November 2013 |title=Soulful Arijit keeps audience spellbound at 'Xpressions' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Nov/11/soulful-arijit-keeps-audience-spellbound-at-xpressions-536223.html |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153740/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2013/Nov/11/soulful-arijit-keeps-audience-spellbound-at-xpressions-536223.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Arijit Singh live performance at Ovo arena Wembley on 16 July 2016.jpg|thumb|Arijit Singh performing live at ovo [[Wembley arena]] on 16 July 2016.]]
By 2014, Arijit Singh had established himself as a prominent playback singer, leading to the organization of his first major concert tours. These early tours were primarily domestic, focusing on major Indian cities such as [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], and [[Bangalore]]. Singh's performances were noted for their emotional depth and versatility, blending romantic ballads, [[Folk music|folk]], [[ghazal]]s, and [[Pop music|pop]]-infused tracks. His ability to perform for hours without a break, often accompanied by a talented ensemble of musicians, became a defining feature of his shows. He performed at events like the [[Mirchi Music Awards]], the Satej Youth Fest, and also had a live concert in [[Thane]]. Additionally, he performed at the ''[[Indian Idol Junior]]'' finale with contestant Debanjana Karmakar. Singh also performed at [[6th Mirchi Music Awards]] in 2014.

On 27 January 2015, Arijit Singh performed at the [[Spring Fest]], the annual cultural festival of [[IIT Kharagpur]], one of India's premier technical institutes. This concert was a significant draw for students and local fans, featuring a setlist of his early Bollywood hits like "Tum Hi Ho" (''Aashiqui 2''), "Kabira" (''Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani)'', and "Raabta" (''Agent Vinod''). {{cn|date=December 2025}}

The performance, held at [https://wiki.metakgp.org/w/Jnan_Ghosh_Stadium Jnan Ghosh Stadium] , drew thousands of attendees and was noted for its emotional intensity and audience engagement. His performance was noted for its emotional delivery and ability to engage a young audience. This concert was one of Singh's major Mumbai performances in 2015, organized at the spacious [[MMRDA]] Grounds, a popular venue for large-scale events. In April 2015, he performed at the [[Siri Fort Auditorium]] in [[New Delhi]], a prestigious venue known for hosting cultural events. This concert was notable for its intimate setting compared to outdoor stadium shows, allowing Singh to connect closely with the audience. After this Singh performance at the [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]] in [[Kolkata]] was a homecoming event, drawing a massive crowd of local fans. On 15 January 2015, Singh made his debut performance in Dubai with the 50-piece Grand Symphony Orchestra from London. The concert was presented by Raging Tigers and supported by Emax and Splash as sponsors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2015 |title=The Dubai Shopping Festival 2015 Guide |url=https://www.masala.com/news-3/the-dubai-shopping-festival-2015-guide-187458 |access-date=10 July 2025 |website=Masala.com |archive-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810092236/https://www.masala.com/news-3/the-dubai-shopping-festival-2015-guide-187458 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2016{{En dash}}2018 ===
On 5 February 2016, Arijit Singh performed at the [[Dubai World Trade Centre]], accompanied by a full symphony orchestra. The concert was organized by Raging Tiger Events in association with [[Audi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2016 |title=Arijit Singh Live in Dubai – Feb 5th, 2016 |url=https://dubaibliss.com/arijit-singh-live-in-dubai-feb-5th-2016/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=Dubai bliss |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153611/https://dubaibliss.com/arijit-singh-live-in-dubai-feb-5th-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2016, he performed at the [[Albert Hall Museum]] in [[Jaipur]] as part of the [[Rajasthan Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Richa |date=16 January 2017 |title=When Arijit Singh enthralled Jaipur and how! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/when-arijit-singh-enthralled-jaipur-and-how/articleshow/51617473.cms |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/when-arijit-singh-enthralled-jaipur-and-how/articleshow/51617473.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, Singh held his first concert in [[Chandigarh]] at the [[Sector-17, Chandigarh|Sector 17]] Parade Ground.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 April 2016 |title=Arijit Singh's performance in Chandigarh on 16th, ticket rates |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/arijit-singh-arijit-singh-performance-musical-night-chandigarh |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=[[Amar Ujala]] |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153610/https://www.amarujala.com/chandigarh/arijit-singh-arijit-singh-performance-musical-night-chandigarh |url-status=live }}</ref> On 30 April 2016, he performed at Labh Ganga Garden in [[Indore]] with a grand symphony orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Arijit Singh Live in Concert-Indore |url=https://facebook.com/events/s/arijit-singh-live-in-concert-i/844966238959236/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref> Later, on 17 July 2016, Singh performed at [[AFAS Live]] in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2016 |title=Arijit Singh saves the show in HMH Amsterdam for his fans |url=https://desiyup.com/arijit-singh-saves-the-show-in-hmh-amsterdam-for-his-fans/ |access-date=11 July 2025 |website=desiyup.com |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614023523/https://desiyup.com/arijit-singh-saves-the-show-in-hmh-amsterdam-for-his-fans/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His final concert of the year took place in December at the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Sardar Patel Stadium]] in [[Navarangpura|Navrangpura]], [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shah |first=Gopi |date=9 December 2016 |title=Arijit Singh 'As Never Before' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/ahmedabad/arijit-singh-as-never-before/articleshow/55889100.cms |access-date=11 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809154132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/ahmedabad/arijit-singh-as-never-before/articleshow/55889100.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== US tour (2017) ====
In 2017, Arijit Singh toured the United States, performing in several cities including [[Dallas]], [[Austin, Texas|Austin]], [[Houston]], [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[San Jose, California|San Jose]], [[Chicago]], [[Atlanta]], and [[Washington, D.C.]] The tour was contracted and managed by Rose Productions. The shows were well-attended, with over 100,000 people in total with grand Symphony orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2017 |title=Arijit Singh USA 2017 Tour |url=https://www.jakecharkey.com/single-post/2017/06/25/arijit-singh-usa-2017-tour |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=jakecharkey.com |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153924/https://www.jakecharkey.com/single-post/2017/06/25/arijit-singh-usa-2017-tour |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== MTV India Tour (2017{{En dash}}2018) ====
[[File:Arijit Singh performance at MMRDA ground Mumbai in 2018.jpg|thumb|Arijit Singh performance at MMRDA ground Mumbai in 2018.]]
The MTV India tour featuring Arijit Singh was a concert series spanning multiple cities and months. It kicked off in [[Kolkata]] on 24 December and continued through March 2018, hitting major cities like [[Gurgaon]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Indore]], [[Pune]], [[Guwahati]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Jaipur]], [[Ahmedabad]], and [[Mumbai]]. The tour was a collaboration between [[MTV]] and Wizcraft International.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Zinal |date=26 March 2018 |title=Arijit Singh India Tour ends with a power-packed performance |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/reviews/180326-arijit-singh-india-tour-ends-power-packed |access-date=16 July 2025 |website=radioandmusic.com |archive-date=13 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250913021002/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/reviews/180326-arijit-singh-india-tour-ends-power-packed |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2019{{En dash}}2021 ===
During 2019, Arijit Singh embarked on his first [[North American]] tour and performed in the Middle East and [[India]]. His 2020 concerts were interrupted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], resuming with limited shows in late 2021. On 6 June 2021, Arijit Singh hosted a Facebook Live concert with the primary aim of raising funds to help rural India in the fight against COVID-19. This initiative was a partnership between Arijit Singh, Facebook, and GiveIndia, a non-governmental organization. The concert served as a fundraising effort to gather donations for this cause.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2021 |title=Arijit Singh's Virtual Covid Relief Concert Gets 1.6 Mn Views, Ongoing Fundraiser Nets Rs 1.5 Cr |url=https://in.eventfaqs.com/2021/06/09/arijit-singhs-virtual-covid-relief-concert-gets-16-mn-views-ongoing-fundraiser-nets-rs-15-cr/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=in.eventsfaqs.com |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153731/https://in.eventfaqs.com/2021/06/09/arijit-singhs-virtual-covid-relief-concert-gets-16-mn-views-ongoing-fundraiser-nets-rs-15-cr/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mishra |first=Mayank |title=Arijit Singh partners with GiveIndia and Facebook to extend COVID support to rural Indian towns and villages |url=https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/arijit-singh-partners-with-giveindia-and-facebook-to-extend-covid-support-to-rural-indian-towns-and-villages#:~:text=This%20is%20the%20first%20time%20Arijit%20(,the%20pandemic%20in%20small%20towns%20and%20villages. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726081017/https://thecsruniverse.com/articles/arijit-singh-partners-with-giveindia-and-facebook-to-extend-covid-support-to-rural-indian-towns-and-villages |archive-date=26 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025 |work=Thecsruniverse}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheader" style="text-align:center;" width=100%
|+List of concerts, tours, showing dates, venue and attendance
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" width="14%" | Dates
! scope="col" | City, State
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Attendance
! scope="col" width="14%" | Note(s)
! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | —
| {{dts|06 January 2019}}
|[[Navrangpura]], [[Ahmedabad]]
|[[India]]
|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, Navrangpura|Sardar Patel Stadium]]
|Not radially available
|Arijit Singh performed in Ahmedabad, India, as part of the "ASNeverB4" concert series celebrating 20 years of Gypsy Events.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2019 |title=Arijit Singh Live ASNeverB4:Celebrating 20 years of Gypsy Events |url=https://creativeyatra.com/events/arijit-singh-live-asneverb4celebrating-20-years-gypsy-events/ |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=creativeyatra.com |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153639/https://creativeyatra.com/events/arijit-singh-live-asneverb4celebrating-20-years-gypsy-events/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | —
| {{dts|11 January 2019}}
|[[Dubai]]
|[[UAE]]
|[[Dubai World Trade Centre]]
|7000+
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2019 |title=Bollywood Singer Arijit Singh enthralled Dubai Audience with his soulful performance |url=https://m.eyeofriyadh.com/news/details/bollywood-singer-arijit-singh-enthralled-dubai-audience-with-his-soulful-performance |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=m.eyeofriyadh.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | —
| {{dts|18 January 2019}}
|[[Doha]]
|[[Qatar]]
|[[Lusail Sports Arena]]
|12000+
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2019 |title=Arijit Singh Live in Doha, Concert on 18th 2019 |url=https://qatarofw.com/arijit-singh-concert/ |access-date=20 July 2025 |website=qatarofw.com |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809154056/https://qatarofw.com/arijit-singh-concert/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="12" scope="row" |"North America Tour"
| {{dts|5 April 2019}}
|[[Everett, Washington]]
|[[United States]]
|[[Angel of the Winds Arena]]
| rowspan="12" |100,000+
| rowspan="12" |During April and May 2019, Arijit Singh embarked on his first 12-city tour across the United States.
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2019 |title=Arijit Singh's New North American Tour Will Include Single Stop In Tri-State Region |url=https://www.prucenter.com/news/arijit-singhs-new-north-american-tour |access-date=21 July 2025 |website=prucenter.com |archive-date=17 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250917171214/https://www.prucenter.com/news/arijit-singhs-new-north-american-tour |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|6 April 2019}}
|[[Oakland, California]]
|United States
|[[Oakland Arena]]
|-
| {{dts|7 April 2019}}
|[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]]
|United States
|[[Peacock Theatre]]
|-
| {{dts|12 April 2019}}
|[[Sugar Land, Texas]]
|United States
|[[Smart Financial Centre]]
|-
| {{dts|13 April 2019}}
|[[Newark, New Jersey]]
|United States
|[[Prudential Center]]
|-
| {{dts|14 April 2019}}
|[[Boston|Boston, Massachusetts]]
|United States
|[[Agganis Arena]]
|-
| {{dts|20 April 2019}}
|[[Fairfax, Virginia]]
|United States
|[[EagleBank Arena]]
|-
| {{dts|26 April 2019}}
|[[Hoffman Estates, Illinois]]
|United States
|[[Now Arena]]
|-
| {{dts|27 April 2019}}
|[[Orlando, Florida]]
|United States
|[[Addition Financial Arena]]
|-
| {{dts|3 May 2019}}
|[[Garland, Texas]]
|United States
|[[Curtis Culwell Center]]
|-
| {{dts|4 May 2019}}
|[[Duluth, Georgia]]
|United States
|[[Gas South Arena]]
|-
| {{dts|5 May 2019}}
|[[Ypsilanti, Michigan]]
|United States
|[[George Gervin GameAbove Center]]
|-
! scope="row" | —
| {{dts|23 November 2019}}
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|India
|[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]]
|Not available
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Music My Country brings Arijit Singh Live |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/events/my-music-my-country-brings-arijit-singh-live-64465 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250722091154/https://www.thehansindia.com/events/my-music-my-country-brings-arijit-singh-live-64465 |archive-date=22 July 2025 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=thehansindia.com |date=10 October 2019 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |"One Night Only Tour"
| {{dts|25 January 2020}}
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|India
|Jio World Garden
|10,500
| rowspan="2" |[[Bengaluru]] and [[New Delhi]] concert's were also a part of this tour which were further postponed due to beginning of COVID-19 pandemic.
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Royal Stag hosted Arijit Singh Live in Mumbai: The singer won hearts at Paytm Insider and Oranjuice Entertainment sold-out live concert |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200130-royal-stag-hosted-arijit-singh-live-mumbai |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=radioandmusic.com |archive-date=10 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810170943/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/200130-royal-stag-hosted-arijit-singh-live-mumbai |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2 February 2020
|[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
|India
|[[Eco Park, New Town]]
|Not available
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2020 |title=Arijit Singh Live in Kolkata |url=https://www.facebook.com/events/eko-park-kolkata/arijit-singh-live-in-kolkata/819550398470966/ |access-date=25 July 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | —
| {{dts|19 November 2021}}
|[[Yas Island]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
|[[UAE]]
|[[Etihad Arena]]
|Not available
|This concert was his first live performance after the COVID-19 outbreak and marked his return to Yas Island after five years. The event was produced and promoted by PME (Portfolio Managing Events), a UAE-based company.
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arijit Singh to perform live for the first time after Covid outbreak |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/211119-arijit-singh-perform-live-the-first-time#:~:text=Arijit%20Singh%20to%20perform%20live,future%20plans%2C%20marriage%2C%20and%20motherhood |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726190245/https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/211119-arijit-singh-perform-live-the-first-time |archive-date=26 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
|}

=== 2022{{En dash}}2024 ===

In 2022, Arijit Singh embarked on an international tour titled as "[[UK]] and [[Europe]] tour", "[[North America]] tour" and "[[Australia]] tour".<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2022 |title=Concert Review: Arijit Singh, Live in UK |url=https://www.iglobalnews.com/ientertainment/reviews/concert-review-arijit-singh-live-in-uk |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=iGlobal |archive-date=9 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909094833/https://www.iglobalnews.com/ientertainment/reviews/concert-review-arijit-singh-live-in-uk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2021 |title=North America .. Looking forward to see u in 2022🙏 |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/1GPJJVcQt7/ |access-date=29 July 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref> Singh also embarked on a multy-[[city]] tour titled as "One Night Only" [[India]] tour starts from November 2022 to March 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 November 2022 |title=Arijit Singh's One-night Only-India Tour to kickstart in Mumbai, other cities to follow |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/Nov/21/arijit-singhs-one-night-only-india-tour-to-kickstart-in-mumbai-other-cities-to-follow-45629.html |access-date=29 July 2025 |work=Indian Express Indulge |archive-date=9 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250809153841/https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2022/Nov/21/arijit-singhs-one-night-only-india-tour-to-kickstart-in-mumbai-other-cities-to-follow-45629.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[File:Arijit Singh performance at Hyderabad on 7th December, 2024.jpg|thumb|Arijit Singh performance at [[Hyderabad]] on 7 Dec 2024]] Singh also paid tribute to [[Lata Mangeshkar]] on the [[Star Plus]] show "Naam Reh Jayegaa" in an episode that aired on 5 June at 7 p.m.. The show featured various singers, including Singh, paying homage to the legendary singer. He sang some of Lata Mangeshkar's most popular songs in various Indian languages for the special episode.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2022 |title=Arijit Singh to pay special tribute to Lata Mangeshkar on TV show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arijit-singh-to-pay-special-tribute-to-lata-mangeshkar-on-tv-show/articleshow/91967726.cms |access-date=1 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815072658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/arijit-singh-to-pay-special-tribute-to-lata-mangeshkar-on-tv-show/articleshow/91967726.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Singh did perform at the opening ceremony of the [[2023 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League (IPL) 2023]]. He was one of the main performers, along with [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] and [[Rashmika Mandanna]]. The ceremony took place in [[Ahmedabad]] at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]. During the ceremony, he sang several popular songs, including [[Kesariya (song)|"Kesariya"]] and "[[Jhoome Jo Pathaan]]". Singh's performance was well-received, with fans particularly reacting to his rendition of "Deva Deva".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch: Crowd goes downright berserk as MS Dhoni grooves to Arijit Singh's song in breathtaking IPL 2023 opening ceremony |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/watch-crowd-goes-downright-berserk-as-ms-dhoni-grooves-to-arijit-singh-s-song-in-breathtaking-ipl-2023-opening-ceremony-101680268308573.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331133742/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/watch-crowd-goes-downright-berserk-as-ms-dhoni-grooves-to-arijit-singh-s-song-in-breathtaking-ipl-2023-opening-ceremony-101680268308573.html |archive-date=31 March 2023 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He also performed at the Narendra Modi Stadium in Ahmedabad, India, before the highly anticipated match between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] on 14 October 2023. The performance was part of a pre-match show organized after the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] and [[ICC Champions Trophy|ICC]] decided not to hold an official opening ceremony for the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=World Cup 2023 - Missed Arijit Singh's Performance Ahead Of India vs Pakistan Clash? Watch It Here |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023/missed-arijit-singhs-performance-ahead-of-india-vs-pakistan-clash-watch-it-here-4480715 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014095245/https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023/missed-arijit-singhs-performance-ahead-of-india-vs-pakistan-clash-watch-it-here-4480715 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |access-date=4 August 2025 |work=NDTV Sports}}</ref> Singh also perfomed India's national song "[[Vande Mataram]]" alongside fellow musicians [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Shankar Mahadevan]] as part of the show.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title=ICC World Cup: Arijit Singh, Sunidhi Chauhan, Shankar Mahadevan & Sukhwinder Singh set the stage on fire |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/icc-world-cup-prelude-arijit-singh-sunidhi-chauhan-shankar-mahadevan-sukhwinder-singh-set-the-stage-on-fire/articleshow/104420928.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In March 2024, Singh performed at the [[Wedding of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant|pre-wedding festivities of Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant]], held in [[Jamnagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Arijit Singh Ends Ambani Bash On A Magical Note As He Sings O Maahi, Alvida And Naina. WATCH |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/arijit-singh-ends-ambani-bash-on-a-magical-note-as-he-sings-o-maahi-alvida-and-naina-watch-article-108284412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307050724/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/arijit-singh-ends-ambani-bash-on-a-magical-note-as-he-sings-o-maahi-alvida-and-naina-watch-article-108284412 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheader" style="text-align:center;" width=100%
|+List of concerts, tours, showing dates, venue and attendance
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" width="14%" | Dates
! scope="col" | City, state
! scope="col" | Country
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Attendance
! scope="col" width="14%" | Note(s)
! scope="col" width="2%" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |"UK & Europe Tour"
| {{dts|29 April 2022}}
|[[Rotterdam]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|[[Rotterdam Ahoy|Rotterdam Ahoy Arena]]
|12000+
| rowspan="3" |The tour was promoted by Rock On Music in association with Whiterock Entertainment and TLC Events.
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baddhan |first=Lakh |title=Rock On Music reschedule Arijit Singh's UK tour to 2022 |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/rock-on-music-reschedule-arijit-singhs-uk-tour-to-2022/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306131256/https://www.bizasialive.com/rock-on-music-reschedule-arijit-singhs-uk-tour-to-2022/ |archive-date=6 March 2022 |access-date=17 August 2025 |work=Bizasialive}}</ref>
|-
| {{dts|1 May 2022}}
|[[Birmingham]]
|[[England]]
|[[Arena Birmingham|Utilita Arena]]
| N/A
|-
| {{dts|2 May 2022}}
|[[London]]
|England
|[[Wembley Arena|OVO Arena Wembley]]
| N/A
|-
! rowspan="15" |"North America Tour"
|6 May 2022
|[[Chicago]]
| rowspan="10" |[[United States]]
|[[Now Arena]]
|N/A
| rowspan="15" |The Arijit Singh North America Tour in 2022 was a series of concerts organized by ShowFest across the United States and Canada, beginning in May 2022 after a three-year hiatus for his North American audience. The tour, titled "Arijit Singh – Live in Concert," featured a grand production with Arijit's superhit songs and was described as a "larger-than-life Live Experience".
| rowspan="15" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARIJIT SINGH - LIVE IN CONCERT |url=https://www.b4umusic.us/arijit-singh-live-in-concert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703140039/https://www.b4umusic.us/arijit-singh-live-in-concert |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=B4U music}}</ref>
|-
|7 May 2022
|[[San Francisco Bay Area|Bay Area]]
|[[Oakland Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|8 May 2022
|[[Dallas]]
|[[Curtis Culwell Center]]
|N/A
|-
|14 May 2022
|[[Orlando, Florida]]
|[[Addition Financial Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|15 May 2022
|[[Boston]]
|[[DCU Center]]
|N/A
|-
|20 May 2022
|[[Houston]]
|[[NRG Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|21 May 2022
|[[Atlanta]]
|[[Gas South Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|22 May 2022
|[[Austin, Texas]]
|[[H-E-B Center at Cedar Park|H.E.B Center at Cedar Park]]
|N/A
|-
|27 May 2022
|[[Washington, D.C.]]
|[[EagleBank Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|28 May 2022
|[[New Jersey]]
|[[CURE Insurance Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|3 June 2022
|[[Vancouver]]
|[[Canada]]
|[[Pacific Coliseum]]
|N/A
|-
|4 June 2022
|[[Seattle]]
|rowspan='2' |United States
|[[Angel of the Winds Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|5 June 2022
|[[Phoenix, Arizona]]
|[[Desert Diamond Arena|Gila River Arena]]
|N/A
|-
|11 June 2022
|[[Toronto]]
|[[Canada]]
|[[TD Coliseum|First Ontario Center]]
|N/A
|-
|12 June 2022
|[[Detroit]]
|United States
|Masonic Temple
|N/A
|-
! rowspan="2" |"Australia Tour"
|16 July 2022
|[[Sydney]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Australia]]
|[[International Convention Centre Sydney]]
|N/A
|Though, it was a sold-out event, and the concert was organised by Heart & Soul Productions.
|
|-
|17 July 2022
|[[Melbourne]]
|[[John Cain Arena]]
|N/A
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=Melbourne, what 👏 a 👏 night! The atmosphere on Sunday was extraordinary! |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/18YgAmKTW5/ |access-date=3 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |"One Night Only India Tour"
| {{dts|26 November 2022}}
|[[Mumbai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[India]]
|Jio World Garden
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=S Sen |first=Debarati |title=Arijit Singh serenades Mumbaikars with his non-stop hits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/arijit-singh-serenades-mumbaikars-with-his-non-stop-hits/articleshow/95802478.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129014122/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/arijit-singh-serenades-mumbaikars-with-his-non-stop-hits/articleshow/95802478.cms |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=14 September 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|17 December 2022
|[[Hyderabad]]
|GMR Arena
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Bombay was a great start to the One Night Only tour, now we move to Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bangalore & Delhi. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/19mtFPi6nK/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|25 December 2022
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|VIP Road, Shela Extension
| —
| —
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2022 |title=Ahmedabad …. Looking forward to see you on 25th December 2022. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/14UqjJqrvf7/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
!"UAE Tour"
|20 January 2023
|[[Dubai]]
|[[United Arab Emirates]]
|[[Coca-Cola Arena]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fatima |first=Sakina |date=30 November 2022 |title=Arijit Singh to headline concert at Coca-Cola Arena Dubai |url=https://www.siasat.com/arijit-singh-to-headline-concert-at-coca-cola-arena-dubai-2469357/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |work=Siasat |archive-date=17 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217020513/https://www.siasat.com/arijit-singh-to-headline-concert-at-coca-cola-arena-dubai-2469357/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" |"India Tour"
|27 January 2023
|[[Pune]]
| rowspan="6" |India
|The Mills, Rajabahadur International ltd
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2022 |title=Excited to meet everyone live on January 27th in Pune. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/163YVttjgT/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|4 February 2023
|[[Chennai]]
|YMCA Nandanam
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 December 2022 |title=CHENNAI SEE YOU ON FEB 4th 2023 |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1QbgtTEZjd/ |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|4 March 2023
|[[Bengaluru]]
|NICE Ground
|—
|—
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Bombay was a great start to the One Night Only tour, now we move to Hyderabad, Kolkata, Bangalore & Delhi. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1DG7ioPHou/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|18 March 2023
|[[Delhi]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi]]
|—
|—
|-
|25 March 2023
|[[Raipur]]
|JORA Ground
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2023 |title=Raipur…. Looking forward to see you on 25th March 2023. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CQDFNFZxV/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|4 April 2023
|[[Siliguri]]
|[[Kanchenjunga Stadium]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Arijit Singh live in Siliguri at Kanchanjanga stadium. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1G9yixPmRa/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" |"International Tours"
|14 April 2023
|[[Brisbane]]
|[[Australia]]
|[[Brisbane Entertainment Centre]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2023 |title=Arijit Singh will be performing live at Brisbane Entertainment Centre on Friday, 14 April 2023 from 7pm. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/17QWVMRXQn/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|16 April 2023
|[[Auckland]]
|[[New Zealand]]
|[[Spark Arena]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2023 |title=Arijit Singh live in Auckland at Spark arena on 16 April 2023. |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CqrmwyCvLTq/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=instagram.com}}</ref>
|-
|22 April 2023
|[[Perth]]
|Australia
|[[Perth Arena]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2023 |title=Hello Brisbane, Auckland & Perth Can't wait to meet you all. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1GTHXU1eaE/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" |—
|14 October 2023
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|India
|[[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
|—
|—
|
|-
|4 November 2023
|[[Chandigarh]]
|India
|Exhibition Ground, sector 34
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2023 |title=Chandigarh, see you all on 4th November, 2023. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Cxu2ZEtaG/ |access-date=25 September 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|25 November 2023
|[[Kathmandu]]
|[[Nepal]]
|[[Hyatt Regency Kathmandu|Hyatt Regency Ground]]
| —
| —
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=KC/TKP |first=Deepak |title=Arijit Singh to perform in Kathmandu |url=https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2023/08/15/arijit-singh-to-perform-in-kathmandu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314183028/https://kathmandupost.com/art-entertainment/2023/08/15/arijit-singh-to-perform-in-kathmandu |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]}}</ref>
|-
|16 December 2023
|[[Assam]]
|India
|[[Assam Cricket Association Stadium, Guwahati|ACA Stadium]]
| —
| —
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Get ready northeast for Arijit Singh's mega concert in Guwahati on Dec 16. Book your tickets on BookMyShow. |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/get-ready-northeast-for-arijit-singhs-mega-concert-in-guwahati-on-dec-16-book-your-tickets-on-bookmyshow/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008134255/https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/get-ready-northeast-for-arijit-singhs-mega-concert-in-guwahati-on-dec-16-book-your-tickets-on-bookmyshow/ |archive-date=8 October 2025 |access-date=8 October 2025 |work=[[North East Live]]}}</ref>
|-
|6 April 2024
|[[Bangkok]]
|[[Thailand]]
|[[Impact Arena]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Hello Bangkok, see you all on 6th April,2024 at Impact Arena. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CsChz1zsu/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|24 April 2024
|[[Dubai]]
|[[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]
|[[Coca-Cola Arena]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=DUBAI, see you all on 27th April, 2024 at Coca-Cola Arena |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1CNDcJJrvv/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|-
|16 November 2024
|[[Bukit Jalil]]
|[[Malaysia]]
|[[Axiata Arena]]
|—
|—
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2024 |title=Hey Malaysia, it's been 10 years since I've been back, So excited to be returning to this beautiful city in November. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Jje2UCjmj/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=facebook.com}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Arijit Singh}}

At the start of his career, Singh received the [[Mirchi Music Awards#Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year]] award at the 2013 [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for "[[Duaa (song)|Duaa]]". He was awarded the Wizcraft Honour for Best Live Performer, and featured among the top 10 artists at The SSE Arena, Wembley in the SSE Live Awards 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindustantimes.com/tv/kapil-sharma-armaan-malik-arijit-singh-the-only-three-indians-in-wembley-s-top-10/story-eZCAfNvlvzrY21f5E02EeK.html|title=Kapil Sharma, Armaan Malik and Arijit Singh: The only three Indians in Wembley's top 10|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 February 2017|access-date=21 April 2017|archive-date=22 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422035628/http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/kapil-sharma-armaan-malik-arijit-singh-the-only-three-indians-in-wembley-s-top-10/story-eZCAfNvlvzrY21f5E02EeK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards: Osamu Suzuki, Sharda Sinha get Padma Vibhushan, Arijit Singh gets Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-awards-osamu-suzuki-sharda-sinha-get-padma-vibhushan-arijit-singh-gets-padma-shri-101737819661638.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=25 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |archive-date=25 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125164323/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/padma-awards-osamu-suzuki-sharda-sinha-get-padma-vibhushan-arijit-singh-gets-padma-shri-101737819661638.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Singh has won multiple [[Filmfare Awards]], [[IIFA Awards]], [[Zee Cine Awards]], [[Screen Awards]], and [[Stardust Awards]]. Notably, he won Filmfare awards for five consecutive years from 2016 to 2020 and received nine awards from ten nominations for "Tum Hi Ho" (''Aashiqui 2'', 2013). He also won the IIFA Best Male Singer award for the same song in 2014.{{cn|date=December 2025}}He received the Youth Icon – Music Award from The National Indian Students Union UK in 2014 and was named the most popular artist of 2014 by [[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/priyanka-chopra-arijit-singh-named-most-popular-artists-of-2014/|title=Priyanka Chopra, Arijit Singh named most popular artists of 2014|work=The Indian Express|date=6 January 2015|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-date=26 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226005458/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/priyanka-chopra-arijit-singh-named-most-popular-artists-of-2014/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Singh won the Best Male Vocalist award at the 7th Mirchi Music Awards for "Samjhawan" and the Best Male Playback Singer Filmfare award for "Sooraj Dooba Hain" in 2016. He was also awarded the GiMA for songs "Soch Na Sake", "Gerua", and "Sanam Re". {{cn|date=December 2025}}

He won the Stardust Award for Best Male Playback Singer for "Channa Mereya" (2016) and multiple awards for "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" in 2017, including the 62nd Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer and Male Vocalist of the Year at the Mirchi Music Awards.
He won Best Male Playback Singer at the 63rd Filmfare Awards for "Roke Na Ruke Naina" (''Badrinath Ki Dulhaniya'') and the 66th National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer for "Binte Dil" (''Padmaavat'').<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-kgf-padmaavat-win-the-prestigious-award/articleshow/70604186.cms|title=Winners of 66th NFA|date=9 August 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809183208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/66th-national-film-awards-andhadhun-kgf-padmaavat-win-the-prestigious-award/articleshow/70604186.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

He won Filmfare awards for "Kalank" (2022) and "[[Kesariya (song)|Kesariya]]" (''Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva'', 2023), bringing his total Filmfare Best Male Playback Singer wins to seven.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arijit Singh is awarded Filmfare award for best male playback singer at 68th Filmfare Award|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners|access-date=28 April 2023|newspaper=Filmfare|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427192148/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2023/winners|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2025, he won his eighth Filmfare award for "[[Sajni (song)|Sajni]]" (''Laapataa Ladies''), equalling the record of [[Kishore Kumar]] for most wins in the category.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajguru |first=Sumit |title=70th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2025 With Gujarat Tourism: Arijit Singh Creates History; Joins Kishore Kumar In THIS Achievement |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-arijit-singh-creates-history-joins-kishore-kumar-in-this-achievement-article-152984609 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012070314/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/70th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2025-with-gujarat-tourism-arijit-singh-creates-history-joins-kishore-kumar-in-this-achievement-article-152984609 |archive-date=12 October 2025 |access-date=12 October 2025 |work=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Arijit Singh]]
* [[List of Indian playback singers]]
* [[List of songs recorded by Arijit Singh]]
{{clear}}



== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Arijit Singh}}
* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/4YRxDV8wJFPHPTeXepOstw Arijit Singh] at [[Spotify]]
* {{AllMusic|class=artist|id=mn0002775921}}
* {{IMDb name|4837089|Arijit Singh}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* [https://gaana.com/artist/arijit-singh Arijit Singh] at [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]

{{Navboxes
|list=
{{Arijit Singh}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestMaleSinger}}
{{Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Male Playback Singer}}
{{IIFAAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{ScreenAwardBestMalePlaybackSinger}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestPlaybackMale}}
{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Arijit}}
[[Category:Arijit Singh| ]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Fame Gurukul contestants]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian rock singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Pop rock singers]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Kalyani alumni]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Sikhism]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

Tulsi Pujan Diwas

2026-03-22T16:00:41Z

Nagaraj15: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Asaram#Tulsi_Pujan_Diwas]]

Vijayarajamallika

2026-03-15T13:57:08Z

Nagaraj15: creating the stub basic info...

{{Short description|Transgender poet in Malayalam literature}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Vijayarajamallika
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1985|03|01}}
| occupation = Writer, activist, teacher
| image =
| birth_name = Manu J Krishnan
| nationality = Indian
| birth_place = [[Muthuvara]], [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| spouse = Jashim
| notableworks = {{unbulleted list|
| ''Daivathinte Makal''
| ''Aan Nadhi''
| ''Mallikavasantham''
| ''Aanalla Pennalla''
| ''A Word to Mother''
| ''Pennayavalude Kavithakal''
}}
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|
| [[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]]
| [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]]
}}
}}
'''Vijayarajamallika''' is a [[transgender]] poet in [[Malayalam literature]],<ref name="mathrubhumi-1">{{Cite web | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/authors/kerala-s-first-transwoman-poet-vijayarajamallika-to-tie-knot--1.4102941 | title=Kerala's first transwoman poet Vijayarajamallika to tie knot | website=Mathrubhumi.com | access-date=2020-01-12 | archive-date=2020-11-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011921/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/authors/kerala-s-first-transwoman-poet-vijayarajamallika-to-tie-knot--1.4102941 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She is a writer, teacher, social worker, inspirational speaker, and activist.

== Early life, family and education ==
Vijayarajamallika was born in 1985 at [[Muthuvara]], [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], to Kaniyamkonatth Veettil Y. Krishnan, a retired superintendent of [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB); and Jaya Krishnan, a teacher.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url= https://www.readwhere.com/book/green-books/MALLIKAVASANTHAM/30216|title=MALLIKAVASANTHAM|website=Readwhere |language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

Her primary education was at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Puranattukara]].<ref name=":1" /> She completed a bachelor of arts degree in English Literature and History from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] with the second rank from the [[University of Calicut]] in 2005.<ref name=":1" /> In 2009 she completed [[Master of Social Work|Master of Social Work (MSW)]] from [[Rajagiri College of Social Sciences]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name= "thecue.in-1" />

Vijayarajamallika describes herself as being "a woman in my heart…even though I was in the male body".<ref name=":1" /> Vijayarajamallika is an [[intersex]] person with [[Klinefelter syndrome]] or 47 XXY, which she discovered at the age of 32 after doing [[Karyotype|Karyotyping]] from [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://aksharamonline.com/health/vijayarajamallika/intersex-and-transgender| title= ഇന്റര്‍ സെക്‌സും ട്രാന്‍സ്ജെന്‍ന്ററും ഒന്നല്ല; രണ്ടാണ്| website=aksharamonline.com| trans-title= Intersex and transgender are not one and the same; Two| language= ml | url-status= unfit| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200223074240/http://aksharamonline.com/health/vijayarajamallika/intersex-and-transgender| archive-date= 2020-02-23|access-date=2020-02-23}}</ref> She says that "knowing that she is an intersex is the proudest moment in her life"<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

She was married to Jashim, a software engineer. It was a controversial love marriage. The parents and relatives of Jashim were opposed to the marriage which was held in the office of [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] state committee at [[Thrissur]].<ref name="thehindu-1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/transgender-poet-vijayarajamallika-gets-married/article29363532.ece |title=Transgender poet Vijayarajamallika gets married| work=The Hindu | date= September 7, 2019 | access-date= December 28, 2020}}</ref><ref name="rashtradeepika-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rashtradeepika.com/keralas-first-transgender-poet-got-married/|title=മാറ്റത്തിന്റെ മണിമുഴക്കം ! മലയാളത്തിലെ ആദ്യ ട്രാൻസ്ജെൻഡർ കവി വിജയരാജമല്ലിക വിവാഹിതയായി; വരൻ സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയർ എഞ്ചിനീയർ |website= Rashtradeepika.com |date=7 September 2019 | language= ml| trans-title= The bell of change! Malayalam's first transgender poet Vijayarajamallika gets married; Groom Software Engineer }}</ref>

==Career==
''Daivathinte Makal'' (''Daughter of God''), her first collection of poetry, has been included in the [[syllabus]] of a course at the Department of Malayalam at [[Madras University]].<ref name="azhimukham-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.azhimukham.com/vayana-samskaram-madras-university-included-vijayaraja-mallikas-poems-in-syllabus/|title= മദ്രാസ് സർവ്വകലാശാല പാഠ്യപദ്ധതിയിൽ വിജയരാജമല്ലികയുടെ കവിതാസമാഹാരം | website= Azhimukham.com |date= 3 August 2019 | language= ml| trans-title= A collection of poems by Vijayaraja Mallika in the Madras University syllabus }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/transgender-poet-vijayaraja-mallika-s-book-included-in-madras-university-syllabus--1.4016831|title=Transgender poet Vijayaraja Mallika's book included in Madras University syllabus|website=Mathrubhumi.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21|archive-date=2020-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529211941/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/books/books-news/transgender-poet-vijayaraja-mallika-s-book-included-in-madras-university-syllabus--1.4016831|url-status=dead}}</ref> The poem, "Maranantharam" from ''Daivathinte Makal'' was included in the curriculum of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]],<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Transgender's Poem finds its place in MG University syllabus| date=18 June 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a9fRO481Y70|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21| via= YouTube}}</ref> and another poem, "Neelambari" from ''Daivathinte Makal'', was included in the curriculum of [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]].<ref name=":0" /> "Maranantharam" a notable poem from this book was translated into English by N. P. Ashley and was published in the book ''The World that Belongs to Us'' by [[HarperCollins|Harper Collins]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-01|title=Opening Up Identity: How A Diverse Anthology Of Queer Poetry Came To Be|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/the-world-that-belongs-to-us-aditi-angiras-akhil-katyal_in_5f243b08c5b656e9b09afd53| access-date=2020-10-02|website=HuffPost India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= Rangnekar| first= Sharif D. |date=2020-08-08|title='Desire crosses borders of different kinds': Akhil Katyal|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu |url= https://www.thehindu.com/books/desire-crosses-borders-of-different-kinds-akhil-katyal/article32292306.ece|access-date=2020-10-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-29|title=How Being Queer Is A Very Personal Experience That Needs Less Of The Labelling|website=womensweb.in|url=https://www.womensweb.in/2020/09/the-world-that-belongs-to-us-anthology-queer-poetry-oct20wk1sr/|access-date=2020-10-02|language=en|archive-date=2020-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929123049/https://www.womensweb.in/2020/09/the-world-that-belongs-to-us-anthology-queer-poetry-oct20wk1sr/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Vijayarajamallika is the founder of Sahaj International, India's first transgender alternative learning center<ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38470192|title=India opens first transgender school|date=2016-12-30|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-02-21 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/78557/kochi-india-first-transgender-school-lgbtq-activism/|title=Kerala Is Making History Once Again by Starting India's First Transgender School|date=2016-12-18|website=The Better India|language=en-US|access-date= 2020-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala To Open First Transgender School In The Country| date=20 December 2016 | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ui3qzklduiw |language=en| via= YouTube| access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/south/kerala-launches-indias-first-transgender-school| title=Kerala launches India's first transgender school|website= asianetnews.com| publisher= Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en|access-date=2020-02-21}}</ref> which worked in collaboration with the [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS) at [[Kochi]]. She winded up Sahaj International as Kerala Government incorporated transgender education through the Kerala State Literacy Mission.

''Aan Nadhi'' (''Male River''), her second poetry collection, was published by Mythri Books [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvanathapuram]]. It describes the life and struggles of [[LGBT community|LGBTIAQ+]] people with special reference to transgender and Intersex communities.<ref name= "mathrubhumi-1" /> Aan Nadhi was significant in contributing ten new words to Malayalam Literature.{{citation needed|date= December 2020}}

Vijayarajamallika's autobiography ''Mallikavasantham'' is the first transgender autobiography in Malayalam literature.<ref>{{cite web |title= Interview with Transgender poet Vijayaraja Mallika| date=17 November 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJCVyHSguPU|language=en|access-date=2020-02-21| via= YouTube}}</ref><ref name="thecue.in-1" /> She won the Swami Vivekanadhan Yuva Prathibha Award for literature in 2019<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title= സ്വാമി വിവേകാനന്ദൻ യുവപ്രതിഭാ പുരസ്കാര വിതരണം |trans-title= Swami Vivekananda Youth Talent Award Ceremony |website= KSYWB.kerala.gov.in |url= https://ksywb.kerala.gov.in/portfolio/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BB-%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D/ |access-date= 2020-10-02 |language= ml-IN }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> instituted by the Kerala State Youth Welfare Board for this autobiography.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://ksywb.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ythawrd19.pdf | title=Malasian text | language=ml}}</ref> It also bagged the first ever Leela Menon literary award in the category of autobiography.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=ലീലാ മേനോൻ സാഹിത്യപുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|date=27 January 2021|url=https://kalamnews.in/news-awards-leela-menon-sahithya-puraskaram|access-date=21 February 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127165113/https://kalamnews.in/news-awards-leela-menon-sahithya-puraskaram|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=പുഴ|title=പ്രഥമ ലീലമേനോൻ സാഹിത്യ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു {{!}} പുഴ.കോം - നവസംസ്കൃതിയുടെ ജലസമൃദ്ധി|date=29 January 2021 |url=https://www.puzha.com/blog/leela-menon-literature-award/|access-date=2021-02-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

"Aanalla Pennalla Kanmani nee"<ref>{{Cite news|last=Muringatheri|first=Mini|date=2020-09-01|title=Malayalam lullaby for intersex child takes social media by storm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-lullaby-for-an-intersex-child/article32496762.ece|access-date=2020-10-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> is a lullaby penned by Vijayarajamallika<ref>{{Cite web| title='A call for inclusion of intersex kids': Kerala's renowned transwoman poet on her lullaby|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/09/06/a-call-inclusion-intersex-kids-keralas-transwoman-poet-lullaby.html| date= September 6, 2020 | first= Vandana |last= Mohandas |website=OnManorama.com |access-date=2020-10-02|language=en}}</ref> which is reported to be the first intersex [[lullaby]]<ref>{{Cite web| first=T.|last= Ramavarman | date= August 24, 2020 |title=Neither boy nor girl, it's 'not a sin sweetheart' | work= Times of India| via= indiatimes.com |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/neither-boy-nor-girl-its-not-a-sin-sweetheart/articleshow/77712834.cms|access-date=2020-10-02 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date= September 7, 2020 |first=T. |last= Ramavarman |title=Ramanan's Radha returns to sing lullaby in Tamil for intersex baby |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/ramanans-radha-returns-to-sing-lullaby-in-tamil-for-intersex-baby/articleshow/77972674.cms |language=en| work= Times of India| via= indiatimes.com |access-date=2020-10-02}}</ref> in the history of [[World literature|World Literature]].

Daivathinte Makal won the Yuvakala Sahithi Vayalar Award in 2019.<ref name="aimnews-1" /> The State of Kerala has honored her for her contributions and achievements<ref>{{cite web| url= http://swd.kerala.gov.in/DOCUMENTS/Downloadables/IEC_Materials/30820.pdf| title= TG KALOLSAVAM-VARNAPAKITTU 2019- SPECTRA-SPECIAL EDITION| website= swd.kerala.gov.in| publisher= Social Justice Department, Government of Kerala| access-date= 2020-02-21| archive-date= 2024-02-08| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240208154019/http://swd.kerala.gov.in/DOCUMENTS/Downloadables/IEC_Materials/30820.pdf| url-status= dead}}</ref> in the field of literature from the transgender community during the ‘Varnapakittu 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/transgender-arts-festival-from-today/article29913290.ece|title=Transgender arts festival from today|date=2019-11-08|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-02-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>’, the first-ever transgender arts festival organized by the social justice department.

Ormayil Ragini<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cancer awareness; remembering Travancore sisters|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2012/sep/06/cancer-awareness-remembering-travancore-sisters-403478.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The New Indian Express|date=6 September 2012 }}</ref> is a yearly event organized by Vijayarajamallika in memory of actress [[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=cinematters|date=2015-12-08|title=The 6th edition of "Ormayil Ragini" is on 26 December 2015|url=https://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2015/12/08/the-6th-edition-of-ormayil-ragini-is-on-26-december-2015/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001181728/https://oldmalayalamcinema.wordpress.com/2015/12/08/the-6th-edition-of-ormayil-ragini-is-on-26-december-2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* Daivathinte Makal ''(collection of poems)''<ref name="azhimukham-1"/>
* Aan Nadi ''(collection of poems)''
* Mallikavasantham ''(autobiography)''<ref name="keralakaumudi-1">{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=221023&u=book-review |title= പുരുഷന്റെ വിയർപ്പിനും രക്തത്തിനും കൊതിച്ചു, ഉള്ളിൽ നഗ്നയായി അട്ടഹസിച്ചു; എന്റെ ലൈംഗിക കാമനകളെ എങ്ങനെ അടക്കും'?| website= Keralakaumudi.com |language=ml |trans-title= Lusting for the man's sweat and blood, laughing naked inside; How can I suppress my sexual urges'?}}</ref>
* Aanalla Penalla Kanmani ''(Intersex Lullaby)''<ref>{{Cite web|title= 'ആണല്ല പെണ്ണല്ല', മിശ്രലിംഗരായ കുഞ്ഞുങ്ങള്‍ക്കൊരു താരാട്ട് പാട്ട്; മോഹിനിയാട്ടത്തിലൂടെ ദൃശ്യാവിഷ്‌കാരം |trans-title= 'Not a man, not a woman', a ballad for mixed-sex children; Visualization through Mohiniyattam | url= https://www.thecue.in/around-us/2020/08/30/first-intersex-lullaby-by-vijayarajamallika |access-date=2020-10-02| website=TheCue.in |date= 30 August 2020 |language=ml}}</ref>
* A Word to Mother: Realisation of Reading in between Lines<ref>{{Cite web |last=Insight |first=The Rise |date=2024-08-21 |title=A Word to Mother: Realisation of Reading in between Lines by Vijayarajamallika |url=https://www.theriseinsight.com/a-word-to-mother-realisation-of-reading-in-between-lines-by-vijayarajamallika/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=The Rise Insight |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Pennayavalude Kavithakal ''(collection of poems)''
* Lilithinu Maranamilla ''(collection of poems)'' <ref>{{Cite web|last=ലേഖകൻ|first=മാധ്യമം|date=2021-08-26|title=വിജയരാജമല്ലികയുടെ ആറാമത് പുസ്തകം 'ലിലിത്തിന് മരണമില്ല' പ്രകാശനം ചെയ്തു {{!}} Madhyamam|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/thrissur/vijayarajamallika-new-book-release-840737|access-date=2021-12-29|website=www.madhyamam.com|language=ml}}</ref>
* Mattorupennala Njan ''(collection of poems)''
* Mula Mulaykkatha Maarile Kuthirapanthayangal ''(collection of poems)''
* Kelkkatha Sabdangal (Co-editor)<ref>{{Cite web |title=കേള്‍ക്കാത്ത ശബ്ദങ്ങള്‍ |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/product/kelkkatha-sabdangal/ |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=Kerala Sahithya Academi}}</ref>''(A collection of the first queer writings in Malayalam published by Kerala Sahitya Akademi)''

== Awards ==
* Arali Award (2016)<ref name="keralakaumudi-1"/><ref name="thecue.in-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecue.in/books/2019/12/31/first-transwoman-poet-in-kerala-vijayarajamallika-interview| title= വിജയരാജമല്ലിക അഭിമുഖം: ഞാൻ പ്രളയത്തിന്റെ പുത്രിയല്ല; എനിക്ക് ശേഷം പ്രളയമെന്ന് വിശ്വസിക്കുന്നില്ല| work= TheCue.in| language= ml| trans-title= Vijayarajamallika Interview: I am not the daughter of the flood; I don’t believe there will be a flood after that| date= December 31, 2019}}</ref>
* Yuvakalasahithi Vayalar Kavitha Award (Daivatthinte Makal, 2019)<ref name="aimnews-1">{{Cite web| url= https://aimnews.in/archives/7710| title= യുവകലാസാഹിതി വയലാർ കവിതാ പുരസ്ക്കാരം വിജയ രാജമല്ലികയ്ക്ക്| website= aimnews.in| publisher= Aim News| language= ml| trans-title= Vijaya Rajamallika wins Vayalar Poetry Award| access-date= 2020-01-12| archive-date= 2020-01-12| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200112213306/https://aimnews.in/archives/7710| url-status= dead}}</ref>
* Swami Vivekanadhan Yuva Prathibha Award for Literature (2019)<ref name=":3" />
* First Leela Menon literary award in the category of autobiography (2021)<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/malayalam/kerala+kaumudi-epaper-kaumudi/aanezhuthinum+pennezhuthinum+appuram+munnamathoru+ezhuth+yatharththyamayi+vijayarajamallika-newsid-90471402 Daily Hunt]
* [http://nastiknation.org/product/mallika-vasantham/ Mallika Vasantham] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112214332/http://nastiknation.org/product/mallika-vasantham/ |date=2020-01-12 }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijayarajamallika}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:Transgender poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Intersex writers]]
[[Category:Indian intersex women]]
[[Category:Indian intersex people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Intersex transgender women]]
[[Category:21st-century women poets]]

Menka Shivdasani

2026-03-15T09:35:37Z

Nagaraj15: adding some entry and citations

{{short description|Indian poet}}
{{Multiple issues|{{notability|1=Biographies|date=April 2019}}{{BLP sources|date=April 2019}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}

'''Menka Shivdasani''' is [[India]]n [[poet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MENKA SHIVDASANI |url=http://poetry.sangamhouse.org/2014/04/menka-shivdasani/ |website=sangamhouse.org |accessdate=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Menka Shivdasani |url=http://www.publishingnext.in/menka-shivdasani/ |website=publishingnext.in |accessdate=13 September 2019}}</ref> In 1986, she co-founded The Poetry Circle in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], with Nitin Mukadam and Akil Contractor.<ref>{{cite web |title=MENKA SHIVDASANI |url=http://www.publishingnext.in/menka-shivdasani/ |website=publishingnext.in |accessdate=7 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-09 |title=Ajay Kumar wins Srinivas Rayaprol Poetry Prize |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ajay-kumar-wins-srinivas-rayaprol-poetry-prize/article68849673.ece |access-date=2025-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Poetry books===
*''Nirvana at Ten Rupees'' published by XAL-Praxis Foundation, [[Mumbai]] .1990<ref>{{cite journal |title=Reviewed Work: Nirvana at Ten Rupees by Menka Shivdasani |journal=World Literature Today |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=581 |jstor=40148577 |last1=Chandran |first1=K. Narayana |year=1992 |doi=10.2307/40148577 }}</ref>
* Stet, first published in 2001 by Sampark
*''Safe House'' published by Paperwall (Poetrywala), [[Mumbai]] . 2015<ref>{{cite web |title=Kitaab Review: Safe House by Menka Shivdasani |url=https://kitaab.org/2016/04/07/kitaab-review-safe-house-by-menka-shivdasani/ |website=kitaab.org |accessdate=13 September 2019|date=2016-04-07 }}</ref>
*''Frazil'' published by Paperwall (Poetrywala), [[Mumbai]] . 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Frazil by Menka Shivdasani |url=https://kitaab.org/2018/05/07/book-review-frazil-by-menka-shivdasani/ |website=kitaab.org |accessdate=7 April 2019|date=2018-05-07 }}</ref>

==Editor==

* ''Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry'' (2004) ed. by Menka Shivdasani and published by [[Michael Rothenberg]], Big Bridge [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anthology of Contemporary Indian Poetry edited by Menka Shivdasani |url=http://bigbridge.org/BB17/poetry/indianpoetryanthology/indian-poetry-anthology-contents.html |website=bigbridge.org |accessdate=7 April 2019}}</ref>
*''Freedom and fissures'' (1998): an anthology of Sindhi partition poetry published by [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[India]].{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
* If the Roof Leaks, Let it Leak, an anthology of writing by Indian women, Sound and Picture Archives for Research on Women, 2014{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|India|Poetry}}
*[[Indian English Poetry]]
*[[Indian poetry in English]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.poetspath.com/Scholarship_Project/shivda.html Menka Shivdasani's : For Many Poets in Mega City like Mumbai...]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivdasani, Menka}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:Indian women magazine editors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]
{{India-writer-stub}}

Deipnosophistae

2026-03-13T18:10:52Z

Nagaraj15: cleanup lead per standard format and updated info per standard format

{{short description|Work by Athenaeus}}
[[File:Athenaeus Deipnosophists edited by Isaac Casaubon.jpg|right|thumb|Frontispiece to the 1657 edition of the ''Deipnosophists'', edited by [[Isaac Casaubon]], in Greek and [[Jacques Daléchamps]]' Latin translation]]
{{italic title}}
The '''''Deipnosophistae''''' ({{langx|grc|Δειπνοσοφισταί}}, ''Deipnosophistaí'', lit. {{gloss|The Dinner Sophists}}, where ''sophists'' may be translated more loosely as {{gloss|sages, philosophers, experts}}) is a work written {{circa|200 AD}} in [[Ancient Greek]] by [[Athenaeus]] of Naucratis. It is a long work of [[Greek literature|literary]], [[Ancient history|historical]], and [[Antiquarian#Antiquarianism in ancient Rome|antiquarian]] references set in [[Rome]] at a series of banquets held by the protagonist {{ill|Publius Livius Larensis|de}} for an assembly of [[Grammarian (Greco-Roman world)|grammarians]], [[lexicographer]]s, [[jurist]]s, musicians, and hangers-on.

==Title==
The [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] title ''Deipnosophistaí'' ({{lang|grc|Δειπνοσοφισταί}}) is a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of ''{{linktext|deîpnon}}'' ({{lang|grc|δεῖπνον}} {{gloss|dinner}}) and ''sophistḗs'' ({{lang|grc|{{linktext|σοφιστής}}}} {{gloss|expert}}). It and its [[English language|English]] derivative ''{{linktext|deipnosophist}}s''<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', {{nowrap|1st ed.}} "deipnosophist, ''n.''" Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1894.</ref> thus describe people who are skilled at dining, particularly the refined conversation expected to accompany Greek [[symposium|symposia]]. However, the term is shaded by the harsh treatment accorded to [[sophist|professional teachers]] in [[Plato]]'s [[Socratic dialogue]]s, which made the English term ''{{linktext|sophist}}'' into a [[pejorative]].

In English, Athenaeus's work usually known by its [[Latin]] form ''Deipnosophistae'' but is also variously translated as '''''The Deipnosophists''''',<ref name=yongeuns/> '''''Sophists at Dinner''''',<ref name=guli>{{lang|grc|Ἀθήναιος}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Athenaeus of Naucratis|Athenaeus]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>. {{lang|grc|Δειπνοσοφισταί}} [''Deipnosophistaí'', ''[[Sophists at Dinner]]''], {{circa|lk=no|3rd}} century {{in lang|grc}} Trans. Charles Burton Gulick as [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/Introduction*.html ''Athenaeus'', {{nowrap|Vol. I,}} {{nowrap|p. viii.}}] Harvard University Press ([[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]), 1927. Accessed 13 Aug 2014.</ref> '''''The Learned Banqueters''''',<ref>{{lang|grc|Ἀθήναιος}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Athenaeus of Naucratis|Athenaeus]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Trans. S. Douglas Olson as ''The Learned Banqueters''. Harvard University Press ([[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]), 2007.</ref> '''''The Banquet of the Learned''''',<ref name=yongeuns>{{lang|grc|Ἀθήναιος}} <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Athenaeus of Naucratis|Athenaeus]]<nowiki>]</nowiki>. Trans. C.D. Yonge as [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/Literature/Literature-idx?type=article&did=Literature.AthV1.i0001&id=Literature.AthV1&isize=M&pview=hide ''The Deipnosophists or Banquet of the Learned'']. Henry Bohn (London), 1854. Accessed 13 Aug 2014.</ref> '''''Philosophers at Dinner''''', or '''''The Gastronomers'''''.

==Contents==
The ''Deipnosophistae'' professes to be an account, given by Athenaeus to his friend Timocrates, of a series of banquets held at the house of Larensius, a [[scholar]] and wealthy [[patron]] of the arts. It is thus a dialogue within a dialogue, after the manner of [[Plato]],<ref>Viz. his ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]''. The first words (1.1f-2a) mimic the beginning of ''[[Phaedo]]''. See (e.g.) Wentzel(1896). "Athenaios (22)". ''Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft''. Band II, Halbband 4. col. 2028.15ff.</ref> although each conversation is so long that, realistically, it would occupy several days. Among the numerous guests,<ref>Kaibel (1890, vol. 3) pp. 561-564 lists twenty-four by name, plus several ''anonymi''.</ref> [[Masurius Sabinus|Masurius]], [[Zoilus]], [[Democritus]], [[Galen]], [[Ulpian]] and [[Plutarch]] are named, but most are probably to be taken as fictitious personages,<ref>Kaibel (1887, vol. 1) p. VI.</ref> and the majority take little or no part in the conversation. If Ulpian is identical with the famous jurist, the ''Deipnosophistae'' must have been written after his death in 223; but the jurist was murdered by the [[Praetorian Guard]], whereas Ulpian in Athenaeus dies a natural death.
[[Prosopographical]] investigation, however, has shown the possibility of identifying several guests with real persons from other sources;<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baldwin|first=Barry|title=The Minor Characters in Athenaeus|journal=Acta Classica|date=1977|volume=20|pages=37–48}}</ref>
the Ulpian in the dialog has also been linked to the renowned jurist's father.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Baldwin|first=Barry|title=Athenaeus and his Work|journal=Acta Classica|date=1976|volume=19|pages=21–42}}</ref>

The work is invaluable for providing fictionalized information about the Hellenistic literary world of the leisured class during the [[Roman Empire]].{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} To the majority of modern readers, even more useful is the wealth of information provided in the ''Deipnosophistae'' about earlier Greek literature.<ref>"…for us, one of the most important books from Antiquity". Wentzel(1896) col. 2028.34ff</ref> In the course of discussing classic authors, the participants make quotations, long and short, from the works of about 700 earlier Greek authors and 2,500 separate writings, many of them otherwise unrecorded (such as the [[swallow song of Rhodes]]). Food and wine, luxury, music, sexual mores, literary gossip and [[philology]] are among the major topics of discussion, and the stories behind many artworks such as the [[Venus Kallipygos]] are also transmitted in its pages.

=== Characters ===
In addition to the narrator [[Athenaeus]], the ''Deipnosophistae'' includes several characters. This includes Aemilian of Mauretania, Alcides of Alexandria, Amoebeus, Arrian, Cynulcus, Daphnus of Ephesus, Democritus of Nicomedia, Dionysocles, [[Galen]] of Pergamum, Larensius, Leonides of Elis, Magnus, Masurius, Myrtilus of Thessaly, Palamedes the Eleatic, Philadelphus of Ptolemais, Plutarch of Alexandria, Pontian of Nicomedia, Rufinus of Nicaea, Ulpian of Tyre, Varus, and [[Zoilus]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baldwin |first=Barry |author-link=Barry Baldwin |year=1977 |title=The Minor Characters in Athenaeus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24591523 |journal=[[Acta Classica]] |volume=20 |pages=37–48 |jstor=24591523}}</ref>

===Food and cookery===
[[File:Deipnosophistae.tif|thumb|180px|A 1535 edition]]
The ''Deipnosophistae'' is an important source of [[recipe]]s in classical Greek. It quotes the original text of one recipe from the lost cookbook by [[Mithaecus]], the oldest in Greek and the oldest recipe by a named author in any language. Other authors quoted for their recipes include [[Glaucus of Locri]], [[Dionysius, author on cookery|Dionysius]], Epaenetus, [[Hegesippus of Tarentum]], [[Erasistratus]], [[Diocles of Carystus]], [[Timachidas of Rhodes]], [[Philistion of Locri]], [[Euthydemus of Athens]], [[Chrysippus of Tyana]], [[Paxamus]] and [[Harpocration of Mende]]. It also describes in detail the meal and festivities at the wedding feast of [[Caranos]].<ref>{{cite web |trans-title=Diet of the Ancient Greeks |script-title=el:Η ΔΙΑΤΡΟΦΗ ΤΩΝ ΑΡΧΑΙΩΝ ΕΛΛΗΝΩΝ |year=2003 |language=el |work=ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΗ ΕΣΤΙΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΟΝΙΚΩΝ ΕΡΕΥΝΩΝ [UNIVERSAL HELLENIC INTELLECTUAL NATION] |location=[[Athens, Greece]] |url=http://www.ellinikiestia.gr/ptyxes/greekdiet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211091720/http://www.ellinikiestia.gr/ptyxes/greekdiet.htm |archive-date=2004-12-11 |quote=[Caranos] offered each guest a silver glass and a gold crown. Then arrived silver and bronze platters: Chickens, ducks and roasted geese, goats, hares, pigeons, turtles and partridges. There followed a break for the musicians and the trumpeters to play. The second course began with roast pork atop a silver plate. His belly was filled with roasted thrushes and [[Ortolan bunting|ortolan]], oysters and scallops covered with egg yolks .... |access-date=2018-03-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Drink===
In expounding on earlier works, Athenaeus wrote that [[Aeschylus]] "very improperly" introduces the Greeks to be "so drunk as to break their vessels about one another's heads":<ref>''The Deopnosophists'', a literal translation by C.D. Yonge</ref>

<blockquote><poem>This is the man who threw so well
The vessel with an evil smell
And miss'd me not, but dash'd to shivers
The pot too full of steaming rivers
Against my head, which now, alas! sir,
Gives other smells besides [[Macassar oil|macassar]].</poem></blockquote>

=== First patents ===
Athenaeus described what may be considered the first [[patent]]s (i.e. exclusive right granted by a government to an inventor to practice his/her invention in exchange for disclosure of the invention). He mentions that several centuries BC, in the Greek city of [[Sybaris]] (located in what is now southern Italy), there were annual culinary competitions. The victor was given the exclusive right to prepare his dish for one year. Such a thing would have been unusual at the time because Greek society at large did not recognize exclusivity in inventions or ideas.<ref name="Frumkin">M. Frumkin, [http://www.compilerpress.ca/Library/Frumkin%20Origin%20of%20Patents%20JPOS%201945.htm "The Origin of Patents"], Journal of the Patent Office Society, March 1945, Vol. XXVII, No. 3, pp 143 et Seq.</ref>

==Survival and reception==
The ''Deipnosophistae'' was originally in fifteen books.<ref>Marginal indications in the manuscript may, but need not, reflect an earlier edition in 30 books. See ''Der neue Pauly'' Athenaios[3]. col. 198; Kaibel (1887, vol. 1) p. XXII.</ref> The work survives in one manuscript from which the whole of books 1 and 2, and some other pages too, disappeared long ago. An ''Epitome'' or abridgment (to about 60%) was made in medieval times, and survives complete: from this it is possible to read the missing sections, though in a disjointed form.

The English polymath [[Sir Thomas Browne]] noted in his encyclopaedia ''[[Pseudodoxia Epidemica]]'':

:Athenæus, a delectable Author, very various, and justly stiled by Casaubon, ''Græcorum Plinius''.<ref>The [[Pliny's Natural History|Pliny]] of the Greeks.</ref> There is extant of his, a famous Piece, under the name of ''Deipnosophista'', or ''Coena Sapientum'', containing the Discourse of many learned men, at a Feast provided by Laurentius. It is a laborious Collection out of many Authors, and some whereof are mentioned no where else. It containeth strange and singular relations, not without some spice or sprinkling of all Learning. The Author was probably a better Grammarian then Philosopher, dealing but hardly with Aristotle and Plato, and betrayeth himself much in his Chapter ''De Curiositate Aristotelis''. In brief, he is an Author of excellent use, and may with discretion be read unto great advantage: and hath therefore well deserved the Comments of Casaubon and [[Jacques Daléchamps|Dalecampius]].<ref>P.E. Bk.1 chapter 8; Daléchamps provided the Latin translation when the Greek text of the recently-rediscovered work established by Casaubon was first published.</ref>

Browne's interest in Athenaeus reflects a revived interest in the ''Banquet of the Learned'' amongst scholars following the publication of the ''Deipnosophistae'' in 1612 by the Classical scholar [[Isaac Casaubon]]. Browne was also the author of [[s:From a reading of Athenaeus|a Latin essay on Athenaeus]]. By the nineteenth century however, the poet [[James Russell Lowell]] in 1867 characterized the ''Deipnosophistae'' and its author thus:
:the somewhat greasy heap of a literary rag-and-bone-picker like Athenaeus is turned to gold by time.

Modern readers{{Who|date=May 2012}} question whether the ''Deipnosophistae'' genuinely evokes a literary symposium of learned disquisitions on a range of subjects suitable for such an occasion, or whether it has a satirical edge, rehashing the cultural clichés of the urbane literati of its day.

=== Modern editions ===
The first [[critical edition]] in accordance to the principles of [[classical philology]] was published by German scholar [[Georg Kaibel]] in 1887–1890 in the ''[[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]]'';<ref>''Athenaei Naucratitae Dipnosophistarum libri XV'', recensuit Georgius Kaibel, III voll., Lipsiae in aedibus B. G. Teubneri, MDCCCLXXXVII-MDCCCXC.</ref> this three-volume set remained the authoritative text for about 120 years and the only complete critical text.<ref>''[[Collection Budé]]'' started a new edition in 1956, but only the first volume was published: Athénée, ''Les Deipnosophistes. Livres I-II'', texte établi et traduit par Alexandre-Marie Desrousseaux avec la contribution de Charles Astruc, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1956 (''Collection des universités de France – Collection Budé. Série grecque'', 126).</ref> [[Charles Burton Gulick]] translated the entire text into English for the ''[[Loeb Classical Library]]''.<ref>Athenaeus, ''The deipnosophists. In'' ''seven volumes'', with an English translation by Charles Burton Gulick, London: Heinemann – Cambridge (MA.): Harvard UP, 1969–1971 (''Loeb Classical Library'', 204, 208, 224, 235, 274, 327, 345).</ref><ref>Gulick's edition was, in fact, admittedly based on Kaibel's text, diverging only in selected passages. See Athenaeus, ''The deipnosophists'', transl. Gulick, vol. I, p. xviii. Desousseaux in his ''Budé'' edition provided a new critical text and a richer apparatus than Kaibel's, but he only published the first two books of the ''Deipnosophistae'' (which actually aren't Athenaeus', but the abridged text).</ref>

In 2001, a team of Italian classical scholars led by [[Luciano Canfora]] (then Professor of Classical Philology, now Emeritus, [[University of Bari]]) published the first complete Italian translation of the ''Deipnosophistae'', in a luxury edition with extensive introduction and commentary.<ref>Ateneo di Naucrati, ''I Deipnosofisti - I dotti a banchetto'', prima traduzione italiana su progetto di Luciano Canfora, introduzione di Christian Jacob, IV voll., Roma: Salerno Editrice, 2001.</ref> A digital edition of Kaibel's text, with search tools and cross-references between Kaibel's and Casaubon's texts and digitalized indexes and ''Dialogi Personae'', was put online by Italian philologist Monica Berti and her team, currently working at the [[Alexander von Humboldt University]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Berti|first=Monica|title=Digital Athenaeus|url=http://www.digitalathenaeus.org/|access-date=2021-04-08|website=www.digitalathenaeus.org|language=en}}</ref> In 2001, Eleonora Cavallini (Professor of Greek, [[University of Bologna]]) published a translation and commentary on Book 13.<ref>Ateneo di Naucrati, ''Il banchetto dei sapienti. Libro XIII – Sulle donne'', a cura di Eleonora Cavallini, Bologna: Dupress, 2001 («Nemo. Confrontarsi con l'antico», 1).</ref> In 2010, Gabriele Burzacchini (Professor of Greek, [[University of Parma]]) published a translation and commentary of Book 1 found among the unpublished studies of the late Enzo Degani (formerly Professor of Greek in the University of Bologna);<ref>Ateneo di Naucrati, ''Deipnosofisti (I dotti a banchetto). Epitome dal libro I'', introduzione, traduzione e note di Enzo Degani, premessa di Gabriele Burzacchini, Bologna: Pàtron, 2010 («Eikasmos. Quaderni bolognesi di filologia classica – Studi», 17).</ref> Burzacchini himself translated and commented Book 5 in more recent years.<ref>Ateneo di Naucrati, ''Deipnosofisti (Dotti a banchetto). Libro 5'', premessa, traduzione e note di Gabriele Burzacchini, Bologna: Pàtron, 2017 («Eikasmos. Quaderni bolognesi di filologia classica – Studi», 27).</ref>

In 2006, American classical philologist S. D. Olson renewed Loeb text thanks to a new collation of the manuscripts and the progression of critical studies on Athenaeus and newly translated and commented the whole work;<ref>Athenaeus, ''The Learned Banqueters'', I–VIII, edited and translated by S. Douglas Olson, Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2006-12 (the series numbers of voll. I–VII are the same as Gulick's edition which is therefore replaced; Olson adds vol. VIII which is ''LCL'' no. 519).</ref> in 2019, the same started a new critical edition for the ''Bibliotheca Teubneriana''<ref>Athenaeus, ''Deipnosophistae'', ed. S. D. Olson, vol. IV A: ''Libri XII-XIV –'' B: ''Epitome'', Berlin – Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2019; vol. III A: ''Libri VIII-XI'' – B: ''Epitome'', Berlin – Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2020; vol. II A: ''III-VII'' – B: ''Epitome'', Berlin – Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2021 (''Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana'').</ref> inclusive of the ''Epitome'', also edited in parallel volumes.<ref>Apart from Kaibel's text for bks. I and II, the ''incipit'' of bk. III and parts of bk. XI, the ''Epitome'' was previously published only by Simon P. Peppink: ''Athenaei Dipnosophistae'', ex recensione S. P. Peppinki, II voll., Lugduni Batavorum apud casam C. T. E. J. Brill, 1936-39, vol. II: ''Epitome'', I-II, ''ibid.'' 1937-39. This edition was indeed useful (mainly because it was the first edition of the text), but also had some issues: it lacks the sections already edited by Kaibel (see above) and contains many errors and critically questionable choices due to the fact that Peppink, fallen ill, did not have the time to re-read his own work. See Annalisa Lavoro, ''[https://iris.unime.it/retrieve/handle/11570/3105167/148408/Annalisa%20Lavoro.%20Per%20una%20nuova%20edizione.pdf Per una nuova edizione critica dell'Epitome di Ateneo]'', Ph.D. diss., Messina 2016, p. IV. Peppink ''did'' plan to publish a new edition of the entire work, but death came first. See Lavoro, ''Per una nuova edizione critica'', ''cit.'', p. 109.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Characters of the Deipnosophistae]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
'''Restorations and translations'''

* {{Cite book |author=Athenaeus |title=Deipnosophistae |editor-first=Charles Burton |editor-last=Gulick |editor-link=Charles Burton Gulick  |language=grc  |publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]] & [[Harvard University Press]] |year=1927–1941 |at=15 books in 7 vols |series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |lccn=28004492 |oclc=688821 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0405%3Abook%3D1 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Athenaeus |editor-first=Georg |editor-last=Kaibel |editor-link=Georg Kaibel |title=Athenaei Naucratitae Dipnosophistarum libri XV |publisher=[[B.G. Teubner]] |location=[[Leipzig]] |year=1887–1892 |at=15 books in 3 vols |series=[[Bibliotheca Teubneriana]] |language=grc  |lccn=34010800 |oclc=3288753 |url=http://catalog.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0008.tlg001.perseus-grc2  }}
* {{Cite book |author=Athenaeus |title=Athenaei 'Dipnosophistarum' Epitome |editor-first=Simon Peter |editor-last=Peppink |editor-link=Simon Peter Peppink |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] |year=1936–1939 |lccn=ac37000062 |oclc=890483}} [https://doi.org/10.1017/S0009840X00086753 E. Harrison in ''The Classical Review'']: "Peppink regards ''EC'' as representing a better manuscript than ''A'', on which the full texts of Kaibel and Gulick are based...."
* {{Cite book |author=Athenaeus |title=The Deipnosophists |translator-first=Charles Duke |translator-last=Yonge |translator-link=Charles Duke Yonge |language=en |publisher=[[Henry G. Bohn]] |location=[[London]] |year=1854 |at=15 books in 8 vols |series=[[Bohn's Classical Library]] |lccn=2002554451 |oclc=49415755 |url=http://catalog.perseus.org/catalog/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0008.tlg001.perseus-eng1 }}
* {{Cite book |author=Athenaeus |title=The Learned Banqueters |url=https://archive.org/details/learnedbanqueter0002athe |url-access=registration |editor-first=S Douglas |editor-last=Olson |editor-link=S. Douglas Olson |language=en |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |year=2007–2012 |at=15 books in 8 vols: Olson ed. & trans. |series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |isbn=978-0-674-99620-5 }} 

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |title=Athenaeus and his World: Reading Greek Culture in the Roman Empire |first1=David |last1=Braund |first2=John |last2=Wilkins |publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-859-89661-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/athenaeushisworl0000unse }}
* {{Cite book |title=Food in antiquity |first1=John|last1=Wilkins |first2=David|last2=Harvey |first3=Mike|last3=Dobson |publisher=[[University of Exeter Press]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-859-89418-0 }} 
* {{Cite book |first=Andrew |last=Dalby |title=Siren feasts: a history of food and gastronomy in Greece |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |year=1996 |pages=168–180 |isbn=0-415-11620-1}} 
* {{Cite book |title=Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a sourcebook of basic documents |url=https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb |url-access=limited |first=Thomas K |last=Hubbard |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2003 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/homosexualitygre00hubb/page/n94 76]–82 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1pp7g1 |isbn=978-0-520-93650-8}} (Translation of a passage from book 13.)
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Johansson |first=Warren |title=Athenaeus |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |editor-last=Dynes |editor-first=Wayne R |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |location=New York |year=1990 |volume=1 |page=87  |isbn=978-0-824-06544-7}}
*Lukinovich, Alessandra, 'The Play of Reflections between Literary Form and the Sympotic Theme in the Deipnosophistae of Athenaeus', in Oswyn Murray (ed.), ''Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposion''. Oxford University Press, 1990.
* {{Citation |first=Peter |last=Stoll |title=Dishing up Pictures from the Pantry: An Eighteenth-Century French Recipe for Illustrating Athenaeus's Deipnosophistae |publisher=[[University of Augsburg]] Library |date=2010-06-01 |url=http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2010/1586/ |access-date=2018-03-31  |archive-date=2012-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324050808/http://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/volltexte/2010/1586/ |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Athenaeus}}
*[https://www.digitalathenaeus.org/ The Digital Athenaeus]
*[http://www.digitalathenaeus.org/tools/Casaubon-Kaibel_converter/ Casaubon-Kaibel Reference Converter]
*[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0405 The original Ancient Greek text]
*[https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A74JZF4VSV7H4A8T Translation by C. D. Yonge] presented online by the [http://uwdc.library.wisc.edu University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center]
*[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/home.html Translation up to Book 9] with links to complete Greek original, at [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/home.html LacusCurtius]
*[http://www.attalus.org/info/athenaeus.html Translation of Books 11-15] with links to Greek original, at [http://attalus.org/index.html attalus.org]
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=The%20deipnosophists various out of copyright translations of the work downloadable on archive.org]
*[[s:From a reading of Athenaeus|From a reading of Athenaeus, British Museum Sloane MS no. 1827]]
*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/athenaeus13.html Extracts from book 13 of the ''Deipnosophists'' concerning homosexuality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728072015/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/pwh/athenaeus13.html |date=2012-07-28 }}
*[http://members.aol.com/heliogabby/deipnon/deipnon.htm Extracts from book 13 of the ''Deipnosophists'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060222150409/http://williamapercy.com/pub-EncyHom.htm on-line version of the ''Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'' article referenced above]
*[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/athenee/ full Greek text and French translation at ''L'antiquité grecque et latine du moyen âge''] de [[Philippe Remacle]], Philippe Renault, François-Dominique Fournier, J. P. Murcia, Thierry Vebr, Caroline Carrat

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deipnosophistae}}
[[Category:3rd-century books]]
[[Category:Greek literature (post-classical)]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek cuisine]]
[[Category:Ancient Greek philosophical literature]]
[[Category:Symposium]]

Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express

2026-03-08T08:27:23Z

Nagaraj15:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = Saharsa Junction - Amritsar Junction ''Garib Rath Express''
| image = Sharsa Garib Rath.jpg
| caption = Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express at [[Ambala Cantonment Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]]
| first = 5 October 2006
| last =
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa Junction]]
| stops = 11
| end = [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|1723|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 30 hours 00 minutes as 12203 [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa]] [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar]] '''Garib Rath Express''', 29 hours 40 minutes as 12204 [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar]] [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa]] '''Garib Rath Express'''
| frequency = 3 days a week. 12203 [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa]] [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar]] '''Garib Rath Express''' – Monday, Thursday & Sunday. 12204 [[Amritsar railway station|Amritsar]] [[Saharsa]] '''Garib Rath Express''' – Wednesday, Saturday & Sunday.
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[Dining car|Pantry Car Coach]] attached
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12203 / 12204
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum ,{{convert|57.75|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:(Amritsar - Saharsa) Garib Rath Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

'''The 12203/12204 Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express''' is a superfast Garib Rath–category train operated by the Northern Railway of Indian Railways. It runs between [[Saharsa Junction railway station|Saharsa Junction]] in Bihar and Amritsar Junction in Punjab. The train operates as 12203 from Saharsa to Amritsar and as 12204 in the reverse direction, serving the states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, and Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fire breaks out in Amritsar‑Saharsa Garib Rath Express in Punjab |work=The Hindu |date=18 October 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/fire-breaks-out-in-amritsar-saharsa-garib-rath-express-in-punjab/article70178277.ece |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Narrow escape for passenger train as speeding truck falls on tracks from overbridge |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 November 2025 |author=Namita Bajpai |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/27/narrow-escape-for-passenger-train-as-speeding-truck-falls-on-tracks-from-overbridge |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
*The service was first inaugurated on 5 October 2006.
*It was the first Garib Rath Express train introduced in the Garib Rath series, launched under the tenure of then Railway Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]

==Coach composition==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Type
! Number of coaches
|-
| AC 3-tier Economy
| 20
|-
| LPR (Generator Car)
| 2
|-
! Total
! 22
|}

==Route==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|+ '''Timetable of 12203/12204 Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express'''

! colspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | '''12203 – Saharsa → Amritsar'''
! colspan="5" style="background:#f2f2f2;" | '''12204 – Amritsar → Saharsa'''

|-
! Station !! Arr !! Dep !! Halt !! Dist (km)
! Station !! Arr !! Dep !! Halt !! Dist (km)

|-
| Saharsa Jn (SHC) || — || 14:30 || — || 0
| Amritsar (ASR) || — || 04:00 || — || 0

|-
| S. Bhakhtiyarpur (SBV) || 14:48 || 14:50 || 2m || 17
| Beas (BEAS) || 04:28 || 04:30 || 2m || 42

|-
| Khagaria Jn (KGG) || 15:50 || 15:52 || 2m || 53
| Jalandhar City (JUC) || 05:05 || 05:10 || 5m || 79

|-
| Begusarai (BGS) || 16:24 || 16:26 || 2m || 94
| Phagwara Jn (PGW) || 05:28 || 05:30 || 2m || 100

|-
| Barauni Jn (BJU) || 16:50 || 17:00 || 10m || 109
| Dhandari Kalan (DDL) || 06:20 || 06:30 || 10m || 143

|-
| Dalsingh Sarai (DSS) || 17:27 || 17:29 || 2m || 137
| Ambala Cantt Jn (UMB) || 08:00 || 08:10 || 10m || 249

|-
| Samastipur Jn (SPJ) || 17:50 || 17:55 || 5m || 160
| Delhi Jn (DLI) || 10:50 || 11:05 || 15m || 446

|-
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP) || 18:50 || 18:55 || 5m || 212
| Hapur (HPU) || 12:17 || 12:19 || 2m || 503

|-
| Hajipur Jn (HJP) || 19:42 || 19:47 || 5m || 266
| Moradabad (MB) || 13:48 || 13:53 || 5m || 607

|-
| Chhapra (CPR) || 21:20 || 21:25 || 5m || 325
| Bareilly (BE) || 15:10 || 15:12 || 2m || 698

|-
| Siwan Jn (SV) || 22:15 || 22:20 || 5m || 386
| Hardoi (HRI) || 16:54 || 16:56 || 2m || 831

|-
| Deoria Sadar (DEOS) || 23:15 || 23:17 || 2m || 455
| Lucknow Jn (LKO) || 18:30 || 18:40 || 10m || 933

|-
| Gorakhpur Jn (GKP) || 00:35 || 00:45 || 10m || 505
| Gorakhpur Jn (GKP) || 00:05 || 00:15 || 10m || 1203

|-
| Lucknow Jn (LKO) || 05:55 || 06:05 || 10m || 775
| Deoria Sadar (DEOS) || 01:10 || 01:12 || 2m || 1253

|-
| Hardoi (HRI) || 07:33 || 07:35 || 2m || 877
| Siwan Jn (SV) || 02:05 || 02:10 || 5m || 1323

|-
| Bareilly (BE) || 09:28 || 09:31 || 3m || 1010
| Chhapra (CPR) || 03:15 || 03:20 || 5m || 1384

|-
| Moradabad (MB) || 11:02 || 11:10 || 8m || 1101
| Hajipur Jn (HJP) || 04:27 || 04:32 || 5m || 1443

|-
| Hapur (HPU) || 12:25 || 12:27 || 2m || 1205
| Muzaffarpur Jn (MFP) || 05:20 || 05:25 || 5m || 1497

|-
| Delhi Jn (DLI) || 13:55 || 14:10 || 15m || 1262
| Samastipur Jn (SPJ) || 06:10 || 06:15 || 5m || 1548

|-
| Ambala Cantt Jn (UMB) || 16:49 || 16:54 || 5m || 1459
| Dalsingh Sarai (DSS) || 06:38 || 06:40 || 2m || 1572

|-
| Ludhiana Jn (LDH) || 19:10 || 19:25 || 15m || 1573
| Barauni Jn (BJU) || 07:35 || 07:45 || 10m || 1599

|-
| Phagwara Jn (PGW) || 19:54 || 19:56 || 2m || 1608
| Begusarai (BGS) || 08:01 || 08:03 || 2m || 1615

|-
| Jalandhar City (JUC) || 20:30 || 20:35 || 5m || 1630
| Khagaria Jn (KGG) || 08:36 || 08:38 || 2m || 1655

|-
| Beas (BEAS) || 21:05 || 21:07 || 2m || 1666
| S. Bhakhtiyarpur (SBV) || 10:16 || 10:18 || 2m || 1692

|-
| Amritsar (ASR) || 22:05 || — || — || 1708
| Saharsa Jn (SHC) || 11:20 || — || — || 1708
|} <ref>{{cite news |title=Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express to avoid New Delhi station under new route plan |work=Patna Press |date=18 June 2025 |url=https://patnapress.com/saharsa-amritsar-garib-rath-express-to-avoid-new-delhi-station-under-new-route-plan/ |access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref>

==Traction==

The train is powered by a [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] or [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] electric locomotive from [[Ghaziabad Junction railway station|Ghaziabad]] or [[Ludhiana Junction railway station|Ludhiana]] loco sheds.

==Timings==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ '''Schedule of 12203/12204 Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express'''
! Train No.
! Direction
! Origin → Destination
! Departure
! Arrival
! Days of Operation
|-
| 12203
| Saharsa → Amritsar
| Saharsa Jn → Amritsar Jn
| 15:00 hrs (IST)
| 21:00 hrs (Next Day)
| Mon, Thu, Sun
|-
| 12204
| Amritsar → Saharsa
| Amritsar Jn → Saharsa Jn
| 04:30 hrs (IST)
| 10:10 hrs (Next Day)
| Wed, Sat, Sun
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Amritsar-Saharsa Garib Rath Express.jpg|Amritsar-Saharsa Garib Rath Express in New Delhi at Platform 6.
File:Saharsa Amritsar Garib Rath Express - AC 3 tier.jpg|Saharsa Amritsar Garib Rath Express - [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 tier]]
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLEx8giVZd4
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bAmyqO0wjW4
* http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Saharsa-Amritsar-Garib-Rath-route-changed/articleshow/589333.cms
* http://www.mouthshut.com/review/Garib-Rath-Express-review-tmrslmoqor
* https://www.flickr.com/photos/ankitwap7/5246137954/
* http://tech.firstpost.com/watch-videos/irfca-2203-saharsa-amritsar-garib-rath-express-speeds-through-adarsh-nagar-_hTWkTRV3Qkg.html
* http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/garib-rath-not-cheap-enough-for-bihar-s-poor/15131/

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in|title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry|publisher=indianrail.gov.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Garib Rath Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saharsa - Amritsar Garib Rath Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:Transport in Saharsa]]

Grand Trunk Road

2026-03-08T01:42:29Z

Nagaraj15: fixed details also and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{Short description|International road in South Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}

{{Infobox road
| name = Grand Trunk Road
| alternate_name =
| cities = {{collapsible list|[[Cox's Bazar]], [[Chittagong]], [[Feni District|Feni]], [[Dhaka]], [[Rajshahi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Sasaram]], [[Mughalsarai]], [[Varanasi]],[[Mainpuri]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Kanpur]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Bulandshahr]], [[Delhi]], [[Sonipat]], [[Panipat]], [[Karnal]], [[Ambala]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Jalandhar]], [[Amritsar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Lahore]], [[Gujranwala]], [[Jhelum]], [[Islamabad]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Peshawar]], [[Jalalabad]], [[Kabul]]}}
| image = Durgapur Xpressway.jpg
| time_period = 4th century BCE – present
| length_km = 3655
| length_ref = <ref name="theatlantic.com"/>
| length_notes =
| established =
| history =
| known_for = Trading
| status = functional
| significance =
| direction_a = East
| terminus_a = [[Teknaf]], Bangladesh
| direction_b = West
| terminus_b = [[Kabul]], Afghanistan
| photo_notes = Grand Trunk Road passing through [[West Bengal]] in India
}}

The '''Grand Trunk Road'''{{efn|The road was known as ''[[Uttarapatha]]'' during the [[maurya Empire|Mauryan]] period (16th Century), ''Sadak-e-Azam'' or ''Shah Rah-e-Azam'' (The Great Road) during [[Sur Empire|Suri]] period (1540-1556 CE), as ''Badshahi Sadak'' (King's Road) during [[Mughal Empire|Mughal by Sher Shah]] period and as the ''Grand Trunk Road'' or ''Long Walk'' during the [[British Raj|British]] period.<ref name="UNESCO"/>}} is one of the oldest and longest major roads in [[Asia]]. For at least 2,500 years<ref>UNESCO, [https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan Caravanserais along the Grand Trunk Road in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531124427/https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/caravanserais-along-grand-trunk-road-pakistan |date=31 May 2019 }}</ref> it has linked [[Central Asia]] to the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It runs roughly {{cvt|3655|km|mi|0}}<ref name="theatlantic.com">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |title=The Atlantic: "India's Grand Trunk Road" |magazine=The Atlantic |date=November 1999 |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=7 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200907054858/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |url-status=live |last1=Tayler |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref> from [[Teknaf]], Bangladesh on the border with Myanmar<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires |title=A road to empires |last=Steel |first=Tim |date=1 January 2015 |newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=11 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211201821/http://www.dhakatribune.com/heritage/2014/dec/31/road-empires |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms |title=Cuisine along G T Road |last=Jhimli Mukherjee Pandey |date=15 September 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Calcutta |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105084522/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cuisine-along-G-T-Road/articleshow/48969618.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> west to [[Kabul]], Afghanistan, passing through [[Chittagong]] and [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Kanpur]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Agra]], [[Aligarh]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Delhi]], [[Amritsar]], [[Chandigarh]] in India, and [[Lahore]], [[Rawalpindi]], and [[Peshawar]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road |title=How to Redraw the World Map |last=Khanna |first=Parag |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=19 July 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819103029/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2014/07/03/where-do-borders-need-to-be-redrawn/permeable-lines-on-the-grand-trunk-road |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/ |title=Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131142/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6056/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The highway was built along an ancient route called [[Uttarapatha]] in the 3rd century BCE,<ref name="Vadime"/> extending it from the mouth of the [[Ganges]] to the north-western frontier of India. Further improvements to this road were made under [[Ashoka]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The old route was re-aligned by [[Sher Shah Suri]] to [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]].<ref name="Vadime">Vadime Elisseeff, p. 159-162, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zRPbecWnkoIC&dq=sher+shah+suri+maurya+rohtas&pg=PA161 The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce]</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, p. 234, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&dq=sher+shah+highway+peshawar+sonargaon&pg=PA234 A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century]</ref> The Afghan end of the road was rebuilt under [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]].<ref name="KMSarkar1927">{{Cite book |author=K. M. Sarkar |title=The Grand Trunk Road in the Punjab: 1849-1886 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFdJbRywbKwC&pg=PA2 |year=1927 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |pages=2– |id=GGKEY:GQWKH1K79D6 }}</ref><ref name="Vadime"/> The road was considerably rebuilt in the British period between 1833 and 1860.<ref>[[David Arnold (historian)]];
Science, technology, and medicine in colonial India (New Cambr hist India v.III.5)
Cambridge University Press, 2000, 234 pages [https://books.google.com/books?id=3gk5j2u5AnUC&pg=PA106 p. 106]</ref> Over the centuries, the road acted as one of the major trade routes in the region and facilitated both travel and postal communication. The Grand Trunk Road is still used for transportation in the present-day Indian subcontinent, where parts of the road have been widened and included in the national highway system.<ref name="raghubir">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Raghubir |year=1995 |title=The Grand Trunk Road: A Passage Through India |url=https://archive.org/details/grandtrunkroadpa00sing |url-access=registration |publisher=Aperture Books |isbn=9780893816445 |edition=First }}</ref>

== History ==
=== Ancient period ===
The [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist literature]] and [[Indian epic poetry|Indian epics]] such as ''[[Mahabharata]]'' refer to the existence of Grand Trunk Road even before the [[Maurya Empire]] as [[Uttarapatha]] or the "Northern Road". The road connected the eastern region of India with Central Asia, the terminus of the [[Khurasan Road]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanjeev |first=Sanyal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uv_iDQAAQBAJ |title=Land of the Seven Rivers: A Brief History of India's Geography |pages=72–73,103 |date=15 November 2012 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] India Private Limited |isbn=9788184756715 |language=en }}</ref>

The precursor of the modern Grand Trunk road was built on the orders of the emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]] and was inspired by the Persian [[Royal Road]]<ref>Benjamin Walker, p. 69, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8J2RDwAAQBAJ&dq=chandragupta+grand+trunk+road&pg=PT69 Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism. In Two Volumes. Volume II M-Z]</ref> (more precisely, its eastern stretch, the Great Khurasan Road that ran from [[Media (region)|Media]] to [[Bactria]]). During the Mauryan times in the 3rd century BCE, overland trade between India and several parts of Western Asia and Bactria went through the cities of the north-west, primarily [[Taxila (ancient)|Takshashila]] and [[Purushapura]] (present-day [[Taxila]] and Peshawar respectively, in Pakistan). Takshashila was well connected by roads with other parts of the Mauryan Empire. The Mauryas had maintained this very ancient highway from Takshashila to [[Patliputra]] (present-day [[Patna]] in India). Chandragupta Maurya had a department of officials overseeing the maintenance of this road as mentioned by the Greek diplomat [[Megasthenes]] who spent fifteen years at the Mauryan court. Constructed in eight stages, this road is said to have connected the cities of Purushapura, Takshashila, [[Hastinapur]]a, [[Kannauj|Kanyakubja]], [[Allahabad|Prayag]], [[Patliputra]] and [[Tamralipta]], a distance of around {{convert|2600|km}}.<ref name="KMSarkar1927"/>

The route of Chandragupta was built over the ancient "Uttarapatha" or the Northern Road, which had been mentioned by [[Pāṇini]]. The emperor [[Ashoka]] had it recorded in his [[Edicts of Ashoka|edict]] about having trees planted, wells built at every half [[Kos (unit)|kos]] and many "nimisdhayas", which is often translated as rest-houses along the [[Thoroughfare|route]] for the travelers. The Kushan emperor [[Kanishka]] is also known to have controlled the Uttarapatha.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/04/20/grand-trunk-road-since-pre-mahabharata-times-here-are-evidences/ |title=Grand Trunk Road since Pre Mahabharata Times; Here are Evidences |date=20 April 2020 |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216100117/https://www.myindiamyglory.com/2020/04/20/grand-trunk-road-since-pre-mahabharata-times-here-are-evidences/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttarapatha-or-grand-trunk-road-the-silk-route-of-india-one-of-the-oldest-roads-of-asia-1629969852-1 |title=Grand Trunk Road: Uttarapatha, The Silk Route of India |date=26 August 2021 |access-date=17 February 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217064436/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/uttarapatha-or-grand-trunk-road-the-silk-route-of-india-one-of-the-oldest-roads-of-asia-1629969852-1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
[[Sher Shah Suri]], the ruler of the [[Sur Empire]], repaired the Chandragupta's Royal Road in the 16th century. The old route was further rerouted at [[Sonargaon]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]]. Its breadth was increased and [[Caravanserai|caravanserais]], [[Kos Minar|kos minars]] and [[Stepwell|baolis]] were built. Gardens were also built alongside some sections of the highway. His son [[Islam Shah Suri]] constructed an additional sarai in-between every sarai originally built by Sher Shah Suri on the road toward Bengal. More sarais were built under the [[Mughals]]. [[Jahangir]] under his reign issued a decree that all sarais be built of burnt brick and stone. [[Broad-leaved tree]]s were planted in the stretch between Lahore and Agra and he built bridges over all water bodies that were situated on the path of the highways.<ref name="Vadime"/><ref name="Romila">{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5irrXX0apQC&dq=sher+shah+royal+highway+taxila&pg=PA236 |year=2002 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-23899-0 |page=263 |quote=The Mauryas had built a Royal Highway from Taxila to Pataliputra, a road that was almost continuously rebuilt in some approximation to the original during the period of Sher Shah, the Mughals and the British. The British referred to it as the Grand Trunk Road. }}</ref> The route was referred to as "Sadak-e-Azam" by Suri and "Badshahi Sadak" by the Mughals.<ref>Anu Kapur, p. 84, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ApCKDwAAQBAJ&dq=sadak+e+azam+sher+shah&pg=PT84 Mapping Place Names of India]</ref>

=== Modern period ===
In the 1830s the East India Company started a program of metalled road construction, for both commercial and administrative purposes. The road, now named the Grand Trunk Road, from Calcutta, through Delhi, to Kabul, Afghanistan was rebuilt at a cost of £1000/mile.

The road is mentioned in a number of literary works including those of Foster and Rudyard Kipling. Kipling described the road in ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]'': "'Look! [[Brahmin]]s and [[Chamar|chumars]], bankers and tinkers, barbers and [[bunnia]]s, pilgrims and potters – all the world going and coming.{{nbsp}}...' And truly the Grand Trunk Road is a wonderful spectacle. It runs straight, bearing without crowding India's traffic for fifteen hundred miles – such a river of life as nowhere else exists in the world."<ref>{{cite book |title=Kim |first=Rudyard |last=Kipling |author-link=Rudyard Kipling |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |location=London |date=1908 |orig-date=first published 1901 |chapter=chapter III |page=81 |mode=cs2 |postscript=.}}</ref>

==== Republic of India ====
The ensemble of historic sites along the road in India was submitted to the [[List of World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative list|tentative list]] of [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Sites]] in 2015, under the title "Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Banho, Grand Trunk Road".<ref name="UNESCO"/> The Indian sections of the Grand Trunk Road coincide with [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], [[National Highway 112 (India)|NH 112]] and [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] of the [[National Highway (India)|National Highways in India]].

{{anchor|GT road belt}}[[Psephology|Psephologists]] sometimes refer to the area around the GT Road as the "GT Road belt" it is also known as Gujarat road sometimes within the context of elections. For example, during the [[elections in Haryana]] the area on either side of the GT Road from [[Ambala]] to [[Sonipat]], which has 28 legislative assembly constituencies where there is no dominance of one caste or community, is referred to as the "GT road belt of Haryana".<ref name=GTr1>NuNu [https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/bjp-on-a-strong-footing-in-northern-districts/story-IyOgq3jDxR12VL2SYsaT3I.html BJP on a strong footing in northern districts], ''Hindustan Times'', 30 March 2016.</ref><ref name=pse1>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-elections-bjp-counts-on-strategy/articleshow/71461872.cms Haryana assembly elections: BJP counts on strategy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105022701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-assembly-elections-bjp-counts-on-strategy/articleshow/71461872.cms |date=5 November 2019 }}, ''The Times of India'', 6 October 2019.</ref>

{{anchor|GT Road (Pakistan)}}

==== Islamic Republic of Pakistan ====
The road coincides with the current [[N-5 National Highway|N-5]] (Lahore, [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Lalamusa]], [[Kharian]], [[Jhelum]], Rawalpindi, Peshawar and [[Khyber Pass]] towards [[Jalalabad]] in Afghanistan) in Pakistan<ref name="Reporter">{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=The Newspaper's Staff |date=2025-04-20 |title=Government greenlights upgradation of G.T. Road to three-lane carriageway |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1905341 |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Khattak">{{Cite web |last=Khattak |first=Arsalan |date=2025-04-20 |title=GT Road is Getting a Major Motorway-Like Upgrade |url=https://propakistani.pk/2025/04/20/gt-road-is-getting-a-major-motorway-like-upgrade/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=ProPakistani |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Afghanistan Ring Road|AH1]] ([[Torkham]]-Jalalabad to Kabul) to [[Ghazni]] in Afghanistan.

Part of the highway was built on the ancient Grand Trunk Road (commonly known as G.T. Road) which came under jurisdiction of the new state after the [[Partition of India|independence]] of Pakistan in 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jLNtAAAAMAAJ&q=n-5+highway+pakistan |title=The Concept N5 Highway Pakistan (GT Road) |date=1999 |publisher=Raja Afsar Khan |pages=24 |language=en |access-date=2024-10-19}}</ref> The historical Grand Trunk Route extended from [[Wagah|Wagha]], Punjab to Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The original highways were Peshawar-Torkham Road, Grand Trunk Road (Peshawar-Lahore), Lahore-Multan Road, Multan-Bahawalpur Road, KLP Road ([[Bahawalpur]]-[[Rahim Yar Khan]]), Karachi-Rahim Yar Khan Road.

The federal government has approved a major upgrade of the Grand Trunk (G.T.) Road (N-5) for conversion into a uniform three-lane carriageway.<ref name="Reporter"/><ref name="Khattak"/>

==Route==
The road coincides with the current [[N1 (Bangladesh)|N1]] (Chittagong to Dhaka), [[N4 (Bangladesh)|N4 & N405]] (Dhaka to [[Sirajganj]]), [[N5 (Bangladesh)|N507]] (Sirajganj to [[Natore]]) and [[N6 (Bangladesh)|N6]] (Natore to [[Rajshahi]] towards [[Purnia|Purnea]] in India) in Bangladesh; [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] ([[Purnea]] to Kolkata), [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (Kolkata to Agra), [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH 44]] (Agra to [[Jalandhar]] via New Delhi, [[Panipat]], [[Karnal]], [[Ambala]] and [[Ludhiana]]) and [[National Highway 3 (India)|NH 3]] (Jalandhar to [[Attari]], Amritsar in India towards Lahore in Pakistan via [[Wagah]]) in India; [[N-5 National Highway|N-5]] (Lahore, [[Gujranwala]], [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Lalamusa]], [[Kharian]], [[Jhelum]], Rawalpindi, Peshawar and [[Khyber Pass]] towards [[Jalalabad]] in Afghanistan) in Pakistan and [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|AH1]] ([[Torkham, Pakistan|Torkham]]-[[Jalalabad]] to Kabul) to [[Ghazni]] in Afghanistan.

The distance calculation is per [[Google Maps]].
* [[Teknaf]]-[[Dhaka]]-[[Kolkata]] = {{cvt|778|km|mi}}
* [[Kolkata]]-[[Varanasi]]-[[Delhi]] = {{cvt|1562|km|mi}}
* [[Delhi]]-[[Wagah]] border = {{cvt|462|km|mi}}
* [[Wagah|Wagah Border]]-[[Rawalpindi]]-[[Landi Kotal]] = {{cvt|613|km|mi}}
* [[Landi Kotal]]-[[Kabul]] = {{cvt|240|km|mi}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kos minar,tirawadi,karnal.JPG|Mughal era Kos Minar along GT road at [[Sonipat]], India
File:7518uttar pradesh09-ghaziabad09-grand trunk road09-1200.jpg|Grand Trunk Road in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
File:GTRoadBarkatha.jpg|GT Road near [[Barhi, Hazaribagh|Barhi]], India
File:G.T road towards Burdwan from Hooghly 07.jpg|Grand Trunk Road towards Burdwan from Hooghly
File:University of Engineering and Technology on Grand Trunk Road in Lahore.jpg|GT Road in [[Lahore]], Pakistan
File:Gujranwala GT Road Overcast.jpg|GT road in [[Gujranwala]], Pakistan
File:Jhelum River Bridge.JPG|GT Road above the [[Jhelum River|River Jhelum]], Pakistan
File:Original GT Road between Margalla and kala Chitta.JPG|Original GT Road passing through [[Margalla Hills]] to [[Kala Chitta Range]], Pakistan
File:Nekka Margalla.JPG|Newly realigned GT Road passing by the westernmost point of [[Margalla Hills]] to [[Kala Chitta Range]], Pakistan
File:Gridlock on the Kabul Jalalabad Highway (5300814706).jpg|[[Kabul–Jalalabad Road]], Afghanistan, is the westernmost stretch of the GT Road.
File:Jalalabad Road 2.jpg|Mountain pass on the Kabul–Jalalabad Road, Afghanistan
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=90em}}
* [[Royal Road]]
* [[Roman roads]]
* [[Via Regia]]
* [[Silk Road]] – ancient Sino-Indo-European route
* [[Via Maris]] (International Trunk Road) – modern name of the main ancient international route between Egypt and Mesopotamia
{{div col end}}

===Modern roads in Asia===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[AH1]], or Asian Highway 1 – the longest route of the Asian Highway Network, running from Japan to Turkey
* [[Asian Highway Network]] (AH), aka the Great Asian Highway - project to improve the highway systems in Asia

:'''Afghanistan'''
* [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)]] – {{cvt|2,200|km}} circular road network inside Afghanistan

:'''Pakistan'''
* [[National Highways of Pakistan]], all government highways
* [[Motorways of Pakistan]] – network of major expressways

:'''India'''
* [[National highways in India]] – network of government-managed highways
* [[Expressways in India]] – the highest class of roads in the Indian road network
* [[Golden Quadrilateral]] – highway network connecting major centres of northern, western, southern and eastern India
* [[National Highways Development Project]] – a project to upgrade and widen major highways in India
* [[National Highways Authority of India]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* Farooque, Abdul Khair Muhammad (1977), ''Roads and Communications in Mughal India.'' Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli.
* Weller, Anthony (1997), ''Days and Nights on the Grand Trunk Road: Calcutta to Khyber''. Marlowe & Company.
* [[Rudyard Kipling|Kipling, Rudyard]] (1901), ''[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]''. Considered one of Kipling's finest works, it is set mostly along the Grand Trunk Road. Free e-texts are available, for instance [https://gutenberg.org/etext/2226 here].
* {{cite book |title=Historical routes of north west Indian Subcontinent, Lahore to Delhi, 1550s–1850s A.D |author=Usha Masson Luther |author2=Moonis Raza |publisher=Sagar Publications |year=1990}}
* {{cite journal |last=Arden |first=Harvey |date=May 1990 |title=Along the Grand Trunk Road |journal=National Geographic |volume=177 |issue=5 |pages=118–38}}
* {{cite book |last=Mozammel |first=Md Muktadir Arif |year=2012 |chapter=Grand Trunk Road |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Grand_Trunk_Road |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tayler |first=Jeffrey |date=November 1999 |title=India's Grand Trunk Road |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1999/11/indias-grand-trunk-road/377875/ |journal=The Atlantic Monthly |volume=284 |issue=5 |pages=42–48}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160611061444/http://www.nhai.org/ National Highway Authority of India]
* [http://www.nha.gov.pk/ National Highway Authority of Pakistan] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221235406/http://www.nha.gov.pk/ |date=21 December 2010 }}
* [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=126395475 NPR: Along the Grand Trunk Road]

{{Trade route 2}}
{{Highways in India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|27|20|15|N|79|3|45|E|type:road_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:AH1]]
[[Category:Roads in Asia]]
[[Category:Roads in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Roads in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ancient roads and tracks]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Sur Empire]]
[[Category:British India]]
[[Category:History of transport in India]]
[[Category:History of transport in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Delhi]]
[[Category:Roads in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
[[Category:Roads in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Roads in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Roads in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Roads in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Transport in Kabul]]
[[Category:Transport in Lahore]]
[[Category:Historic trails and roads in India]]
[[Category:History of transport in Uttar Pradesh]]

Dahi (curd)

2026-03-07T15:54:45Z

Nagaraj15: new new details and citations

{{Short description|Fermented milk product}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Dahi
| image = Curd in a traditional Manipuri earthen pot.JPG
| caption = Dahi in a traditional [[Manipur]]i earthen pot
| alternate_name = Curd, ''doi'', ''mosaru'', ''perugu'', ''thayir'', ''mee kiri''
| country = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| national_cuisine = [[Bangladesh]], [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Nepali cuisine|Nepal]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Sri Lankan cuisine|Sri Lanka]], [[Trinidad and Tobago cuisine|Trinidad and Tobgao]], [[Guyanese cuisine|Guyana]], [[Surinamese cuisine|Suriname]], [[Mauritian cuisine|Mauritius]], [[Fijian cuisine|Fiji]], [[South African cuisine|South African]]
| creator =
| course = [[Yogurt#Production|Homemade yogurt]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = Milk, ''Lactobacillus'' culture
| variations = [[Mishti doi]], [[Bogurar doi]], [[Nabadwip-er lal doi]], [[Dhau]]
| calories =
| other =
| similar_dish =
| minor_ingredient = Sugar
| region = [[South Asia]]
}}
[[Image:Curd and treacle.jpg|thumb|250px|A cup of curd ready for dessert]]
'''Dahi''' or '''doi''', also '''''mosaru''''', '''''thayir''''' and '''''perugu''''', is a traditional [[yogurt]] or [[Fermented milk products|fermented milk product]] originating from and popular throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is usually prepared from cows' [[milk]], and sometimes [[buffalo milk]] or [[goat milk]].<ref name="Caballero Finglas Toldra 2015">{{cite book | last1=Caballero | first1=B. | last2=Finglas | first2=P. | last3=Toldra | first3=F. | title=Encyclopedia of Food and Health | publisher=Elsevier Science | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-12-384953-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-t9BAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA345 | access-date=December 6, 2017 | pages=345–351}}</ref> The word ''curd'' is used in [[Indian English]] to refer to [[Yogurt#Production|homemade yogurt]],<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-food-the-curious-case-of-the-indian-curd/story-kJD17hrU4aovjCrljXb9YN.html The curious case of the Indian curd] -[[Hindustan Times]]</ref><ref>Making yogurt -[http://chefinyou.com/2013/06/03/raw-milk-yogurt/ blog]</ref> while the term ''yogurt'' refers to the [[Pasteurization|pasteurized]] [[Yogurt#Commerce|commercial variety]] known as "heat-treated fermented milk".<ref name="FAO Codex">[http://www.fao.org/input/download/standards/400/CXS_243e.pdf Codex Alimentarius Yogurt rules], [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]]</ref>


==Preparation==
Curd is made by bacterial [[Fermentation in food processing|fermentation]] of milk. In this process, [[lactose]] in milk is converted into [[lactic acid]] by several probiotic [[microorganism]]s. The species involved in the fermentation depends on the temperature and humidity of the environment and may include ''[[Lactococcus lactis]]'', ''[[Streptococcus diacetylactis]]'', ''[[Streptococcus cremoris]]'', ''[[Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus]]'' and ''[[Streptococcus thermophilus]]''.

Curd [[Fermentation starter|starter]] is sometimes made with dried [[Chili pepper|red chillies]] (or their stems) in hot milk. Milk is boiled and then allowed to cool for a while. When tepid, dried chili peppers or their stems are added. The reason for this tradition is that dried chillies are rich in [[Lactobacillus plantarum|a type of lactobacilli]], the bacteria which help ferment milk to form curd. The bowl is then kept undisturbed in a warm place for 5 to 10 hours.

After the starter is made, or saved from a previous batch of curd, milk is boiled and cooled. In a separate bowl, curd is mixed with its [[whey]], and then mixed together with the milk. It is then left to sit undisturbed for 5 to 10 hours, until slightly sour, then refrigerated until consumption.

This practice can also be applied for making curd from [[milk substitute]]s, such as [[soy milk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://live2cook.wordpress.com/2008/08/22/the-secret-of-making-soy-yogurt-without-store-bought-culture/|title=The secret of making soy yogurt without store bought culture|date=August 23, 2008}}</ref>

== Types ==

=== Buffalo curd ===
Buffalo curd ({{langx|si|මුදවාපු මී කිරි}} ''mudavāpu meekiri'') is a traditional type of [[yogurt]] prepared from [[water buffalo]] milk. It is popular throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Buffalo milk is traditionally considered better for making yogurt than cow milk due to its higher fat content making a thicker yogurt mass.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kristbergsson|first1=Kristberg|last2=Oliveira|first2=Jorge|title=Traditional Foods: General and Consumer Aspects}}</ref> Buffalo curd is usually packaged in [[Clay pottery|clay pots]].

Buffalo curd is obtained by bacterial fermentation of buffalo milk. In this process, [[lactose]] in buffalo milk is converted into [[lactic acid]] using several [[micro-organism]]s. The species involved in the fermentation are the same as above.

Buffalo milk has higher amounts of [[protein]], [[fat]], [[lactose]], [[mineral]]s and [[vitamin]]s than cow's milk.  The quality of the curd depends on the starter culture. Fermentation also develops the characteristic flavor and color of the product.

Buffalo curd can be made in both traditional and industrial forms. Traditionally, buffalo milk is filtered and boiled, the scum is removed and it is cooled to room temperature. A few spoonfuls of a previous batch of curd are added and it is then mixed well and poured into clay pots. These are sealed by wrapping a piece of paper over the pot and allowing it to stand for 12 hours.<ref>{{cite news | title=Curd and Treacle | url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/10/33756_space.html | date=2008-10-18 | publisher=Lanka Newspapers | access-date=2009-08-31 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905045026/http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2008/10/33756_space.html | archive-date=2013-09-05 }}</ref>

==Curd dishes==
[[File:Cucumber-raita.jpg|thumb|202x202px|[[Raita]] is a popular side dish in the [[Indian cuisine]].]]
Curd is an important part of everyday diet in the [[Indian subcontinent]], both in slow cooked food and fast food.

;Slow (cooked) food
* [[Curd rice]]
* Dahi [[kadhi]] – curd curry
* [[Dahi machha|Doi maach]] – fish in curd curry, a Bengali dish
* [[Dahi baigana|Dahi baigan]]/Kathrikai thayir kothsu – Eggplant with curd, south Indian cuisine
* [[Kadhi bari]] – a curd curry popular in Northern India and [[Terai|Southern Nepal]].
* [[Perugu Pachadi]] – a curd-based dip, an [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] dish
* [[Thepla]] – served with plain curd, a [[Gujrat district|Gujarati]] dish

[[File:Dahi puri, Doi phuchka.jpg|alt=A plate of Dahi puri, crunchy fried flatbread with Dahi|thumb|Dahi puri, a spin on the popular dish [[Panipuri]]]]
;Fast food
[[File:Dahi Vada, a popular South Indian dish, photographed in Avani Riverside Mall, Howrah, West Bengal, India, April 16, 2024.jpg|thumb|[[Dahi vada]]]]
* [[Dahi vada]] / [[Bhalla (food)|Dahi bhalla]]<ref name="Vohra 2012 p. 104">{{cite book | last=Vohra | first=A.R. | title=New Modern Cookery Book | publisher=V&S Publishers | year=2012 | isbn=978-93-5057-278-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BJE3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA104 | access-date=December 6, 2017 | page=104}}</ref> – [[Vada (food)|Vada]] soaked in curd
* Dahi chiura – curd mixed with [[Poha (rice)|chiura]], sugar and/or seasonal fruits, a [[Nepalese cuisine|Nepalese]]/[[Bihari cuisine|Bihari]] snack
* [[Lassi]] – curd mixed with water and sweetener, usually sugar or molasses.
* [[Chaas]]/[[Borhani]] - curd mixed with water and [[Sea salt]], [[Kala namak|black salt]] or [[Himalayan salt]]. It is also known as [[buttermilk]].
* [[Borhani]] - curd mixed with coriander and mint, a [[Bangladeshi]] drink
* [[Papri chaat]]
* [[Dahi puri]] – a variation of [[Panipuri]], using curd instead of tamarind water
* Dahi bhelpuri – a variation of [[bhelpuri]], with curd on top
* [[Aloo tikki]] – plain curd is a side dish for aloo tikki
* [[Aloo paratha]] – plain curd is a side dish for aloo paratha
* [[Mishti doi]] – curd that is fermented after adding sweetener to milk, usually cane [[jaggery]] or date [[Palm sugar|palm jaggery]], a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] dessert.
* [[Raita]] – a side dish for [[biryani]]
*[[Ghoḷa Dahi/Ghoḷa]]- a strong-to-mild ginger infused with ginger and pepper, a characteristic [[Odia people|Odia]] drink.
* [[Chukauni]] – a Nepalese side dish made up of curd and potatoes with spices

==See also==
* [[Curd rice]]
* [[Dadiah]]
* [[Dhau]]
{{Portal|Food|Drink}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Dahi}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090506125034/http://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipe/740/Curd_and_treacle Curd and treacle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100225200749/http://www.agromicro.org/success-Jayaweera.html Curd pots]

{{Yogurts}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Sri Lankan cuisine}}

[[Category:Yogurts]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi desserts]]
[[Category:Bengali desserts]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan desserts and sweets]]
[[Category:Fermented dairy products]]
[[Category:Indian dairy products]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]

Kadam Singh

2026-03-07T06:20:05Z

Nagaraj15: fixed intro for clarity based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2010}}
'''Kadam Singh''' was a leader{{Request quotation|date=August 2025}}<ref name="StokesEric1986">{{cite book|author1=Eric Stokes|author2=Stokes Eric|title=The Peasant Armed: The Indian Revolt of 1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I0FuAAAAMAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-821570-7}}</ref> who fought against the [[British East India Company]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. During the rebellion, he was the [[Raja]] (King) of [[Parikshitgarh]] and [[Mawana]] in [[Meerut district]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayaram |first=Shail |year=2017 |chapter=Rethinking mobility: The story of the Gujars |editor-last=Ramaswamy |editor-first=Vijaya |title=Migrations in Medieval and Early Colonial India |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=75 |isbn=9781351558259}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Kadam}}
[[Category:Indian rebels]]
[[Category:People from Meerut district]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:History of Meerut]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1857 deaths]]

{{India-history-stub}}

Telangana Rashtra Sadhana Front

2026-03-05T10:22:46Z

Nagaraj15: improve intro also and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Alliance of pro-Telangana statehood parties in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Telangana Rashtra Sadhana Front''', a front of dissident pro-[[Telangana]] statehood parties in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], formed ahead of the 2004 general elections. The member parties of Telangana Rashtra Sadhana Front were the Telangana Rashtra Party, the Telangana Janata Party and the [[Telangana Communist Party]].<ref name="The Hindu 2004">{{cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : TRS rebels and others form joint front |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050611580300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 May 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040531130906/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/06/stories/2004050611580300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 May 2004 }}</ref>

The convenor of Telangana Rashtra Sadhana Front was [[Katakam Mruthyunjayam]].{{cn|date=March 2026}} [[G. Innaiah]] of Telangana Rashtra Party was the co-convenor.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Political parties in Telangana]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2004]]
{{India-party-stub}}

Madana Mohini

2026-03-04T05:04:34Z

Nagaraj15: adding the stub with sources.

{{short description|1953 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Madana Mohini.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. L. Pathi
| screenplay = M. V. Sivam K. V. Parthasarathy
| story = Kayatkannazhakan
| starring = [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]] C. R. Rajakumari [[P. S. Veerappa]] Pollachi Kamala
| cinematography = K. Prabhakar
| editing = C. Rajan
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| studio = Liberty Pictures
| released = {{film date|1953|3|14|df=y|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Madana Mohini''''' is a 1953 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by M. L. Pathi. The film featured [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi]], C. R. Rajakumari and Pollachi Kamala in the lead roles.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=11 March 2010 |title=Madana Mohini (1953) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madana-Mohini-1953/article16560523.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315044847/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Madana-Mohini-1953/article16560523.ece |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was released on 14 March 1953.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1953 – மதனமோகினி-லிபர்ட்டி பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1953 – Madana Mohini-Liberty Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails23..asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315043338/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1953-cinedetails23..asp |archive-date=15 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=December 2024}}
A king who is a non-believer in God, has a son and two nieces. The nieces are very pious. One of them, Madana, performs prayers but the king does not like it. Madana guises herself as a male, gets out of the palace and joins a gang of robbers. The gang robs the rich and helps the poor. The prince, also in disguise, meets Madana and tells her that he knows a secret way to the palace room where three precious stones are kept. They go together to rob but take only one precious stone. But both of them are found and arrested. The king discovers who they really are. He had an idea of marrying his son to the other niece, Mohini, but now realises that his son wants to marry Madana. After many twists and turns, finally, the prince and Madana are united.<ref name="hindu" />

== Cast ==
Cast according to the opening credits of the film
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[P. V. Narasimha Bharathi|Narasimha Bharathi]]
* [[P. S. Veerappa|Veerappa]]
* M. L. Pathi
* Navaneetham
* Pulimoottai
* [[V. M. Ezhumalai|Ezhumalai]]
* Loose Arumugam
* Velappa
* K. R. V. Rao
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* C. R. Rajakumari
* Pollachi Kamala
* Angamuthu
* Kantha Bai
* Yasodhara
* Saraswathi
* Pattammal
* Shantha
* Aparanji
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
The filming was done under the guidance of Jyotish Sinha, a Bengali film personality who was based in Chennai.<ref name="hindu" /><ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]] while the lyrics were penned by [[M. P. Sivam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |date=December 2014 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |pages=57 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! Duration (m:ss)
|-
| "Aadhi Mudhalaanavar" || [[A. P. Komala]], N. L. Ganasaraswathi & Group || 04:10
|-
| "Unmaikke Ulagil Uyarvuthaan Illaiye" || K. V. Mahadevan || 03:08
|-
| "Pombala-thaanennu Enna Vendaam" || A. P. Komala & Group || 04:16
|-
| "Nilaiyaadha Thunbam Nehrndhathinaale" || [[Jikki]]|| 03:16
|-
| "Peru Sollum Pillai Illaiye" || K. V. Mahadevan & G. Kasthoori ||
|-
| "Vaanaveedhiyile Vilaiyaadum Vennilaave" || [[P. Leela]]|| 03:15
|-
| "Vaazhiya Senthamizh Thaaye" || K. V. Mahadevan || 02:48
|-
| "Inimaiyaana Neram" || P. Leela ||
|-
| "Kannodu Kannaayi Rahasiyam Pesi" || K. V. Mahadevan & P. Leela || 03:14
|-
| "Akara Mudhala Ezhuthellaam...Uliyitta Kallaiyum" || K. R. Lakshmi ||
|-
| "Ilam Kanru Polave Ullam Thulludhe" || Jikki ||
|-
| "Ko, Ko, Ko Kokkarako" || A. M. Appadurai ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1950s historical action films]]
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:1953 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]
[[Category:Robin Hood films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Saivar Thirumeni

2026-03-03T21:39:27Z

Nagaraj15: brief fixed layout as per guidelines also based on references

{{short description|2001 film by Shajoon Karyal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saivar Thirumeni
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Shajoon Karyal]]
| producer = Nahas
| writer = Robin Thirumala
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Manoj K. Jayan]]
| music = ''Songs'': [[Raveendran]] ''Score'': Rajamani
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]
| distributor = Punchiri Creations
| released = {{Film date|2001}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Saivar Thirumeni''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action drama]] film directed by [[Shajoon Karyal]] and written by Robin Thirumala. It features [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]],[[Samyuktha Varma]], [[Narendra Prasad]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] and [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]. The music was composed by [[Raveendran]]. The plot revolves around Devadatthan (Suresh Gopi), a [[Namboothiri]] youth. This movie is dubbed in Telugu as ''Dhairyavanthudu'' and in Hindi as ''Jung ka maidan''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010907/rmala.html|title=The battle rages|date=2001-09-07|magazine=[[Screen India]]|accessdate=2011-04-11|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130055322/http://www.screenindia.com/old/20010907/rmala.html|archivedate=30 January 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Mazhamangalath Narayanan Namboothirippadu is the head of a prestigious Mazhamangalam family. His elder son is Mazhamangalath Kunjikuttan, and his younger son is Mazhamangalath Devadathan Namboothirippadu, popularly known as Saivar Thirumeni. His friends are Kunjappu and Neelakandan, who believe Saivar more than anyone else. Saivar looks after their estate at Kunthapuram in Karnataka, and people there call him Saivar Thirumeni, out of respect and love.

One day, Narayanan was honoured by the villagers for winning the Kendra Sahithya Academy Award. One of the elephants, named Ganeshan, turns violent but is calmed down by Saivar. He is appreciated by the villagers for saving the people from the violent pachyderm. Saivar knows from his friend Kunjappu that the elephant was turned violent by their family rivals. Saivar goes to meet them and gives them a final warning.

Later, he goes to church, where he meets his friend Fr. Kuruvithadam along with the orphans. Even as a Brahmin, Saivar looks after the orphans. Saivar sings a melodious Christian song to the orphans. He meets Annie at the church. Annie is the daughter of Fr. Kuruvithadam's brother. Annie has come to that village to learn Kathakali. Saivar's sister Bhaama is also a student at the school. Annie and Saivar quarrel at the beginning. As the story moves forward, Annie learns from Fr. Kuruvithadam that the orphans were looked after by Saivar, which leads her to fall in love with him. She learns more about him from Bhaama.

The next scene shows Saivar meeting his cousin Mithran. Mithran seeks help from Saivar to save him and his friend Sam from Paappachan. Saivar once saved Paappachan from an accident, and they became friends. Mithran cheated Paappa in their business deal, and Saivar was unaware of this. Saivar sets out with Kunjappu and Neelakandan to solve the issue with Paappa. On the way, Paappa's goons attack Mithran, but Saivar fights back and goes to meet Paappa at home. Saivar solves the issue, but Mithran quarrels with Paappachan again, which ends the friendship between Paappa and Saivar. Paappa warns Saivar not to believe Mithran, but he does not want to mistrust his cousin. Mithran's aim is to destroy Saivar's family, as his mother, who was Narayanan's sister, was sent out of their family for loving a man of another caste. Also during their childhood, Saivar caught Mithran stealing their family goddess's statue, which led Mithran to run away. Mithran wanted to avenge this.

He finds a photo of Saivar along with a girl named Sreekutty. This is shown to Narayanan by Mithran, and when asked about it, Saivar lies that he does not know who the girl is. He is beaten up by Narayanan and sent out of the family. This breaks his relationship with Annie. Later, it is proven that Sreekutty was actually Narayanan's daughter, who was born to his lover Martha during Narayanan's youth. Saivar was keeping this a secret as he had given his word to Martha that he would never tell anyone. Saivar kept his word. At the same time, Mithran plays many foul games to destroy the family. He plans to kill Sreekutty and blame Annie's brothers. He kills Kunjikuttan with an [[elephant]]. At last, Saivar learns that Mithran was behind the problems. Saivar fights Mithran. Mithran is killed by Kunjikuttan's elephant, and the family is reunited.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Mazhamangalath Devadathan Namboothirippadu / Devan / Saivar Thirumeni
*[[Manoj K. Jayan]] as Mithran, Devan's Cousin and the main antagonist
*[[Narendra Prasad]] as Mazhamangalathu Narayanan Namboothirippadu, Devan's Father
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Mazhamangalath Kunjikuttan, Devan's Elder Brother
*[[Samyuktha Varma]] as Annie / Annamma, Devan's Love Interest
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Father Kuruvithadam, Annie's Uncle
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Sreedevi, Devan's Mother
*[[Nedumudi Venu]] as Devan's Grandfather
*[[Lalu Alex]] as Paappa, Devan's Friend
*[[Vijayakumar (Malayalam actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Thottungal Sam, Devan and Mithran's Friend
*[[Sangeetha Mohan]] as Sreekutty, Devan's Stepsister
*[[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Neelakandan, Devan's Friend
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Kunjappu, Devan's Friend
*[[Kalamandalam Kesavan]] as Kalamandalam Keshavan Namboothirippadu, Devan's Uncle
*Rehana Navas as Bhama, Devan's Younger Sister
*[[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Francis, Devan's Friend
*[[Sanusha]] as Krishnapriya
*[[Urmila Unni]] as Martha
*[[Subair]] as Xavier Joseph
*[[Kundara Johny]] as Bhaskara Menon
*[[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Damodara Menon
*[[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]] as Padmanabhan Nair
*[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Ayyappan
*[[Shobha Mohan]] as Subhadra
*Pavithran as Anto Joseph
*Cherthala Lalitha as Devaki
*Vijayan Peringode as Geevarghese
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0318650}}

[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shajoon Kariyal]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raveendran]]

Appu N. Bhattathiri

2026-02-27T02:52:53Z

Nagaraj15: creating the info from scratch

{{short description|Indian film editor}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| name =
Appu N. Bhattathiri
| birth_date =
| other names =
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = Abha Varadaraj
| children = }}

'''Appu N. Bhattathiri''' is an Indian film director and film editor who predominantly works in Malayalam film industry. He won the [[:en:Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor|Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] for the films [[Ottamuri Velicham]] and [[Veeram (2016 film)|Veeram]] in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|author=Varsha Mohan| title=Talent runs in this family|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2018/Mar/20/talent-runs-in-this-family-1790072.html|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}} 15 Feb 2024</ref> Three other films he has edited— [[Oraalppokkam]], [[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]], and [[Manhole (2016 film)|Manhole]]—have won Kerala State awards in various categories.<ref>{{cite news|author=Athira M| title=Editing can salvage films, says Appu N. Bhattathiri|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/appu-n-bhattathiri-on-winning-the-state-award/article23271948.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}} 16 Mar 2018</ref>

Appu made his directorial debut in 2021 with [[Nizhal (film)|Nizhal]] (2021 film).

==Biography==
'''Career'''

Appu earned a BA (Hons) in Visual Effects from Image College of Arts, Animation, and Technology, Chennai, in 2011. During his undergraduate days, he was associated with [[Jayaraj]] on [[Of the People]] film. During this time, he became acquainted with assistant director Srinath Rajendran. Srinath chose Appu as assistant editor for his debut directorial film, [[Second Show]].<ref name=h2>{{cite news|author=Saraswathi Nagarajan| title=Appu N Bhattathiri on making the cut as director with 'Nizhal' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/editor-appu-n-bhattathiri-on-his-directorial-debut-nizhal-starring-kunchacko-boban-and-nayanthara/article34281748.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]}} 09 April 2021</ref>

==Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|2008
|''[[Of the People]]''
|rowspan="16" |Malayalam
|Uncredited
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=h2 />
|-
|2012
|''[[Second Show]]''
|Assistant editor
|-
|2014
|''[[Oraalppokkam]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Kunjiramayanam]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Manhole (2016 film)|Manhole]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Veeram (2016 film)|Veeram]]''
|
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Ottamuri Velicham]]''
|
|
|-
|rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Lilli (2018 film)|Lilli]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Udalaazham]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Theevandi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dakini (film)|Dakini]]''
|
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Nizhal (film)|Nizhal]]''
|Directorial debut
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Rani: The Real Story]]''
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Aanandhapuram Diaries]]''
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Theatre: The Myth of Reality|Theatre]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2025 |title=Rima Kallingal's Theatre trailer launched at Cannes 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/22/rima-kallingals-theatre-trailer-launched-at-cannes-2025 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|}

== Personal ==
Appu married Abha Varadaraj in April 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=Editor-Director Appu Bhattathiri Gets Married |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/editor-director-appu-bhattathiri-gets-married-posts-heartwarming-photo-with-wife-8867676.html|publisher=[[News18]]}} 26 April 2024</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Janata

2026-02-27T02:38:00Z

Nagaraj15: Started new info - done

{{wikt}}
{{About|the concept in Indian politics|the family name|Janata (surname)|the Palestinian town|Jannatah}}
'''Janata''' (''janatā''), is a Hindi word for "the populace"; or "the people". Following the first [[Janata Party|Janata]] coalition in the 1970s between the [[Lok Dal]], the [[Congress (O)]] and the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], it has become part of the name of a number of federal- and state-level, present and historical, political parties in India or neighbouring states (many of which claim descent from constituents of the original coalition), including:

In [[India]]n federal politics:
*[[Janata Party]]
*[[Janata Parivar]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
**[[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha]]
*[[Hindustan Janata Party]]
*[[Janata Dal]]
*[[Janata Dal (Ajit)]]
*[[Janata Dal (Bidhuri)]]
*[[Janata Dal (Left)]]
*[[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
*[[Janata Dal (United)]]
*[[Janata Party (Secular)]]
*[[Garib Janta Dal (Secular)]]
*[[Jai Prakash Janta Dal]]
*[[Loktantrik Janata Dal]]
*[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
*[[Socialist Janata (Democratic)]]
*[[Samajwadi Janata Dal]]
*[[Samajwadi Janata Dal (Democratic)]]
*[[Samajwadi Janata Party]]
*[[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]

In Indian constitutive states:
*[[Asom Bharatiya Janata Party]] (Assam)
*[[Biju Janata Dal]] (Odisha)
*[[Chhattisgarh Janata Congress]]
*[[Gujarat Janata Congress]]
*[[Janata Dal (Gujarat)]]
*[[Karnataka Janata Paksha]]
* ''[[Kerala Janatha]]''
*[[Mizo Janata Dal]] (Mizoram)
*[[Rashtravadi Janata Party]]
*[[Rashtriya Janata Party]]
*[[Sikkim Janata Congress]]
*[[Sikkim Janata Party]]
*[[Tamizhaga Janata Party]] (Tamil)
*[[Telangana Janata Party]] (Andhra Pradesh)
*[[Vidarbha Janata Congress]] (Maharashtra)

Outside India:
*[[Krishak Shramik Janata League]] (Bangladesh)
*[[Janata Dal (Samajbadi Prajatantrik)]] (Nepal)
*[[Rastriya Janata Party Nepal]]
*Nepal Samajwadi Janata Dal
*[[Janata Bank]], state-owned bank in Bangladesh

==See also==
*{{intitle|Janata}}
*[[Jana (disambiguation)]], people in Hindi
*[[Lok (disambiguation)]], people in Hindi
*[[Awam (disambiguation)]], people in Urdu
*[[Awami (disambiguation)]]

[[Category:Political terminology in India]]
[[Category:Hindi words and phrases]]
{{disambiguation}}

Chindians

2026-02-26T16:22:14Z

Nagaraj15: cleaned up layout for clarity and updated info after review

{{Short description|People of mixed Chinese and Indian ancestry}}
{{About|people of Chinese and Indian descent|the geopolitical term|Chindia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = People of Chinese and Indian origins
| native_name = Chindians
| popplace = {{hlist|Mainly: [[Singapore]]|[[Malaysia]]}}
{{hlist|Also: [[China]] ([[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]])|[[India]]|[[Thailand]]|[[Indonesia]]|[[Philippines]]|[[South Africa]]|[[Fiji]]|[[Mauritius]]|[[Guyana]]|[[Suriname]]|[[Jamaica]]|[[Trinidad and Tobago]]|[[Martinique]]}}
| langs = {{hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]|[[Dutch language|Dutch]]|[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]|[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]|[[Thai language|Thai]]|[[Malay language|Malay]]|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|[[Sranan Tongo]]|[[Guyanese Creole]]|[[Jamaican Patois]]|[[Trinidadian Creole]]|[[Hindi]]|[[Urdu]]|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|[[Antillean Creole|Martinican Creole]]|[[Mauritian Creole]]|[[Caribbean Hindustani]]|[[Fiji Hindi]]|[[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]]|[[Cantonese]]|[[Penang Hokkien]]|[[Singaporean Hokkien]]}}
Other [[languages of India]] and other [[languages of China]]
| rels = {{hlist|[[Hinduism]]|[[Christianity]] ([[Independent Catholicism|Catholicism]], [[Protestantism]])|[[Buddhism]]|[[Taoism]]|[[Confucianism]]|[[Islam]]}}
| related-c = {{hlist|[[Indian Singaporeans]]|[[Chinese Singaporeans]]|[[Indians in Thailand]]|[[Thai Chinese]]|[[Malaysian Indians]]|[[Malaysian Chinese]]|[[Indian Indonesians]]|[[Chinese Indonesians]]|[[Indian Filipino]]s|[[Chinese Filipino]]s|[[Indians in China]]|[[Chinese people in India]]|[[Sino-Mauritians]]}}
}}
A '''Chindian''' ({{langx|hi|चीनी-भारतीय}}; {{lang-zh|c=中印人|p=Zhōngyìnrén|cy=Jūngyanyàn}}; {{langx|ta|சிந்தியன்}}; {{langx|te|చిండియన్స్}}) is an informal term used to refer to a person of mixed ancestry originating from [[India]] and [[China]]. This includes individuals from the various ethnic groups native to modern-day [[List of ethnic groups in China|China]] and [[South Asian ethnic groups|India]].

There are a considerable number of Chindians in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]] due to their shared history as part of [[British Malaya]]. People of Chinese and Indian origins had emigrated to [[Southeast Asia]] in large numbers during the 19th and 20th centuries, leading to significant cultural interaction and intermarriage. Sizeable populations also reside in [[Hong Kong]], owing to its history as [[British Hong Kong]], and in other nations with large [[overseas Chinese]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] communities, such as [[Jamaica]], [[Martinique]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], and [[Guyana]] in the [[Caribbean]], as well as more recently in the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Mauritius]].<ref name="Narayanan">{{Cite news |last=Sheela Narayanan |date=17 October 2008 |title=Go ahead, call me Chindian |url=http://www.asiaone.com/Just%2BWoman/News/High%2BLife/Story/A1Story20081017-94498.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821122928/http://www.asiaone.com/Just%2BWoman/News/High%2BLife/Story/A1Story20081017-94498.html |archive-date=21 August 2009 |work=[[AsiaOne]]}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term "Chindian" is a [[Blend word|portmanteau]] for both "[[Chinese people|Chinese]]" and "[[Indian people|Indian]]" people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Babcock |first=Joshua |date=2023 |title=Seeing (or perceiving) difference in multiracial Singapore: Habits of looking in a raciolinguistic image economy |url=https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/aman.13901 |journal=American Anthropologist |language=en |volume=125 |issue=4 |pages=783–796 |doi=10.1111/aman.13901 |issn=1548-1433}}</ref>

==Countries==
===China===
{{Main|Indians in China}}

There are around 45,000–48,000 Indian nationals/expatriates living in mainland China as of 2015.<ref name="estimate2015">{{Cite news |date=12 May 2015 |title=India and China need a push to encourage more people to live across the borde |work=The Economic Times |url=http://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-commentary/india-and-china-need-a-push-to-encourage-more-people-to-live-across-the-border/}}</ref>

====Hong Kong====
25,000 of the [[Islam in Hong Kong|Muslims in Hong Kong]] trace their roots back to what is now [[Pakistan]]. Around half of them belong to 'local boy' families, Muslims of mixed Chinese ([[Tanka people|Tanka]]) and Indian/Pakistani ancestry, descended from early Indian/Pakistani male immigrants who took local Chinese wives and brought their children up as Muslims and many remained there after the handover from Britain to China in 1997 as part of the [[Hong Kong|SAR]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Weiss |first=Anita M. |title=South Asian Muslims in Hong Kong: Creation of a 'Local Boy' Identity |date=July 1991 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=417–53 |postscript=. |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013895|s2cid=145350669 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |first1=Ina Baghdiantz |last1=McCabe |first2=Gelina |last2=Harlaftis |first3=Iōanna Pepelasē |last3=Minoglou |title=Diaspora Entrepreneurial Networks: Four Centuries of History |page=256 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Berg Publishers]] |isbn=1-85973-880-X}}</ref> These "local Indians" were not completely accepted by either the Chinese or Indian communities.<ref>{{Citation |last=Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember |first=Ian A. Skoggard |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World |page=511 |year=2004 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=0-306-48321-1}}</ref>

===India===
{{See also|Chinese people in India#Chinese Indians|label 1 = Chinese Indians}}
There are [[Chinese people in India#Chinese Indians|tiny communities of Chinese who migrated to India]] during the [[British Raj]] and became naturalised citizens of India and there are 189,000 estimated total ethnic Chinese of Chindian or full Chinese ancestry.<ref name="afp">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title= Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.O.C. |url=http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B |archive-date=4 January 2011}}</ref> The community living in [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Kolkata]] numbers around 4,000 and 400 families in [[Chinatown, Mumbai|Mumbai]], where there are Chinatowns.<ref name=afp /><ref name="declining">{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Murali |date=17 October 2013 |title=India's dwindling Chinatown |publisher=Deutsche Welle |url=http://www.dw.de/indias-dwindling-chinatown/a-17165098}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Someshwar |first=Savera R |date=2007-01-23 |title=Happy Indian Chinese New Year |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2004/jan/23speca.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref name="Mandarin">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2015 |title=Mumbai's 3rd generation Chinese eye global jobs, learn Mandarin |agency=TOI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbais-3rd-generation-Chinese-eye-global-jobs-learn-Mandarin/articleshow/49636835.cms}}</ref> Chinese Indians also contributed to the development of fusion [[Indian Chinese cuisine]] (Chindian cuisine),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sankar |first=Amal |date=December 2017 |title=Creation of Indian–Chinese cuisine: Chinese food in an Indian city |journal=Journal of Ethnic Foods |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=268–273 |doi=10.1016/j.jef.2017.10.002 |doi-access=free}}</ref> which is now an integral part of the Indian culinary scene.<ref name="Kapoor">{{Cite book |last=Sanjeev Kapoor |title=Chinese Cooking (Non-Veg) |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7991-310-9 |page=7}}</ref>

There are an estimated 5,000–7,000 Chinese expatriates living in India as of 2015, having doubled in number in recent years.<ref name="expatriates">{{Cite news |date=28 August 2015 |title=Why India remains a difficult terrain for 7,000 Chinese expatriates living in the country |work=The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-india-remains-a-difficult-terrain-for-7000-chinese-expatriates-living-in-the-country/articleshow/48703439.cms}}</ref> Most work on 2 to 3 year contracts for the growing number of Chinese brands and companies doing business in India.<ref name=expatriates/>

====British India====

During the [[British Raj]], some Chinese "convicts"{{Clarify|reason=Why is this in quotes?|date=September 2024}} deported from the [[Straits Settlements]] were sent to be jailed in [[Madras]] in India. The "Madras district gazetteers, Volume 1" reported an incident where the Chinese convicts escaped and killed the police sent to apprehend them: "Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements (where there was no sufficient prison accommodation) and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings' in which they were confined at Lovedale. In 186^ seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar, aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search. On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later. Some police weapons were found in their possession and one of the parties of police had disappeared—an ominous coincidence. Search was made all over the country for the party and at length, on 15 September, their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghát, half way down the Sispára ghát path, neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders. It turned out that the wily Chinamen, on being overtaken, had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madras (India : Presidency), Madras (India : State) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3wat-7xgdcC&pg=PA263 |title=Madras district gazetteers, Volume 1 |publisher=Printed by the Superintendent, Government Press |year=1908 |location=MADRAS |page=263 |quote=Mr. Chisholm was the architect of the new buildings. The CHAP. X. boys' part is designed in the Italian Gothic style, and is a two- Educational storeyed construction forming three sides of a quadrangle Institutions. a feature of which is the campanile, 130 feet in height. The girls were at first placed in the building intended for the hospital. * Much of the building work was done by Chinese convicts sent to the Madras jails from the Straits Settlements (where there was no sufficient prison accommodation) and more than once these people escaped from the temporary buildings' in which they were confined at Lovedale. In 186^ seven of them got away and it was several days before they were apprehended by the Tahsildar, aided by Badagas sent out in all directions to search. On 28 July in the following year twelve others broke out during a very stormy night and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight later. Some police weapons were found in their possession, and one of the parties of police had disappeared—an ominous coincidence. Search was made all over the country for the party and at length, on 15 September, their four bodies were found lying in the jungle at Walaghat, half way down the Sisp^ra'gha't path, neatly laid out in a row with their severed heads carefully placed on their shoulders. It turned out that the wily Chinamen, on being overtaken, had at first pretended to surrender and had then suddenly attacked the police and killed them with their own weapons. In 1884 the benefits of the Lawrence Asylum were extended by the admission to it of the orphan children of Volunteers who had served in the Presidency for seven years and upwards, it being however expressly provided that children of British soldiers were not to be superseded or excluded by this concession. In 1899 the standard of instruction in the Asylum was raised to the upper secondary grade. In 1901 the rules of the institution, which had been twice altered since 1864 to meet the changes which had occurred, were again revised and considerably modified. They are printed in full in the annual reports. In 1903 owing to the South Indian Railway requiring for its new terminus at Egmore the buildings then occupied by the Civil Orphan Asylums of Madras, Government suggested that these should be moved to the premises on the Poonamallee Road in which the Military Female Orphan Asylum was established and that the girls in the latter, who numbered about 100, should be transferred to the Lawrsnce Asylum. The transfer was}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luXS-8vTrJQC&pg=PA263 |title=The Nilgiris |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1994 |isbn=81-206-0546-2 |edition=reprint |volume=1 of Madras district gazetteers |page=263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnURimXbB98C&pg=PA263 |title=The Nilgiris |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1984 |page=26}}</ref> Other Chinese convicts in Madras who were released from jail then settled in the [[Nilgiri mountains]] near [[Naduvattam]] and married [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Paraiyan]] women, having mixed Chinese-Tamil children with them. They were documented by [[Edgar Thurston]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkwLAAAAIAAJ |title=Man in India, Volume 39 |publisher=A. K. Bose |year=1959 |editor-last=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) |page=309 |quote=TAMIL-CHINESE CROSSES IN THE NILGIRIS, MADRAS. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) DURING May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, inquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7WRTAAAAYAAJ |title=Castes and tribes of southern India, Volume 2 |last2=K. Rangachari |publisher=Government press |year=1909 |page=99 |quote=99 CHINESE-TAMIL CROSS in the Nilgiri jail. It is recorded * that, in 1868, twelve of the Chinamen " broke out during a very stormy night, and parties of armed police were sent out to scour the hills for them. They were at last arrested in Malabar a fortnight }} [http://itex.coastal.cheswick.com/report/pg/42992/src/iPad/large/l/ipad-ll.pdf Alt URL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518185926/http://itex.coastal.cheswick.com/report/pg/42992/src/iPad/large/l/ipad-ll.pdf |date=18 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4VLY1KcltcC&pg=PA218 |title=The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1107600683 |edition=reissue |page=218}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=RADHAKRISHNAN |first=D. |date=19 April 2014 |title=Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/unravelling-chinese-link-can-boost-nilgiris-tourism/article5926889.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419092818/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/unravelling-chinese-link-can-boost-nilgiris-tourism/article5926889.ece |archive-date=19 April 2014}} [http://www.samachar.com/Unravelling-Chinese-link-can-boost-Nilgiris-tourism-oetcKTbeaeb.html Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unravelling Chinese link can boost Nilgiris tourism |url=http://www.bulletin247.com/english-news/show/unravelling-chinese-link-can-boost-nilgiris-tourism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140518114441/http://www.bulletin247.com/english-news/show/unravelling-chinese-link-can-boost-nilgiris-tourism |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=A |date=16 May 2012 |title=Chinese in Madras |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article276543.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518141112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article276543.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=A |date=16 May 2012 |title=Quinine factory and Malay-Chinese workers |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article181569.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518140859/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article181569.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |year=2013 |title=Chinese connection to the Nilgiris to help promote tourism potential |work=travel News Digest |url=http://www.travelnewsdigest.in/?p=14601}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tWE3AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA184 |title=The Nilgiris |publisher=Logos Press |year=1908 |edition=reprint |volume=1 of Madras District Gazetteers |page=184}} [https://archive.org/stream/NilgirisFrancis/Untitled#page/n189/mode/2up Alt URL]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Madras (India : State) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3wat-7xgdcC&pg=PA184 |title=Madras District Gazetteers, Volume 1 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |year=1908 |page=184}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnURimXbB98C&pg=PA184 |title=The Nilgiris |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1908 |page=184}}</ref> Paraiyan is also anglicised as "pariah".

Edgar Thurston described the colony of the Chinese men with their Tamil pariah wives and children: "Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau, in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations, I came across a small settlement of Chinese, who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur and developed, as the result of ' marriage ' with Tamil pariah women, into a colony, earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables, cultivating coffee on a small scale and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow. An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded. The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas. The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Museum (Madras, India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Bulletin ..., Volumes 2–3 |publisher=Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press |year=1897 |location=MADRAS |page=31 |quote=ON A CHINESE-TAMIL CKOSS. Halting in the course of a recent anthropological expedition on the western side of the Nilgiri plateau, in the midst of the Government Cinchona plantations, I came across a small settlement of Chinese, who have squatted for some years on the slopes of the hills between Naduvatam and Gudalur, and developed, as the result of 'marriage' with Tamil pariah women, into a colony, earning an honest livelihood by growing vegetables, cultivating cofl'ce on a small scale, and adding to their income from these sources by the economic products of the cow. An ambassador was sent to this miniature Chinese Court with a suggestion that the men should, in return for monies, present themselves before me with a view to their measurements being recorded. The reply which came back was in its way racially characteristic as between Hindus and Chinese. In the case of the former, permission to make use of their bodies for the purposes of research depends essentially on a pecuniary transaction, on a scale varying from two to eight annas. The Chinese, on the other hand, though poor, sent a courteous message to the effect that they did not require payment in money, but would be perfectly happy if I would give them, as a memento, copies of their photographs. The measurements of a single family, excepting a widowed daughter whom I was not permitted to see, and an infant in arms, who was pacified with cake while I investigated its mother, are recorded in the following table:}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca6wmDzhMDoC&pg=PA31 |title=Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba – Summary of Results |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2004 |isbn=81-206-1857-2 |volume=2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)) |page=31}}</ref> Thurston further describe a specific family: "The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Museum (Madras, India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvgSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3 |title=Bulletin ..., Volumes 2–3 |publisher=Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press |year=1897 |location=MADRAS |page=32 |quote=The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to 'cut him tail off.' The mother was a typical Tamil Pariah of dusky hue. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish tint of the father than to the dark tint of the mother; and the semimongol parentage was betrayed in the slant eyes, flat nose, and (in one case) conspicuously prominent cheek-bones. To have recorded the entire series of measurements of the children would have been useless for the purpose of comparison with those of the parents, and I selected from my repertoire the length and breadth of the head and nose, which plainly indicate the paternal influence on the external anatomy of the offspring. The figures given in the table bring out very clearly the great breadth, as compared with the length of the heads of all the children, and the resultant high cephalic index. In other words, in one case a mesaticephalic (79), and, in the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80"1; 801; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78–5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Pariah (76"8). How great is the breadth of the head in the children may be emphasised by noting that the average head-breadth of the adult Tamil Pariah man is only 13"7 cm., whereas that of the three boys, aged ten, nine, and five only, was 14 3, 14, and 13"7 cm. respectively. Quite as strongly marked is the effect of paternal influence on the character of the nose; the nasal index, in the case of each child (68"1; 717; 727; 68'3), bearing a much closer relation to that of the long nosed father (71'7) than to the typical Pariah nasal index of the broadnosed mother (78–7). It will be interesting to note, hereafter, what is the future of the younger members of this quaint little colony, and to observe the physical characters, temperament, improvement or deterioration, fecundity, and other points relating to the cross-breed resulting from the union of Chinese and Tamil.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ca6wmDzhMDoC&pg=PA32 |title=Badagas and Irulas of Nilgiris, Paniyans of Malabar: A Cheruman Skull, Kuruba Or Kurumba – Summary of Results |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2004 |isbn=81-206-1857-2 |volume=2, Issue 1 of Bulletin (Government Museum (Madras, India)) |page=32}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |last2=K. Rangachari |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1987 |isbn=81-206-0288-9 |edition=illustrated |page=99 |quote=The father was a typical Chinaman, whose only grievance was that, in the process of conversion to Christianity, he had been obliged to "cut him tail off." The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil paraiyan,}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |last2=K. Rangachari |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1987 |isbn=81-206-0288-9 |edition=illustrated |page=98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |last2=K. Rangachari |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-206-0288-5 |edition=illustrated |page=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Museum (Madras, India)|author2=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5g1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Note on tours along the Malabar coast |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |year=1897 |volume=2–3 of Bulletin, Government Museum (Madras, India) |page=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Museum (Madras, India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIcQcIM7UQoC&pg=RA1-PA1 |title=Bulletin, Volumes 1–2 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |year=1894 |page=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Government Museum (Madras, India) |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletin2189799gove#page/30/mode/2up |title=Bulletin |publisher=Madras : Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press |year=1894 |volume=v. 2 1897–99 |page=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.goethals.in/goethalnews/2001Oct-DecGNews.htm |title=Madras Government Museum Bulletin |year=1897 |volume=II |location=Madras |page=31 |access-date=18 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022820/http://www.goethals.in/goethalnews/2001Oct-DecGNews.htm |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead |issue=1}}</ref> Thurston's description of the Chinese-Tamil families were cited by others, one mentioned "an instance mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ec4AAAAIAAJ |title=Man in India, Volume 34, Issue 4 |publisher=A.K. Bose |year=1954 |page=273 |quote=Thurston found the Chinese element to be predominant among the offspring as will be evident from his description. 'The mother was a typical dark-skinned Tamil Paraiyan. The colour of the children was more closely allied to the yellowish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahadeb Prasad Basu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpQzAAAAIAAJ |title=An anthropological study of bodily height of Indian population |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1990 |isbn=9788185094335 |page=84 |quote=Sarkar (1959) published a pedigree showing Tamil-Chinese-English crosses in a place located in the Nilgiris. Thurston (1909) mentioned an instance of a mating between a Chinese male with a Tamil Pariah female. Man (Deka 1954) described}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iY1RAQAAIAAJ |title=Man in India, Volumes 34–35 |publisher=A. K. Bose |year=1954 |page=272 |quote=(c) Tamil (female) and African (male) (Thurston 1909). (d) Tamil Pariah (female) and Chinese (male) (Thuston, 1909). (e) Andamanese (female) and UP Brahmin (male) (Portman 1899). (f) Andamanese (female) and Hindu (male) (Man, 1883).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ec4AAAAIAAJ |title=Man in India, Volume 34, Issue 4 |publisher=A.K. Bose |year=1954 |page=272 |quote=(c) Tamil (female) and African (male) (Thurston 1909). (d) Tamil Pariah (female) and Chinese (male) (Thuston, 1909). (e) Andamanese (female) and UP Brahmin (male) (Portman 1899). (f) Andamanese (female) and Hindu (male) (Man, 1883).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Edgar Thurston |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mQpuAAAAMAAJ |title=Castes and Tribes of Southern India |last2=Rangachari |first2=K. |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1987 |isbn=81-206-0288-9 |edition=illustrated |page=100 |quote=the remaining three cases, a sub-brachycephalic head (80-1; 80-1; 82-4) has resulted from the union of a mesaticephalic Chinaman (78•5) with a sub-dolichocephalic Tamil Paraiyan (76-8).}}</ref> A 1959 book described attempts made to find out what happened to the colony of mixed Chinese and Tamils.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkwLAAAAIAAJ |title=Man in India, Volume 39 |publisher=A. K. Bose |year=1959 |editor-last=Sarat Chandra Roy (Rai Bahadur) |page=309 |quote=d: TAMIL-CHINESE CROSSES IN THE NILGIRIS, MADRAS. S. S. Sarkar* (Received on 21 September 1959) iURING May 1959, while working on the blood groups of the Kotas of the Nilgiri Hills in the village of Kokal in Gudalur, enquiries were made regarding the present position of the Tamil-Chinese cross described by Thurston (1909). It may be recalled here that Thurston reported the above cross resulting from the union of some Chinese convicts, deported from the Straits Settlement, and local Tamil Paraiyan}}</ref>

According to Alabaster there were lard manufacturers and shoemakers in addition to carpenters. Running tanneries and working with [[leather]] was traditionally not considered a respectable profession among caste [[Hindus]] and work was relegated to lower caste ''muchis'' and ''[[chamar]]s''. There was a high demand, however, for high quality leather goods in [[British Raj|colonial India]], one that the Chinese were able to fulfill. Alabaster also mentions licensed [[opium den]]s run by native Chinese and a ''Cheena Bazaar'' where contraband was readily available. Opium, however, was not illegal until after India's Independence from Great Britain in 1947. Immigration continued unabated through the turn of the century and during [[World War I]] partly due to political upheavals in China such as the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s, [[First Sino-Japanese War]] and the [[Boxer Rebellion]]. Around the time of the First World War, the first Chinese-owned tanneries sprang up.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{Cite book |last=Haraprasad |first=Ray |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |editor-link=Sirajul Islam |edition=Second |chapter=Chinese, The |editor-last2=Jamal |editor-first2=Ahmed A. |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chinese,_The}}</ref>

In [[Assam]], local Assamese women married Chinese migrants during British colonial times. It later became hard to physically differentiate Chinese in Assam from locals during the time of their internment during the 1962 war, as the majority of these Chinese in Assam were mixed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CHOWDHURY |first=RITA |date=18 November 2012 |title=The Assamese Chinese story |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-assamese-chinese-story/article4106422.ece}}</ref>

===Singapore===
{{See also|Demographics of Singapore}}
The [[government of Singapore]] classifies individuals based on their father's ethnicity. Hence, a Chindian with an Indian father is recorded simply as "Indian" in censuses and demographics, while one with a Chinese father is recorded as "Chinese." Singapore only began allowing mixed-race persons to register two racial classifications (e.g. Indian–Chinese) on their [[National Registration Identity Card|identity cards]] in 2010. Parents may choose the order in which these races are listed, with the first being considered the individual's "main" race. Regardless of the complexity of a person's ancestry, no more than two races may be officially listed.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hoe |first=Yeen Nie |title=Singaporeans of mixed race allowed to 'double barrel' race in IC |date=12 January 2010 |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1030142/1/.html |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |access-date=10 June 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206100917/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1030142/1/.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to Singapore's 2017 marriage statistics, Indian grooms marrying Chinese brides accounted for 5% of all inter-ethnic marriages.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tan |first=Theresa |date=11 July 2018 |title=Love is colour blind – interracial marriages in Singapore on the rise |url=https://www.herworld.com/life/weddings/real-weddings/love-colour-blind-interracial-marriages-singapore-rise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014170403/https://www.herworld.com/life/weddings/real-weddings/love-colour-blind-interracial-marriages-singapore-rise |archive-date=14 October 2025 |access-date=14 October 2025 |website=Her World |publisher=[[The Straits Times]]}}</ref>

===Malaysia===
{{See also|Demographics of Malaysia}}
In Malaysia, the offspring of such marriages are also informally known as "Chindians." However, the [[Government of Malaysia|Malaysian government]] follows a similar protocol to Singapore, generally classifying individuals according to their father's ethnicity. As the majority of these intermarriages involve an Indian male and a Chinese female, most Chindians in Malaysia are officially categorised simply as [[Malaysian Indians|Indians]] by the state in censuses and demographics.<ref name="daniels">{{Citation |last=Daniels |first=Timothy P. |title=Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia |page=189 |year=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=0-415-94971-8}}</ref>

===Guyana===
In Guyana, Chinese men married Indian women due to the lack of Chinese women in the early days of settlement.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brian L. Moore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx_9-X_-smoC&pg=PA272 |title=Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |year=1995 |isbn=077351354X |edition=illustrated |volume=22 of McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history |pages=272–273 |issn=0846-8869}}</ref> [[Creole peoples#Caribbean|Creole]] relationships and unions between Chinese and Indians were rare in the beginning,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brian L. Moore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35u9AAAAIAAJ |title=Race, Power, and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society: Guyana After Slavery, 1838–1891 |publisher=Gordon & Breach Science Publishers |year=1987 |isbn=0677219806 |edition=illustrated |volume=4 of Caribbean studies |page=181 |issn=0275-5793}}</ref> though it became less so later on as some Chinese men established relationships and intermarried with Indian women due to the scarcity of Chinese women. There were selective instances where Chinese men took their Indian wives back with them to China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brian L. Moore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35u9AAAAIAAJ |title=Race, Power, and Social Segmentation in Colonial Society: Guyana After Slavery, 1838–1891 |publisher=Gordon & Breach Science Publishers |year=1987 |isbn=0677219806 |edition=illustrated |volume=4 of Caribbean studies |page=182 |issn=0275-5793}}</ref> Indian women and children were brought alongside Indian men as [[coolies]] while Chinese men made up 99% of Chinese coolies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lisa Yun |url=https://archive.org/details/cooliespeakschin0000yunl |title=The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba |publisher=Temple University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1592135837 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cooliespeakschin0000yunl/page/8 8] |quote=indian coolie woman chinese men. |url-access=registration}}</ref>

There are few accounts of unions and marriages between the Chinese and the Indians in Guyana. An account of the era told by women in British Guiana is of a single Chinese man who was allowed to temporarily borrow a Hindu Indian woman by her Indian husband who was his friend, so the Chinese man could sire a child with her, after a son was born to her the Chinese man kept the boy while she was returned to her Indian husband, the boy was named William Adrian Lee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kirkpatrick |first=Margery |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVdLAAAAYAAJ |title=From the Middle Kingdom to the New World: Aspects of the Chinese Experience in Migration to British Guiana |date=1993 |publisher=M. Kirkpatrick |isbn=978-976-8136-27-5 |language=en}}</ref> An Indian woman named Mary See married a Chinese man surnamed Wu in Goedverwagting and founded their own family after he learned how to process sugar cane.<ref name=":0" />

The contrast with the female to male ratio among Indian and Chinese immigrants has been compared by historians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walton Look Lai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJCxAAAAIAAJ |title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=1993 |isbn=0801844657 |edition=illustrated |series=Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture |page=46}}</ref>

In Guyana, while marriages between Indian women and black African men is socially shameful to Indians, Chinese-Indian marriages are considered acceptable as reported by Joseph Nevadomsky in 1983.<ref>{{cite book|author=Preethy Sarah Samuel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5j25gvLg5HUC&q=guyana+chinese+marry+indian+women&pg=PA38|title=Cultural Continuity Or Assimilation in the Familial Domain of the Indo-Guyanese|others=Wayne State University. Sociology|year=2000|isbn=978-0-549-38762-6|edition=illustrated|page=38|access-date=1 June 2006}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> "Chiney-dougla" is the Indian Guyanese term for mixed Chinese-Indian children.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8JQAQAAIAAJ&q=If+a+child+is+from+Indian-Chinese+parentage,+%28s%29he+may+be+called+%27chiney-dougla. |title=JCAS Symposium Series, Issue 13 |publisher=Japan Center for Area Studies, National Museum of Ethnology |author1=Kokuritsu Minzokugaku Hakubutsukan |author2=Chiiki Kenkyū Kikaku Kōryū Sentā |year=2002 |edition=illustrated |page=209 |access-date=1 June 2006}} [https://www.academia.edu/3850752 Alt URL]</ref> Some Indian women in Guyana practiced polyandry within their community due to the extreme shortage of women compared to men.<ref>{{cite book |author=Gaiutra Bahadur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYBQAQAAQBAJ&q=Guiana+shortage+women+Indian+loaned+his+wife+to+the+Chinese+man.&pg=PA119 |title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-226-04338-8 |page=119 |access-date=1 June 2006}}</ref>

In British Guiana, the Chinese did not maintain their distinctive physical features due to the high rate of Chinese men marrying people other ethnicities like Indian women.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iC5xAAAAMAAJ&q=particularly+married+most+include|title=The Chinese Diaspora: Selected Essays, Volume 2|publisher=Times Academic Press|year=1998|isbn=978-981-210-093-1|editor=L. Liang-chi Wang|edition=illustrated|volume=2 of The Chinese Diaspora|page=108|access-date=1 June 2006|editor2=Gungwu Wang}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VnAsAAAAYAAJ&q=Because+almost+all+of+the+Chinese+indentured+immigrants+were+men,+they+tended+to+intermarry+with+both+East+Indians+and+Africans,+and+thus+the+Chinese+of+Guyana+did+not+remain+as+physically+distinct+as+other+groups.+Like+the+Portuguese,+the+...|title=Guyana and Belize: Country Studies|publisher=Federal Research Division, Library of Congress|others=Library of Congress. Federal Research Division|journal=Belarus and Moldova: Country Studies|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8444-0778-4|editor=Tim Merrill|edition=2|volume=550|page=42|issn=1057-5294|access-date=1 June 2006|issue=82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Jenny Pettit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1Jr5Lymk_EC&q=many+Chinese+men+taken+to+Guyana+those+who+remained+tended+to+marry+East+Indians&pg=PA48|title=Contemporary Issues in South America|author2=Caroline Starbird|publisher=University of Denver, CTIR|year=2000|isbn=978-0-943804-90-3|page=48|access-date=1 June 2006}}</ref> The severe imbalance with Indian men outnumbering Indian women led some women to take advantage of the situation to squeeze favors from men and leave their partners for other men,<ref>{{cite web|title=How much was immigrant culture affected by the realities of life in Guyana and the norms of other racial groups present in Guyana between 1838 and 1905?|url=http://flax.nzdl.org/greenstone3/flax;jsessionid=052401C6323F0CF2209B8A03DDD5FA55?a=d&c=BAWEAH&d=D2190&dt=simple&p.a=b&p.s=ClassifierBrowse|website=flax|publisher=British Academic Written English (Arts and Humanities)}}</ref> one infamous example was a pretty, light skinned, Christian Indian woman named Mary Ilandun with ancestral origins from [[Madras]], born in 1846, who had relations with Indian, black, and Chinese men as she married them in succession and ran off with their money to her next paramour, doing this from 1868 to 1884.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Brian L. Moore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx_9-X_-smoC&q=Mary+Ilandun+men+purpose&pg=PA171|title=Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900|journal = Mcgill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7735-1354-9|edition=illustrated|volume=22 of McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history|pages=169–171|issn=0846-8869|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> Indian men used force to bring Indian women back in line from this kind of behavior, such as infamous "wife murders".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B9soAQAAMAAJ&q=mary+ilandun|title=Guyana Historical Journal, Volumes 1–5|publisher=University of Guyana, Department of History|others=University of Guyana. History Society, University of Guyana. Department of History|year=1989|page=9|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> The most severe lack of women in all the peoples of British Guiana was with the Chinese and this led Europeans to believe that Chinese did not engage in wife murders while wife murders was something innate to Indian men. Chinese women were viewed as more chaste than their Indian counterparts.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaiutra Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYBQAQAAQBAJ&q=chinese+men+married+indian+women+trinidad&pg=PA116|title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-04338-8|page=116|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> Chinese women were not indentured and since they did not need to work, they avoided prospective men seeking relationships, while the character of Indian women was disparaged as immoral and their alleged sexual immorality was blamed for their deaths in the "wife murders" by Indian men.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaiutra Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYBQAQAAQBAJ&q=walton+look+lie+carribean+chinese+indian+women&pg=PA117|title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-04338-8|pages=117–118|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> The sex ratio of Indian men to Indian women was 100:63 while the sex ratio of Chinese men to Chinese women was 100:43 in British Guiana in 1891.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gaiutra Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYBQAQAAQBAJ&q=indian+coolie+woman+chinese+men&pg=PA234|title=Coolie Woman: The Odyssey of Indenture|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-226-04338-8|page=234|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>

In British Guiana there was growth of coolie Indian women marriages with Chinese men and it was reported that "It is not an uncommon thing to find a cooly woman living with a Chinaman as his wife, and in one or two instances the woman has accompanied her reputed husband to China." by Dr. Comins in 1891 and an 1892 Immigration British Guiana authorities took note of marriages between Indian women and Chinese men that year.<ref>{{cite book|author=Walton Look Lai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJCxAAAAIAAJ&q=and+to+one+another,+Chinese-Indian+unions+increased,+although+probably+more+slowly+than+Chinese-Creole+unions.+By+1891,+Dr.+Comins+was+saying,+%22It+is+not+an+uncommon+thing+to+find+a+cooly+woman+living+with+a+Chinaman+as+his+wife,+and+in+one+or+two+instances+the+woman+has+accompanied+her+reputed+husband+to+China.%2269+The+Immigration+Report+for+1892+reported+six+marriages+between+Chinese+men+and+Indian+women+in+British+Guiana.|title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=1993|isbn=978-0-8018-4465-2|edition=illustrated|series=Johns Hopkins studies in Atlantic history and culture|page=210|access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Brian L. Moore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx_9-X_-smoC&q=The+Immigration+Report+for+1892+reported+six+marriages+between+Chinese+men+and+Indian+women+i&pg=PA350|title=Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900|journal = Mcgill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7735-1354-9|edition=illustrated|volume=22 of McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history|page=350|issn=0846-8869|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref>

===Jamaica===
When black and [[Indo-Jamaican|Indian women]] had children with [[Chinese Jamaicans|Chinese men]] the [[Chindian|children]] were called chaina raial in Jamaican English.<ref>{{cite book |page=103 |year=2002 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=University of the West Indies Press |author1=Frederic Gomes Cassidy |author2=Robert Brock Le Page |editor1=Frederic Gomes Cassidy |editor2=Robert Brock Le Page |title=Dictionary of Jamaican English |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_lmFzFgsTZYC&q=jamaica+indian+women+chinese+men&pg=PA103 |isbn=978-976-640-127-6}}</ref> The Chinese community in Jamaica was able to consolidate because an openness to marrying Indian women was present in the Chinese since Chinese women were in short supply.<ref>{{cite book |page=228 |year=2011 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=UNESCO |volume=4 of General History of the Caribbean |edition=illustrated |editor1=Franklin W. Knight |editor2=K. O. Laurence |others=P. C. Emmer, Jalil Sued Badillo, Germán Carrera Damas, B. W. Higman, Bridget Brereton, Unesco |title=General History of the Caribbean: The long nineteenth century: nineteenth-century transformations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fnigcq_wtwC&q=jamaica+indian+women+marry+chinese+men&pg=PA228 |isbn=978-92-3-103358-2}}</ref> Polyandry was rare among the Indian population in Jamaica according to [[Verene A. Shepherd]].<ref>{{cite book |page=171 |year=1995 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP |volume=22 of McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history |issn=0846-8869 |edition=illustrated |author=Brian L. Moore |title=Cultural Power, Resistance, and Pluralism: Colonial Guyana, 1838–1900 |series=Mcgill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cx_9-X_-smoC&q=jamaica+indian+women+marry+chinese+men&pg=PA171 |isbn=978-0-7735-1354-9}}</ref> The small number of Indian women were fought over between Indian men and led to a rise in the number of wife murders by Indian men.<ref>{{cite book |page=101 |year=1988 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Psychology Press |volume=7, Issue 1 of Immigrants & minorities |issue=Issue 1 of Immigrants & minorities |edition=illustrated |author=Howard Johnson |editor=Howard Johnson |title=After the Crossing: Immigrants and Minorities in Caribbean Creole Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyVQ0Hn-YjkC&q=jamaica+indian+women+marry+chinese+men&pg=PA101 |isbn=978-0-7146-3357-2}}</ref> Indian women made up 11 percent of the annual number of Indian indentured migrants from 1845 to 1847 in Jamaica.<ref>{{cite book |page=156 |year=1999 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |volume=7, Issue 1 of Immigrants & minorities |issue=Issue 1 of Immigrants & minorities |edition=illustrated |author=Alena Heitlinger |editor=Alena Heitlinger |title=Émigré Feminism: Transnational Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5NdI_7h7HAC&q=jamaica+indian+women+marry+chinese+men&pg=PA156 |isbn=978-0-8020-7899-5}}</ref>

===Mauritius===
In the late 19th to early 20th century, [[Mauritians of Chinese origin|Chinese men in Mauritius]] married [[Mauritians of Indian origin|Indian]] women due to both a lack of Chinese women and higher numbers of Indian women on the island.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Marina Carter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN53oTMjAyMC&pg=PA199 |title=Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation |last2=James Ng Foong Kwong |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-9004175723 |volume=1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1 |page=199}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Younger | first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0X9eLq57ocC&pg=PA33 |title=New Homelands : Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0199741922 |page=33}}</ref> During the early days of migration the prospect of relations with Indian women was unappealing to the male dominated Chinese coolies. Though they eventually had to establish civil unions and marriages with Indian women due to. the lack of Chinese women in Mauritius.<ref name="wordpress">{{Citation | mode=cs1 |date=2001 |type=unpublished draft |title=What Inter-Ethnic Marriage in Mauritius Tells Us About The Nature of Ethnicity |url=http://arinave.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/INCORE-Paper-2001-PDF1.pdf |url-status=dead |page=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518083011/http://arinave.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/INCORE-Paper-2001-PDF1.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=17 May 2014}}</ref> The 1921 census in Mauritius counted that Indian women there had a total of 148 children sired by Chinese men.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Huguette Ly-Tio-Fane Pineo | author2= Edouard Lim Fat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FNswAQAAIAAJ |title=From Alien to Citizen: The integration of the Chinese in Mauritius |publisher=Éditions de l'océan Indien |year=2008 |isbn=978-9990305692 |page=174}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Huguette Ly Tio Fane-Pineo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3U4MAQAAIAAJ |title=Chinese Diaspora in Western Indian Ocean |publisher=Ed. de l'océan indien |year=1985 |isbn=9990305692 |page=287}}</ref> While the majority of the Chinese migrants to Mauritius were coolies, who engaged in labour-intensive roles, some of them were traders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monique Dinan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gnawAAAAIAAJ |title=Mauritius in the Making: Across the Censuses, 1846-2000 |publisher=Nelson Mandela Centre for African Culture, Ministry of Arts & Culture |year=2002 |isbn=9990390460 |page=41}}</ref> Colonialist stereotypes in the sugar colonies of Indians emerged such as the "coolie wife beater" and "degraded coolie woan", due to instances of Indian women being murdered by their husbands after they ran away to other richer men since the ratio of Indian women to men was low.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marina Carter, James Ng Foong Kwong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SN53oTMjAyMC&pg=PA203 |title=Abacus and Mah Jong: Sino-Mauritian Settlement and Economic Consolidation |publisher=Brill |year=2009 |isbn=978-9004175723 |volume=1 of European expansion and indigenous response, v. 1 |page=203}}</ref> Both the Chinese and Indian communities were largely endogamous. Intermarriage between people of different Chinese and Indian language groups is rare; it is so rare that the cases of intermarriage between Cantonese and Hakka can be individually named. Hakka Chinese, who came after Cantonese and Fujian Chinese, were less likely to marry Indians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ellen Oxfeld |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H_xtAAAAMAAJ |title=Blood, sweat, and mahjong: family and enterprise in an overseas Chinese community |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-8014-2593-6}}</ref>

===Trinidad===
The situation in Trinidad and British Guiana with Indian women being fewer than Indian men led to Indian women using the situation to their advantage by leaving their partners for other men, leading to a high incidence of "wife murders" by Indian men on their wives, and Indian women and culture were branded as "immoral" by European observers, an Indian Muslim man named Mohammad Orfy petitioned as a representative of "destitute Indian men of Trinidad", to the colonial authorities, complaining of Indian women's behavior and claiming that it was "a perforating plague...the high percentage of immoral lives led by the female section of our community...to satisfy the greed and lust of the male section of quite a different race to theirs...[Indian women] are enticed, seduced and frightened into becoming concubines, and paramours...[Indian women] have absolutely no knowledge whatsoever of the value of being in virginhood...most shameless and a perfect menace to the Indian gentry." with him naming specific peoples, claiming that Indian women were having relationships with men of various races, including Chinese, Africans, Americans, and Europeans.<ref>{{cite book |pages=263–264 |year=2001 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Duke University Press |volume=1 of A millennial quartet book, Volume 11 of Public culture |edition=illustrated |author=Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar |editor=Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar |title=Alternative Modernities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCghDtjik3IC&q=chinese+men+married+indian+women+trinidad&pg=PA263 |isbn=978-0-8223-2714-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=135 |year=2000 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Zed Books |edition=illustrated, reprint |author1=Janaki Nair |author2=Mary E. John |editor1=Janaki Nair |editor2=Mary E. John |title=A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUJ6112aGZQC&q=chinese+men+married+indian+women+trinidad&pg=PA135 |isbn=978-1-85649-892-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=24 |year=1997 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=University of Natal, History and African Studies Seminar |author=University of Natal |title=History and African Studies Seminar series, Issues 1-25 |series=History and African Studies Seminar Series, University of Natal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKcvAQAAIAAJ&q=Africans,+Americans+and+Chinese%22%5D,+Indian+women+%22are+enticed,+seduced+and+frightened+into+becoming+concubines,+and+paramours%22. }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=44 |year=1998 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |volume=18 of Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women |edition=illustrated |editor1=Shobita Jain |editor2=Rhoda E. Reddock |title=Women Plantation Workers: International Experiences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPMEAQAAIAAJ&q=Africans,+Americans+and+Chinese%22%5D,+Indian+women+%22are+enticed,+seduced+and+frightened+into+becoming+concubines,+and+paramours%22. |isbn=978-1-85973-972-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=322 |year=2001 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Ian Randle |volume=18 of Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women |edition=illustrated |editor1=Rhoda Reddock |editor2=Christine Barrow |title=Caribbean sociology: introductory readings |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YN4SAQAAMAAJ&q=Africans,+Americans+and+Chinese%22%5D,+Indian+women+%22are+enticed,+seduced+and+frightened+into+becoming+concubines,+and+paramours%22. |isbn=978-1-55876-276-3}}</ref> Saying "Africans, Americans and Chinese in goodly numbers are enticing the females of India, who are more or less subtle to lustful traps augured through some fear of punishment being meted out if not readily submissive as requested."<ref>{{cite book |page=44 |year=1998 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |volume=18 of Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women |edition=illustrated |editor1=Shobita Jain |editor2=Rhoda E. Reddock |title=Women Plantation Workers: International Experiences |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPMEAQAAIAAJ&q=Africans,+Americans+and+Chinese+in+goodly+numbers+are+enticing+the+females+of+India,+who+are+more+or+less+subtle+to+lustful+traps |isbn=978-1-85973-972-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=101 |year=1988 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=CUNY Association of Caribbean Studies |volume=18 of Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Women |edition=illustrated |others=City University of New York. Association of Caribbean Studies |title=Cimarrón, Volume 1, Issue 3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQcWAQAAMAAJ&q=Africans,+Americans+and+Chinese+in+goodly+numbers+are+enticing+the+females+of+India,+who+are+more+or+less+subtle+to+lustful+traps }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |page=192 |year=1984 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=R. E. Reddock |edition=illustrated |author=Rhoda Reddock |title=Women, labour and struggle in 20th century Trinidad and Tobago, 1898–1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWy2AAAAIAAJ&q=Africans,+Americans+and+Chinese+in+goodly+numbers+are+enticing+the+females+of+India,+who+are+more+or+less+subtle+to+lustful+traps }}</ref>

The situation on Trinidad enabled unprecedented autonomy in the sexual activities of Hindu and Muslim Indian women and freedom.<ref name="auto1">{{cite journal |last=Reddock |first=Rhoda |date=26 October 1985 |title=Freedom Denied: Indian Women and Indentureship in Trinidad and Tobago, 1845–1917 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=20 |issue=43 |pages=WS79–WS87 |jstor=4374974 }}</ref> The 1916 "Peition of Indentured Labourers in Trinidad" complained that: "Is it permissible for a male member of the Christian faith to keep a Hindoo or Muslim female as his paramour or concubine? Is this not an act of sacrilege and a disgraceful scandal according to the Christian faith to entice and encourage Indian females to lead immoral lives?"<ref name="auto1"/>

There were instances where plantations managers and overseers had intimate relations with indentured woman.<ref>{{cite book |page=53 |year=2014 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=NYU Press |editor=Rebecca Chiyoko King-O'Riain |editor2=Stephen Small |editor3=Minelle Mahtani |title=Global Mixed Race |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a0bbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |isbn=978-0-8147-7047-4}}</ref> According to Attorney General W.F. Haynes Smith, Indian indentured women in marital or civil unions with men of different races, English, Portuguese, and Chinese. Unions between Indian men and Creole women were rare, as the Indian men viewed creole women negatively.<ref>{{cite book |page=37 |year=2005 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=University Press of America |edition=illustrated |author=Basdeo Mangru |title=The Elusive El Dorado: Essays on the Indian Experience in Guyana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOhrAAAAMAAJ&q=but+also+cited+cases+of+Indian+women+cohabiting+with+the+Chinese,+Portuguese+and+Englishmen.26+In+1897+J.E.+Tinne, |isbn=978-0-7618-3247-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_AMAQAAMAAJ&q=but+also+cited+cases+of+Indian+women+cohabiting+with+the+Chinese,+Portuguese+and+Englishmen.26+In+1897+J.E.+Tinne, |title=India in the Caribbean |publisher=Hansib |year=1987 |isbn=978-1-870518-05-5 |editor1=Dabydeen |editor-first=David |editor-link=David Dabydeen |edition=illustrated |series=Hansib / University of Warwick, Centre for Caribbean Studies publication |page=216 |access-date=1 June 2015 |editor2=Samaroo |editor-first2=Brinsley |editor-link2=Brinsley Samaroo}}</ref> Approval of interracial marriage has increased in Trinidad and Tobago and one Chinese man reported that his Indian wife did not encounter any rejection from his parents when asked in a survey.<ref>{{cite book |page=65 |year=2003 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |edition=illustrated |editor1=Raeann R Hamon |editor2=Bron B Ingoldsby |others=David Dabydeen |title=Mate Selection Across Cultures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPCeb2CGJ3kC&q=chinese+men+married+indian+women+trinidad&pg=PA65 |isbn=978-1-4522-3769-5}}</ref> In Trinidad Europeans and Chinese are seen as acceptable marriage partners for Indian women by Indian families while marrying black men would lead to rejection of their daughters by Indian families.<ref>{{cite book |page=107 |year=2010 |access-date=1 June 2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |edition=illustrated |author1=Colin Clarke |author2=Gillian Clarke |title=Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal |series=Studies of the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3brHAAAAQBAJ&q=chinese+men+married+indian+women+trinidad&pg=PA107 |isbn=978-0-230-10685-7}}</ref>

===Martinique===
As a result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China after the abolishment of slavery in 1848 by the French national convention, with Chindians become citizens of France.

==Notable people==
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2013}}
* [[Jomo Kwame Sundaram]], Malaysian economist and former [[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|UNDESA]] Assistant Secretary-General
* [[Peter Rajah]], Malaysian retired footballer
* [[Jacintha Abisheganaden]], Singaporean actress
* [[Ronald Arculli]], Chairman of [[Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing]] and Non-official Members Convenor of the [[Executive Council of Hong Kong]] (Exco).
* [[Vivian Balakrishnan]], Singaporean politician
* [[Indranee Rajah]], Singaporean politician
* [[Darryl David]], Singaporean politician and former media personality
* [[Meiyang Chang]] Actor, Singer, TV Host in India
* [[Bernard Chandran]], Malaysian fashion designer
* [[Anya Ayoung-Chee]], winner of Miss Trinidad and Tobago Universe 2008 and contestant in the Miss Universe 2008 pageant
* [[Chen Gexin]], Chinese songwriter
* [[Che'Nelle]] (Cheryline Lim), Malaysian-born recording artist signed to Virgin Records America
* [[Karen David]], British singer-songwriter born in Meghalaya, India
* [[Vanessa Fernandez]], Singaporean singer and radio presenter
* [[Jonathan Foo]], Guyanese cricketer
* [[Hedy Fry]], Trinidadian-Canadian politician
* [[Jonathan Putra]], Malaysian TV Personality
* [[Jwala Gutta]], Indian badminton player
* [[Sahil Khan]], Indian actor
* [[Law Lan]], Hong Kong actress
* [[Mak Pak Shee]], Singaporean politician
* [[Nicole Narain]], American model
* [[Francissca Peter]], Malaysian singer
* [[Joseph Prince]], Singaporean pastor and evangelist
* [[Michelle Saram]], Hong Kong actress born in Singapore
* [[Nicol David]], Malaysian athlete and former world number one female squash player
* [[Astra Sharma]], Australian tennis player
* [[Priscilla Shunmugam]], Singaporean fashion designer
* [[Dipna Lim Prasad]], Singaporean sprinter and hurdler
* [[Gurmit Singh]], Singaporean television personality
* [[Prema Yin]], Malaysian singer
* [[Nadine Ann Thomas]], [[Miss Malaysia|Miss Universe Malaysia 2010]], actress, model and DJ.
* [[Vanessa Tevi|Vanessa Tevi Kumares]], [[Miss Malaysia|Miss Universe Malaysia 2015]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foo |first=Noel |date=18 April 2015 |title=24-year-old Indian Chinese crowned new Miss Universe Malaysia |url=http://women.asiaone.com/women/people/24-year-old-indian-chinese-crowned-new-miss-universe-malaysia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722122539/http://women.asiaone.com/women/people/24-year-old-indian-chinese-crowned-new-miss-universe-malaysia|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Joshua Simon (radio presenter)|Joshua Simon]], Singaporean radio and media personality, YouTube star<ref>{{Cite web |title=SPH Radio – Joshua Simon, Kiss92 FM |url=http://www.sphradio.sg/portfolio_page/joshua-simon-kiss92-fm/ |access-date=29 May 2018 |website=Sphradio.sg|date=26 August 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joshua Simon |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/hisnameisjoshuasimon |access-date=29 May 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=YAAAS TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9Bb2wcu2FnDSNSWVU-82ZQ |access-date=29 May 2018 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Liew Kit Kong]], former Malaysian national capped footballer
* [[Ramesh Lai Ban Huat]], Malaysian professional footballer
* [[Kimmy Jayanti]], Indonesian model and actress
* [[Mavin Khoo]], [[Bharata Natyam]] dancer
* [[Bilahari Kausikan]], Singaporean diplomat
* [[Keith Foo]], Malaysian model and actor
* [[Aron Winter]], Dutch footballer
* [[Stuart Young (politician)|Stuart Young]], Trinidadian politician and current Prime Minister
* [[Ruben Gnanalingam]], Malaysian businessman and CEO of [[West Port, Malaysia|Wesport Holdings]]
* [[Chalida Vijitvongthong]], Thai actress

==See also==
* [[Chindia]]
* [[Chinas]]
* [[Chinese people in India]]
* [[Indians in China]]
* [[China–India relations]]
* [[Indian Chinese cuisine]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130203124036/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1021221/asp/opinion/story_1498459.asp An illusion of purity]
* [http://www.doubletongued.org/index.php/citations/chindian_1/ Double-tongued dictionary]

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Overseas Chinese2}}
{{Ethnic groups in Indonesia}}
{{Ethnic groups in Malaysia}}
{{Indians in Malaysia}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Indonesia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Fiji]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Guyana]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Suriname]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Jamaica]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore]]
[[Category:Multiracial affairs]]

Stanes Schools

2026-02-22T15:21:54Z

Nagaraj15: creating basic details from scratch...

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Stantes Schools
| motto = Nisi Dominus Frustra — Coonoor Stanes; Excelsa Sequar — Coimbatore Stanes
| established = {{start date and age|1862}}
| image = [[File:Stanes.jpg]]
| principal =
| song = To God be the Glory
| staff = 136
| enrollment = 3000+
| location = Club Road, Bedford, [[Coonoor]] Avinashi Road, [[Coimbatore]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| website = {{URL|http://www.stanesschool.org/|stanesschool.org}}
}}
[[File:Stanes school Coonoor hostel.jpg|thumb|Stanes school Coonoor hostel]]
'''Stanes Schools''' are two schools in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Coonoor]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/the-stanes-story/article3609268.ece|title=The Stanes story|date=6 July 2012|via=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2022%20No%2024/a-hundred-years-of-the-stanes.html|title=Madras Musings - We care for Madras that is Chennai}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:RobertStanes.jpg|thumb|Sir Robert Stanes]]
The schools were established by [[Sir Robert Stanes]] in 1862, with the Coimbatore branch starting with four children and two teachers.<ref name="auto"/> It started as a European and Eurasian school but under the concept of liberal education the restrictions have been relaxed, but minority rights for Anglo-Indian children are still retained.

==Foundation==

[[Sir]] [[Robert Stanes]] (born 13 May 1841) laid the foundation stone of the school on 6 November 1862 when the school had four children and two teachers. The British Empire conferred on him The Kaiser-i-Hind Medal for his Meritorious Services. It started as a European And Eurasian School but later it was opened to all irrespective of their creed, community and status. Exclusive minority rights for Anglo-Indian children are retained as per Sir Robert's wishes.

==Houses==
The boys and girls are grouped into four houses. Each house is headed by its own Master and Mistress and its Captains, Prefects, and Vice-Captains. The houses are:

'''Coimbatore School'''
*Lordly Lions, motto: ''Animo et Fide'', red
*Playful Panthers, motto: ''Nil Desperandum'', black
*Terrific Tigers, motto: ''Spring to Victory'', yellow
*Wily Wolves, motto: ''Fide et Labore'', green

'''Coonoor School'''
*Davids - yellow
*Fritchley - red
*Groves - green
*Stanes - blue

Inter-house sports and games are conducted. The house which emerges victorious is awarded the Champion House trophy. There are trophies for the cross country race and marching. The Annual Sports Day is an important event.

==Notable alumni==
*[[Parvez Dewan]]- Tourism Secretary of India, IAS; Advisor (cabinet minister), J&K; founder Indpaedia
*[[Nirupama Rao]] - Foreign Secretary of India, IFS
*[[Narain Karthikeyan]] - F1 (First Indian), A1GP and NASCAR racing driver
*[[Adam Sinclair (field hockey)|Adam Sinclair]] - Indian field hockey player
*[[Arvind Krishna (executive)|Arvind Krishna]] - CEO, IBM.
*[[Mahesh Bhupathi]] - Indian Tennis Player
*[[P. R. Krishna Kumar]]
*[[Narayan Jagadeesan]] - Indian Cricketer, Chennai Super Kings, IPL (T20)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School (Coonoor)}}
*[https://www.stanesschool.org/ Stanes School, Coimbatore]
*[http://www.stanesschoolcoonoor.com/Stanes Stanes School, Coonoor]

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}
{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Coonoor]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1858]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1858 establishments in India]]

Pramod Maheshwari

2026-02-13T05:15:22Z

Nagaraj15: added new post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian educator and entrepreneur (born 1971)}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pramod Maheshwari
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|05|06|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| occupation = Educator, entrepreneur
| years_active =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]
| parents =
}}

'''Pramod Maheshwari''' (born 6 May 1971) is an Indian educator and entrepreneur and currently Founder Chairman, CEO and MD of [[Career Point]] Ltd. a Kota, India-based Education Company that runs [[Cram school]] for various examinations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-01-05/news/28424579_1_bansal-classes-kota-coaching-classes|title=Education: The tale of Kota|date=5 January 2011|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823192634/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011%2D01%2D05/news/28424579_1_bansal%2Dclasses%2Dkota%2Dcoaching%2Dclasses|archive-date=2011-08-23|url-status=dead|access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://entrepreneurindia.in/people/specials/kota-where-education-is-an-industry/2481/|title=Kota: Where education is an industry|date=10 April 2010|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002142740/http://entrepreneurindia.in/people/specials/kota-where-education-is-an-industry/2481/|archive-date=2013-10-02|url-status=dead|access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=62605146&ticker=CRPT:IN |title= Pramod Maheshwari – Profile |work= Bloomberg Businessweek |access-date=26 June 2014}}{{dead link|date=April 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.educationinsider.net/detail_news.php?id=103 |title= The man who pioneered India's coaching system |date= 30 March 2012 |website= educationinsider.net |publisher= DC Media |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2012-sep-10-la-fg-india-cram-schools-20120911-story.html |title=India cram schools offer a chance at upward mobility |date= 10 September 2012 |newspaper= Los Angeles Times |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/business-14475926 |title= Hothousing their way to the top|date= 10 August 2011 |publisher= BBC |access-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>

An [[IIT Delhi]] alumnus and [[physics]] teacher, Pramod founded Career Point in 1993 as a professional tutoring company from a small garage and 50 students. His company now coaches more than 25,000 students every year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/VvvCd5TxebETDaOTLj5wQJ/Making-education-a-career.html|title=Making education a career|date=28 July 2011|work=The Hindustan Times Press|access-date=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/cross-border/the-new-coaching-class-in-kota/33050/1|title=The New Coaching Class in Kota| date= 7 July 2012 | work= Forbes|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nseindia.com/annual_reports/AR_1162_CAREERP_2012_2013_23082013190751.zip |title=Career Point Annual report 2012-2013| page=43 |date= 31 March 2013 | website= nseindia.com |publisher= Career Point Ltd. |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>
He has also set-up four private universities, two engineering colleges and numerous schools across India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}

== Early life ==
Born on 6 May 1971, as a second son to a grain trader, Pramod belonged to a traditional Marwari family.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} He studied at [[IIT Delhi]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Pramod graduated in 1993 the same year he founded [[Career Point]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

== Awards and honours ==
Pramod Maheshwari was honoured with Star CEO Award during the 3rd BT–YES Bank SME Awards held in 2012 in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://businesstoday.intoday.in/photoplay/best-small-and-medium-enterprises-awards-top-four/1/276.html |title= India's Best SMEs: The top four |date= 19 February 2012 |website= India Today |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/indias-best-smes-the-top-four-award-winners/1/21915.html|title= Little champs|date= 19 February 2012 |website= India Today |access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maheshwari, Pramod}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]

Gauri Dutt Sharma

2026-02-01T05:51:28Z

Nagaraj15: new new biography w/ refs

{{Short description|Management professor}}
{{Multiple issues|{{BLP sources|date=July 2025}}
{{No significant coverage|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gauri Dutt Sharma
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Academic, Professor
| title = Vice-chancellor, University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya.
| employer =
| education = M.Sc. (Botany, 1973), and Ph.D. (Ecology of Mycorrhiza, 1981)
| years_active =
| known_for =
}}

'''Gauri Dutt Sharma''' is an Indian academic, professor in life sciences, currently serving as the Vice Chancellor of the [[University of Science and Technology, Meghalaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=USTM VC is Prez of Varsity Association |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/ustm-vc-is-prez-of-varsity-association/articleshow/101427414.cms |website=Times of India |date= 2 July 2023 |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref>

Previously, he served as the Founder Vice Chancellor of the Bilaspur State University, Chhattisgarh, founder Vice Chancellor of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya]], former Vice Chancellor of [[Nagaland University]] and former Pro Vice Chancellor of [[Assam University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=USTM VC takes charge as President of the Association of Indian Universities |url= https://assamtribune.com/north-east/ustm-vc-takes-charge-as-president-of-the-association-of-indian-universities-1483107 |website=Assam Tribune |date= 2 July 2023 |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
He was born on 1 October 1950. He completed his M.Sc. (Botany) in 1973, and Ph.D.in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae on University Website |url=https://www.ustm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/VC-Sir-CV-347-20190816-2.pdf|website=USTM|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> He pursued a post-doctorate at [[Sheffield University]], United Kingdom in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |title= USTM VC elected as NASS president |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2025/05/18/ustm-vc-elected-as-nass-president/|website=Arunachal Times|date=18 May 2025 |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> {{Citation needed|date=July 2025|reason=Source does not verify claim}}

He is a Life Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]], India,<ref>{{cite web |title=Fellows Directory |url=https://nasi.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Updated-selected-members-until-2024.pdf|website=National Academy of Sciences India |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> and the [[Indian Botanical Society]] (FBS).<ref>{{cite web |title=Life Members |url=https://indianbotsoc.org/assets/upload/member/Life-Members02.pdf|website=Indian Bot Soc |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref>

He is also elected as the President of National Academy of Social Science (NASS), Allahabad,<ref>{{cite web |title=USTM VC Elected NASS President |url= https://themeghalayanexpress.com/ustm-vc-elected-nass-president/|website=Meghalayan Express |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref> immediate past president of [[Association of Indian Universities]], New Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Governing council |url= https://aiu.ac.in/governance/the-governing-council/ |website=AIU|access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=USTM VC takes charge as a president of the association of Indian universities |url= https://assamtribune.com/north-east/ustm-vc-takes-charge-as-president-of-the-association-of-indian-universities-1483107 |website=Assam Tribune|date= 2 July 2023 |access-date=July 20, 2025}}</ref>

He has published over 340 research papers{{Dubious|date=July 2025|reason=His h-index is only 27, this looks odd.}} in national and international journals. He guided 62 research scholars for their Ph.D. degrees, 5 M.Phil. and 5 Post Doctoral Fellows.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prof. Gauri Dutt Sharma |url=https://menahelf.com/prof-gauri-dutt-sharma/|website=Menahelf|access-date=August 29, 2025}}</ref> He has also authored and edited 13 books published by Indian and foreign publishers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae on University Website |url=https://www.ustm.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/VC-Sir-CV-347-20190816-2.pdf|website=USTM|access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> Some of the books he has edited, and contributed to include the following:

* {{cite book | editor1=Abd El-Latif Hesham | editor2=Ram Sanmukh Upadhyay | editor3=Gauri Dutt Sharma | editor4=Chakravarthula Manoharachary | editor5=Vijai Kumar Gupta | title=Fungal Biotechnology and Bioengineering|series= Fungal Biology|date= 2020|doi= 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0|isbn= 978-3-030-41869-4}}
* {{cite book | editor-first1=V. K. | editor-first2=G. D. | editor-first3=M. G. | editor-first4=R. | editor-last1=Gupta | editor-last2=Sharma | editor-last3=Tuohy | editor-last4=Gaur |title=The Handbook of Microbial Bioresources| date=2016 | doi=10.1079/9781780645216.0000 | isbn=978-1-78064-521-6 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=2LUBmrMAAAAJ&hl=en Google Scholar Profile]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt Sharma, Gauri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Assam University]]

Odisha Warriors

2026-01-25T16:42:31Z

Nagaraj15: added basic details from scratch

{{Short description|Field hockey franchise team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| clubname = Odisha Warriors
| image = Odisha Warriors.png
| fullname = Odisha Warriors
| nickname =
| short name =
| league = [[Hockey India League]]
| founded = 2024
| dissolved = 2025
| color = {{color box|#FF7F00}} {{colorbox|#FF4500}} {{color box|#0000CD}}
| ground = [[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]], [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]]
| capacity = 21,800
| captain = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Neha Goyal]]
| coach = {{flagicon|NED}} [[Janneke Schopman]]
| mentor =
| owner = Navoyam Sports Ventures
| ceo =
| chairman = Sanjeev Srivastava
| manager =
| members =
| winners = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]
| runnerup =
| website =
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| socks3 =
}}
'''Odisha Warriors''' ({{langx|or|ଓଡ଼ିଶା ୱାରିୟର୍ସ}}) was a professional [[field hockey]] franchise based in [[Rourkela]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-10-14 |title=Women's Hockey India League 2024–25 to feature four teams, two more to join next season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/womens-hockey-india-league-2024-25-feature-four-teams-two-more-join-next-season-hyderabad-mumbai-owners-news/article68751618.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> Owned by Navoyam Sports Ventures, the franchise competed in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey India League 2024–25: Over 350 players ready for historic event, marking a major milestone for women's hockey in India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-league-hil-2024-25-womens-auction-over-350-players-ready-for-historic-event-on-15th-october-marking-a-major-milestone-for-womens-hockey-in-india |access-date=14 October 2024|website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> The team clinched the [[2024–25 Hockey India League|inaugural edition]], but was subsequently disbanded owing to financial constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Saikat |date=2025-08-31 |title=HIL 2026: Team Gonasika, Odisha Warriors pull out of men’s and women’s tournaments |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/hockey-india-league-2026-team-gonasika-odisha-warriors-pull-out-news/article69996102.ece |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Ownership==
On 4 October 2024, [[Hockey India]] announced the introduction of a standalone women's [[Hockey India League]], which will run concurrently with the men's competition. On the same day, [[Hockey India]] also revealed the men's and women's franchises. The press event revealed the ''Odisha Warriors'' franchise, owned by Navoyam Sports Ventures, as one of the four teams to compete in the [[2024–25 Hockey India League|inaugural season]] of the League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey India League returns with a bang after 7-Year hiatus; Men's and Women's franchises unveiled for HIL 2024-25|url=https://hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-league-returns-with-a-bang-after-7-year-hiatus-mens-and-womens-franchises-unveiled-for-hil-2024-25 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref>

==Stadium==
{{Main|Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium}}
Established in January 2023, the [[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]] in [[Rourkela]], is the home ground of the ''Odisha Warriors''. The 21,800-capacity stadium has hosted several national and international tournaments including the [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]], [[Men's FIH Pro League]] and [[Women's FIH Pro League]]. The stadium also serves as the home base for the [[India men's national field hockey team|men's national field hockey team]], [[India women's national field hockey team|women's national field hockey team]] and youth national teams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From Kalinga to Birsa Munda: A Look at the Venues Hosting World's Best Hockey Teams
|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/from-kalinga-to-birsa-munda-a-look-at-the-venues-hosting-worlds-best-hockey-teams-6784369.html|date=8 January 2023|access-date=8 January 2023|work=[[CNN-News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Squad==
{{updated|23 January 2025}}<ref name="OW">{{cite web|title=Odisha Warriors - Hockey India League |url=https://hockeyindialeague.com/teams/odisha-warriors/female|work=[[Hockey India]]|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background: #FF7F00; color:#FFFFFF"|No.
! style="background: #FF7F00; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
! style="background: #FF7F00; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
! style="background: #FF7F00; color:#FFFFFF"|Salary
|-
! colspan=4|Goalkeepers
|-
| 19
| [[Jocelyn Bartram]]
| {{AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|15|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 24
| Engil Harsha Rani Minz
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 25
| [[Madhuri Kindo]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3.4|l|lk=on}}
|-
! colspan=4|Defenders
|-
| 1
| [[Jyoti Chhatri]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 3
| [[Deep Grace Ekka]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 4
| [[Claire Colwill]]
| {{AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|13|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 14
| Anjali Barwa
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 21
| [[Kaitlin Nobbs]]
| {{AUS}}
| {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 50
| [[Ishika Chaudhary]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|16|l|lk=on}}
|-
! colspan=4|Midfielders
|-
| 5
| [[Sonika Tandi]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5.4|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 7
| [[Neha Goyal]] ''[[Captain (sports)|(C)]]''
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 8
| [[Yibbi Jansen]]
| {{NED}}
| {{INRConvert|29|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 12
| [[Nisha Warsi]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.6|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16
| [[Victoria Sauze]]
| {{ARG}}
| {{INRConvert|6.8|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 18
| [[Lilly Stoffelsma]]
| {{GER}}
| {{INRConvert|7|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 22
| [[Baljeet Kaur]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
! colspan=4|Forwards
|-
| 2
| Galuja Nandini
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|5|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 6
| Annu
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 9
| Sadhna Sengar
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|2.1|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 13
| Kanika Siwach
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|3.1|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15
| [[Freeke Moes]]
| {{NED}}
| {{INRConvert|10|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 20
| Michelle Fillet
| {{NED}}
| {{INRConvert|6.8|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 23
| Sakshi Rana
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|7|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 45
| [[Rutuja Pisal]]
| {{IND}}
| {{INRConvert|4.9|l|lk=on}}
|-
|}

==Personnel==
===Technical staff===
{{updated|28 December 2024}}<ref name="HI">{{cite web|title=Odisha Warriors - Team Staff|url=https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/teams/2695#teamstaff|access-date=23 January 2025|date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
! Name
! Ref.
|-
| Head Coach
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Janneke Schopman]]
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Women’s HIL auction: Savita and Salima picked up by Soorma Hockey Club, Janneke Schopman returns as Odisha coach |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/womens-hockey-india-league-ex-coach-janneke-schopman-9622110/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 October 2024|date=16 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Assistant Coach
| {{flagicon|NIR}} David Williamson
| <ref name="HI"/>
|-
| Assistant Coach
|rowspan=2| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lilima Minz]]
| <ref name="HI"/>
|-
| Stand-In Manager
| <ref name="HI"/>
|-
| Team Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Vandana Uikey
| <ref name="HI"/>
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Rakhi Darne
| <ref name="HI"/>
|-
| Physical Trainer
| {{flagicon|IND}} Priya Yadav
| <ref name="HI"/>
|}

===Coaching history===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Nationality
!style="text-align:center;"| Period
|-
|[[Janneke Schopman]]
|{{NED}}
|2025–
|}

==Statistics==
{{updated|26 January 2025}}<ref name="ODW">{{cite web|title=Odisha Warriors - Hockey India League |url=https://hockeyindialeague.com/teams/2695|work=[[Hockey India]]|access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>
===Overall===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Edition
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Won
!rowspan=2|Draw
!rowspan=2|Lost
!colspan=2|Shootout
!rowspan=2|GF
!rowspan=2|GA
!rowspan=2|Win%
|-
!W
!L
|-
![[2024–25 Hockey India League|2025]]
|7
|3
|3
|1
|2
|2
|13
|6
|42.85%
|}

===Performance by opposition===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Opposition
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Won
!rowspan=2|Lost
!colspan=2|Shootout
!rowspan=2|GF
!rowspan=2|GA
|-
!W
!L
|-
|align=left|[[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 5 || 1
|-
|align=left|[[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 2
|-
|align=left|[[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 3
|}

===Top goalscorers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
!1
|[[Yibbi Jansen]]
|{{NED}}
|5
|-
!rowspan="3"|2
|[[Baljeet Kaur]]
|{{IND}}
|rowspan="3"|2
|-
|[[Freeke Moes]]
|{{NED}}
|-
|[[Rutuja Pisal]]
|{{IND}}
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|Michelle Fillet
|{{NED}}
|rowspan="2"|1
|-
|[[Neha Goyal]]
|{{IND}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Kalinga Lancers]]
* [[Hockey Association of Odisha]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hockey India League}}
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2024]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Odisha]]
[[Category:Hockey India League teams]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Odisha]]

D. N. Sharma

2026-01-24T23:21:37Z

Nagaraj15: new initial biography added tags

{{Short description|Indian oncologist and author (born 1965)}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = D. N. Sharma
| image = Dn-Sharma.jpg
| birth_date = May 21, 1965
| birth_place = [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]], [[Haryana]] ([[India]])
| citizenship = India
| occupation = [[Radiation oncologist]]
| organization = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
| known_for = [[Brachytherapy]]
}}
'''Daya Nand Sharma''' (born 21 May 1965) is an Indian [[oncologist]] and author known for his contributions in the field of [[cancer]] treatment and especially in [[brachytherapy]]. He serves as the Executive Director at the [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]] [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Majra|Rewari]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=rewari aiims prof dr dayanand sharma will be the acting director of aiims bilaspur |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/bilaspur/rewari-aiims-prof-dr-dayanand-sharma-will-be-the-acting-director-of-aiims-bilaspur-bilaspur-news-c-92-1-ssml1001-131252-2025-01-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty |url=https://www.aiims.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14027&Itemid=4011&lang=en |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=AIIMS NEW}}</ref> and (AIIMS) Jammu<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2026 |title=Working at AIIMS Is a Badge of Honour and Responsibility: Prof. (Dr.) Daya Nand Sharma |url=https://www.jammulinksnews.com/working-at-aiims-is-a-badge-of-honour-and-responsibility-prof-dr-daya-nand-sharma/}}</ref>. He is a President of Indian brachytherapy society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=presidents message |url=https://indianbrachytherapysociety.org/presidents-message/}}</ref>

==Life and career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=August 2023}}
Sharma was born in [[Narnaul|Narnaul, Mahendragarh]], [[Haryana]]. He graduated in [[medicine]] at the [[Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences]] in 1987. He studied [[radiation oncology]] there until 1994. He also obtained a [[Diplomate of National Board]] degree in radiation oncology from the [[National Board of Examinations]] in 1998.

He joined AIIMS, New Delhi in 2003 and attained the position of [[professor]] and head. During his headship of the Department of Radiotherapy, the AIIMS administration issued a letter in November 2022 to abolish the practice of chemotherapy in his department. The letter cites a reason that "doctors of the radiotherapy department are often busy administering chemotherapy, which is also leading to lesser availability of their time for specific radiotherapy treatment."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Notices |url=https://www.aiims.edu/index.php/en/notices/notices|access-date=2023-07-26 |website=AIIMS NEW}}</ref>

==Honors and achievements==
*Dr. Samir Desai Memorial Oration Award 2023{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Fellow of [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], 2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=NAMS {{!}} National Academy of Medical Sciences(India) |url=https://nams-india.in/about.php?n=fellows |access-date=2023-07-26 |website=nams-india.in}}</ref>
*Dr. G. N. Agarwal Oration at [[King George's Medical University]], 2017{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Fellow of Indian College of Radiation Oncology, 2017{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Visiting Professor Lecture at [[Loyola University Chicago]], 2017{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*[[Indian Council of Medical Research]] award for biomedical research, 2016{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Visiting Professor Lecture at [[Rutgers University]], 2016{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Recipient of AIIMS Research Excellence Award 2014 (clinical category){{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Awarded UICC Fellowship twice and visited [[Washington University in St. Louis]] and [[Ohio State University]] in 1999 and 2007{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}
*Accompanying Union Cabinet minister Rao Inderjeet for AIIMS Rewari visits<ref>{{Cite web |title= Accompanying Union Cabinet minister Rao Inderjeet for AIIMS Rewari visit |url=https://www.amarujala.com/haryana/rewari/opd-services-at-aiims-will-begin-by-march-2026-rao-inderjit-rewari-news-c-198-1-rew1001-230336-2025-12-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, D N}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Medical journal editors]]
[[Category:People from Mahendragarh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]

Tili (caste)

2026-01-12T23:37:47Z

Nagaraj15: creating some data added tags

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Hindu mercantile caste, found in some part of the state Bihar and West Bengal}}
{{Redirect|Tilli|for people with the surname Tilli|Tilli (surname)}}
{{for|the [[drum stick]] used on a [[dhol]]|tihli}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group =
| image = File:Tili Shopkeeper.gif
| caption = Tili Shopkeeper, from a 1799 book
| popplace = • India
|region1=Bihar
|pop1=17,579 (0.0134% of the population of Bihar)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-caste-survey-counting-census-full-list-population-share-percent-obc-ebc-upper-caste-muslim-hindu-sc-st-8792660.html|title=List of caste wise population of Bihar|website=live Hindustan|accessdate=2023-10-07}}</ref>
| langs =
| rels = Hinduism
| related =
}}
'''Tili''' is a [[Bengali Hindu]] middle-ranking [[caste]], found in the state of [[Bihar]] and [[West Bengal]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tili%22+caste+bengal&pg=PA127|title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change|date=2022|publisher=BRILL|pages=124,128|isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9SwCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22tili%22+caste+bengal+profession&pg=PA177|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, c. 1867-1905|date=2009|publisher=BRILL|page=177|isbn=978-90-474-2958-6 |language=en}}</ref> By the late nineteenth century Tili was one of the fourteen castes belonging to 'Nabasakh' group in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Hitesranjan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezzuAAAAIAAJ&q=Nabasakh|title=Social Mobility in Bengal|date=1981|publisher=Papyrus|pages=115|language=en}}</ref>

==History and origin==
The Tili caste belongs to West Bengal and Bihar. Tilis speak in Angika and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Tilis are now found mainly in [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Banka District]] of Bihar, and also in [[Bankura district|Bankura]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]] districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Guha |first=Ayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m6-SEAAAQBAJ |title=The Curious Trajectory of Caste in West Bengal Politics: Chronicling Continuity and Change |date=2022-09-26 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-51456-0 |pages=128–129 |language=en}}</ref> According to Ramkrishna Mukherjee, some Bengali [[Teli]]s are gradually converting their caste to Tili.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Ramkrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jqs30ViYcJMC&dq=tili+caste+bengal+profession&pg=PA108 |title=The Dynamics of a Rural Society |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=108 |isbn=978-81-7155-215-3 |language=en}}</ref>

By the second half of the nineteenth century, Tili became a symbol of higher status among the Telis. Trade and cultivation were the occupations of the dissident Telis or Tilis in the sixteenth century as testified by [[Chandimangal|Chandimangalkavya]]. In south-western Bengal, the Tilis appeared to have become cocoon bearers and traders. In the nineteenth century, the Tilis had become one of the foremost mercantile communities of Bengal. The [[Bhagyakul Roy family|Roys of Bhagyakul]], the [[Cossimbazar|Nandis of Cossimbazar]] (Murshidabad), the Kundu Chowdhuris of [[Mahiari]] (Howrah), Pal Chowdhuris of [[Ranaghat]] gained affluence through trade and moneylendling, and became landholders. The Pal Chaudhuris of Ranaghat (Nadia) ran indigo factories.{{efn|The early Pal Chaudhuri were Tambuli by caste (a market gardening caste involved in both agriculture and trade), were traders in salt and crops within the zamindari of Maharaja Krishna Chandra of Nadia, the premier Hindu magnate of Bengal at the time of Clive and Hastings.}} The Dey family of Srerampore rose to prominence by saltpeter trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Study |first=Indian Institute of Advanced |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9OcnAAAAYAAJ&q=tili |title=Transactions |date=1969 |publisher=Indian Institute of Advanced Study. |pages=255,260,263 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Barui |first=Balai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQw7AAAAMAAJ&q=ramchandra+dey+srirampur |title=The Salt Industry of Bengal, 1757-1800: A Study in the Interaction of British Monopoly Control and Indigenous Enterprise |date=1985 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi |isbn=978-0-8364-1478-3 |pages=133,134 |language=en}}</ref> Dayaram Roy, initially a diwan, acquired large estate and founded the [[Dighapatia Raj]], partly by his unjust stewardship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=GANGULI |first=SAMIR |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezvaEAAAQBAJ&dq=raja+dayaram+roy+tili&pg=PA185 |title=THE ZAMINDARS AND NAWABS OF BENGAL |date=2023-09-30 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |pages=185,186 |language=en}}</ref> The Pramaniks of [[Shantipur]] also gained fame for their temple building activities. Tilis became a major beneficiary of the economic changes made by the [[British Raj|British government]] and British commercial interests who had converted Bengal into a vast market ready to supply raw materials to England.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaumik |first=Sudarshana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bKh4EAAAQBAJ |title=The Changing World of Caste and Hierarchy in Bengal: Depiction from the Mangalkavyas c. 1700–1931 |date=2022-08-26 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-64143-1 |pages=197 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Hitesranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ezzuAAAAIAAJ |title=Social Mobility in Bengal |date=1981 |publisher=Papyrus |pages=100–01 |language=en}}</ref>

==Social status==
Tili was included in the list of 177 "backward classes" for the state of [[West Bengal]] by [[Mandal Commission]], but the state government has not yet recognised them as such, and they still belong to [[Forward caste|General]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-10 |title=Bengal govt wary of implementing Mandal report,says OBC group |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengal-govt-wary-of-implementing-mandal-report-says-obc-group/ |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Mamata's big caste gamble in TMC manifesto |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-polls-2021/story/exclusive-mamata-s-big-caste-gamble-in-tmc-manifesto-1780055-2021-03-16 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=India Today |date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Krishna Kanta Nandi]], the banian to [[Warren Hastings]] and the founder of the [[Cossimbazar|Cossimbazar Raj family]].
* [[Sudhamoy Pramanick]], [[Bengalis|Bengali]] advocate and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] activist.
* [[Diptendu Pramanick]], Bengali [[film]] personality.
* [[Pankaj Roy]], Indian cricketer and [[Padma Shri]] awardee, member of [[Bhagyakul Roy family]].
* [[Subrata Roy]]''',''' founder-chairman of Sahara India Pariwar, a prominent business conglomerate in India.
* [[Maharani Swarnamoyee]], [[Maharani]] of [[Cossimbazar]] Raj from 1844 to 1897 and a philanthropist during the period of [[Bengal Renaissance]].
* [[Gostha Pal|Gostha Behari Pal]], the first [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of the [[India national football team|India National Football Team]].
* [[Kristo Das Pal]], an [[British India|Indian]] journalist, orator and the editor of the ''[[Hindoo Patriot]]''.
* [[Dinendra Kumar Roy]], a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] novelist and editor.
* [[Kangal Harinath|Harinath Majumdar]], a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] journalist, poet, writer, and [[Baul]] singer.
* [[Rasik Krishna Mallick]], an Indian journalist, editor, reformer, educationist and a leading member of [[Young Bengal]] group.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumdar |first=Bimanbehari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B5YAAAAMAAJ&q=rashik+krishna+mullick+tili |title=History of Indian Social and Political Ideas: From Rammohan to Dayananda |date=1967 |publisher=Bookland |page=56 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Bipradas Pal Chowdhury]], a Bengali industrialist and landlord.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Hindu communities]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Mizoram

2026-01-10T23:59:00Z

Nagaraj15: creating new article added tags

{{WikiProject status|inactive|parent=India|type=geo|sc1=WP:INMZ}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}
Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Mizoram]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mizoram/to do|to-do list]] there.

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mizoram/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Mizoram related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Mizoram]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Mizoram]] and [[:Category:India]]

==Goals==

# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Mizoram-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Mizoram.

==Participants==
===Active members===
To join WikiProject Mizoram, edit this section and add the [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] <code><nowiki>#{{subst:me}}</nowiki></code> with your areas of interest to the bottom of the following list of members. Members should also place [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Mizoram#Member identification|member identification]] on their user page.
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#[[User:Sangsangaplaz|Sangsangaplaz]] ([[User talk:Sangsangaplaz|Talk to me! I'm willing to help]]) 08:48, 4 November 2024 (UTC)

===Inactive members===
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#{{User|Buaidh}} 19:07:42, 19 July 2019 (UTC) – WikiProject templates and categories.

===Member identification===
Members of WikiProject Mizoram should place one of the following lines of [[Help:Wikitext|Wikitext]] on their [[Special:MyPage|user page]] to add it to '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:WikiProject Mizoram participants]]}}'''.
{{yytop}}
{{yycat|WikiProject Mizoram participants}}
{{yy|Template:User WikiProject Mizoram}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Mizoram}}
{{yy|Template:User WP Mizoram|invite}}
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For other Mizoram user templates, see '''{{nobreak|[[:Category:Mizoram user templates]]}}'''.

===Barnstar===
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{{yy|Template:Mizoram Barnstar}}
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==Parentage==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India]]
**[[Wikipedia:WikiProject India/States|Indian states]]

==Descendant WikiProjects==
No descendant WikiProjects have been defined.

==Similar WikiProjects==
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Bihar|WikiProject Bihar]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Kerala|WikiProject Kerala]]

==Portal==
*[[Portal:Mizoram]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Mizoram]]

==Naming conventions==
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]
===Chieftainship naming conventions===
*In the previous scope of articles on chieftainship it was a de-facto method to write articles in the English names of the chiefs recorded under the British. Now Mizo names are used primarily. Articles with English names of Mizo chiefs can be used if there is no standardised Mizo spelling. However, like [[Vanhnuailiana]] and [[Suakpuilala]], the Mizo spelling of names should be priotized.
*This convention can be changed with a discussion on the policy.

==Structure==
Refer to
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

== WikiProject Mizoram notice ==

Place this WikiProject notice {{tl|WikiProject India}} at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Mizoram for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|mizoram=yes|mizoram-importance=}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WikiProject India|mizoram=yes|category=no}}

==Stubs==
For stubs about the geography of Mizoram, use '''{{tl|mizoram-geo-stub}}'''. This will go into the [[:Category:Mizoram geography stubs]] category.

==Templates==
===Chieftainship templates===
*{{tl|Mizo chief family tree}}
*{{tl|Sukpilal family tree}}
*{{tl|Vonolel Family tree}}
*{{tl|Rolura family tree}}
*{{tl|Rorehlova family tree}}
*{{tl|Zahmuaka family tree}}

===Naxbox templates===
*{{tl|Lushai frontier}}
*{{tl|Chief ministers of Mizoram}}
*{{tl|History of Mizoram}}

===Family name===
*{{tl|Mizo name}}

===Lifespan chart===
*{{tl|Lifespan chief minister of Mizoram}}

==Featured articles==
* none at the moment

===Featured lists===
* [[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]

==Good Articles==
* none at the moment

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Featured article candidates|FAC]]==

==Articles currently in [[Wikipedia:Peer review|PR]]==
* [[Mizo Chieftainship]] - [[Wikipedia:Peer review/Mizo Chieftainship/archive1|Peer review dicsussion page]]

==To-do list==
* [[List of districts of Mizoram]]
** Tables
*** Update for 2024 census results
{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription|wgcat=WikiProject Mizoram articles}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mizoram}}
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects]]
[[Category:WikiProject Mizoram| ]]
[[Category:WikiProjects participating in Wikipedia 1.0 assessments]]

Kotra Pitha

2026-01-09T19:32:20Z

Nagaraj15: correct intro per standard format further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{princely states topics}}
'''Kotra Pitha''' is a town and former non-salute [[princely state]] on [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] peninsula, in [[Gujarat]], western India.

== History ==
The Sixth Class princely state, in [[Sorath prant]], was ruled by ભાણ વાળા દાદા વાળા સાહેબ [[Kathi Darbar|Kathi]]. It comprised the town and twelve more villages, with a combined population of 6,772 in 1901, yielding 70,000 Rupees state revenue (1903–4, over half from land), paying 5,578 Rupees tribute, to the British and [[Junagadh State]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 15, page 165 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links and sources ==
History
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_171.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Kathiawar]

{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Vishal Thennarasu Kayalvizhi

2026-01-05T22:17:54Z

Nagaraj15: creating initial info added tags

{{Short description|Indian sprinter (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Vishal Thennarasu Kayalvizhi.jpg
| caption = Vishal in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2003|12|17}}
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]]
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[400 m]]
| coach = {{flagicon|JAM}} Jason Dawson
| pb = 45.12 {{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}} ([[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|2025]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400m mixed]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Men's 4 × 400 metres relay|4x400m]]}}
}}

'''Vishal Thennarasu Kayalvizhi''' (born 17 December 2003) is an Indian [[track and field]] athlete specializing in [[400 metres|400 m]] events. He holds the 400 m [[List of Indian records in athletics|national record]], clocking 45.12 in August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-21 |title=Inter-State Athletics: Vishal TK smashes 400m National Record, Pooja wins 1500m gold |url=https://thebridge.in/athletics/vishal-tk-400m-national-record-pooja-1500m-gold-54274 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Vishal was born on 17 December 2003 in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He grew up in a modest background and was introduced to athletics during his school years, first competing in sprint events like the 100m and 200m before shifting to the 400m. His talent became evident at the state and university level, earning him opportunities to train professionally.

== Career ==
Vishal began his athletics journey competing in 200m sprint events before shifting his focus to the 400m in 2024. Within a short span, he established himself as India’s leading quarter-miler. At the Federation Cup National Championships in Bhubaneswar in April 2025, he secured gold in the 400m with a time of 46.19 seconds.

Under coach Jason Dawson, Vishal refined his quarter-mile technique and began competing nationally in 2024 and internationally in 2025.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2025-05-29 |title=Vishal shows mental strength en route mixed relay gold in Asian Athletics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/vishal-shows-mental-strength-en-route-mixed-relay-gold-in-asian-athletics/articleshow/121473472.cms |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

At the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships]] in Gumi, South Korea, he finished fourth in the individual 400m with a time of 45.57 seconds, narrowly missing a podium finish. However, he played a decisive role in the relay teams, winning gold in the mixed 4×400m relay with a timing of 3:18.12 and silver in the men’s 4×400m relay.<ref name="auto"/>

Vishal continued his upward trajectory in August 2025 at a World Athletics Continental Tour bronze-level meet in Bhubaneswar, where he won the 400m in 45.72 seconds. Later that month, at the National Inter-State Senior Athletics Championships in Chennai, he broke the Indian men’s 400m national record with a time of 45.12 seconds, surpassing the long-standing mark of 45.21 set by [[Muhammed Anas]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal breaks men's 400m national record, hogs limelight at Nationals |url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/sports/vishal-breaks-men's-400m-national-record,-hogs-limelight-at-nationals/2843924 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=www.ptinews.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{World Athletics|id=15010693}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kayalvizhi, Vishal Thennarasu}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Indian men sprinters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2025 Summer World University Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Surjeet Singh Slathia

2026-01-05T13:23:52Z

Nagaraj15: creating some bio added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the {{nobr|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]}}
| term_start = 5 June 2025
| 1blankname = Leader
| 1namedata = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| alongside = [[Pawan Kumar Gupta|Pawan Gupta]]
| office1 = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Samba Assembly constituency|Samba]]
| term_start1 = 8 October 2024
| term_end1 =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor1 = [[Devinder Kumar Manyal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Surjeet Singh Slathia''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a currently serving as the deputy leader of opposition alongwith Pawan Gupta in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] under Sunil Sharma. He was elected in [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Samba Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Samba, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Surjeet Singh Slathia defeats Independent candidate Ravinder Singh with 30309 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/samba-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612947-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Samba FINAL Election Result 2024: Surjeet Singh Slathia of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/samba-final-election-result-2024-2-9079367.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Slathia, Surjeet Singh}}
[[Category:People from Samba district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-BJP-politician-stub}}

Deepgaon

2026-01-05T04:47:34Z

Nagaraj15: new initial page from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Deepgaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.602823568249523|N|77.023339375169|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Deepgaon''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in the [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Deepgaon Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deepgaon(474280) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531625 |accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Vivekananda Mukhopadhyaya

2025-12-24T04:17:05Z

Nagaraj15: content update

{{Short description|Indian Bengali journalist (1904–1993)}}
{{one source|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1904|7|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Madaripur]], [[Faridpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|3|20|1904|7|31|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| restingplace = Kolkata
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Journalist, Writer
| yearsactive =
| known_for = Writings in [[Bengali literature]]
| awards = {{ublist|1970 [[Padma Bhushan]]|[[Soviet Land Nehru Award]] (1st class)}}
| parents = Kuladananda Mukhopadhyay (father) Manomohini Debi (mother)
| spouse = Geeta Mukhopadhyay
| children = Esha Dey Bhaskarananda Mukhopadhyay Ela Mukhopadhyay
}}

'''Vibekananda Mukhopadhyay''' ({{langx|bn|বিবেকানন্দ মুখোপাধ্যায়}}) was an Indian Bengali journalist and author. He is best known for ''Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas (দ্বিতীয় মহাযুদ্ধের ইতিহাস'',) a three volume book Indian view of World War II.<ref name="Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas">{{Cite book |title=Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas |last=Mukhopadhya |first=Vivekananda |publisher=Naba Patra |date=1986 |oclc=59062089}}</ref><ref name="Mukhopadhyay1986">{{cite book |author=Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U4sOtwAACAAJ |title=Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas |publisher=Naba Patra |year=1986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%253A%2522Mukhopadhyay%252C+Vivekananda%2522 |title=Internet Archive Search |date=2018-05-27 |website=archive.org |language=en |access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref> As an activist, he was deeply involved in all the national and international movements of his time. The [[Government of India]] awarded him [[Padma Bhushan]], the third highest Indian civilian award, in 1970.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |title=Padma Awards |date=2018-05-17 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Government of India |access-date=2018-05-17 |archive-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000149/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Mukhopadhayay was born in an impoverished Bengali Hindu family to Kuldananda Mukhopadhyay and Manomohini Devi in the Domsar village of Madaripur sub-division of Faridpur district of undivided Bengal in 1904. His ancestral home was in Chhoygaon village in Madaripur sub-division which was lost due to erosion of the [[Padma]]. In his childhood, he was a bright and meritorious student. As he came from a needy family, he received the local landlord's customary patronage to continue his studies. In 1921, the wave of [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-Cooperation Movement]] reached Faridpur district and Mukhopadhyay's studies got disrupted. However in 1923 he passed the Matriculation examination with distinctions in Bengali and Sanskrit. He couldn't continue his studies because of the financial constraints caused by the demise of elders in the family.

== Career ==
[[File:Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas Part 1.jpg|thumb|'''Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas, Part ''1''''']]
[[File:Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas Part 2.jpg|thumb|'''Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas Part ''2''''']]
[[File:Europe's Map from Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas Part 2.jpg|thumb|Europe's Map from Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas Part ''2'']]
Mukhopadhyay had started writing poetry at an early age inspired by the nationalist movement. At the age of 21, when he came to Kolkata in search of livelihood, his poems had already appeared in reputed journals of the city. At that time, he came in contact with [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] for writing poetry.<ref name=":0">''Editor:'' Anjali Bose, Volume II (2019). Sangsad Bengali Charitabhidhan (''সংসদ বাঙালি চরিতাভিধান''). Calcutta: Sahitya Sangsad. Page 259.</ref> It was his poems which attracted the attention of Satyendranath Mazumdar, famous editor of the new [[Bengali language|Bengali]] daily, Ananda Bazar Patrika and in 1925 he joined as an unpaid apprentice. He distinguished himself immediately as a powerful nationalist writer and rose to the position of Assistant Editor in the same year. During his tenure in [[Anandabazar Patrika|Anandabazar]], the Government forfeited the surety of the daily and demanded higher amount of deposit as punishment for publishing an editorial written by him titled ''Sahitye Sarkari Dauratmya'' ("Governmental Mischief in Literature"), a protest against official censorship imposed on creative writing.

After a rewarding stint of 12 years with [[Anandabazar Patrika|Anandabazar]], in 1937 Mukhopadhyay joined a new [[Bengali language|Bengali]] daily Jugantar started by the Amritabazar Patrika group. From 1937 to 1962 he was the editor of [[Jugantar Patrika|Dainik Jugantar Patrika (যুগান্তর পত্রিকা)]].<ref>"Jugantar Jug Jug Jio" (যুগান্তর যুগ যুগ জিও), Jugantar, 1 February 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2017.</ref> Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay re-established this traditional paper which was suffering from financial crisis. Edited Dainik Basumati, Satyajug, Bharat Katha magazine (''Bengali: দৈনিক বসুমতী, সত্যযুগ, ভারতকথা পত্রিকা''). In the same sense, he took over the responsibility of editing financially stricken Dainik Basumati and started the magazine. This magazine gradually became extremely popular due to his achievements. His, probably, the most notable authored work was a three-volume history-oriented omnibus, based on [[World War II]], ''Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas/দ্বিতীয় মহাযুদ্ধের ইতিহাস ([[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.298561|1]], [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.298562|2]] and 3)'' <ref>Upendranath Mukherjee. ''Manobkantha''. Retrieved 9 September 2017</ref> Apart from journalism, he became famous for writing about war. His various writings were published on the liberation war of Bangladesh where he highlighted the importance of India's recognition and military assistance to Bangladesh. He wrote the description of the liberation war in various papers including ''Jugantar'', which played an important role in forming public opinion in favour of Bangladesh. After Bangladesh became independent, Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay went there at the invitation of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.<ref>[https://www.calcuttayellowpages.com/adver/108846.html Esha Dey] (19 December 2012). "Pursued by conscience, father took up pen for Bangladesh" (''বিবেকের তাড়নায় বাবা বাংলাদেশের পক্ষে কলম ধরেছিলেন''). Retrieved 9 September 2017</ref> He was the president of Indo-Soviet Suhrid Sangh. Anti-war journalist Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay was associated with the World Peace Council. In opposition to nuclear testing, he wrote the editorial 'Tejoshkriyo Puishank' (Bengali: তেজস্ক্রিয় পুঁইশাক). His fearless well-thought-out emotional discussions and sharp insights into all kinds of crises in the life of the country and the nation, from documentary analysis of the world situation, have a profound impact on the reading society. At the last stage, he was the editor-in-chief of two new newspapers, 'Dainik Satyajug' and 'Bharat Katha'. His oratory was as popular as his writing.

== Editorials ==

{{unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}

Vivekananda Mukhopadhyay initiated the debate and state debate in Bengali. Authored four research books. They are –

# 'The Russo-German Struggle' ('রুশ জার্মান সংগ্রাম')
# 'Japanese War Diaries' (জাপানি যুদ্ধের ডায়রী)
# 'Unlocking West Asia' (পশ্চিম এশিয়ার বন্ধন মুক্তি)
# 'Russian US Foreign Policy' (রুশ মার্কিন পররাষ্ট্র নীতি')

His concentrated pursuit of World War II and its international consequences over several decades resulted in the epic "History of the Second World War" (published in two volumes), a unique achievement in Indian languages. In his own words - "Most of my journalistic and editorial career has been spent dealing with armistice and international conflict. During and after World War II, as editor of the daily '[[Jugantar Patrika|Jugantar']], I published many articles on war and international politics. 'Japanese War Diary' and ' "Russo-German Struggle" is a work of that distant period. After those two books were well received by the readership, I decided to write a comprehensive history of the Second World War. His book of poetry is the music of the century.

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265471 |title=Dwitiya Mahajuddher Itihas Vol. 3 Ed. 1st |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Vivekananda |date=1960 |access-date=2018-05-27}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyaya, Vivekananda}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Miss Diva 2024

2025-12-21T03:38:52Z

Nagaraj15: adding new details with sources.

{{short description|12th edition of Miss Diva}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
|image =
|photo =
|caption =
|date = 7 March 2025
|venue = The LaLit, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
|broadcaster = [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
|entrants =
|placements =
|winner = [[Ayushree Malik]] (Miss Diva Supranational 2025) [[Vipra Mehta]] (Miss Diva Cosmo 2025)
|before = [[Miss Diva 2023|2023]]
|next =
}}

'''Miss Diva 2024''' was the 12th edition of the [[Miss Diva]] pageant. The edition is officially titled as '''LIVA Miss Diva 2.0''' to signify the substantial changes made to the pageant's format compared to its previous editions.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=missdivaorg |postid=DA3SqQmi67l |title=Welcome to LIVA Miss Diva 2.0, where dreams turn into reality. Get ready, there's so much more to come!|date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/fashion/shows/liva-miss-diva-2024-make-some-noise-for-indias-biggest-fashion-hunt-article-115527876 | title=LIVA MISS DIVA 2024: Make Some Noise For India's Biggest Fashion Hunt! | publisher=[[Times Now]] | work=Namya Sinha | date=21 November 2024 | accessdate=17 December 2024}}</ref>

[[Andrea Aguilera (Ecuadorian model)|Andrea Aguilera]], [[Miss Supranational 2023]] from Ecuador, crowned [[Ayushree Malik]] as Miss Diva Supranational 2025 at the end of the event. She will represent India at the upcoming [[Miss Supranational 2025]] pageant, to be held in June in [[Poland]].

[[Ketut Permata Juliastrid]], the reigning [[Miss Cosmo 2024]], crowned [[Vipra Mehta]] as 'Miss Diva Cosmo 2025'. She will represent India at the [[Miss Cosmo 2025]] pageant in Vietnam.

== Results ==
=== Placements ===
;Color keys
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|gold|border=darkgray}} The contestant secured victory in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFF66|border=darkgray}} The contestant finished as a runner-up in an international pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} The contestant reached the semi-finals in an international pageant.
}}
{{col-end}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Placement
! Contestant
! International Placement
|-align="center" style="background:#FFFACD;"
| Miss Diva Supranational 2025
|
* [[Ayushree Malik]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/fashion/liva-miss-diva-2024-fashion-hunt-announces-its-leading-queens-article-118792762 | title=LIVA Miss Diva 2024 Fashion Hunt Announces Its Leading Queens | publisher=[[Times Now]] | work=Namya Sinha | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/3300345-ayushree-malik-and-vipra-mehta-shine-as-liva-miss-diva-2024-winners | title=Ayushree Malik and Vipra Mehta Shine as LIVA Miss Diva 2024 Winners | publisher=Devdiscourse | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>
| {{Center|Top 24 – [[Miss Supranational 2025]]}}
|-align="center" style="background:#FFFACD;"
| Miss Diva Cosmo 2025
|
* [[Vipra Mehta]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.net.ph/2025/01/19/miss-supranational-25-to-kick-off-in-june-in-poland | title=Miss Supranational '25 to kick off in June in Poland | publisher=[[Daily Tribune (Philippines)]] | work=Kiko Escuadro | date=19 January 2025 | accessdate=31 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/ayushree-malik-and-vipra-mehta-crowned-miss-diva-2024-winners-8833847 | title=Ayushree Malik and Vipra Mehta crowned Miss Diva 2024 winners | publisher=[[WION]] | date=8 March 2025 | accessdate=8 March 2025}}</ref>
| {{Center|Top 21 – [[Miss Cosmo 2025]]}}
|-align="center"
| Miss Diva Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* Yogita Rathore<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/celebrating-the-winning-moments-of-liva-miss-diva-2024/articleshow/151250965.cms | title=Celebrating the winning moments of LIVA Miss Diva 2024 | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=10 March 2025 | accessdate=10 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| Miss Diva Content Creator 2024
| colspan="2" |
* Winner – Ananya Praveen
* Runner-Up – Aaditi Mohanty
|-
| align="center"| Miss Diva Fashion Designer 2024
| colspan="2" |
* Winner – Sudhruti Padhiary
* Runner-Up – Bhumika Joshi
|}

== Background ==
The Miss Diva 2024 introduces notable changes as it marks the first edition after the organization ended its association with [[Miss Universe]], which had previously served as the platform for selecting representatives.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Despite this shift, the pageant will continue awarding the Miss Diva Supranational title. For the first time, [[Overseas Citizenship of India|Overseas Citizens of India]] (OCI) are eligible to compete for the main title, a change from previous years when OCI participants were only allowed to vie for runner-up positions. In addition, two new categories have been introduced for 2024: Miss Diva Fashion Designer and Miss Diva Content Creator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The countdown begins: LIVA MISS DIVA 2024 launches India's biggest fashion hunt!|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/the-countdown-begins-liva-miss-diva-2024-launches-indias-biggest-fashion-hunt/articleshow/151045554.cms|website=femina.in}}</ref>

On October 23, 2024, the organization announced mentors for each title. [[Ritika Khatnani]], [[Miss Supranational 2022|Miss Supranational Asia 2022]], will mentor Miss Diva Supranational. Fashion designer Sonaakshi Raaj has been named mentor for Miss Diva Fashion Designer, and Bhavna Singh will guide the Miss Diva Content Creator category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trailblazing women behind LIVA Miss Diva 2024: Meet the Mentors!|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/the-trailblazing-women-behind-liva-miss-diva-2024-meet-the-mentors/articleshow/151067582.cms|website=femina.in}}</ref>

=== Format ===
The competition will follow its traditional format, starting with registration and auditions, leading up to the selection of finalists for the grand finale.

Miss Diva Supranational: As in previous editions, the Miss Diva Supranational title will be awarded based on standard evaluation criteria. The contestant chosen will exemplify the values of Miss Supranational—strength, aspiration, and inspiration. Judging will consider beauty, fitness, communication skills, personality, and commercial appeal.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=missdivaorg |postid=DBA8UnUN_iC |title=The search for India's next LIVA Miss Diva Supranational 2024 has officially begun!|date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's all you need to know about LIVA Miss Diva Supranational 2024!|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-liva-miss-diva-supranational-2024/articleshow/151046086.cms|website=femina.in}}</ref>

Miss Diva Fashion Designer: This new title will highlight outstanding designers who demonstrate creativity and craftsmanship. Contestants will be evaluated on their styling, attention to detail, theme development, color use, fabric texture, and overall execution. Finalists will present their designs at the finale, where a winner will be selected.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=missdivaorg |postid=DBBKBMWNXpN |title=The very first of its kind! 🎉 LIVA Miss Diva Fashion Designer 2024 is here!|date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's all you need to know about LIVA Miss Diva Fashion Designer 2024!|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-liva-miss-diva-fashion-designer-2024/articleshow/151046088.cms|website=femina.in}}</ref>

Miss Diva Content Creator: This title will go to a contestant who showcases creativity and originality in content creation, particularly in the fashion and beauty space. Judging will focus on content quality, visual appeal, relevance, and engagement metrics like likes, shares, and views. A panel of judges will select eight finalists, with the winner determined through a mix of judge evaluations and public voting on social media.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=missdivaorg |postid=DBBSLaUNEcx |title=Introducing something brand new and game-changing! LIVA Miss Diva Content Creator 2024|date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's all you need to know about LIVA Miss Diva Content Creator 2024!|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-liva-miss-diva-content-creator-2024/articleshow/151046093.cms|website=femina.in}}</ref>

== Contestants ==
The following are the list of confirmed contestants for Miss Diva Supranational 2024 title:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/introducing-the-top-8-finalists-of-liva-miss-diva-beauty-queen-2024/eventshow/151182502.cms | title=Introducing the Top 8 finalists of LIVA Miss Diva Beauty Queen 2024 | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=13 February 2025 | accessdate=13 February 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!scope="col";| Nu.
!scope="col" | Contestant
!scope="col" | Age{{efn|Ages at the time of the pageant}}
!scope="col" | Hometown
!scope="col" | Placement
|-style="background-color:gold ; font-weight: bold"
| 1
| [[Ayushree Malik]]
| 19
| [[Delhi]]
| align="center"| Miss Diva Supranational 2025
|-
| 2
| Bagmita Saikia {{efn|Winner of Miss North East Diva, a regional Miss Diva sister pageant, placed a direct spot as a finalist at Miss Diva national competition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bagmita Saikia crowned North East Diva 2024, wins a direct entry at Miss Diva 2024
|url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/bagmita-saikia-crowned-north-east-diva-2024-wins-a-direct-entry-at-miss-diva-2024/articleshow/112317442.cms|website=femina.in}}</ref>}}
| 20
| [[Jorhat]]
|
|-
| 3
| Megha Shetty
| 24
| [[Mumbai]]
|
|-
| 4
| Monika Chaudhary
| 26
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|
|-
| 5
| Soundarya Gowda
| 28
| [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
|
|-
| 6
| Sreetama Basu
| 26
| [[Kolkata]]
|
|-style="background-color:gold ; font-weight: bold"
| 7
| [[Vipra Mehta]]
| 21
| [[Udaipur]]
| align="center"| Miss Diva Cosmo 2025
|-style="background-color:#FFF83B ; font-weight: bold"
| 8
| Yogita Rathore
| 23
| [[Nagothane]]
| align="center"| Miss Diva Runner-Up
|}

=== Top 20 semi-finalists ===
The following is a list of the top 20 contestants shortlisted from the initial auditions for each category.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/meet-the-top-20-finalists-of-liva-miss-diva-beauty-queen-2024/eventshow/151140330.cms | title=Meet the Top 20 finalists of LIVA Miss Diva Beauty Queen 2024 | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=27 January 2025 | accessdate=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/meet-the-top-20-finalists-of-liva-miss-diva-content-creator-2024/eventshow/151140227.cms | title=Meet the Top 20 finalists of LIVA Miss Diva Content Creator | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=27 January 2025 | accessdate=28 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/miss-diva/meet-the-top-20-finalists-of-liva-miss-diva-fashion-designer-2024/eventshow/151140021.cms | title=Meet the Top 20 finalists of LIVA Miss Diva Fashion Designer 2024 | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=27 January 2025 | accessdate=28 January 2025}}</ref>
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#FFBCD9|border=darkgray}} Selected as an official contestant for Miss Diva 2024.
* {{Color box|#FFE5B4|border=silver}} Chosen as a Wildcard entrant
}}
{| style="font-size:100%;"
|-
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Miss Diva Beauty Queen'''</big>
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Miss Diva Content Creator'''</big>
| width="34%" align="center" |<big>'''Miss Diva Fashion Designer'''</big>
|- valign="top"
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:left"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | Nu.
! Delegate
! State
|-
| 1
| Akshitha Sathyanarayana
| Karnataka
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 2
| Ayushree Malik
| Delhi
|-
| 3
| Devshree Hada
| Rajasthan
|-
| 4
| Kiran Gulzar
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 5
| Lavanya Grover
| Delhi
|-
| 6
| Manishika Goel
| Maharashtra
|-
| 7
| Manya Chandra
| Delhi
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 8
| Megha Shetty
| Maharashtra
|-
| 9
| Mehak Dhingra
| Uttar Pradesh
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 10
| Monika Chaudhary
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 11
| Parinaz Cooper
| Maharashtra
|-
| 12
| Priyanshu Mala
| Jharkhand
|-
| 13
| Samruddi Shetty
| Karnataka
|-
| 14
| Sanjana Gopalakrishnan
| Karnataka
|-
| 15
| Simran Jain
| Rajasthan
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 16
| Soundarya Gowda
| Karnataka
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 17
| Sreetama Basu
| Maharashtra
|-
| 18
| Vaishnavi Thakur
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 19
| Vipra Mehta
| Rajasthan
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 20
| Yogita Rathore
| Maharashtra
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | Nu.
! Delegate
! State
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 1
| Aaditi Mohanty
| Delhi
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 2
| Ananya Praveen
| Bihar
|-
| 3
| Ankita Tyagi
| Uttar Pradesh
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 4
| Beila Gupta
| Delhi
|-
| 5
| Chavi Jain
| Delhi
|-
| 6
| Eva Joshi
| Haryana
|-
| 7
| Jelina Derapi
| Delhi
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 8
| Khushi Bhatt
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 9
| Khushi Chauhan
| Haryana
|-
| 10
| Maneesha Saxena
| Maharashtra
|-
| 11
| Mansi Agrawal
| Maharashtra
|-
| 12
| Muskan Nayyar
| Karnataka
|-
| 13
| Nikita Pawar
| Maharashtra
|-
| 14
| Palak Shah
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 15
| Prerna Gupta
| Delhi
|-
| 16
| Rhea Kapahi
| Delhi
|-
| 17
| Rishita Mitra
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 18
| Sara Asnani
| Karnataka
|-
| 19
| Sarmistha Ghosh
| West Bengal
|-
| 20
| Tanumita Ghosh
| West Bengal
|}
|
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align: left"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" | Nu.
! Delegate
! State
|-
| 1
| Arohi Vyas
| Gujarat
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 2
| Bhumika Joshi
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 3
| Deeshaa Shriyan
| Maharashtra
|-
| 4
| Helly Patel
| Rajasthan
|-
| 5
| Ishita Sahoo
| Maharashtra
|-
| 6
| Kago Reela
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 7
| Kaviya Kumaran
| Tamil Nadu
|-style="background-color:#FFE5B4;"
| 8
| Lipsita Priyadarshini
| Odisha
|-
| 9
| Ridhima Tandon
| Punjab
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 10
| Rituja Sharma
| Delhi
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 11
| Sakshi Nowlakha
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 12
| Shivranjani Solanki
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 13
| Shravani Bharad
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 14
| Shreya Raj
| Odisha
|-
| 15
| Shrushti Bhandari
| Gujarat
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 16
| Sudhruti Padhiary
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 17
| Supriya Shimpi
| Maharashtra
|-style="background-color:#FFBCD9;"
| 18
| Tanisha Baxi
| Gujarat
|-
| 19
| Tanuja Tambwekar
| Delhi
|-
| 20
| Veronica James
| Maharashtra
|}
|
|- valign="top"
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Miss Diva}}

[[Category:2024 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:2024 in India]]
[[Category:Miss Diva]]

Dhenkanal College

2025-11-19T06:51:08Z

Nagaraj15: new the info basic info

{{Short description|College in Odisha, India}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Dhenkanal College
| image_name = Dhenkanal College.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt = Dhenkanal College logo.png
| caption =
| established = 1959
| affiliation = [[Utkal University]]
| type = Autonomous
| principal = Chitta Ranjan Sahoo
| city = [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|20.641469|85.614968|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|55|acre|km2}}
| logo = Dhenkanal College logo.png
| website = {{URL|https://dhenkanalcollege.ac.in/|}}
}}

'''Dhenkanal College''', officially '''Dhenkanal Autonomous College''', is an autonomous college located at [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]], [[Odisha]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept_home.php?id=12&oid=4032&sid=2&d=dist |title=Govt. Of Odisha:: Central Monitoring Mechanism for Right to Information [RTI CMM V-3.0] |accessdate=2012-09-24 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407212138/http://rtiodisha.gov.in/dept_home.php?id=12&oid=4032&sid=2&d=dist |archivedate=2013-04-07 }}</ref> It Provides undergraduate and post-graduate programs in commerce, sciences and liberal arts. It is affiliated to [[Utkal University]], a public sector higher education institution in Bhubaneshwar.

==History==
Dhenkanal Autonomous College was established in 1959 and was granted autonomous status in 2002.<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Dhenkanal College may lose autonomous status |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2019/oct/27/dhenkanal-college-may-lose-autonomous-status-2053620.html |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=27 October 2019}}</ref> After the UGC facing the possible loss of autonomy in 2019,<ref name="New Indian Express"/> the UGC granted the institute an extension of the status until 2023.<ref name=extended>{{cite news |title=Dhenkanal Government College retains 'autonomous' status |url=https://www.orissapost.com/dhenkanal-government-college-retains-autonomous-status/ |access-date=23 September 2022 |work=[[Orissa Post]]|date=22 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://dhenkanalcollege.nic.in/}}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Orissa]]

{{Odisha-university-stub}}

Chachaura

2025-11-15T09:29:53Z

Nagaraj15: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Chachaura, India]]

Malkit Singh

2025-11-13T12:41:05Z

Nagaraj15:

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Malkit Singh [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]]
| image = Andrew Scheer celebrated Indian Independence Day (44177059821) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Malkit Singh
| image_size = 220px
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Malkit Singh Boparai
| birth_place = [[Hussainpur]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| birth_date = c. 1963<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhangra singer Malkit Singh to be honoured with Broad Street Star |url=https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/local-news/bhangra-singer-malkit-singh-to-be-honoured-178861 |access-date=11 October 2020 |work=BirminghamLive |date=11 February 2012|quote=The 49-year-old}}</ref>
| origin = [[Birmingham]], England
| instrument = Vocals
| genre = [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Indi-pop]]
| occupation = Singer-songwriter
| years_active = 1986
| associated_acts = [[Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]], [[Aman Hayer]], [[Bally Sagoo]], [[Jassi Sidhu]], Ravi Bal, Veer Rahimpuri, Principal Inderjit Singh, [[Apache Indian]], [[Honey Singh]].
| label = [[Oriental Star Agencies]]
| website = [http://malkitsingh.com MalkitSingh.com]
}}

'''Malkit Singh''', [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] ({{langx|pa|ਮਲਕੀਤ ਸਿੰਘ}}) (Malkit Singh Boparai; born c. 1963) is an England-based [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] singer. Born in [[Hussainpur]] and raised in [[Nakodar]], he moved to [[Birmingham]] in 1984.<ref name="Elkes">{{cite web|last=Elkes|first=Neil|title=King of Bhangra Malkit Singh honored on Birmingham Walk of Stars |url=http://www.birminghammail.net/lifestyle/latest-features/2012/05/10/king-of-bhangra-malkit-singh-honoured-on-birmingham-walk-of-stars-97319-30943612/|access-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> Singh was the first Punjabi singer to be honoured with an MBE by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] at [[Buckingham Palace]]. He is most famous for the songs "Gur Nalo Ishq Mitha", "Tootak Tootak Tootiyan", "Kurri Garam Jayee", "Dekh li vilyait", "Chal Hun", and "Jind Mahi", the latter two from the soundtrack to the popular film ''[[Bend It Like Beckham]]''.

==Career==
Malkit Singh had appeared on many Indian talk shows which were linked to Sikhism and Punjab on MTV Channel, Channel V, and all Indian channels. He was listed by the [[Guinness Book of Records]] as the biggest selling bhangra solo artist of all time, with sales of over 4.9 million records in his 32-year career.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Folkard, Claire|title=Guinness World Records 2005|year=2004|publisher=Guinness World Records|location=Enfield|isbn=0851121926|page=199}}</ref> His song "Tutak Tutak Toothiyan" written by Veer Rahimpuri was the fastest-selling and most successful Bhangra single at the time. It was released with the 1990 album ''Tootak Tootak Toothian'', which sold 2.5 million records, a record for Bhangra [[Indi-pop]] at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sabharwal|first=Gopa|title=India Since 1947: The Independent Years|date=2017|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|isbn=9789352140893|page=304|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D9gvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT304|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* In 2005, Singh was awarded the "Commitment to Scene" award at the [[UK Asian Music Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wass-up.com/ukama2005.php |title=Artists unite to celebrate British Asian Music |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110150402/http://wass-up.com/ukama2005.php |archive-date=10 January 2011 }}</ref>
* In 2008, Malkit Singh was appointed [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in the [[New Year Honours 2008|2008 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{cite news |title=British Queen honours singer Malkit Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/british-queen-honours-singer-malkit-singh/story-KozUUFkXOhjZbRclpJXP2K.html |access-date=8 September 2020 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=8 May 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2010, Singh was awarded "Outstanding Achievement" award at the [[Brit Asia TV Music Awards]].<ref name=BAMA2010>{{cite news |last1=Sembhi |first1=Jas |title=Brit Asia TV Music Awards Winners |url=https://www.desiblitz.com/content/brit-asia-tv-music-awards-winners |access-date=3 September 2020 | work=DESIblitz}}</ref>
* In 2012, Singh was honoured with a star on the [[Birmingham Walk of Stars]].<ref name="Elkes" />

==Discography==
===Singles===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Label
|-
| 2022
| Kali Ainak
| Music Waves Productions Ltd
|-
| 2017
| ''Midas Touch 3''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
|-
| 2014
| ''Sikh Hon Da Maan''
| MovieBox/[[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]]
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Billo Rani]]''
| MovieBox
|-
| 2005
| ''21st Chapter''
| OSA
|-
| 2003
| ''Midas Touch 2''
| Music Waves
|-
| 2002
| ''Paaro''
| OSA
|-
| 2001
| ''Mighty Boliyan''
| OSA
|-
| 2000
| ''Nach Nach''
| OSA
|-
| 1999
| ''Millennium Mixes''
| OSA
|-
| 1997
| ''Agg Larr Gaayee''
| OSA
|-
| 1995
| ''Forever Gold''
| T-Series
|-
| 1994
| ''Midas Touch''
| OSA
|-
| 1993
| ''Tootak Tootak Toothian''
|
|-
| 1993
| ''Chak Deh Dholia''
| OSA
|-
| 1992
| ''Singho Ho Jo Kathe''
| Saga
|-
| 1992
| ''Tere Ishq Nachiyav''
| Saga
|-
| 1991
| ''Gal Sunja''
| Saga
|-
| 1991
| ''Ragga Muffin Mix''
| OSA
|-
| 1990
| ''Dhotakada Bai Dhotakada''
| OSA
|-
| 1989
| ''Hai Shava''
| T-Series
|-
| 1989
| ''Fast Forward''
| T-Series
|-
| 1988
| ''Up Front''
| HMV
|-
| 1988
| ''Chott Nigary Lawo''
| HMV
|-
| 1988
| ''Putt Sardara De''
| Saga
|-
| 1987
| I Love Golden Star
| T-Series
|-
| 1986
| ''Nach Giddhe Vich''
| HMV
|}
===Film===
* ''[[Love in Vietnam]]'' (2025)

===Duo collaboration===
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Album
! Label
! Notes
|-
|-
| 2016
| ''Chardi Kala''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
| Music By: [[Sukshinder Shinda]] / Midas Touch 3
|-
| 2016
| ''Ranjha''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
| Music By: Gurmeet Singh / Midas Touch 3
|-
| 2016
| ''Maa Da Pyaar''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
| Music By: Atul Sharma / Midas Touch 3
|-
| 2016
| ''Selfie Boliyan''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
| Music By: DJ Vix / Midas Touch 3
|-
| 2016
| ''Desi Peeke''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
| Music By: Nick Dhammu / Midas Touch 3
|-
| 2016
| ''Yaari Jattan Di''
| MovieBox/Saga Hits
| Music By: Nick Dhammu / Midas Touch 3
|-
| 2014
| ''iPhone Mann''
| T-Series
| Special Appearance Sung: Jatt Di Matian
|-
| 2013
| ''Desi Beat''
| Kamlee Records
| Music By DJ Vix / Taken From The Forthcoming Album "Chapter V"
|-
| 2012
| ''The Folk King'' (Tribute To [[Kuldip Manak]])
| MovieBox Record
| Music By [[Aman Hayer]] Along with A.S. Kang, [[Jazzy B]], [[Sukshinder Shinda]], Malkit Singh, [[Manmohan Waris]] Balwinder Safri & [[Angrej Ali]]
|-
| 2011
| ''[[International Villager]]''
| MovieBox, Speed Records, Planet Recordz
| (Beautiful)
|-
| 2008
| ''The New Adventures of [[Jassi Sidhu]]''
| Moviebox/Music Waves
| Ki Kehne
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of British Sikhs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Malkit Singh}}
*{{Official website|http://www.malkitsingh.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Malkit}}
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Jalandhar]]

Sai Korrapati

2025-10-27T21:18:33Z

Nagaraj15: creating some info v1...

{{Short description|Indian film producer and distributor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sai Korrapati
| image = Sai Korrapati.jpg
| birth_name = Sai Korrapati
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|6|19}}
| birth_place = [[Pallapadu]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| occupation = Film Producer Film Distributor
| spouse = Rajani Korrapati
}}

'''Sai Korrapati''' is an Indian film producer and distributor who works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema]] .<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Sai-Korrapati-buys-Life-is-Beautiful/articleshow/16265041.cms | title=Sai Korrapati buys Life is Beautiful | newspaper=The Times Of India | date=14 January 2017 | accessdate=17 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218145000/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/article359761.ece?service=print ‘Eega’ progressing at Kokapet]</ref>

==Early life and career==
He is born in [[Pallapadu]]. He ventured into [[Telugu Film|Telugu film]] distribution in 1999 with [[Seetharama Raju|Seetaramaraju]]. He owns a theatre Radhika in his home town [[Ballari|Bellary]]. He distributed blockbuster movies in Telugu film for over fifty [[Feature film|feature films]]. He ventured into film production with [[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]. He is an [[angel investor]] in Sillymonks, PGO, Nalgonda Eagles in Telangana Premier Kabaddi.
In 2012, he founded the film [[production company]] [[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]].<ref>[http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/saikorrapati.html Sai Korrapati interview – Telugu film producer]</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Title
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012 || ''[[Eega]]''
|-
| ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]''
|-
| ''[[Oohalu Gusagusalade]]''
|-
| {{Lang|te-latn|[[Dikkulu Choodaku Ramayya]]}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 || ''[[Tungabhadra (film)|Tungabhadra]]''
|-
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi]]''
|-
| ''[[Jatha Kalise]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''[[Raja Cheyyi Vesthe]]''
|-
| ''[[Manamantha]]''
|-
| ''[[Jo Achyutananda|Jyo Achyutananda]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Patel S. I. R.]]''
|-
|''Rendu Rellu Aaru''
|-
| ''[[Yuddham Sharanam]]''
|-
|2018 || ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[NTR: Kathanayakudu]]''
|-
|''[[NTR: Mahanayakudu]]''
|-
|2021
|''[[Thellavarithe Guruvaram]]''
|-
|2022
|''[[Bhala Thandanana]]''
|-
|2023
|[[Ustaad (2023 film)|''Ustaad'']]
|-
|2025
|''[[Junior (2025 film)|Junior]]''
|}

==Film distribution==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Year
! style="text-align:center; background:#b0c4de;"| Title
|-
|| 1999 || ''[[Seetharama Raju]]''
|-
|| 2000 || ''[[Lahiri Lahiri Lahirilo]]''
|-
|| 2013 || ''[[Dhoom 3]]''
|-
|| 2014 || ''[[Lingaa]]''
|-
|| 2015 || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]''
|-
|| 2017 || ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]''
|-
|| 2018 || ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
|-
|| 2022 || ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]''
|-
|}

==Awards==
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]- ''[[Eega]]'' (2012)
*[[Filmfare Best Film Award (Telugu)]] - ''[[Eega]]'' (2012)
*[[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)]] - ''[[Eega]]'' (2012)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korrapati, Sai}}
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from Guntur district]]