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Tibetan Muslims

2026-05-08T01:39:59Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new initial article more to come

{{Short description|Ethnoreligious group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Tibetan Muslims
| image = Namaz in lhasa 1950.jpg
| image_caption = Muslims in [[Lhasa]] praying in a mosque in the 1950s
| population = 2-3% of Net Tibetan population<ref>{{cite web |title=Tibetan Muslims |url=https://thus.org/tibetan-muslims/ |publisher=Tibet House US |access-date=16 February 2025 |quote="about 2–3 per cent of the Tibetan population consists of Muslims"}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|China}} ([[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet AR]])
| pop1 = 5,000
| ref1 = <ref name="State Gov"/>
| region2 = {{plainlist|{{flag|India}} ([[Kashmir division|Kashmir]]{{•}}[[Ladakh]]{{•}}[[Sikkim]]{{•}}[[North Bengal]])}}
| pop2 = 1,500+
| ref2 = <ref name="Zargar"/><ref name="rfa.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Tibetan Muslims straddle faith and tradition in China and India |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/muslims-tradition-01142022181835.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Biswas
| first1 = Rubia
| last2 = Momin
| first2 = Hassan
| title = Socio-Economic Status of Tibetan Muslims in Kalimpong
| journal = Pratidhwani: The Echo
| volume = VII
| issue = IV
| date = April 2019
| pages = 316–329
| eissn = 2278-5264
| issn = 2321-9319
| doi = 
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342888703
| access-date = 12 July 2025
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Fabienne Le |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-wyEQAAQBAJ&dq=Sikkim+Muslim&pg=PA50 |title=Tibetan Muslims: A Minority within a Minority. From a Kashmiri Muslim Immigration to Tibet to a Tibetan Muslim Forced Migration to India |date=2023-04-01 |publisher=LIT Verlag |isbn=978-3-643-96445-8 |pages=50 |language=en}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Nepal}}
| pop3 = 400
| ref3 = <ref name="Hennig"/>
| langs = [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]] • [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] • [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] • [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| rels = [[File:Allah-green.svg|17px]] [[Islam]]
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| ibox-order = bo, zh
| tib = ཁ་ཆེ་
| wylie = kha-che
| c = 卡契
| p = Kǎqì
| l = Khache (''phonetic'')
| c2 = 藏回
| p2 = Zàng Huí
| l2 = Tibetan [[Hui people|Hui]]
| c3 = 古格人
| p3 = Gǔgé rén
| l3 = [[Guge]] people
}}
{{Islam and China|groups}}
'''Tibetan Muslims''', also known as the '''Khache''' ({{Bo|t=ཁ་ཆེ་}}, {{literally|[[Kashmiris]]}}), are [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] who adhere to [[Islam]].<ref name="Zargar">{{cite news |last1=Zargar |first1=Safwat |title=The Tibetan Muslims of Kashmir |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/the-tibetan-muslims-of-kashmir/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=The Diplomat |date=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Tibetan Muslims who have made Kashmir their home |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42165908 |work=BBC News |date=1 December 2017}}</ref> Many are descendants of [[Kashmiris]], [[Ladakhis]], and [[Nepalis]] who arrived in Tibet in the 14th to 17th centuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Cabezon|first=Jose Ignacio|date=February 1998|title=Islam on the Roof of the World|url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199801/islam.on.the.roof.of.the.world.htm|access-date=8 January 2022|website=[[Aramco World]]}}</ref> There are approximately 10,000 Tibetan Muslims living in [[China]],<ref name="State Gov">{{cite web |title=Tibet |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/china/tibet/#:~:text=Some%20scholars%20estimate%20there%20are,Tibetan%20Catholics%20in%20the%20TAR. |website=United States Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=白皮书：西藏宗教信仰自由保障的法治化水平不断提高-中国侨网 |trans-title=White Paper: The Rule of Law in Guaranteeing Freedom of Religious Belief in Tibet Continues to Improve - China Overseas Chinese Network |url=https://www.chinaqw.com/m/yw/2025/03-28/391717.shtml |archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0401-2355-51/https://www.chinaqw.com:443/m/yw/2025/03-28/391717.shtml |archive-date=2026-04-01 |access-date=2026-04-10 |website=www.chinaqw.com |quote=12,000 permanent muslim residence in Tibet report - 2025}}</ref> over 1,500 in [[India]],<ref name="Zargar"/> and 300 to 400 in [[Nepal]].<ref name="Hennig">{{cite news |last1=Hennig |first1=Clare |title=A minority within a minority |url=https://archive.nepalitimes.com/article/nepali-times-buzz/tibetan-muslims-celebrate-ramadan,1505 |work=Nepali Times |date=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref name="rfa.org">{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=Tibetan Muslims straddle faith and tradition in China and India |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/muslims-tradition-01142022181835.html |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Radio Free Asia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Tibetan Muslim Community Thrives in Kashmir |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/tibetan-muslim-community-thrives-in-kashmir-/7137341.html |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio-Economic Status of Tibetan Muslims in Kalimpong |url=https://thecho.in/files/35.-Hassan-Momin.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716021202/https://thecho.in/files/35.-Hassan-Momin.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-16 |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=thecho.in}}</ref>

The [[Government of China|government of the People's Republic of China]] does not [[List of ethnic groups in China#Officially recognized ethnic groups in mainland China|recognize]] the Tibetan Muslims as a distinct ethnic group; they are grouped with Tibetan adherents of [[Buddhism]] and [[Bon|Bön]]. In contrast, the Chinese-speaking [[Hui people|Hui Muslims]] are distinguished from the [[Han Chinese]] majority.<ref>{{cite book |last1=郭家骥，边明社 |title=迪庆州民族文化保护传承与开发研究 |date=2012 |publisher=昆明 |location=云南人民出版社 |isbn=978-7-222-09611-0}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
In [[Tibet]], Tibetan Muslims are known as {{transliteration|bo|Khache}}, which literally translates as {{gloss|Kashmiri}} in [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]], because many are descendants of pre-modern emigrants from [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":1"/> In [[Nepal]], they are split into two groups: the ''Khache'', who have Kashmiri ancestry and therefore hold Indian passports; and the ''Khazar'', who have Nepali ancestry and therefore hold Nepali passports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sherpa |first1=Duksangh |title=There are Muslims in Tibet, too |url=https://nepalitimes.com/multimedia/there-are-muslims-in-tibet-too |work=Nepali Times |date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=JIN |first=Yijiu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-PzDQAAQBAJ&dq=islam+in+tibet&pg=PA36 |title=Islam |date=2017-01-09 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-2800-8 |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[周传斌]世界屋脊上的伊斯兰文化 · 中国民俗学网-中国民俗学会 · 主办 · |url=https://www.chinesefolklore.org.cn/web/index.php?NewsID=9456 |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=www.chinesefolklore.org.cn}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Mosques in Lhasa.jpg|thumb|[[Lhasa Great Mosque]]]]

=== Early history ===
The first contacts between Tibet and the Islamic world began around the mid-eighth century when it grew out of a combination of trade via the [[Silk Road]] and the military presence of Muslim forces in the [[Fergana Valley]].<ref name="l426">{{cite book | last=Snyder | first=J.C. | title=After Empire: The Emerging Geopolitics of Central Asia | publisher=DIANE Publishing Company | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-7881-4666-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGlmjL39UncC&pg=PA140 | access-date=2024-05-13 | page=140}}</ref> Despite the vague knowledge the Islamic world had about Tibet, there were a few early Islamic works that mention Tibet. One such source is from a work authored by [[Abu Sa'id Gardezi]] titled ''[[Zayn al-Akhbar]]''. In it, the work mentions the environment, fantastical origin of the Tibetans (through the Himyarites), the divinity of the king, major resources (like musk) and a description of the trade routes to and from Tibet. Another source, ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' (The Regions of the World) written by an unknown author in 982 or 983 in [[Afghanistan]], contains mainly geography, politics and brief descriptions of Tibetan regions, cities, towns and other localities. This source has the first direct mention of the presence of Muslims in Tibet by stating that [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] had one mosque and a small Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmkMBcsXxdkC&pg=PA3|title=Sources of Tibetan Tradition|last1=Schaeffer|first1=Kurtis|last2=Kapstein|first2=Matthew|last3=Tuttle|first3=Gray|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0-231-13599-3|location=New York|pages=24–29}}</ref>

During the reign of [[Sadnalegs]] (800–815), there was a protracted war against Arab powers to the West. It appears that Tibetans captured a number of Arab troops and pressed them into service on the eastern frontier in 801. Tibetans were active as far west as [[Samarkand]] and [[Kabul]].<ref name="Nagra 2021 p. 98">{{cite book | last=Nagra | first=B.J.S. | title=The Truth of Tibet: A Nation the World Lost | publisher=Notion Press | year=2021 | isbn=978-1-64983-961-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzISEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT98 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=98}}</ref> Arab forces began to gain the upper hand, and the Tibetan governor of [[Kabul]] submitted to the [[Arabs]] and became a [[Muslim]] about 812 or 815.<ref>Beckwith, Christopher I. The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia. A History of the Struggle for Great Power among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese during the Early Middle Ages, 1987, Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-02469-3}}, p. 14, 48, 50.</ref>

=== Fourteenth century to present ===
Extensive trade with [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], and [[Baltistan]] also brought Muslims to Tibet especially after the adoption or growing presence of Islam in these regions starting from the fourteenth century. The ongoing growth of Muslims continued as an effect of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war|Tibetan-Ladakhi treaty of 1684]] in which the Tibetan government allowed trade missions from Ladakh to enter Lhasa every three years.<ref name="Warikoo 2009 p. 4">{{cite book | last=Warikoo | first=K. | title=Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-Political and Strategic Perspectives | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-134-03294-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_Z8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=4}}</ref> Many [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] and [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] Muslims joined these missions with some settling in Tibet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/history-culture/buddhism-islam-advanced/history-of-the-muslims-of-tibet|title=History of the Muslims of Tibet|last=Berzin|first=Alexander|website=studybuddhism.com|access-date=22 October 2019}}</ref>{{Sfn|Wang|2024}}

During the reign of the Dalai Lama [[5th Dalai Lama|Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso]] (1617–1682), a permanent Muslim community settled down in Tibet. They were permitted to elect their own council of representatives, settle their group's legal disputes with Islamic law, and some land was donated to them for the construction of a mosque close to [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tibet: A History|last=Schaik van|first=Sam|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780300194104|location=New Haven|pages=128}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1QyAQAAIAAJ&q=%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA,+%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F |title=宗教 |date=2003 |publisher=中国人民大学书报资料社 |language=zh}}</ref> The community soon adopted aspects of Tibetan culture like dress, diet, and the [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan language]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Sheikh|first=Abdul Ghani|date=1991|title=Tibetan Muslims|journal=The Tibet Journal|volume=16|issue=4|pages=86–89|jstor=43300418}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|title=西藏穆斯林行迹和伊斯兰教遗存补正与存疑 |date=December 2018 |pages=31 |url=https://www.ruralchina.cn:443/xcyj/XCReport/previewPage?SiteID=18&ID=7201611 |archive-url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0402-0207-32/https://www.ruralchina.cn:443/xcyj/XCReport/previewPage?SiteID=18&ID=7201611 |archive-date=2026-04-02 |edition=18}}</ref>

An influx of Kashmiri Muslims in Nepal (originally having trade contacts with their kin in Tibet) fled to Tibet starting from 1769 due to the invasion of the [[Kathmandu Valley]] by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]]. As early as the seventeenth century, [[Ningxia]] and other northwestern [[Hui people|Hui]] (Chinese Muslims) began to settle in the eastern regions of Tibet (like in [[Amdo]]). They intermarried with the local Tibetans and continued to have extensive trade contacts with other Muslims inside China.<ref name=":0" />

Another recent wave of new Muslim settlers began after the [[Dogras|Dogra]] conquest of Tibet in 1841. Many Kashmiri, Balti and Ladakhi Muslim troops (who were taken as prisoners when fighting against the Dogra army) stayed behind to settle in Tibet. A few Hindu Dogras also settled in Tibet and subsequently converted to Islam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Among the many Hui subgroups, the geographical distribution of the "Tibetan Hui/Tibetan Muslims" is limited to the Tibetan area, and there are two main distribution areas in China – the "Tibetan Hui" in the Karigang area of the present-day Hualong Hui Autonomous County in [[Qinghai Province]], whose original ethnic group was Tibetan, and due to their longstanding close economic dealings with the Hui around them, have been influenced by the Hui in their daily lives, which has led to their cultural integration of Hui religious beliefs and their conversion to Islam, and have been recognized as "Tibetan Muslims" by the surrounding ethnic groups. The Tibetan Hui in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] (unlike other Tibetan Muslims living elsewhere) consider themselves to be very different from the Chinese Muslims and sometimes marry with other Tibetans (including Buddhists).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic|last=Gladney|first=Dru|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1996|isbn=0-674-59497-5|edition=2|location=Cambridge|pages=33, 34, 36}}</ref>

Outside of the Lhasa area, smaller Muslim communities and mosques exist in [[Shigatse]], [[Tsetang]], and [[Chengguan, Chamdo|Chengguan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ga|first=Zangjia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4OUNe8ZdrwC|title=Tibetan Religions|publisher=China Intercontinental Press|year=2003|isbn=978-7-5085-0232-8|pages=159|language=en}}</ref> Their forefathers were Hui, and because they have lived in the Tibetan area for a long time, they have borrowed the way of life of the Tibetans, as in the case of the Hui groups in [[Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture]] in [[Yunnan Province]]. They are called "Tibetan Muslims" and "Tibetan Hui" because they have lived and grown up in Tibetan areas for more than a century and have been strongly influenced by Tibetan culture, and their daily life is similar to that of the Tibetans.<ref>{{cite book |last1=张实，李红春编 |title=云南省香格里拉县藏回族群研究 |date=2012 |publisher=北京 |location=知识产权出版社 |isbn=978-7-5130-1197-6 |pages=25–26}}</ref> According to a 2008 research, in recent years there has been a tendency among Tibetans in [[Shangri-La County]] to return to Islam, with the disappearance of spiritual beliefs such as [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Dongbaism]], witchcraft, and primitive beliefs, and a more devout belief in Islam.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=李红春 |title=关于云南"藏回"社会文化变迁的思考 |journal=中国藏学 |date=2008 |issue=2 |pages=41–48 |url=http://www.cqvip.com/QK/83473X/200802/27390472.html}}</ref>

== Question of citizenship ==
In 1959, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] concluded that the Barkor Khache were Indian citizens.{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=103-104}} The first letter written by the Barkor Khache community in Lhasa was to Tibetan Muslims in [[Kalimpong]] in 1959:{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=103-104}}
{{Blockquote|text=It is vitally important for us to let you know that the Chinese Government, after the recent trouble in Lhasa, has threateningly asked us about our ancestry. In reply we declared ourselves with cogent evidence as Kashmiris and subjects of India. The Chinese Government is trying its best to subjugate us and make us Chinese Nationals.|author=|title=|source=}}

The Chinese government attempted to coerce the Barkor Khache into accepting Chinese citizenship and giving up their claims to Indian citizenship.{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=109}} They were initially prevented by China from emigrating to India.{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=112}} The Chinese authorities harassed them, beat them, subjected them to arbitrarily high taxes and told them to attend "indoctrination meetings".{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=115}} On 2 September 1960, Chinese leaders announced that the Barkor Khache would be allowed to leave.{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=116}} The Barkor Khache began leaving later that month to India, via the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]].{{sfn|Atwill|2018|p=118}} Whereas, the [[Hebalin Khache|Wapaling Khaches]] decided to stay in Hebalin.<ref name="f892">{{cite book | last1=Powers | first1=D.S. | last2=Tagliacozzo | first2=E. | title=Islamic Ecumene: Comparing Muslim Societies | publisher=Cornell University Press | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-5017-7240-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5e4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86 | access-date=2024-05-13 | page=86}}</ref>

== Language ==
[[File:Bilingual (Bo-Kas) Quran.jpg|thumb|''A Cover of Bilingual Tibetan-Koshur Quran''|260x260px]]
The Tibetan Muslims, like Muslims elsewhere in China, are primarily [[Sunni]] and, like other Tibetans, speak a local dialect of [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]].<ref name="Klieger 2006 p. 204">{{cite book | last=Klieger | first=P.C. | title=Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 2: Tibetan Borderlands | publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Tibetan Studies Library | year=2006 | isbn=978-90-474-1145-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qIZSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=204}}</ref> The Balti people of [[Baltistan]], who belong to the [[Shiite]] sect, also use a dialect of Tibetan (locally known as Balti) that is a mixture of other languages,<ref>{{cite book |last1=（日）山口瑞凤等著； |title=国外藏学研究译文集第6辑 |date=1989 |publisher=[[Tibet People's Publishing House]] |location=拉萨 |isbn=7-223-00313-8 |page=978}}</ref> but is written in the [[Arabic alphabet]], with many loanwords from [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]], and the Balti people also use both Persian and Urdu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=（巴基斯坦）穆罕默德·尤素夫·侯赛因阿巴迪|title=巴尔蒂斯坦（小西藏）的历史与文化 |date=2011 |publisher=中国藏学出版社 |location=北京 |isbn=978-7-80253-336-3 |page=258}}</ref><ref name="van Driem 2022 p. 850">{{cite book | last=van Driem | first=G. | title=Languages of the Himalayas: Volume 2 | publisher=Brill | series=Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2 South Asia | year=2022 | isbn=978-90-04-51492-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tGLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA850 | access-date=2024-03-11 | page=850}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

=== Sub-groups{{sfn|Atwill|2018|pages=24-8 }} ===

* Barkor and Wapaling Khache
* Ladakhi Khache
* Singpa Khache
* Siling Khache
* Gharib Khache
*

== Notable Personalities ==

* Qasim Khallow<ref>{{Cite news |title=Masaan actor Shweta Tripathi to play teenager dancer in Gone Kesh, upcoming film based on alopecia- Entertainment News, Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/masaan-actor-shweta-tripathi-to-play-teen-dancer-in-gone-kesh-indias-first-film-on-alopecia-4550601.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701232110/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/masaan-actor-shweta-tripathi-to-play-teen-dancer-in-gone-kesh-indias-first-film-on-alopecia-4550601.html |archive-date=2018-07-01 |access-date=2026-05-03 |work=Firstpost |language=en-US |quote=The film will be directed by debutante Qasim Khallow, the first ever Tibetan Muslim to work in Bollywood}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Islam|China}}}}
* [[Islam in China]]
* [[Balti people]], Muslims of Tibetan ancestry who live in Baltistan, Pakistan
* [[Purigpa]], Muslims of Tibetan ancestry who live in Ladakh, India
* [[Religion in Tibet]]
* [[Dai Paxi|Dai Muslims]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sulmaan Wasif |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zj5_BgAAQBAJ |title=Muslim, Trader, Nomad, Spy: China's Cold War and the People of the Tibetan Borderlands |date=2015-03-23 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-1-4696-2111-1 |language=en}}
* Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit. (2016). Islam and Tibet: interactions along the musk routes. Routledge, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1-138-24704-8}}.
* Atwill, David G. "Boundaries of Belonging: Sino-Indian Relations and the 1960 Tibetan Muslim Incident." ''The Journal of Asian Studies'' 75, no. 03 (August 2016): 595–620, {{doi|10.1017/S0021911816000553}}.
* {{Cite book |last=Atwill |first=David G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1VtDwAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Shangri-La: Inter-Asian Relations and Lhasa's Muslim Communities, 1600 to 1960 |date=2018-09-18 |publisher=[[Univ of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-29973-3 |edition=1 |language=en}}
* Sheikh, Abdul Ghani. (1991). "Tibetan Muslims." ''The Tibet Journal''. Vol. XVI, No. 4. Winter, 1991, pp. 86–89.
* Siddiqui, Ataullah. (1991). "Muslims of Tibet." ''The Tibet Journal''. Vol. XVI, No. 4. Winter, 1991, pp. 71–85.
{{refend}}

* {{cite thesis |last=Gaute |first=Alexander |title=Muslim & Tibetan: The role of religion in migrant and diaspora experience |date=2015-06-21 |type= |publisher=Karlstads University |url=https://www.academia.edu/14935369 |language=en |pages=69}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Siyi |date=2024-11-06 |title=Who Am I? Exploring the Role of Religious Beliefs in Shaping the Ethnic Identity of Tibetan Muslims: A Case Study in Hebalin, Lhasa, Tibet |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=15 |issue=11 |pages=1351 |doi=10.3390/rel15111351 |doi-access=free |issn=2077-1444}}

==== Chinese Language Based Sources ====

* {{cite journal
|last=李
|first=志农
|author2=李红春
|author3=李欣
|title=藏化与回归——云南迪庆"藏回"的文化走向
|journal=思想战线
|year=2008
|issue=5
|pages=10–13
|language=zh
|publisher=维普资讯
|url=https://mqikan.cqvip.com/Article/ArticleDetail?id=28220147
}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050205182410/http://tibet.com/Muslim/index.html Tibetan Muslims]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060219114031/http://www.fonsvitae.com/tibetbook.html Islam in Tibet: Preface by His Holiness The Dalai Lama; Including 'Islam in the Tibetan Cultural Sphere'; 'Buddhist and Islamic Viewpoints of Ultimate Reality'; and The Illustrated Narrative 'Tibetan Caravans'- Fons Vitae books]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050317150126/http://www.fonsvitae.com/tibetvideo.html Islam in Tibet 'The Ornaments of Llasa' Video – Fons Vitae books]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050310053759/http://www.informatik.uni-freiburg.de/%7Edanlee/photo-albums/tb-photos/ Gallery of Tibet (Includes picture of a Minaret)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040808140638/http://liquidcycles.com/albums/tibet/muslim_quarter_in_lhasa.jpg Mosque in Lhasa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061205222504/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/islamtibet/indexit.htm Islam and Tibet: cultural interactions, 8th to 17th centuries]
* [http://www.eurasiareview.com/20122012-exploring-ethnicities-a-sociological-profile-of-tibetan-muslim-community-on-kashmir-valley-analysis/ Exploring Ethnicities: A Sociological Profile Of Tibetan Muslim Community In Kashmir Valley – Analysis]
* [http://www.tibet.ca/en/library/wtn/12956 A minority within a minority: Nepal's Tibetan Muslims mark Ramadan]
* {{Cite web |title=从藏回傣回到蒙回（组图）-马黑-万维博客-万维读者网（电脑版） |url=https://blog.creaders.net/u/2535/201406/185032.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=blog.creaders.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418085423/https://blog.creaders.net/u/2535/201406/185032.html |archive-date=2025-04-18}}
* {{Cite web |title=ISLAM IN TIBET: The Illustrative Nanative TIBETAN CARAVANS |url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Tibet%20and%20China/1997%20Islam%20in%20Tibet%20and%20the%20illustrated%20narrative%20Tibetan%20Caravans%20by%20Radhu%20s.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908040045/https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Tibet%20and%20China/1997%20Islam%20in%20Tibet%20and%20the%20illustrated%20narrative%20Tibetan%20Caravans%20by%20Radhu%20s.pdf |archive-date=2024-09-08 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=pahar.in}}
* {{Cite web |last=wpoceans |title=Articles on Tibetan Muslims |url=https://tibetanmuslims.com/articles-on-tms.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025234318/https://tibetanmuslims.com/articles-on-tms.php |archive-date=2025-10-25 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=tibetanmuslims.com |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Who are the Tibetan Muslims? – DW – 07/23/2024 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-kashmiri-tibetan-muslims/video-69744386 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723220457/https://www.dw.com/en/who-are-the-kashmiri-tibetan-muslims/video-69744386 |archive-date=2024-07-23 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=dw.com |language=en}}

{{Clear}}
{{Tibet topics}}

[[Category:Tibetan people]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tibet]]
[[Category:Muslim ethnic groups of China]]
[[Category:Religion in Tibet]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora by country]]

S.R. Harnot

2026-05-05T12:06:34Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Created A Article

{{Short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox person
| name = S.R. Harnot
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|01|22}}
| birth_place = Chanawag, Tehsil Seoni, [[Shimla District]]
| citizenship = Indian
}}

'''S.R. Harnot''' ( Sant Ram Harnot )born 22 January 1955) is a creative writer from [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. He is noted for his numerous poems, short stories, and novels in [[Hindi]] and [[Pahari language|Pahadi]]. He has received multiple awards on the state, national, and international levels. His is work has inspired both a considerable body of scholarship and a number of adaptations in various artistic forms by others. Harnot writes mostly about societal issues such as socio-cultural change, casteism, [[environmental degradation]], corporate greed, and official corruption in the everyday life of contemporary rural [[western Himalayas]].<ref name=":3">{{Citation |title=एस॰आर॰ हरनोट |date=2020-03-15 |url=https://hi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F&oldid=4617341 |work=विकिपीडिया |language=hi |access-date=2022-12-04}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Himachal |first=The News |date=2013-01-31 |title=SR Harnot retires from HPTDC, vows to dedicate more time for literature |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2013/01/sr-harnot-retires-from-hptdc-vows-to-dedicate-more-time-for-literature/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The News Himachal |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Literary Scene: Hindi short story in Himachal by P C K Prem |url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/14637/contemporary-literary-scene |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.boloji.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Harnot was born in village Chanawag, Tehsil Seoni, [[Shimla district|Shimla District]]. While growing up he faced a lot of financial constraints, but eventually had a successful career. He worked at the Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation for 36 years till 2013, retiring as Deputy General Manager. Prior to that, he had worked for some time at the Industries Department.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

Harnot holds an [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Hindi, a [[BA (Hons)]] in Hindi, and a Diploma in PR, Advertising and Journalism.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Kartik Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=SR+harnot+himachal&pg=PA453 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |language=en}}</ref>

Harnot's son Girish Harnot is an actor, writer, and director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-24 |title=Girish Harnot's Ram Bharose shortfilm {{!}} Himachal Watcher |url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2016/06/24/shimla-artists-himachali-short-film-ram-bharose-wins-best-film-award-at-international-film-carnival-2016/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Works ==
Harnot is the author of several short story collections. These include ''Panja, Aakashbel, Peeth Par Pahad, Darosh tatha anya kahaniyaan, Jeenkathi Tatha Anya Kahaniyan, Mitti Ke Log, Lytton Block Gir Raha Hai, Keelein, Bhaga Devi ka Chaighar. Nadi gayab hai, Dus Pratinidhi Kahaniyan ''and ''Aadhar chayan kahaniyan. ''His novels include ''Hidimb'' (2011)and ''Nadi rang jaisi ladki (2022).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Harnot |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyU0ugEACAAJ |title=S.R. Harnot's Cats Talk |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-1357-0 |language=en}}</ref>'' He has also written certain works based on culture and travel in Himachal Pradesh. These include'' Himachal ke mandir aur unse judi lok kathayein (1991); Himachal at a glance (2000), ''and ''Yatra: Kinnaur, Spiti, Lahaul, aur Manimahesh par sanskritik aur aetihasik yatraein (1987)''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=लेखक एस.आर. हरनोट का व्यक्तित्व S.R. HARNOT|url=https://www.hindisamay.com/writer/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F-SR-HARNOT.cspx?id=80|access-date=2022-12-04|website=www.hindisamay.com}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Views ==
Harnot is critical of the widespread [[Caste system in India|caste discrimination]] in Himachal Pradesh, a theme he has engaged with both creatively and through activism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caste discrimination a reality in Himachal schools |url=https://morungexpress.com/caste-discrimination-reality-himachal-schools |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-04 |title=Caste discrimination a reality in Himachal Pradesh schools |url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/caste-discrimination-a-reality-in-himachal-pradesh-schools-19146164 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2018-03-04 |title=Caste discrimination a reality in Himachal schools |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/caste-discrimination-a-reality-in-himachal-schools |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-10 |title=Himachal: Contempt notice to DC, SP Bilaspur on anti-Dalit banner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/himachal-contempt-notice-to-dc-sp-bilaspur-on-antidalit-banner/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Himachal HC issues compliance notice to shrine committee |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/state-editions/himachal-hc-issues-compliance-notice-to-shrine-committee.html |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> In January 2022, he launched the book ''Hindi dalit sahitya: vimarsh ke ayine mein'', an anthology on contemporary [[Dalit]] writings in Hindi edited by Dr. Surendra Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=एसआर हरनोट ने किया 'हिन्दी दलित साहित्य: विमर्श के आईने में' - latest news shimla |url=https://himachalabhiabhi.com/sr-harnot-releases-critical-book/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Himachal Abhi Abhi |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2007, Harnot offered to provide the Bangladeshi writer [[Taslima Nasrin|Taslima Nasreen]] refuge at his home, a time when Nasreen was facing flak due to her controversial writings about Islam.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI|date=29 Nov 2007 |title=Scholars from Himachal offer their homes to Taslima {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/scholars-from-himachal-offer-their-homes-to-taslima/articleshow/2581962.cms |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Some of the early awards won by Harnot include the [[Bharatendu Harishchandra Awards|Bhartendu Harish Chandra Award]], the Creative News National Award, Himachal Kesari Award, and Himachal Gaurav Award.<ref name=":1" /> Other awards include the Himachal State Akademi Award, the 'Award for Tourism and Literature' from the Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation, and 'the Fiction Writer of the Year Award' by [[Divya Himachal]] Daily Newspaper.<ref name=":2" />

As of 1 October 2018, his work had been the subject of three PhDs and 17 MPhil dissertations at various Indian universities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Hindi writer's stories translated into English |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/news-detail-661360 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

Some particular recognitions include the following:

* Harnot's book 'Himachal ke mandir aur unse judi lok kathayein' (The temples of Himachal and the folk tales associated with them), originally published in 1991, has been digitally archived on [[Internet Archive|archive.org]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harnot |first=S. R. |url=http://archive.org/details/1991-himachal-ke-mandir-aur-unse-judi-lok-kathaen-by-harnot_202108 |title=Himachal Ke Mandir Aur Unse Judi Lok-Kathaen |date=1991 |publisher=Shimla: Minerva Book House}}</ref>
* In 2003, Harnot was awarded the [[Indu Sharma Katha Samman|Indu Sharma katha samman]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himachal writer selected for Katha award |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-kapoor-imtiaz-ali-promote-rockstar_96123.html/amp |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
* In 2010, Harnot was awarded the Hindi Sewa Samman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Disha Singh |date=2010-09-23 |title=Himachal writer Harnot awarded Hindi Sewa Samaan at Ujjain |url=https://hillpost.in/2010/09/harnot-was-awarded-with-hindi-sewa-samaan-at-ujjain-on-hindi-divas/22251/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Hill Post |language=en-US}}</ref>
* In 2012, he was awarded the Jagdish Chandra Smriti Award.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Himachal |first=The News |date=2012-10-07 |title=S.R.Harnot confreres with Jagdish Chandra Smriti Award |language=en-US |work=The News Himachal |url=https://thenewshimachal.com/2012/10/s-r-harnot-confreres-with-jagdish-chandra-smriti-award-for-his-short-story-mitti-ke-log/ |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref>
* In 2012, the Bollywood actor [[Anupam Kher]] organised a month-long theater workshop in Shimla's [[Gaiety Theater, Shimla|Gaiety Theater]] based on Harnot's short story 'Bezuban'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Himachal PLUS |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120905/himplus.htm |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* In 2014, Mariola Offredi, a researcher from Italy, presented a paper titled 'The effects of glocalization on the mountain villages of Himachal Pradesh: an analysis of the Hindi short stories of S.R. Harnot' at the 23rd European Conference on South Asian Studies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Offredi |first=Mariola |title=m.com - the effects of glocalization on the mountain villages of Himachal Pradesh: an analysis of the Hindi short stories of S.R. Harnot |url=https://nomadit.co.uk/conference/ecsas2014/paper/18532 |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=nomadit.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, Offredi had translated and presented Harnot's short story 'a manav' at a literary conference in Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Baldev S. |date=2012-07-12 |title=Himachal writer's short story at world lit conference |url=https://sunpost.in/himachal-writers-short-story-at-world-lit-conference/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Sun Post}}</ref>
* in 2018, 'Cats Talk', an anthology of 12 short stories by Harnot translated into English, was published by [[Cambridge Scholars Publishing|Cambridge Scholars]] (UK).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Keekli |date=2018-09-30 |title=Cats Talk – Short Stories {{!}} Keekli |url=https://keekli.in/cats-talk-short-stories-delving-social-political-religious-cultural-himachal/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harnot |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VupwDwAAQBAJ&dq=SR+harnot+himachal&pg=PA5 |title=S. R. Harnot's Cats Talk |date=2018-10-01 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-5275-1780-6 |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2021, Harnot's short story 'Ma padhti hai' was translated into English as 'Ma reads' and published in the [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline magazine]] in the January issue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-22 |title='Ma reads' by S.R. Harnot: A Hindi short story in translation |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/literature/ma-reads-by-sr-harnot-a-hindi-short-story-in-translation/article33510865.ece |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2022 (August), Harnot was the convener of the 'Bhalku smriti literary yatra', a journey along the historic [[Kalka–Shimla Railway|Kalka-Shimla railway line]] involving recitals of stories, memories, poetry, and music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=42 writers to participate in Bhalkhu literary yatra. |url=https://civilstaphimachal.com/current-affair/42-writers-to-participate-in-bhalkhu-literary-yatra/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Civilstap Himachal |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:People from Shimla district]]
[[Category:Novelists from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Poets from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:People from Shimla]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Hindi-language novelists]]

Prayagraj–Haridwar Express

2026-05-05T11:36:27Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Prayag Ghat Haridwar Express
| image = Allahabad Haridwar Express.JPG
| caption =
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railways]]
| start = [[Prayag Ghat Railway station]]
| stops = 13
| end = [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Junction]]
| distance = {{convert|725|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hours 40 minutes as 14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express, 15 hours 20 minutes as 14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express.
| frequency = 3 days a week. 14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express – Tuesday, Thursday & Sunday. 14116 [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar]] [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] Express – Monday, Wednesday & Friday.
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, Second Class seating
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]] attached
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 14115/14116
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|48.33|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14229/14230 [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj]] [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar]] Express is an [[Express train|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[North Central Railway zone]] that runs between [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]] and [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Junction]] in India.

It operates as train number 14229 from [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]] to [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Junction]] and as train number 14230 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].

==Coaches==

14115/16 Prayagraj Haridwar Express presently has 1 AC 2-tier, 1 AC 3-tier, 6 Sleeper Class, 6 Second Class seating, and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not have a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]].

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

The 14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express covers the distance of 725 kilometres in 14 hours 40 mins (49.43 km/h) and in 15 hours 20 mins as 14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express (47.28 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below 55 km/h, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare does not include a superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 14115 / 16 Prayag Ghat [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar]] Express runs from Prayag Ghat Railway Station via [[Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station|Lucknow Junction]], [[Hardoi]], [[Shahjehanpur]], [[Bareilly railway station|Bareilly Junction]], [[Najibabad|Najibabad Junction]] to [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Junction]].

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[WAP 4]] locomotive from the [[Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station|Lucknow]] shed powers the train for its entire journey.

==Timings==

14115 Prayagraj Haridwar Express leaves [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]] every Tuesday, Thursday & Sunday at 23:35 hrs IST and reaches [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Junction]] at 14:15 hrs IST the next day.

14116 Haridwar Prayagraj Express leaves [[Haridwar railway station|Haridwar Junction]] every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday at 16:25 hrs IST and reaches [[Prayagraj Junction railway station|Prayagraj Junction]] at 07:45 hrs IST the next day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/haridwar-express-derails-near-lucknow/article5407752.ece|title=Haridwar Express derails near Lucknow - The Hindu|publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=2014-05-30|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2013-11-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.metrojournalist.com/tag/allahabad-bound-haridwar-express/|title=Allahabad-Bound Haridwar Express | Metro Journalist|publisher=metrojournalist.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/print/news/railways-cancel-trains-from-dec-due-to-fog-12361-1.html|title=India TV >> Railways Cancel 28 Trains From Dec 1 Due To Fog|publisher=indiatvnews.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irctc.co.in|title=IRCTC Online Passenger Reservation System|publisher=irctc.co.in|accessdate=2014-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303131207/http://www.irctc.co.in/|archive-date=3 March 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allahabad - Haridwar Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Trains from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2004]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Sankara College of Science and Commerce

2026-05-02T19:59:24Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new first details basic info

{{Short description|College in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Sankara College of Science and Commerce(SANSAC)
|image_size =
| motto = Education for Life
| mottoeng =
|established = 1982 <ref name="Official Sankara College"/>
|chairman =
|principal = Dr.V.Radhika <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Aboutus.aspx?id=5 |title=Sankara College of Science and Commerce |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-date=6 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106033024/http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Aboutus.aspx?id=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| students = 3500
|city = [[Coimbatore]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|country = [[India]]
| language = ENGLISH
| colours =
|website = http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Courses.aspx?id=17
|image_name =Logo of Sankara College of Science and Commerce.png
}}
'''Sankara College of Science and Commerce''' is an Autonomous Arts College in [[Saravanampatti]], in the [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and is affiliated with [[Bharathiar University]].<ref name="www.coimbatore.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.coimbatore.com/schoolsandcolleges/college/sanakaraclgscience_comm.htm | title=www.coimbatore.com | accessdate=2013-06-13}}</ref> Sankara College of Science and Commerce is accredited by NAAC with 'A' Grade, and also the college is ISO certified.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naac.gov.in/docs/A&A.pdf|title=NAAC|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

==History==
The Sankara Education institutions, sponsored by the Coimbatore Educational and Cultural Foundation Trust, was founded by Sri T.K. Pattabhiraman in August 1982.<ref name="Official Sankara College">{{cite web | url=http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Aboutus.aspx?id=1 | title=Sankara College | accessdate=2013-06-13 | archive-date=1 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601022418/http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Aboutus.aspx?id=1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The other two institutions under [[Sankara Educational Institutions]] are Sankara Institute of Management Science (MBA Institute) & Sankara Polytechnic College <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Aboutus.aspx?id=2 |title=Sankara College of Science And Commerce |website=www.sankara.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113050138/http://www.sankara.ac.in/sansac/Aboutus.aspx?id=2 |archive-date=2012-01-13}} </ref>

== Governing council ==
The college is currently governed by Shri.T.P.Ramachandran (Secretary&Managing Trustee), Mrs.Sandhya Ramachandran (Joint Secretary), Mr.Kalyanaraman TR (Joint Secretary&Trustee) and Mrs. Nithya Ramachandran(Deputy Joint Secretary)

==Location==

The college is in Saravanampatty, and is 13 km from [[Coimbatore International Airport]].

[[File:Sansac.jpg|link=|220x220px]]

==Academics==
===Undergraduate===
* B.Com.
* B.Com. CA
* B.Com. PA
* BBA CA
* BCA
* B.Sc. Information Technology
* B.Sc. Electronics and Communication Systems
* B.Sc. Catering Science and Hotel Management
* B.Sc. Computer Science
* B.A. English Literature

===Postgraduate===
*M.Com. - Master of Commerce
*M.B.A. - Master of Business Administration
*M.Phil.
*MCA
*Ph.D. Commerce

== Campus life ==
Sankara College of Science and Commerce has various associations and clubs such as NSS, Red Cross, Parents Association, Commerce Club, and Sports Club. Student also has access to cafeteria 24/7

== Facilities ==
* State of art Infrastructure
* Modern Computer Lab
* Digital Library
* Separate hostels for boys and girls
* Library
* Placement cell
* Counselling cell
* Ac Seminar Hall
* E-Learning
* Sports Arena
* Transport facilities

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]

Pakka Chukka

2026-04-29T06:11:17Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Created A Post

{{Short description|2003 Indian film directed by S. Narayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pakka Chukka
| image = Pakka Chukka.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[S. Narayan]]
| writer = Ilakkiyan S. Narayan
| screenplay = Ilakkiyan S. Narayan Ramani
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Pavan Narayan Pankaj Narayan
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]]
*[[S. Narayan]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mathew
| editing = P. R. Sounder Raj
| music = '''Songs:''' S. Narayan '''Score:''' Prashanth Raj
| studio = Shambhavi Pictures
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|1|31}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pakka Chukka''''' is a 2003 Indian Kannada-language film directed by [[S. Narayan]] starring [[Ramesh Aravind]] and himself. [[Ruchita Prasad]], Mahalakshmi, [[Doddanna]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] and [[Sundar Raj]] play supporting roles.

== Plot ==
Rami and Nani disguise as their fathers (who are their lookalikes) and make a group of people believe that they are [[swami]]jis. After finding out that they have been tricked, people beat up the fathers since Rami and Nani have run away. While on the run, Rami and Nani run into a house where a newly married couple are ready to get in bed during their [[Consummation|first night]]. The couple files a complaint in the police station. Since the police are after them, Rami and Nani run non-stop and jump on stage during a modeling competition and win an [[nilavilakku|oil lamp]].

Meanwhile, Chandru tells a group of guys that two potential grooms are coming from the US for their rich uncle, and his men hatch a plan to pretend to dress like them and kidnap them at the [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bangalore International Airport]]. Chandru's men execute the plan with two of them dressing like the American potential grooms and two of them as the kidnappers. After the police inspector Sundar arrives, Rami and Nani run to the airport. While they are changing clothes, the clothes of the American grooms and their orange wigs fall on them. One shirt says "Pakka" and the other "Chukka". After they leave the airport, Chandru's rich uncle mistakes them to be the American grooms. They now call themselves Pakka and Chukka hoping that they will not lose their identities.

Chandru and Sundru attempt to hatch a series of plots against Rami and Nani including a failed attempt to switch Rami and Nani back with Chandru's men. Rami and Nani fall in love with the rich man's daughters — Meena and her sister, respectively. They escape from the rich man's home. Chandru and Sundru choke their rich uncle's wife and make her faint. They frame Rami and Nani for the murder but since they act mentally unstable, they are taken to the mental hospital as shown at the beginning of the film. Rami and Nani's fathers find out what their sons have been doing and come to the rich man's house. The leave their sons naked with only a towel and steal their wigs, taking advantage of the situation. Chandru and Sundru are confused when Rami and Nani start shaving but little do they know that they are not Rami and Nani but their fathers. Rami and Nani's father take advantage of the situation and Rami's father even falls for the maid. This confuses the rich man who had a good impression of the American grooms, who now start smoking in front of him. Chandru and Sundru come to their rich uncle's house in the night. They are confused because when they wake Rami and Nani, they come to urinate on them twice (the second time it was their fathers). Chandru and Sundru use Meena and her sister to do something against Rami and Nani. However, a flies comes into the room and lands on Sundru, leaving him injured. The rich man later finds out that Rami and Nani are not his potential grooms from America but he is okay with them marrying his daughters after all that has happened.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramesh Aravind]] as Rami a.k.a. Pakka and Rami's father
*[[S. Narayan]] as Nani a.k.a. Chukka and Nani's father
*[[Ruchitha Prasad]] as Meena<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_jogula.asp|title=Ruchitaprasad joined Jogula|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-12-01|archive-date=2015-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201201221/http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_jogula.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Mahalakshmi as Meena's sister
*[[Doddanna]] as Meena's father and Chandru and Sundru's uncle
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Chandru
*[[Sundar Raj]] as Sundru
*[[Shobaraj]] as Inspector Sundar Raj
*[[Mandeep Roy]] as Cook
*[[Chitra Shenoy]] as Meena's mother
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as Doctor
*Kote Prabhakar as Chandru's henchman
}}

== Production ==
[[S. Narayan]] and [[Ramesh Aravind]] were working together again after the success of their two previous collaborations — ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' (2001) and ''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]'' (2001). Singer Mahalakshmi was signed to play the female lead, making her debut as an actress, alongside [[Ruchitha Prasad]]. In an interview during the film's production, Narayan stated, "For the first time, Ramesh is acting under my direction. He missed acting under our banner thrice. We have now decided to make this film to suit our image. The speciality of this film is that both of us will be wearing similar costumes throughout the film and will be seen together always." Filming took place in and around [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srinivasa |first1=Srikanth |title=Happy twosome |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept08/ent8.htm |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=5 April 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021122181647/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sept08/ent8.htm |archive-date=22 November 2002 |date=8 September 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Narayan stated he made the film with the intention to make people bored at home laugh for two hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/news/current_pakka.asp|title=Pakka Chukka - a film by S. Narayan|work=Viggy|language=kn}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pakka Chukka
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Narayan]] '''Background Score:''' Prashanth Raj
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2003
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:28
| language = Kannada
| label = Akash Audio
| producer =
| chronology = [[S. Narayan]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = Veeru
| next_year = 2006
| misc =
{{Extra chronology
| artist = Prashanth Raj
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = Aathma
| prev_year = 2002
| title = Pakka Chukka
| year = 2003
| next_title = Hucchana Maduveli Undone Jana
| next_year = 2003
}}
}}
The songs for the film were composed by [[S. Narayan]] while the background score was composed by Prashanth Raj. The soundtrack was released under the music label Akash Audio.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ca/album/pakka-chukka-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1104895497|title=Pakka Chukka (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=2003|work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ghal Ghal Ghal
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length1 = 4:42
| title2 = Gumma Gumma
| extra2 = [[S. Narayan]], [[L. N. Shastri]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Masala Masala
| extra3 = [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length3 = 5:12
| title4 = Odu Odu Odu
| length4 = 4:30
| extra4 = [[Devan Ekambaram]]
| title5 = Yavva Yavva Enaithu
| length5 = 4:40
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra
| total_length = 23:28
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 30 January 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_pakka.asp|title=Pakka Chukka releasing on Jan. 30th|work=Viggy|access-date=2023-12-01|archive-date=2003-02-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030216180455/http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_pakka.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

A critic from ''Viggy'' wrote that "Overall, is an overdosed comedy film without sync".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://viggy.com/english/review_pakkachukka.asp|title=Pakka Chukka film review|work=Viggy|date=28 February 2003|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422113326/http://viggy.com/english/review_pakkachukka.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo'' wrote that "People have forgotten to laugh. Though they know that laughing is very necessary for good health. Actually there is no one to make them laugh".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/pakka_chukka.html|title=PAKKA CHUKKA - Review|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030206012605/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/pakka_chukka.html|archive-date=6 February 2003|work=indiainfo}}</ref> ''Deccan Herald'' wrote "Ramesh and Narayan have no scope to perform. It is quite surprising how Ramesh accepted such an inane subject. There are some funny situations in the film and that’s about it. Doddanna is wasted and so are the glamour dolls. Mandeep Rai and Shobhraj give some comic relief. It is refreshing to see villain Shobhraj in a comic role. Mukhyamantri Chandru is okay.A film that has an overdose of comedy but is not in place".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/filmr.asp|title=Pakka Chukka|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=15 March 2025|date=2 February 2003|last=Srikanth|archive-date=3 August 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030803090745/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/feb02/filmr.asp|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14677332}}
{{S. Narayan}}

[[Category:2003 comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2003 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Narayan]]

2024 Indian general election in Telangana

2026-04-28T12:40:15Z

Nadeem Ahmed: New

{{short description|Indian political election in Telangana}}
{{For|Legislative Assembly elections|2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Indian general election in Telangana
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = No
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Telangana
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Telangana
| next_year = 2029
| election_date = 13 May 2024
| seats_for_election = All 17 Telangana seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Telangana
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Telangana
| opinion_polls = Next Indian general election in Telangana#Opinion polls
| image_size =
| turnout = 66.30% ({{increase}} 4.19%)
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=G.Kishan Reddy.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=23|oTop=5}}
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader2 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]] (''won'')
| last_election2 = 19.65%, 4 seats
| alliance2 = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| seats2 = '''8'''
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 4
| popular_vote2 = 77,43,947
| percentage2 = 35.19%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 15.54[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Revanth Reddy.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=4}}
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| leader1 = [[Revanth Reddy]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA ]]
| last_election1 = 29.79%, 3 seats
| seats1 = '''8'''
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 5
| popular_vote1 = '''88,24,961'''
| percentage1 = '''40.10%'''
| swing1 = {{increase}} 10.31[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao.png|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=18|oTop=0}}
| leader5 = [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]
| party5 = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
| alliance5 = –
| leaders_seat5 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election5 = 41.71%, 9 seats
| popular_vote5 = 36,37,086
| percentage5 = 16.68%
| seats5 = 0
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 9
| swing5 = {{decrease}} 24.48[[Percentage point|pp]]
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=asaduddin.jpg|bSize=140|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=23|oTop=5}}
| party4 = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| leader4 = [[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
| leaders_seat4 = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]] (''won'')
| last_election4 = 2.78%, 1 seats
| seat_change4 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote4 = 6,59,278
| percentage4 = 3.02%
| seats4 = 1
| alliance4 = –
| swing4 = {{increase}} 0.22[[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = {{Switcher|[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Telangana Result Map.svg|300px]]|Partywise result map of the 2024 general election in Telangana|[[File:2024 Telangana Lok Sabha election alliance wise results.svg|300px]]|Alliance-wise result map of the 2024 general election in Telangana}}
| map_size = 300px
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Telangana on 13 May 2024 to elect 17 members of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.livemint.com/news/india/rahul-gandhi-reveals-congresss-plan-to-decimate-bjp-in-lok-sabha-polls-2024-next-is-telangana-11685861494563.html|title =Rahul Gandhi reveals Congress's plan to 'decimate' BJP in Lok Sabha polls 2024, 'Next is Telangana…'|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://zeenews.india.com/india/congress-will-win-both-in-telangana-2024-lok-sabha-elections-says-v-hanumantha-rao-2621437.html|title =Congress Will Win Both In Telangana, 2024 Lok Sabha Elections, Says V Hanumantha Rao|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/no-pre-poll-alliance-with-any-party-in-2024-elections-telangana-minister-kt-rama-rao/articleshow/99596684.cms|title =No pre-poll alliance with any party in 2024 elections: Telangana minister KT Rama Rao|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-polling-stations-in-telangana-to-have-new-evms-for-upcoming-state-elections-and-2024-ls-polls/article66842341.ece|title =All polling stations in Telangana to have new EVMs for upcoming State elections and 2024 LS polls|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.indiatvnews.com/telangana/hyderabad-telangana-cm-kcr-says-bharat-rashtra-samithi-will-form-government-at-centre-after-lok-sabha-elections-in-2024-2023-04-14-863566|title =Mission 2024: Telangana CM KCR exudes confidence of forming govt at Centre after Lok Sabha elections|access-date=2023-06-23}}</ref> Voter turnout of 65.67% has been recorded.<ref name="LS polls: Telangana records 66.3 per cent polling">{{cite news |last1=The Economic Times |title=LS polls: Telangana records 66.3 per cent polling |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/telangana/ls-polls-telangana-records-66-3-per-cent-polling/articleshow/110124843.cms |access-date=15 May 2024 |date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515042335/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/telangana/ls-polls-telangana-records-66-3-per-cent-polling/articleshow/110124843.cms |archive-date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] performed strongly in the elections, winning 8 seats each. The remaining seat was won by the AIMIM. The [[Bharat Rashtra Samiti]], which had previously won 9 seats, was decimated and failed to win any seat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=4 June 2024 |title=Telangana Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP, Congress win 8 seats each; MIM bags 1 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/telangana-election-results-2024-live/article68214982.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604182250/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/telangana-election-results-2024-live/article68214982.ece |archivedate=4 June 2024 |accessdate=4 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Election schedule==

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan=2|Poll event
!Phase
|-
|bgcolor=#E9967A|IV
|-
!Notification date
|18 April 2024
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|25 April 2024
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|26 April 2024
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|29 April 2024
|-
!Date of poll
|'''13 May 2024'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|17
|}

== Parties and alliances ==

=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Anumula Revanth Reddy|Revanth Reddy]]
|17
|-
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Gangapuram Kishan Reddy|G Kishan Reddy]]
|17
|}

=== Bharat Rashtra Samithi ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting seats
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|[[File:Flag of Bharat Rashtra Samithi new.svg|50px]]
|
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|17
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Contesting seats
|-
| {{party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|[[File:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen logo.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|50px]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|1
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPIM election symbol.png|50px]]
|[[Tammineni Veerabhadram]]
|1
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Source: <ref name="BRS names candidates for four Lok Sabha seats, fields Koppula Eshwar from Peddapalli">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=BRS names candidates for four Lok Sabha seats, fields Koppula Eshwar from Peddapalli |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-names-candidates-for-four-lok-sabha-seats-fields-koppula-eshwar-from-peddapalli/article67913330.ece |access-date=4 March 2024 |date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304153616/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/brs-names-candidates-for-four-lok-sabha-seats-fields-koppula-eshwar-from-peddapalli/article67913330.ece |archive-date=4 March 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}"|
|colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|
|-
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!colspan="3" class="wikitable"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]] (ST)
|rowspan="17" {{party colour cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Atram Sakku
|rowspan="17" {{party colour cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Atram Suguna
|rowspan="17" {{party colour cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|-
!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]] (SC)
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam|Gaddam Vamsi Krishna]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Gomasa Srinivas
|-
!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Velichala Rajender Rao
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|-
!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Bajireddy Goverdhan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|-
!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Gali Anil Kumar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|-
!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Parupati Venkatrama Reddy
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Neelam Madhu
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|-
!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Ragidi Laxma Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Patnam Sunitha Mahender Reddy
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|-
!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[T. Padma Rao Goud]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|-
!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Gaddam Srinivas Yadav
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|Mohammed Waliullah Sameer
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Kompella Madhavi Latha
|-
!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Kasani Gnaneshwar Mudiraj]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|-
!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Manne Srinivas Reddy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|-
!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]] (SC)
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[R. S. Praveen Kumar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Pothuganti Bharath Prasad
|-
!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Kancharla Krishna Reddy
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer|Kunduru Raghuveer Reddy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|-
!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|Kyama Mallesh
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|-
!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]] (SC)
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|M. Sudheer Kumar
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Aroori Ramesh
|-
!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|[[Sitaram Naik|Azmeera Seetaram Naik]]
|-
!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|Tandra Vinod Rao
|-
|}

==Voter turnout==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
!Poll date
!Turnout
!Swing
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]] (ST)
| rowspan="17" bgcolor=#E9967A| 13 May 2024
|74.03%
| {{Increase}} 2.61
|-
!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]] (SC)
|67.87%
| {{Increase}} 2.28
|-
!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|72.54%
| {{Increase}} 3.02
|-
!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|71.92%
| {{Increase}} 3.48
|-
!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|74.63%
| {{Increase}} 4.93
|-
!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|75.09%
| {{Increase}} 3.34
|-
!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|50.78%
| {{Increase}} 1.15
|-
!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|49.04%
| {{Increase}} 2.54
|-
!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|48.48%
| {{Increase}} 3.64
|-
!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|56.40%
| {{Increase}} 3.15
|-
!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
|72.43%
| {{Increase}} 6.46
|-
!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]] (SC)
|69.46%
| {{Increase}} 7.23
|-
!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|74.02%
| {{Decrease}} 0.13
|-
!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhuvanagiri]]
|76.78%
| {{Increase}} 2.29
|-
!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]] (SC)
|68.86%
| {{Increase}} 5.16
|-
!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|71.85%
| {{Increase}} 2.79
|-
!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|76.09%
| {{Increase}} 0.79
|-
! colspan="3" |
|65.67%
|{{Increase}} 3.56
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Telangana (17)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Telangana}}

==Results==

===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party<ref name="Telangana Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP, Congress win 8 seats each; MIM bags 1">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |date=4 June 2024 |title=Telangana Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP, Congress win 8 seats each; MIM bags 1 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/telangana-election-results-2024-live/article68214982.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604182250/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/telangana-election-results-2024-live/article68214982.ece |archivedate=4 June 2024 |accessdate=4 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|88,24,961
|40.10
|{{Increase}} 10.31
|17
|8
|{{Increase}} 5
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|77,43,947
|35.19
|{{Increase}} 15.54
|17
|8
|{{Increase}}4
|-
|{{Party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|colspan="3"|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|36,57,237
|16.62
|{{Decrease}} 25.09
|17
|0
|{{Decrease}} 9
|-
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
| colspan="3" |[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|6,61,981
|3.01
|{{Increase}} 0.21
|1
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|[[2024 Indian general election in Telangana#Others|Others]]
|5,21,657
|2.37
|{{Decrease}} 0.50
|
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|4,94,346
|2.24
|{{Decrease}} 0.94
|286
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|1,04,244
|0.47
|{{Decrease}} 0.56
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!'''2,20,08,373'''
!100%
! {{Steady}}
!
!17
! {{Steady}}
|-
| colspan="4" |Votes Cast
|2,20,08,373
|66.26%
! colspan="4" |
|-
| colspan="4" |Total Electors
|3,32,16,348
! colspan="5" |
|}

===Results by constituency===
{|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;font-size:94%;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Votes
![[Percentage point|pp]]
|-
!1
|[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency|Adilabad]] (ST)
|74.03{{Increase}}
|[[G. Nagesh]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5,68,168
|45.98
|Atram Suguna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,77,516
|38.65
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|90,652
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|7.33
|-
!2
|[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency|Peddapalli]] (SC)
|67.87{{Increase}}
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam|Gaddam Vamsi Krishna]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,75,587
|43.42
|Gomasa Srinivas
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,44,223
|31.43
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,31,364
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|11.99
|-
!3
|[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Karimnagar]]
|72.54{{Increase}}
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5,85,116
|44.57
|Velichala Rajender Rao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|3,59,907
|27.41
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,25,209
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|17.16
|-
!4
|[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
|71.92{{Increase}}
|[[Dharmapuri Arvind]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5,92,318
|48.02
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,83,077
|39.16
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,09,241
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|8.86
|-
!5
|[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad]]
|74.63{{Increase}}
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,28,418
|42.73
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,82,230
|39.00
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|46,188
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3.73
|-
!6
|[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency|Medak]]
|75.09{{Increase}}
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,71,217
|33.99
|Neelam Madhu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,32,078
|31.17
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|39,139
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2.22
|-
!7
|[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|50.78{{Increase}}
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|9,91,042
|51.25
|Patnam Sunitha Mahender Reddy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,99,567
|31.00
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3,91,475
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|20.25
|-
!8
|[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Secunderabad]]
|49.04{{Increase}}
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,73,012
|45.15
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,23,068
|40.38
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|49,944
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4.77
|-
!9
|[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
|48.48{{Increase}}
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|6,61,981
|61.28
|Kompella Madhavi Latha
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,23,894
|29.98
|style="background:{{party color|Others}} ; color:black;"|3,38,087
|style="background:{{party color|Others}} ; color:black;"|31.30
|-
!10
|[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency|Chevella]]
|56.40{{Increase}}
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|8,09,882
|48.34
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6,36,985
|38.02
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,72,897
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|10.32
|-
!11
|[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubnagar]]
|71.85{{Increase}}
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|5,10,747
|41.66
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,06,247
|41.29
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4,500
|style="background:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}} ; color:white;"|0.37
|-
!12
|[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency|Nagarkurnool]] (SC)
|69.46{{Increase}}
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,65,072
|38.14
|Pothuganti Bharath Prasad
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,70,658
|30.40
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|94,414
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|7.74
|-
!13
|[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency|Nalgonda]]
|74.02{{Decrease}}
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer|Kunduru Raghuveer Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7,84,337
|60.50
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,24,432
|17.31
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|5,59,905
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|43.19
|-
!14
|[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency|Bhongir]]
|76.78{{Increase}}
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6,29,143
|44.89
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|4,06,973
|29.04
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,22,170
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|15.85
|-
!15
|[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency|Warangal]] (SC)
|68.86{{Increase}}
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|5,81,294
|45.85
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|3,60,955
|28.47
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|2,20,339
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|17.38
|-
!16
|[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency|Mahabubabad]] (ST)
|71.85{{Increase}}
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|6,12,774
|55.27
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|2,63,609
|23.77
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|3,49,165
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|31.50
|-
!17
|[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency|Khammam]]
|76.09{{Increase}}
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|7,66,929
|61.29
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|[[Bharat Rashtra Samithi|BRS]]
|2,99,082
|23.90
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|4,67,847
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|37.39
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==
[[File:2024 Telangana Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map.svg|2024 Telangana Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Map|thumb|230px]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in the Assembly (as of 2023 election)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
![[Indian National Congress]]
|64
|64
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|46
|8
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}"|
![[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
|3
|39
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
![[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]
|6
|7
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
![[Communist Party of India]]
|0
|1
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" |119
|}

== Assembly Segment wise leads ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
!rowspan="2"data-sort-type="number"|Margin
|-
!#
!Name
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type="number" |Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Adilabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|1
|[[Sirpur Assembly constituency|Sirpur]]
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|71,325
|43.51
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|62,956
|38.40
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |8,369
|-
|5
|[[Asifabad Assembly constituency|Asifabad]]
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,996
|43.14
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|47,056
|27.43
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |26,940
|-
|6
|[[Khanapur, Telangana Assembly constituency|Khanapur]]
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|75,106
|46.33
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|61,587
|37.99
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |13,519
|-
|7
|[[Adilabad Assembly constituency|Adilabad]]
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|82,394
|45.48
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,056
|42.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |5,338
|-
|8
|[[Boath Assembly constituency|Boath]]
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,118
|42.40
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,204
|39.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |4,914
|-
|9
|[[Nirmal Assembly constituency|Nirmal]]
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,07,603
|58.11
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|64,033
|34.58
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |43,570
|-
|10
|[[Mudhole Assembly constituency|Mudhole]]
|[[Godam Nagesh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,05,334
|54.70
|Athram Suguna
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,501
|35.05
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |37,833
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|2
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,489
|45.80
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|33,775
|25.43
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |25,714
|-
|3
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,157
|45.63
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|32,577
|26.00
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |24,580
|-
|4
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,101
|46.64
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,716
|35.21
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |19,385
|-
|22
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,211
|39.12
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,633
|34.04
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" |8,578
|-
|23
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,472
|40.99
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|45,341
|33.50
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |10,131
|-
|24
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,237
|52.00
|[[Koppula Eshwar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|34,156
|20.30
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |53,081
|-
|25
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,091
|40.52
|Srinivas Gomase
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,766
|37.61
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |5,325
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Karimnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|26
|[[Karimnagar Assembly constituency|Karimnagar]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,23,127
|55.63
|Velchala Rajender Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,755
|28.80
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" | 59,372
|-
|27
|[[Choppadandi Assembly constituency|Choppadandi]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|94,992
|54.14
|Velchala Rajender Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,983
|23.92
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" | 53,009
|-
|28
|[[Vemulawada Assembly constituency|Vemulawada]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|81,714
|48.71
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|38,142
|22.73
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" | 43,572
|-
|29
|[[Sircilla Assembly constituency|Sircilla]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,559
|39.25
|[[B. Vinod Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,811
|35.06
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" | 6,748
|-
|30
|[[Manakondur Assembly constituency|Manakondur]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,282
|44.28
|Velchala Rajender Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|52,769
|30.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" | 24,513
|-
|31
|[[Huzurabad Assembly constituency|Huzurabad]]
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,280
|40.27
|Velchala Rajender Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|50,306
|27.44
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}; color:white;" | 22,974
|-
|32
|[[Husnabad Assembly constituency|Husnabad]]
|Velchala Rajender Rao
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|79,001
|41.58
|[[Bandi Sanjay Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,873
|29.41
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |23,128
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|11
|[[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur]]
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,668
|53.92
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,999
|35.44
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |28,669
|-
|12
|[[Bodhan Assembly constituency|Bodhan]]
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,666
|50.59
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|69,472
|42.52
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |14,194
|-
|17
|[[Nizamabad Urban Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Urban]]
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,640
|51.36
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|80,831
|42.05
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |15,809
|-
|18
|[[Nizamabad Rural Assembly constituency|Nizamabad Rural]]
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,01,474
|53.05
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|56,674
|29.63
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |44,800
|-
|19
|[[Balkonda Assembly constituency|Balkonda]]
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,845
|50.63
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,673
|31.65
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |32,172
|-
|20
|[[Koratla Assembly constituency|Koratla]]
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|92,656
|51.22
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,704
|33.00
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |32,952
|-
|21
|[[Jagtial Assembly constituency|Jagtial]]
|[[T. Jeevan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,145
|43.55
|[[Arvind Dharmapuri]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|74,298
|42.49
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,847
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|13
|[[Jukkal Assembly constituency|Jukkal]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,577
|41.41
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|61,832
|40.27
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,745
|-
|14
|[[Banswada Assembly constituency|Banswada]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,348
|43.89
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|57,459
|38.01
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |8,889
|-
|15
|[[Yellareddy Assembly constituency|Yellareddy]]
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|79,335
|45.87
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,446
|36.68
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |15,889
|-
|16
|[[Kamareddy Assembly constituency|Kamareddy]]
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|85,610
|46.95
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,527
|36.48
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,083
|-
|35
|[[Narayankhed Assembly constituency|Narayankhed]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|78,280
|45.37
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|58,018
|33.63
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |20,262
|-
|36
|[[Andole Assembly constituency|Andole]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|82,612
|43.18
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|66,118
|34.55
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |16,494
|-
|38
|[[Zahirabad Assembly constituency|Zahirabad]]
|[[Suresh Kumar Shetkar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,03,129
|51.41
|[[B. B. Patil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|67,651
|33.72
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |35,478
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Medak Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|33
|[[Siddipet Assembly constituency|Siddipet]]
|P. Venkatarami Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|65,195
|56.24
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,823
|35.90
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" |2,372
|-
|34
|[[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|67,374
|38.40
|Neelam Madhu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|55,588
|31.15
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |11,786
|-
|37
|[[Narsapur Assembly constituency|Narsapur]]
|Neelam Madhu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|72,376
|37.83
|P. Venkatarami Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|54,372
|28.41
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |18,004
|-
|39
|[[Sangareddy Assembly constituency|Sangareddy]]
|Neelam Madhu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,287
|41.86
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|70,310
|39.10
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,977
|-
|40
|[[Patancheru Assembly constituency|Patancheru]]
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,03,775
|39.78
|Neelam Madhu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|94,294
|36.14
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,481
|-
|41
|[[Dubbak Assembly constituency|Dubbak]]
|P. Venkatarami Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|66,714
|40.44
|[[Raghunandan Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|50,873
|30.84
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" |15,841
|-
|42
|[[Gajwel Assembly constituency|Gajwel]]
|P. Venkatarami Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|85,432
|56.94
|Neelam Madhu
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|65,539
|41.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}; color:white;" |19,893
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|43
|[[Medchal Assembly constituency|Medchal]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,88,370
|48.91
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,19,125
|30.90
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |69,245
|-
|44
|[[Malkajgiri Assembly constituency|Malkajgiri]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,39,479
|52.81
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,929
|29.51
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |61,550
|-
|45
|[[Quthbullapur Assembly constituency|Quthbullapur]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,77,122
|48.66
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,20,957
|33.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |56,165
|-
|46
|[[Kukatpally Assembly constituency|Kukatpally]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,09,820
|46.98
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,700
|36.23
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |25,120
|-
|47
|[[Uppal Assembly constituency|Uppal]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,30,105
|49.72
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,870
|29.15
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |53,235
|-
|49
|[[Lal Bahadur Nagar Assembly constituency|Lal Bahadur Nagar]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,71,683
|61.36
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|68,095
|24.33
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,03,588
|-
|71
|[[Secunderabad Cantonment Assembly constituency|Secunderabad Cantonment]]
|[[Etela Rajender]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,133
|48.98
|Patnam Sunitha Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|45,661
|34.87
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,272
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Secunderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|57
|[[Musheerabad Assembly constituency|Musheerabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,116
|49.38
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|49,435
|32.89
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |27,681
|-
|59
|[[Amberpet Assembly constituency|Amberpet]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|83,048
|57.43
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|41,393
|28.62
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |41,655
|-
|60
|[[Khairatabad Assembly constituency|Khairatabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|73,664
|48.92
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,124
|37.94
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |16,540
|-
|61
|[[Jubilee Hills Assembly constituency|Jubilee Hills]]
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,705
|50.83
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|64,673
|36.64
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |25,032
|-
|66
|[[Sanathnagar Assembly constituency|Sanathnagar]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,849
|53.07
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|34,503
|27.53
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |32,346
|-
|67
|[[Nampally Assembly constituency|Nampally]]
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,03,155
|67.91
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|40,243
|26.49
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |62,912
|-
|68
|[[Secunderabad Assembly constituency|Secunderabad]]
|[[G. Kishan Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,538
|44.74
|[[Danam Nagender]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|44,905
|32.12
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |17,633
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|58
|[[Malakpet Assembly constituency|Malakpet]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|76,318
|56.19
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,928
|33.08
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" |31,390
|-
|64
|[[Karwan Assembly constituency|Karwan]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1,08,389
|58.37
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,315
|31.94
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" |49,074
|-
|65
|[[Goshamahal Assembly constituency|Goshamahal]]
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|98,649
|65.67
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|37,131
|24.71
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |61,518
|-
|66
|[[Charminar Assembly constituency|Charminar]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|70,799
|63.34
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|34,112
|30.51
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" |36,687
|-
|67
|[[Chandrayangutta Assembly constituency|Chandrayangutta]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1,28,103
|74.55
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|29,248
|17.02
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" |98,855
|-
|68
|[[Yakutpura Assembly constituency|Yakutpura]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1,06,122
|67.82
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|37,435
|23.92
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" |68,687
|-
|69
|[[Bahadurpura Assembly constituency|Bahadurpura]]
|[[Asaduddin Owaisi]]
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}
|1,32,416
|81.13
|Madhavi Latha
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|16,794
|10.29
| style="background:{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}; color:white;" |1,15,622
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Chevella Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|50
|[[Maheshwaram Assembly constituency|Maheshwaram]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,49,527
|51.18
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|99,175
|33.79
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |50,352
|-
|51
|[[Rajendranagar Assembly constituency|Rajendranagar]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,57,701
|47.76
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,38,495
|41.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,206
|-
|52
|[[Serilingampally Assembly constituency|Serilingampally]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|1,78,249
|53.55
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,04,472
|31.38
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |73,777
|-
|53
|[[Chevella Assembly constituency|Chevella]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|93,778
|48.41
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,678
|37.00
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |22,100
|-
|54
|[[Pargi Assembly constituency|Pargi]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|74,024
|41.45
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,816
|40.22
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |2,208
|-
|55
|[[Vikarabad Assembly constituency|Vikarabad]]
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|75,361
|46.18
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|67,584
|41.41
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |7,777
|-
|56
|[[Tandur Assembly constituency|Tandur]]
|[[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,654
|47.42
|[[G. Ranjith Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,864
|42.66
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,790
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Mahabubnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|72
|[[Kodangal Assembly constituency|Kodangal]]
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,414
|49.14
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,560
|36.41
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |21,854
|-
|73
|[[Narayanpet Assembly constituency|Narayanpet]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|77,046
|47.11
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|57,162
|34.95
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,884
|-
|74
|[[Mahbubnagar Assembly constituency|Mahbubnagar]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|80,874
|47.06
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|73,273
|42.64
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,601
|-
|75
|[[Jadcherla Assembly constituency|Jadcherla]]
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,518
|41.18
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|66,639
|38.20
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,879
|-
|76
|[[Devarkadra Assembly constituency|Devarkadra]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|72,538
|40.61
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|70,728
|39.59
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |1,810
|-
|77
|[[Makthal Assembly constituency|Makthal]]
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|78,994
|45.61
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|69,916
|39.97
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |9,078
|-
|84
|[[Shadnagar Assembly constituency|Shadnagar]]
|[[Challa Vamshi Chand Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,100
|41.22
|[[D. K. Aruna]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|68,096
|36.89
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |8,004
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nagarkurnool Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|78
|[[Wanaparthy Assembly constituency|Wanaparthy]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,214
|36.81
|Pothuganti Bharat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|62,987
|34.50
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,227
|-
|79
|[[Gadwal Assembly constituency|Gadwal]]
|Pothuganti Bharat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|78,869
|41.01
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,238
|30.80
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |19,638
|-
|80
|[[Alampur Assembly constituency|Alampur]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|59,790
|33.63
|Pothuganti Bharat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|55,053
|30.96
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |4,727
|-
|81
|[[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|54,047
|33.69
|Pothuganti Bharat
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,482
|32.09
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |2,565
|-
|82
|[[Achampet Assembly constituency|Achampet]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,870
|48.27
|[[R. S. Praveen Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|40,006
|24.80
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |37,864
|-
|83
|[[Kalwakurthy Assembly constituency|Kalwakurthy]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,720
|35.96
|[[R. S. Praveen Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|51,893
|29.28
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |11,827
|-
|85
|[[Kollapur Assembly constituency|Kollapur]]
|[[Mallu Ravi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,380
|49.62
|[[R. S. Praveen Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|38,291
|24.55
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |39,089
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Nalgonda Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|86
|[[Devarakonda Assembly constituency|Devarakonda]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,00,079
|54.00
|Kancharla Krishna Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|41,400
|22.34
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |58,679
|-
|87
|[[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,07,092
|60.78
|Kancharla Krishna Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|32,002
|18.16
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |75,090
|-
|88
|[[Miryalaguda Assembly constituency|Miryalaguda]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|99,490
|57.39
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|36,511
|21.06
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |62,979
|-
|89
|[[Huzurnagar Assembly constituency|Huzurnagar]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,33,200
|69.39
|Kancharla Krishna Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|27,781
|14.47
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |1,05,419
|-
|90
|[[Kodad Assembly constituency|Kodad]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,24,500
|67.51
|Kancharla Krishna Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|28,763
|15.59
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |95,737
|-
|91
|[[Suryapet Assembly constituency|Suryapet]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,03,273
|57.89
|Kancharla Krishna Reddy
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|33,953
|19.03
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |69,320
|-
|92
|[[Nalgonda Assembly constituency|Nalgonda]]
|[[Kunduru Raghuveer]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,04,630
|55.78
|[[Shanampudi Saidireddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|51,451
|27.43
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |53,179
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Bhongir Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|48
|[[Ibrahimpatnam Assembly constituency|Ibrahimpatnam]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|88,013
|38.97
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|84,044
|37.21
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |3,969
|-
|93
|[[Munugode Assembly constituency|Munugode]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,08,667
|50.56
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|54,961
|25.57
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |53,706
|-
|94
|[[Bhongir Assembly constituency|Bhongir]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|74,319
|40.85
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|64,046
|35.20
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |10,273
|-
|95
|[[Narkekal Assembly constituency|Narkekal]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|96,914
|49.70
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|59,231
|30.37
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |37,683
|-
|96
|[[Thungathurthi Assembly constituency|Thungathurthi]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,03,087
|53.86
|Kyama Mallesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|39,678
|20.73
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |63,409
|-
|97
|[[Alair Assembly constituency|Alair]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,730
|39.49
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|61,470
|31.61
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |15,260
|-
|98
|[[Jangaon Assembly constituency|Jangaon]]
|[[Chamala Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,032
|42.09
|[[Boora Narsaiah Goud]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,797
|24.80
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |31,235
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Warangal Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|99
|[[Ghanpur Station Assembly constituency|Ghanpur Station]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,145
|49.07
|M. Sudheer Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|43,720
|21.86
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |54,425
|-
|100
|[[Palakurthi Assembly constituency|Palakurthi]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|87,293
|47.82
|M. Sudheer Kumar
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|47,878
|26.23
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |39,415
|-
|104
|[[Parkal Assembly constituency|Parkal]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,400
|49.07
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|44,841
|26.23
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |31,559
|-
|105
|[[Warangal West Assembly constituency|Warangal West]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|63,400
|42.45
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|60,611
|40.59
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |2,789
|-
|106
|[[Warangal East Assembly constituency|Warangal East]]
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|74,581
|44.32
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|66,627
|39.50
| style="background:{{party color|Bhartiya Janata Party}}; color:white;" |7,954
|-
|107
|[[Waradhanapet Assembly constituency|Waradhanapet]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|94,238
|47.64
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|57,427
|29.03
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |36,811
|-
|108
|[[Bhupalpalle Assembly constituency|Bhupalpalle]]
|[[Kadiyam Kavya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|89,463
|47.60
|Aroori Ramesh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|49,631
|26.40
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |39,832
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|101
|[[Dornakal Assembly constituency|Dornakal]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|95,306
|56.70
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|50,293
|29.92
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |45,013
|-
|102
|[[Mahabubabad Assembly constituency|Mahabubabad]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,02,011
|55.31
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|52,128
|28.26
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |49,883
|-
|103
|[[Narsampet Assembly constituency|Narsampet]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,00,339
|55.53
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|45,228
|25.03
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |55,511
|-
|109
|[[Mulug Assembly constituency|Mulug]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|86,825
|53.45
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|33,592
|20.68
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |53,233
|-
|110
|[[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|77,430
|54.74
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|28,111
|19.87
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |49,319
|-
|111
|[[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|92,957
|58.59
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|33,658
|21.21
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |59,299
|-
|119
|[[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]]
|[[Balram Naik]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|53,637
|50.90
|[[Kavitha Maloth]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|19,406
|18.41
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |34,231
|-
! colspan="13" |[[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]]
|-
|112
|[[Khammam Assembly constituency|Khammam]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,25,459
|61.05
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|38,889
|19.05
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |86,570
|-
|113
|[[Palair Assembly constituency|Palair]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,20,069
|59.52
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|58,388
|28.94
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |61,681
|-
|114
|[[Madhira Assembly constituency|Madhira]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,14,087
|62.81
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|50,617
|27.87
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |63,470
|-
|115
|[[Wyra Assembly constituency|Wyra]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|98,280
|62.72
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|36,502
|23.29
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |61,778
|-
|116
|[[Sathupalle Assembly constituency|Sat]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,20,190
|61.13
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|50,782
|25.82
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |69,408
|-
|117
|[[Kothagudem Assembly constituency|Kothagudem]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1,05,402
|61.28
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|29,225
|16.99
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |76,177
|-
|118
|[[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency|Aswaraopeta]]
|[[Ramasahayam Raghuram Reddy]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|76,116
|59.07
|[[Nama Nageswara Rao]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|33,189
|25.75
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; color:white;" |42,927
|}

== See also ==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Manipur]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Telangana elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Telangana]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana]]

Dharmendrasinh Vaghela

2026-04-25T12:34:48Z

Nadeem Ahmed: put up - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dharmendrasinh Vaghela
| office = Member of [[15th Gujarat Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Madhu Shrivastav]]
| constituency = [[Vaghodiya Assembly constituency]]
| image =
| term_start = 6 December 2022
| party = [[BJP]]
}}

'''Dharmendrasinh Vaghela''' is an Indian politician serving as member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] since 2022, representing the [[Vaghodiya Assembly constituency]] from BJP.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=Gujarat: BJP rebel Vaghela wins Vaghodia Assembly seat; sitting MLA Shrivastav finishes 4th |url=https://theprint.in/india/gujarat-bjp-rebel-vaghela-wins-vaghodia-assembly-seat-sitting-mla-shrivastav-finishes-4th/1255608/ |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gujarat Minister, 6 Other BJP MLAs Lose Seats Despite BJP's Record Victory |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-minister-6-other-bjp-mlas-lose-seats-despite-bjps-record-victory-3591411 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=[[NDTV]] | agency=Press Trust of India | date=9 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title=BJP rebel Dharmendrasinh Vaghela wins Vaghodia seat, all you need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/gujarat-assembly-polls-2022-bjp-rebel-dharmendrasinh-vaghela-wins-vaghodia-seat-all-you-need-to-know-355712-2022-12-08 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], Vaghela was elected with 77,905 votes (42.65%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GENERAL ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT DECEMBER-2022 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenDec2022/ConstituencywiseS06136.htm?ac=136 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He is 55 years old and has a net worth of ₹500 Cr .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dharmendrasinh Ranubha Vaghela Bapu Election Results 2022 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election-candidates-list-2022/dharmendrasinh-ranubha-vaghela-bapu--06136-1 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaghela, Dharmendrasinh}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-politician-stub}}

Renukoot

2026-04-20T00:27:58Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Created Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Renukoot
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hindi/English
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Renukeshawar Mahadev Mandir, Renukoot, Uttar Pradesh, India.jpg
| image_alt = [[Renukeshwar Mahadev Temple]]
| image_caption =
| nickname = energy/power capital
Aluminium City
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.2|83.03|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonebhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = GD Birla|
| named_for = Renukeshwar
| government_type = Uttar Pradesh Government
| governing_body = Renukoot Nagar Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 283
| population_total = 68000
| population_as_of = 2012
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 231217
| area_code = 05446
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = UP-64
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
}}

'''Renukoot''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Sonbhadra district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is 68 km south from the district headquarters [[Robertsganj]].

Renukoot is well known for the [[Hindalco]] aluminium plant and [[Rihand Dam]]. It is situated in eastern Uttar Pradesh and shares borders with the states of [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. It is about 434 km from the capital city [[Lucknow]].

==Geography==

Renukoot is located at {{Coord|24.2|N|83.03|E}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Renukut.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Renukoot]</ref> It has an average elevation of 283 metres (931 feet). Renukoot lies in the southeast-most part of Uttar Pradesh and sits next to [[Shakti Nagar]], [[Anpara]], [[Dalla]] and [[Obra, Uttar Pradesh|Obra]]. Renukoot is in [[Sonebhadra]] district which is the only district in India which borders four states, namely Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Bihar.

[[Rihand Dam]], located 6 km from Renukoot, was built over [[Govind Ballabh Pant Sagar]] Lake and the [[Rihand River]] (a tributary of the [[Son River]]). This dam was created in 1960 and was inaugurated by then prime minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawarharlal Nehru]].

==Demographics==

As of the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Renukoot had a population of over 78,000. Males constituted 57% of the population and females 43%. Renukoot had an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 72%; male literacy is 92%, and female literacy is 77%. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.

==History==

When former Indian Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru came for the inauguration of Rihand Dam, [[G. D. Birla|G.D. Birla]] and [[J. R. D. Tata|J.R.D Tata]] accompanied him. Nehru asked them to set up an industry here. G.D. Birla agreed and set up Hindalco Industries Limited in 1963. Pt.Nehru asked GD Birla to develop it as a mini Switzerland of India. {{citation needed|date=December 2016}} This was the foundation of Renukoot. Renukoot used to be in Mirzapur district which was later split up into Sonebhadra and Mirzapur. Renukoot falls into the Sonebhadra district now. The area of [[Vindhyachal]] near the north-western part of the area are also known for many religious hills and historic caves and temples. The [[Chunar Fort]], dating 50 BC, is on the way to Varanasi from Renukoot, less than five hours drive.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

==Education==
Renukoot has five major English medium high schools, and four of them follow the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] board they are [[skyline international school, Nirmala Convent Senior Secondary School|Nirmala Convent Senior Secondary School]], Aditya Birla Public School previously known as Hindalco Vidya Niketan, Bhavan's K.D.K. Vidya Mandir and D.C.Lewis Memorial School follows ICSE. Renukoot also has two schools where the medium of education is Hindi and which follow the [[Uttar Pradesh Board]] standards - Aditya Birla Intermediate College previously known as Hindalco Intermediate College, Maharishi Dayanand Inter College, GIC Pipri. Renukoot is now accelerating in Higher Education and has a Degree college named [[Babu Ram Singh Post Graduate Degree College]], situated at Khadpaathar. There are many big universities within four to five hours distance, including [[Banaras Hindu University]] and [[Allahabad University]]. Recently, Renukoot has begun developing new colleges to impart higher education within the township.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sonbhadra district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Renukoot]]
[[Category:Industrial cities and towns in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities in Uttar Pradesh]]

K. K. N. Pariyaram

2026-04-19T22:06:39Z

Nadeem Ahmed: made a info more to come

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. K.N. Pariyaram
| image =
| birth_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1987
| term_end = 24 February 1989
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1916|11|30}}
| birth_place = Chembilodu, [[Malabar District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|02|24|1916|11|30}}
| death_place =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| father =
| mother =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''K. K. N. Pariyaram''' was a Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kerala]], India. He represented Taliparamba constituency in 8th Kerala Legislative Assembly as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate.

==Biography==
K. K. N. Pariyaram was born on November 30, 1916, the son of Krishnan Nambiar at Choyote in Chembilode Panchayath in present-day [[Kannur district]].<ref name="thaliparamba">{{cite news |title=കെ.കെ.എന്‍ പരിയാരം വായനശാല കമ്മറ്റി വ്യാജരേഖകളുണ്ടാക്കി തട്ടിയെടുക്കാന്‍ ശ്രമിച്ച ദേശീയപാത അധികൃതരുടെ നഷ്ടപരിഹാര തുക ഒരുകോടി 33 ലക്ഷം രൂപ ഒരു മാസത്തിനുള്ളില്‍ പഞ്ചായത്തിന് നല്‍കാന്‍ ഉത്തരവ് {{!}} Breaking News from Kerala Districts India and World. News Sports News Cricket News Updates |url=https://thaliparamba.truevisionnews.com/news/30514/k-k-n-pariyaram |work=കെ.കെ.എന്‍ പരിയാരം വായനശാല കമ്മറ്റി വ്യാജരേഖകളുണ്ടാക്കി തട്ടിയെടുക്കാന്‍ ശ്രമിച്ച ദേശീയപാത അധികൃതരുടെ നഷ്ടപരിഹാര തുക ഒരുകോടി 33 ലക്ഷം രൂപ ഒരു മാസത്തിനുള്ളില്‍ പഞ്ചായത്തിന് നല്‍കാന്‍ ഉത്തരവ് |language=ml |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107080624/https://thaliparamba.truevisionnews.com/news/30514/k-k-n-pariyaram |url-status=live }}</ref> He joined Naricode School in 1938 as a teacher. He became active in politics by organizing peasants against the landlord of the school grounds. He entered politics as a member of [[Indian National Congress]] and actively participated in [[Indian freedom movement]].<ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m497.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703215355/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m497.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He left congress and joined the [[Communist Party of India]] in 1940.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

In 1940, he went into hiding following the Morazha incident. He was arrested in November 1940 and punished imprisonment for four years.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> Although he went into hiding again in 1948, he was arrested by the police while participating in a public meeting on the occasion of Kayyur Day.<ref name="cpim">{{cite web |title=കെ കെ എൻ പരിയാരം |url=http://cpimkannur.org/remembrance/30-2015-06-22-16-14-18 |website=Official Website :: CPIM Kannur District Committee |language=en-gb |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628212143/http://cpimkannur.org/remembrance/30-2015-06-22-16-14-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> After serving six months in prison, he remained in hiding until 1950.<ref name="cpim"/> He was arrested in 1965 on charges of spying for China and in 1975 during the [[The Emergency (India)|emergency]].<ref name="cpim"/>

After split of the Communist Party of Indiain 1964, he remained with [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He represented Taliparamba constituency in 8th Kerala Legislative Assembly as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] candidate.<ref name="niyamasabha"/> He died on 24 February 1989, while a member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref name="thaliparamba"/>

He has also served as a member of the CPI (M) Kannur District Committee, a member of the Karshaka Sangham, President of the Pariyaram Panchayat, and head of organizations such as Confed and Raidco.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

==Legacy==
The KKN Pariyaram Memorial Government Vocational Higher Secondary School in [[Taliparamba|Thaliparamba]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite news |title=പരിയാരം ഗവ.കെ.കെ.എൻ സ്മാരക ഹയർസെക്കൻഡറി സ്കൂൾ വിദ്യാർഥികൾ ഇല്ലായ്മകളുടെ ക്ലാസ് മുറിയിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2021/10/19/kannur-pariyaram-school.html |work=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=1 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701090049/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kannur/2021/10/19/kannur-pariyaram-school.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pariyaram, K. K. N.}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]

Sarath Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:18:23Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new some data more to come

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarath
| type = SLA
| state = Jharkhand
| established = 2000
| abolished =
| electors = 2,74,163
| mla = [[Uday Shankar Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| constituency_no = 14
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Uday Shankar Singh.jpg
| map_image = Sarath constituency map.svg
}}
'''Sarath Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Overview==
Sarath Assembly constituency covers: Sarath and Palojori Police Stations in Deoghar district and Karmatanr, Shahajpur, Pindari, Lakhanpur, Rataniya, Rampurbhitra and Kajra gram panchayats in Jamtara Police Station in Jamtara district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|accessdate = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

Sarath Assembly constituency is part of [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Madhupur cum Sarath constituency''}}
|-
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Badri Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Kamdeo Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||N. K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Kamdeo Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Chandra Mouleshwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Ashaya Charan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Uday Shankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Uday Shankar singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=result>{{cite web|url = http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/sarath.html |title = Sarath Election Results 2014 Jharkhand|publisher = Elections.in |accessdate = 26 January 2016 }}</ref> ||Uday Shankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=result>{{cite web|url = http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/sarath.html |title = Sarath Election Results 2014 Jharkhand|publisher = Elections.in |accessdate = 26 January 2016 }}</ref> ||[[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<ref name=result>{{cite web|url = http://www.elections.in/jharkhand/assembly-constituencies/sarath.html |title = Sarath Election Results 2014 Jharkhand|publisher = Elections.in |accessdate = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>
| Uday Shankar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Randhir Kumar Singh]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Uday Shankar Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarath<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Uday Shankar Singh]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=1,35,219 |percentage=54.32% |change={{increase}}42.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Kumar Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=97,790 |percentage=39.28% |change={{decrease}}3.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Pandit |party=Independent politician |votes=3,306 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vicky Kumar Mandal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,013 |percentage=1.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Kumar Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=2,350 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,582 |percentage=0.64% |change={{increase}}0.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,429 |percentage=15.03% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,48,952 |percentage=78.61% |change= {{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,16,682 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}11.82 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarath<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Kumar Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=90,895 |percentage=42.50% |change={{increase}}16.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Shankar Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=62,175 |percentage=29.07% |change={{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parimal Kumar Singh |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=25,482 |percentage=11.91% |change={{decrease}}11.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaj Ansari |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=12,830 |percentage=6.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pinki Kumari |party=Independent politician |votes=5,666 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Israel Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes=2,912 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamleshwar Prasad Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,656 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=885 |percentage=0.41% |change={{decrease}}1.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,720 |percentage=13.43% |change= {{increase}}5.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,13,882 |percentage=78.01% |change= {{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,74,163 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.34 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{increase}}8.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarath<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Kumar Singh]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=62,717 |percentage=33.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Shankar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=48,816 |percentage=26.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=43,013 |percentage=23.16% |change={{decrease}}6.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Yusuf Ansari |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,083 |percentage=4.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Suraj Mandal |party=Jharkhand Vikas Dal |votes=3,583 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendar Rawani |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=3,462 |percentage=1.86% |change={{decrease}}12.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jimoli Soren |party=Independent politician |votes=2,509 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,618 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,901 |percentage=7.49% |change= {{increase}}0.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,85,682 |percentage=76.76% |change= {{increase}}12.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,885 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.25 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}4.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarath<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=40,282 |percentage=29.70% |change={{decrease}}8.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Shankar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,862 |percentage=22.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Kumar Singh]] |party=Loktantrik Samata Dal |votes=21,721 |percentage=16.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surendra Rawani |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=19,684 |percentage=14.51% |change={{decrease}}35.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parmeshwar Hembrom |party=Independent politician |votes=7,638 |percentage=5.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hemlal Rajwar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,897 |percentage=2.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Kumar Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,726 |percentage=2.01% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,420 |percentage=6.95% |change= {{decrease}}4.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,617 |percentage=64.05% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,11,723 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}19.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarath<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Shankar Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=66,335 |percentage=49.52% |change={{increase}}43.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=51,429 |percentage=38.39% |change={{decrease}}12.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Chandra Rao |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,495 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suman Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,092 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayant Rao Patel |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,167 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bivek Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,712 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rurdranand Raw |party=Independent politician |votes=791 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,906 |percentage=11.13% |change= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,33,969 |percentage=63.13% |change= {{decrease}}4.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,12,216 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.37 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarath<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shashank Shekhar Bhokta]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=60,482 |percentage=51.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uday Shankar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=47,016 |percentage=39.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sirajuddin Ansari |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,227 |percentage=6.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Charan Lal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,597 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Roy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,238 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,466 |percentage=11.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,18,321 |percentage=68.56% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,74,849 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Sarath, Deoghar|Sarath]]
*[[Palojori]]
*[[Jamtara block]]
*[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Shohratgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:33Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new the pg added tags

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shohratgarh
| map_image = 302-Shohratgarh.svg
| mla = [[Vinay Verma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2022

| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Siddharth Nagar district|Siddharth Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,59,244
| constituency_no = 302
}}

'''Shohratgarh''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Shohratgarh in the [[Siddharth Nagar district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Shohratgarh is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Domariyaganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 302 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=ShohratgarhElection and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shohratgarh.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Prabhu Dayal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shiv Lal Mittal
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="3" |Kamla Sahani
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Shiv Lal Mittal
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Ravindra Pratap Chaudhary
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|Dinesh Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Ravindra Pratap Chaudhary
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Lalmunni Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Amar Singh Chaudhary]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vinay Verma]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2022 General Elections: Shohratgarh<ref name="election2022">{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS24302.htm?ac=302|title=Uttar Pradesh 2022 Result|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Vinay Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:71062}}
|percentage = 37.46
|change = +1.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Prem Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:46599}}
|percentage = 24.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Radharaman Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:22300}}
|percentage = 11.75
|change = -12.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chaudhary Ravindra Pratap
|votes = {{formatnum:20242}}
|percentage = 10.67
|change = +8.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = [[Amar Singh Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:13080}}
|percentage = 6.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Mohd. Sarfaraz Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:5351}}
|percentage = 2.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Maha Party
|candidate = Vidhyanand Alias Vidyanand
|votes = {{formatnum:2025}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change = +0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Baxi Sharad Kumar Srivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:1782}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1950}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change = +0.21
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24463}}
|percentage = 12.9
|change = +1.05
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189713}}
|percentage = 52.81
|change = -1.68
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Apna Dal (Soneylal)
|winner = Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] candidate '''Amar Singh Chaudhary''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Mohd Jameel''' by a margin of 22,124 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/shohratgarh.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Shohratgarh<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = [[Amar Singh Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:67653}}
|percentage = 36.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Jameel
|votes = {{formatnum:45529}}
|percentage = 24.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ugrasen Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:36907}}
|percentage = 19.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Ravindra Pratap Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:8543}}
|percentage = 4.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Haji Ali Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:4931}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Anil Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4148}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukharaj Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4064}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Radharaman Tripathi
|votes = {{formatnum:3207}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Amirullah
|votes = {{formatnum:2204}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Maha Party
|candidate = Samsuddin Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:1780}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dr. Asheesh Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1728}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1525}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22124}}
|percentage = 11.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186719}}
|percentage = 54.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|swing = {{increase}}0.78
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Shohratgarh<ref name="election2012">{{cite web|url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 Results|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=21 November 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Lalmunni Singh
|votes = 38,476
|percentage = 31.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mumtaj Ahmad
|votes = 33,423
|percentage = 20.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peace Party of India
|candidate = Yogendra Pratap Singh
|votes = 20,236
|percentage = 12.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ravindra Pratap Chaudhary
|votes = 19,103
|percentage = 11.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sadhana Chaudhary
|votes = 16,154
|percentage = 9.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 16 Candidates
|votes = 24,474
|percentage = 14.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,053
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,64,325
|percentage = 53.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.40|82.96|display=title}}

[[Category:Siddharthnagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Achanta Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:35Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Achanta
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (56-Achanta highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Achanta Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| loksabha_cons = [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Narasapuram]]
| mla = [[Pithani Satyanarayana]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 174,229
| established = 1962
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 56
}}

'''Achanta Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Narasapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Pithani Satyanarayana]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Achanta Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/achanta-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916583.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 174,229 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1962, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1962)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Penugonda]]
|-
| [[Achanta]]
|-
| [[Penumantra]]
|-
| [[Poduru]] (Part)
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan=2 |Political party
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Paddala Syamasundra Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| D. Perumallu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Gottimukkala Venkanna
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Kota Dhana Raju
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Kota Bhaskara Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Chittaranjan Alugu
| rowspan=3 style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
| rowspan=3 |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=2 |Digupati Raja Gopal
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Johar Mocharla
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Peethala Sujatha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Pithani Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Pithani Satyanarayana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Paddala Rao|votes=25,306|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Desari Perumallu|votes=22,772|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,534|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=48,078|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = D. Perumallu
|votes = 31,630
|percentage = 51.93
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = D.S. Raju
|votes = 23,935
|percentage = 39.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = P.S. Rao
|votes = 4,596
|percentage = 7.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independence
|candidate = P.N. Murty
|votes = 751
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,695
|percentage = 12.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 60,912
|percentage = 78.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gottimukkala Venkanna|votes=30,783|percentage=52.83|change={{increase}}0.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Digu Raju|votes=25,853|percentage=44.37|change=-{{decrease}}5.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade)|candidate=Arunakumar Ganta|votes=1,635|percentage=2.81|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,930|percentage=8.46|change={{decrease}}4.18}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=58,271|percentage=67.57|change={{decrease}}11}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress (I)|candidate=Kota Dhana Raju|votes=39,504|percentage=54.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Didupatti Sundrara Raju|votes=30,227|percentage=33.9|change=-{{decrease}}10.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dasari Perumallu|votes=11,531|percentage=15.9|change={{decrease}}36.93}}
{{Election box majority||votes=17,882|percentage=24.2|change={{increase}}15.74}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=74,025|percentage=77.1|change={{increase}}9.53}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Kota Bhaskara Rao|votes=45,631|percentage=64.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kota Dhanaraju|votes=17,264|percentage=24.3|change={{decrease}}30.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Edi Ramarao|votes=7,611|percentage=10.7|change={{decrease}}19.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Dundi Subbarao|votes=260|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Congress (J)|candidate=Vipparthi Ramaswamy|votes=225|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,367|percentage=39.4|change={{increase}}15.2}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=71,978|percentage=72.6|change={{decrease}}4.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Chittaranjan Alugu|votes=51,016|percentage=67.5|change={{increase}}56.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ambuja Kamidi|votes=19,294|percentage=25.5|change={{increase}}1.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Babu Bhujangarao Mocherla|votes=4,523|percentage=6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bhaskara Rao Kotam|votes=396|percentage=0.5|change={{decrease}}63.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Narasimha Murthy|votes=290|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Venkanna Polamuri|votes=86|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=31,722|percentage=41.5|change={{increase}}2.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=76,444|percentage=71.4|change={{decrease}}1.2}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Digupati Raja Gopal|votes=53,510|percentage=60.1|change={{increase}}7}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bunga Saradhi|votes=30,872|percentage=34.7|change={{decrease}}8.8}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Paka Satyanarayana|votes=3,216|percentage=3.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Karni Sundara Rao|votes=804|percentage=0.9|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chikatla Surya Rao|votes=307|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kota Rao|votes=290|percentage=0.3|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,638|percentage=25|change={{increase}}15.9}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=90,424 |percentage=72.1|change={{decrease}}2.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party |candidate=Johar Mocharla|votes=52,954|percentage=59.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Bunga Saradhi|votes=30,227|percentage=33.9|change=-{{decrease}}9.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Digupati Raja Gopal (incumbent)|votes=5,866|percentage=6.6|change={{decrease}}53.5}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,727|percentage=24.6|change={{decrease}}0.4}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=92,317|percentage=69.9|change={{decrease}}2.2}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Peethala Sujatha|votes=46,670|percentage=49.94|change=-9.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Anand Prakash Chellem|votes=41,029|percentage=43.91|change=+9.97}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,641|percentage=6.03|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=93,448|percentage=74.98|change=+7.57}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Satyanarayana Pithani]]|votes=54,903|percentage=46.24|change=+2.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Karri Radha Krishna Reddy|votes=39,148|percentage=32.97|change=-16.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kudupudi Srinivasa Rao|votes=16,770|percentage=14.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,755|percentage=13.27|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=118,745|percentage=83.40|change=+8.42}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Satyanarayana Pithani]]|votes=63,549|percentage=48.66|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Mudnuri Prasad Raju|votes=59,629|percentage=45.66|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,920|percentage=3.00|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=130,599|percentage=81.82|change=-1.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate= [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]|votes=66,494|percentage=47.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Satyanarayana Pithani]]|votes=53,608|percentage=38.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Javvadhi Venkata Vijayaram|votes=13,993|percentage=10.09|change=}}

{{Election box majority||votes=12,886|percentage=9.29|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,747|percentage=79.63|change=-2.19}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Achanta}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =[[Pithani Satyanarayana]]
|votes = 85,402
|percentage = 56.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Cherukuvada Sri Ranganadha Raju]]
|votes = 58,848
|percentage = 39.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Nekkanti Venkata Satyanarayana
|votes = 1,872
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,673
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,554
|percentage = 17.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,541
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|16.60|81.80|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

H. A. Iqbal Hussain

2026-04-15T05:13:48Z

Nadeem Ahmed: made first data w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = H. A. Iqbal Hussain
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Ramanagara]]
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = Ramanagara
| term_start = 2023
| predecessor = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
| term_end =
| successor =
| spouse = Fouzia Khanum
| children = 3
| parents = H. A. Abdul Basheer
| party = Indian National Congress
| other_party =
}}
'''H. A. Iqbal Hussain''' is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is currently serving as a member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]] and is affiliated to the [[Indian National Congress]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10183.htm?ac=183 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Ramanagara Assembly Constituency result 2023: Congress candidate HA Iqbal Hussain wins, JD(S) Nikhil Kumaraswamy loses |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/ramanagara-assembly-constituency-result-2023-highlights-bjp-jds-inc-mla-candidates-leading-vote-majority-winners/articleshow/100198043.cms |access-date=2023-05-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramnagar Assembly Election 2023: Big Shock For Kumaraswamy As Son Nikhil Loses To Congress' HA Iqbal Hussain |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ramnagar-assembly-election-2023-big-shock-for-kumaraswamy-as-son-nikhil-loses-to-congress-ha-iqbal-hussain-2607450.html/amp |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HA Iqbal Hussain Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Karnataka Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/ha-iqbal-hussain-10183-2 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==

In the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] Iqbal Hussain contested from Ramanagara and lost to [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] who is from the JDS.

In the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] he contested again from Ramanagara and won the seat with a margin of 5.86%.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Ramanagara district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Sramajibi Canteen

2026-04-13T13:53:54Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new the post more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Short description|Community kitchen chain in India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Sramajibi Canteen
| full_name =
| native_name = শ্রমজীবী ক্যান্টিন
| native_name_lang = bn
| logo =
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| established = April 2020
| founder = 
| founding_location = [[Jadavpur]]
| dissolved = 
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| type =
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| status = Active
| professional_title = 
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| region_served = [[West Bengal]]
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| parent_organization = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
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}}
'''Sramajibi Canteen''' is a [[Soup kitchen|community kitchen]] [[restaurant chain|chain]] in [[India]], mainly active in [[West Bengal]], run by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], a national political party in India.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/May/23/cpms-student-youth-wings-back-in-bengal-streets-to-run-community-kitchens-for-lockdown-hit-people-2306528.html|title=CPM's student, youth wings back in Bengal streets to run community kitchens for lockdown-hit people - The New Indian Express|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=May 2021 }}</ref> Sramajibi Canteen has seen a good involvement of youths from [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]], [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]] and from the society. Along with CPI(M) workers, who run it, people from the civil society, film industry, educational institutes etc. have taken part in this. The Jadavpur Sramajibi Canteen is the state's longest-running community kitchen in [[West Bengal]] till now. As of July 2021, more than 20 Sramajibi Canteens are functioning in the whole state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-day-200-chicken-rice-served-at-bengal-s-longest-running-community-kitchen-set-up-amid-covid-19/story-3cvf1DZGYbjYjSICfQ6ctL.html|title=On Day 200, chicken, rice served at Bengal's longest-running community kitchen set up amid Covid-19|date=19 October 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The daily cost of running the kitchens vary between ₹10,000-20,000 and the money comes entirely from party fund and donations.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Formation==
During the COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, the CPI(M) local committee in [[Jadavpur]] started feeding economically weak people in local. Gradually it became the community kitchen named "Sramajibi Canteen", which means Canteen for working class.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/cpim-inaugurated-sramajibi-canteen-at-rayganj-31598979291465.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902095233/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/districts/cpim-inaugurated-sramajibi-canteen-at-rayganj-31598979291465.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 September 2020|title=কলকাতার বাইরে পৌঁছল CPM-এর শ্রমজীবী ক্যান্টিন, কর্মযজ্ঞ শুরু হল রায়গঞ্জে|date=1 September 2020|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> The concept came from Sudip Sengupta, a CPI(M) Kolkata district committee member.<ref name="auto1"/>
During lockdown, it distributed food to thousands of poor people. After the lockdown ended, the kitchen started offering cooked food at Rs 20 a packet which includes 2-3 items such as chicken, egg, fish or paneer curry besides rice. On some days people get sweets too.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Branches==
Sramajibi Canteen has branches in [[Jadavpur]], [[Raiganj]],<ref name="auto"/> Fairlie,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/kolkata/photo/sramajibi-canteen-has-started-fairlie-place-railway-office-prb-286859-2021-07-14|title=ফেয়ারলিতে শ্রমজীবী ক্যান্টিন, বিনামূল্যে মাছ-ভাত|website=Aaj Tak Bangla|language=bn}}</ref> [[New Alipore]], [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], [[Jhargram]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsfront.co/cpim-will-stand-beside-the-people-everytime-said-shatarup-ghosh/|title = জেতা - হারা বিষয় নয়, মানুষের পাশেই থাকবে তারা! ঝাড়গ্রামে বললেন শতরুপ|date = 8 January 2021}}</ref> and many other places in West Bengal.

Jadavpur Sramajibi Canteen was the first to be set up as a community kitchen in Jadavpur in south Kolkata to offer cooked lunch free or in very less price to poor people. It became so popular that around a thousand people visited it every day at the height of the lockdown. It is considered as the oldest community kitchen in West Bengal.<ref name="auto1"/>

Raiganj Sramajibi Canteen was the first to be set up outside Kolkata. The canteen started from 1 September, near the NH-34, feeding 150-200 people on first day.<ref name="auto"/>

==Reception==
Sramajibi Canteen received positive responses from the Civil society and specially from the working-class people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/People-Canteens-Community-Kitchens-run-CPIM-Prove-Big-Draw-Bengal|title=People's Canteens, Community Kitchens run by CPI(M) Prove a Big Draw in Bengal|date=21 November 2020|website=NewsClick}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/news/calcutta/cpim-runs-sramajibi-canteen-in-jadavpur-for-6-months-741237|title=৬ মাস রোজ পাঁচ শতাধিক মানুষের অন্নসংস্থান, শ্রমজীবী ক্যান্টিনে আর্থিক সাহায্য প্রবাসীদেরও|first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি|last=আনন্দ|website=ABP Bengali|date=25 September 2020}}</ref>

Film director Anik Dutta, actor [[Badshah Moitra]], film director [[Srijit Mukherjee]], actor Rwitobroto Mukherjee, social activist Joyraj Bhattachadya, actor Anirban Bhattacharya, dancer Srabanti Bhattacharya, and others have praised the activity and donated to provide affordable meal parcels to poor people.
<ref name="auto3"/>

Impressed by the service, many eminent people such as doctors, actors, singers have been celebrating their birthdays or anniversaries by donating money for the food and physically serving the packets. Even people from outside states have donated for this cause.<ref name="auto2"/>

Even a drama was performed in [[United States of America|USA]] regarding the social service of Sramajibi Canteen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/state/sramajibi-canteen-in-america-7ez5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728153423/https://aajkaal.in/news/state/sramajibi-canteen-in-america-7ez5|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2021|title=আজকাল || আমেরিকায় যাদবপুরের '‌শ্রমজীবী ক্যান্টিন'‌}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Red Volunteers]]
*[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kitchen]]
[[Category:Community building]]

Birendra Kishore Debbarma

2026-04-04T03:49:18Z

Nadeem Ahmed: done - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Birendra Kishore Debbarma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = [[Kesab Debbarma]]
| successor = [[Manav Debbarma|Manab Debbarma]]
| constituency = [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Shyamnagar,Takarjala, [[Tripura]]
| parents =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Birendra Kishore Debbarma''' is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]. He won the election in 2018 as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing the [[Golaghati Assembly constituency|Golaghati]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/tripura2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5913|title=BIRENDRA KISHORE DEBBARMA (Winner)|website=My Neta|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BJP pushes Left Sarkar out of Tripura: Full list of winning candidates here|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-pushes-left-sarkar-out-of-tripura-full-list-of-winning-candidates-here-1181202-2018-03-03|website=India Today|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/tripura-assembly-election-2018-winners-list-party-wise-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-cpim-2923047/|title=Tripura Assembly Election 2018 Winners List: Party-Wise Winning Candidates of BJP, Congress, CPIM|website=India.Com|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/golaghati-tripura-assembly-constituency|title=Golaghati Assembly Constituency Election Result|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref>
He is the candidate of the BJP to win a seat for the party in this assembly.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debbarma, Birendra Kishore}}
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Philippines

2026-03-27T08:07:57Z

Nadeem Ahmed: slightly refined lead after review also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Archipelagic country in Southeast Asia}}
{{Redirect|Philippine|the town in the Netherlands|Philippine, Netherlands}}
{{Good article}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=February 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of the Philippines
| common_name = the Philippines
| native_name = {{native name|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas}}
| image_flag = Flag of the Philippines.svg
| flag_size = 130
| flag_type = [[Flag of the Philippines|Flag]]
| image_coat = Coat of arms of the Philippines.svg
| symbol_type = [[Coat of arms of the Philippines|Coat of arms]]{{Efn|Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called.}}
| national_motto = {{lang|fil|[[Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa]]}}<ref>{{Cite PH act |chamber=RA |number=8491 |title=Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines |date=February 12, 1998 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084350/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1998/02/12/republic-act-no-8491/ |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=March 8, 2014 |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> {{lang|en-ph|"For God, People, Nature, and Country"}}
| national_anthem = {{lang|fil|[[Lupang Hinirang]]}} {{lang|en-ph|"Chosen Land"}}{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Philippine National Anthem, the Lupang Hinirang, Himno Nacional Filipino Unknown Artist.ogg]]}}
| other_symbol_type = [[Great Seal of the Philippines|Great Seal]]:
| other_symbol = [[File:Seal of the Philippines.svg|95px]]
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:PHL orthographic.svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Philippines ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show ASEAN|default=1}}
| map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color= green |region= [[Southeast Asia]] |region_color= none}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|13|N|122|E|type:country_region:PH|display=title,inline}}
| capital = [[Manila]] (''de jure'') [[Metro Manila]]{{Efn|name=a|While [[Manila]] is designated as [[Capital of the Philippines|the nation's capital]], the [[seat of government]] is the ''National Capital Region'', commonly known as "[[Metro Manila]]", of which the city of Manila is a part.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government |chamber=PD |number=940, s. 1976 |date=May 29, 1976 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525084430/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1976/05/29/presidential-decree-no-940-s-1976/ |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |access-date=April 4, 2015 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Manila, Philippines}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Quezon City Local Government – Background |url=https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820074250/https://quezoncity.gov.ph/index.php/about-the-city-government/background |archive-date=August 20, 2020 |access-date=August 25, 2020 |publisher=Quezon City Local Government}}</ref> Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from [[Malacañang Palace]] and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city.}} (''de facto'')
| largest_city = [[Quezon City]]
| official_languages = {{Hlist|[[Filipino language|Filipino]]|[[Philippine English|English]]}}
| recognized_national_languages = Filipino
| recognized_regional_languages = [[Languages of the Philippines|19 languages]]<ref name="GMA-DepEd-7-Languages" />
| languages_type = National [[sign language]]
| languages = [[Filipino Sign Language]]
| languages_sub = yes
| languages2_type = Other recognized languages{{Efn|name=b|As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage" />}}
| languages2 = [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] and [[Arabic]]
| languages2_sub = yes
| ethnic_groups = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted
| 26.0% [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]]
| 14.3% [[Visayans|Bisaya]]
| 8.0% [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]]
| 8.0% [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]]
| 7.9% [[Hiligaynon people|Ilonggo]]
| 6.5% [[Bicolano people|Bicolano]]
| 20.3% [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|other]]
}}
| ethnic_groups_year = 2020
| ethnic_groups_ref =<ref name="PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census">{{Cite press release |title=Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978 |access-date=May 11, 2024 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906202953/https://www.psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684059978 |archive-date=September 6, 2023}}</ref>
| demonym = {{Plainlist|
* [[Filipinos|Filipino]] (''neutral'')
* Filipina (''feminine'')
* [[Pinoy]] (''colloquial neutral'')
* Pinay (''colloquial feminine'')
* Philippine (''adjective for certain common nouns'') 
}}
| government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of the Philippines|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Bongbong Marcos]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sara Duterte]] 
| leader_title3 = [[President of the Senate of the Philippines|Senate President]]
| leader_name3 = [[Tito Sotto]] 
| leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|House Speaker]]
| leader_name4 = [[Bojie Dy]] 
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[Alexander Gesmundo]]
| legislature = [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]]
| sovereignty_type = [[Sovereignty of the Philippines|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note = from [[Spain]] and the [[United States]]
| established_event1 = [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|Declaration]]
| established_date1 = June 12, 1898
| established_event2 = [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Cession]]
| established_date2 = April 11, 1899
| established_event3 = [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Self-government]]
| established_date3 = November 15, 1935
| established_event4 = [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Recognized]]
| established_date4 = July 4, 1946
| established_event5 = [[Constitution of the Philippines|Constitution]]
| established_date5 = February 2, 1987
| area_km2 = 300000<ref name="Philippines country profile">{{Cite news |title=Philippines country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-67765684 |website=[[BBC News]] |date=December 19, 2023 |access-date=January 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219164940/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-67765684 |archive-date=December 19, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/#geography |title=Philippines |date=February 27, 2023 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |via=CIA.gov |access-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines#geography |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Efn|name=land-area}}
| area_footnote =
| area_link = Geography of the Philippines
| area_label = Total
| area_rank = 72nd
| percent_water = 0.61<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=June 7, 2023 |title=Philippines |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |access-date=June 19, 2023 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> (inland waters)
 
| population_census_year = 2024
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 112,729,484<ref name="PSA_POPCEN">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=2024 Census of Population (POPCEN) Population Counts Declared Official by the President |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/2024-census-population-popcen-population-counts-declared-official-president
|publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] | url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate =
| population_estimate_year =
| population_estimate_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 363.45
| population_density_sq_mi = {{Data/popdens|Philippines|comma|areaunit=sqmi}}
| population_density_rank = 34th
| GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $1.488 trillion<ref name="WEO-2025-04">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_rank = 30th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $12,930<ref name="WEO-2025-04"/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 114th
| GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $497.05 billion<ref name="WEO-2025-04"/>
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_rank = 32nd
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $4,350<ref name="WEO-2025-04"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 125th
| Gini = 39.3 
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = decrease 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite report |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PH |title=GINI Report - Philippines |publisher=[[World Bank Group]]}}</ref>
| HDI = 0.720 
| HDI_year = 2023 
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 117th
| currency = [[Philippine peso]] ([[Philippine peso sign|₱]])
| currency_code = PHP
| time_zone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PhST]]
| utc_offset = +8
| drives_on = Right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in the Philippines|+63]]
| cctld = [[.ph]]
| religion = {{#invoke:list|unbulleted|item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|
{{Tree list}}
* 85.3% [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] 
** 78.8% [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholicism]]{{efn|name=Catholic-2020CensusR2|Excludes [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal|Catholic Charismatic]]s numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)<ref name="PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census" />}}
** 6.5% other [[Religion in the Philippines#Christianity|Christian]]
{{Tree list/end}}
|6.4% [[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]]
|8.2% [[Religion in the Philippines#Other religions|other]]
}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref name="PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=February 21, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://www.psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_Press%20Release%20on%20Religious%20Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=November 15, 2025 |work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |page=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812114943/https://www.psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/1_Press%20Release%20on%20Religious%20Affiliation_RML_01272023_FJRA_PMMJ_CRD-signed_0.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2023}}</ref>
}}

The '''Philippines''',{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Philippines.ogg|ˈ|f|i|l|ᵻ|p|iː|n|z}}; {{Langx|fil|Pilipinas}}, {{IPA|tl|pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs}}}} officially the '''Republic of the Philippines''',{{Efn|{{Langx|fil|Republika ng Pilipinas|links=no}}. In the recognized regional [[languages of the Philippines]]:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Langx|akl|Republika it Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|bik|Republika kan Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|ceb|Republika sa Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|cbk|República de Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|hil|Republika sang Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|ibg|Republika nat Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|ilo|Republika ti Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|ivv|Republika nu Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|pam|Republika ning Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|krj|Republika kang Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|mdh|Republika nu Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|mrw|Republika a Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|pag|Republika na Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|xsb|Republika nin Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|sgd|Republika nan Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|tl|Republika ng Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|tsg|Republika sin Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|war|Republika han Pilipinas}}
* {{Langx|yka|Republika si Pilipinas}}
{{Div col end}}
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Langx|es|República de Filipinas}}
* {{Langx|ar|جمهورية الفلبين|Jumhūriyyat al-Filibbīn}}
{{Div col end}}}} is an [[Archipelagic state|archipelagic country]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. Located in the western [[Pacific Ocean]], it consists of about [[List of islands of the Philippines|7,641 islands]], with a total area of about 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in [[Island groups of the Philippines|three main geographical divisions]] from north to south: [[Luzon]], [[Visayas]], and [[Mindanao]]. With a population of over 112 million, it is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by population|fourteenth-most-populous country]].

The Philippines is bounded by the [[South China Sea]] to the west, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, and the [[Celebes Sea]] to the south. It shares [[maritime border]]s with [[Taiwan]] to the north, [[Japan]] to the northeast, [[Palau]] to the east and southeast, [[Indonesia]] to the south, [[Malaysia]] to the southwest, [[Vietnam]] to the west, and [[China]] to the northwest. It has [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|diverse ethnicities]] and [[Culture of the Philippines|a rich culture]]. [[Manila]] is [[Capital of the Philippines|the country's capital]], and [[Cities of the Philippines#Largest cities|its most populated city]] is [[Quezon City]]. Both are within [[Metro Manila]].

[[Negrito]]s, the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by [[Models of migration to the Philippines|waves]] of [[Austronesian peoples]]. The adoption of [[animism]], [[Hinduism]] with [[Buddhist]] influence, and [[Islam]] established [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|island-kingdoms]]. Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] or [[Southern Song|Song]] empire brought [[Sangley|Chinese]] people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in and [[Interethnic marriage|intermix]] over the centuries. The arrival of the explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] marked the beginning of [[Spanish Colonization in the Philippines|Spanish colonization]]. In 1543, Spanish explorer {{Lang|es|[[Ruy López de Villalobos]]|italic=no}} named the archipelago {{lang|es|las Islas Filipinas}} in honor of [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip II]]. [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]]. [[Spaniard|Hispanic]] immigrants from [[Latin American Asian|Latin America]] and [[Iberia]] would also selectively colonize. The [[Philippine Revolution]] began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898 [[Spanish–American War]]. Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and [[Hong Kong Junta|Filipino revolutionaries]] declared the [[First Philippine Republic]]. The ensuing [[Philippine–American War]] ended with the United States controlling the territory until the [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|Japanese invasion]] of the islands during [[World War II]]. After [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese]], the Philippines became independent in 1946. Since then, the country notably experienced a [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|period of martial law]] from 1972 to 1981 under the dictatorship of [[Ferdinand Marcos]] and his subsequent overthrow by the [[People Power Revolution]] in 1986, returning to democracy.

The Philippines is an [[emerging market]] and a [[developing country|developing]] and [[newly industrialized country]], [[Economy of the Philippines|whose economy]] is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant [[Megadiverse countries|level of biodiversity]]. The country is also part of [[International organization membership of the Philippines|multiple international organizations and forums]], mainly in [[ASEAN]]. Despite its fast economic growth, it continues to struggle with [[Income inequality in the Philippines|inequality]], widespread [[Corruption in the Philippines|corruption]], and vulnerability to natural disasters due to its location within the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], and to the equator, making it prone to [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|earthquakes]], [[Monsoon|monsoon rains]], and [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]], to which the Philippines has built a [[Community resilience|resilience]].

== Etymology ==
{{Main|Names of the Philippines}}

During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] named the islands of [[Leyte]] and [[Samar]] "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" after the [[Prince of Asturias]], later [[Philip II of Castile]]. Eventually, the name "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.<ref name="Scott-1994" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC&pg=PA6|name=6}}}} Other names, such as "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn= |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref>

During the [[Philippine Revolution]], the [[Malolos Congress]] proclaimed it the {{lang|es|República Filipina}} ([[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[United States]] began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of the Philippines}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of Philippine history}}

=== Prehistory (pre–900) ===
{{Main|Prehistory of the Philippines}}
[[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], one of the numerous [[burial jar]]s found on the cave system|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat]]

There is [[Archaeology of the Philippines|evidence]] of early [[hominins]] living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> Bones from [[Callao Cave]] potentially represent an otherwise unknown species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'', who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> The oldest [[modern human]] remains on the islands are from the [[Tabon Caves]] of [[Palawan]], [[U/Th-dated]] to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] is presumably a [[Negrito]], among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] to the now-sunken landmasses of [[Sundaland]] and [[Sahul]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'')<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> and northern [[Luzon]]. Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> with [[lingling-o]] jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies: [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], and port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> The Philippines prior to foreign colonization was believed to be egalitarian.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Aguilar |first=Filomeno |date=2015-01-01 |title=The Passing of Rice Spirits: Cosmology, Technology, and Gender Relations in the Colonial Philippines |url=https://archium.ateneo.edu/history-faculty-pubs/99 |journal=History Department Faculty Publications}}</ref>

=== Early states (900–1565) ===
{{Main|History of the Philippines (900–1565)}}The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the 900 AD [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]], which was written in [[Old Malay]] using the early [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]].<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Some [[polities]] had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.<ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=3}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> Trade with China began during the late [[Tang dynasty]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=978-971-97-0682-3 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> and expanded during the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were part of the [[tributary system of China]].<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages=177–178}}<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page=3}} With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants and migrants from [[Southern Fujian]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=tl, [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=tl, [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [as written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live}}</ref> who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices [[Indian influences in early Philippine polities|began to spread]] in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> By the 15th century, Islam was established in the [[Sulu Archipelago]] and spread from there.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" />[[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb|A couple portrayed in 1590's Early Spanish colonial period of the Philippines, draped in gold|211x211px]]

Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name="Ring-1996">{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=565–569 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Pangasinan (historical polity)|Pangasinan]], [[Caboloan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], and [[Ma-i]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]] |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |editor-last=Quezon |editor-first=Manuel L. III |editor-link=Manolo Quezon |location=Manila, Philippines |page=64 |editor-last2=Goitia |editor-first2=Pocholo}}</ref> The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page=3}}<ref name="Wernstedt-1967">{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date=January 1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-03513-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA672|name=672}}}} Among the nobility were leaders known as [[datu]]s, who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups ([[Precolonial barangay|barangays]] or dulohan).<ref>{{cite book |last=Arcilla |first=José S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C |title=An Introduction to Philippine History |date=1998 |edition=Fourth enlarged |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15 15]}}</ref> When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page=3}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Decasa |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |title=The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=1 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-812-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328 328] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |url-status=live}}</ref> their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "[[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount datu]]",<ref name="Newson">{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|name=58}}}}<ref name="Legarda-2001" /> [[rajah]] or [[sultan]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carley |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Sterling, Va. |isbn=978-1-134-20050-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 108] |chapter=Chapter 7 |orig-date=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and would rule the community.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Samuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 37] |author-link1=Samuel K. Tan}}</ref> Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|name=18}}}} due to the [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] and the Philippines' location on the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |editor-last1=Boomgaard |editor-first1=Peter |title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=240 |publisher=[[KITLV Press]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-25401-5 |date=January 1, 2007 |pages=153–184 |chapter=Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by [[Lapulapu]]'s men in the [[Battle of Mactan]].<ref name="Woods-2006">{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |language=en |author-link1=Damon Woods |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT46|name=21}}}}<ref name="Guillermo-2012">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |date=2012 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA261|name=261}}}}

=== Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934) ===
{{Main|History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|History of the Philippines (1898–1946)}}

[[File:Vista del Puente de Manila (1847).png|alt=See caption|thumb|[[Manila]], 1847]]

Unification and colonization by the [[Crown of Castile]] began when Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] arrived from [[New Spain]] in 1565.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wing |first=J.T. |title=Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750 |publisher=Brill |series=Brill's Series in the History of the Environment |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-26137-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109] |quote=At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation. |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Arthur L. |title=Higher Education in the Philippines |series=Bulletin |date=1961 |issue=29 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |publisher=[[Office of Education]], [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn= |oclc=755650 |page=7 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="deBorja-2005">{{cite book |last=de Borja |first=Marciano R. |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |title=Basques In The Philippines |series=The Basque Series |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |location=Reno, Nev. |isbn=978-0-87417-590-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref>{{rp|pages=20–23}} Many [[Filipinos]] were brought to New Spain [[History of Spanish slavery in the Philippines|as slaves]] and forced crew,<ref>{{cite book |last=Seijas |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians |series=Cambridge Latin American Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-06312-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |chapter=The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> whereas many [[Latin American Asian|Latin Americans]] were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.<ref>[https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623 "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)](English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."</ref> The Philippines hosts the only Latin American established districts in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Coast of the Island Of Luzon {{pipe}} Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200644/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies|first=Kristie|last=Patricia Flannery|date=April 3, 2023|journal=Colonial Latin American Review|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–242|doi=10.1080/10609164.2023.2205233|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]] became the capital of the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] and the [[Spanish East Indies]] in 1571,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Beaule |editor-first1=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism |editor-last2=Douglass |editor-first2=John G. |date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |location=Tucson, Ariz. |isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Fernando A. Jr. |year=2006 |title=Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |trans-title=A Short History of Pandacan, Manila 1589–1898 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |url-status=live |journal=Malay |language=fil |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |issn=2243-7851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |via=Philippine E-Journals}}</ref> Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12855-1 |year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |author-link=Tonio Andrade |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |via=Gutenberg-e}}</ref> The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of [[divide and rule|divide and conquer]],<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA374|name=374}}}} bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giráldez |first1=Arturo |title=The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy |date=March 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4352-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=March 1, 2017 |title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |journal=[[International Journal of Historical Archaeology]] |publisher=[[Springer New York]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |s2cid=254541436 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150313/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |via=Springer Link}}</ref>

Disparate barangays were deliberately [[Reductions|consolidated into towns]], where [[Friars in Spanish Philippines|Catholic missionaries]] could more easily convert their inhabitants to [[Christianity]],<ref name="Abinales-2005">{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA53|name=53}}, {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA68|name=68}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R. |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |location=New York |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59] |author-link1=Renato Constantino |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> which was initially [[Religious Syncretism|Syncretist]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |date=1984 |page=254 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |issn=2244-1093 |oclc=6015358201 |jstor=42632710 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianization]] by the [[Friars in Spanish Philippines|Spanish friars]] occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the [[Mexico City]]-based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from [[Madrid]] after the [[Mexican War of Independence]].<ref name="Halili-2004">{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |year=2004 |edition=First |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA81|name=81}}}} Manila became the western hub of [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Kane |first=Herb Kawainui |title=Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6 |editor-last=Bob Dye |volume=I |pages=25–32 |chapter=The Manila Galleons |author-link=Herb Kawainui Kane}}</ref> by [[Manila galleon]]s built in [[Bicol Region|Bicol]] and [[Cavite]].<ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last=Bolunia |first=Mary Jane Louise A. |chapter=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon |chapter-url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |title=Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region |url=http://www.themua.org/collections/collections/show/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233643/http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee |page=1 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |oclc=892536655 |via=The Museum of Underwater Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=William J. |date=December 1, 1995 |title=The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines |journal=[[International Journal of Maritime History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1177/084387149500700208 |s2cid=163709949}}</ref>

During its rule, Spain spent a significant sum of its treasury quelling [[Philippine revolts against Spain|indigenous revolts]]<ref name="Halili-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA111|name=111–122}}}} and defending against external military attacks,<ref name="Ooi-2004">{{cite book |editor-last1=Ooi |editor-first1=Keat Gin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor |date=2004 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094029/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077|name=1077}}}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Closmann |editor-first=Charles Edwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36 |title=War and the Environment: Military Destruction in the Modern Age |date=2009 |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]] |location=College Station, Tex. |isbn=978-1-60344-380-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36 36] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102727/https://books.google.com/books?id=alK4QtqHpyAC&pg=PA36 |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Piracy in the Sulu and Celebes Seas|Moro piracy]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Klein |editor-first1=Bernhard |editor-last2=Mackenthun |editor-first2=Gesa |title=Sea Changes: Historicizing the Ocean |date=August 21, 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-135-94046-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC&pg=PA63 63–66] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC |access-date=August 11, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811080240/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbntzV53vZAC |url-status=live}}</ref> a 17th-century [[Battles of La Naval de Manila|war against the Dutch]], 18th-century [[British occupation of Manila]], and conflict with Muslims in the south.<ref name="Dolan-1991">{{cite book |date=1991 |editor-last=Dolan |editor-first=Ronald E. |title=Philippines |series=Country Studies/Area Handbook Series |url=https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109092341/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/ |archive-date=November 9, 2005 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |via=Country Studies |publisher=[[U.S. Government Publishing Office|GPO]] for the [[Library of Congress]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161256/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/4.htm|name=4}}}}

Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077|name=1077}}}} and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|name=7–8}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Crossley |first=John Newsome |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ |title=Hernando de los Ríos Coronel and the Spanish Philippines in the Golden Age |date=July 28, 2013 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4094-8242-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168 168–169] |access-date=January 13, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124615/https://books.google.com/books?id=jQmiAgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1077|name=1077}}}} averaging 250,000 pesos,<ref name="Newson" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|name=8}}}} usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cole |first=Jeffrey A. |title=The Potosí Mita, 1573–1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, Calif. |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8047-1256-9 |page=20}}</ref> [[British occupation of Manila|British forces occupied Manila]] from 1762 to 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]]. Spanish rule was restored with the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|1763 Treaty of Paris]].<ref name="deBorja-2005" />{{rp|pages=81–83}} The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the ''[[Reconquista]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hoadley |editor-first1=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC |title=Asian Security Reassessed |editor-last2=Ruland |editor-first2=Jurgen |date=2006 |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-400-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC&pg=PA215 215] |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=5P9bgGxfYKUC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hefner |editor-first1=Robert W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC |title=Islam in an Era of Nation-States: Politics and Religious Renewal in Muslim Southeast Asia |editor-last2=Horvatich |editor-first2=Patricia |date=September 1, 1997 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-1957-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC&pg=PA43 43–44] |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319192304/https://books.google.com/books?id=_kQ4yo-GIWUC |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Spanish–Moro conflict]] lasted for several hundred years. Spain conquered portions of [[Mindanao]] and [[Jolo]] during the last quarter of the 19th century,<ref>{{cite report |last=United States War Department |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ |title=Annual Report of the Secretary of War |volume=III |date=1903 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g8FMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA379 379–398] |author-link=United States Department of War}}</ref> and the Muslim [[Moro people|Moro]] in the [[Sultanate of Sulu]] acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Warren |first=James Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC |title=The Sulu Zone, 1768–1898: The Dynamics of External Trade, Slavery, and Ethnicity in the Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State |date=2007 |edition=Second |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-9971-69-386-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC&pg=PA124 124] |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073403/https://books.google.com/books?id=VUZq93ydrrwC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ramón de Dalmau y de Olivart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ |title=Colección de los Tratados, Convenios y Documentos Internacionales Celebrados por Nuestros Gobiernos Con los Estados Extranjeros Desde el Reinado de Doña Isabel II Hasta Nuestros Días, Vol. 4: Acompañados de Notas Historico-Criticas Sobre Su Negociación y Complimiento y Cotejados Con los Textos Originales, Publicada de Real Orden |year=1893 |publisher=El Progreso Editorial |location=Madrid, Spain |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA120 120–123] |language=es |access-date=June 27, 2020 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124613/https://books.google.com/books?id=l0gMAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Ilustrados 1890.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Photo of a large group of men on steps. Some are seated, and others are standing; several are wearing top hats.|''[[Ilustrado]]s'' in [[Madrid]] around 1890]]

Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Castro |first=Amado A. |date=1982 |title=Foreign Trade and Economic Welfare in the Last Half-Century of Spanish Rule |url=https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274 |journal=Philippine Review of Economics |publisher=[[University of the Philippines School of Economics]] |volume=19 |issue=1 & 2 |pages=97–98 |issn=1655-1516 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |author-link1=Amado Castro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211184927/https://econ.upd.edu.ph/pre/index.php/pre/article/download/361/274 |archive-date=February 11, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Romero |first1=Ma. Corona S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC |title=Rizal & the Development of National Consciousness |last2=Sta. Romana |first2=Julita R. |last3=Santos |first3=Lourdes Y. |date=2006 |edition=Second |publisher=Katha Publishing Co. |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-574-103-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC&pg=PA25 25] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngonYm_SDSIC |url-status=live}}</ref> Social identity changed, with the term ''Filipino'' encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to [[Spanish Filipino|Spaniards born in the Philippines]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hedman |first1=Eva-Lotta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C |title=Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories |series=Politics in Asia |last2=Sidel |first2=John |editor-last1=Leifer |editor-first1=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-75421-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=X_lDpY3vj60C&pg=PA71 71] |author-link2=John Sidel}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=David Joel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philippines: A Singular and a Plural Place |date=2018 |series=Nations of the Modern World: Asia |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-0-8133-3755-5 |edition=Fourth |at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74 The New Filipinos] |chapter=Chapter 3: A Singular and a Plural Folk |doi=10.4324/9780429494383 |access-date=September 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218075805/https://books.google.com/books?id=6NFMDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited [[colonial troops]] and laborers alongside [[Gomburza|three activist Catholic priests]] were executed on [[1872 Cavite mutiny|questionable grounds]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=John N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC |title=The Propaganda Movement, 1880–1895: The Creation of a Filipino Consciousness, the Making of the Revolution |date=1997 |edition=Revised |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-209-2 |pages=8–9 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073519/https://books.google.com/books?id=6GU_Tzxu5qoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Schumacher |first=John N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC |title=Revolutionary Clergy: The Filipino Clergy and the Nationalist Movement, 1850–1903 |date=1998 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-121-7 |pages=23–30 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073446/https://books.google.com/books?id=aaLh8W6_84cC |url-status=live}}</ref> This inspired the [[Propaganda Movement]], organized by [[Marcelo H. del Pilar]], [[José Rizal]], [[Graciano López Jaena]], and [[Mariano Ponce]], which advocated political reform in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Acibo |first1=Libert Amorganda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC |title=Jose P. Rizal: His Life, Works, and Role in the Philippine Revolution |last2=Galicano-Adanza |first2=Estela |date=1995 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1837-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC&pg=PA46 46–47] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144211/https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PCT9AB_REC |url-status=live}}</ref> Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Owen |editor-first1=Norman G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC |title=The Emergence of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History |date=January 1, 2005 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-2841-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hVGMjBzBz9cC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref> Attempts at reform met with resistance; [[Andrés Bonifacio]] founded the [[Katipunan]] secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.<ref name="Halili-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA137|name=137}}}}

The Katipunan [[Cry of Pugad Lawin]] began the [[Philippine Revolution]] in 1896.<ref>{{cite book |last=Borromeo-Buehler |first=Soledad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C |title=The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents |date=1998 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-278-8 |page=7 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073342/https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C |url-status=live}}</ref> Internal disputes led to the [[Tejeros Convention]], at which Bonifacio lost his position and [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] was elected the new leader of the revolution.<ref name="Duka-2008">{{cite book |last=Duka |first=Cecilio D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC |title=Struggle for Freedom: A Textbook on Philippine History |date=2008 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-5045-0 |access-date=January 16, 2021 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923144103/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA147|name=145–147}}}} The 1897 [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] resulted in the [[Hong Kong Junta]] government in exile. The [[Spanish–American War]] began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain on June 12, 1898.<ref name="Abinales-2022">{{cite book |last=Abinales |first=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ |title=Modern Philippines |series=Understanding Modern Nations |date=July 8, 2022 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-6005-8 |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144210/https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hd3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|name=26}}}} In December 1898, the islands were [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|ceded by Spain]] to the United States with [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Guam]] after the [[Spanish–American War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Draper |first=Andrew Sloan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ |title=The Rescue of Cuba: An Episode in the Growth of Free Government |date=1899 |publisher=[[Silver Burdett]] |location=New York |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA170 170–172] |isbn= |oclc=9764656 |author-link1=Andrew S. Draper |access-date=February 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172545/https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8OAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Fantina |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC |title=Desertion and the American Soldier, 1776–2006 |date=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87586-454-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AD0B560nGVIC&pg=PA83 83]}}</ref> [[Spain]] ruled the Philippines for 333 years.<ref>{{cite book|last=Novesteras|first=Arsenio P.|title=Isang Lahi... Isang Mithi|language=Filipino|trans-title=One Race... One Desire|year=2002|location=[[Makati]], Philippines|publisher=Salesiana Publishers, Inc.|isbn=971-522-427-X|pages=28, 137, 184}}</ref>

The [[First Philippine Republic]] was promulgated on January 21, 1899.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Starr |editor-first1=J. Barton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ |title=The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia |date=September 1988 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=Hong Kong, China |isbn=978-962-209-201-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA260 260] |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211124609/https://books.google.com/books?id=NTPxAQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Lack of recognition by the United States led to an [[Battle of Manila (1899)|outbreak of hostilities]] that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,{{efn|This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see {{section link|Schurman Commission|Survey visit to the Philippines}}.}} escalated into the [[Philippine–American War]].<ref name=Nation18990504>{{cite magazine |title=The week |magazine=The Nation |volume=68 |issue=1766 |page=323 |date=May 4, 1899 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QUDAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA323}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Linn |first=Brian McAllister |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ |title=The Philippine War, 1899–1902 |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]] |year=2000 |location=Lawrence, Kans. |isbn=978-0-7006-1225-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ&pg=PA75 75–76] |author-link=Brian McAllister Linn |access-date=December 25, 2018 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073827/https://books.google.com/books?id=PSJGPgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kalaw |first=Maximo Manguiat |title=The Development of Philippine politics (1872–1920) |publisher=Oriental Commercial Company, Inc. |location=Manila |year=1927 |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/afj2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext |pages=199–200 |access-date=December 3, 2023 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214233312/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AFJ2233.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Paterno|first=Pedro Alejandro|author-link=Pedro Paterno|title=Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War|work=The Philippine-American War Documents|publisher=MSC Institute of Technology, Inc.|location=San Pablo City, Philippines|date=June 2, 1899|url=http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/pa990602.html|access-date=December 25, 2016}}</ref>

[[File:General Gregorio del Pilar and troops in Pampanga c1898.jpg|thumb|Filipino General [[Gregorio del Pilar]] and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during the [[Philippine-American War]]]]

The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.<ref name="Tucker-2009">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |title=Philippine-American War |date=May 20, 2009 |edition=Illustrated |volume=I: A–L |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-951-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA478 478] |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |access-date=July 25, 2021 |archive-date=September 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923151624/https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC |url-status=live}}</ref> Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to [[List of concentration and internment camps#Philippines|concentration camps]], where thousands died.<ref>{{cite book |last=Briley |first=Ron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ |title=Talking American History: An Informal Narrative History of the United States |publisher=Sunstone Press |year=2020 |location=Santa Fe, N.M. |isbn=978-1-63293-288-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247] |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172542/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TbvDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Cocks |first1=Catherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the Progressive Era |series=Historical Dictionaries of U.S. Historical Eras |volume=12 |title=Philippine-American War (1899–1902) |last2=Holloran |first2=Peter C. |last3=Lessoff |first3=Alan |date=March 13, 2009 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-6293-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC&pg=PA332 332] |access-date=December 27, 2022 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172543/https://books.google.com/books?id=pvxD_LjXVRMC |url-status=live}}</ref> After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American civilian government]] was established with the [[Philippine Organic Act (1902)|Philippine Organic Act]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gates |first=John M. |title=The U.S. Army and Irregular Warfare |date=November 2002 |chapter=Chapter 3: The Pacification of the Philippines |access-date=February 20, 2010 |chapter-url=http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805061319/http://www3.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch3.html |archive-date=August 5, 2010 |via=[[College of Wooster]] |oclc=49327571}}</ref> American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted [[Tagalog Republic#Sakay|extension of the Philippine Republic]],<ref name="Duka-2008" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wk8yqCEmJUC&pg=PA200|name=200–202}}}}<ref name="Tucker-2009" /> [[Kiram–Bates Treaty|securing the Sultanate of Sulu]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Abanes |first=Menandro Sarion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ |title=Ethno-religious Identification and Intergroup Contact Avoidance: An Empirical Study on Christian-Muslim Relations in the Philippines |series=Nijmegen Studies in Development and Cultural Change |date=2014 |publisher=[[LIT Verlag|LIT Verlag Münster]] |location=Zürich, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-643-90580-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |language=en |access-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8vBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Federspiel |first=Howard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC |title=Sultans, Shamans, and Saints: Islam and Muslims in Southeast Asia |date=January 31, 2007 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-3052-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC&pg=PA120 120] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073948/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Qf39DpguysC |url-status=live}}</ref> establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aguilar-Cariño |first1=Ma. Luisa |year=1994 |title=The Igorot as Other: Four Discourses from the Colonial Period |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=42 |issue=2 |issn=0031-7837 |pages=194–209 |jstor=42633435}}</ref> and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wolff |editor-first1=Stefan |editor-last2=Özkanca |editor-first2=Oya Dursun- |title=External Interventions in Civil Wars: The Role and Impact of Regional and International Organisations |date=March 16, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-91142-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 103] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ |language=en |editor-link1=Stefan Wolff |access-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-date=March 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323163243/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNu_CwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Rogers |editor-first1=Mark M. |editor-last2=Bamat |editor-first2=Tom |editor-last3=Ideh |editor-first3=Julie |title=Pursuing Just Peace: An Overview and Case Studies for Faith-Based Peacebuilders |date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=[[Catholic Relief Services]] |location=Baltimore, Md. |isbn=978-1-61492-030-4 |page=119 |url=https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56 |access-date=April 25, 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208080127/https://www.crs.org/publications/showpdf.cfm?pdf_id=56 |archive-date=February 8, 2009}}</ref>

===Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)===
{{Further|Commonwealth of the Philippines|Military history of the Philippines during World War II}}

Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,<ref name="Armes-1987">{{cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC |title=Third World Film Making and the West |date=July 29, 1987 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-90801-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC&pg=PA152 152] |language=en |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073829/https://books.google.com/books?id=qFDnqIwdr8EC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tofighian-2006">{{Cite thesis |last=Tofighian |first=Nadi |date=2006 |title=The role of Jose Nepomuceno in the Philippine society: What language did his silent films speak? |url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309052902/http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200615/FULLTEXT01 |archive-date=March 9, 2012 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=[[DiVA (open archive)|DiVA portal]] |publisher=[[Stockholm University]] |oclc=1235074310}}</ref>{{rp|page=12}} and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] began to take precedence over other local languages.<ref name="Abinales-2005" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA121|name=121}}}} Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the [[Taft Commission]];<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081|name=1081}}, {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117|name=1117}}}} the 1934 [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]] granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year,<ref name="Nadeau-2020">{{cite book |last1=Nadeau |first1=Kathleen |title=The History of the Philippines |series=The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations |date=April 3, 2020 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-7359-1 |page=76 |edition=Second |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=October 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019084900/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ErEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Manuel L. Quezon|Manuel Quezon]] president and [[Sergio Osmeña]] vice president.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Lai To |editor-first1=Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ |title=Regional Community Building in East Asia: Countries in Focus |series=Politics in Asia |editor-last2=Othman |editor-first2=Zarina |date=September 1, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-317-26556-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145 145] |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211172544/https://books.google.com/books?id=WCwlDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.<ref name="Ooi-2004" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1081|name=1081}}, {{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1117|name=1117}}}} [[Filipino language|Filipino]] (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,<ref name="Thompson-2003">{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=Roger M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ |title=Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching From Multiple Perspectives |series=Varieties of English Around the World |date=October 16, 2003 |publisher=[[John Benjamins Publishing Company]] |location=Amsterdam, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-272-9607-8 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118092514/https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA27|name=27–29}}}} [[1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite|women's suffrage was introduced]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gonzales |first=Cathrine |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Celebrating 83 years of women's suffrage in the Philippines |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506193300/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1267381/celebrating-83-years-of-womens-suffrage-in-the-philippines |archive-date=May 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA416|name=416}}}} and [[Land reform in the Philippines|land reform]] was considered.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kwiatkowski |first=Lynn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ |title=Struggling With Development: The Politics of Hunger and Gender in the Philippines |date=May 20, 2019 |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-0-429-96562-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 41] |access-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073947/https://books.google.com/books?id=I__EDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Holden |first1=William N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ |title=Mining and Natural Hazard Vulnerability in the Philippines: Digging to Development or Digging to Disaster? |series=Anthem Environmental Studies |last2=Jacobson |first2=R. Daniel |date=February 15, 2012 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-1-84331-396-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 229] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144208/https://books.google.com/books?id=kcA1DgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Riedinger |first=Jeffrey M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC |title=Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform |date=1995 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, Calif. |isbn=978-0-8047-2530-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC&pg=PA87 87] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422235850/https://books.google.com/books?id=FlasRfravpEC |url-status=live}}</ref> The introduction of women's suffrage during the Commonwealth period (1935–1946) signifies a progressive step towards [[gender equality]] in the Philippines. This gave women the right to vote and participate in the country's political processes.

[[File:Douglas MacArthur lands Leyte1.jpg|thumb|alt=Douglas MacArthur, Sergio Osmeña, and Osmeña's staff wading ashore in knee-deep water|[[General Douglas MacArthur]] and [[Sergio Osmeña]] ''(left)'' coming ashore during the [[Battle of Leyte]] on October 20, 1944]]
The [[Empire of Japan]] invaded the Philippines in December 1941 [[Military history of the Philippines during World War II|during World War II]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Chamberlain |first=Sharon W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ |title=A Reckoning: Philippine Trials of Japanese War Criminals |series=New Perspectives in Southeast Asian Studies |date=March 5, 2019 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |isbn=978-0-299-31860-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 11] |access-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073830/https://books.google.com/books?id=JByIDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Second Philippine Republic]] was established as a [[puppet state]] governed by [[Jose P. Laurel]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Rankin |first1=Karl L. |author-link=Karl L. Rankin |date=November 25, 1943 |title=Document 984 |series=Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, The British Commonwealth, Eastern Europe, the Far East |volume=III |chapter=Introduction |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629000417/https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d984 |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |access-date=February 16, 2021 |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |date=July 6, 2017 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-5381-0395-1 |edition=Second |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 160] |access-date=February 16, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073954/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwglDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in 1942, the [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines]] was [[Philippine resistance against Japan|opposed]] by large-scale [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines#Resistance|underground guerrilla activity]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The Guerrilla War |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153210/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/sfeature/bataan_guerrilla.html |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2011 |website=[[American Experience]] |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Minor |first=Colin |date=March 4, 2019 |title=Filipino Guerilla Resistance to Japanese Invasion in World War II |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy |journal=Legacy |volume=15 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320025106/https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=legacy |archive-date=March 20, 2020 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |via=[[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Sandler |editor-first1=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC |encyclopedia=World War II in the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |title=Philippines, Anti-Japanese Guerrillas in |date=2001 |publisher=[[Garland Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8153-1883-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC&pg=PA819 819–825] |access-date=February 18, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073835/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-027Yrx12UC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Japanese war crimes|Atrocities and war crimes]] were committed during the war, including the [[Bataan Death March]] and the [[Manila massacre]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Jeffrey Frank |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Japanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf |title=Japanese War Crimes and Related Topics: A Guide to Records at the National Archives |publisher=[[National Archives and Records Administration]] |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gx9JDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1031 1031–1037] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414092157/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Japan/Japanese-War-Crimes-Guide.pdf |archive-date=April 14, 2010 |via=[[ibiblio]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Li |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC |title=Japanese War Crimes: The Search for Justice |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |location=New Brunswick, N.J. |isbn=978-1-4128-2683-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2J0ZqRZw-QQC&pg=PA250 250] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002122006/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Japanese_War_Crimes/2J0ZqRZw-QQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22japanese+atrocities&pg=PA250 |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref> The Philippine resistance and Allied troops [[Philippines campaign (1944–1945)|defeated the Japanese]] in 1944 and 1945. Over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon L. |title=World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-313-31395-0 |author-link=Gordon L. Rottman |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC&pg=PA318 318] |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012205757/https://books.google.com/books?id=ChyilRml0hcC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Del Gallego |first=John A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ |title=The Liberation of Manila: 28 Days of Carnage, February–March 1945 |date=July 17, 2020 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-3597-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84] |language=en |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144212/https://books.google.com/books?id=983xDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a [[member states of the United Nations|founding member]] of the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Founding Member States |date=September 28, 2009 |url=https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121135646/https://www.un.org/depts/dhl/unms/founders.shtml |archive-date=November 21, 2009 |publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref><ref name="Buhler-2001">{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Konrad G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C |title=State Succession and Membership in International Organizations: Legal Theories versus Political Pragmatism |series=Legal Aspects of International Organization |date=February 8, 2001 |publisher=[[Kluwer Law International]] |location=The Hague, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-411-1553-9 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405131023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of [[Manuel Roxas]], the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the [[Treaty of Manila (1946)|Treaty of Manila]].<ref name="Buhler-2001" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title=Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States of America; 1776–1949 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |location=United States |volume=II |year=1974 |pages=3–6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824161243/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/lltreaties//lltreaties-ustbv011/lltreaties-ustbv011.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2021}}</ref>

=== Independence (1946–present) ===
{{Main|History of the Philippines (1946–1965)|History of the Philippines (1965–1986)|History of the Philippines (1986–present)}}

Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the [[Hukbalahap Rebellion]] succeeded during [[Ramon Magsaysay]]'s presidency,<ref>{{cite book |last=Goodwin |first=Jeff |url=https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff |title=No Other Way Out: States and Revolutionary Movements, 1945–1991 |series=Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics |date=2001 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-62069-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/nootherwayout00jeff/page/118 118] |author1-link=Jeff Goodwin}}</ref> but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.<ref name="Tucker-2013">{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first=Spencer C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: A New Era of Modern Warfare |title=Hukbalahap Rebellion |date=October 29, 2013 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-280-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 244] |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker}}</ref> Under Magsaysay's successor, [[Carlos P. Garcia]], the government initiated a [[Filipino First policy]] which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.<ref name="Abinales-2005" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA182|name=182}}}} Succeeding Garcia, [[Diosdado Macapagal]] moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Republic Day |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225103921/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/republic-day/about/ |archive-date=February 25, 2018 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=II. Independence Day moved from July 4 to June 12}}</ref> and pursued [[North Borneo dispute|a claim]] on eastern [[North Borneo]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Dobbs |first=Charles M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ |title=Trade and Security: The United States and East Asia, 1961–1969 |date=February 19, 2010 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England |isbn=978-1-4438-1995-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222 222] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMaBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weatherbee |first1=Donald E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC |title=International Relations in Southeast Asia: The Struggle for Autonomy |last2=Emmers |first2=Ralf |last3=Pangestu |first3=Mari |last4=Sebastian |first4=Leonard C. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-2842-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC&pg=PA68 68–69] |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604143037/https://books.google.com/books?id=4wqEC4jHl9wC |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:CongressBuilding SEATO.jpg|thumb|right|The attending leaders of the [[Manila Summit Conference]] in front of the Congress Building in Manila, hosted by [[Ferdinand Marcos]] on October 24, 1966]]
In 1965, Macapagal [[1965 Philippine presidential election|lost]] the presidential election to [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. [[First term of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos|Early in his presidency]], Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his [[1969 Philippine presidential election|reelection in 1969]].<ref name="Timberman-1991">{{cite book |last=Timberman |first=David G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC |title=A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics |publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]] |location=Armonk, N.Y. |year=1991 |isbn=978-981-3035-86-7 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218094758/https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkBO2RhI4NUC&pg=PA58|name=58}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Clinton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC |title=Hot Spot: Asia and Oceania |date=June 30, 2008 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-35413-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC&pg=PA188 188] |author-link1=Clinton Fernandes |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073832/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mrU4FBGqCAC |url-status=live}}</ref> Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos [[Proclamation No. 1081|declared martial law]] on September 21, 1972<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Declaration of Martial Law |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708065018/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |access-date=September 1, 2020 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> using the specter of communism<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hastedt |first=Glenn P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy |title=Philippines |date=January 1, 2004 |publisher=[[Facts On File]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4381-0989-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC&pg=392 392] |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510063237/https://books.google.com/books?id=9HpR1b5zZxwC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Gus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism |edition=Second |title=New People's Army |date=June 15, 2011 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4522-6638-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=427 427] |language=en |author-link1=C. Augustus Martin |access-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100924/https://books.google.com/books?id=ClN2AwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=van der Kroef |first1=Justus M. |title=Asian Communism in the Crucible |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C |journal=Problems of Communism |date=1975 |publisher=Documentary Studies Section, [[International Information Administration]] |issue=March–April 1975 |volume=XXIV |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C&pg=PA59 59] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212090208/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XBafuPyHq8C |url-status=live}}</ref> and began to [[rule by decree]];<ref name="TheEuropaWorldYear-2004">{{cite book |title=The Europa World Year: Kazakhstan – Zimbabwe |date=2004 |publisher=[[Europa Publications]] |location=London |edition=45th |volume=II |isbn=978-1-85743-255-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3408 3408] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=January 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164345/https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C |url-status=live}}</ref> the period was characterized by [[Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship|political repression]], [[Journalism during the Marcos dictatorship|censorship]], and [[Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship|human rights violations]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Leary |first1=Virginia A. |url=https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf |title=The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law: Report of a Mission |last2=Ellis |first2=A. A. |last3=Madlener |first3=Kurt |date=1984 |publisher=[[International Commission of Jurists]] |isbn=978-92-9037-023-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |chapter=Chapter 1: An Overview of Human Rights |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329103100/https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/1984/01/Philippines-human-rights-mission-report-1984-eng.pdf |archive-date=March 29, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=van Erven |first=Eugène |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC |title=The Playful Revolution: Theatre and Liberation in Asia |date=1992 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-20729-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC&pg=PA35 35] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=mWe8mLteIigC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986)|Monopolies]] controlled by [[Cronies of Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos's cronies]] were established in key industries,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kang |first1=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC |title=Crony Capitalism: Corruption and Development in South Korea and the Philippines |date=January 24, 2002 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-00408-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC&pg=PA140 140] |language=en |author-link1=David C. Kang |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=im465FAopWMC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Lynn T. III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ |title=Philippine Politics: Possibilities and Problems in a Localist Democracy |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date=December 17, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-57422-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 74] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074430/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mvfBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Salazar |first=Lorraine Carlos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC |title=Getting a Dial Tone: Telecommunications Liberalisation in Malaysia and the Philippines |date=2007 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-382-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC&pg=PA12 12–13] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=wA2P9HBcr2YC |url-status=live}}</ref> including [[Deforestation in the Philippines#Deforestation during the martial law era|logging]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Inoue |editor-first1=M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ |title=People and Forest — Policy and Local Reality in Southeast Asia, the Russian Far East, and Japan |editor-last2=Isozaki |editor-first2=H. |date=November 11, 2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-2554-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA142 142] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=nwTuCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and broadcasting;<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA120|name=120}}}} a sugar monopoly led to [[Negros famine|a famine on the island of Negros]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=September 10, 1985 |title=UCAN Special Report: What's Behind the Negros Famine Crisis |language=en |work=[[Union of Catholic Asian News]] |url=https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322040705/https://www.ucanews.com/story-archive/?post_name=/1985/09/11/ucan-special-report-whats-behind-the-negros-famine-crisis&post_id=33345 |archive-date=March 22, 2016}}</ref> With his wife, [[Imelda Marcos|Imelda]], Marcos was accused of corruption and [[Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family|embezzling billions of dollars]] of public funds.<ref>{{cite book |last=SarDesai |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |title=Southeast Asia: Past and Present |date=December 4, 2012 |edition=7th |publisher=[[Westview Press]] |isbn=978-0-8133-4838-4 |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=yjNWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT206 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vogl |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC |title=Waging War on Corruption: Inside the Movement Fighting the Abuse of Power |date=September 2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Boulder, Colo. |isbn=978-1-4422-1853-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC&pg=PA60 60] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103527/https://books.google.com/books?id=hBCMTGiVBYMC |url-status=live}}</ref> Marcos's heavy borrowing [[1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis|early in his presidency]] resulted in [[Economic history of the Philippines (1965–1986)|economic crashes]], exacerbated by an [[early 1980s recession]] where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018">{{cite book |editor-last1=Thompson |editor-first1=Mark R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines |series=Routledge Handbooks |editor-last2=Batalla |editor-first2=Eric Vincent C. |date=February 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-48526-1 |language=en |author-link1=Mark R. Thompson |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA212|name=212}}}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Raquiza |first=Antoinette R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC |title=State Structure, Policy Formation, and Economic Development in Southeast Asia: The Political Economy of Thailand and the Philippines |series=Routledge Studies in the Growth Economies of Asia |date=June 17, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-136-50502-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC&pg=PA40 40–41] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=g5bkhjFAzyMC |url-status=live}}</ref>

On August 21, 1983, opposition leader [[Ninoy Aquino|Benigno Aquino Jr.]] (Marcos's chief rival) was [[Assassination of Ninoy Aquino|assassinated on the tarmac]] at [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport|Manila International Airport]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Quinn-Judge |first=Paul |date=September 7, 1983 |title=Assassination of Aquino linked to power struggle for successor to Marcos |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908131731/https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0907/090742.html |archive-date=September 8, 2015}}</ref> Marcos called a snap [[1986 Philippine presidential election|presidential election in 1986]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Hermida |first=Ranilo Balaguer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ |title=Imagining Modern Democracy: A Habermasian Assessment of the Philippine Experiment |date=November 19, 2014 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press|SUNY Press]] |location=Albany, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-4384-5387-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103526/https://books.google.com/books?id=VASXBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf |title=A Path to Democratic Renewal |last1=Atwood |first1=J. Brian |last2=Schuette |first2=Keith E. |page=350 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220659/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABK494.pdf |archive-date=May 12, 2014 |via=[[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs]] and [[International Republican Institute]] |author-link1=J. Brian Atwood}}</ref> The resulting protests led to the [[People Power Revolution]],<ref name="LATimes-3DayRevolution">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Fineman |first=Mark |date=February 27, 1986 |title=The 3-Day Revolution: How Marcos Was Toppled |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825042718/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-02-27-mn-12085-story.html |archive-date=August 25, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Burgess |first=John |date=April 21, 1986 |title=Not All Filipinos Glad Marcos Is Out |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/04/21/not-all-filipinos-glad-marcos-is-out/d90b949f-da34-410a-be2e-95056958bcb2/ |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to [[Hawaii]]. Aquino's widow, [[Corazon Aquino|Corazon]], was installed as president<ref name="LATimes-3DayRevolution" /> and a new constitution was promulgated.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Atienza |editor1-first=Maria Ela L. |title=Chronology of the 1987 Philippine Constitution |date=2019 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] Center for Integrative and Development Studies |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-742-119-3 |pages=4–11 |series=Public Policy Monographs |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |access-date=October 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025141304/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/chronology-of-the-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |archive-date=October 25, 2020}}</ref>

The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by [[National debt of the Philippines|national debt]], government corruption, and [[Coup attempts against Corazon Aquino|coup attempts]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Damien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ |title=Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change |date=September 13, 2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-49628-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 132] |author-link1=Damien Kingsbury |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212193225/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Timberman-1991" />{{rp|pages=xii, xiii}} A [[Communist rebellion in the Philippines|communist insurgency]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Tan |editor-first1=Andrew T. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC |title=A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia |date=January 2009 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-1-84720-718-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzMmpCinBYoC&pg=PA405 405]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=February 14, 2011 |title=The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |journal=Asia Report |issue=202 |publisher=[[International Crisis Group]] |pages=5–7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806030349/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4d5a310e2.pdf |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |oclc=905388916 |via=Refworld}}</ref> and military conflict with [[Moro conflict|Moro separatists]] persisted;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Mydans |first=Seth |date=September 14, 1986 |title=Philippine Communists Are Spread Widely, but Not Thinly |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524190820/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/14/weekinreview/philippine-communists-are-spread-widely-but-not-thinly.html |archive-date=May 24, 2015}}</ref> the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of [[Mount Pinatubo]] in June 1991.<ref name=usgs>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Newhall |first1=Chris |last2=Hendley |first2=James W. II |last3=Stauffer |first3=Peter H. |name-list-style=amp |date=February 28, 2005 |title=The Cataclysmic 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines (U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 113-97) |series=Reducing the Risk from Volcano Hazards |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217063847/https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/fs113-97.pdf |archive-date=February 17, 2006 |access-date=April 22, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]]; [[United States Geological Survey|U.S. Geological Survey]] |oclc=731752857}}</ref> Aquino was succeeded by [[Fidel V. Ramos]], who [[Economic liberalization|liberalized]] the national economy with [[privatization]] and [[deregulation]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pecotich |editor-first1=Anthony |editor-last2=Shultz |editor-first2=Clifford J. |title=Handbook of Markets and Economies: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand: East Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand |date=July 22, 2016 |publisher=[[M. E. Sharpe]] |location=Armonk, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-315-49875-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546 |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171259/https://books.google.com/books?id=ySe3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT546 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ortega |first1=Arnisson Andre |title=Neoliberalizing Spaces in the Philippines: Suburbanization, Transnational Migration, and Dispossession |date=September 9, 2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4985-3052-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA51 51–52] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171253/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDTVDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Ramos's economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]].<ref name="NYTimes-Gargan-1997">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gargan |first=Edward A. |date=December 11, 1997 |title=Last Laugh for the Philippines; Onetime Joke Economy Avoids Much of Asia's Turmoil |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |access-date=January 25, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228024452/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/11/business/last-laugh-for-philippines-onetime-joke-economy-avoids-much-asia-s-turmoil.html |archive-date=December 28, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Pempel |editor-first1=T. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC |title=The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8014-8634-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC&pg=163 163] |author-link1=T. J. Pempel |access-date=March 28, 2016 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074317/https://books.google.com/books?id=sTAuUXE_ANsC |url-status=live}}</ref> His successor, [[Joseph Estrada]], prioritized public housing<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rebullida |first=Ma. Lourdes G. |date=December 2003 |title=The Politics of Urban Poor Housing: State and Civil Society Dynamics |url=https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf |journal=Philippine Political Science Journal |publisher=Philippine Political Science Association |volume=24 |issue=47 |page=56 |doi=10.1080/01154451.2003.9754247 |s2cid=154441392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511215251/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Political%20Science%20Journal/2003/06_The%20Political%20of%20Urban%20Poor%20Housing_%20State%20and%20Civil%20Society%20Dynamics.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2023}}</ref> but faced corruption allegations<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhargava |first1=Vinay Kumar |last2=Bolongaita |first2=Emil P. |title=Challenging Corruption in Asia: Case Studies and a Framework for Action |series=Directions in Development |date=2004 |publisher=[[World Bank Publications]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8213-5683-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC&pg=PA78 78] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC |language=en |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171257/https://books.google.com/books?id=gHS1bTsu2IUC |url-status=live}}</ref> which led to his overthrow by the [[Second EDSA Revolution|2001 EDSA Revolution]] and the succession of Vice President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] on January 20, 2001.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Landler |first=Mark |date=February 9, 2001 |title=In Philippines, The Economy As Casualty; The President Ousted, a Credibility Repair Job |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119090537/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/09/business/philippines-economy-casualty-president-ousted-credibility-repair-job.html |archive-date=January 19, 2010 |author-link1=Mark Landler}}</ref>

Arroyo's [[Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|nine-year administration]] was marked by economic growth,<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hutchcroft |first1=Paul D. (Paul David) |title=The Arroyo Imbroglio in the Philippines |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |date=2008 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=141–155 |doi=10.1353/jod.2008.0001 |issn=1086-3214 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/230460 |access-date=June 16, 2023 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |s2cid=144031968 |via=[[Project MUSE]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Dizon |first=David |date=August 4, 2010 |title=Corruption was Gloria's biggest mistake: survey |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806185404/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/08/04/10/corruption-was-glorias-biggest-mistake-survey |archive-date=August 6, 2010}}</ref> including [[Hello Garci scandal|electoral fraud allegations]] during the [[2004 Philippine presidential election|2004 presidential election]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McCoy |first1=Alfred W. |author1-link=Alfred W. McCoy |title=Policing America's Empire: The United States, the Philippines, and the Rise of the Surveillance State |date=October 15, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |isbn=978-0-299-23413-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC&pg=PA498 498] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYj6WUGsRuEC |access-date=October 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Economic growth continued during [[Benigno Aquino III]]'s administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.<ref name="Lum-Dolven-2014">{{cite report |last1=Lum |first1=Thomas |last2=Dolven |first2=Ben |date=May 15, 2014 |title=The Republic of the Philippines and U.S. Interests—2014 |url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417070815/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R43498/7 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |website=[[CRS Reports]] |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |oclc=1121453557}}</ref>{{rp|pages=1, 3}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lucas |first=Dax |date=June 8, 2012 |title=Aquino attributes growth to good governance |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610044835/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/39227/aquino-attributes-growth-to-good-governance |archive-date=June 10, 2012}}</ref> Aquino III signed [[Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro|a peace agreement]] with the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]] (MILF) resulting in the [[Bangsamoro Organic Law]] establishing an autonomous [[Bangsamoro]] region, but a [[Mamasapano clash|shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano]] delayed passage of the law.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buendia |first1=Rizal G. |title=The Politics of the Bangsamoro Basic Law |date=January 2015 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3954.9205/1 |doi-access=free |access-date=May 10, 2024 |publisher=Yuchengco Center, [[De La Salle University]] |location=Manila, Philippines |pages=3–5 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294888285 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Clapano |first=Jose Rodel |date=February 3, 2016 |title=Congress buries Bangsamoro bill |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920054536/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/02/03/1549507/congress-buries-bangsamoro-bill |archive-date=September 20, 2018}}</ref>

Growing public frustration with post-[[People Power Revolution|EDSA]] governance led to the [[2016 Philippine presidential election|2016 election]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Alberto-Masakayan |first=Thea |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Duterte, Robredo win 2016 polls |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/ |access-date=May 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528141509/http://news.abs-cbn.com/halalan2016/nation/05/27/16/duterte-robredo-win-2016-polls/ |archive-date=May 28, 2016}}</ref> of populist [[Rodrigo Duterte]],<ref name="CasipleEtAl-2016">{{Cite journal |last1=Casiple |first1=Ramon C. |last2=McCargo |first2=Duncan |last3=Aspinall |first3=Edward |last4=Davidson |first4=Michael W. |last5=Hicken |first5=Allen |last6=Weiss |first6=Meredith L. |last7=Villegas |first7=Bernardo M. |last8=Manzano |first8=George |last9=Baviera |first9=Aileen S. P. |date=August 31, 2016 |title=Roundtable: The 2016 Philippine Presidential Election |url=https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862 |journal=Contemporary Southeast Asia |publisher=[[ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute]] |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=180–181 |doi=10.1355/cs38-2a |s2cid=157111016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319034802/https://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg/component/get/18862 |archive-date=March 19, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |last=Garrido |first=Marco |date=May 5, 2022 |title=Analysis; Filipinos don't long for the Marcos era. Why is his son in the lead? |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174059/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/05/05/bongbong-marcos-philippines-election-may9-democracy-duterte/ |archive-date=May 5, 2022}}</ref> whose [[Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|presidency]] saw the decline of [[liberalism in the Philippines|liberalism in the country]] albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Horner |first1=Lindsey K. |title=Oscillating between populism and liberalism in the Philippines: participatory education's role in addressing stubborn inequalities |journal=Globalisation, Societies and Education |date=March 14, 2024 |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=337–339 |doi=10.1080/14767724.2022.2048799 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/14767724.2022.2048799?needAccess=true |access-date=October 19, 2024 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |hdl=20.500.11820/6014417b-a302-4966-ab51-5410e818c8e9 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Beauchamp-2022" /> Among Duterte's priorities was [[Build! Build! Build!|aggressively increasing infrastructure spending]] to spur economic growth;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Nicolas |first=Fiona |date=November 4, 2016 |title=Big projects underway in 'golden age' of infrastructure |publisher=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107131039/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/11/04/golden-age-infrastructure-Duterte-administration-Arthur-Tugade-Mark-Villar-Ernesto-Pernia-Vince-Dizon.html |archive-date=November 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=de Vera |first=Ben O. |date=August 6, 2020 |title=Build, Build, Build's 'new normal': 13 projects added, 8 removed |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |access-date=September 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817063018/https://business.inquirer.net/304612/build-build-builds-new-normal-8-projects-added-13-removed |archive-date=August 17, 2020}}</ref> the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Maitem |first=Jeoffrey |date=January 25, 2019 |title=It's Official: Majority in So. Philippines Backs Muslim Autonomy Law |language=en |work=[[BenarNews]] |url=https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126214617/https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/BOL-plebiscite-01252019131530.html |archive-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> an intensified crackdown on crime and communist insurgencies;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Duterte admin made significant gains vs. NPA: AFP |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707084355/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1178431 |archive-date=July 7, 2022}}</ref> and [[Philippine drug war|an anti-drug campaign]] that reduced drug proliferation<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Caliwan |first=Christopher Lloyd |date=March 30, 2022 |title=Over 24K villages 'drug-cleared' as of February: PDEA |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331184448/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1171001 |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> but that has also led to [[extrajudicial killing]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Romero |first=Alexis |date=December 26, 2017 |title=Duterte gov't probing over 16,000 drug war-linked deaths as homicide, not EJK |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226113810/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/12/26/1771944/duterte-govt-probing-over-16000-drug-war-linked-deaths-homicide-not-ejk |archive-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=March 5, 2021 |title=Duterte unfazed by drug war criticisms: 'You want me to go prison? So be it' |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/ |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305123210/https://mb.com.ph/2021/03/05/duterte-unfazed-by-drug-war-criticisms-you-want-me-to-go-prison-so-be-it/ |archive-date=March 5, 2021}}</ref> In early 2020, the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]] reached the Philippines,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=January 30, 2020 |title=Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |access-date=January 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130083057/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/01/30/20/philippines-confirms-first-case-of-new-coronavirus |archive-date=January 30, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cordero |first=Ted |date=March 7, 2020 |title=DOH recommends declaration of public health emergency after COVID-19 local transmission |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |access-date=March 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308064057/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/728715/doh-recommends-declaration-of-public-health-emergency-after-covid-19-local-transmission/story/ |archive-date=March 8, 2020}}</ref> necessitating [[COVID-19 community quarantines in the Philippines|nationwide lockdowns]] that caused a brief but severe [[COVID-19 recession|economic recession]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Venzon |first=Cliff |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Philippines GDP shrinks 9.5% in 2020, worst since 1947 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |access-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128061938/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Philippines-GDP-shrinks-9.5-in-2020-worst-since-1947 |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Morales |first1=Neil Jerome |last2=Lema |first2=Karen |title=Philippines economy on recovery path, but policy seen remaining loose |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/philippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27/ |access-date=October 19, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=January 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204094028/https://www.reuters.com/markets/currencies/philippine-gdp-grows-77-yy-q4-beats-forecast-2022-01-27/ |archive-date=February 4, 2022}}</ref> Under a promise of continuing Duterte's policies,<ref name="Beauchamp-2022">{{cite news |last1=Beauchamp |first1=Zack |title=The Philippine election is the latest example of illiberalism's popularity |url=https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23068682/marcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism |access-date=October 19, 2024 |work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517160207/https://www.vox.com/2022/5/17/23068682/marcos-duterte-philippine-election-2022-illiberalism |archive-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref> Marcos's son, [[Bongbong Marcos]], ran with Duterte's daughter, [[Sara Duterte|Sara]], and won the [[2022 Philippine presidential election|2022 election]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=May 10, 2022 |title=Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos wins the Philippine presidency in a landslide |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |access-date=June 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510114935/https://www.economist.com/asia/ferdinand-bongbong-marcos-wins-the-philippine-presidency-in-a-landslide/21809220 |archive-date=May 10, 2022}}</ref> Marcos's renewal of a pro-US foreign policy, however, has been viewed as a reversal of Duterte's cordiality with China, and [[territorial disputes in the South China Sea]] have since escalated.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Storey |first1=Henry |title=Marcos vs Duterte: Domestic politics meets grand strategy |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/marcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy |website=[[Lowy Institute]] |date=August 5, 2024 |access-date=October 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914110341/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/marcos-vs-duterte-domestic-politics-meets-grand-strategy |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Marcos administration also [[Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte|arrested]] his predecessor Duterte, who was sent to the [[International Criminal Court]] in [[The Netherlands]] for trial of [[crimes against humanity]], which led to the collapse of the Marcos-Duterte alliance. Later on, a series of [[Flood control projects controversy in the Philippines|corruption, mismanagement and irregularities in government-funded flood management projects]] occurred under his administration, resulting in [[September 2025 Philippine protests|numerous protests nationwide]]. The country suffered an [[2026 energy crisis in the Philippines|energy crisis]] as a result of the [[2026 Iran war|conflict in Middle East]].

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of the Philippines}}
{{Further|List of islands of the Philippines}}

[[File:Relief Map Of The Philippines.png|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Map of the Philippines, color-coded by elevation|The Philippines is generally mountainous. Uplands make up 65 percent of the Philippines's land area.<ref name="Wernstedt-1967" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA38|name=38}}}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ |title=A Pocket Guide to the Philippines |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Forces Information Service]], [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] |isbn= |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 7] |language=en |oclc=989862194 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103622/https://books.google.com/books?id=2dIXAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}} {{No ISBN}}</ref>]]

The Philippines is an archipelago of approximately [[List of islands of the Philippines|7,641 islands]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=June 4, 2019 |title=Know before you go: the Philippines |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217161952/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/partner-content-know-before-you-go-the-philippines |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=February 20, 2016 |title=More islands, more fun in PH |work=cnn |publisher=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |access-date=July 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620024729/http://cnnphilippines.com/videos/2016/02/20/More-islands-more-fun-in-PH.html |archive-date=June 20, 2018}}</ref> covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about {{convert|300000|km2|sqmi|sp=us|0}}.<ref name="NAMRIAGovPH-InfoMapper-1991">{{Cite journal |date=December 1991 |title=Land Use and Land Classification of the Philippines |url=http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf |journal=Infomapper |publisher=[[National Mapping and Resource Information Authority]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=10 |issn=0117-1674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122012339/http://www.namria.gov.ph/jdownloads/Info_Mapper/00a_im_dec911.pdf |archive-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Boquet-2017">{{Cite book |last=Boquet |first=Yves |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ |title=The Philippine Archipelago |publisher=[[Springer International Publishing|Springer]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-51926-5 |series=Springer Geography |location=Cham, Switzerland |access-date=April 25, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074433/https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page=15}}<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" />{{efn|name=land-area|The actual area of the Philippines is {{convert|343448|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}} according to some sources.<ref>{{cite report |title=Achieving Sustainable Urban Development Project; Philippines; Summary Report |url=http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf |publisher=[[United Nations Human Settlements Programme|UN-Habitat]] |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826232930/http://unhabitat.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Volume-1-ASUD-4-HIRES.compressed.pdf |archive-date=August 26, 2018 |page=1 |date=2016}}</ref>}} Stretching {{convert|1850|km|sp=us}} north to south,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines – Places in the News |url=https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625233633/https://www.loc.gov/today/placesinthenews/archive/2008arch/20080624_philippines.html |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> from the [[South China Sea]] to the [[Celebes Sea]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Hogan |first=C. Michael |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |date=August 19, 2011 |title=Celebes Sea |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082109/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Celebes_Sea?topic=49523 |archive-date=October 13, 2012 |access-date=February 5, 2023}}</ref> the Philippines [[Borders of the Philippines|is bordered]] by the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encarta]] |title=Philippine Sea |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820123304/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761580288/Philippine_Sea.html |archive-date=August 20, 2009}} on August 20, 2009).</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |title=Philippine Sea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714194604/https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippine-Sea |archive-date=July 14, 2015 |access-date=February 9, 2021}}</ref> and the [[Sulu Sea]] to the southwest.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines – A country profile |url=https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926140334/https://www.eyeonasia.gov.sg/asean-countries/know/overview-of-asean-countries/philippines-a-country-profile/ |archive-date=September 26, 2020 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |website=Eye on Asia |publisher=[[Government of Singapore]] |language=en}}</ref> The [[Luzon Strait]] is the most economical (quickest) traffic node for shipping between the [[Americas]] and [[Asia]].<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Global-and-country-dependencies-on-maritime-chokepoints-a-The-share-of-144-global_fig1_385296408 Systemic impacts of disruptions at maritime chokepoints By Jasper Verschuur and Jim Hall]</ref><ref>[https://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/manila-acapulco-galleon-trade-and-maritime-silk-road-parallels-and-nexus Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade and Maritime Silk Road: Parallels and Nexus]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bowditch |first=Nathaniel |author-link=Nathaniel Bowditch |title=The American Practical Navigator: An Epitome of Navigation (Pub No. 9) |publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency |year=2019 |edition=2019 |pages=144–150}}</ref>
It is also a critical [[Electrical junction|junction]] of Asia-Pacific-Americas [[undersea communication cable]]s.<ref>Greenlees, Donald and Arnold, Wayne (2006-12-29). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070127141939/http://news.com.com/Asia+scrambles+to+fix+quake+damage+to+data+cables/2100-1037_3-6146387.html "Asia scrambles to fix quake damage to data cables"]. CNET News.com.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.submarinecablemap.com/country/philippines |title=Submarine Cable Map: Philippines |author=TeleGeography |website=Submarine Cable Map |date=2024 |access-date=2025-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2024/09/06/2003823332 |title=Pacific cables require protection |author=Taipei Times Editorial |website=Taipei Times |date=2024-09-06 |access-date=2025-12-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/trans-pacific/aag |title=Asia-America Gateway (AAG) Cable System |author=Submarine Networks |date=2024 |website=Submarine Networks |access-date=2025-12-22}}</ref> The [[List of islands of the Philippines|country's 11 largest islands]] are [[Luzon]], [[Mindanao]], [[Samar]], [[Negros]], [[Palawan (island)|Palawan]], [[Panay]], [[Mindoro]], [[Leyte]], [[Cebu (island)|Cebu]], [[Bohol]] and [[Masbate (island)|Masbate]], about 95 percent of its total land area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chaffee |first1=Frederic H. |last2=Aurell |first2=George E. |last3=Barth |first3=Helen A. |last4=Betters |first4=Elinor C. |last5=Cort |first5=Ann S. |last6=Dombrowski |first6=John H. |last7=Fasano |first7=Vincent J. |last8=Weaver |first8=John O. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ |title=Area Handbook for the Philippines |date=February 1969 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |isbn= |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 6] |language=en |oclc=19734 |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033448/https://books.google.com/books?id=83UsAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}} {{No ISBN}}</ref> The Philippines' coastline measures {{convert|36289|km|mi|sp=us}}, the world's [[List of countries by length of coastline|fifth-longest]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Field Listing – Coastline |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004524/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2060.html |archive-date=June 13, 2007 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> and the [[exclusive economic zone of the Philippines|country's exclusive economic zone]] covers {{convert|2263816|km²|sqmi|abbr=on|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity; Catches by Taxon in the waters of Philippines |url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205090523/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez/608?chart=catch-chart&dimension=taxon&measure=tonnage&limit=10 |archive-date=February 5, 2023 |access-date=February 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Sea Around Us (organization)|Sea Around Us]]}}</ref>

Its [[List of mountains in the Philippines|highest mountain]] is [[Mount Apo]] on Mindanao, with an altitude of {{convert|2954|m|ft|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> The Philippines' [[List of rivers of the Philippines|longest river]] is the [[Cagayan River]] in northern Luzon, which flows for about {{convert|520|km||abbr=|sp=us}}.<ref>{{cite report |last=College of Forestry and Natural Resources, [[University of the Philippines Los Baños]] |title=Climate-Responsive Integrated Master Plan for Cagayan River Basin; Volume I – Executive Summary |url=https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730173552/https://riverbasin.denr.gov.ph/masterplans/cagayanexecutivesummary.pdf |archive-date=July 30, 2020 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |website=River Basin Control Office |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources]] |page=5}}</ref> [[Manila Bay]], on which is the capital city of [[Manila]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wolanski |editor-first1=Eric |title=The Environment in Asia Pacific Harbours |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC |date=2006 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC&pg=PA309 309–328] |chapter=Chapter 19: Manila Bay: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities |isbn=978-1-4020-3654-5 |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321055842/https://books.google.com/books?id=udK-kt3cQCsC |url-status=live}}</ref> is connected to [[Laguna de Bay]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Laguna de Bay |url=https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618040407/https://llda.gov.ph/laguna-de-bay/ |archive-date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=August 18, 2007 |publisher=[[Laguna Lake Development Authority]]}}</ref> (the country's [[List of lakes of the Philippines|largest lake]]) by the [[Pasig River]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Murphy |first1=Denis |last2=Anana |first2=Ted |date=2004 |title=Pasig River Rehabilitation Program |url=http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123338/http://www.hic-net.org/document.asp?PID=197 |archive-date=October 12, 2007 |publisher=[[Habitat International Coalition]]}}</ref>

On the western fringes of the Pacific [[Ring of Fire]], the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.<ref name="Rodell-2002">{{cite book |last=Rodell |first=Paul A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |title=Culture and Customs of the Philippines |series=Culture and Customs of Asia |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30415-6 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA4|name=4}}}} The region is [[Seismology|seismically]] active, and has been [[Subduction tectonics of the Philippines|constructed by plates]] converging towards each other from multiple directions.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Berckhemer |editor-first1=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C |title=Alpine-Mediterranean Geodynamics |series=Geodynamics Series |volume=7 |editor-last2=Hsü |editor-first2=K. |date=1982 |publisher=[[American Geophysical Union]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-978-087-590-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C&pg=RA1-PA31 31] |language=en |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195929/https://books.google.com/books?id=4jQavSJCro4C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Frohlich |first=Cliff |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC |title=Deep Earthquakes |date=May 4, 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-82869-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC&pg=PA421 421] |access-date=March 11, 2022 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212195927/https://books.google.com/books?id=-lZGdmBwSPkC |url-status=live}}</ref> About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rantucci |first1=Giovanni |last2=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |author-link2=Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology |date=1994 |title=Geological Disasters in the Philippines; The July 1990 Earthquake and the June 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo; Description, Effects, and Lessons Learned |chapter=Chapter 2: Overview of Past and Recent Disasters in the Philippines |url=https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |publisher=[[Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)|Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri]], Dipt. per l'Informazione e l'Editoria |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-1-4752-3936-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530050031/https://www.eird.org/estrategias/pdf/eng/doc13258/doc13258-2.pdf |archive-date=May 30, 2012 |access-date=February 25, 2022 |via=[[United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction]] |page=24}}</ref> The [[List of earthquakes in the Philippines|last major earthquakes]] were in 1976 in the [[1976 Moro Gulf earthquake|Moro Gulf]] and in 1990 on [[1990 Luzon earthquake|Luzon]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Rinard Hinga |first=Bethany D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Ring of Fire: An Encyclopedia of the Pacific Rim's Earthquakes, Tsunamis, and Volcanoes |title=Philippines |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-297-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VHq1BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA249 249]}}</ref> The Philippines has [[List of active volcanoes in the Philippines|23 active volcanoes]]; of them, [[Mayon]], [[Taal Volcano|Taal]], [[Mount Canlaon|Canlaon]], and [[Mount Bulusan|Bulusan]] have the largest number of recorded eruptions.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Volcanoes of the Philippines |url=https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806190713/https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology]]}}</ref><ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|name=26}}}}

The country has valuable<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Esplanada |first=Jerry E. |date=March 1, 2012 |title=Philippines sits on $840B of mine—US |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine—us |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302194026/https://business.inquirer.net/47013/philippines-sits-on-840-b-of-mine%E2%80%94us |archive-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref> mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bryner |first=Leonid |date=September 1, 1969 |title=Ore Deposits of the Philippines Their Geology |journal=[[Economic Geology (journal)|Economic Geology]] |publisher=Economic Geology Publishing Company |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=645–647 |citeseerx=10.1.1.875.7878 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.64.6.644}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Santos |first=Gabriel Jr. |title=Metallogenetische und Geochemische Provinzen / Metallogenetic and Geochemical Provinces |chapter=Mineral Distribution and Geological Features of the Philippines |date=1974 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |volume=1 |page=89 |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-4065-9_8 |isbn=978-3-211-81249-5}}</ref> It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,<ref name="NYTimes-Miners">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Greenlees |first1=Donald |date=May 14, 2008 |title=Miners shun mineral wealth of the Philippines |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511224056/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/14/business/worldbusiness/14iht-mine.1.12876764.html |archive-date=May 11, 2011}}</ref> and the world's largest deposits of [[palladium]].<ref name="Inquirer-FirmSeesMetal">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=June 3, 2016 |title=Firm sees metal costlier than gold in Romblon sea |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724163335/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/788940/firm-sees-metal-costlier-than-gold-in-romblon-sea |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> The country's gold production in 2015 is 21 metric tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=November 29, 2023 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live}}</ref> Other minerals include [[chromium]], [[nickel]], [[molybdenum]], [[platinum]], and [[zinc]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ramos |editor-first1=Socorro B. |editor-last2=Quiniquini |editor-first2=Salvador M. |title=The Philippines: a Handbook of Economic Facts and General Information |date=1966 |publisher=[[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Department of Commerce and Industry]], Research and Information Division |isbn= |location=Manila, Philippines |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51 51] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ |language=en |oclc=63394 |access-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-date=April 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418081259/https://books.google.com/books?id=vjmxAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.<ref name="NYTimes-Miners" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Schneider |first=Keith |date=June 8, 2017 |title=The Philippines, a nation rich in precious metals, encounters powerful opposition to mining |work=[[Mongabay]] |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/ |access-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710043841/https://news.mongabay.com/2017/06/the-philippines-a-nation-rich-in-precious-metals-encounters-powerful-opposition-to-mining/ |archive-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>

=== Biodiversity ===
{{Main|Wildlife of the Philippines}}

{{See also|List of threatened species of the Philippines|Ecoregions in the Philippines}}
[[File:Carabao.jpg|thumb|alt=Water buffalo with large, curved horns, seen from above|The [[carabao]] is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philippine Historical Association |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ |title=Philippine Presidents: 100 Years |last2=New Day Publishers |publisher=[[Philippine Historical Association]] |year=1999 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-10-1027-0 |page=338 |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311174135/https://books.google.com/books?id=W4C6AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The Philippines is a [[megadiverse countries|megadiverse country]],<ref name="Berba-Matias-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Berba |first1=Carmela Maria P. |last2=Matias |first2=Ambrocio Melvin A. |title=State of biodiversity documentation in the Philippines: Metadata gaps, taxonomic biases, and spatial biases in the DNA barcode data of animal and plant taxa in the context of species occurrence data |journal=[[PeerJ]] |date=March 21, 2022 |volume=10 |doi=10.7717/peerj.13146 |pmid=35341040 |at=Introduction |article-number=e13146 |pmc=8944339 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Williams |first1=Jann |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |title=Biodiversity Theme Report: The Meaning, Significance and Implications of Biodiversity (continued) |last2=Read |first2=Cassia |last3=Norton |first3=Tony |last4=Dovers |first4=Steve |last5=Burgman |first5=Mark |last6=Proctor |first6=Wendy |last7=Anderson |first7=Heather |publisher=[[CSIRO]] on behalf of the Australian Government [[Department of the Environment and Heritage]] |year=2001 |location=Collingwood, Victoria, Australia |isbn=978-0-643-06749-3 |access-date=November 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514125559/http://www.environment.gov.au/soe/2001/publications/theme-reports/biodiversity/biodiversity01-3.html |archive-date=May 14, 2007 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and [[List of ecoregions with high endemism|endemism]] (67 percent).<ref name="OECD-2017April">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ |title=OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews Agricultural Policies in the Philippines |date=April 7, 2017 |publisher=[[OECD|OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-26908-8 |doi=10.1787/9789264269088-en |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 78] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=May 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509130815/https://books.google.com/books?id=E6-gDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Earth]] |date=January 10, 2008 |title=Biological diversity in the Philippines |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218154050/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Biological_diversity_in_the_Philippines |archive-date=February 18, 2008 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |editor-last1=McGinley |editor-first1=Mark}}</ref> With an [[Flora of the Philippines|estimated 13,500 plant species]] in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clemen-Pascual |first1=Lydia M. |last2=Macahig |first2=Rene Angelo S. |last3=Rojas |first3=Nina Rosario L. |title=Comparative toxicity, phytochemistry, and use of 53 Philippine medicinal plants |journal=Toxicology Reports |publisher=[[Elsevier|Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland]] |date=2022 |volume=9 |pages=22–35 |doi=10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.12.002 |pmid=34976744 |pmc=8685920 |issn=2214-7500 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ToxR....9...22C}}</ref> Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 18, 2014 |title=Hub of Life: Species Diversity in the Philippines |url=http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916011731/http://fpe.ph/biodiversity.html/view/hub-of-life-species-diversity-in-the-philippines |archive-date=September 16, 2015 |access-date=July 5, 2020 |publisher=Foundation for the Philippine Environment}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Taguinod |first=Fioro |date=November 20, 2008 |title=Rare flower species found only in northern Philippines |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online|GMANews.TV]] |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines |access-date=February 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219210524/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/134682/Rare-flower-species-found-only-in-northern-Philippines |archive-date=February 19, 2009}}</ref> about 3,500 species of trees,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Schulte |editor-first1=Andreas |editor-last2=Schöne |editor-first2=Dieter Hans-Friedrich |title=Dipterocarp Forest Ecosystems: Towards Sustainable Management |date=1996 |publisher=[[World Scientific]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-02-2729-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC&pg=PA494 494] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHNzvs02F5wC |language=en}}</ref> 8,000 [[flowering plant]] species, 1,100 [[fern]]s, and 998 [[List of the orchids of the Philippines|orchid]] species<ref>{{cite journal |last=Agoo |first=Esperanza Maribel G. |date=June 2007 |title=Status of Orchid Taxonomy Research in the Philippines |url=http://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology |publisher=Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines |volume=1 |issue=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407154939/https://asbp.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/907-3032-2-PB.pdf |archive-date=April 7, 2020 |access-date=July 23, 2020}}</ref> have been identified.<ref name="Sajise-2010">{{cite book |editor-last1=Sajise |editor-first1=Percy E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC |title=Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Biodiversity |editor-last2=Ticsay |editor-first2=Mariliza V. |editor-last3=Saguiguit |editor-first3=Gil Jr. C. |date=February 10, 2010 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute|Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-230-978-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC&pg=PA147 147] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306103904/https://books.google.com/books?id=orX6zp38uwAC |url-status=live}}</ref> The Philippines has 167 terrestrial [[mammal]]s (102 endemic species), 235 [[reptile]]s (160 endemic species), 99 [[amphibian]]s (74 endemic species), 686 [[List of birds of the Philippines|birds]] (224 endemic species),<ref>{{cite book |type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Nishizaki |editor-first1=Shin-ya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ |title=Theory and Practice of Computation: Proceedings of the Workshop on Computation: Theory and Practice (WCTP 2018), September 17–18, 2018, Manila, The Philippines |editor-last2=Numao |editor-first2=Masayuki |editor-last3=Caro |editor-first3=Jaime |editor-last4=Suarez |editor-first4=Merlin Teodosia |date=2019 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-0-429-53694-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 94] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131327/https://books.google.com/books?id=hdCwDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and over 20,000 [[insect]] species.<ref name="Sajise-2010" />

As an important part of the [[Coral Triangle]] ecoregion,<ref>{{cite report |last1=Green |first1=Alison L. |last2=Mous |first2=Peter J. |title=Delineating the Coral Triangle, its Ecoregions and Functional Seascapes: Version 5.0 |series=TNC Coral Triangle Program |issue=Report No. 1/08 |url=https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf |website=Conservation Gateway |publisher=[[The Nature Conservancy]] |access-date=May 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518123930/https://www.conservationgateway.org/Documents/Green%20and%20Mous%202008%20CT%20Delineation%20v5%200.pdf |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |pages=vii–viii, 1, 4, 6–7 |date=September 2008}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Leman |first=Jennifer |date=February 11, 2019 |title=What Is the Coral Triangle? |work=[[Live Science]] |url=https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |access-date=July 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429190233/https://www.livescience.com/64738-coral-triangle.html |archive-date=April 29, 2020}}</ref> Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life<ref name="CalAcademyOrg-2015">{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Bowling |first1=Haley |title=Over 100 New Marine Species Discovered in the Philippines |url=https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[California Academy of Sciences]] |date=July 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906071328/https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/over-100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-the-philippines |archive-date=September 6, 2015 |language=en}}</ref> and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Carpenter |first1=Kent E. |last2=Springer |first2=Victor G. |name-list-style=amp |date=April 2005 |title=The center of the center of marine shore fish biodiversity: the Philippine Islands |journal=[[Environmental Biology of Fishes]] |publisher=[[Springer Netherlands]] |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=467–480 |doi=10.1007/s10641-004-3154-4 |bibcode=2005EnvBF..72..467C |s2cid=8280012 |author-link1=Kent E. Carpenter |author-link2=Victor G. Springer}}</ref> The country has over 3,200 fish species, 121 endemic.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Ani |first1=Princess Alma B. |last2=Castillo |first2=Monica B. |date=March 18, 2020 |title=Revisiting the State of Philippine Biodiversity And The Legislation on Access and Benefit Sharing |url=https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114110925/https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1836 |archive-date=November 14, 2020 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=FFTC Agricultural Policy Platform (FFTC-AP) |publisher=[[Food and Fertilizer Technology Center|Food and Fertilizer Technology Center for the Asian and Pacific Region]] |at=The Philippine Biodiversity |language=en |location=Taipei}}</ref> Philippine waters sustain [[Aquaculture in the Philippines|the cultivation]] of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=National Aquaculture Sector Overview: Philippines |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010173033/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en |archive-date=October 10, 2008 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Rural Aquaculture in the Philippines |series=RAP Publication |issue=1999/20 |last1=Yap |first1=Wilfredo G. |date=1999 |at=Background |url=https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921005507/https://www.fao.org/3/x6943e/x6943e.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]}}</ref>

Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines: [[Dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarp]], [[beach]] forest,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Primavera |first1=J. H. |last2=Montilijao |first2=C. L. |title=Field Guide to Philippine Beach Forest Species |date=2017 |publisher=[[Zoological Society of London]] – CMRP Philippines |location=Iloilo City, Philippines |isbn=978-621-95325-1-8 |url=https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf |access-date=April 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225115902/https://cms.zsl.org/sites/default/files/2023-02/12%20Field%20guide%20-%20Philippine%20Beach%20Forest%20Species.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[pine]] forest, [[Vitex parviflora|molave]] forest, [[Montane ecosystems|lower montane forest]], upper montane (or [[Cloud forest|mossy forest]]), [[mangrove]]s, and [[Ultramafic rock|ultrabasic]] forest.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wikramanayake |first1=Eric D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: A Conservation Assessment |last2=Dinerstein |first2=Eric |last3=Loucks |first3=Colby J. |date=2002 |publisher=[[Island Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-55963-923-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_VGRBWqIG2gC&pg=PA480 480] |author-link1=Eric Wikramanayake}}</ref> According to official estimates, the Philippines had {{convert|7000000|ha|sqmi}} of forest cover in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Domingo |first1=Katrina |title=DENR targets to reforest 1 to 2 million hectares in PH |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph |access-date=August 30, 2023 |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |date=June 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627063837/https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/27/23/denr-targets-to-reforest-1-to-2-million-hectares-in-ph |archive-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dauvergne |first1=Peter |title=Shadows in the Forest: Japan and the Politics of Timber in Southeast Asia |date=1997 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-54087-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC&pg=PA157 157] |access-date=August 30, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830215429/https://books.google.com/books?id=wyXMKFa7kCcC |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Deforestation in the Philippines|deforestation]] continued after independence, accelerating during the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos presidency]] due to unregulated logging concessions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kahl |first1=Colin H. |title=States, Scarcity, and Civil Strife in the Developing World |year=2006 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=978-0-691-12406-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC&pg=PA85 85–86] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltWfu4quplgC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=The Japan Environmental Council |title=The State of the Environment in Asia: 2002/2003 |date=December 6, 2012 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Verlag]] |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-4-431-70345-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA106 106–107] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ |access-date=January 22, 2021 |language=en |archive-date=August 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830213647/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPGPBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.<ref name="FAO-Forests">{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last=Peralta |first=Eleno O. |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm |title=Proceedings of the workshop: Forests for Poverty Reduction: Changing Role for Research, Development and Training Institutions, 17–18 June 2003, Dehradun, India |series=RAP Publication |issue=2005/19 |date=2005 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |isbn=978-974-7946-76-5 |location=Bangkok, Thailand |chapter=Chapter 21: Forests for poverty alleviation: the response of academic institutions in the Philippines |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018084729/http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/af349e/af349e0n.htm |archive-date=October 18, 2007 |editor-last1=Sim |editor-first1=H. C. |editor-last2=Appanah |editor-first2=S. |editor-last3=Hooda |editor-first3=N.}}</ref> Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.<ref>{{cite report |date=December 2019 |title=National Greening Program (PAO-2019-01); Reforestation Remains an Urgent Concern but Fast-Tracking its Process Without Adequate Preparation and Support by and Among Stakeholders Led to Waste of Resources |url=https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502140810/https://www.intosai.org/fileadmin/downloads/focus_areas/SDG_atlas_reports/Philippines/Philippines_2019_E_15_FuRep_NGP.pdf |archive-date=May 2, 2021 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|Commission on Audit]] |page=26}}</ref>

The Philippines is a [[biodiversity hotspot|priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines |url=https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines |publisher=[[Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund]] |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205015021/https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/philippines |archive-date=February 5, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Berba-Matias-2022" /> it has [[List of protected areas of the Philippines|more than 200 protected areas]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Establishment and Management of National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) (as of October 31, 2011) |url=http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201105841/http://www.pawb.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=120:establishing-and-managing-protected-areas&catid=58:protected-area-management |archive-date=December 1, 2011 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources|Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau]]}}</ref> which was expanded to {{convert|7790000|ha|sqmi}} {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=List of Protected Areas |url=https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222205809/https://bmb.gov.ph/index.php/list-of-protected-areas |archive-date=February 22, 2023 |access-date=February 22, 2023 |publisher=[[Department of Environment and Natural Resources|Biodiversity Management Bureau]]}}</ref> [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines|Three sites]] in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the [[Tubbataha Reef]] in the Sulu Sea,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154057/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/653/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> the [[Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park|Puerto Princesa Subterranean River]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119122807/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/652 |archive-date=November 19, 2005 |access-date=July 18, 2020 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]]}}</ref> and the [[Mount Hamiguitan]] Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines – UNESCO World Heritage Convention |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223081604/https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/ph |archive-date=February 23, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2023 |publisher=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of the Philippines}}

[[File:Thunderstorms-Philippines.jpg|thumb|upright|Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines are common from June to November.]]

The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot [[dry season]] from March to May, a [[Wet season|rainy season]] from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" /> The southwest [[monsoon]] (known as the {{lang|fil|habagat}}) lasts from May to October. The northeast monsoon ({{lang|fil|[[amihan]]}}) lasts from November to April.<ref name="Carating-2014">{{cite book |last1=Carating |first1=Rodelio B. |last2=Galanta |first2=Raymundo G. |last3=Bacatio |first3=Clarita D. |title=The Soils of the Philippines |series=World Soils Book Series |date=April 23, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-8682-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320145709/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}}

The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude. The average annual temperature is around {{convert|26.6|C|F}}. It is {{convert|18.3|C|F}} in [[Baguio]], {{convert|1500|m|sp=us}} above sea level.<ref name="PAGASA-Climate">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Climate of the Philippines |url=http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418140425/http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/information/climate-philippines |archive-date=April 18, 2018 |access-date=July 24, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]]}}</ref> The country's average [[humidity]] is 82 percent.<ref name="Carating-2014" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY7EBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|name=24–25}}}} Annual rainfall is as high as {{convert|5000|mm|sp=us}} on the mountainous east coast, but less than {{convert|1000|mm|sp=us}} in some sheltered valleys.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines" />

The [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] has 19 [[Typhoons in the Philippines|typhoons]] in a typical year,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chong |first1=Kee-Chai |url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |title=Economics of the Philippine Milkfish Resource System |last2=Smith |first2=Ian R. |last3=Lizarondo |first3=Maura S. |publisher=[[United Nations University Press]] |date=February 1982 |location=Tokyo, Japan |isbn=978-92-808-0346-4 |chapter=Chapter III: The transformation sub-system: cultivation to market size in fishponds |access-date=July 4, 2020 |chapter-url=http://www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E06.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719181709/http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80346e/80346E00.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2011 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> usually from July to October.<ref name="LocGov-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=March 2005 |title=Country Profile: Philippines |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717172656/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 17, 2005 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] – [[Federal Research Division]] |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Eight or nine of them make [[landfall]].<ref>{{cite report |last=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] (PAGASA) |date=January 2009 |title=Member Report to the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, 41st Session |url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320001056/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-date=March 20, 2009 |access-date=December 17, 2009 |publisher=[[ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee]] |page=4}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Digital Typhoon: Monthly Typhoon Tracking Charts (Active Typhoon Maps) |url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421190314/http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/reference/monthly/index.html.en |archive-date=April 21, 2008 |access-date=April 12, 2023 |publisher=KITAMOTO Asanobu / [[National Institute of Informatics]] |language=en}}</ref> The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped {{convert|2210|mm|sp=us}} in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |title=Manual on Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) |date=2009 |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |isbn=978-92-63-11045-9 |location=Geneva, Switzerland |page=223 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802160749/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/PMP/WMO%201045%20en.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2016}}</ref> The country [[Climate change in the Philippines|is among]] the world's ten most [[Climate change vulnerability|vulnerable to climate change]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Øverland |first1=Indra |last2=Vakulchuk |first2=Roman |display-authors=et al |title=Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier |date=2017 |hdl=11250/2465067}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kapucu |editor-first1=Naim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |title=Disaster and Development: Examining Global Issues and Cases |series=Environmental Hazards |editor-last2=Liou |editor-first2=Kuotsai Tom |date=April 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=New York |isbn=978-3-319-04468-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 292] |language=en |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306104213/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFW6BAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==
{{Main|Government of the Philippines|Politics of the Philippines}}
{{See also|Political history of the Philippines}}
[[File:Malacañang Palace (local img).jpg|thumb|alt=Large white-and-red building on a river|[[Malacañang Palace]] is the president's official residence.]]

{{Multiple image
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| caption1 = [[Bongbong Marcos]] [[President of the Philippines|President]] 
| caption2 = [[Sara Duterte]] [[Vice President of the Philippines|Vice President]] 
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The Philippines has a [[democracy|democratic]] government, a constitutional [[republic]] with a [[presidential system]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman">{{cite journal |last1=Rose-Ackerman |first1=Susan |last2=Desierto |first2=Diane A. |last3=Volosin |first3=Natalia |date=2011 |title=Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines |url=https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/3618/29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |journal=[[Berkeley Journal of International Law]] |publisher=[[UC Berkeley School of Law]] |volume=29 |oclc=8092527577 |pages=246–333 |author-link1=Susan Rose-Ackerman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126072232/https://openyls.law.yale.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.13051/3618/29BerkeleyJIntlL246.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |archive-date=January 26, 2022}}</ref> The [[President of the Philippines|president]] is [[head of state]] and [[head of government]],<ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> and is the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|armed forces]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman" /> The president [[Presidential elections in the Philippines|is elected]] through [[direct election]] by the [[Philippine nationality law|citizens of the Philippines]] for a six-year term.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Teehankee |first1=Julio C. |author-link1=Julio C. Teehankee |last2=Thompson |first2=Mark R. |date=October 2016 |title=The Vote in the Philippines: Electing A Strongman |url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/ |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |issn=1086-3214 |pages=124–134 |doi=10.1353/jod.2016.0068 |author-link2=Mark R. Thompson |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117011258/https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/the-vote-in-the-philippines-electing-a-strongman/ |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Vice President of the Philippines|vice president]], limited to two consecutive six-year terms, is elected separately from the president.<ref name="Lazo">{{cite book |last1=Lazo |first1=Ricardo S. |title=Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution |date=2009 |publisher=Rex Bookstore, Inc. |isbn=978-971-23-4546-3 |edition=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC}}</ref> This means the president and vice president may be from different political parties. The president appoints and presides over the [[Cabinet of the Philippines|cabinet]] and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.<ref name="Lazo-2009">{{cite book |last=Lazo |first=Ricardo S. Jr. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC |title=Philippine Governance and the 1987 Constitution |date=2009 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-4546-3 |edition=2006 |access-date=December 30, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074324/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=213|name=213–214}}}} The [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] is composed of the [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]] (the [[upper house]], with members [[Philippine Senate elections|elected to a six-year term]]) and the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] (the [[lower house]], with members elected to a three-year term).<ref name="CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections">{{cite report |title=Carter Center Limited Mission to the May 2010 Elections in the Philippines Final Report |url=https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323212046/https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/philippines-may%202010-elections-finalrpt.pdf |archive-date=March 23, 2012 |publisher=[[The Carter Center]] |location=Atlanta, Ga. |oclc=733049273}}</ref>

Senators are elected [[at-large]],<ref name="CarterCenterOrg-2010-Elections" /> and representatives are elected from [[Legislative districts of the Philippines|legislative districts]] and [[Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines|party lists]].<ref name="Lazo-2009" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMszAErMRKYC&pg=162|name=162–163}}}} Judicial authority is vested in the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], composed of a [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|chief justice]] and fourteen [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|associate justices]],<ref>{{cite book |date=March 2001 |editor-last=Pangalangan |editor-first=Raul C. |title=The Philippine Judicial System |url=https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf |series=Asian Law Series |publisher=[[Institute of Developing Economies]] |location=Chiba, Japan |oclc=862953657 |pages=6, 39 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305185845/https://aboutphilippines.org/doc-pdf-ppt-etc/05_Philippine-Judicial-System.pdf |archive-date=March 5, 2021 |author-link1=Raul Pangalangan}}</ref> who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the [[Judicial and Bar Council]].<ref name="Rose-Ackerman" />

[[Constitutional reform in the Philippines|Attempts to change]] the government to a [[Federation|federal]], [[Unicameralism|unicameral]], or [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary government]] have been made since the [[Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos|Ramos administration]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=He |editor-first1=Baogang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC |title=Federalism in Asia |editor-last2=Galligan |editor-first2=Brian |editor-last3=Inoguchi |editor-first3=Takashi |date=January 2009 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |location=Cheltenham, England |isbn=978-1-84720-702-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC&pg=PA176 176] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212201623/https://books.google.com/books?id=nXf9C2xbKsYC |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippine politics tends to be dominated by [[List of political families in the Philippines|well-known families]], such as [[Political dynasties in the Philippines|political dynasties]] or [[Celebrity influence in politics|celebrities]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Clarissa C. |last2=Atun |first2=Jenna Mae L. |title=Celebrity Politics: Correlates of Voting for Celebrities in Philippine Presidential Elections |journal=Social Science Diliman |date=December 2015 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=1–2, 16–17 |url=http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/download/4796/4328 |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=1655-1524 |oclc=8539228072 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925043652/http://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/download/4796/4328 |archive-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=David |first1=Clarissa C. |last2=San Pascual |first2=Ma. Rosel S. |date=December 21, 2016 |title=Predicting vote choice for celebrity and political dynasty candidates in Philippine national elections |url=https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml |journal=Philippine Political Science Journal |publisher=Philippine Political Science Association |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=82–93 |doi=10.1080/01154451.2016.1198076 |s2cid=156251503 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044320/https://brill.com/view/journals/ppsj/37/2/article-p82_1.xml |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[party switching]] is widely practiced.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hicken |editor-first1=Allen |editor-last2=Kuhonta |editor-first2=Erik Martinez |title=Party System Institutionalization in Asia: Democracies, Autocracies, and the Shadows of the Past |date=2015 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-107-04157-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA316 316] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZmiBQAAQBAJ |access-date=August 15, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Corruption is significant,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robles |first1=Alan C. |date=July–August 2008 |title=Civil service reform: Whose service? |url=http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml |journal=[[D+C Development and Cooperation]] |volume=49 |pages=285–289 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202113453/http://www.inwent.org/ez/articles/077943/index.en.shtml |archive-date=December 2, 2008 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |date=May 2020 |title=The Philippines Corruption Report |url=https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812233543/https://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/the-philippines/ |archive-date=August 12, 2022 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |website=GAN Integrity}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Batalla |first=Eric V. C. |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Grand corruption scandals in the Philippines |journal=Public Administration and Policy |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing|Emerald Publishing Limited]] |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=73–86 |doi=10.1108/PAP-11-2019-0036 |issn=2517-679X |doi-access=free}}</ref> attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's [[padrino system]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Sriwarakuel |editor-first1=Warayuth |title=Cultural Traditions and Contemporary Challenges in Southeast Asia: Hindu and Buddhist |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change. Series IIID, South East Asia |volume=3 |date=2005 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-56518-213-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC&pg=PA294 294] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC |editor-last2=Dy |editor-first2=Manuel B. |editor-last3=Haryatmoko |editor-first3=J. |editor-last4=Chuan |editor-first4=Nguyen Trong |editor-last5=Yiheang |editor-first5=Chhay |language=en |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318171623/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnxpmvgAwcQC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Quah |first=Jon S. T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC |title=Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? |series=Research in Public Policy Analysis and Management |volume=20 |date=2011 |publisher=[[Emerald Group Publishing]] |location=Bingley, West Yorkshire, England |isbn=978-0-85724-820-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC&pg=115 115–117] |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074650/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qV6un8vKNUC |url-status=live}}</ref> The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Strother |first1=Jason |title=Power of the Catholic Church slipping in Philippines |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0306/Power-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines |access-date=July 25, 2023 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=March 6, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307075323/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/0306/Power-of-the-Catholic-Church-slipping-in-Philippines |archive-date=March 7, 2013}}</ref> influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the [[separation of Church and State]] exists.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Batalla |first1=Eric |last2=Baring |first2=Rito |title=Church-State Separation and Challenging Issues Concerning Religion |journal=[[Religions (journal)|Religions]] |date=March 15, 2019 |volume=10 |issue=3 |doi=10.3390/rel10030197 |at=Chapter 3: The Secular State and Church-State Separation, Chapter 4: Changing Church-State Relations |publisher=[[MDPI]] |language=en |issn=2077-1444 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{Main|Foreign relations of the Philippines}}

[[File:Diplomatic missions of the Philippines.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|alt=Color-coded world map|[[List of diplomatic missions of the Philippines|Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide]]]]

A [[Philippines and the United Nations|founding and active member]] of the United Nations,<ref name="Buhler-2001" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty7NAG1Jl-8C&pg=PA37|name=37–38}}}} the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The Philippines and the UN Security Council |url=http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423092237/http://www.un.int/philippines/security_council/ |archive-date=April 23, 2003 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |publisher=Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations}}</ref> The country participates in [[peacekeeping]] missions, particularly in [[United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor|East Timor]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Morada |first1=Noel |title=Contributor Profile: The Philippines |url=https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf |publisher=[[International Peace Institute]] |pages=1–4 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321073939/https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ipi-pub-ppp-Philippines.pdf |archive-date=March 21, 2022 |date=December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=August 30, 2014 |title=In the know: Filipino peacekeepers |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831201046/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/110218/in-the-know-filipino-peacekeepers |archive-date=August 31, 2014}}</ref> The Philippines is a [[ASEAN Declaration|founding]] and active member of [[ASEAN]] (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=ASEAN Structure |url=http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm |website=3rd ASEAN Informal Summit |publisher=[[Office of the Press Secretary (Philippines)|Office of the Press Secretary]] |date=1999 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030109213038/http://www.summit99.ops.gov.ph/asean_structure.htm |archive-date=January 9, 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Keyuan |editor-first1=Zou |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of the South China Sea |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-39613-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA337 337] |language=en |access-date=March 9, 2023 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407033455/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBCEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> and a member of the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=East Asia Summit (EAS) |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726165059/https://www.dfat.gov.au/international-relations/regional-architecture/eas/Pages/east-asia-summit-eas |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=[[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]] |publisher=[[Australian Government]]}}</ref> the [[Group of 24]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=International Economic Cooperation: Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four (on International Monetary Affairs and Development (G-24) |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx |access-date=July 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229140058/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Pages/AboutTheBank/WhoWeAre/MandateFunctionsAndResponsibilities/InternationalEconomicCooperation/InternationalEconomicCooperationIGTF.aspx |archive-date=December 29, 2022}}</ref> and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=About NAM |url=http://cns.miis.edu/nam/index.php/site/about |website=Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) Disarmament Database |publisher=[[James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies]], [[Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]] |access-date=April 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928052527/http://cns.miis.edu/nam/index.php/site/about |archive-date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> The country has sought to obtain observer status in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] since 2003,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Lee-Brago |first1=Pia |title=RP seeks observer status in OIC |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/05/30/208100/rp-seeks-observer-status-oic |access-date=March 22, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=May 30, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322181401/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2003/05/30/208100/rp-seeks-observer-status-oic |archive-date=March 22, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Sevilla |first1=Henelito A. Jr. |title=The Philippines' Elusive Quest for Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) Observer Status |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/philippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status |publisher=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121161216/https://www.mei.edu/publications/philippines-elusive-quest-organization-islamic-conference-oic-observer-status |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |language=en |date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> and was a member of [[SEATO]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tucker |editor-first1=Spencer C. |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |edition=Second |volume=I: A–G |title=Philippines |date=May 20, 2011 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-961-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC&pg=PA907 907] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC |language=en |editor-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=July 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731183806/https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Liow |first1=Joseph Chinyong |encyclopedia=Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia |edition=Fourth |title=SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization) 1955–77 |date=November 20, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-62233-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 334] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319184926/https://books.google.com/books?id=G5KLBQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Over 10 million Filipinos [[Overseas Filipinos|live]] and [[Overseas Filipino Worker|work in 200 countries]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Sahoo |editor-first1=Ajaya K. |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Diaspora and Development |series=Routledge Handbooks |date=March 30, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-36686-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA255 255] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318185509/https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsfEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Stock Estimate of Filipinos Overseas As of December 2013 |url=http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207092932/http://www.cfo.gov.ph/images/stories/pdf/StockEstimate2013.pdf |archive-date=February 7, 2017 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Philippine Overseas Employment Administration]]}}</ref> giving the Philippines [[soft power]].<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207|name=207}}}}

During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek [[economic liberalization]] and [[free trade]]<ref name="ILOOrg-2019">{{cite report |title=The Impact of Trade on Employment in the Philippines: Country Report |date=April 2019 |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-92-2-133021-9 |url=https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_742567.pdf |access-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124055119/https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/publication/wcms_742567.pdf |archive-date=January 24, 2022}}</ref>{{rp|pages=7–8}} to help spur [[foreign direct investment]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Venzon |first1=Cliff |title=Philippines eases Asia's toughest FDI rules with new retail entry law |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Retail/Philippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |date=January 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117055231/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Retail/Philippines-eases-Asia-s-toughest-FDI-rules-with-new-retail-entry-law |archive-date=January 17, 2022}}</ref> It is a member of the [[World Trade Organization]]<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|page=8}} and the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines |url=https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717043955/https://www.apec.org/groups/committee-on-trade-and-investment/market-access-group/ntm/philippines |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |access-date=July 17, 2022 |publisher=[[Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation]]}}</ref> The Philippines entered into the [[ASEAN Free Trade Area|ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement]] in 2010<ref>{{cite book |title=Impact of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA) on Intra-ASEAN Trade |date=August 2021 |publisher=[[Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia]] |location=Jakarta, Indonesia |isbn=978-602-5460-19-7 |url=https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade/Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf |access-date=June 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824114701/https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Books/2021-Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade/Impact-of-the-ATIGA-on-Intra-ASEAN-Trade.pdf |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |chapter=Chapter 2: Background and Objectives}}</ref> and the [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]] [[free trade agreement]] (FTA) in 2023.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Tan |first1=Alyssa Nicole O. |title=Senate concurs with Philippines' RCEP ratification |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/02/22/506166/senate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=February 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223061750/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2023/02/22/506166/senate-concurs-with-philippines-rcep-ratification/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Philippines Ratifies RCEP Agreement: Opportunities for Businesses |url=https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses/ |access-date=March 28, 2023 |work=ASEAN Briefing |publisher=Dezan Shira & Associates |date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322221610/https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/philippines-ratifies-rcep-agreement-opportunities-for-businesses/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with [[ASEAN–China Free Trade Area|China]], [[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area|India]], Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|page=15}} The country has bilateral FTAs with [[Japan–Philippines Economic Partnership Agreement|Japan]], South Korea,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mangaluz |first1=Jean |title=PH signs free trade agreement with South Korea |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1828353/ph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor |access-date=September 20, 2023 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=September 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907140509/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1828353/ph-signs-free-trade-agreement-with-sokor |archive-date=September 7, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and [[European Free Trade Association|four European states]]: Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|pages=9–10, 15}}
[[Image:2 Filipino soldiers painting friendship flags 070217-N-4198C-001 0V7HO.jpg|thumb|Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag]]
The Philippines has a long [[Philippines–United States relations|relationship with the United States]], involving economics, [[CIA activities in the Philippines|security]], and interpersonal relations.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=December 15, 2016 |title=U.S. Relations With the Philippines |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194536/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[United States Department of State|U.S. Department of State]]. [[Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs]]}}</ref> The Philippines' location [[United States bases in the Philippines|serves]] an [[First island chain|important role]] in the United States' [[island chain strategy]] in the West Pacific;<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[United States Department of State]] |title=Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950 |volume=VI: East Asia and the Pacific |date=1976 |publisher=[[U.S. Government Printing Office]] |isbn= |location=Washington, D.C. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1516 1516] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ |language=en |oclc=7165200 |access-date=April 14, 2023 |archive-date=May 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504064117/https://books.google.com/books?id=DeUtAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cronin |first1=Patrick M. |title=Rethinking Asian Alliances |journal=Joint Force Quarterly |date=September 1993 |issue=2 |publisher=Institute for National Strategic Studies, [[National Defense University (Washington, D.C.)|National Defense University]] |page=121 |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-2.pdf |access-date=April 14, 2023 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410212247/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/portals/68/Documents/jfq/jfq-2.pdf |archive-date=April 10, 2014}}</ref> a [[Mutual Defense Treaty (United States–Philippines)|Mutual Defense Treaty]] between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the [[Philippines–United States Visiting Forces Agreement|1999 Visiting Forces Agreement]] and the 2016 [[Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Advincula-Lopez |first1=Leslie V. |title=Challenges and Gains in Military Relations between the Philippines and the United States |journal=Asia Pacific Bulletin |date=June 13, 2022 |issue=586 |url=https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/586.1030-al-pdf.pdf |publisher=[[East–West Center]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430123136/https://www.eastwestcenter.org/sites/default/files/private/586.1030-al-pdf.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref> The country supported American policies during the [[Cold War]] and participated in the [[Korean War|Korean]] and [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]] wars.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jagel |first1=Matthew |title="Showing Its Flag": The United States, The Philippines, and the Vietnam War |journal=Past Tense: Graduate Review of History |date=July 11, 2013 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=18, 28–38 |url=https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |access-date=May 9, 2023 |publisher=[[University of Toronto]] |language=en-ca |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731043832/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/91307/1/showing%20its%20flag_19836-Article%20Text-46661-1-10-20130711.pdf |archive-date=July 31, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sanders |first=Vivienne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOQqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |title=The Cold War in Asia 1945–93 |edition=Second |series=Access to History |date=2015 |publisher=[[Hodder Education]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4718-3880-4}}</ref> In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Garamone |first=Jim |date=May 19, 2003 |title=Philippines to Become Major non-NATO Ally, Bush Says |work=[[American Forces Press Service]] |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |url=https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968 |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809092207/https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=28968 |archive-date=August 9, 2020}}</ref> [[Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte|Under President Duterte]], ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and [[Philippines–Russia relations|Russia]].<ref name="DeCastro-2022">{{cite journal |last1=De Castro |first1=Renato Cruz |title=Caught Between Appeasement and Limited Hard Balancing: The Philippines' Changing Relations With the Eagle and the Dragon |journal=[[Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs]] |date=August 2022 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=262–272 |doi=10.1177/18681034221081143 |issn=1868-1034 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Chang |first1=Felix K. |title=Hot and Cold: The Philippines' Relations with China (and the United States) |url=https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/07/hot-and-cold-the-philippines-relations-with-china-and-the-united-states/ |website=Policy Commons |publisher=[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]] |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430125452/https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1805035/hot-and-cold/2537128/ |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |date=July 7, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Heydarian |first1=Richard Javad |title=Duterte's Pivot to Russia |url=https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-pivot-to-russia/ |website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative |publisher=[[Center for Strategic and International Studies]] |access-date=April 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019023259/https://amti.csis.org/dutertes-pivot-to-russia/ |archive-date=October 19, 2019 |date=October 17, 2019}}</ref> The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;<ref name="Lum-Dolven-2014" />{{rp|page=11}} the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Ismael |first1=Javier Joe |last2=Baroña |first2=Franco Jose C. |last3=Mendoza |first3=Red |title=US to 'invoke' defense pact in attack on PH |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/01/news/national/us-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph/1912561 |access-date=October 24, 2023 |work=[[The Manila Times]] |date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001012654/https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/10/01/news/national/us-to-invoke-defense-pact-in-attack-on-ph/1912561 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> including the [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Moriyasu |first=Ken |date=January 29, 2021 |title=US vows to defend Philippines, including in South China Sea |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea |access-date=February 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128202512/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/South-China-Sea/US-vows-to-defend-Philippines-including-in-South-China-Sea |archive-date=January 28, 2021}}</ref>

Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its [[China–Philippines relations|relations with China]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banlaoi |first1=Rommel C. |author1-link=Rommel Banlaoi |title=Security Aspects of Philippines-China Relations: Bilateral Issues and Concerns in the Age of Global Terrorism |date=2007 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-4929-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmV5quo0UMC&pg=PA53 53–55] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgmV5quo0UMC |language=en}}</ref>—its top trading partner,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Cacho |first1=Katlene O. |title=China leads PH export, import market; envoy vows to deepen ties with Cebu |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/china-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu |access-date=November 2, 2023 |work=[[SunStar]] |date=October 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102194950/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/business/china-leads-ph-export-import-market-envoy-vows-to-deepen-ties-with-cebu |archive-date=November 2, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and cooperates significantly with the country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Storey |first1=Ian |title=Southeast Asia and the Rise of China: The Search for Security |series=Routledge Security in Asia Series |date=August 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-136-72297-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59snyW0HIC&pg=PA251 251] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WO59snyW0HIC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DeCastro-2022" /> Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of [[official development assistance]] to the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Brutas |first=Ma Karen |date=November 18, 2016 |title=Top development aid donors to the Philippines 2015 |work=[[Devex]] |url=https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091 |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119112216/https://www.devex.com/news/top-development-aid-donors-to-the-philippines-2015-89091 |archive-date=November 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sigit |last2=Lo |first2=Shyntia |last3=Setiawan |first3=Theofilus Jose |title=Japanese Official Development Assistance as International Bribery for the Comfort Woman Issue in the Philippines |journal=Thai Journal of East Asian Studies |date=June 30, 2022 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=89–95 |url=https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/251724/172850 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |publisher=Institute of East Asian Studies, [[Thammasat University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207191123/https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easttu/article/view/251724/172850 |archive-date=December 7, 2022}}</ref> although some tension exists because of [[World War II]], much animosity has faded.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161330/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/93.htm|name=93}}}} Historical and cultural ties continue to affect [[Philippines–Spain relations|relations with Spain]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Santos |first=Matikas |date=September 15, 2014 |title=PH-Spain bilateral relations in a nutshell |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2 |access-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917001506/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/111122/ph-spain-bilateral-relations-in-a-nutshell-2 |archive-date=September 17, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|title=Madrid Embassy commemorates PHL-Spain relations' anniversary |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/17/madrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary/ |access-date=May 10, 2023 |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |date=November 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116165209/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/17/madrid-embassy-commemorates-phl-spain-relations-anniversary/ |archive-date=November 16, 2022}}</ref> Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Berlinger |first1=Joshua |last2=Sharma |first2=Akanksha |date=January 7, 2020 |title=The Philippines is particularly vulnerable to any Middle Eastern conflict. Here's why |work=[[CNN]] |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107090831/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/07/asia/philippines-middle-east-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=January 7, 2020}}</ref> and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sevilla |first=Henelito A. Jr. |date=June 2011 |title=Middle East Security Issues and Implications for the Philippines |journal=Indian Journal of Asian Affairs |volume=24 |issue=1/2 |issn=0970-6402 |pages=49–61 |jstor=41950511}}</ref> concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Jabar |first1=Melvin |last2=Jesperson |first2=Sasha |title=Analysis of labour migrants' vulnerabilities to trafficking in persons and labour exploitation in the Philippines |series=Trafficking in persons and labour exploitation: A political economy analysis |date=March 2024 |publisher=ODI |location=London |pages=37–38, 46, 51 |url=https://odi.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Analysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf |access-date=August 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213250/https://odi.cdn.ngo/media/documents/Analysis_of_labour_migrants_vulnerabilities_to_TIP_and_labour_exploitation_in__rVyk7Ub.pdf |archive-date=March 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Tarrazona |first=Noel T. |date=October 17, 2018 |title=For skilled Filipinos, Middle East remains a career destination |work=[[Al Arabiya]] |url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002122006/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2018/10/17/For-skilled-Filipinos-Middle-East-continues-to-remain-a-career-destination |archive-date=October 2, 2020}}</ref>

The Philippines [[Spratly Islands dispute|has claims]] in the [[Spratly Islands]] which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Joyner |first1=Christopher C. |editor-last1=Singh |editor-first1=Ranjeet K. |title=Investigating Confidence-Building Measures in the Asia-Pacific Region |date=1999 |publisher=[[Stimson Center]] |page=56 |chapter=The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China Sea: Problems, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation |author-link1=Christopher C. Joyner |jstor=resrep10935.8 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> The largest of [[Philippines and the Spratly Islands|its controlled islands]] is [[Thitu Island]], which contains the [[Kalayaan, Palawan|Philippines' smallest town]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Pitlo |first=Lucio Blanco III |date=May 27, 2020 |title=Philippines bolsters posture in South China Sea after navy ship docks at new Spratly Islands port |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527030224/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3086253/philippines-bolsters-posture-south-china-sea-after-navy-ship |archive-date=May 27, 2020}}</ref> The 2012 [[Scarborough Shoal standoff]], after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an [[Philippines v. China|international arbitration case]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Castro |first1=Renato Cruz |title=The Limits of Intergovernmentalism: The Philippines' Changing Strategy in the South China Sea Dispute and Its Impact on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) |journal=[[Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs]] |date=December 2020 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=338–346 |doi=10.1177/1868103420935562 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |doi-access=free}}</ref> which the Philippines eventually won;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 12, 2016 |title=PH wins maritime arbitration case vs. China |publisher=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713171115/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/12/PH-wins-maritime-arbitration-case-vs-China.html |archive-date=July 13, 2016}}</ref> China rejected the result,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Phillips |first1=Tom |last2=Holmes |first2=Oliver |last3=Bowcott |first3=Owen |date=July 12, 2016 |title=Beijing rejects tribunal's ruling in South China Sea case |language=en |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712120247/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/12/philippines-wins-south-china-sea-case-against-china |archive-date=July 12, 2016}}</ref> and other new Philippine maritime laws,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Cao |first1=Ella |date=November 10, 2024 |title=China opposes new Philippine maritime law, vows to protect South China Sea 'sovereignty' |newspaper=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-opposes-new-philippine-maritime-law-vows-protect-south-china-sea-2024-11-10/ |access-date=November 11, 2024}}</ref> and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Carpio |first=Antonio T. |author-link=Antonio Carpio |date=July 23, 2020 |title=Scarborough Shoal – a redline |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724111626/https://opinion.inquirer.net/132035/scarborough-shoal-a-redline |archive-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref>

=== Military ===
{{Main|Armed Forces of the Philippines}}

[[File:BRP Jose Rizal at RIMPAC 2020 005.jpg|thumb|alt=Gray ship|[[BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150)|BRP ''Jose Rizal'' (FF-150)]] is the [[lead ship]] of [[Jose Rizal-class frigate|her class]] of [[Philippine Navy]] [[guided missile frigate]]s.]]

The [[Volunteer military|volunteer]] Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the [[Philippine Air Force]], the [[Philippine Army]], and the [[Philippine Navy]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=AFP Organization |url=http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307023417/http://www.afp.mil.ph/org3.html |archive-date=March 7, 2005 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |publisher=[[Armed Forces of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Casey-Maslen |editor-first1=Stuart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ |title=The War Report: Armed Conflict in 2013 |date=2014 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-103764-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VjvKBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 180]}}</ref> Civilian security is handled by the [[Philippine National Police]] under the [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]].<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990 |chamber=RA |number=6975 |date=December 13, 1990 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829090530/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1990/12/13/republic-act-no-6975/ |archive-date=August 29, 2017 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were [[Citizen Armed Force Geographical Unit|paramilitaries]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Baclig |first=Cristina Eloisa |date=January 20, 2022 |title=PH 51st on list of world's most powerful militaries |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2 |access-date=February 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120053550/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1542851/ph-51st-on-list-of-worlds-most-powerful-militaries-2 |archive-date=January 20, 2022}}</ref>

In 2023, {{currency|477 million|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}}, 1.4 percent of GDP, was spent on the Philippine military.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news |last1=Guild |first1=James |title=The Philippines' $35 Billion Military Modernization Plan, Explained |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/the-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained/ |access-date=October 21, 2024 |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=May 17, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517144924/https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/the-philippines-35-billion-military-modernization-plan-explained/ |archive-date=May 17, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news |title=How does the Philippines compare in the region in terms of military expenditure as share of GDP? |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2024/08/20/614989/how-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/ |access-date=October 21, 2024 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=August 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820024146/https://www.bworldonline.com/infographics/2024/08/20/614989/how-does-the-philippines-compare-in-the-region-in-terms-of-military-expenditure-as-share-of-gdp/ |archive-date=August 20, 2024}}</ref> Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as [[Communist armed conflicts in the Philippines|communist]] and [[Moro conflict|Muslim]] separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of [[List of equipment of the Philippine Navy|Philippine naval capability]] which began during the 1970s.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Till |editor-first1=Geoffrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ |title=Naval Modernisation in South-East Asia: Nature, Causes and Consequences |series=Cass Series: Naval Policy and History |editor-last2=Chan |editor-first2=Jane |date=August 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, England |isbn=978-1-135-95394-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_bNtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 150] |language=en |author-link1=Geoffrey Till}}</ref> [[AFP Modernization Act|A military modernization program]] began in 1995<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Wu |editor-first1=Shicun |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ |title=Securing the Safety of Navigation in East Asia: Legal and Political Dimensions |series=Chandos Asian Studies Series |editor-last2=Zou |editor-first2=Keyuan |date=November 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-1-78242-160-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=qM5ZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35 35] |language=en}}</ref> and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=December 11, 2012 |title=Aquino signs revised AFP Modernization Act |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act |access-date=March 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421114944/https://www.philstar.com/pilipino-star-ngayon/headlines/2012/12/11/884844/aquino-signs-revised-afp-modernization-act |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref>

The Philippines has long struggled against [[Civil conflict in the Philippines|local insurgencies]], [[Separatism in the Philippines|separatism]], and [[Terrorism in the Philippines|terrorism]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Arnold |first=Guy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ |title=Wars in the Third World Since 1945 |series=History and Politics in the 20th Century: Conflict: Bloomsbury Academic Collections |date=2016 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4742-9101-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L3TqDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA497 497] |language=en |author-link1=Guy Arnold}}</ref><ref name="Croissant-2017">{{cite book |last1=Croissant |first1=Aurel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ |title=Comparative Politics of Southeast Asia: An Introduction to Governments and Political Regimes |last2=Lorenz |first2=Philip |date=2017 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-68182-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=77xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA243 243] |author-link1=Aurel S. Croissant}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=GTD Search Results; Philippines |url=https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315083451/https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&country=160&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes |archive-date=March 15, 2023 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=Global Terrorism Database |publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref> [[Bangsamoro]]'s largest separatist organizations, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] and the [[Moro Islamic Liberation Front]], signed final peace agreements with the government in [[1996 Final Peace Agreement|1996]] and [[Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro|2014]] respectively.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=MMP: Moro National Liberation Front |url=https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front#text_block_20212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101073611/https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/moro-national-liberation-front |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |access-date=February 14, 2023 |website=[[Center for International Security and Cooperation]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Esguerra |first1=Christian V. |author-link=Christian Esguerra |last2=Burgonio |first2=TJ |date=March 28, 2014 |title=Philippines, MILF sign peace agreement |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising |access-date=February 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328040452/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/589706/bangsamoro-rising |archive-date=March 28, 2014}}</ref> Other, more-militant groups such as [[Abu Sayyaf]] and [[Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters]]<ref name="CTCSentinel-BIFF">{{cite journal |last1=Chalk |first1=Peter |title=The Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters: The Newest Obstacles to Peace in the Southern Philippines? |journal=CTC Sentinel |date=November 2013 |volume=6 |issue=11–12 |pages=15–17 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf |access-date=June 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Combating Terrorism Center|Combating Terrorism Center at West Point]] |oclc=872740536 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619003423/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA590315.pdf |archive-date=June 19, 2023 |via=[[Defense Technical Information Center]]}}</ref> have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] |title=Armed Conflict Survey 2021 |date=September 20, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-54558-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xONDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT539 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ciment |editor-first1=James |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Conflicts Since World War II |title=Philippines: War on Islamic Militants Since 1990 |date=March 27, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |edition=2nd |volume=One–Four |isbn=978-1-317-47186-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA662 662] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpGXBwAAQBAJ}}</ref> and [[Maguindanao]],<ref name="CTCSentinel-BIFF" /> but their presence has been reduced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schiavo-Campo |first1=Salvatore |last2=Judd |first2=Mary |date=February 2005 |title=The Mindanao Conflict in the Philippines: Roots, Costs, and Potential Peace Dividend |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf |series=Working Papers Series |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |issue=Paper No. 24 |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn= |oclc=992235323 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007105619/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTCPR/214578-1111996036679/20482477/WP24_Web.pdf |archive-date=October 7, 2009 |access-date=February 3, 2023}} {{No ISBN}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Nepomuceno |first=Priam |date=October 10, 2020 |title=PH Army keen to end terror threat with arrest of 3 terrorists |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |access-date=December 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030144543/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1118108 |archive-date=October 30, 2020}}</ref>

The [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] (CPP) and its military wing, the [[New People's Army]] (NPA), have been waging [[New People's Army rebellion|guerrilla warfare]] against the government since the 1970s and have [[Timeline of the communist rebellion in the Philippines|engaged in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations]] of government officials and security forces;<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook-2022-2023">{{cite book |last=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BOFIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT4659 |title=CIA World Factbook 2022–2023 |date=June 21, 2022 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-5107-7119-2 |language=en |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,<ref name="Croissant-2017" /><ref>{{cite book |last=White |first=Jonathan R. |edition=Seventh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LWF-twYVE7sC |title=Terrorism and Homeland Security |date=2011 |publisher=[[Wadsworth Cengage Learning]] |location=Belmont, Calif. |isbn=978-0-495-91336-8 |page=363}}</ref> the CPP-NPA, through the [[National Democratic Front of the Philippines]], continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting up [[communist front]]s, infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibert |first1=Stephen P. |title=Security In Northeast Asia: Approaching The Pacific Century |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-000-31112-9 |at=The Nature of the Internal Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMzKDwAAQBAJ |access-date=August 11, 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The Philippines ranked 104th out of 163 countries in the 2024 [[Global Peace Index]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Global Peace Index 2024: Measuring Peace in a Complex World |date=June 2024 |publisher=[[Institute for Economics & Peace]] |location=Sydney, Australia |isbn=978-0-646-87920-8 |page=9 |url=https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |access-date=August 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611125528/https://www.economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/GPI-2024-web.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2024}}</ref>

=== Administrative divisions ===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Philippines}}

[[File:Ph regions and provinces.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|alt=Color-coded political map of the Philippines|The Philippines' regions and provinces]]

The Philippines is divided into 18 [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]], 82 [[Provinces of the Philippines|provinces]], 149 [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]], 1,493 [[Municipalities of the Philippines|municipalities]], and 42,011 [[barangay]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Provincial Summary: Number of Provinces, Cities, Municipalities and Barangays, by Region as of September 30, 2016 |url=http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110151057/http://nap.psa.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/SUMWEBPROV-SEPT2016-CODED-HUC-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=January 5, 2017 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> Regions other than [[Bangsamoro]] are divided for administrative convenience.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tusalem |first=Rollin F |date=April 9, 2019 |title=Imperial Manila: How institutions and political geography disadvantage Philippine provinces |journal=Asian Journal of Comparative Politics |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=8–9, 11–12 |doi=10.1177/2057891119841441 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE Publications Ltd]] |s2cid=159099808}}</ref> [[Calabarzon]] was the region with the greatest population {{as of|2020|lc=y}}. The [[Metro Manila|National Capital Region]] (NCR) was the most densely populated.<ref name="PSA-2020-Census-Highlights">{{cite report |last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=July 23, 2021 |title=Highlights of the Population Density of the Philippines 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020 CPH) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726073127/https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-population-density-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing-2020-cph |archive-date=July 26, 2021 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref>

The Philippines is a [[unitary state]], with the exception of the [[Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao]] (BARMM).<ref>{{cite journal |last=de Villiers |first=Bertus |date=2015 |title=Special regional autonomy in a unitary system – preliminary observations on the case of the Bangsomoro homeland in the Philippines |journal=Verfassung und Recht in Übersee / Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America |publisher=[[Nomos Publishing House|Nomos-Verlagsgesellschaft]] |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=205–226 |doi=10.5771/0506-7286-2015-2-205 |issn=0506-7286 |jstor=26160114}}</ref> There have been [[Federalism in the Philippines|steps towards decentralization]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Buendia |first=Rizal G. |date=April 1989 |title=The Prospects of Federalism in the Philippines: A Challenge to Political Decentralization of the Unitary State |url=https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/1989/Num%202/06_The%20Prospects%20of%20Federalism%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Administration |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=121–122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917050906/https://www.pssc.org.ph/wp-content/pssc-archives/Philippine%20Journal%20of%20Public%20Administration/1989/Num%202/06_The%20Prospects%20of%20Federalism%20in%20the%20Philippines.pdf |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Tigno |first=Jorge V. |date=2017 |title=Beg Your Pardon? The Philippines is Already Federalized in All but Name |url=https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf |journal=Philippine Journal of Public Policy: Interdisciplinary Development Perspectives |volume=16 and 17 |pages=1–14 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines|University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116032627/https://cids.up.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/ppj-16-17-tigno-2017.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2021 |access-date=August 8, 2020}}</ref> A 1991 law [[devolution|devolved]] some powers to [[Local government in the Philippines|local governments]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Atienza |first1=Maria Ela L. |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |title=Constitutional Performance Assessment of the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Summary of Findings |last2=Arugay |first2=Aries A. |last3=Dee |first3=Francis Joseph A. |last4=Encinas-Franco |first4=Jean |last5=Go |first5=Jan Robert R. |last6=Panao |first6=Rogelio Alicor L. |last7=Jimenez |first7=Alinia Jesam D. |date=2020 |publisher=[[International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance]]; [[University of the Philippines|University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Development Studies]] |location=Stockholm, Sweden and Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-91-7671-299-3 |doi=10.31752/idea.2020.2 |editor-last=Atienza |editor-first=Maria Ela L. |page=37 |access-date=December 1, 2020 |editor-last2=Cats-Baril |editor-first2=Amanda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328053237/https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/constitutional-performance-assessment-1987-philippine-constitution.pdf |archive-date=March 28, 2021}}</ref>

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of the Philippines}}

The Philippine economy is the world's [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|34th largest]], with an estimated {{as of|2025|bare=yes}} nominal [[gross domestic product]] of {{currency|507.7 billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}}.<ref name="IMFWEO.PH">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=566,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Philippines) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |date=April 16, 2024 |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-date=April 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416221054/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=566,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a [[newly industrialized country]],<ref name="FederalRegister-Vol78" /><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Yu Chang |editor-first1=Albert Vincent Y. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC |title=A Legal Guide to Doing Business in the Asia-Pacific |editor-last2=Thorson |editor-first2=Andrew |date=2010 |publisher=[[American Bar Association]] |location=Chicago, Ill. |isbn=978-1-60442-843-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N9Ii3nTZ37AC&pg=PA288 288]}}</ref> the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.<ref name="FederalRegister-Vol78">{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC |journal=Federal Register |title=Commercial Setting: The Philippines |date=March 15, 2013 |publisher=[[Office of the Federal Register]], National Archives and Records Service, [[General Services Administration]] |volume=78 |issue=51 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EIG4iINKSOgC&pg=PA16468 16468]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=January 26, 2023 |title=GDP Expands by 7.2 Percent in the Fourth Quarter of 2022, and by 7.6 Percent in Full-year 2022 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130010406/https://psa.gov.ph/national-accounts |archive-date=January 30, 2023 |access-date=March 13, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> The country's labor force is about 50.89 million<ref name="ph-employmentrate" /> with an [[List of sovereign states by unemployment rate|unemployment rate]] of 5.8 percent {{as of|2026|1|lc=y}}.<ref name="ph-employmentrate">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2026 |title=Philippines jobless rate jumps to over 3-year high of 5.8% in January |url=https://www.philstar.com/the-freeman/cebu-business/2026/03/14/2514212/philippines-jobless-rate-jumps-over-3-year-high-58-january |access-date=14 March 2026 |publisher=philstar.com}}</ref> Gross international reserves totalled {{currency|103.406 billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} {{as of|2024|January|lc=y}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Gross International Reserves |url=https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215120950/https://www.bsp.gov.ph/Statistics/sdds/table12_data.aspx |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |publisher=[[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Debt-to-GDP ratio]] decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gonzalez |first=Anna Leah |title=PH debt-to-GDP improves in 2023 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217973 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131074513/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1217973 |archive-date=January 31, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The country's unit of [[currency]] is the [[Philippine peso]] (₱<ref>{{#invoke:cite|book|section=Executive Order No. 66 |title=Executive Orders and Proclamations Issued by the Governor-General [1903] |date=August 3, 1903 |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817095343/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACD6603.1903.001/91 |archive-date=August 17, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |page=89 |publisher=Bureau of Public Prints}}</ref> or PHP<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 2018 |title=List one: Currency, fund and precious metal codes |url=https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511031332/https://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/lists/list_one.xls |archive-date=May 11, 2020 |access-date=August 17, 2020 |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO 4217 Maintenance Agency]] |format=XLS}}</ref>).<ref>{{cite report |last=International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department |url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781451942804/9781451942804.pdf |title=Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions 1999 |date=September 17, 1999 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-4519-4280-4 |page=683 |access-date=April 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409193323/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/downloadpdf/book/9781451942804/9781451942804.pdf |archive-date=April 9, 2023}}</ref>

The Philippines is a net importer,<ref name="ILOOrg-2019" />{{rp|pages=55–56,61–65,77,83,111}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Gadon |first1=Bernadette Therese M. |title=2021 trade deficit widest in 3 years |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/22/443881/2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years/ |access-date=April 22, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421200131/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/22/443881/2021-trade-deficit-widest-in-3-years/ |archive-date=April 21, 2022}}</ref> and a [[Net international investment position|debtor nation]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|year=2022|title=Philippines Net International Investment Position |publisher=CEIC |url=https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/net-international-investment-position |access-date=May 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311060132/https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/philippines/net-international-investment-position |archive-date=March 11, 2023}}</ref> {{as of|2020}}, the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;<ref name="OECWorld-PH">{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines (PHL) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205044653/https://oec.world/en/profile/country/phl |archive-date=December 5, 2022 |access-date=February 26, 2023 |publisher=Observatory of Economic Complexity |language=en}}</ref> primary exports included [[integrated circuit]]s, office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and [[semiconductor]]s.<ref name="OECWorld-PH" /> Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia.<ref name="OECWorld-PH" /> Major export crops include [[Coconut production in the Philippines|coconuts]], [[Banana industry#Production and export|bananas]], and [[List of countries by pineapple production|pineapples]]; it is the world's largest producer of [[abaca]],<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226|name=226–242}}}} and was the world's second biggest exporter of [[nickel|nickel ore]] in 2022,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-30/philippines-may-tax-nickel-exports-to-follow-indonesia-s-success#xj4y7vzkg |url-access=subscription |title=Nickel Gets Fresh Supply Risk as Philippines Mulls Export Tax
|last1=Serapio |first1=Manolo Jr. |last2=Calonzo |first2=Andreo |date=January 30, 2023 |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |language=en |access-date=May 2, 2023}}</ref> as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of [[copra]] in 2020.<ref name="OECWorld-PH" />
[[File:Head Quarters of the International Rice Research Institute in Los Baños - panoramio.jpg|thumb|alt=Modern, landscaped office building|Headquarters of the [[International Rice Research Institute]] in [[Los Baños, Laguna]]]]
With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Biswas |first1=Rajiv |title=Philippines amongst world's fastest growing emerging markets |url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html |access-date=April 2, 2023 |work=[[IHS Markit]] |date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311221015/https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/mi/research-analysis/philippines-amongst-worlds-fastest-growing-emerging-markets-Mar23.html |archive-date=March 11, 2023}}</ref> driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector.<ref name=OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018>{{cite book |title=SME Policy Index: ASEAN 2018: Boosting Competitiveness and Inclusive Growth |date=September 21, 2018 |chapter=The Philippines |pages=371–373 |publisher=[[OECD Publishing]]; [[Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia]] |location=Paris, France; Jakarta, Indonesia |isbn=978-92-64-30531-1 |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/sme-policy-index-asean-2018_9789264305328-en |chapter-url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264305328-22-en.pdf |access-date=May 12, 2023 |language=en |doi=10.1787/9789264305328-22-en |doi-access=free}}</ref> Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal |type=Conference proceeding |date=2018 |title=Critical Perspectives on Federalism for Regional Development (Proceedings of the Third Annual Public Policy Conference 2017) |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf |journal=Appc 2017 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |page=xvii |issn=2546-1761 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208162326/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsbk2018-appc2017.pdf |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Fajardo |first=Fernando |date=March 5, 2014 |title=Poverty and regional development imbalance |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222102526/http://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/22630/poverty-and-regional-development-imbalance |archive-date=February 22, 2015}}</ref> [[Remittance]]s from [[overseas Filipinos]], mainly [[sailor|seamen]]<ref>{{cite report |author=BIMCO/ICS |title=Seafarer Workforce Report 2021 |url=https://www.ics-shipping.org/publication/seafarer-workforce-report-2021-edition/ |publisher=International Chamber of Shipping |date=2021 |access-date=March 18, 2026 |quote=The Philippines continues to be the largest supplier of both officers and ratings to the merchant fleet.}}</ref> and [[nurses]],<ref>{{cite report |author=OECD |title=Contribution of migrant doctors and nurses to tackling COVID-19 crises in OECD countries |url=https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/contribution-of-migrant-doctors-and-nurses-to-tackling-covid-19-crises-in-oecd-countries-2f7bca01/ |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |date=May 13, 2020 |access-date=March 18, 2026 |quote=The Philippines is the leading country of origin for foreign-trained nurses, representing a significant portion of the nursing workforce in several OECD countries.}}</ref> which the country is the world's largest suppliers of, contribute significantly to the country's economy;<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Seriño |first1=Moises Neil V. |title=Effects of International Remittances on the Philippine Economy: A Cointegration Analysis |journal=DLSU Business & Economics Review |date=2012 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=47–48 |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |doi=10.59588/2243-786X.1587 |oclc=855102346 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430132943/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/EffectsofInternationalRemittancesonthePhilippineEconomy_ACointegrationAnalysis.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name=OECD-SMEPolicyIndex2018 /> they reached a record {{currency|37.20 billion|USD|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gonzalez |first=Anna Leah |title=OFW remittances hit all-time high in 2023 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1218913 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215073743/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1218913 |archive-date=February 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Philippines is the world's primary [[Business process outsourcing in the Philippines|business process outsourcing]] (BPO) center.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=December 2, 2010 |title=Phl overtakes India as world's BPO leader |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader |access-date=September 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901193030/https://www.philstar.com/business/2010/12/02/634901/phl-overtakes-india-worlds-bpo-leader |archive-date=September 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stevens |first=Andrew J. R. |series=Routledge Advances in Sociology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ |title=Call Centers and the Global Division of Labor: A Political Economy of Post-Industrial Employment and Union Organizing |date=2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-135-11868-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CZ0sAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}</ref> About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in [[customer service]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Arenas |editor-first1=Guillermo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFWYEAAAQBAJ |title=A New Dawn for Global Value Chain Participation in the Philippines |series=International Development in Focus |editor-last2=Coulibaly |editor-first2=Souleymane |date=2022 |publisher=[[World Bank Publications]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-4648-1848-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dFWYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28 28–29] |language=en}}</ref> The country is a pioneer in digital finance, as the first country to put its entire national budget under the [[blockchain]] system.<ref>{{cite web |last=Venzon |first=Iñigo |title=Philippines becomes first country to put entire national budget on blockchain |url=https://www.yugatech.com/news/philippines-becomes-first-country-to-put-entire-national-budget-on-blockchain/ |website=YugaTech |date=January 15, 2026 |access-date=March 18, 2026}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in the Philippines}}
{{Further|Philippine space program}}

The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baconguis |first=Rowena T. |date=February 14, 2022 |title=Agricultural Technology: Why Does the Level of Agricultural Production Remain Low Despite Increased Investments in Research and Extension? |url=https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/14877/pidsdps2206.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=PIDS Discussion Paper Series |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |oclc=1302730898 |page=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224005936/https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/14877/pidsdps2206.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |via=Think Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last1=Stads |first1=Gert-Jan |last2=Faylon |first2=Patricio S. |last3=Buendia |first3=Leah J. |title=Key trends in agricultural R&D investments in the Philippines |url=https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/32328 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224034458/https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/32328 |date=March 2007 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2023 |publisher=[[International Food Policy Research Institute]], [[Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development|Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development]]}}</ref> The country has developed new varieties of crops, including [[Rice production in the Philippines|rice]],<ref>{{cite book |type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Virmani |editor-first1=S. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1jRdqJJzcC |title=Advances in Hybrid Rice Technology: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Hybrid Rice, 14–16 November 1996, Hyderabad, India |editor-last2=Siddiq |editor-first2=E. A. |editor-last3=Muralidharan |editor-first3=K. |date=1998 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |location=Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |isbn=978-971-22-0115-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xA1jRdqJJzcC&pg=PA341 341] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ricroch |editor-first1=Agnès |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkqBAAAQBAJ |title=Plant Biotechnology: Experience and Future Prospects |editor-last2=Chopra |editor-first2=Surinder |editor-last3=Fleischer |editor-first3=Shelby J. |date=July 11, 2014 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-319-06892-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VzkqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 256] |language=en}}</ref> coconuts,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Cumo |editor-first1=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia |volume=I: A–F |title=Coconut |date=April 25, 2013 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-775-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA298 298] |language=en}}</ref> and bananas.<ref>{{cite book |type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Molina |editor-first1=A. B. |editor-last2=Roa |editor-first2=V. N. |editor-last3=Maghuyop |editor-first3=M. A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnY61doEaJUC |title=Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific Vol. 10: Proceedings of the 10th INIBAP-ASPNET Regional Advisory Committee meeting held at Bangkok, Thailand, 10–11 November 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=[[International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain]] |location=Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines |isbn=978-971-91751-5-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xnY61doEaJUC&pg=PA53 53] |language=en}}</ref> Research organizations include the [[Philippine Rice Research Institute]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=June 1, 2022 |title=Philippine Rice Research and Technological Advancements |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/01/nsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601083727/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/06/01/nsic-okays-14-rice-varieties-developed-by-irri-philrice/ |archive-date=June 1, 2022}}</ref> and the [[International Rice Research Institute]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Philippines |url=https://www.irri.org/where-we-work/countries/philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714103217/https://www.irri.org/where-we-work/countries/philippines |archive-date=July 14, 2019 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[International Rice Research Institute]] |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Philippine Space Agency]] maintains the [[Philippine space program|country's space program]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Verspieren |editor-first1=Quentin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdZEAAAQBAJ |title=ASEAN Space Programs: History and Way Forward |editor-last2=Berthet |editor-first2=Maximilien |editor-last3=Coral |editor-first3=Giulio |editor-last4=Nakasuka |editor-first4=Shinichi |editor-last5=Shiroyama |editor-first5=Hideaki |date=January 12, 2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-16-7326-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OQdZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57–58] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kim |first=Doo Hwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIoEAAAQBAJ |title=Global Issues Surrounding Outer Space Law and Policy |series=Advances in Public Policy and Administration (APPA) Book Series |date=2021 |publisher=IGI Global |location=Hershey, Pa. |isbn=978-1-7998-7409-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 69] |language=en}}</ref> and the country bought its first [[List of Philippine satellites|satellite]] in 1996.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 25, 1996 |title=Mabuhay acquires Indon satellite; sets new orbit |page=9 |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061150/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1370&dat=19960725&id=9mUVAAAAIBAJ&pg=6158,3894648 |archive-date=July 28, 2020 |via=[[Google News]]}}</ref> [[Diwata-1]], its first [[Small satellite#Microsatellites|micro-satellite]], was launched on the United States' [[Cygnus (spacecraft)|Cygnus]] spacecraft in 2016.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Ronda |first=Rainier Allan |date=March 24, 2016 |title=US aircraft with Philippines's first microsatellite launched into space |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space |access-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327120259/http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/03/24/1566175/us-aircraft-philippiness-first-microsatellite-launched-space |archive-date=March 27, 2016}}</ref>

The Philippines has a [[List of countries by smartphone penetration|high concentration]] of [[Mobile phone|cellular-phone]] users,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pertierra |first1=Raul |title=We Reveal Ourselves to Ourselves: The New Communication Media in the Philippines |journal=Social Science Diliman |date=June 2013 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=25 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3920/3573 |access-date=July 1, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |issn=1655-1524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225214150/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/socialsciencediliman/article/view/3920/3573 |archive-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> and a high level of [[mobile commerce]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Teves |first=Oliver |date=September 29, 2007 |title=Cell phones double as electronic wallets in Philippines |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025035722/https://www.usatoday.com/tech/wireless/phones/2007-09-29-philippines-cell-phones_N.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2007}}</ref> [[Text messaging]] is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion [[SMS]] messages per day in 2007.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Francisco |first=Rosemarie |date=March 4, 2008 |title=Filipinos sent 1 billion text messages daily in 2007 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |url=http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308115828/http://technology.inquirer.net/infotech/infotech/view/20080304-122775/Filipinos-sent-1-billion-text-messages-daily-in-2007 |archive-date=March 8, 2008}}</ref> The [[Telecommunications in the Philippines|Philippine telecommunications industry]] had been dominated by the [[PLDT]]-[[Globe Telecom]] duopoly for more than two decades,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Elliott |first1=Vittoria |last2=Deck |first2=Andrew |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Duterte, Dito, and the Duopoly |work=Rest of World |url=https://restofworld.org/2020/duterte-dito-and-the-duopoly/ |access-date=February 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102142904/https://restofworld.org/2020/duterte-dito-and-the-duopoly/ |archive-date=November 2, 2020}}</ref> and the 2021 entry of [[Dito Telecommunity]] improved the country's telecommunications service.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cuyco |first=Jan |date=July 1, 2022 |title=No longer a duopoly, Philippines' mobile market sees improved 4G, 5G availability – Ookla |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/07/01/2192313/no-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla |access-date=February 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701073711/https://www.philstar.com/business/2022/07/01/2192313/no-longer-duopoly-philippines-mobile-market-sees-improved-4g-5g-availability-ookla |archive-date=July 1, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines was ranked 50th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/philippines |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in the Philippines}}

[[File:Chocolate Hills and tourists.jpg|thumb|alt=People on an observation deck overlooking hills|Tourists at [[Chocolate Hills]], conical [[karst]] hills in [[Bohol]]]]
The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Frost |first=Charles |date=May 31, 2015 |title=Best Place to Retire |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258 |access-date=July 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601033128/https://www.wsj.com/articles/best-places-to-retire-abroad-the-philippines-1432827258 |archive-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> The country's main tourist attractions are [[List of beaches in the Philippines|its numerous beaches]];<ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eajOEAAAQBAJ&pg=109|name=109}}}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zafra |first1=Maria Angela G. |title=Developing the Philippine Blue Economy: Opportunities and Challenges in the Ocean Tourism Sector |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/761906/adbi-wp1291.pdf |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank Institute]] |access-date=May 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104111713/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/761906/adbi-wp1291.pdf |archive-date=January 4, 2022 |location=Tokyo, Japan |pages=8–9 |date=December 2021 |journal=ADBI Working Paper Series |issue=1291}}</ref> the Philippines is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Nordquist |editor-first1=Myron H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny9DwAAQBAJ |title=Cooperation and Engagement in the Asia-Pacific Region |editor-last2=Moore |editor-first2=John Norton |editor-last3=Long |editor-first3=Ronán |date=November 11, 2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-41202-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Gny9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 72] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Rocamora |first=Joyce Ann L. |date=December 16, 2021 |title=PH still world's leading dive destination in 2021: WTA |language=en |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162963 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216093702/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1162963 |archive-date=December 16, 2021}}</ref> [[List of tourist attractions in the Philippines|Tourist spots]] include [[Boracay]], called the best island in the world by ''[[Travel + Leisure]]'' in 2012;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Malig |first=Jojo |date=July 9, 2012 |title=Boracay named 2012 world's best island |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/06/12/boracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218054435/https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/07/06/12/boracay-named-2012-worlds-best-island |archive-date=February 18, 2016}}</ref> [[Coron, Palawan|Coron]] and [[El Nido, Palawan|El Nido]] in Palawan; [[Cebu]]; [[Siargao]], and [[Bohol]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Zubiri |first=Stephanie |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Beyond the beaches: five adventure experiences in the Philippines |language=en-gb |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/11/beyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines |access-date=February 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128091050/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/11/beyond-the-beaches-five-unusual-experiences-in-the-philippines |archive-date=November 28, 2022}}</ref>

Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Ochave |first=Revin Mikhael D. |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Philippine tourism industry seen to reach pre-pandemic levels by 2024 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621174641/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/06/22/456578/philippine-tourism-industry-seen-to-reach-pre-pandemic-levels-by-2024/ |archive-date=June 21, 2022}}</ref> and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=October 21, 2020 |title=Inbound int'l tourism may pick up starting late 2021 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111072858/https://www.bworldonline.com/editors-picks/2020/10/22/324125/inbound-intl-tourism-may-pick-up-starting-late-2021/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Arnaldo |first1=Ma. Stella F. |title=International tourists spent $8.69 billion in PHL in 2023–DOT |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/03/international-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot/ |access-date=January 3, 2024 |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |date=January 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102185145/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2024/01/03/international-tourists-spent-8-69-billion-in-phl-in-2023-dot/ |archive-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Transportation ===
{{Main|Transportation in the Philippines}}
[[File:Traditional and modern jeepneys in Diliman, Quezon City on March 16, 2023.jpg|thumb|alt=Two white buses side by side, one larger than the other|Traditional ''(left)'' and modern [[jeepney]]s in [[Quezon City]]. Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are [[Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program|gradually being phased out]] in favor of eco-friendly [[European emission standards|Euro 4]]-compliant vehicles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Malasique |first1=Arion Mari P. |last2=Rubio |first2=Windsor Redz C. |last3=Rosete |first3=Marie Antoinette L. |title=Analyzing the Implementation of the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP) to the Employment of PUV Drivers in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research |date=February 4, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=45, 48 |url=https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/view/250/190 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |issn=2722-8878 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430050528/https://jiemar.org/index.php/jiemar/article/download/250/190/ |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref>]]

Transportation in the Philippines is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.<ref name="ADBOrg-PH-Transport">{{cite report |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |title=Philippines: Transport Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map |date=2012 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9092-855-3 |pages=1–2 |access-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803210126/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional-document/33700/files/philippines-transport-assessment.pdf |archive-date=August 3, 2016}}</ref> In December 2018, there were {{convert|210528|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads in the country.<ref>{{cite report |date=February 22, 2019 |title=Department of Public Works and Highways; Strategic Infrastructure Programs and Policies |url=https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20(Osaka,Japan)%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827174411/https://iro.ph/article_doc/eaaa3b67_Philippine%20Economic%20Briefing%20%28Osaka,Japan%29%20-%20DPWH%20Presentation.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2020 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |website=Investor Relations Office |publisher=[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Department of Public Works and Highways]] |page=2}}</ref> The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the [[Pan-Philippine Highway]], which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2015 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London |isbn=978-1-910068-26-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvYCDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA152E 152]}}</ref> Inter-island transport is by the {{convert|919|km|mi|adj=on|sp=us}} [[Strong Republic Nautical Highway]], an integrated set of highways and [[ferry]] routes linking 17 cities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Odchimar |first1=Anita II |last2=Hanaoka |first2=Shinya |title=Intermodal Road-RoRo Transport in the Philippines, its Development and Position in the Domestic Shipping |journal=Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |date=2015 |volume=11 |pages=741–746 |doi=10.11175/easts.11.739 |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies |issn=1881-1124 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510102758/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/easts/11/0/11_739/_pdf/-char/ja |archive-date=May 10, 2023 |via=[[J-STAGE]] |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |title=Bridges across Oceans: Initial Impact Assessment of the Philippines Nautical Highway System and Lessons for Southeast Asia |date=April 2010 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-561-896-0 |pages=11–17 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225182806/https://www.adb.org/publications/bridges-across-oceans-initial-impact-assessment-philippines-nautical-highway-system-and |archive-date=February 25, 2023}}</ref> [[Jeepney]]s are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA496|name=496–497}}}} other public land transport includes [[List of bus companies of the Philippines|buses]], [[UV Express]], {{abbr|TNVS|transport network vehicle service}}, Filcab, [[Taxis of the Philippines|taxi]]s, and [[Motorized tricycle (Philippines)|tricycle]]s.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Department of Transportation |url=https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |title=Local Public Transport Route Plan Manual |volume=1 |last2=Department of the Interior and Local Government |last3=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board |date=October 2017 |pages=7, 16 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801043749/https://www.dilg.gov.ph/PDF_File/reports_resources/dilg-reports-resources-2017112_2cf0f97098.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |author1-link=Department of Transportation (Philippines) |author2-link=Department of the Interior and Local Government |author3-link=Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hansen |editor-first1=Arve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ |title=Cars, Automobility and Development in Asia: Wheels of change |series=Routledge Studies in Transport, Environment and Development |editor-last2=Nielsen |editor-first2=Kenneth Bo |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-39672-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=FC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 125]}}</ref> Traffic is a significant issue [[Traffic in Metro Manila|in Manila]] and on arterial roads to the capital.<ref>{{cite report |date=December 2017 |title=Preparing the Metro Manila Transport Project, Phase 1: Project Preparatory Technical Assistance Report |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707035400/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/51117-002-ld-01.pdf |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Santos |first=Luis Pocholo A. |date=December 2020 |title=Influence of Traffic Congestion in Business Development: A Literature Review |url=https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |journal=International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=27497–27498 |issn=2321-3361 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210080714/https://ijesc.org/upload/2440a2983ccced0de91c9f08a3a6c875.Influence%20of%20Traffic%20Congestion%20in%20Business%20Development%20A%20Literature%20Review.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023}}</ref>

Despite wider historical use,<ref>{{cite journal |date=1908 |title=The Railway Age |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ |journal=[[Railroad Gazette]] |language=en |volume=XLV |issue=5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hqA9AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 148] |issn=0149-4430 |oclc=675807010}}</ref> [[rail transportation in the Philippines]] is limited<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} to [[Rail transportation in the Greater Manila Area|transporting passengers within Metro Manila]] and the provinces of [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]]<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=September 20, 2019 |title=PNR extends train trips to Los Baños |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094211/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1166894/pnr-extends-train-trips-to-los-banos |archive-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref> and [[Quezon]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Barroga |first=Gienel |date=June 26, 2022 |title=PNR San Pablo-Lucena line reopens |publisher=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |access-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626062944/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2022/6/26/PNR-San-Pablo-Lucena-line-reopens.html |archive-date=June 26, 2022}}</ref> with a short track in the [[Bicol Region]].<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA491|name=491}}}} The country had a railway footprint of only {{convert|79|km|sp=us}} {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, which it planned to expand to {{convert|244|km|sp=us}}.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Galang |first1=Vincent Mariel P. |date=June 20, 2019 |title=JICA still has 900B yen to fund rail expansion in Philippines |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |access-date=June 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621011358/https://www.bworldonline.com/jica-still-has-900b-yen-to-fund-rail-expansion-in-philippines/ |archive-date=June 21, 2019}}</ref> A revival of [[freight rail]] is planned to reduce road congestion.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Yee |first=Jovic |date=March 12, 2018 |title=PNR to offer freight service soon |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312023448/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/974414/pnr-to-offer-freight-service-soon |archive-date=March 12, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Amojelar |first=Darwin G. |date=October 4, 2018 |title=DOTr to revive Manila-Laguna cargo rail project |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |access-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033602/https://manilastandard.net/business/transport-tourism/277153/dotr-to-revive-manila-laguna-cargo-rail-project.html |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref>

The Philippines had [[List of airports in the Philippines|90 national government-owned airports]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}}, of which eight are [[international airport|international]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim">{{cite journal |last1=Francisco |first1=Kris A. |last2=Lim |first2=Valerie L. |date=December 2022 |title=Philippine Air Transport Infrastructure: State, Issues, Government Strategies |url=https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |journal=PIDS Discussion Paper Series |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Institute for Development Studies]] |pages=3–5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103074218/https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/document/pidsdps2262.pdf |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=February 21, 2023}}</ref> [[Ninoy Aquino International Airport]], formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the [[List of the busiest airports in the Philippines|greatest number of passengers]].<ref name="PIDSGovPH-Francisco-Lim" /> The 2017 [[List of airlines of the Philippines|air domestic market]] was dominated by [[Philippine Airlines]], the country's [[flag carrier]] and Asia's oldest commercial airline,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Park |first1=Seung Ho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ |title=ASEAN Champions: Emerging Stalwarts in Regional Integration |last2=Ungson |first2=Gerardo Rivera |last3=Francisco |first3=Jamil Paolo S. |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-107-12900-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6u6SDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=About PAL |url=http://www.philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207160631/http://philippineairlines.com/about_pal/about_pal.jsp |archive-date=February 7, 2009 |access-date=May 4, 2013 |publisher=[[Philippine Airlines]]}}.</ref> and [[Cebu Pacific]] (the country's leading [[low-cost carrier]]).<ref>{{cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC |title=The Report: Philippines 2009 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |year=2009 |location=London |isbn=978-1-902339-12-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eY-Oq1IGzdMC&pg=PA97 97]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Doria |first1=Sheena DC. |last2=De Vera |first2=Leo P. Jr. |last3=Parel |first3=Danice Angelee C. |title=Business Models and Selected Performance Metrics of Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology |date=2017 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=148–149 |url=https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |access-date=April 7, 2023 |publisher=[[Pangasinan State University]]-Lingayen Campus |issn=2672-2992 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407184736/https://www.sajst.org/online/index.php/sajst/article/download/197/144/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023}}</ref>

A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Roxas-Lim |first=Aurora |url=http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |title=Traditional Boatbuilding and Philippine Maritime Culture |publisher=Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region, [[United Nations]] |access-date=August 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212173603/http://www.ichcap.org/eng/ek/sub3/pdf_file/domain5/091_Traditional_Boatbuilding_and_Philippine_Maritime_Culture.pdf |archive-date=December 12, 2019 |pages=219–222 }}</ref> most are [[outrigger boat|double-outrigger]] vessels known as ''banca''<ref name="Aguilar-2004">{{cite book |last1=Aguilar |first1=Glenn D. |title=In Turbulent Seas: The Status of Philippine Marine Fisheries |publisher=[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Department of Agriculture]]-[[Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources]] |location=Cebu City, Philippines |year=2004 |isbn=978-971-92753-4-3 |editor-last1=Silvestre |editor-first1=Geronimo |pages=118–121 |chapter=Philippine Fishing Boats |editor-last2=Green |editor-first2=Stuart J. |editor-last3=White |editor-first3=Alan T. |editor-last4=Armada |editor-first4=Nygiel |editor-last5=Luna |editor-first5=Cesar |editor-last6=Cruz-Trinidad |editor-first6=Annabelle |editor-last7=Carreon |editor-first7=Marciano F. III |chapter-url=https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429082453/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PBAAB124.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2017 |via=[[United States Agency for International Development]] |access-date=April 2, 2023}}</ref> or {{lang|fil|[[Bangka (boat)|bangka]]}}.<ref name="Funtecha-2000">{{cite journal |last=Funtecha |first=Henry F. |date=2000 |title=The history and culture of boats and boat-building in the Western Visayas |journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society |publisher=[[University of San Carlos]] |volume=28 |issue=2 |issn=0115-0243 |pages=111–132 |jstor=29792457}}</ref> Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;<ref name="Aguilar-2004" /> they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.<ref name="Funtecha-2000" /> The Philippines has [[List of ports in the Philippines|over 1,800 seaports]];<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=San Juan |first=Andrea E. |date=November 3, 2022 |title=Expert presents options to resolve Philippine seaports' 'inadequacy' |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102195328/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2022/11/03/expert-presents-options-to-resolve-philippine-seaports-inadequacy/ |archive-date=November 2, 2022}}</ref> of these, the principal seaports of [[Port of Manila|Manila]] (the country's chief, and busiest, port),<ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Ali |first1=Mubarik |last2=Porciuncula |first2=Fe |title=Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Metro Manila: Resources and Opportunities for Food Production |date=December 1, 2001 |publisher=[[World Vegetable Center|AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center]] |isbn=978-92-9058-121-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 12] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=neSXAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> [[Batangas International Port|Batangas]], [[Port of Subic Bay|Subic Bay]], [[Port of Cebu|Cebu]], [[Port of Iloilo|Iloilo]], [[Port of Davao|Davao]], [[Port of Cagayan de Oro|Cagayan de Oro]], [[Port of General Santos|General Santos]], and [[Port of Zamboanga|Zamboanga]] are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |title=Regional and subregional program links: Mapping the links between ASEAN and the GMS, BIMP-EAGA, and IMT-GT |date=September 2013 |publisher=[[Asian Development Bank]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-92-9254-203-0 |page=27 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035953/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/30420/regional-and-subregional-program-links.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=PDP Australia Pty Ltd/Meyrick and Associates |date=March 1, 2005 |title=Promoting Efficient and Competitive Intra-ASEAN Shipping Services – The Philippines Country Report |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801041010/https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=August 1, 2020 |publisher=[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] |page=11}}</ref>

=== Energy ===
{{Main|Energy in the Philippines}}

[[File:Ambuklao Dam captured by Mitchell Yumul.jpeg|thumb|alt=A large dam, seen from above|The [[Ambuklao Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Bokod, Benguet]]]]

The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882 [[Watt|MW]] in 2021; 43 percent was generated from [[Coal mining in the Philippines|coal]], 14 percent from [[oil]], 14 percent [[hydropower]], 12 percent from [[natural gas]], and seven percent from [[Geothermal power|geothermal]] sources.<ref>{{cite report |title=2021 Power Statistics |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |publisher=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221042947/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/energy_statistics/2021_power_statistics_02_installed_and_dependable_capacity_per_plant_type_per_grid.pdf |archive-date=December 21, 2022}}</ref> It is the world's third-biggest [[Geothermal power in the Philippines|geothermal-energy producer]], behind the United States and Indonesia.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |title=Renewables 2022: Global Update Report |publisher=[[REN21]] Secretariat |location=Paris, France |year=2022 |isbn=978-3-948393-04-5 |page=108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616033736/https://www.ren21.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GSR2022_Full_Report.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref> The country's largest dam is the {{convert|1.2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sp=us}} [[San Roque Dam (Philippines)|San Roque Dam]] on the [[Agno River]] in [[Pangasinan]].<ref>{{cite report |url=https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |title=GCC Annual Review 2021 |publisher=The Green Certificate Company Limited |page=16 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219225148/https://gcc.re/documents/GCC_Annual_Review_2021Final.pdf |archive-date=February 19, 2023}}</ref> The [[Malampaya gas field]], discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA347|name=347}}}}<ref>{{cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ |title=The Report: Philippines 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Oxford Business Group |location=London |isbn=978-1-910068-55-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GZ4oDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA122 122] |language=en}}</ref>

The Philippines has three [[electrical grid]]s, one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.<ref name="Ma-2016">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Ma |first1=Zheng |last2=Jørgensen |first2=Bo Nørregaard |last3=Billanes |first3=Joy Dalmacio |title=Smart Energy in the Philippines |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |website=SDU's Research Portal |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |pages=14, 24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831194551/https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/files/141095725/CFEI_Report_Smart_Energy_in_Philippines.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2023 |date=September 2016}}</ref> The [[National Grid Corporation of the Philippines]] manages [[Electricity sector in the Philippines|the country's power grid]] since 2009<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Gatdula |first1=Donnabelle L. |title=National Grid takes over TransCo |url=https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |access-date=August 31, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=January 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531011538/https://www.philstar.com/business/2009/01/15/431441/national-grid-takes-over-transco |archive-date=May 31, 2023}}</ref> and provides [[overhead power line|overhead transmission line]]s across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers [[List of electric distribution utilities in the Philippines|is provided]] by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned [[electric cooperative]]s.<ref name="Ma-2016" /> As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.<ref>{{cite report |title=40th Electric Power Industry Reform Act (EPIRA) Implementation Status Report (For the Report Period April 2022) |url=https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |website=[[Department of Energy (Philippines)|Department of Energy]] |access-date=August 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501231703/https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/electric_power/40th-EPIRA-Status_Report-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |page=69}}</ref>

Plans to harness [[Nuclear power in the Philippines|nuclear energy]] began during the early 1970s during the [[presidency of Ferdinand Marcos]] in response to the [[1973 oil crisis]].<ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 2023 |title=Nuclear Power in the Philippines |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219230358/https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/philippines.aspx |archive-date=February 19, 2023 |access-date=February 19, 2023 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> The Philippines completed [[Bataan Nuclear Power Plant|Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant]] in [[Bataan]] in 1984.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021">{{cite book |editor-last1=Pekkanen |editor-first1=Robert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Politics |editor-last2=Pekkanen |editor-first2=Saadia |date=October 25, 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-005099-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wRpREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311 311] |language=en}}</ref> Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986 [[Chernobyl disaster]] prevented the plant from being commissioned,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mochizuki |editor-first1=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ |title=Nuclear Debates in Asia: The Role of Geopolitics and Domestic Processes |editor-last2=Ollapally |editor-first2=Deepa M. |date=2016 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4700-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TXCPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 194] |language=en |author-link2=Deepa M. Ollapally}}</ref><ref name="WorldNuclearOrg-Philippines" /> and plans to operate it remain controversial.<ref name="Pekkanen-2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Tan |first1=Rebecca |last2=Enano |first2=Jhesset O. |date=January 25, 2023 |title=Clean-energy push puts abandoned Philippine nuclear plant back in spotlight |language=en |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126032945/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/25/philippines-nuclear-marcos-climate-change/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>

=== Water supply and sanitation ===
{{Main|Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines}}

[[File:Banate Water District.jpg|thumb|alt=A low, blue building|A water-district office in [[Banate, Iloilo]]]]

Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local [[water district]]s in cities or towns.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Franceys |editor-first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ |title=Regulating Water and Sanitation for the Poor: Economic Regulation for Public and Private Partnerships |editor-last2=Gerlach |editor-first2=Esther |date=May 4, 2012 |publisher=[[Earthscan]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-136-55889-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=57QeBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 146] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kohsaka-2007">{{cite book |editor-last1=Kohsaka |editor-first1=Akira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ |title=Infrastructure Development in the Pacific Region |date=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-134-22761-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e9MqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227 227] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first1=David A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=luZiDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT118 |title=Rethinking Corporatization and Public Services in the Global South |date=April 10, 2014 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-78360-020-5 |language=en}}</ref> Metro Manila is served by [[Manila Water]] and [[Maynilad Water Services]]. Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the [[National Water Resources Board]].<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to {{convert|91|e9m3|sp=us}} from {{convert|89|e9m3|sp=us}} in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to [[Philippine peso|₱]]{{#expr:59.37+47.12+38.32}} billion.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Del Prado |first1=Divina Gracia L. |title=Country's Overall Water Use Efficiency increased by 5.5 percent in 2022 |date=October 5, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005062929/https://psa.gov.ph/content/countrys-overall-water-use-efficiency-increased-55-percent-2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.<ref name="Kohsaka-2007" /> In 2015, the [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to [[improved sanitation]] and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ |title=Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG Assessment |date=2015 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |location=Geneva, Switzerland |isbn=978-92-4-150914-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFA0DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 68]}}</ref> 96 percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities {{as of|2016|lc=y}}; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.<ref name="DOH-2018" />{{rp|page=46}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of the Philippines}}

{{see also|List of cities in the Philippines}}

In July 2024, the Philippines had a population of 112,729,484.<ref name="PSA_POPCEN"/> More than 60 percent of the country's population live in the [[coastal zone]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |author2=Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources of the Department of Agriculture |author3=Department of the Interior and Local Government |author1-link=Department of Environment and Natural Resources |author2-link=Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources |author3-link=Department of the Interior and Local Government |title=Coastal Management Orientation and Overview |series=Philippine Coastal Management Guidebook Series |volume=1 |url=https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Publication%20Files/crmguidebook1.pdf |via=Foreign-Assisted and Special Projects Service (FASPS) eLibrary |publisher=Coastal Resource Management Project of the [[Department of Environment and Natural Resources]] |access-date=August 7, 2024 |location=Cebu City, Philippines |date=2001 |isbn=978-971-92289-0-5 |pages=4, 9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712173748/https://faspselib.denr.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Publication%20Files/crmguidebook1.pdf |archive-date=July 12, 2018}}</ref> In 2020, 54 percent lived in [[urban area]]s.<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020-Urban">{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Urban Population of the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/urban-population-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705104809/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_PR_Urban%20Population_RML_063022_ONS-signed.pdf |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |date=July 4, 2022}}</ref> [[Manila]], its capital, and [[Quezon City]], the country's most populous city, are in [[Metro Manila]]. About 13.48 million people, {{#expr: (13484462/109033245)*100 round 0}} percent of the Philippines' population, live in Metro Manila,<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020-Urban" /> the [[List of metropolitan areas in the Philippines|country's most populous metropolitan area]]<ref>{{cite report |year=2017 |title=Philippine Development Plan, 2017–2022 |url=https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017-2022-10-03-2017.pdf |chapter=Chapter 3: Overlay of Economic Growth, Demographic Trends, and Physical Characteristics |chapter-url=http://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Chapter-03.pdf |publisher=[[National Economic and Development Authority]] |location=Pasig, Philippines |issn=2243-7576 |pages=31, 34–35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226035525/https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/PDP-2017-2022-10-03-2017.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2020 |access-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref> and the world's [[List of largest cities|fifth most populous]].<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |title=Demographia World Urban Areas |date=July 2022 |publisher=[[Demographia]] |edition=18th Annual |page=23 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203065121/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold, from 19 million to 92 million.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Population of the Philippines: Census Years 1799 to 2010 |url=http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704171010/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popn.asp |archive-date=July 4, 2012 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority|National Statistical Coordination Board]] |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref>

The [[List of countries by median age|country's median age]] is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Age and Sex Distribution in the Philippine Population (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Release%20on_Age%20Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |date=August 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812232228/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/1_Press%20Release%20on_Age%20Sex_RML_18July22_rev_mpe_RRDH_CRD-signed.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2018 |title=2015 Census of Population |url=http://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf |journal=Census Facts and Figures |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |page=11 |issn=0117-1453 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814193607/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_2015_Census%20Facts%20and%20Figures_Philippines_MERGE.pdf |archive-date=August 14, 2022 |access-date=July 25, 2020}}</ref> although government attempts to further reduce population growth [[Reproductive Health Bill (Philippines)|have been contentious]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=September 29, 2010 |title=Bishops threaten civil disobedience over RH bill |work=[[GMA News Online|GMANews.TV]] |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |access-date=October 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221140718/http://www.gmanews.tv/100days/story/202186/bishops-threaten-civil-disobedience-over-rh-bill |archive-date=February 21, 2011}}</ref> The country [[Poverty in the Philippines|reduced its poverty rate]] from 49.2 percent in 1985,<ref name="WorldBank-Poverty-2023">{{cite report |title=Overcoming Poverty and Inequality in the Philippines; Past, Present, and Prospects for the Future |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011232224571/pdf/P17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf |publisher=[[The World Bank]] |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206083125/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099325011232224571/pdf/P17486101e29310810abaf0e8e336aed85a.pdf |archive-date=December 6, 2022 |page=3}}</ref> to 18.1 percent in 2021.<ref>{{Cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Claire Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=August 15, 2022 |title=Proportion of Poor Filipinos was Recorded at 18.1 Percent in 2021 |work=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972 |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816035933/https://psa.gov.ph/poverty-press-releases/nid/167972 |archive-date=August 16, 2022}}</ref> [[Income inequality in the Philippines|The Philippines' income inequality]] began to decline in 2012.<ref name="WorldBank-Poverty-2023" />

{{Largest cities of the Philippines|class=info}}

=== Ethnicity ===
{{Main|Ethnic groups in the Philippines}}

{{See also|Filipinos|Pinoy|Genetic and anthropology studies on Filipinos}}
[[File:Peoples of the Philippines en.svg|thumb|alt=Another color-coded map|Dominant ethnic groups by province]]

The Philippines has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.<ref name="Banlaoi-2009">{{cite book |last=Banlaoi |first=Rommel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ |title=Philippine Security in the Age of Terror: National, Regional, and Global Challenges in the Post-9/11 World |date=2009 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |isbn=978-1-4398-1551-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hi_NBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31–32] |author-link1=Rommel Banlaoi}}</ref> In the 2020 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were [[Tagalog people|Tagalog]] (26.0 percent), [[Visayans]] [excluding the [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]], [[Hiligaynon people|Hiligaynon]], and [[Waray people|Waray]]] (14.3 percent), [[Ilocano people|Ilocano]] and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent), [[Bicolano people|Bikol]] (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).<ref name="PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census" /> The [[Indigenous peoples of the Philippines|country's indigenous peoples]] consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,<ref>{{cite report |date=February 2010 |title=Fast Facts: Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines |url=https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225201804/https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ph/fastFacts6---Indigenous-Peoples-in-the-Philippines-rev-1.5.pdf |archive-date=February 25, 2023 |access-date=February 25, 2023 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> with a combined population of 15.56 million, in 2020.<ref name="PSAGovPH-Ethnicity-2020Census" /> They include the [[Igorot people|Igorot]], [[Lumad]], [[Mangyan]], and the [[Peoples of Palawan|indigenous peoples of Palawan]].<ref>{{Cite tech report |last=Cariño |first=Jacqueline K. |date=November 2012 |title=Country Technical Note on Indigenous Peoples' Issues; Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809025044/https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippines_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d |archive-date=August 9, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |publisher=[[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] |pages=3–5, 31–47}}</ref>

[[Negrito]]s are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160916/http://countrystudies.us/philippines/35.htm|name=35}}}} These minority aboriginal settlers are an [[Australo-Melanesian|Australoid]] group, a remnant of the [[Southern Dispersal|first human migration from Africa to Australia]] who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.<ref>{{cite book |last=Flannery |first=Tim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC |title=The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and People |date=2002 |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8021-3943-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eIW5aktgo0IC&pg=PA147 147] |author-link1=Tim Flannery}}</ref> Some Philippine Negritos have a [[Denisovan]] admixture in their [[genome]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=August 31, 2012 |title=Extinct humanoid species may have lived in PHL |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040611/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/272046/extinct-humanoid-species-may-have-lived-in-phl/story/ |archive-date=December 27, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reich |first1=David |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Kircher |first3=Martin |last4=Delfin |first4=Frederick |last5=Nandineni |first5=Madhusudan R. |last6=Pugach |first6=Irina |last7=Ko |first7=Albert Min-Shan |last8=Ko |first8=Ying-Chin |last9=Jinam |first9=Timothy A. |last10=Phipps |first10=Maude E. |last11=Saitou |first11=Naruya |last12=Wollstein |first12=Andreas |last13=Kayser |first13=Manfred |last14=Pääbo |first14=Svante |last15=Stoneking |first15=Mark |date=October 2011 |title=Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=516–528 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 |pmc=3188841 |pmid=21944045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] speaking [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]].<ref name="Ethnologue-PH" />

The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples|Taiwanese aborigines]] probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Capelli |first1=Christian |last2=Wilson |first2=James F. |last3=Richards |first3=Martin |last4=Stumpf |first4=Michael P.H. |last5=Gratrix |first5=Fiona |last6=Oppenheimer |first6=Stephen |last7=Underhill |first7=Peter |last8=Ko |first8=Tsang-Ming |year=2001 |title=A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular South Asia and Oceania |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=432–443 |doi=10.1086/318205 |pmc=1235276 |pmid=11170891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201051/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf |archive-date=May 11, 2011 |access-date=December 18, 2009 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Soares |first1=Pedro A. |last2=Trejaut |first2=Jean A. |last3=Rito |first3=Teresa |last4=Cavadas |first4=Bruno |last5=Hill |first5=Catherine |last6=Eng |first6=Ken Khong |last7=Mormina |first7=Maru |last8=Brandão |first8=Andreia |last9=Fraser |first9=Ross M. |last10=Wang |first10=Tse-Yi |last11=Loo |first11=Jun-Hun |last12=Snell |first12=Christopher |last13=Ko |first13=Tsang-Ming |last14=Amorim |first14=António |last15=Pala |first15=Maria |last16=Macaulay |first16=Vincent |last17=Bulbeck |first17=David |last18=Wilson |first18=James F. |last19=Gusmão |first19=Leonor |last20=Pereira |first20=Luísa |last21=Oppenheimer |first21=Stephen |last22=Lin |first22=Marie |last23=Richards |first23=Martin B. |title=Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian-speaking populations |journal=[[Human Genetics (journal)|Human Genetics]] |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |date=March 2016 |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=309–326 |doi=10.1007/s00439-015-1620-z |pmc=4757630 |pmid=26781090 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Lumad and [[Sama-Bajau]] ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] and [[Mlabri language|Mlabri-speaking]] [[Lua people|Htin]] peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion of [[Papuan languages|Papuan ancestry]] from [[Papua New Guinea]] to eastern Indonesia and [[Mindanao]] has been detected in the [[Blaan people]] and the [[Sangir language]], while ancient immigration added some [[India]]n ancestry to the precolonial [[History of the Philippines (900–1565)|Indianized kingdoms]] of the islands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larena |first1=Maximilian |last2=Sanchez-Quinto |first2=Federico |last3=Sjödin |first3=Per |last4=McKenna |first4=James |last5=Ebeo |first5=Carlo |last6=Reyes |first6=Rebecca |last7=Casel |first7=Ophelia |last8=Huang |first8=Jin-Yuan |last9=Hagada |first9=Kim Pullupul |last10=Guilay |first10=Dennis |last11=Reyes |first11=Jennelyn |date=March 30, 2021 |title=Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=118 |issue=13 |article-number=e2026132118 |bibcode=2021PNAS..11826132L |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026132118 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=8020671 |pmid=33753512 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially [[Latin American Asian|from the Spanish Americas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mawson |first=Stephanie J. |date=June 15, 2016 |title=Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific |url=https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |journal=[[Past & Present (journal)|Past & Present]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |issue=232 |pages=87–125 |doi=10.1093/pastj/gtw008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603111934/https://academic.oup.com/past/article/232/1/87/1752419 |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |access-date=July 28, 2020 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Mehl-2016">{{cite book |last=Mehl |first=Eva Maria |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/22713BE2A688A4F8DFF62EDE85BE427E |title=Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World: From Mexico to the Philippines, 1765–1811 |date=2016 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-316-48012-0 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781316480120}}</ref>{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}<ref name= "Intercolonial">{{cite book |last=Park |first=Paula C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg5cEAAAQBAJ |title=Intercolonial Intimacies: Relinking Latin/o America to the Philippines, 1898–1964 |date=2022 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |location=Pittsburgh, Pa. |isbn=978-0-8229-8873-1 |language=en |chapter=3: On the Globality of Mexico and the Manila Galleon}}</ref> A 2016 [[Geno 2.0 Next Generation|National Geographic]] project [[Genetic studies on Filipinos|concluded]] that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried [[genetic marker]]s in the following percentages: 53 percent [[Southeast Asia]] and [[Oceania]], 36 percent [[East Asia]], 5 percent [[Southern Europe]], 3 percent [[South Asia|Southern Asia]], and 2 percent Native American (from [[Latin America]]).<ref name="Mehl-2016" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614082235/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/forced-migration-in-the-spanish-pacific-world/unruly-mexicans-in-manila/EF2599210A0715A5A91B23BB9D84B96C|name=Chpt. 6}}}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704204736/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/ |archive-date=July 4, 2016 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>

Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as [[Filipino Mestizos|Mestizos]] or {{lang|fil|tisoy}},<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=McFerson |editor-first=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |series=Contributions in Comparative Colonial Studies |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA23 23]}}</ref> which during the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonial times]], were mostly composed of [[Sangley|Chinese mestizos]] ({{lang|es|Mestizos de Sangley}}), [[Spanish Filipino|Spanish mestizos]] ({{lang|es|Mestizos de Español}}) and the mix thereof ({{lang|es|[[Torna atrás|tornatrás]]}}).<ref>{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |last1=Villaraza |first1=Lily Ann B. |title=Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: A Study of Aurelio Tolentino's Articulation of Nationalism and Identity through Theatre in the Philippines during the American Colonial Period |url=https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/allgraduate-thesesdissertations/6759/ |website=Huskie Commons |publisher=[[Northern Illinois University]] |access-date=July 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724162046/https://huskiecommons.lib.niu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7758&context=allgraduate-thesesdissertations |archive-date=July 24, 2023 |pages=52–54 |date=January 1, 2017 |oclc=1257957511}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=December 8, 2015 |title=Sheer Realities: A Celebration of Philippine Culture |url=https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117194046/https://greyartgallery.nyu.edu/exhibition/sheer-realities-022300-042200/ |archive-date=January 17, 2017 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Grey Art Gallery]] |publisher=[[New York University]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Chu |first=Richard T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ |title=Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s–1930s |date=January 25, 2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-474-2685-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=PRewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240 240] |language=en}}</ref> The modern [[Chinese Filipino]]s are well-integrated into Filipino society.<ref name="Banlaoi-2009" /><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Carter |first=Lauren Louise |date=April 1995 |type=M.A. thesis |title=The ethnic Chinese variable in domestic and foreign policies in Malaysia and Indonesia |url=http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131721/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/6689/b1744892x.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2018 |access-date=July 16, 2020 |website=Summit Research Repository |publisher=[[Simon Fraser University]] |pages=5, 96}}</ref> Primarily the descendants of immigrants from [[Fujian]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Wong |first=Kwok-Chu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC |title=The Chinese in the Philippine Economy, 1898–1941 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-323-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQ0aAAAZ4cC&pg=PA15 15–16]}}</ref> the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)|American colonial era]] (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese migrants]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Guanqun |first=Wang |date=August 23, 2009 |title=Chinese lunar new year might become national holiday in Philippines too |work=[[Xinhua]] |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826194926/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-08/23/content_11930729.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2009}}</ref><ref name="senate.gov.ph">{{Cite press release |title=Senate declares Chinese New Year as special working holiday |date=January 21, 2013 |publisher=PRIB, Office of the Senate Secretary, Senate of the Philippines |url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |last1=Macrohon |first1=Pilar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516035425/http://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2013/0121_prib1.asp |archive-date=May 16, 2021}}</ref> During the Hispanic era (late 1700s), the tribute-census showed that [[Spanish Filipino|mixed Spanish Filipinos]] made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Zúñiga |first1=Joaquín Martínez |last2=Retana |first2=Wenceslao Emilio |title=Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas: Ó, Mis Viajes Por Este País; Tomo Primero |date=December 1893 |publisher=Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos |location=Madrid, Spain |edition=Spanish |url=http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721063037/http://www.xeniaeditrice.it/zu%C3%B1igaIocrpdf.pdf |archive-date=July 21, 2015 |language=es}}</ref>{{rp|539}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=de Zúñiga |first1=Joaquín Martínez |last2=Retana |first2=Wenceslao Emilio |title=Estadismo de las Islas Filipinas: Ó, Mis Viajes Por Este País; Tomo Segundo |date=December 1893 |publisher=Imp. de la Viuda de M. Minuesa de los Ríos |location=Madrid, Spain |edition=Spanish |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_ElhFAAAAYAAJ_2 |language=es}}</ref>{{rp|31,54,113}} Meanwhile, [[Mexican settlement in the Philippines|a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos]].<ref name= "Intercolonial" />{{rp|100}} Almost 300,000 [[Americans in the Philippines|American citizens]] live in the country {{As of|2023|lc=y}},<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=March 3, 2022 |title=U.S. Relations With the Philippines |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207062435/https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-the-philippines/ |archive-date=February 7, 2023 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]]}}</ref> this increased to 750,000 by year 2025,<ref name="ManilaBulletin">[https://mb.com.ph/2025/07/05/us-ph-alliance-stronger-than-everenvoy US-PH alliance 'stronger than ever'—envoy By Raymund Antonio (Manila Bulletin)]"Beyond the economic and defense partnership, the US and Philippines maintain "meaningful people-to-people ties," which Carlson described is "the foundation of everything we do together." Some four million Filipinos and Filipino-Americans call the United States their home, while more than 750,000 US citizens are currently living in the Philippines, she noted."</ref> (forming 0.75% of the demographics)<ref name="ManilaBulletin" /> and up to 250,000 [[Amerasian]]s,<ref name="AmerasianResearch"/> (0.25% of the country), are in the cities of [[Clark Global City|Clark]], [[Angeles City|Angeles]], Manila, and [[Olongapo]]<ref name="AmerasianResearch">{{Cite press release |title=200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding |date=November 5, 2012 |url=http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf |access-date=July 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212827/http://amerasianresearch.org/releases/amerasianresearch-2012-09.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |work=Amerasian Research Network, Ltd.}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|type=Academic paper presented at 9th International Conference on the Philippines (ICOPHIL-9) |last1=Kutschera |first1=P. C. |last2=Caputi |first2=Marie A. |date=October 2012 |title=The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora |url=http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101213421/http://amerasianresearch.org/pdf/ICOPHIL-9FINALFilipinoDiaspora-Kutschera-Caputi.pdf |archive-date=November 1, 2013 |access-date=July 11, 2016 |publisher=[[Michigan State University]] |location=E. Lansing, Mich. |via=AmerasianResearch.org}}</ref> (When combined, [[Americans|American]]<ref name="ManilaBulletin" /> and [[Amerasian]] descent,<ref name="AmerasianResearch"/> form 1% of the population).<ref name="ManilaBulletin" /><ref name="AmerasianResearch"/> Other significant non-indigenous minorities include [[Indian Filipino|Indians]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Daboo |editor-first1=Jerri |editor-last2=Sinthuphan |editor-first2=Jirayudh |title=Mapping Migration: Culture and Identity in the Indian Diasporas of Southeast Asia and the UK |date=October 1, 2018 |publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]] |location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England |isbn=978-1-5275-1775-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 4] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOpwDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> and [[Arabs in the Philippines|Arabs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sevilla |first1=Henelito Jr. |title=West Asian Communities in the Philippines: An Exploratory Study of Migrant Iranians, Jews, Arabs, and Turkish |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center, University of the Philippines Diliman]] |date=2015 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=98, 100 |url=https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911231845/https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-51-1-2015/West%20Asian%20Communities%20in%20the%20Philippines%20-%20Migrant%20Iranians%20Jews%20Arabs%20and%20Turkish.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2015 |access-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref> [[Japanese in the Philippines|Japanese Filipinos]] include escaped Christians ([[Kirishitan]]) who [[Martyrs of Japan|fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Terpstra |editor-first1=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uuYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64 |title=Global Reformations: Transforming Early Modern Religions, Societies, and Cultures |date=2019 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-429-67825-7}}</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{main|Languages of the Philippines}}

''[[Ethnologue]]'' lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are [[living language]]s. The other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the [[Philippine languages|Philippine branch]] of the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]], which is a branch of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].<ref name="Ethnologue-PH">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=2013 |title=Philippines |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309171641/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH |archive-date=March 9, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |publisher=[[SIL International]] |language=en |location=Dallas, TX}}</ref> Spanish-based [[Creole language|creole]] varieties, collectively known as [[Chavacano]], are also spoken.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Asher |editor-first1=R. E. |editor-last2=Moseley |editor-first2=Christopher |title=Atlas of the World's Languages |edition=Second |date=April 19, 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Florence, Ky. |isbn=978-1-317-85108-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0xWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP226 |language=en}}</ref> Many [[Philippine Negrito languages#Unique vocabulary|Philippine Negrito languages]] have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Reid |first=Lawrence A. |date=June 1, 1994 |title=Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content |journal=[[Oceanic Linguistics]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=37–72 |doi=10.2307/3623000 |jstor=3623000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711143411/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f88d1c43-3ab9-4d31-b1ab-d717149582e8/content |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |via=[[ScholarSpace]] |author-link1=Lawrence A. Reid |hdl=10125/32986 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

[[Filipino language|Filipino]] and [[Philippine English|English]] are the country's official languages.<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage" /> Filipino, a [[Standard language|standardized version]] of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.<ref>{{cite book |last=Takacs |first=Sarolta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ |title=The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-45572-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA659 659]}}</ref> Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language.<ref name="Brown-Ganguly-2003">{{cite book |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Michael Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC |title=Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia |series=BCSIA Studies in International Security |editor-last2=Ganguly |editor-first2=Sumit |date=2003 |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Mass. |isbn=978-0-262-52333-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA323 323–325] |editor-link2=Sumit Ganguly}}</ref> [[Code-switching]] between English and other local languages, notably [[Taglish|Tagalog]], is common.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bautista |first1=Maria Lourdes S. |title=Tagalog-English Code Switching as a Mode of Discourse |journal=Asia Pacific Education Review |date=June 2004 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=226–231 |doi=10.1007/BF03024960 |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ720543.pdf |access-date=July 3, 2023 |publisher=Education Research Institute, [[Seoul National University]] |issn=1598-1037 |oclc=425894528 |s2cid=145684166}}</ref> The Philippine constitution provides for [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]] and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.<ref name="GovPH-OfficialLanguage">{{Cite constitution |article=XIV |section=7 |polity=the Philippines |date=1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609073807/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-xiv/ |archive-date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> Spanish, a widely used [[lingua franca]] during the late nineteenth century, [[Spanish language in the Philippines|has declined greatly in use]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Miranda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C |title=The Spanish Language Today |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-76548-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tfaUqzf1ht8C&pg=PA9 9]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Weedon |first=Alan |date=August 10, 2019 |title=The Philippines is fronting up to its Spanish heritage, and for some it's paying off |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810044706/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-10/inside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines/11356590 |archive-date=August 10, 2019 |access-date=March 31, 2023}}</ref> although Spanish [[loanword]]s are still present in Philippine languages.<ref>{{cite book |type=Conference proceeding |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ |title=Pidginization and Creolization of Languages; Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968 |date=1971 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0-521-09888-5 |editor-last=Hymes |editor-first=Dell |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wG08AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA223 223] |author-link1=Dell Hymes}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite book |last1=Aspillera |first1=Paraluman S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ |title=Basic Tagalog for Foreigners and Non-Tagalogs (with Online Audio) |edition=Revised Third |last2=Hernandez |first2=Yolanda Canseco |date=July 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing]] |location=North Clarendon, Vt. |isbn=978-1-4629-0166-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y8bZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 9] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Allan |editor-first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ |title=Dynamics of Language Changes: Looking Within and Across Languages |date=August 31, 2020 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-15-6430-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Omn6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en}}</ref> Arabic is primarily taught in [[Mindanao]] Islamic schools.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Samid |first1=Amina |title=Islamic Education and the Development of Madrasah Schools in the Philippines |journal=International Journal of Political Studies |date=August 31, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=37, 41–44 |doi=10.25272/icps.1139650 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2521857 |access-date=August 14, 2024 |issn=2528-9969 |via=DergiPark Akademik}}</ref>

In 2020, the top languages generally spoken at home were Tagalog, [[Binisaya]], [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]], [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]], [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]], and [[Bikol languages|Bikol]].<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Tagalog is the Most Widely Spoken Language at Home (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577 |website=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=January 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108195246/https://psa.gov.ph/statistics/population-and-housing/node/1684041577 |archive-date=January 8, 2024 |date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> Nineteen [[List of regional languages of the Philippines|regional languages]] are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:<ref name="GMA-DepEd-7-Languages">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 13, 2013 |title=DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3 |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 |access-date=February 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216045522/http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3 |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]]
* Bikol
* Cebuano
* [[Chavacano]]
* Hiligaynon
* [[Ibanag language|Ibanag]]
* Ilocano
* [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]]
* [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]
* [[Karay-a language|Kinaray-a]]
* [[Maguindanao language|Maguindanao]]
* [[Maranao language|Maranao]]
* [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]
* [[Sambal language|Sambal]]
* [[Surigaonon language|Surigaonon]]
* Tagalog
* [[Tausug language|Tausug]]
* [[Waray language|Waray]]
* [[Yakan language|Yakan]]
{{div col end}}

Other indigenous languages, including [[Cuyonon language|Cuyonon]], [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]], [[Itbayat language|Itbayat]], [[Kalinga language|Kalinga]], [[Kamayo language|Kamayo]], [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]], [[Masbateño language|Masbateño]], [[Romblomanon language|Romblomanon]], [[Manobo languages|Manobo]], and several [[Visayan languages]], are used in their respective provinces.<ref name="Ethnologue-PH" /> [[Filipino Sign Language]] is the national sign language, and the language of [[Deafness in the Philippines|deaf education]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Kabiling |first=Genalyn |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Filipino Sign Language declared as nat'l sign language of Filipino deaf |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |access-date=November 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112122321/https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/11/12/filipino-sign-language-declared-as-natl-sign-language-of-filipino-deaf/ |archive-date=November 12, 2018}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Religion in the Philippines}}

[[File:Sto. Nino Basilica de Cebu from the Pligrim's Center.jpg|thumb|alt=Large crowd outside a colorfully-decorated church|Catholics attend Mass at [[Basilica del Santo Niño]] during the annual [[Sinulog]] festival in [[Cebu]].]]

Although the Philippines is a [[Secularism in the Philippines|secular state]] with [[Freedom of religion in the Philippines|freedom of religion]], an overwhelming majority of Filipinos [[Importance of religion by country|consider religion very important]]<ref>{{cite report |last1=Tamir |first1=Christine |last2=Connaughton |first2=Aidan |last3=Salazar |first3=Ariana Monique |date=July 20, 2020 |title=The Global God Divide |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722193955/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/20/the-global-god-divide/ |archive-date=July 22, 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]}}</ref> and [[Irreligion in the Philippines|irreligion]] is very low.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Bullivant |editor-first1=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ |title=The Oxford Handbook of Atheism |editor-last2=Ruse |editor-first2=Michael |date=November 21, 2013 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, England |isbn=978-0-19-166739-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA563 563]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC |title=The Cambridge Companion to Atheism |date=October 30, 2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-1-139-82739-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA61 61] |language=en |author-link2=Michael Ruse}}</ref><ref name="PSAGovPH-2015Census-Religion">{{cite report |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf |title=2015 Census of Population, Report No. 2 – Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics Philippines |date=June 2017 |at=Table 8: Total Population by Religious Affiliation and Sex: 2015 |issn=0117-1453 |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009143047/http://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2015%20CPH_REPORT%20NO.%202_PHILIPPINES.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianity in the Philippines|Christianity]] is the dominant religion<ref>{{cite report |date=July 28, 2014 |title=2013 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526202948/https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2013/eap/222161.htm |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |access-date=July 15, 2020 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]]}}</ref><ref name="StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015">{{cite report |date=2014 |title=Philippines 2015 International Religious Freedom Report |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256347.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121020127/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/256347.pdf |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=April 11, 2023 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]] |pages=1–2}}</ref> followed by about 89 percent of the population.<ref>{{cite report |date=June 2, 2022 |title=2021 Report on International Religious Freedom: Philippines |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209100417/https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/philippines/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=[[United States Department of State]] |publisher=[[Office of International Religious Freedom]] |at=Section I. Religious Demography}}</ref> The country had the [[Catholic Church by country|world's third-largest Roman Catholic population]] {{as of|2013|lc=y}}, and was Asia's [[Christianity in Asia|largest Christian nation]].<ref>{{cite report |date=February 13, 2013 |title=The Global Catholic Population |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928103612/https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/ |archive-date=September 28, 2013 |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project]] |at=Which countries have the most Catholics now?}}</ref>

Census data from [[2020 Philippine census|2020]] found that 78.8 percent of the population professed [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Roman Catholicism]].{{efn|name=Catholic-2020Census|Excludes [[Catholic Charismatic Renewal|Catholic Charismatic]]s numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)<ref name="PSAGovPH-Religion-2020Census" />}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rsso05.psa.gov.ph/statistics/cph/node/1684057551|title=Religious Affiliation in Bicol Region (2020 Census of Population and Housing)|date=March 12, 2023|author=Republic of the Philippines|website=rsso05.psa.gov.ph|publisher=Philippine Statistics Authority|access-date=September 21, 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250921050435/https://rsso05.psa.gov.ph/statistics/cph/node/1684057551|archive-date=September 21, 2025 }}</ref> Other [[List of Christian denominations in the Philippines|Christian denominations]] include {{lang|tl|[[Iglesia ni Cristo]]|italic=no}}, the [[Philippine Independent Church]], and [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventism]].<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion">{{Cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing) |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310184554/https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |access-date=March 12, 2023 |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]]}}</ref> [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestants]] made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Arun W. |title=Local Agency and the Reception of Protestantism in the Philippines |journal=Journal of Asian/North American Theological Educators |date=2016 |volume=2 |issue=1 |page=61 |url=http://janate.org/index.php/janate/article/download/1319/2198 |access-date=May 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109154652/http://janate.org/index.php/janate/article/download/1319/2198 |archive-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Protestant Christianity in the Philippines |url=https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/protestant-christianity-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421202509/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/protestant-christianity-philippines |archive-date=April 21, 2016 |access-date=February 7, 2023 |website=Religious Literacy Project |publisher=[[Harvard Divinity School]]}}</ref> The Philippines sends many [[Christian mission]]aries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 16, 2015 |title=Religious and lay Filipino missionaries in the world are "Christ first witnesses |language=en |work=[[AsiaNews]] |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html |access-date=April 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423154532/https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Religious-and-lay-Filipino-missionariesin-the-world-are-%E2%80%9CChrist-first-witnesses-34790.html |archive-date=April 23, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Sebastian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_YAdDQAAQBAJ |title=Christianity as a World Religion: An Introduction |edition=Second |last2=Kim |first2=Kirsteen |date=November 3, 2016 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4725-6936-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_YAdDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70 70] |language=en |author-link1=Sebastian Kim |author-link2=Kirsteen Kim}}</ref>

[[Islam in the Philippines|Islam]] is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion" /> Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,<ref name="StateGov-ReligiousFreedom-2015" /> and most adhere to the [[Shafi'i school]] of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=An-Na'im |editor-first1=Abdullahi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC |title=Islamic Family Law in a Changing World: A Global Resource Book |date=October 11, 2002 |publisher=[[Zed Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-84277-093-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0zCFM0fwkC&pg=PA5 5]}}</ref>

About 0.2 percent of the population [[indigenous Philippine folk religions|follow indigenous religions]],<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion" /> whose practices and folk beliefs are often [[Religious syncretism|syncretized]] with Christianity and Islam.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA29|name=29–30}}}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Min |editor-first1=Pyong Gap |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ |title=Religions in Asian America: Building Faith Communities |editor-last2=Kim |editor-first2=Jung Ha |date=2001 |publisher=[[AltaMira Press]] |location=Walnut Creek, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4616-4762-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EUx7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA144 144] |editor-link1=Pyong Gap Min}}</ref> [[Buddhism in the Philippines|Buddhism]] is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,<ref name="PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion" /> primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yu |first=Jose Vidamor B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C |title=Inculturation of Filipino-Chinese Culture Mentality |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=3 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-848-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=c4WqAOKb5c8C&pg=PA87 87–88]}}</ref>

=== Health ===
{{Main|Health in the Philippines}}

[[File:Life expectancy in the Philippines.svg|thumb|alt=A steadily-rising graph until the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020|Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021]]

[[Health care in the Philippines]] is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.<ref name="DOH-2018">{{cite report |date=2018 |title=National Objectives for Health Philippines, 2017–2022 |url=https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1(1)_0.pdf |journal=National Objectives for Health |location=Manila, Philippines |publisher=Health Policy Development and Planning Bureau, [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]] |issn=1908-6768 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913150355/https://www.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/health_magazine/NOH-2017-2022-030619-1%281%29_0.pdf |archive-date=September 13, 2020 |access-date=September 13, 2020}}</ref>{{rp|pages=25–27}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Ordinario |first=Cai |date=October 26, 2018 |title=Out-of-pocket health expense of Pinoys rose in 2017–PSA |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/ |access-date=April 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728061056/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/10/26/out-of-pocket-health-expense-of-pinoys-rose-in-2017-psa/ |archive-date=July 28, 2020}}</ref> Per-capita health expenditure in 2024 was {{Philippine peso|12,751|link=yes}} and health expenditures were 5.9 percent of the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite press release |last=Mapa |first=Dennis |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Government Shares 44.7 Percent to the Country's Health Spending in 2024; Primary Health Care Expenditure Registered PhP 748.80 Billion |url=https://psa.gov.ph/content/government-shares-447-percent-countrys-health-spending-2024-primary-health-care-expenditure |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |url-status=live}}</ref> The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was {{currency|334.9 billion|PHP|linked=no|passthrough=yes}}.<ref name="OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget" /> The 2019 enactment of the [[universal health care|Universal Health Care Act]] by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the [[Philippine Health Insurance Corporation|national health insurance program]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=de Vera |first=Ben O. |date=March 21, 2022 |title=Gov't subsidy to PhilHealth hits record-high in 2022 |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022 |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321033643/https://business.inquirer.net/343893/govt-subsidy-to-philhealth-hits-record-high-in-2022 |archive-date=March 21, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=March 14, 2019 |title=UHC Act in the Philippines: a new dawn for health care |work=[[World Health Organization]] |url=https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329031526/https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-philippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care |archive-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref> Since 2018, [[Malasakit Center]]s (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Ismael |first=Javier Joe |date=March 4, 2022 |title=151st Malasakit Center inaugurated in Quirino |language=en |work=[[The Manila Times]] |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/04/news/regions/151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino/1834988 |access-date=May 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305120759/https://www.manilatimes.net/2022/03/04/news/regions/151st-malasakit-center-inaugurated-in-quirino/1834988 |archive-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref>

Average life expectancy in the Philippines {{as of|2023|lc=y}} is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females).<ref name="CIAWorldFactBook" /> Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of [[generic drug]]s.<ref name="DOH-2018" />{{rp|page=58}} The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were [[ischaemic heart diseases]], [[cerebrovascular disease]]s, [[COVID-19]], [[neoplasm]]s, and [[diabetes]].<ref>{{cite report |last1=Mapa |first1=Dennis S. |author-link1=Dennis Mapa |title=Registered Deaths in the Philippines, 2021 |url=https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/specialrelease/SR%20Death%20Statistics%202021_0.pdf |publisher=[[Philippine Statistics Authority]] |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324134007/https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/crd/specialrelease/SR%20Death%20Statistics%202021_0.pdf |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |page=6 |date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> [[Communicable disease]]s are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salazar |first1=Miguel Antonio |last2=Pesigan |first2=Arturo |last3=Law |first3=Ronald |last4=Winkler |first4=Volker |date=December 1, 2016 |title=Post-disaster health impact of natural hazards in the Philippines in 2013 |journal=[[Global Health Action]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |volume=9 |issue=1 |article-number=31320 |doi=10.3402/gha.v9.31320 |pmc=4871893 |pmid=27193265 |doi-access=free}}</ref> One million Filipinos have active [[tuberculosis]], the fourth highest global prevalence rate.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The social determinants of tuberculosis in the Philippines |journal=[[The Lancet]] |date=January 2022 |volume=10 |issue=1 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(21)00516-7/fulltext}}</ref>

The Philippines has 1,387 [[List of hospitals in the Philippines|hospitals]], 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411 [[Birthing center|birthing home]]s, and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.<ref name="RVONL-HealthCare-2021">{{cite report |author1=Orange Health Consultants |title=Health Care in the Philippines |url=https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/Healthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf |publisher=Netherlands Enterprise Agency (RVO) |access-date=March 17, 2023 |location=Rotterdam, Netherlands |date=April 2021 |at=Organization of the health care system |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017093201/https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/06/Healthcare-in-The-Philippines.pdf |archive-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cachero |first=Paulina |date=May 30, 2021 |title=How Filipino Nurses Have Propped Up America's Medical System |url=https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530110820/https://time.com/6051754/history-filipino-nurses-us/ |archive-date=May 30, 2021 |access-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> seventy percent of [[Nursing in the Philippines|nursing graduates]] go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lorenzo |first1=Fely Marilyn |last2=Galvez-Tan |first2=Jaime |last3=Icamina |first3=Kriselle |last4=Javier |first4=Lara |year=2007 |title=Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study |journal=[[Health Services Research (journal)|Health Services Research]] |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell Publishing]] |volume=42 |issue=3 (pt 2) |pages=1406–1418 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00716.x |pmc=1955369 |pmid=17489922}}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Education in the Philippines}}

{{Further|Higher education in the Philippines}}
[[File:Main Bulding of the University of Santo Tomas.jpg|thumb|alt=Front of a very old building|Founded in 1611, the [[University of Santo Tomas]] is Asia's oldest extant university.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Kent |editor-first1=Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_faTic0w7sMC |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science |volume=42 – Supplement 7: The Albert I Royal Library to The United Nations Bibliographic Information System (UNBIS) |edition=1st |date=February 26, 1987 |title=Asia, Libraries in |publisher=[[Marcel Dekker]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8247-2042-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_faTic0w7sMC&pg=PA74 74] |language=en}}</ref>]]

Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=San Pedro |first=Dexter |date=May 15, 2013 |title=Aquino signs K–12 enhanced basic education law |work=[[InterAksyon]] |url=http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614003442/http://www.interaksyon.com/article/61826/aquino-signs-k-12-enhanced-basic-education-law |archive-date=June 14, 2013}}</ref> Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at [[Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education Act|most public higher-education institutions]].<ref name="OECD-2017May">{{cite book |last1=OECD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WSQDwAAQBAJ |title=Interrelations between Public Policies, Migration and Development in the Philippines |series=OECD Development Pathways |last2=Scalabrini Migration Center |date=2017 |publisher=[[OECD Publishing]] |location=Paris, France |isbn=978-92-64-27228-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_WSQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA138 138–139] |language=en |author-link=OECD}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Corrales |first=Nestor |date=August 4, 2017 |title=Duterte signs into law bill granting free tuition in SUCs |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |access-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804035732/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/920306/breaking-duterte-signs-law-granting-free-tuition-in-sucs |archive-date=August 4, 2017}}</ref> [[Philippine Science High School System|Science high schools]] for talented students were established in 1963.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Nagao |editor-first1=Masafumi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TqpGsyqHez4C |title=Mathematics and Science Education in Developing Countries: Issues, Experiences, and Cooperation Prospects |editor-last2=Rogan |editor-first2=John M. |editor-last3=Magno |editor-first3=Marcelita Coronel |date=2007 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-533-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TqpGsyqHez4C&pg=PA31 31] |language=en}}</ref> The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the [[Technical Education and Skills Development Authority]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wu |first1=Qiuchen |last2=Bai |first2=Bin |last3=Zhu |first3=Xiaolin |title=Vocational Education and Training in ASEAN Member States |editor-last1=Bai |editor-first1=Bin |editor-last2=Paryono |series=Perspectives on Rethinking and Reforming Education |date=April 2019 |chapter=Technical and Vocational Education and Training in the Philippines: Development and Status Quo |pages=155, 158 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-6616-1 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-6617-8_7 |s2cid=159328746}}</ref> In 2004, the government began offering [[Alternative Learning System (Philippines)|alternative education]] to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mooney |editor-first1=Thomas Brian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQNAAAAAQBAJ |title=Aquinas, Education and the East |series=Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures |editor-last2=Nowacki |editor-first2=Mark |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-94-007-5261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQNAAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185 185] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=June 9, 2022 |title=DepEd, UNICEF strengthen Alternative Learning System toward quality, relevant second chance basic education |language=en |work=[[UNICEF]] |url=https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/deped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second |access-date=February 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222180823/https://www.unicef.org/philippines/press-releases/deped-unicef-strengthen-alternative-learning-system-toward-quality-relevant-second |archive-date=February 22, 2023}}</ref> [[madrasa|madaris]] were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Esplanada |first=Jerry E. |date=July 20, 2009 |title=Mainstreaming Madrasa |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |access-date=September 23, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724102132/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/learning/view/20090720-216304/Mainstreaming-Madrasa |archive-date=July 24, 2014}}</ref> [[List of Catholic universities and colleges in the Philippines|Catholic schools]], which number more than 1,500,<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ceap.org.ph/who-we-are/about-ceap |website=Catholic Educational Association of the Philippines |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203064402/https://www.ceap.org.ph/who-we-are/about-ceap |archive-date=December 3, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Peters |editor-first1=Michael A. |last1=Aguas |first1=Jove Jim S. |title=Encyclopedia of Teacher Education |date=2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-13-1179-6 |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_147-1 |access-date=March 24, 2024 |language=en |chapter=Catholic Education in the Philippines |pages=1–7 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/50848177 |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-1179-6_147-1 |editor-link1=Michael Peters (education academic) |via=[[Academia.edu]]|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Philippines has [[List of colleges and universities in the Philippines|1,975 higher education institutions]] {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.<ref>{{cite report |title=Table 2. Distribution of Higher Education Institutions by Region and Sector: AY 2019–20 |url=https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Distribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728115539/https://ched.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Distribution-of-Higher-Education-Institutions-by-Region-and-Sector-AY-2019-20.pdf |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2022 |publisher=[[Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)|Commission on Higher Education]]}}</ref> Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as [[List of state schools, colleges and universities in the Philippines|state-administered]] or [[Local colleges and universities (Philippines)|local government-funded]].<ref>{{cite report |title=New measures support university and technical students in the Philippines – Asia 2019 |url=https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2019-report/economy/working-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319071934/https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/reports/philippines/2019-report/economy/working-the-plan-five-years-into-basic-education-reform-programme-rollout-shifts-to-supporting-university-and-technical-school-students |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |at=Sector Structure |date=September 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ness |editor-first1=Daniel |editor-last2=Lin |editor-first2=Chia-Ling |encyclopedia=International Education: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Issues and Systems |volume=1–2 |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-46751-9 |title=Philippines |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA459 459] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_FnBwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The [[national university]] is the eight-school [[University of the Philippines]] (UP) system.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=The University of the Philippines Charter of 2008 |chamber=RA |number=9500 |date=April 19, 2008 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/04/19/republic-act-no-9500/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830074039/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2008/04/19/republic-act-no-9500/ |archive-date=August 30, 2018 |access-date=February 6, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> The country's top-ranked universities are the [[University of the Philippines Diliman]], [[Ateneo de Manila University]], [[De La Salle University]], and [[University of Santo Tomas]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Krishna |editor-first=V. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNguDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT328 |title=Universities in the National Innovation Systems: Experiences from the Asia-Pacific |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-351-61900-4 |page=328}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=2023 |title=QS Asia University Rankings 2023 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/asia-university-rankings/2023 |access-date=March 25, 2024 |website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=2020 |title=World University Rankings 2020 |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2020/world-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/locations/PH/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats |website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]}}</ref>

{{as of|2019|alt=In 2019}}, the Philippines had a basic [[literacy]] rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Hernandez |first=Jobo E. |date=October 29, 2020 |title=Literacy rate estimated at 93.8% among 5 year olds or older — PSA |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/ |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111071307/https://www.bworldonline.com/economy/2020/10/29/325932/literacy-rate-estimated-at-93-8-among-5-year-olds-or-older-psa/ |archive-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref> and a [[functional illiteracy|functional literacy]] rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Talavera |first=Catherine |date=December 14, 2020 |title=Functional literacy rate improves in 2019 – PSA |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa |access-date=November 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214020049/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2020/12/14/2063627/functional-literacy-rate-improves-2019-psa |archive-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated {{currency|900.9 billion|PHP|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} from the {{currency|5.268 trillion|PHP|linked=no|passthrough=yes}} 2023 budget.<ref name="OneNews-MarcosSigns2023Budget">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Flores |first=Helen |date=December 17, 2022 |title=Marcos Signs P5.268-Trillion National Budget For 2023 |work=[[One News (TV channel)|OneNews]] |url=https://www.onenews.ph/articles/marcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023 |access-date=February 16, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217155623/https://www.onenews.ph/articles/marcos-signs-p5-268-trillion-national-budget-for-2023 |archive-date=December 17, 2022}}</ref> {{as of|2023}}, the country has 1,640 [[public libraries]] affiliated with the [[National Library of the Philippines]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Statistical Number of Affiliated Public Libraries |url=http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10266 |website=[[National Library of the Philippines]] |access-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725010832/http://web.nlp.gov.ph/nlp/?q=node/10266 |archive-date=July 25, 2023}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of the Philippines}}

[[File:Banaue Philippines Banaue-Rice-Terraces-01.jpg|thumb|alt=A terraced hillside, seen from above|The [[Banaue Rice Terraces]], carved by ancestors of the [[Ifugao people]]]]

The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.<ref name="Junker-1999" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r50BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref name="Bankoff-2017">{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Se1HDwAAQBAJ |title=Post-Colonial National Identity in the Philippines: Celebrating the Centennial of Independence |series=Routledge Revivals |last2=Weekley |first2=Kathleen |date=2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-351-74209-2}}</ref> Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.<ref name="Edelstein-2011">{{cite book |editor-last1=Edelstein |editor-first1=Sari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC |title=Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Competency for Culinary, Hospitality, and Nutrition Professionals |publisher=[[Jones & Bartlett Learning]] |location=Sudbury, Mass. |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7637-5965-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lj0CeaIIETkC&pg=PA515 515]}}</ref><ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> The cultures of [[Lumad]]s of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.<ref name="Wernstedt-1967" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C&pg=PA503|name=503}}}} Indigenous groups such as the [[Igorot]]s have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by [[Igorot resistance to Spanish colonization|resisting the Spanish]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Williams |first=Victoria R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival |edition=Illustrated |title=Igorot |date=February 24, 2020 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-6118-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3_zRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 473] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Minahan |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT101 |encyclopedia=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |series=Ethnic Groups of the World |title=Cordillerans |date=August 30, 2012 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-660-7 |language=en}}</ref> A [[Filipino nationalism|national identity]] [[National revival|emerged]] during the 19th century, however, with [[National symbols of the Philippines|shared national symbols]] and cultural and historical [[Touchstone (metaphor)|touchstones]].<ref name="Bankoff-2017" />

[[Spanish influence on Filipino culture|Hispanic legacies]] includes the dominance of Catholicism,<ref name="Guillermo-2012" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC&pg=PA5|name=5}}}}<ref name="Edelstein-2011" /> a [[Chavacano|creole language]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chavacano |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cbk |access-date=November 16, 2018 |work=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> numerous [[List of loanwords in the Tagalog language#Spanish|loanwords]],<ref name=":2" /> the endangered [[Philippine Spanish]],<ref>{{cite book | last1=Quilis | first1=Antonio | last2=Casado-Fresnillo | first2=Celia | title=La lengua española en Filipinas: historia, situación actual, el chabacano, antología de textos | trans-title=The Spanish Language in the Philippines: History, Current Situation, Chavacano, Anthology of Texts | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_Lr-47DVUC&pg=FC | year=2008 | publication-place=Madrid | publisher=[[Spanish National Research Council]] | isbn=978-84-00-08635-0 | access-date=May 21, 2023 | archive-date=April 30, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430165926/https://books.google.com/books?id=xq_Lr-47DVUC&pg=FC | url-status=live| p = 236 }}</ref> arts,<ref name=":3" /> architecture,<ref name=":4" /> [[Philippine literature in Spanish|literature]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |title=A history of the Philippines: from the Spanish colonization to the Second World War |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R |date=1975 |publisher=Monthly Review Press |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |page=146 |language=English |chapter=Chapter X - Revolution and Nationhood |oclc=2401681 |quote=Coming from families that had benefited from the economic development of the country, these young men were able to take advantage of the educational opportunities that a liberalized Spanish colonial policy offered at the time.}}</ref> drama,<ref>PHILIPPINE "SEDITIOUS PLAYS" by Paul A. Rodell. https://www.asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-12-1-1974/rodell-philippine%20seditious%20plays.pdf</ref> food,<ref name="influ1">{{cite book |last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PA12 |title=The Philippine cookbook |publisher=Penguin |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-399-51144-8 |location=New York, New York |pages=12–14 |access-date=June 30, 2011}}

{{cite book |last=Civitello |first=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwtE4v_qS4EC&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PT263 |title=Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People |publisher=John Wiley and Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-118-09875-2 |page=263 |quote=Just as Filipino people are part Malay, Chinese and Spanish, so is the cuisine of their seven-thousand-island nation |access-date=June 30, 2011}}

{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8VkaWS6xiMC&q=%22Philippine%20Cuisine%22%20influences&pg=PA111 |title=Philippines Country Study Guide |publisher=Int'l Business Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4330-3970-6 |page=111 |quote=Throughout the centuries, the islands have incorporated the cuisine of the early Malay settlers, Arab and Chinese traders, and Spanish and American colonizers along with other Oriental and Occidental accent and flavours. |access-date=June 30, 2011}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}

[http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html "Philippine Cuisine."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135618/http://www.balitapinoy.net/philippine_cuisine.html|date=June 16, 2011}} [http://www.balitapinoy.net Balitapinoy.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723022526/http://www.balitapinoy.net/|date=July 23, 2011}}. Accessed July 2011.

{{cite news |last=Morgolis |first=Jason |date=February 6, 2014 |title=Why is it so hard to find a good Filipino restaurant? |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-02-06/why-it-so-hard-find-good-filipino-restaurant#comments |access-date=December 17, 2014 |newspaper=Public Radio International |quote=Philippine food has Chinese, Malaysian, Spanish and American influences—all cultures that have shaped the Philippines.}}</ref> music,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffith |first=Charles E., Jr. |date=1924 |title=Folk Music in the Philippines |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2307/3383136 |journal=Music Educators Journal |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=26–64 |doi=10.2307/3383136 |jstor=3383136 |via=Sage Journals}}</ref> dance,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dances of the Philippine CountrysideDances that are best known |url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/modules/modules/Dances/dances_of_the_philippine_country.htm |access-date=March 29, 2019 |website=www.seasite.niu.edu |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328173258/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/modules/modules/Dances/dances_of_the_philippine_country.htm }}</ref> fashion<ref name="Coo 2014">{{Cite thesis |last=Coo |first=Stéphanie Marie R. |title=Clothing and the Colonial Culture of Appearances in Nineteenth Century Spanish Philippines (1820–1896) |date=2014 |degree=PhD |publisher=Université Nice Sophia Antipolis |url=https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01126974/document}}</ref> and the prevalence of [[Catálogo alfabético de apellidos|Spanish names and surnames]], which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of [[Spanish naming customs]];<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|name=75}}}}<ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT262|name=237}}}} the [[List of Philippine place names of Spanish origin|names of many locations]] also have Spanish origins.<ref>{{cite book |last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ |title=Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998 |date=November 19, 2010 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-0-7864-6097-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=z0OeCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |language=en}}</ref> American influence on modern Filipino culture<ref name="Banlaoi-2009"/> is evident in the use of English,<ref name="Nadal-2011">{{cite book |last=Nadal |first=Kevin L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC |title=Filipino American Psychology: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice |date=March 23, 2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-1-118-01977-1 |language=en |author-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA12|name=12}}}} and Filipino consumption of [[fast food]] and American films and music.<ref name="Edelstein-2011" />

[[Public holidays in the Philippines]] are classified as regular or special.<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days |chamber=EO |number=292 |section=Chapter 7, section 26: Regular Holidays and Nationwide Special Days |date=July 25, 1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903160004/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/07/25/executive-order-no-292-book-ichapter-7-regular-holidays-and-nationwide-special-days/ |archive-date=September 3, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette of the Philippines]] |location=Manila, Philippines}}</ref> [[List of festivals in the Philippines|Festivals]] are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a [[patron saint]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chan |first1=Richel Royce T. |title=The Festival Extravaganza of Vigan City, Philippines |journal=UNP Research Journal |date=January 2020 |volume=XXIX |pages=64–66 |url=https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251 |publisher=[[University of Northern Philippines]] |issn=0119-3058 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430021308/https://vector.unp.edu.ph/index.php/1/article/download/57/7/251 |archive-date=April 30, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Wendt-1998">{{cite journal |last1=Wendt |first1=Reinhard |title=Philippine Fiesta and Colonial Culture |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |date=1998 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=4–5 |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42633620}}</ref> Better-known festivals include [[Ati-Atihan festival|Ati-Atihan]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Aguirre |first=Jun |date=March 4, 2018 |title=Legend of the Ati-atihan Fest in Aklan |work=[[BusinessMirror]] |url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903154448/https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/03/04/legend-of-the-ati-atihan-fest-in-aklan/ |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> [[Dinagyang]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pison |first1=Ruth Jordana |title=The Dinagyang Festival: An Afterlife of the Ilonggos' Faith |journal=Journal of English Studies and Comparative Literature |date=May 28, 2019 |volume=16 |pages=81, 85 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/view/6728/5829 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=0119-1721}}</ref> [[Moriones Festival|Moriones]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cinco |first=Maricar |date=March 26, 2018 |title=Moriones: solemn tradition, not festive occasion |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326035724/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978072/moriones-festival-returns-to-religious-roots |archive-date=March 26, 2018}}</ref> [[Sinulog]],<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=February 27, 2018 |title=Sinulog named as Asia's most popular festival |work=[[SunStar]] |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903161024/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/421022/Business/Sinulog-named-as-Asias-most-popular-festival |archive-date=September 3, 2020}}</ref> and [[Flores de Mayo]]—a month-long devotion to the [[Virgin Mary]] held in May.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Patricia Marion Y. |title=Mary as Mother in the Flores de Mayo in Poblacion, Oslob |journal=Humanities Diliman: A Philippine Journal of Humanities |date=February 22, 2016 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=101 |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444 |access-date=August 30, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |language=en |issn=2012-0788 |oclc=7181411125 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623012242/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/humanitiesdiliman/article/view/4932/4444 |archive-date=June 23, 2016}}</ref> The country's [[Christmas in the Philippines|Christmas season]] begins as early as September 1,<ref name="Rood-2019">{{cite book |last=Rood |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know® |date=June 15, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-092060-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|name=149}}}} and [[Holy Week in the Philippines|Holy Week]] is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sexton |first=Colleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC |title=Philippines in Pictures |series=Visual Geography Series |date=January 1, 2006 |publisher=[[Twenty-First Century Books]] |location=Minneapolis, Minn. |isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC&pg=PA46 46] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rood-2019" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149|name=149}}}}

=== Values ===
{{Main|Filipino values}}
{{Further|Filipino psychology}}
[[File:Core Value.JPG|thumb|alt=Colored outdoor statue of a child pressing their forehead on the hand of a seated elder|Statue in [[Iriga]] commemorating {{lang|fil|[[Mano (gesture)|mano po]]}}]]

Filipino [[Value (ethics and social sciences)|values]] are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in [[Philippine kinship|kinship]], obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.<ref name="Dolan-1991" />{{rp|loc={{plain link|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927161138/https://countrystudies.us/philippines/41.htm|name=41}}}} They center around social harmony through {{lang|fil|[[pakikisama]]}},<ref name="Qiu-2004">{{cite book |editor-last1=Qiu |editor-first1=Renzong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C |title=Bioethics: Asian Perspectives: A Quest for Moral Diversity |series=Philosophy and Medicine |volume=80 |date=2004 |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]] |location=Dordrecht, Netherlands |isbn=978-1-4020-1795-7 |language=en |author-link1=Qiu Renzong}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA74|name=74}}}} motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hallig |first1=Jason V. |title=Communicating Holiness to the Filipinos: Challenges and Needs the Path to a Filipino Theology of Holiness |journal=Didache: Faithful Teaching |volume=2 |issue=1 |issn=1536-0156 |url=http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015814/http://didache.nts.edu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=277&Itemid |archive-date=July 20, 2011 |access-date=February 10, 2023 |via=[[Nazarene Theological Seminary]] |pages=2, 10}}</ref><ref name="Warner-2014" /><ref name="Nadal-2011" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zN7-s84jAkoC&pg=PA47|name=47}}}} Reciprocity through {{lang|fil|[[utang na loob]]}} (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.<ref name="Qiu-2004" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puYpTx1gE40C&pg=PA76|name=76}}}}<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Alora |editor-first1=Angeles Tan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC |title=Beyond a Western Bioethics: Voices from the Developing World |editor-last2=Lumitao |editor-first2=Josephine M. |date=2001 |publisher=[[Georgetown University Press]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-58901-249-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=55momC6vMWIC&pg=PA57 57] |language=en}}</ref> The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of {{lang|fil|hiya}} (shame)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tabadda |first1=Emil V. |editor-last1=Gripaldo |editor-first1=Rolando M. |title=Filipino Cultural Traits: Claro R. Ceniza Lectures |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series IIID, Southeast Asia |volume=4 |date=2005 |publisher=Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-56518-225-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA35 35–39] |chapter=Chapter II: A Phenomenology of the Tagalog Notions of Hiya [Shame] and Dangal [Dignity] |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hXJe6vKMjroC&pg=PA21}}</ref> and loss of {{lang|es|amor propio}} ([[self-esteem]]).<ref name="Warner-2014">{{cite book |editor-last1=Warner |editor-first1=Malcolm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ |title=Culture and Management in Asia |date=March 5, 2014 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-136-49760-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-HgBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA157 157] |language=en}}</ref>

The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Bradford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C |title=Philanthropy in Communities of Color |last2=Shue |first2=Sylvia |last3=Vest |first3=Jennifer Lisa |last4=Villarreal |first4=Joseph |date=1999 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=Bloomington, Ind. |isbn=978-0-253-11293-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-932648SbP4C&pg=PA89 89–90] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Naylor |editor-first1=Larry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC |title=Cultural Diversity in the United States |date=1997 |publisher=[[Bergin & Garvey]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-89789-479-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HhUKBb807GsC&pg=PA179 179] |language=en}}</ref> Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as {{lang|fil|mano}} and the [[Filipino styles and honorifics|honorifics]] {{lang|fil|po}} and {{lang|fil|opo}} and {{lang|fil|kuya}} (older brother) or {{lang|fil|ate}} (older sister).<ref>{{cite book |last=Bonifacio |first=Glenda Tibe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ |title=Pinay on the Prairies: Filipino Women and Transnational Identities |date=November 15, 2013 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press|UBC Press]] |location=Vancouver, Canada |isbn=978-0-7748-2582-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OXPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192 192] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Nadal |editor-first1=Kevin Leo Yabut |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGN7EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT660 |encyclopedia=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Filipina/x/o American Studies |title=Family Structure |editor-last2=Tintiangco-Cubales |editor-first2=Allyson |editor-last3=David |editor-first3=E. J. R. |date=November 3, 2022 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |location=Thousand Oaks, Calif. |isbn=978-1-0718-2901-1 |at=Hierarchy |language=en |editor-link1=Kevin Nadal}}</ref> Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness, [[hospitality]], religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly [[Women in the Philippines|women]]), and integrity.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talisayon |first1=Serafin D. |editor-last1=Dy |editor-first1=Manuel B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC |title=Values in Philippine Culture and Education |series=Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series III. Asia; Philippine Philosophical Studies |volume=7 |publisher=Office of Research and Publications, Council for Research in Values and Philosophy |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1994 |isbn=978-1-56518-040-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hRoYc2hPg2sC&pg=PA155 155] |chapter=Chapter 13: Teaching Values in the Natural and Physical Sciences in the Philippines |chapter-url=https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |access-date=September 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804051616/https://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-7.pdf |archive-date=August 4, 2022}}</ref>

=== Art and architecture ===
{{Main|Arts in the Philippines|Architecture of the Philippines}}

Philippine art combines indigenous folk art, east-Asian and [[Classical art|Classical traditions]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panizo |first1=Alfredo |last2=Rustia |first2=Erlinda F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC |title=Introduction to Art Appreciation and Aesthetics: An Approach to the Humanities |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-1932-7 |date=1969 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y86zdJE87TsC&pg=PA156 156] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="McFerson-2002">{{cite book |editor-last1=McFerson |editor-first1=Hazel M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC |title=Mixed Blessing: The Impact of the American Colonial Experience on Politics and Society in the Philippines |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-30791-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FPLWmaGQpEC&pg=PA22 22–23] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Eloisa May P.|title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts|url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/|publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]|access-date=April 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421082733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/|archive-date=April 21, 2016|date=April 15, 2015|at=A. Painting}}</ref> During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism mainly through paintings and sculptures. The first recorded sculptor in the Philippines is Juan de los Santos (1590 –1660) known for making retablos.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=HERNANDEZ |first=ELOISA MAY P |title=The Spanish Colonial Tradition in Philippine Visual Arts |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |access-date=January 17, 2025 |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072402/https://ncca.gov.ph/about-ncca-3/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/visual-arts/the-spanish-colonial-tradition-in-philippine-visual-arts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1821, [[Damián Domingo|Damian Domingo]], the father of Filipino paintings, opened the [[Academia de Dibujo y Pintura|''Academia de Dibujo'']] art school in Binondo.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Santiago |first=Luciano P.R. |title=DAMIAN DOMINGO AND THE FIRST PHILIPPINE ART ACADEMY (1821–1834) |publisher=University of San Carlos Publications |year=1991 |language=English}}</ref> Other artists during Spanish colonial rule included painters such as Josef Luciano Dans, [[José Honorato Lozano|Jose Honorato Lozano]], Mariano Asuncion<ref>{{Cite book |last=Javellana |first=Rene B. |title=The Philippine Colonial Tradition of Sacred Art |publisher=National Museum of the Philippines and Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas |year=2020 |isbn=978-971-567-035-7}}</ref> and sculptors such as [[Isabelo Tampinco]] and Crispulo Hocson.<ref name=":1" /> Artist whose works drew attention to the Philippines are [[Juan Luna]] and [[Félix Resurrección Hidalgo]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Ocampo |first1=Ambeth |author1-link=Ambeth Ocampo |title=Jose Rizal in Filipino Literature and History |url=https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |access-date=May 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005130/https://archium.ateneo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1042&context=history-faculty-pubs |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |pages=77–78}}</ref> [[Fernando Amorsolo]] dominated Philippine paintings during the American colonial period, popular for his [[pastoral]] scenes of Philippine countryside.<ref name="NCCA">{{cite web |title=Fernando C. Amorsolo |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/visual/amorsolo.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315060010/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about_cultarts/cultprofile/natarts/visual/amorsolo.php |archive-date=March 15, 2008 |access-date=October 8, 2016 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Order of National Artists: Fernando Amorsolo |url=https://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-profile/national-artists-of-the-philippines/fernando-amorsolo/ |access-date=July 15, 2022 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Modernism|Victorio Edades]] known as the father of Modern Philippine Art, popularized [[Modernism]] in the Philippines in 1920s and 1930s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJttBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT523 |title=The Rough Guide to the Philippines |last2=Deere |first2=Kiki |date=October 1, 2014 |publisher=[[Rough Guides UK]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-241-01376-2 |language=en}}</ref>

Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous {{lang|fil|[[bahay kubo]]}} and the {{lang|fil|[[bahay na bato]]}}, which developed under Spanish rule.<ref name="Boquet-2017" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90C4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA438|name=438–444}}}} Some regions, such as [[Batanes]], differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Yu |editor-first1=Pei-Lin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT151 |title=Relevance and Application of Heritage in Contemporary Society |editor-last2=Shen |editor-first2=Chen |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=George S. |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York |isbn=978-1-351-33296-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Brown |editor-first1=Jessica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |location=Gland, Switzerland |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=18iV522zLj0C&pg=PA101 101] |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:ZAMBOANGA CITY Asia's Latin City City Hall and Plaza Rizal (Ayunamiento y Plaza Rizal).jpg|thumb|[[Zamboanga City]] [[Zamboanga City Hall|Hall]]<ref name="bm">{{cite news |last1=Boncan-Buensalido |first1=Nikki |date=10 August 2015 |title=Getting to know Zamboanga |url=http://www.businessmirror.com.ph/getting-to-know-zamboanga/ |access-date=26 March 2017 |work=Business Mirror}}</ref>]]
[[Spanish architecture]] left an imprint in town designs around a [[poblacion|central square]] or {{lang|es|plaza mayor}}, but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.<ref name=":4">{{cite conference |last1=Cruz |first1=Geoffrey Rhoel C. |title=A Review of How Philippine Colonial Experience Influenced the Country's Approaches to Conservation of Cultural Heritage |url=https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |access-date=April 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517150542/https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/conferences/arts-congress-proceedings/2019/FAC-02.pdf |archive-date=May 17, 2021 |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |book-title=Arts Congress Proceedings |volume=3 |series=9 |date=February 2019 |location=Manila, Philippines |conference=12th Arts Congress |issn=2012-0311 |at=The Philippine Built Cultural Heritage}}</ref><ref name="Ring-1996" /> [[List of Baroque churches in the Philippines|Several]] Philippine [[List of Catholic churches in the Philippines|churches]] adapted [[baroque architecture]] to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of [[Earthquake Baroque]];<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ortiz |first1=Ma. Aurora R. |last2=Erestain |first2=Teresita E. |last3=Guillermo |first3=Alice G. |last4=Montano |first4=Myrna C. |last5=Pilar |first5=Santiago A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC |title=Art: Perception & Appreciation |publisher=Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. |location=Makati, Philippines |isbn=978-971-11-0933-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=T9UE6SQayrUC&pg=PA287 287] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Girard-2021">{{cite book |last=Girard |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ |title=Leandro Valencia Locsin: Filipino architect |date=December 6, 2021 |publisher=[[Birkhäuser]] |location=Basel, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-0356-2093-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BYZaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23–25] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baroque Churches of the Philippines|four baroque churches]] have been listed as a collective UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]].<ref name="UNESCO-BaroqueChurches">{{#invoke:cite|web|year=2010 |title=Baroque Churches of the Philippines |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210154046/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/677/ |archive-date=February 10, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}</ref> [[Spanish colonial fortifications in the Philippines|Spanish colonial fortifications]] ({{lang|es|fuerzas}}) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harrison |first1=Peter |title=Castles of God: Fortified Religious Buildings of the World |date=2004 |publisher=[[Boydell Press]] |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, England |isbn=978-1-84383-066-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC&pg=PA190 190] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6PqNavNEdgC |language=en}}</ref> [[Vigan]], in [[Ilocos Sur]], is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rabang |first1=Marie Rose Q. |title=Cultural Mapping as a Tool in Heritage Conservation in a World Heritage Site: The Vigan City Experience |journal=Journal Sampurasun: Interdisciplinary Studies for Cultural Heritage |date=December 4, 2015 |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=31 |doi=10.23969/sampurasun.v1i1.26 |url=https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |publisher=Research Institute of Pasundan University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429061850/https://journal.unpas.ac.id/index.php/sampurasun/article/download/26/7/58 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and [[Art Deco]] theaters.<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture">{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Noche |first1=Manuel D. C. |title=History of Philippine Architecture |date=April 14, 2015 |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421020700/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-the-arts-sca/architecture-and-allied-arts-2/history-of-philippine-architecture/ |archive-date=April 21, 2017 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref> During the American period, construction of [[Gabaldon school buildings]] began,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ancho |first1=Inero |last2=San Juan |first2=Mark Ponce |title=Preservation Of Heritage School Buildings In The Philippines: A Case Study Of The Gabaldon Buildings |journal=Journal of Urban Culture Research |date=2021 |volume=22 |pages=106–109 |doi=10.14456/jucr.2021.8 |url=https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/JUCR/article/view/252190/171120 |access-date=August 13, 2024 |issn=2408-1213}}</ref> and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by [[Daniel Burnham]] was done in portions of [[Burnham Plan of Manila|Manila]] and [[Baguio]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC |title=Outline of Town and City Planning |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Routledge]]/[[Thoemmes Press]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-16094-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1zNNdADCYcAC&pg=PA201 201] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kirsch |first=Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IrujEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |title=American Colonial Spaces in the Philippines: Insular Empire |series=Routledge Research in Historical Geography |date=February 15, 2023 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-000-83977-7 |language=en}}</ref> Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of [[Ancient Greek architecture|Greek]] or [[Neoclassical architecture]].<ref name="NCCAGovPH-Architecture" /><ref name="Girard-2021" /> Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in [[Iloilo]], especially in [[Calle Real, Iloilo|Calle Real]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Salas |first=Vic |date=August 9, 2022 |title=[Ilonggo Notes] A city of cultural heritage tourism zones |work=[[Rappler]] |url=https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |access-date=November 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809115745/https://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/travel/ilonggo-notes-city-cultural-heritage-tourism-zones-iloilo/ |archive-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref>

===Music and dance===
{{Main|Music of the Philippines|Dance in the Philippines}}

[[File:Tinikling.jpg|thumb|alt=Female dancers in colorful dresses|[[Tinikling]], a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a ''tikling'' bird eluding a farmer's traps<ref>{{cite book |last=Akombo |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ |title=The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultures |date=February 3, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2269-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ByGCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172] |language=en}}</ref>]]

There are two types of Philippine [[folk dance]], stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA173|name=173}}}} Although native dances had become less popular,<ref name="Villaruz-2006">{{cite book |last=Villaruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C |title=Treading Through: 45 Years of Philippine Dance |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-509-4}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA77|name=77}}}} folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA82|name=82}}}} The [[Cariñosa]], a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodríguez |first=José Miguel Díaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emNgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT159 |title=The Appeal of the Philippines: Spain, Cultural Representation and Politics |series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series |date=2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-351-99811-6 |language=en}}</ref> Popular indigenous dances include the [[Tinikling]] and [[Singkil (Maranao dance)|Singkil]], which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Parfitt |editor-first1=Clare |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ |title=Cultural Memory and Popular Dance: Dancing to Remember, Dancing to Forget |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |date=2021 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Cham, Switzerland |isbn=978-3-030-71083-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rYNSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Namiki |first1=Kanami |title=Hybridity and National Identity: Different Perspectives of Two National Folk Dance Companies in the Philippines |journal=Asian Studies |date=2011 |volume=47 |issue=Special Issue: Cultural Hybridities of the Philippines |pages=69, 84 |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |access-date=May 10, 2023 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines]] |issn=0004-4679 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130711181559/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-47-2011/vol-47-2011-cultural-hybridities-philippines.pdf |archive-date=July 11, 2013}}</ref> Present-day dances vary from delicate [[ballet]]<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Burridge |editor-first1=Stephanie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ng5EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT164 |title=The Routledge Companion to Dance in Asia and the Pacific: Platforms for Change |date=September 9, 2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-000-44021-8 |language=en}}</ref> to street-oriented [[breakdancing]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last=Villacruz |first=Basilio Esteban S. |date=July 24, 2014 |title=Philippine Dance in the American Period |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724234241/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?igm=1&i=117 |archive-date=July 24, 2014 |publisher=[[National Commission for Culture and the Arts]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gasgonia |first=Dennis |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Olympic OK music to Pinoy breakdancers' ears — 'Chance to put PH on the map' |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208160028/https://news.abs-cbn.com/sports/12/08/20/olympic-ok-music-to-pinoy-breakdancers-ears-chance-to-put-ph-on-the-map |archive-date=December 8, 2020}}</ref>

[[Rondalla|Rondalya]] music, with traditional [[mandolin]]-type [[List of Philippine musical instruments|instruments]], was popular during the Spanish era.<ref name="Thompson-Batalla-2018" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DmkPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA327|name=327}}}}<ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla" /> Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily [[bandurria]]-based bands with 14-string guitars.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Martin |editor-first1=Andrew R. |editor-last2=Mihalka |editor-first2=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Music around the World: A Global Encyclopedia |title=Philippines, Music of the |date=September 8, 2020 |edition=1st |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-499-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA665 665] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="KCET-MasterRondalla">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=May 24, 2022 |title=This Master Rondalla Musician is Preserving the Sounds of Philippine Culture in L.A. |work=[[KCET]] |url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524195859/https://www.kcet.org/shows/artbound/this-master-rondalla-musician-is-preserving-the-sounds-of-philippine-culture-in-l-a |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> [[Kundiman]] developed during the 1920s and 1930s.<ref name="Ellingham-1999">{{cite book |last=Ellingham |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC |title=The Rough Guide to World Music |volume=2: Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia & Pacific |series=Rough Guide Music Guides |publisher=[[Rough Guides]] |location=London |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85828-636-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA214 214]}}</ref> The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to [[Culture of the United States|U.S. culture]] and [[Music of the United States|popular music]].<ref name="Ellingham-1999" /> [[Rock music]] was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or [[Pinoy rock]]), a term encompassing [[pop rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]], [[punk rock|punk]], [[new wave music|new wave]], [[ska]], and [[reggae]]. Martial law in the 1970s produced [[Philippine folk music|Filipino folk rock]] bands and artists who [[Protest music against the Marcos dictatorship|were at the forefront]] of political demonstrations.<ref name="Murray-2016">{{cite book |editor-last1=Murray |editor-first1=Jeremy A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ |title=Pop Culture in Asia and Oceania |series=Entertainment and Society around the World |editor-last2=Nadeau |editor-first2=Kathleen |date=August 15, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-4408-3991-7 |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} The decade also saw the birth of the [[Manila sound]] and [[Original Pilipino Music]] (OPM).<ref name="Shunwei-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Shunwei |first1=Liu |last2=Jia |first2=Li |title=Establishment of Philippine Popular Music Industry |journal=Multicultural Education |date=June 7, 2022 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=60, 66–67 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.6618973 |doi-access=free |url=http://ijdri.com/me/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/6.pdf |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=International Journal Documentation & Research Institute}}</ref><ref name="Woods-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C&pg=PT196|name=171}}}} [[Filipino hip-hop]], which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Goldsmith |editor-first1=Melissa Ursula Dawn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Hip Hop around the World: An Encyclopedia |edition=Illustrated |title=The Philippines |volume=I and II: A–Z |editor-last2=Fonseca |editor-first2=Anthony J. |date=December 2018 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-0-313-35759-6 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mR2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA552 552–553]}}</ref><ref name="Murray-2016" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ot2uDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA38|name=38–41}}}} [[Karaoke]] is also popular.<ref>{{cite book |last=Klempe |first=Sven Hroar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ |title=Sound and Reason: Synesthesia as Metacognition |series=Palgrave Studies in Sound |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-2340-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vaV0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 83] |language=en}}</ref> From 2010 to 2020, [[Pinoy pop]] (P-pop) was influenced by [[K-pop]] and [[J-pop]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Newbould |first=Chris |date=October 24, 2022 |title=A brief history of P-pop, from anti-Marcos messages to the mainstream and back |language=en |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205213311/https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/music/2022/10/24/a-brief-history-of-p-pop-from-anti-marcos-messages-to-the-mainstream-and-back/ |archive-date=December 5, 2022}}</ref>

Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced {{lang|es|[[zarzuela]]}} plays (with music)<ref name="Liu-2016">{{cite book |editor-last1=Liu |editor-first1=Siyuan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ |title=Routledge Handbook of Asian Theatre |series=Routledge Handbooks |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-27886-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H1iFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA372 372–373]}}</ref> and {{lang|es|[[Comedia (play)|comedia]]}}s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} and were written in a number of local languages.<ref name="Liu-2016" /> American influence introduced [[vaudeville]] and ballet.<ref name="Villaruz-2006" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qLQOd-PFxe4C&pg=PA69|name=69–70}}}} [[Realism (theatre)|Realistic]] theater became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.<ref name="Liu-2016" />

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Philippine literature}}

[[File:Jose Rizal full.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=photograph of José Rizal|José Rizal's writings inspired the [[Philippine Revolution]].]]

Philippine literature consists of [[Filipiniana|works]] usually written in Filipino, [[Philippine literature in Spanish|Spanish]], or [[Philippine literature in English|English]]. Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ |title=Literaturen |date=1976 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-04331-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NbY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA277 277] |language=en}}</ref> They include {{lang|fil|[[Ibong Adarna]]}}, an epic about an eponymous magical bird,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Eulogio Balan |title=The Adarna Bird: A Filipino Tale of Pre-Spanish Origin Incorporated in the Development of Philippine Literature, the Rapid Growth of Vernacular Belles-letters from Its Earliest Inception to the Present Day |date=1933 |publisher=General Printing Press |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn= |pages=[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001129/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/AJV4301.0001.001/56 51]–[https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001307/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ajv4301.0001.001/57 52] |url=http://name.umdl.umich.edu/ajv4301.0001.001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725001440/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;idno=AJV4301.0001.001 |archive-date=July 25, 2023 |oclc=34358713 |via=[[University of Michigan Library]]}}</ref> and {{lang|fil|[[Florante at Laura]]}} by Tagalog author [[Francisco Balagtas]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lumbera |first1=Bienvenido |title='Florante at Laura' and the Formalization of Tradition in Tagalog Poetry |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=545–575 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |jstor=42720240}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blanco |first=John D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC |title=Frontier Constitutions: Christianity and Colonial Empire in the Nineteenth-Century Philippines |date=February 24, 2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-94369-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sNtM4sXUgCEC&pg=PA55 55] |language=en}}</ref> [[José Rizal]] wrote the novels {{lang|es|[[Noli Me Tángere (novel)|Noli Me Tángere]]}} and {{lang|es|[[El filibusterismo]]}},<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bernad |first1=Miguel A. |title=Rizal in Guerrero's Translation: El Filibusterismo |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=1967 |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=204 |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108185224/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/2299/4425 |archive-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref> both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Tarver |editor-first1=H. Micheal |editor-last2=Slape |editor-first2=Emily |encyclopedia=The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |series=Empires of the World |volume=I |edition=Illustrated |title=Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) |date=July 25, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-422-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA108 108] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1LCJDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref>

[[Philippine folk literature|Folk literature]] was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although [[Ilustrado|Filipino elites]] who later learned Spanish wrote [[Filipino nationalism|nationalistic]] literature.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA59|name=59–62}}}} The American arrival [[Education in the Philippines during American rule|began]] Filipino literary use of English<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA65|name=65–66}}}} and influenced the development of the [[Philippine comics]] industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Philippine 'Komiks': Text as Containment |journal=Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science |date=1997 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=81–81, 85–87 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |doi=10.1163/030382497X00059 |jstor=24492451 |issn=0303-8246 |oclc=9982710804}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reyes |first1=Soledad S. |author1-link=Soledad Reyes |title=The Komiks and Retelling the Lore of the Folk |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |date=2009 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=389–390 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |jstor=42634017 |issn=0031-7837 |oclc=9975776944}}</ref> In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was [[Student activism in the Philippines (1965–1972)|influenced by political activism]]; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA69|name=69–71}}}}

[[Philippine mythology]] has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Fee |editor-first1=Christopher R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=American Myths, Legends, and Tall Tales: An Encyclopedia of American Folklore |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino American Folklore and Folktales |editor-last2=Webb |editor-first2=Jeffrey B. |date=August 29, 2016 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-568-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kXnEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA369 369] |language=en |author-link1=Christopher R. Fee}}</ref> popular [[List of Philippine mythological figures|figures]] are [[Maria Makiling]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Hardenberg |editor-first1=Wilko Graf von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gkqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |title=The Nature State: Rethinking the History of Conservation |series=Routledge Environmental Humanities series |editor-last2=Kelly |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last3=Leal |editor-first3=Claudia |editor-last4=Wakild |editor-first4=Emily |date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-351-76463-6 |language=en}}</ref> [[Biag ni Lam-Ang|Lam-ang]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Villanueva |first1=Louie B. |title=Biag ni Lam-ang: An Ilokano Epic Analysis and Its Implication to Ilokano Folk Literature and Philippine Educational Development |journal=Journal of Tianjin University: Science and Technology |date=2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=624–625, 631 |doi=10.17605/OSF.IO/RYXCN |url=https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501003439/https://tianjindaxuexuebao.com/dashboard/uploads/39.%20RYXCN.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-date=May 1, 2023 |access-date=May 1, 2023 |publisher=[[Tianjin University]] |issn=0493-2137}}</ref> and the [[Sarimanok]].<ref name="Rodell-2002" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y1CVR74_KHQC&pg=PA61|name=61}}}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Bane |first=Theresa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Beasts and Monsters in Myth, Legend and Folklore |title=Sarimanok |date=May 22, 2016 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company|McFarland]] |location=Jefferson, N.C. |isbn=978-1-4766-2268-2 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7PYWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 279] |language=en}}</ref> The country has a number of [[Philippine epic poetry|folk epics]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Lopez |first=Mellie Leandicho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C |title=A Handbook of Philippine Folklore |date=2006 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-514-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jGssp-oJrT8C&pg=PA147 147] |language=en}}</ref> Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the [[Maranao language|Maranao-language]] ''[[Darangen]]'' is an example.<ref>{{cite book |last=Madale |first=Abdullah T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC |title=The Maranaws, Dwellers of the Lake |date=1997 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-2174-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=xr8_P6mJ-ZIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Media ===
{{main|Mass media in the Philippines}}
{{further|Cinema of the Philippines}}

[[File:People's Television Network Logo (2017-present).jpg|thumb|upright|alt=TV network logo, a multicolored triangle|People's Television Network logo]]

Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although [[broadcasting]] has shifted to Filipino.<ref name="Brown-Ganguly-2003" /> [[List of Philippine television shows|Television shows]], commercials, and [[Lists of Philippine films|films]] are regulated by the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Kitley |editor-first1=Philip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ |title=Television, Regulation and Civil Society in Asia |date=August 29, 2003 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-43194-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rb2AAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 140] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Deocampo |first=Nick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT510 |title=Film: American Influences on Philippine Cinema |date=November 9, 2017 |publisher=[[Anvil Publishing, Inc.]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-971-27-2896-9 |language=en |author-link=Nick Deocampo}}</ref> Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lucas |first=Daxim L. |date=September 13, 2011 |title=Filipinos seek info on Web; rich prefer newspapers |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116070555/http://technology.inquirer.net/4101/filipinos-seek-info-on-web-rich-prefer-newspapers/ |archive-date=November 16, 2011}}</ref> and [[Social media use in the Philippines|social media]].<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook">{{#invoke:cite|news|date=June 30, 2019 |title=SWS: Facebook next to TV as Filipinos' top source of news |work=cnn |publisher=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |access-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703110139/https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2019/6/30/facebook-news-source-filipino-adults.html |archive-date=July 3, 2019}}</ref> The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the [[People's Television Network]] (PTV).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=PTV 4 |url=https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207200937/https://philippines.mom-rsf.org/en/media/detail/outlet/ptv-4/ |archive-date=December 7, 2022 |access-date=February 28, 2023 |website=Media Ownership Monitor |publisher=MOM Team, [[VERA Files]], [[Reporters Without Borders]], Global Media Registry}}</ref> [[ABS-CBN]] and [[GMA Network|GMA]], both [[free-to-air]], were the dominant TV networks;<ref name="BBC-Philippines-Profile">{{#invoke:cite|web|date=July 4, 2022 |title=Philippines country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209103826/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15521300 |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |at=Media}}</ref> before the May 2020 [[ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy|Philippine government denial of ABS-CBN's franchise renewal]], it was the country's largest network.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Gutierrez |first=Jason |date=July 10, 2020 |title=Philippine Congress officially shuts down leading broadcaster |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710111029/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/10/world/asia/philippines-congress-media-duterte-abs-cbn.html |archive-date=July 10, 2020}}</ref> [[Philippine television drama]]s, known as {{lang|fil|teleserye}}s and mainly produced by [[List of ABS-CBN original drama series|ABS-CBN]] and [[List of GMA Network original drama series|GMA]], are also seen in several other countries.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Achenbach |editor-first1=Ruth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ |title=Afrasian Transformations: Transregional Perspectives on Development Cooperation, Social Mobility, and Cultural Change |series=Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies |volume=20 |date=2020 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-42526-2 |editor-last2=Beek |editor-first2=Jan |editor-last3=Karugia |editor-first3=John Njenga |editor-last4=Mageza-Barthel |editor-first4=Rirhandu |editor-last5=Schulze-Engler |editor-first5=Frank |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=g_b_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA256 256] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Soliman |first1=Michelle Anne P. |date=April 10, 2022 |title=Pinoy teleseryes gain global following amid coronavirus pandemic |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410182249/https://www.bworldonline.com/top-stories/2022/04/11/441537/pinoy-teleseryes-gain-global-following-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/ |archive-date=April 10, 2022}}</ref>

Local film-making [[List of Philippine films before 1940|began in 1919]] with the release of the first Filipino-produced [[feature film]]: {{lang|fil|[[Dalagang Bukid]]}} (''A Girl from the Country''), directed by [[José Nepomuceno|Jose Nepomuceno]].<ref name="Armes-1987" /><ref name="Tofighian-2006" />{{rp|page=8}} [[List of Philippine film studios|Production companies]] remained small during the [[silent film]] era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.<ref name="Armes-1987" /> Critically acclaimed Philippine films include {{lang|fil|[[Himala]]}} (''Miracle'') and {{lang|es|[[Oro, Plata, Mata]]}} (''Gold, Silver, Death''), both released in 1982.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=San Diego |first=Bayani Jr. |date=August 5, 2012 |title=Restoring Himala |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806083921/http://entertainment.inquirer.net/52959/restoring-himala |archive-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Plaza |first=Gerry |date=August 16, 2012 |title=May Himala! Restored film proves real global classic |work=[[Yahoo!|Yahoo! Philippines OMG!]] |url=http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |access-date=October 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820024727/http://ph.omg.yahoo.com/blogs/omgphnewsblog/may-himala-restored-film-proves-real-global-classic-013358351.html |archive-date=August 20, 2012}}</ref> Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=February 16, 2012 |title=Philippine film industry in decline |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |access-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218044638/https://entertainment.inquirer.net/30455/philippine-film-industry-in-decline |archive-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref> (particularly [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood films]]).<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Conde |first=Carlos H. |date=February 11, 2007 |title=A bleak storyline for the Filipino film industry |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213070634/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/11/yourmoney/movies12.php |archive-date=February 13, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Malasig |first=Jeline |date=February 8, 2019 |title='We need resuscitation': Erik Matti laments state of local film industry |work=[[InterAksyon]] |url=https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/ |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028083919/https://interaksyon.philstar.com/trends-spotlights/2019/02/08/143748/erik-matti-state-philippine-movie-industry-facebook-post/ |archive-date=October 28, 2020}}</ref> [[Art film]]s have thrived, however, and several [[Philippine New Wave|indie film]]s have been successful domestically and abroad.<ref name="Forbes-CinemaGrowingFast">{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Ramoran-Malasig |first=Carol |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Philippine Cinema Is Growing Fast, And Is Moving Away From Typical Themes Of Poverty And Violence |language=en |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/cmalasig/2018/03/01/philippine-cinema-more-than-poverty-porn-violence/?sh=726667123b5d |access-date=February 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Lim |editor-first1=David C. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ |title=Film in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Cultural Interpretation and Social Intervention |editor-last2=Yamamoto |editor-first2=Hiroyuki |date=March 12, 2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-136-59247-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=s2aLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA16 16] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Endo |first=Jun |date=April 29, 2019 |title=Philippine film foundation flipped the script for a 'dead' industry |work=[[Nikkei Asia]] |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry |access-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428180208/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Nikkei-Asia-Prizes/Philippine-film-foundation-flipped-the-script-for-a-dead-industry |archive-date=April 28, 2019}}</ref>

The Philippines has a large number of [[List of radio stations in the Philippines|radio stations]] and [[List of newspapers in the Philippines|newspapers]].<ref name="BBC-Philippines-Profile" /> English [[broadsheet]]s are popular among executives, professionals and students.<ref name="Thompson-2003" />{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC&pg=PA233|name=233–251}}}} Less-expensive Tagalog [[tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]s, which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);<ref>{{cite book |last=Kusaka |first=Wataru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ |title=Moral Politics in the Philippines: Inequality, Democracy and the Urban Poor |series=Kyoto-CSEAS Series on Asian Studies |date=2017 |publisher=[[NUS Press]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4722-38-4 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hb7WDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 63–65]}}</ref> however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of [[Social media as a news source|online news]].<ref name="CNNPH-SWSFacebook" /><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Mirasol |first1=Patricia B. |title=More smartphone-dependent Filipinos seek news on social media — Reuters report |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/ |access-date=December 21, 2023 |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |date=June 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524140112/https://www.bworldonline.com/world/2021/06/30/379239/more-smartphone-dependent-filipinos-seek-news-on-social-media-reuters-report/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022}}</ref> The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,<ref name="Thompson-2003" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1VI9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA233|name=233}}}} are the ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'', ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'', and ''[[The Philippine Star]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Bautista |editor-first1=Ma. Lourdes S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ |title=Philippine English: Linguistic and Literary Perspectives |series=Asian Englishes Today |editor-last2=Bolton |editor-first2=Kingsley |date=November 2008 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |location=Hong Kong, China |isbn=978-962-209-947-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YnUgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 53]}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Diaz |first1=Manuel O. Jr. |title=Sentiment Polarity Identification in Banner Headlines of Broadsheets in the Philippines |journal=Asian Journal of Media and Communication |date=December 2021 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=102, 108–109 |url=https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543 |access-date=April 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Universitas Islam Indonesia]] |doi=10.20885/asjmc.vol5.iss2.art1 |s2cid=260224724 |issn=2579-6119 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430013654/https://journal.uii.ac.id/AJMC/article/download/20642/11986/61543 |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Although [[freedom of the press]] is protected by the constitution,<ref>{{Cite constitution| |article=III |section=4 |polity=the Philippines |date=1987 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613221225/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/ |archive-date=June 13, 2017 |access-date=February 27, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Subingsubing |first1=Krixia |last2=Santos |first2=Tina G. |date=November 4, 2022 |title=PH still among most dangerous countries for journalists |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists |access-date=February 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103225817/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1689131/ph-still-among-the-most-dangerous-countries-for-journalists |archive-date=November 3, 2022}}</ref>

The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lamb |first=Kate |date=February 1, 2019 |title=Philippines tops world internet usage index with an average 10 hours a day |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201095445/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/01/world-internet-usage-index-philippines-10-hours-a-day |archive-date=February 1, 2019}}</ref> In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used [[smartphone]]s.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Magahis |first1=Coleen |last2=Santua |first2=James |date=June 18, 2021 |title=Filipinos' reliance on internet at an all-time high |work=[[Manila Standard]] |url=https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |access-date=November 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618192106/https://manilastandard.net/spotlight/ph-best-communication-service-providers/357427/filipinos-reliance-on-internet-at-an-all-time-high.html |archive-date=June 18, 2021}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{main|Filipino cuisine}}

[[File:Fish sinigang.jpg|thumb|alt=Chunky soup in a white bowl|A bowl of fish ''[[sinigang]]'']]

From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic, [[Filipino Chinese cuisine|Chinese]], and [[American cuisine|American]] cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Roufs |first1=Timothy G. |last2=Roufs |first2=Kathleen Smyth |encyclopedia=Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture |title=The Philippines |date=July 29, 2014 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-61069-221-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA267 267–268] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_eCBAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC |title=The Philippine Cookbook |date=1985 |publisher=[[Perigee Books]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-399-51144-8 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HUaDoUF0tRwC&pg=PA12 12–14] |language=en}}</ref> Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=De Meester |editor-first1=Fabien |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C |title=Wild-type Food in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: The Columbus Concept |date=January 23, 2008 |publisher=[[Humana Press]] |location=Totowa, N.J. |isbn=978-1-59745-330-1 |editor-last2=Watson |editor-first2=Ronald Ross |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPXurhDHsT4C&pg=PA530 530]}}</ref> centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.<ref name="Aquino-Porter-2022">{{cite book |editor-last1=Aquino |editor-first1=Richard S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ |title=Tourism in the Philippines: Applied Management Perspectives |series=Perspectives on Asian Tourism |editor-last2=Porter |editor-first2=Brooke A. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-19-4497-0}}</ref>{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|name=88}}}} Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple [[Starch#Food|starch]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Narvaez-Soriano |first=Nora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC |title=A Guide to Food Selection, Preparation and Preservation |edition=Revised |date=1994 |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |isbn=978-971-23-0114-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pqBX_CDwVKsC&pg=PA120 120] |language=en}}</ref> but [[Cassava-based dishes|cassava]] is more common in parts of Mindanao.<ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |editor-last1=Howeler |editor-first=R. H. |editor-last2=Kawano |editor-first2=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC |title=Cassava Breeding and Agronomy Research in Asia: Proceedings of a Regional Workshop Held in Rayong, Thailand, Oct. 26–28, 1987 |date=1988 |publisher=[[International Center for Tropical Agriculture|CIAT]] |location=Cali, Colombia |oclc=19544717 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JlrDyj0LRgQC&pg=PA261 261] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last1=Bacusmo |first1=Jose L. |editor-last1=Howeler |editor-first1=Reinhardt H. |editor-last2=Tan |editor-first2=Swee Lian |title=Cassava's Potential in Asia in the 21st Century: Present Situation and Future Research and Development Needs: Proceedings of the Sixth Regional Workshop held in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Feb. 21–25, 2000 |date=2001 |publisher=[[International Center for Tropical Agriculture|CIAT Cassava Office for Asia]] |location=Bangkok, Thailand |isbn= |oclc=49746198 |page=87 |url=https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1#page=92 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811055627/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/56519/cassavas_potential_in_asia.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=August 11, 2017 |chapter=Status and Potentials of the Philippines Cassava Industry |via=CGSpace}}</ref> [[Philippine adobo|Adobo]] is the unofficial national dish.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zibart |first=Eve |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MEfv2p2JP4C&pg=PT313 |title=The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |location=Birmingham, Ala. |isbn=978-0-89732-775-6 |language=en}}</ref> Other [[List of Philippine dishes|popular dishes]] include ''[[lechón]]'', ''[[kare-kare]]'', ''[[sinigang]]'',<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Cator |first=Currie |date=January 29, 2022 |title=Sinigang is world's best soup again; Lumpia among top side dishes |work=cnn |publisher=[[CNN Philippines]] |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html |access-date=February 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129105341/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2022/1/29/Sinigang-Lumpia-Taste-Atlas-Awards-2021.html |archive-date=January 29, 2022}}</ref> ''[[pancit]]'', ''[[lumpia]]'', and ''[[arroz caldo]]''.<ref name="Anderson-2018">{{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=E. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Cuisines: Food Culture from East Asia to Turkey and Afghanistan |last2=Buell |first2=Paul D. |last3=Goldstein |first3=Darra |editor-last1=Christensen |editor-first1=Karen |date=2018 |publisher=[[Berkshire Publishing Group]] |location=Great Barrington, Mass. |isbn=978-1-61472-846-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A5C8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80 80] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Zhao |editor-first1=Xiaojian |editor-last2=Park |editor-first2=Edward J. W. |encyclopedia=Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History |volume=I: A–F |title=Filipino Cuisine in the United States |date=November 26, 2013 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-59884-240-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA409 409] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3AxIAgAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Cheung |editor-first1=Sidney |editor-last2=Wu |editor-first2=David Y. H. |title=Globalization of Chinese Food |date=2012 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-136-00294-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C&pg=PA186 186] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qrfsWaV5j0C |language=en}}</ref> [[List of Philippine desserts|Traditional desserts]] are {{lang|fil|kakanin}} ([[rice cake]]s), which include ''[[puto (food)|puto]]'', ''[[suman (food)|suman]]'', and ''[[bibingka]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=De Villa |first1=Bianca Denise M. |last2=Domingo |first2=Thea Mari M. |last3=Ramirez |first3=Rhema Jenica C. |last4=Mercado |first4=Jame Monren T. |title=Explicating the culinary heritage significance of Filipino kakanin using bibliometrics (1934–2018) |journal=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science |date=June 2022 |volume=28 |article-number=100522 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100522}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ang |editor-first1=Catharina Y. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC |title=Asian Foods: Science and Technology |editor-last2=Liu |editor-first2=Keshun |editor-last3=Huang |editor-first3=Yao-Wen |date=April 5, 1999 |publisher=Technomic Publishing Co. |location=Lancaster, Pa. |isbn=978-1-56676-736-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=C4cTXJYTE4QC&pg=PA474 474] |language=en}}</ref> Ingredients such as [[calamansi]],<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=Ling |editor-first1=Huping |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Asian American History and Culture: An Encyclopedia |title=Restaurants and Cuisine, Filipino American |editor-last2=Austin |editor-first2=Allan W. |date=2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon, Oxon, England |isbn=978-1-317-47645-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0PFnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA303 303] |language=en |editor-link1=Huping Ling}}</ref> ''[[Ube halaya|ube]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Manabat |first=Rudolf Vincent T. |title=Baking Secrets |date=September 14, 2020 |publisher=[[Anvil Publishing, Inc.]] |location=Mandaluyong, Philippines |isbn=978-971-27-3623-0 |language=en |chapter=Filipino Desserts |access-date=March 10, 2023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Ub9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68}}</ref> and ''[[Canarium ovatum|pili]]'' are used in Filipino desserts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duke |first=James A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC |title=Handbook of Nuts |series=Herbal Reference Library |date=November 10, 2000 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Fla. |isbn=978-0-8493-3637-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Va3ED4zwXGIC&pg=PA67 67] |language=en |author-link1=James A. Duke}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|date=July 13, 2017 |title=Pili—The Delicious, Healthy Nut You've Never Heard Of |work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know |access-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714040519/https://www.vogue.com/article/pili-nuts-what-you-need-to-know |archive-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> The generous use of [[Philippine condiments|condiments]] such as ''[[patis (sauce)|patis]]'', ''[[bagoong]]'', and ''[[Soy sauce#Filipino|toyo]]'' impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.<ref name="Anderson-2018" /><ref name="Aquino-Porter-2022" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldCPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|name=73}}}}There are vegan filipino food and they include laing, lumpiang gulay, ensaladang talong, turon, ginataang bilo-bilo, biko, espasol, banana cue, camote cue, taho, suman, carioca, and lumpiang sariwa.

Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with [[chopsticks]]; they use spoons and forks.{{efn|In the Philippines, eating with chopsticks is occasionally used, less commonly used, less frequently used, seldom used, very rarely or rarely used, or not very common, but it's perfectly acceptable, especially in certain settings. Most Filipinos use a spoon and fork as the standard utensils for eating, while chopsticks are usually reserved for Asian cuisines like Chinese, Japanese, or Korean food, particularly in restaurants that serve those dishes. At home, chopsticks aren't used daily, though some families keep them for fun or when enjoying Asian meals. There's no stigma in using chopsticks — it's even seen as interesting or "international". Just remember to use them properly, such as avoiding sticking them upright in rice, which is considered disrespectful in many Asian cultures. However, chopsticks are generally used only when eating Chinese or other Asian cuisine that traditionally requires them.}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cruz |first1=Gemma Tulud |title=An Intercultural Theology of Migration: Pilgrims in the Wilderness |date=2010 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-19367-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 22–23] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOF5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |language=en |location=Leiden, Netherlands}}</ref> Traditional eating with the hands or fingers<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Lowry |first=Dave |date=January 6, 2016 |title=Hand-to-Mouth Combat: Experiencing a Kamayan Dinner at Hiro Asian Kitchen |work=[[St. Louis Magazine]] |url=https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011949/https://www.stlmag.com/dining/hand-to-mouth-combat-experiencing-a-kamayan-dinner-at-hiro-asian-kitchen/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> (known as {{lang|fil|[[kamayan]]}}) had been used in less urbanized areas,<ref>{{cite book |last=Zibart |first=Eve |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicfoodlovers0000ziba |title=The Ethnic Food Lover's Companion: Understanding the Cuisines of the World |publisher=Menasha Ridge Press |location=Birmingham, Ala. |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-89732-372-7 |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{rp|pages={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6vTun3i4NQC&pg=PA266|name=266–268,  277}}}} but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bender |first1=Daniel E. |last2=De Leon |first2=Adrian |title=Everybody was boodle fighting: military histories, culinary tourism, and diasporic dining |journal=[[Food, Culture & Society]] |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]] |date=January 2018 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=36–37 |doi=10.1080/15528014.2017.1398469 |s2cid=158465429}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Alejandro |first=Reynaldo G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT35 |title=Authentic Recipes from the Philippines: 81 Easy and Delicious Recipes from the Pearl of the Orient |date=March 13, 2012 |publisher=[[Periplus Editions]] |location=Singapore |isbn=978-1-4629-0533-1}}</ref>

=== Sports and recreation ===
{{Main|Sports in the Philippines|Traditional games in the Philippines}}

[[File:Gilas Cadets 2015 SEA Games.jpg|thumb|alt=Team photo, with each blue-uniformed member wearing a gold medal|The [[Philippines men's national basketball team]] celebrating their [[Basketball at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games|2015 Southeast Asian Games]] championship]]

[[Basketball in the Philippines|Basketball]], played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Cho |editor-first1=Younghan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ |title=Modern Sports in Asia: Cultural Perspectives |series=Sport in the Global Society – Contemporary Perspectives |editor-last2=Leary |editor-first2=Charles |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-317-58638-8 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DYz7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 87]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Grasso |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of Basketball |series=Historical Dictionaries of Sports |volume=2 |title=Philippines |date=November 15, 2010 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7506-7 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nZUarsZyzokC&pg=PA291 291] |language=en}}</ref> Other popular sports include [[History of boxing in the Philippines|boxing]] and billiards, boosted by the achievements of [[Manny Pacquiao]] and [[Efren Reyes]].<ref name="Rood-2019" />{{rp|page={{plain link|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmmtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142|name=142}}}}<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Himmer |first=Alastair |date=June 5, 2010 |title=Pacquiao named fighter of the decade |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |access-date=July 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605173159/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6541BX20100605 |archive-date=June 5, 2010}}</ref> The national [[Filipino martial arts|martial art]] is [[Arnis]].<ref>{{Cite PH act |title=An Act Declaring Arnis as the National Martial Art and Sport of the Philippines |chamber=RA |number=9850 |date=December 11, 2009 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810035837/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/12/11/republic-act-no-9850/ |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |publisher=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |location=Metro Manila, Philippines}}</ref> {{lang|fil|Sabong}} ([[cockfight]]ing) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the [[Magellan expedition]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Dundes |editor-first1=Alan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC |title=The Cockfight: A Casebook |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin Press]] |location=Madison, Wis. |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-299-14054-0 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wy5VqKSYt8IC&pg=PA136 136–137] |author-link1=Alan Dundes}}</ref> [[Video games in the Philippines|Video gaming]] and [[Esports in the Philippines|esports]] are emerging pastimes,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Lojo |first1=Michelle |title=Philippine esports gains traction in 2022 |url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022 |access-date=April 15, 2023 |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=December 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410070659/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/12/29/2234051/philippine-esports-gains-traction-2022 |archive-date=April 10, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Booc-2019">{{cite journal |last1=Booc |first1=Rahmat P. |last2=Rafaela |first2=Kimberson B. |last3=Torres |first3=Mae J. |last4=Bulawan |first4=Rina P. |last5=Jabonero |first5=Louis C. Ii |last6=Cortuna |first6=Ian Jay M. |last7=Asuncion |first7=Joel E. |title=The Traditional Filipino Games: Status Check Among Generation Z |journal=Theoretical & Applied Science |publisher=International Academy of Theoretical and Applied Sciences |date=October 30, 2019 |volume=78 |issue=10 |pages=150–152 |doi=10.15863/TAS.2019.10.78.25 |doi-access=free}}</ref> with the popularity of [[Traditional games in the Philippines|indigenous games]] such as ''[[patintero]]'', ''[[tumbang preso]]'', ''[[luksong tinik]]'', and ''[[Piko (Filipino game)|piko]]'' declining among young people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gutierrez |first1=Ariel |last2=Guzman |first2=Neriza G. |last3=Ramos |first3=Ramilet |last4=Uylengco |first4=Jan Katherine A. |title=The Empirical Change of Playing Habits among Children |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research |publisher=Future Science |date=February 25, 2022 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=306–309, 311–315 |doi=10.11594/ijmaber.03.02.15 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Booc-2019" />

The [[Philippines national football team|men's national football team]] has participated in one [[2019 AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Leongson |first=Randolph B. |date=March 27, 2018 |title=History made as PH Azkals advance to 2019 AFC Asian Cup after beating Tajiks |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034121/https://sports.inquirer.net/290641/ph-azkals-advance-2019-afc-asia-cup-beating-tajiks |archive-date=November 9, 2020}}</ref> The [[Philippines women's national football team|women's national football team]] qualified for the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]], their first [[FIFA Women's World Cup|World Cup]], in January 2022.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Morales |first=Luisa |date=January 31, 2022 |title=Herstory: Filipinas outlast Chinese Taipei to seize historic Women's World Cup berth |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth |access-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130170703/https://www.philstar.com/sports/2022/01/31/2157582/herstory-filipinas-outlast-chinese-taipei-seize-historic-womens-world-cup-berth |archive-date=January 30, 2022}}</ref> The Philippines has participated in every [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[Philippines at the 1924 Summer Olympics|1924]], except when they supported the [[1980 Summer Olympics boycott|American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Grasso |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement |edition=Fifth |title=Philippines, The (PHI) |last2=Mallon |first2=Bill |last3=Heijmans |first3=Jeroen |date=May 14, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4860-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uCN1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PA473 473] |author-link2=Bill Mallon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |type=Periodical |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of African Affairs]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ |magazine=AF Press Clips |title=U.S. says 60 nations will join boycott |date=1980 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DAFJAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA19-PA24 24]}}</ref> It was the first [[Tropical nations at the Winter Olympics|tropical nation]] to compete at the [[Winter Olympic Games]], [[Philippines at the 1972 Winter Olympics|debuting in 1972]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last=Chia |first=Nicole |date=February 19, 2018 |title=Winter Olympics: Even outsiders can break the ice |work=[[The Straits Times]] |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice |access-date=July 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180224080645/https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/even-outsiders-can-break-the-ice |archive-date=February 24, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |title=The XI Olympic Winter Games; Les XI Jeux Olympiques d'hiver; Sapporo, 1972 |type=Official report |publisher=The Organizing Committee for the XIth Olympic Winter Games |year=1973 |pages=32, 145, 447 |oclc=842416 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226202605/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1972/orw1972.pdf |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |via=[[LA84 Foundation]]}}</ref> In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] [[Hidilyn Diaz]]'s victory in [[2020 Summer Olympics|Tokyo]].<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|last1=Araullo |first1=Atom |author-link1=Atom Araullo |date=November 4, 2021 |title=Anatomy of Philippines' first Olympic gold medal |url=https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104071057/https://pcij.org/article/7371/anatomy-of-philippines-first-olympic-gold-medal |archive-date=November 4, 2021 |publisher=[[Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism]] |access-date=April 23, 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Index of Philippines-related articles]]
* [[Outline of the Philippines]]{{-}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Main|Bibliography of the Philippines}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Philippines}}
* [https://www.gov.ph/ Government of the Philippines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=June 9, 2007}}
* [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ Official Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114130536/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/ |date=January 14, 2022 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15521300 "Philippines"] profile at BBC News
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110521230339/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/philippines.htm "Philippines"] at UCB Libraries (archived May 21, 2011)
* {{OSM relation|443174}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Philippines}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217085143/http://filipiniana.net/ Filipiniana.net – Free digital library and a research portal] (archived December 17, 2008)


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T. S. Nagabharana

2026-03-27T04:10:38Z

Nadeem Ahmed: expanded page additionally and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Indian filmmaker, theatre personality}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=April 2021}}
{{Fan POV|date=September 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T.S. Nagabharana
| image = NagabharanaTS-01.jpg
| birth_name = Talakadu Srinivasaiah Nagabharana
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|01|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Arkalagud]],
[[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]], Karnataka
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|producer|screenwriter|actor|theatre worker}}
| years_active = 1978–present
| spouse = Naginibharana
| relatives = Shivarudra Dev (brother)<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=T S Nagabharana: I am still a student of cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/t-s-nagabharana-i-am-still-a-student-of-cinema-854101.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
| children = Shruthabharana
[[Pannaga Bharana]](son)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pannaga Nagabharana gets engaged |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pannaga-nagabharana-gets-engaged/articleshow/37061766.cms |access-date=2023-02-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
}}

'''Talakadu Srinivasaiah Nagabharana''' (born 23 January 1953), commonly known as '''T. S. Nagabharana''', is an Indian film director, in the [[Kannada film industry]] and a pioneer of [[parallel cinema]]. He is one of the few film directors to have straddled the mainstream and parallel cinema worlds.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=23 January 2019|title=Grahana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/top-5-movies-of-t-s-nagabharana/photostory/67653609.cms|access-date=15 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==

T S Nagabharana was born on 23 January 1953 at [[Talakadu]], [[Mysore district|Mysuru district]], [[Karnataka]]. He completed his education at a corporation school in [[Chamarajpet]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2020-06-27 |title=T S Nagabharana: I am still a student of cinema |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/t-s-nagabharana-i-am-still-a-student-of-cinema-854101.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He has been an administrator for several theater repertories, especially [[Rangayana]], Mysore and Benaka Theatre Group, Bengaluru.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} He has produced and directed number of serials and other programs for [[Doordarshan]] and other channels.<ref name=":0" />

His movie ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' was an inspiration for ''[[1942: A Love Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://prekshaa.in/contributions-of-kannada-cinema-to-historical-dramas/#.WzkGtqiwSh-|title=Contributions of Kannada Cinema to Historical Dramas|date=1 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701165115/http://prekshaa.in/contributions-of-kannada-cinema-to-historical-dramas/#.WzkGtqiwSh-|archive-date=1 July 2018}}</ref> The core plot of ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' was an inspiration for ''[[Swades]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975966.cms|title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The movie ''[[Nagamandala]]'' was an inspiration for ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.in/news/content/best-south-indian-movie-remakes-bollywood-movies-shah-rukh-khan-rani-mukerji-salman-khan|title=Eight Bollywood movies that are actually remakes of South Indian films|website=Vogue India|date=20 June 2019 }}</ref> The core plot of ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'' was an inspiration for the storyline of ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/article/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81-%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF|title=ಭಜರಂಗಿ ಮತ್ತು ಕಲ್ಲರಳಿ...|date=12 October 2015|website=Prajavani}}</ref>

He has been the recipient of international, national, state and other awards for 20 of his 34 [[Kannada]] movies in the last 40 years. He was nominated as the chairman of [[Karnataka Chalanachitra Academy]] (KCA), Bangalore [Government of Karnataka] (State Film Academy).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/mysore/Develop-demand-for-quality-films-Nagabharana/articleshow/5057776.cms|title=Develop demand for quality films: Nagabharana - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 September 2009 }}</ref> Currently he is the Chairman of Kannada Development Authority of Govt of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/nagabharana-appointed-kda-chief-768660.html|title=Nagabharana appointed KDA chief|date=15 October 2019|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Filmography==
He directed and acted in plays like ''Sangya Balya, Kathale Belaku, Shakarana Sarotu, Jokumaraswamy, Oedipus, Sattavara Neralu, Krishna Parijata, Tingara Buddanna, Mundena Sakhi Mundena, Hayavadana, Neegikonda Samsa, Baka'' and ''Blood Wedding''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=128717|title=Nagabharana in College days|access-date=27 June 2013|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017094444/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=128717|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He received a gold medal from the Government of India for his achievement in theater. He is the founder of a theater organisation called Benaka.<ref>{{cite web |title=D A I J I W O R L D |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1111 |access-date=22 October 2009 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019140340/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1111 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also started Shruthalaya, an organisation for organising, writing, composing, camera work, lighting, art, acting, editing and directing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/10585/sandalwood/t-s-nagabharana-treasure-of-kannada-cinema-exclusives-detail%7cNagabharana%27s|title=ventures}}{{Dead link|date=April 2022}}</ref>

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
|1978 || ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]'' || [[National Film Awards]]1978- [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] -Best Film on National Integration,
[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] – T S Nagabharana & T S Ranga

[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 1978-79 -
First Best Film,
Best Cinematographer (B&W) – S. Ramachandra 
Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2011-12-13 |title=Art, commercial categories artificial: Nagabharana |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/art-commercial-categories-artificial-nagabharana/article2711255.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|1980 || ''[[Bangarada Jinke]]'' ||<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1982 || ''[[Anveshane]]'' || [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] of 1982-83 - Third best film award
|-
|1982 || ''Praya Praya Praya'' || Karnataka State Film Awards – 1982-83 Best Supporting Actress to Mamtha Rao
|-
|1983 || ''[[Banker Margayya]]'' || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] Based on the 1952 novel ''[[The Financial Expert]]'' by [[R. K. Narayan]] Karnataka State Film Award – Best Actor – Lokesh.
Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|1983 || ''Prema Yuddha'' ||
|-
|1984 || ''Onti Dwani'' ||
|-
|1984 || ''[[Makkaliralavva Mane Thumba]]'' ||
|-
|1985 || ''[[Aahuti (1985 film)|Aahuti]]'' ||
|-
|1985 || ''Nethra Pallavi'' || Not released
|-
|1986 || ''Nenapina Dhoni'' ||
|-
|1987 || ''Ravana Rajya'' ||
|-
|1987 || ''Sedina Sanchu'' || Also screenplay writer
|-
|1987 || ''[[Aasphota]]'' || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film]], Best Supporting Actor – Dattanna.<ref name=":2" /> [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]] Based on the novel ''Ayana'' by Manu (P. N. Rangan)
|-
|1989 || ''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]'' || [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] Karnataka State Film Award – Second Best Film, Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-21 |title=Nagabharana's 'spiritual' journey |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/nagabharanas-spiritual-journey/article6432300.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|1989 || ''Surasundaranga'' ||
|-
|1989 || ''[[Premagni]]'' ||
|-
|1991 || ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada]] Inspiration for ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' Karnataka State Film Award – Second Best Film Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|1991 || ''[[The Stone Boy (TV series)|Stone Boy]]'' || TV series & Film<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kodur |first=Swaroop |title=#AFilmThatChangedMyLife: Roopa Rao on the lasting impressions of her favorite childhood show |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/afilmthatchangedmylife-roopa-rao-on-the-lasting-impressions-of-her-favorite-childhood-show/articleshow/88025149.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|1993 || ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada Karnataka State Film Award – Best Children's Film, Best Music Direction, Best Child Artist, Best Playback Singer 
Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|1993 || ''[[Aakasmika]]'' || Based on [[T. R. Subba Rao|Ta Ra Su]]'s trilogy ''Akasmika - Aparadhi - Parinama''<ref name=":1" /> Karnataka State Film Award – Second Best Film 
Best Kannada Film Filmfare 
Also cameo appearance
|-
|1994 || ''Sagara Deepa'' || Based on a novel of the same name by [[Veerappa Moily]]
|-
|1995 || ''Naviddeve Echarike'' || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film]]
|-
|1995 || ''[[Janumada Jodi]]'' || Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada Based on the Gujarathi novel ''Malela Jiva'' by [[Pannalal Patel]] Karnataka State Film Award – Special Jury Award<ref name=":1" />
|-
|1996 || ''[[Nagamandala]]'' || Based on the play of same name by [[Girish Karnad]] Inspiration for ''[[Paheli (2005 film)|Paheli]]'' Karnataka State Film Award- Second Best Film 
Filmfare – Best Director 
Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|1997 || ''Vimochane'' || Also actor, screenwriter
|-
|1999 || ''[[Janumadatha]]'' ||
|-
|2001 || ''[[Neela (film)|Neela]]'' || Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film <ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-10-03 |title=Dweepa, Ekaangi, Neela bag best Kannada film awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/dweepa-ekaangi-neela-bag-best-kannada-film-awards/articleshow/24099536.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|2002 || ''[[Singaaravva]]'' || National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada Based on the novel ''Singaravva Mattu Aramane '' by [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] Karnataka State Film Award – Best Art Director to Shashidhar Adapa 
Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|2003 || ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]'' || Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Dialogue, Best Music. Based on the novel of same name by [[K. Shivaram Karanth]] Inspiration for ''[[Swades]]'' 
|-
|2006 || ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]'' || [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] Based on a novel of the same name by B. L. Venu Inspiration for ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' Karnataka State Film Award – Best Costume, Best Art Direction, Best Editing
|-
|2009 || ''[[Nam Yajamanru]]'' ||
|-
|2012 || ''Kamsaale Kaisaale'' || Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2010-11 winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-awards-2010-11-winners/articleshow/18966690.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2014 || ''[[Vasundhara (film)|Vasundhara]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=Vasundhara to wrap up by July end - Times Of India |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-30/news-interviews/40285614_1_r-nanjappa-nagini-bharana-vasundhara |access-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703201707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-30/news-interviews/40285614_1_r-nanjappa-nagini-bharana-vasundhara |archive-date=3 July 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''[[Allama (film)|Allama]]'' || 64th National Film Awards -<ref>{{Cite web |title=Allama Prabhu Draws From History: T S Nagabharana |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/sep/02/allama-prabhu-draws-from-history-t-s-nagabharana-655322.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
Best Music Direction (songs) — Bapu Padmanabha,
Best Music Direction (background score) — Bapu Padmanabha,
Best Make-up Artist – N. K. Ramakrishna<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Most Film Friendly State Award |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407233530/http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf |language=en |archive-date=2017-04-07 |access-date=2023-05-25}}</ref> 
Filmfare – Best Actor - Critics Award 
Indian Panorama Entry in International Film Festivals.
|-
|2018 || ''Kaanoorayana'' ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=R |first=SHILPA SEBASTIAN |date=2018-04-27 |title=Nagabharana's Kaanoorayana releases today |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/contemporary-folklore/article23693080.ece |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes !! {{refh}}
|-
|1977
|''[[Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane]]''
|
|
|
|-
|1983 || ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]'' || Mruthyu|| ||<ref>{{Citation |last=Iyer |first=G. V. |title=Adi Shankaracharya |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085138/ |type=Biography, Drama |publisher=National Film Development Corporation, National Film Development Corporation of India (NFDC) |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref>
|-
|1985 || ''[[Accident (1985 film)|Accident]]'' ||Ramanna|| ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-07-18 |title=28 years on, 'accident' once more |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/28-years-on-accident-once-more/articleshow/21133434.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2001 || ''[[Neela (film)|Neela]]'' ||Doctor|| ||
|-
|2008 || ''[[Mr. Garagasa]]'' ||Sharath|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Garagasa review. Mr Garagasa Kannada movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mr-garagasa-review-kannada-movie-review-10122 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
|2011 || ''[[Kirataka]]'' ||Nandisha's father|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slaying demons |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/slaying-demons/articleshow/21572463.cms |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2012 || ''[[Sri Kshetra Adichunchanagiri]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/sri-kshethra-adichunchanagiri-2012 | title=Sri Kshethra Adichunchanagiri (2012) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew }}</ref>
|--
|2012 || ''[[Kamsale Kaisale|Kamsaale Kaisaale]]'' ||As father|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-09 |title=Soak up the joys of learning |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/291196/soak-up-joys-learning.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014 || ''[[Vasundhara (film)|Vasundhara]]'' || || || <ref>{{Citation |last=Nagabharana |first=T. S. |title=Vasundhara |date=2014-01-31 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14097290/ |type=Drama |publisher=Shruthalaya Productions |access-date=2023-02-22}}</ref>
|-
|2014 ||''[[Jai Lalitha]]'' ||Srikantaiah || ||<ref>{{Citation |last=Ponkumaran |title=Jai Lalitha |date=27 June 2014 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3821368/ |type=Comedy, Drama, Romance |publisher=Indira Productions (II) |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2016 || ''[[Uppina Kagada]]'' ||Aachaari|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Finding her ground, slowly |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/615230/finding-her-ground-slowly.html |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018 || ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]'' || rowspan="2" | Srinivas || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=EXCLUSIVE: Team KGF share images from making of KGF: Chapter 2 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-team-kgf-share-images-from-making-of-kgf-chapter-2/articleshow/80093738.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' ||
|-
|2022
|''[[Bairagee]]''
|Judge
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lokesh |first=Vinay |title=Exclusive: Bairagee is a pucca entertainment package, says producer Krishna Sarthak |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/exclusive-bairagee-is-a-pucca-entertainment-package-says-producer-krishna-sarthak/articleshow/92572465.cms |access-date=2023-02-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Tatsama Tadbhava]]'' || Vasudev || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Kaalapatthar]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Kaalapatthar Movie Review: Reflects deep human connections and honours the legacy of Dr Rajkumar |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Sep/13/kaalapatthar-movie-review-reflects-deep-human-connections-and-honours-the-legacy-of-dr-rajkumar |work=Cinema Express |date=4 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maryade Prashne]]'' || Legislator ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Elumale]]'' || Mahadevappa || || <ref>{{cite web |title='Elumale': Tharun Sudhir On Producing An Edge-Of-The-Seat Love Story in Kannada Cinema |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/tharun-sudhir-on-producing-an-edge-of-the-seat-love-story-in-kannada-film-elumale-kaatera-priyanka-achar |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en |date=9 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
Nagabharana has won nine National and 14 State awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kannadaforum.com/showthread.php?t=530|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127001017/http://kannadaforum.com/showthread.php?t=530|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2013|title=India club}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/art-commercial-categories-artificial-nagabharana/article2711255.ece|title=Art, commercial categories artificial: Nagabharana|first=Muralidhara|last=Khajane|newspaper=The Hindu|date=13 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1111%7CNagabharana's|title=D A I J I W O R L D|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630144558/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1111%7CNagabharana%27s|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{|class="infobox" style="width: 22.7em; text-align: left; font-size: 85%; vertical-align: middle; background-color: #eef;"
|-
| colspan="3" |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" width="100%"
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #d9e8ff; text-align: center;" | Awards and nominations
|- style="background-color:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
!style="vertical-align: middle;" | Award
| style="background:#cceecc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Wins
| style="background:#eecccc; font-size:8pt;" width="60px" | Nominations
|-
|align="center"|
;[[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]]
|{{won|8}}
|{{nom|8}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|{{won|15}}
|{{nom|15}}
|-
|align="center"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|7}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
|}
|}

===National Film Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of movies, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s), award(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Movie
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]''
| [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Film on National Integration]]
| align="center" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf|title=26th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| align="center" |<ref name="26thawardPDF"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Banker Margayya]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]''
| [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Film on National Integration]]
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/39nd_nff_1985.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=27 February 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Singaaravva]]''
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/50nfa.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=14 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kallarali Hoovagi]]''
| [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Film on National Integration]]
| align="center" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=24 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Karnataka State Awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of movies, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s), award(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Movie
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | 1978–79
! scope="row" | ''[[Grahana (film)|Grahana]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film (First)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1982–83
! scope="row" | ''[[Anveshane]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film|Best Film (Third)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1987–88
! scope="row" | ''[[Aasphota]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film (First)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1987–88
! scope="row" | ''[[Aasphota]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1989–90
! scope="row" | ''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Best Film (Second)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1991–92
! scope="row" | ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Best Film (Second)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1993–94
! scope="row" | ''[[Aakasmika]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Best Film (Second)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1993–94
! scope="row" | ''[[Chinnari Mutha]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film|Best Children Film]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1995–96
! scope="row" | ''Naaviddivi Echcharike''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film|Best Children Film]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1996–97
! scope="row" | ''[[Nagamandala]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Second Best Film|Best Film (Second)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1996–97
! scope="row" | ''[[Janumada Jodi]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1998–99
! scope="row" | N/A
| [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 2001–02
! scope="row" | ''[[Neela (film)|Neela]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film|Best Film (Third)]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" rowspan=2| [[2003–04 Karnataka State Film Awards|2003–04]]
! scope="row" rowspan=2 | ''[[Chigurida Kanasu]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film|Best Film (First)]]
| rowspan=2|
|-
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
| align="center" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Kamsale Kaisale]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Children Film|Best Children Film]]
| align="center" |
|}

===Filmfare Awards South===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of movies, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s), award(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Movie
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | 1988
! scope="row" | ''[[Aasphota]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1992
! scope="row" | ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1992
! scope="row" | ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Aakasmika]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Janumada Jodi]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Janumada Jodi]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | 1997
! scope="row" | ''[[Nagamandala]]''
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
| align="center" |
|-
|}

===Others===
* ''Dhwani- Sriranga'' international Kannada theatre award for 2009 by Dhwani Pratishthana<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=128717|title='Dhwani- Sriranga' award for Nagabharna|access-date=27 June 2013|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017094444/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=128717|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2023 – Jury Chairperson at the [[54th International Film Festival of India]] for Indian Panorama Feature Films section.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1978648|title=Indian Panorama at IFFI mirrors the nation's cultural diversity and visual literacy growth: Jury Chairperson (Indian Panorama Feature Films)|date=21 November 2023|access-date=21 November 2023|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|via=press release}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0619056}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagabharana, T. S.}}
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2003]]

Nonprofit organization

2026-03-21T16:12:07Z

Nadeem Ahmed: brief update layout based on references and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Organization operated for a collective benefit}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}{{Globalize|date=October 2025}}
{{Redirect|Registered association|the legal status in Finland and Germany|Registered association (Finland)|and|Registered association (Germany)}}A '''nonprofit organization''' ('''NPO'''), also known as a '''nonbusiness entity''',<ref name="ciconte">{{cite book |last1=Ciconte |first1=Barbara L. |title=Fundraising Basics: A Complete Guide |last2=Jacob |first2=Jeanne |date=2009 |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |isbn=9780763746667 |location=Burlington, Massachusetts}}</ref> '''nonprofit institution''',<ref>{{cite web |date=1993 |title=System of National Accounts |url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1993sna.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017035311/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/docs/1993sna.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=16 October 2013 |publisher=United Nations Statistics Division}}</ref> '''not-for-profit organization''' ('''NFPO'''),<ref>[[Cabinet Office]], [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a79b8fced915d07d35b7a0e/not-for-profit-advice-services-england.pdf Not-for-Profit Advice Services in England], ''Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk'', accessed on 3 March 2025</ref> or simply '''nonprofit''',{{efn|As a [[nominalized adjective]]}} is a [[non-governmental entity]] that operates for a collective, public, or social benefit, rather than to generate profit for private owners. Nonprofit organizations are subject to a non-distribution constraint, meaning that any revenue exceeding expenses must be used to further the organization’s purpose. Depending on local laws, nonprofits may include [[charities]], political organizations, schools, hospitals, business associations, churches, foundations, social clubs, and cooperatives. In some countries nonprofit entities can obtain [[Tax exemption|tax-exempt]] status and may also qualify to receive [[Tax deduction|tax-deductible]] contributions; however, an organization can still be a nonprofit without having tax exemption.

Key aspects of nonprofit organizations are their ability to fulfill their mission with respect to accountability, integrity, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organization. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Presumably, the more a nonprofit focuses on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This may result in more money for the organization.<ref name="ciconte"/>

== Fundraising ==

Nonprofit organizations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations, sponsorship from corporations, government funding, programs, services, merchandise sales, and investments.<ref>Sacristán López de los Mozos, I., Rodríguez Duarte, A., & Rodríguez Ruiz, Ó. (2016). Resource dependence in non-profit organizations: is it harder to fundraise if you diversify your revenue structure?. ''Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary & Nonprofit Organizations'', 27(6), 2641–2665.</ref> With an increase in NPOs since 2010{{where|date=May 2025}}, some organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing the diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 Global Trends in Giving Report|url=https://www.funraise.org/giving-report |access-date=2022-04-25 |publisher=Funraise}}</ref>

== Management ==
Most nonprofits have staff that work for the organization, possibly using [[volunteers]] to perform the nonprofit's services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against the money paid to provide services to the nonprofit's beneficiaries. Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://donateforcharity.com/nonprofit/a-nonprofit-you-pick-later/|title=Donate a Car to A Nonprofit You Pick Later|website=Donateforcharity.com|access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref>

Some have the misconception that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (grants, donations, and income from services) and expenses so as to remain a fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional and financially responsible, replacing self-interest and [[profit motive]] with mission motive.<ref>Anheier, K. H. (2005). ''Nonprofit Organizations: An Introduction'', New York, NY: Routledge.</ref>

Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, some nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their reason of existing to establish sustainability and growth.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0899764006295996| title=An Investigation of Innovation in Nonprofit Organizations: The Role of Organizational Mission| journal=Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly| volume=36| issue=2| pages=256–281| year=2007| last1=McDonald| first1=Robert E.| s2cid=144378017}}</ref>

Setting effective missions is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations. There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Drucker |first=Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/managingnonprofi0000druc |title=Managing the Non-profit Organization: Principles and Practices |publisher=HarperBusiness |year=2006 |isbn=978-0060851149 |url-access=registration}}</ref>

One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups. This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack.<ref name=":0" /> Nonprofit organizations need to motivate staff, maintain and communicate a vision, set a strategic direction, manage change effectively, and provide a safe working environment for employees, volunteers, and visitors. These issues are comparable to those affecting a commercial business but factors which place a nonprofit organization at risk have been identified such as lack of direction or clear purpose, over-centralized management and decision-making, and lack of engagement with staff.<ref>[[National Council for Voluntary Organisations]] (NCVO), [https://www.oneeastmidlands.org.uk/sites/default/files/library/ncvo-workforce-wheel.pdf Workforce Wheel: An outcomes tool to help you support and measure change in people management], first published (pilot edition) in June 2008, accessed online on 3 March 2025.</ref>

==Functions==
Some nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government.<ref>Weisbrod, Burton, 1977. The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector: An Economic Analysis, Lexington Books, New York.</ref> NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance:
* Management provisions
* Accountability and auditing provisions
* Provisory for the amendment of the statutes or articles of incorporation
* Provisions for the dissolution of the entity
* Tax statuses of corporate and private donors
* Tax status of the founders

Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the US at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction.

While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with [[corporate governance]] regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly.

In many aspects, they are similar to corporate [[business entity|business entities]] though there are often significant differences. Both non-profit and [[for-profit]] corporate entities must have board members or trustees who owe the organization a [[fiduciary duty]] of loyalty and trust.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Good |first=Funding For |date=2022-03-13 |title=How Many Board Members Should a Nonprofit Have? |url=https://fundingforgood.org/how-many-board-members-should-a-nonprofit-have/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Funding for Good |language=en-US}}</ref> A notable exception to this involves [[Church (building)|churches]], which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ansberger|first=Paul|date=2008|title=A History of the Tax-Exempt Sector: An SOI Perspective|url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/tehistory.pdf|journal=Statistics of Income Bulletin|volume=Winter 2008|pages=105–135|via=IRS|access-date=23 September 2020|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102703/https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/tehistory.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Formation and structure===
In the [[United States]], nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws, [[articles of incorporation]], or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling the organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can.

There is an important distinction in the US between {{Em|non-profit}} and {{Em|[[not-for-profit organization]]s}} (NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a sports club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment.<ref name=heaslip>{{cite web | last=Heaslip | first=Emily | title=Nonprofit, Not-for Profit & For-Profit Organizations Explained |publisher=US Chambers of Commerce| date=6 February 2023| url=https://www.uschamber.com/co/start/strategy/nonprofit-vs-not-for-profit-vs-for-profit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111074842/https://www.uschamber.com/co/start/strategy/nonprofit-vs-not-for-profit-vs-for-profit |archive-date= Jan 11, 2024 }}</ref> The names used and precise regulations vary from one [[jurisdiction]] to another. Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a [[Trust law|trust]] or [[Voluntary association|association]] of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the [[board of directors]], [[board of governors]], or board of [[trustee]]s. A nonprofit may have a delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors.

The two major types of nonprofit organizations are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has a self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'. Examples of such organizations are [[FairVote]]<ref>[http://www.fairvote.org/?page=6 FairVote – Board of Directors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030044259/http://fairvote.org/?page=6 |date=30 October 2008 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.fairvote.org/?page=168 FairVote – FAQs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023121012/http://www.fairvote.org/?page=168 |date=23 October 2008 }}.</ref> and the [[National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws]].<ref>[http://norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3416 NORML Board of Directors – NORML] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030033542/http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3416 |date=30 October 2008 }}.</ref> The [[Model Nonprofit Corporation Act]] imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making.<ref>{{cite book|title=How to Convert Taxes into Profits: Professional Guide for Non Profit Organizations|publisher=International Business Publications|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I9zBptuV1-wC&q=The+Model+Nonprofit+Corporation+Act+imposes+many+complexities+and+requirements+on+membership+decision-making&pg=PA12|access-date=28 October 2014|isbn=9781438722160|date=20 March 2009}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Accordingly, many organizations, such as the [[Wikimedia Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_bylaws#ARTICLE_III_-_MEMBERSHIP |title=Bylaws |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |date=14 July 2010 |access-date=31 July 2010 |archive-date=23 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123082936/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_bylaws#ARTICLE_III_-_MEMBERSHIP |url-status=live }}</ref> have formed board-only structures. The [[National Association of Parliamentarians]] has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to [[market discipline]] for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as the election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse.<ref>{{Citation |title=ABA Code Revision Raises Concerns for Democracy and Parliamentary Law in Nonprofits|author1=Malamut, Michael E. |author2=Blach, Thomas J. |name-list-style=amp |publisher=National Parliamentarian, Volume 69, No. 1 |year=2008 }}</ref><ref>''Charity on Trial: What You Need to Know Before You Give'' / Doug White (2007) {{ISBN|1-56980-301-3}}.</ref> A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger [[Donation|donations]], the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements.<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=727363 SSRN-Voluntary Disclosure in Nonprofit Organizations: an Exploratory Study by Bruce Behn, Delwyn DeVries, Jing Lin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102706/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=727363 |date=20 March 2021 }}.</ref> A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors is concerned.

===In United States===
According to the [[National Center for Charitable Statistics]] (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the [[United States]], including [[Charitable organization|public charities]], [[private foundation]]s, and other nonprofit organizations. According to the Giving USA 2025 report, which details philanthropic data from 2024, charitable giving in the United States reached an estimated $557.08 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://givingusa.org/giving-usa-2025-charitable-giving-showed-resilience-amidst-economic-uncertainty/ |title=Giving USA 2025: Charitable Giving Showed Resilience Amidst Economic Uncertainty |website=Giving USA |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=18 June 2025 |publisher=Giving USA Foundation}}</ref> In addition to financial support, volunteering remains a cornerstone of the sector. A 2025 report from AmeriCorps found that 56.7 million adults formally volunteered with an organization, contributing an estimated $145 billion in economic value to their communities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://americorps.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2025/americorps-releases-annual-volunteering-and-civic-life-america-research |title=AmeriCorps Releases Annual Volunteering and Civic Life in America Research |website=AmeriCorps.gov |access-date=15 September 2025 |date=25 January 2025 |publisher=AmeriCorps}}</ref>

In the United States, both nonprofit organizations and {{Em|[[not-for-profit organization]]s}} may be tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as [[501(c)(3) organization]]s that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and [[501(c)(7)]] organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Clubs {{!}} Internal Revenue Service |url=https://www.irs.gov/charities-non-profits/other-non-profits/social-clubs |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=www.irs.gov |language=en}}</ref>

There is an important distinction in the US between {{Em|non-profit}} and {{Em|[[not-for-profit organization]]s}} (NFPOs). While an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a club whose purpose is its members' enjoyment.<ref name=heaslip/> Other examples of NFPOs include credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Nonprofit organizations provide services to the community such as aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. Some nonprofits are both member-serving and community-serving. Examples of these are homeowners associations, the [[American Red Cross]], and [[Habitat for Humanity]]. Nonprofit organizations focused on technology education have emerged as key partners in addressing workforce development gaps, providing free training programs and industry certifications to youth and adults from underrepresented communities who lack access to traditional educational pathways.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 22, 2021 |title=Digital divide persists even as Americans with lower incomes make gains in tech adoption |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2021/06/22/digital-divide-persists-even-as-americans-with-lower-incomes-make-gains-in-tech-adoption/ |access-date=2026-02-28 |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>These types of organizations serve their members specifically but also serve their communities with broader services and programs.

== Online presence ==
In 2020, some nonprofit organizations began using microvlogging (brief videos with short text formats) on [[TikTok]] to reach [[Generation Z|Gen Z]], engage with community stakeholders, and overall build community.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiley |first1=Kimberly |last2=Schwoerer |first2=Kayla |last3=Richardson |first3=Micayla |last4=Espinosa |first4=Marlen Barajas |date=2021 |title=Engaging stakeholders on TikTok: A multi-levelsocial media analysis of nonprofit Microvlogging |url=https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12851 |journal=Public Administration |volume=101 |issue=3 |pages=822–842 |doi=10.1111/padm.12851 |via=Wiley|url-access=subscription |hdl=1871.1/0440a803-27f7-4620-b02d-ae26f75fe072 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> TikTok allowed for innovative engagement between nonprofit organizations and younger generations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeMasters |first1=Chelsea |last2=Morgan |first2=Katherine |last3=Schwoerer |first3=Kayla |last4=Wiley |first4=Kimberly |date=2024 |title=Forging connections: Nonprofits, TikTok, and authentic engagement – a mixed methods study |journal=Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=27–51|doi=10.20899/jpna.dky82f18 |doi-access=free }}</ref> During [[COVID-19]], TikTok was specifically used to connect rather than inform or fundraise, as its fast-paced, tailored For You page separates itself from other [[social media]] apps such as [[Facebook]] and X (formerly known as [[Twitter]]).

== Alternative names ==
Some organizations offer new, positive-sounding alternative terminology to describe the sector. The term ''[[civil society organization]]'' (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the ''Center for the Study of Global Governance''.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Glasius|editor-first1=Marlies|editor-last2=Kaldor|editor-first2=Mary|editor-last3=Anheier|editor-first3=Helmut|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/yearbook06-7.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424172538/http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/yearbook06-7.htm|archive-date=24 April 2007|title=Global Civil Society 2006/7|publisher=Sage|year=2005}}</ref> The term ''citizen sector organization'' (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including [[Ashoka: Innovators for the Public]].<ref>Drayton, W: [http://www.alliancemagazine.org/opinion/words-matter/ "Words Matter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107010444/http://www.alliancemagazine.org/opinion/words-matter/ |date=7 November 2017 }}. Alliance Magazine, Vol. 12/No.2, June 2007.</ref> Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations.<ref>Alvarado, Elliott I.: "Nonprofit or Not-for-profit – Which Are You?", page 6–7. Nonprofit World, Volume 18, Number 6, November/December 2000.</ref>

==Tax exemption==
In some countries nonprofits may apply for [[tax-exempt]] status. Tax exemptions have been justified by community benefit of some organizations.<ref name="g275">{{cite journal | last=Hansmann | first=Henry | title=The Rationale for Exempting Nonprofit Organizations from Corporate Income Taxation | journal=The Yale Law Journal | volume=91 | issue=1 | date=1981 | doi=10.2307/795849 | page=54 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/795849?origin=crossref | access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref> Studies argue that the community benefits of non-profits have be overestimated and can be negative compared to [[For-profit corporation|for-profit organizations]] when including the cost of the tax exemptions and costs due to financial mismanagement.<ref name="n945">{{cite journal | last1=Herring | first1=Bradley | last2=Gaskin | first2=Darrell | last3=Zare | first3=Hossein | last4=Anderson | first4=Gerard | title=Comparing the Value of Nonprofit Hospitals' Tax Exemption to Their Community Benefits | journal=INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing | volume=55 | date=2018 | issn=0046-9580 | pmid=29436247 | pmc=5813653 | doi=10.1177/0046958017751970 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0046958017751970 | access-date=2026-03-21 | page=}}</ref> The discretionary process of tax exemptions application can result in corruption or fraud.<ref name="b764">{{cite journal | last=Helge | first=Terri Lynn | title=Rejecting Charity: Why the IRS Denies Tax Exemption to 501(C)(3) Applicants | journal=Pittsburgh Tax Review | date=2017 | url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3040901 | access-date=2026-03-21}}</ref>

In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the [[Internal Revenue Code]] (IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC [[501(c)]]) is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/Charities-&-Non-Profits/Frequently-Asked-Questions-About-Applying-for-Tax-Exemption |title=Applying for Exemption – Difference Between Nonprofit and Tax-Exempt Status |publisher=Internal Revenue Service |access-date=18 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016211718/http://www.irs.gov/Charities-%26-Non-Profits/Frequently-Asked-Questions-About-Applying-for-Tax-Exemption |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a [[double bottom line]] in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure the organization's sustainability.<ref>The Nonprofit Handbook: Everything You Need to Know to Start and Run Your Nonprofit Organization (Paperback), Gary M. Grobman, White Hat Communications, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/not-for-profit?q=not-for-profit+|title=not-for-profit – definition of not-for-profit in English from the Oxford dictionary|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102702/https://languages.oup.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An advantage of nonprofits registered in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and nonprofits are exempt from Corporation Tax as well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax.<ref>{{Cite web|last=UK|first=Government|date=12 October 2020|title=Charities and tax|url=https://www.gov.uk/charities-and-tax}}</ref> There may also be tax relief available for charitable giving, via Gift Aid, monetary donations, and legacies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Plus|first=Accountants|date=4 July 2024|title=Charity Accountants|url=https://www.accountantsplus.net/charity-accountants/}}</ref>

== Financial mismanagement ==
[[Financial mismanagement]] is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving the NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute [[accounting fraud]]. But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated.<ref>{{cite book|title=Audit Guide for Small Nonprofit Organizations|url=http://www.vscpa.com/content/Visitors/Nonprofit_Resources/Audit_Guide.aspx|access-date=21 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104103321/http://www.vscpa.com/content/Visitors/Nonprofit_Resources/Audit_Guide.aspx|archive-date=4 January 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some commenters have argued that the receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions.<ref>{{cite news|editor1-first=M. |editor1-last=Edwards |editor2-first=D. |editor2-last=Hulme |date=2002|title= NGO Performance and Accountability: Introduction and Overview (Chapter 11)|work= The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management|location= UK|publisher= Earthscan Publications Ltd.}}</ref> A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its [[Expense ratio#Nonprofit organizations|expense ratio]] (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures). [[Tax exempt]] status of NPOs can result in some cases, such as mismanagement, in negative value for society.<ref name="o561">{{cite journal | last1=Gamble | first1=Edward N. | last2=Muñoz | first2=Pablo | title=When Tax-Exempt Nonprofits Detract Value from Society | journal=Academy of Management Perspectives | volume=36 | issue=1 | date=2022 | issn=1558-9080 | doi=10.5465/amp.2018.0027 | doi-access=free | pages=50–92 | url=https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1239986/36272.pdf | access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>

== Lower wages ==
Low wages have resulted in some cases in [[Shortage#Labour shortage|labor shortage]]s.<ref>{{cite news|author=Chertavian, G.|title=Nonprofits Need to Compete for Top Talent|url=https://hbr.org/2013/03/nonprofits-need-to-compete-for|work=Harvard Business Review|date=March 2013|access-date=10 December 2014|archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102715/https://hbr.org/2013/03/nonprofits-need-to-compete-for|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web | last=Maw | first=Liz | title=Winning the Talent Game | url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/winning_the_talent_game | date=9 July 2014 | work=Stanford Social Innovation Review | access-date=6 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807002149/https://ssir.org/articles/entry/winning_the_talent_game | archive-date=7 August 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain people. The initial interest for many is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and the workload.<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Becchetti|first1 = Leonardo|last2 = Castriota|first2 = Stefano|last3 = Depedri|first3 = Sara|title = Working in the for-profit versus not-for-profit sector: what difference does it make? An inquiry on preferences of voluntary and involuntary movers|url = https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/23/4/1087/819911|journal = Industrial and Corporate Change|volume = 23|issue = 4|date = 1 August 2014|pages = 1087–1120|doi = 10.1093/icc/dtt044|doi-access = free|access-date = 28 March 2018|archive-date = 20 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102733/https://academic.oup.com/icc/article/23/4/1087/819911|url-status = live}}</ref>

Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work, the public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or they operate only on a seasonal basis. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract the best of the newly minted workforce.<ref>{{cite web|last = Cohen|first = R.|title = Nonprofit Salaries: Achieving Parity with the Private Sector|url = https://nonprofitquarterly.org/management/5506-nonprofit-salaries-achieving-parity-with-the-private-sector.html|date = 21 June 2010|work = Nonprofit Quarterly|access-date = 10 December 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141211005101/https://nonprofitquarterly.org/management/5506-nonprofit-salaries-achieving-parity-with-the-private-sector.html|archive-date = 11 December 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

Some believe that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector<ref>{{cite web |last = Coffman |first = S. |title = Nonprofits Can Compete with Employee Benefits |url = http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2002/12/23/focus4.html?page=all |date = 23 December 2002 |work = Columbus Business First |access-date = 10 December 2014 |archive-date = 20 March 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102708/https://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2002/12/23/focus4.html?page=all |url-status = live }}</ref> and therefore should focus their attention on implementing pleasurable work environments. For some, a good environment is more important than salary.<ref name="auto" /> Other incentives that could be implemented are flexible work hours.<ref>{{cite news|last = Fox|first = T.|title = How to Compete with the Private Sector for Young Workers|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-leadership/wp/2014/03/18/how-to-compete-with-the-private-sector-for-young-workers/|newspaper = The Washington Post|date = 18 March 2014|access-date = 6 September 2017|archive-date = 20 March 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210320102730/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/on-leadership/wp/2014/03/18/how-to-compete-with-the-private-sector-for-young-workers/|url-status = live}}</ref>

== Founder's syndrome ==
{{Main|Founder's syndrome}}

Founder's syndrome is an issue some organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have a strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Block|first1=Stephen R.|last2=Rosenberg|first2=Steven|title=Toward and Understanding of Founder's Syndrome|journal=Nonprofit Management & Leadership|date=Summer 2002|volume=12|issue=4|page=353|doi=10.1002/nml.12403}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[501(c) organization]]
* [[Community organization]]
* [[Fundraising]]
* [[Master of Nonprofit Organizations]]
* [[Mutual organization]]
* [[Non-commercial activity]]
* [[Non-governmental organization]]
* [[Nonprofit organization laws by jurisdiction]]
* [[Non-profit organizations and access to public information]]
* [[Non-profit technology]]
* [[Public-benefit nonprofit corporation]]
* [[Supporting organization (charity)]]
* [[United States non-profit laws]]
* [[Voluntary sector]]
* [[:fr:Association loi de 1901]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{Commons category|Non-profit organizations}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Charity}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-profit organizations| ]]
[[Category:Types of organization]]
[[Category:Trade unions]]
[[Category:Social economy]]
[[Category:Nonprofit businesspeople]]
[[Category:Nonprofit chief executives]]
[[Category:Nonprofit cinemas and movie theaters in the United States]]
[[Category:Nonprofit hobbyist organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Nonprofit newspapers]]
[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]
[[Category:501(c)(6) nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:501(c)(4) nonprofit organizations]]
[[Category:501(c)(19) nonprofit organizations]]

Y2K (2004 film)

2026-03-20T23:34:44Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new some entry first draft

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Y2K
| image = Y2K (2004 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = N. Lokanath
| writer = N. Lokanath
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Manjunath Reddy Bhoopal Reddy Kolar Kumar
| starring = [[Nagendra Prasad]] Mithisha Sharma
| narrator =
| cinematography = H C Venu
| editing = T Shashikumar
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| studio = Kanipakkam Sri Vinayaka Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|3|26}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Y2K''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by N. Lokanath and starring [[Nagendra Prasad]] and Mithisha Sharma.

==Plot ==
The film follows Yuvaraj who is possesive about Keerthi, which proves to be his weakness.<ref name="V"/>

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Nagendra Prasad]] as Yuvaraj
*Mithisha Sharma as Keerthi
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Mimicry Dayanand]] as the principal
*Bharath Bhagavathar as the principal's son
*[[Chitra Shenoy]] as Keerthi's mother
*Jayalakshmi as Nimmi
*Shriraksha as a lecturer (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_Y2K.asp|title=Y2K - a new film of N. Lokanath|work=Viggy.com|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=30 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030430103035/http://viggy.com/english/current_Y2K.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film is directed by N. Lokanath of ''[[H2O (2002 film)|H{{sub|2}}O]]'' (2002) fame.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/from-the-funny-to-the-bizarre-kannada-movie-titles-are-quite-innovative-these-days/articleshow/5087529.cms|title=From the funny to the bizarre, Kannada movies titles are quite innovative these days|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 October 2009|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=14 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814083105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/From-the-funny-to-the-bizarre-Kannada-movie-titles-are-quite-innovative-these-days/articleshow/5087529.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[muhurat shot|muhurat]]'' took place at the end of 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/kfcc-chief-brushes-aside-allegations/articleshow/30995473.cms|title=KFCC chief brushes aside allegations|date=11 December 2002|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 August 2025}}</ref> Mithisha Sharma, who appeared in several advertisements such as Airtel, Close-Up and Surf Excel, made her debut through this film. The film initially started out with a budget of 70 to 80 lakhs rupees. The film was shot in [[St. Joseph's College, Bangalore]]. Four songs were the last to be filmed. The film exceeded its initial budget and the producer Kumar claimed that the film's budget may reach ₹1 crore. The film was expected to complete shooting by 20 May 2003.<ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_Y2K01.asp|title=Y2K nearing completion|work=[[Viggy.com]]|date=14 August 2003|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=7 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807141051/http://www.viggy.com/english/current_Y2K01.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Y2k (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=2014-08-31 |work=[[Apple Music]] |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/y2k-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1340363972 |language=en-US}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[V. Nagendra Prasad]], Ramnarayan, N. Lokanath and Bhangiranga. The audio release function was held in Green House, Bangalore. [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and G. Tulasiram Naidu, the owner of [[Lahari Music|Lahari Recording Company]] attended the function as chief guests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_y2k_cassette.asp|title=Audio release of film Y2K|date=2004|work=Viggy.com|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Y2K Sexy Lady
| length1 = 5:33
| lyrics1 = Ramnarayan
| extra1 = [[Suresh Peters]], Naga Chandrika
| title2 = Ambola Jambola
| length2 = 4:29
| lyrics2 = Bhangiranga
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title3 = Bidenu Bidenu
| length3 = 6:23
| lyrics3 = Ramnarayan
| extra3 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| title4 = Jagavu Harasuthide
| length4 = 6:05
| lyrics4 = N. Lokanath
| extra4 = [[Sadhu Kokila]], Badri Prasad, [[Vijay Urs]], Usha
| title5 = Udaaysu Neenu
| length5 = 5:48
| lyrics5 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title6 = Suryane Niyamava
| length6 = 3:41
| lyrics6 = Ramnarayan
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| total_length = 31:59
}}

==Reception==
S. N. Deepak of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' felt the lead pair Prasad and Mithisha needed to hone their acting skills but praised Venu's cinematography and Sadhu Kokila's music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar282004/mr5.asp|title=Y2K|first=S. N.|last=Deepak|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=19 March 2025|date=28 March 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041103073745/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar282004/mr5.asp|archive-date=3 November 2004}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sadhu Kokila]]

Jharkhand

2026-03-18T11:32:20Z

Nadeem Ahmed: minor cleanup

{{Short description|State in eastern India}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Jharkhand
| official_name = State of Jharkhand
| type = State
| image_seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/2
| image1 = Views of Shikharji on way to Anantnatha Tonk 3.jpg
| caption1 = [[Shikharji|Sammet Shikhar Tirth]], [[Parasnath|Parasnath Hill]], [[Giridih]]
| image2 = Wild Abode.jpg
| caption2 = [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]]
| image3 = Pine trees of Netarhat Hill station.jpg
| caption3 = [[Netarhat|Netarhat Hill Station ]]
| image4 = Cluster of temples in the village of Maluti at Dumka district in Jharkhand State.jpg
| caption4 = [[Maluti temples]]
| image5 = Maithon Dam.jpg
| caption5 = [[Maithon Dam]], [[Dhanbad]]
| image6 = Baidyanathdham.jpg
| caption6 = [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Jyotirlinga]], [[Deoghar]]
| image7 = 17th century Jagannath temple Ranchi Jharkhand - 9.jpg
| caption7 = [[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]]
| image8 = Heritage Building at IIT Dhanbad 1.jpg
| caption8 = [[IIT Dhanbad]]
| image9 = Bhatinda Falls 1.jpg
| caption9 = [[Bhatinda Falls]], [[Dhanbad]]
}}
| etymology = "Forest Land"
| nickname = "Land of Forests"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] ([[Sanskrit]]) 
"Truth alone triumphs"{{force singular}}
| image_map = IN-JH.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|23.35|85.33|region:IN-JH_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = East India
| before_was = Part of [[Bihar]]
| formation_date2 = formation1
| formation_date4 = 15 November 2000
| capital = Ranchi
| largestcity = Jamshedpur
| districts = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|24 (5 divisions)]]
| Governor = [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Hemant Soren]]
| party = [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| judiciary = [[Jharkhand High Court]]
| Chief_secretary = Avinash Kumar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tigga |first1=Shubham |date=30 September 2025 |title=Jharkhand appoints senior IAS officer Avinash Kumar as new Chief Secretary |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jharkhand-appoints-senior-ias-officer-avinash-kumar-as-new-chief-secretary-10280905/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Government of Jharkhand State |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/Home/WebDirectory?rbCategory=1&department=15 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref>
| legislature_type = Unicameral
| assembly = [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 81 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 6 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 14 seats
| area_total_km2 = 79716
| area_rank = 15th
| length_km = 463
| width_km = 380
| elevation_m =
| elevation_max_m = 1,365
| elevation_max_point = [[Parasnath]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2005 |title=Important Tourist attraction of Giridih|url=http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018105211/http://giridih.nic.in/Tourist.htm#parasnath |archive-date=18 October 2005}}</ref>
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_point = [[Ganges|Ganges River]]
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url= http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf |title= Jharkhand Profile 2011 Census |publisher= Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date= 13 February 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071627/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf |archive-date= 22 April 2016 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
| population_total = {{Increase}} 32,988,134
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 14th
| population_urban = 24.05%
| population_rural = 75.95%
| population_density = 414
| population_demonym = [[List of people from Jharkhand|Jharkhandi]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi]]<ref name="NCLM52nd">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 43–44 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref>
| additional_official = {{hlist |[[Angika]] |[[Bengali language|Bengali]] |[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |[[Bhumij language|Bhumij]] | [[Ho language|Ho]]| [[Kharia language|Kharia]] | [[Khortha language|Khortha]] | [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] | [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] | [[Magahi language|Magahi]] | [[Maithili language|Maithili]]|[[Mundari language|Mundari]] | [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] | [[Odia language|Odia]] | [[Santali language|Santali]] |[[Urdu]]<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand notifies Bhumij as second state language |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=The Avenue Mail |date=5 January 2019 |archive-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423064556/https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-notifies-bhumij-as-second-state-language/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|556286|c|lk=r}} (nominal)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2025-26 | title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 }}</ref> 
{{Increase}} $278.02 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2025-26
| GDP_rank = 19th
| GDP_per_capita = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|136653|lk=r}} (nominal)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2025-26 | title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2025-26 }}</ref> 
{{Increase}} $6,905 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 29th
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.600<ref>{{cite web |title=India: Subnational HDI |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Labs |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> {{color|Orange|Medium}}
| HDI_year = 2022
| HDI_rank = 35th
| literacy = 76.7%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 32nd
| sex_ratio = 948[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey (2019-2021)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|access-date=8 January 2023|archive-date=8 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108164803/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/basicpage-14|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2021
| sexratio_rank = 26th
| iso_code = IN-JH
| registration_plate = JH
| website = jharkhand.gov.in
| foundation_day = Jharkhand Day
| mammal = [[Indian elephant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |title=State animals, birds, trees and flowers |publisher=Wildlife Institute of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304232302/http://www.wii.gov.in/nwdc/state_animals_tree_flowers.pdf |archive-date= 4 March 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 March 2012 }}</ref>
| bird = [[Koel]]
| fish = [[Clarias magur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Desi Magur declared state fish of Jharkhand |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/desi-magur-declared-state-fish-of-jharkhand-1503511031.html |work=The Statesman |date=12 November 2025 |access-date=13 November 2025 |location=Ranchi |publisher=The Statesman News Service}}</ref>
| flower = [[Butea monosperma|Palash]]
| tree = [[Shorea robusta|Sal]]
| image_highway = SH IN-JH.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Jharkhand|JH SH1 - JH SH]]
| year_start =
}}
'''Jharkhand''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|Jhārkhaṇḍ|}}, {{IPA|hi|d͡ʒʱaːɾkʰəɳɖ|pron|LL-Q1568 (hin)-Flashthomsom-Jharkhand.wav}}; {{lit|the land of forests}}) is a landlocked [[States and union territories of India|state]] in [[East India|eastern India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Jharkhand – At a Glance|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/|access-date=9 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505155252/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/|archive-date=5 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The state shares borders with the states of [[West Bengal]] to the east, [[Chhattisgarh]] to the west, [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the northwest, [[Bihar]] to the north and [[Odisha]] to the south. It is the [[List of states and territories of India by area|15th largest state by area]], and the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|14th largest by population]]. [[Hindi]] is the official language of the state.<ref name="NCLM52nd" /> The city of [[Ranchi]] is its capital, and [[Dumka]] its sub-capital. The state is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places; [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Dham]], [[Parasnath]], [[Maa Dewri Temple|Dewri]] and [[Rajrappa]] are major religious sites.<ref name="nyoooz.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.nyoooz.com/features/travel/adventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html/249/|title=Adventure capital of the east, Jharkhand will drive you crazy|website=nyoooz.com|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051841/https://www.nyoooz.com/features/travel/adventure-capital-of-the-east-jharkhand-will-drive-you-crazy.html/249/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|title=Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As per 2011 census, Jharkhand is primarily rural, with about 24% of its population living in cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf|title=Census India|last=Jharkhand Profile|date=2011|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422071627/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND020_Jharkhand.pdf|archive-date=22 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Jharkhand suffers from what is sometimes termed a [[resource curse]]: it accounts for more than 40% of [[Mining in India|India's mineral production]] but 39.1% of its population is below the poverty line and 19.6% of children under five years of age are malnourished.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Resource%20Curse%20and%20Jharkhand.pdf |title= Resource Curse and Jharkhand |publisher= Economic & Political Weekly |access-date= 12 December 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202341/http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Resource%20Curse%20and%20Jharkhand.pdf |archive-date= 13 December 2017 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html|title=Jharkhand: Here is why India's richest mineral state is not even close to development|date=31 March 2014|publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404195830/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-why-is-richest-mineral-state-of-india-jharkhand-not-developed-or-even-growing-ra-4565054-NOR.html|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/jharkhand_factsheet.pdf|title=UNDP- Jharkhand: Economic and Human Development Indicators|website=www.in.undp.org|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127124643/http://www.in.undp.org/content/dam/india/docs/jharkhand_factsheet.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "''Jhar''{{-"}} means 'forest' and "''Khand''{{-"}} means 'land' in various [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Thus, "Jharkhand" means 'the land of forests'.<ref>{{cite book|first=James|last=Minahan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d2WcCIm6WaQC&pg=PA839|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: D-K|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=0313316171|pages=839|access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

In the [[Hindu]] epic [[Mahabharata]], the region was referred as ''Kark Khand'' due to its location near ''Kark Rekha'', that is, [[Tropic of Cancer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goswami |first=Shravan Kumar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091 |title=Nagpuri Sisth Sahitya |year=1972 |pages=1}}</ref> It was also known as ''Ark Khand''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Vishwa Nath Prasad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Jharkhand/PnhuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Khand&dq=%22kark%20khand%22&printsec=frontcover |title=Jharkhand: Land and People |last2=Singh |first2=Lal Keshwar Prasad |date=2003 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |isbn=978-81-85891-44-6 |language=en}}</ref> During the Medieval period, the region was known as ''Jharkhand''. According to [[Bhavishya Purana]] (1200 CE), Jharkhand was one of the seven [[Pundra]] desa. The name is first found on a 13th-century copper plate in [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapada]], Odisha, from the reign of Narasimha Deva II of [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]. Forest land from [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidhnath dham]] to [[Puri]] was known as Jharkhand. In [[Akbarnama]], from [[Panchet]] in the east to [[Ratanpur]] to west, [[Rohtasgarh]] to the north and the frontier of Odisha to the south was known as Jharkhand.<ref name="Gautam Kumar Bera-2008">{{cite book|author=Gautam Kumar Bera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31|title=The unrest axle: ethno-social movements in Eastern India|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-8324-145-8|pages=32–44|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170932/https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znJuAAAAMAAJ|title=Bihar|author=Ram Chandra Prasad|publisher=National Book Trust, India|year=1983|page=69|access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of Jharkhand}}

===Ancient period===
The region has been inhabited since the Mesolithic-Chalcolithic period, as shown by several ancient cave paintings.<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting-2016">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi|title=India – Pre-historic and Proto-historic periods|date=2016|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting|isbn=9788123023458|page=[https://archive.org/details/indiaprehistoric00indi/page/14 14]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect">{{cite news|date=13 March 2008|title=Cave paintings lie in neglect|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp|url-status=dead|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp|archive-date=6 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Pearson Education India">{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131711200|page=220|language=en|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=25 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225190408/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|url-status=live}}</ref>
Stone tools have been discovered from Chota Nagpur Plateau region which are from the [[Mesolithic]] and [[Neolithic]] periods.<ref name="Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting-2016" /> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]] which are from Meso-chalcolithic period (9000–5000 BCE).<ref name="Cave paintings lie in neglect" /> During 2nd millennium BCE the use of Copper tools spread in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and these find complexes are known as the [[Copper Hoard Culture]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|title=Addenda to "The Copper Hoards of the Indian Subcontinent: Preliminaries for an Interpretation"|first=Paul|last=Yule|date=8 January 2019|journal=Man in Environment|volume=26|pages=117–120|via=crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de|doi=10.11588/xarep.00000510|access-date=17 March 2021|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305045917/http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/510/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the [[Son River|Son]] and [[North Koel River|North Koel]] rivers in [[Palamu district]] various antiquities and art objects have been found which are from the [[Neolithic]] to the medieval period and [[Sherd|pot-sherds]] of [[Redware]], [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]], black ware, [[Slipware|black slipped ware]] and [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBP ware]] are from [[Chalcolithic]] to the late medieval period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|title=KABRA – KALA|website=www.asiranchi.org|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008093453/http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|archive-date=8 October 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Several [[Slag|iron slags]], [[microlith]]s, and [[potsherds]] have been discovered from [[Singhbhum district]] that are from 1400 BCE according to carbon dating age.<ref name="Pearson Education India" /> The region was ruled by many empires and dynasties including [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]], [[Maurya Empire|Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] during ancient period.

In the Mahabharata, the region was referred as Kark Khand due to its location near Tropic of Cancer.<ref name="Nagpuri Shist Sahitya">{{Cite web |title=Nagpuri Shist Sahitya |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.322091/2015.322091.Nagpuri-Sisth_djvu.txt |access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref> During the age of Mahajanpadas around 500 BCE, Jharkhand state was a part of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and [[Anga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand's Historical References in the Mahabharata |url=https://riseranchi.in/jharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata/ |website=riseranchi.in |date=22 July 2023 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103124505/https://riseranchi.in/jharkhands-historical-references-in-the-mahabharata/ |url-status=live }}.</ref>{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} In the Mauryan period, this region was ruled by a number of states, which were collectively known as the Atavika (forest) states. These states were subdued and were forced to accept the [[hegemony]] of the [[Maurya Empire]] during [[Ashoka]]'s reign (c. 232 BCE). In the ancient site of [[Saridkel]], burnt brick houses, red ware pottery, copper tools, coins and iron tools have been found which belong to the early centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Saridkhel.html|title=Asura Site Saridkhel|website=asiranchicircle|access-date=11 October 2022|archive-date=14 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514095642/https://www.asiranchicircle.in/Attractions-Of-ASI/Asura-Site-Saridkhel.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Brahmi inscriptions have been found in Khunti district which are from the 3rd century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360485893|title=Inscriptions in Jharkhand: A Preliminary Study|author=Lalit Aditya|date=October 2018|access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref> [[Samudragupta]], while marching through the present-day Chotanagpur region ([[North Chotanagpur division|North]] and [[South Chotanagpur division|South]]), directed the first attack against the kingdom of [[Dakshina Kosala]] in the [[Mahanadi]] valley.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/258 258] |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |last1=Sharma |first1= Tej Ram |year=1978}}</ref>

===Medieval period===
In the 7th century, the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] passed through the region. He described the kingdom as [[Karnasuvarna]], with [[Shashanka]] as its ruler. To the north of Karn-Suberna was Magadha, Champa was in the east, Mahendra in the west, and Orissa in the south.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43|title=The Life and Times of Jaipal Singh Munda|isbn=9789352669431|last1=Kiro|first1=Santosh|date=15 September 2020|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |access-date=14 November 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004131103/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxdkDwAAQBAJ&q=Sutiambe&pg=PT43|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the medieval period, the region was governed by [[Nagvanshi dynasty|Nagvanshi]], [[Pala Empire|Pala]], [[Khayaravala dynasty|Khayaravala]], [[Ramgarh Raj]] and [[Chero dynasty|Chero]] rulers.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=119}}<ref name="https">{{cite book|last1=Sinha|first1=Anuj Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ|title=Unsung Heroes of Jharkhand Movement|date=January 2017|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9789352660001|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004131104/https://books.google.com/books?id=fikvDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> A Buddhist monastery has been found in [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] which was built during the Pala period in the 10th century.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dey |first=Sanjoy |date=23 February 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html |title=10th century Buddha Vihar discovered in Jharkhand's Hazaribag |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409134625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/ranchi-news/10th-century-buddha-vihar-discovered-in-jharkhand-s-hazaribag-101614072362306-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Bhim Karn]] was a Nagvanshi king during medieval period. He defeated the [[Raksel dynasty]] of Surguja when they invaded the region with cavalry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html|title=Archaeologists uncover remains of ancient empire in Jharkhand|date=11 May 2009|website=oneindia|access-date=3 October 2022|archive-date=12 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112145948/https://www.oneindia.com/2009/05/11/archaeologistsuncover-remains-of-ancient-empire-injharkhan.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Khakparta Temple.jpg|thumb|Khakparta Temple, a 9th-century Shiva temple in Lohardaga]]

===Modern period===
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] influence reached [[Palamu district|Palamu]] during the reign of Emperor [[Akbar]] when it was conquered by [[Rajput]] [[Raja Mansingh]] in 1574. Several invasions took place during Mughal rule.<ref name="latehar.nic.in">{{Cite web | url=https://latehar.nic.in/history/ | title=History | Latehar, Government of Jharkhand | access-date=30 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104338/https://latehar.nic.in/history/ | archive-date=28 March 2019 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> During the reign of the Nagvanshi King [[Madhu Singh (king)|Madhu Singh]], Akbar's general invaded [[Khukhragarh|Khukhra]]. Also there was an invasion during the reign of [[Durjan Shah]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.119550/2015.119550.The-Nagbanshis-And-The-Cheros_djvu.txt|title=The Nagbanshis and the Cheros|website=archive.org|year=1969}}</ref>

[[File:Map of present-day Jharkhand region by Rennell, 1779.jpg|thumb|Administrative jurisdictions of present-day Jharkhand region in 1770s]]

King [[Ram Shah (king)|Ram Shah]] ruled Navratangarh from 1640 to 1663. He built the [[Kapilnath Temple]] in 1643. He was succeeded by his son [[Raghunath Shah]]. Thakur [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]] built the Jagannath temple of Ranchi in 1691.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis|title=Navratangarh: Lost Kingdom of the Nagvanshis|publisher=livehistoryindia|date=27 April 2019|access-date=28 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928024431/https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/places/navratangarh-lost-kingdom-of-the-nagvanshis|url-status=live}}</ref> The King [[Medini Ray]] ruled from 1658 to 1674 in Palamu.{{Sfn|Lahiry|2014|p=24}} His rule extended to areas in South [[Gaya district|Gaya]] and [[Hazaribagh]]. He attacked Navratangarh and defeated the [[Nagvanshi Kingdom|Nagvanshi]] Maharaja of [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chhotanagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html |title=Palamufort |access-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118184001/http://palamu.nic.in/palamufort.html |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Chero rule in the [[Palamu division|Palamu]] region lasted until the 19th century until internal conflict between various factions weakened the Cheros and they were defeated by the [[East India Company]]. Later Palamu estates were sold by the British.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://latehar.nic.in/history/|title=history|website=latehar.nic.in|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328104338/https://latehar.nic.in/history/|archive-date=28 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:IMGJagannathpur Temple.jpg|[[Jagannath temple, Ranchi|Jagannath temple]] at Ranchi built by King [[Ani Nath Shahdeo]]
File:Malooti3.jpg|[[Maluti temples]] in [[Dumka]]
File:Palamau Fort.jpg|[[Palamu Forts]]
File:Nawratan gadh.jpg|[[Navratangarh|Navratangarh fort]], {{Circa|1670}}
</gallery>

During the 18th century, regions under the Chero dynasty, Nagvanshi dynasty, [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] and [[Kharagdiha]] became territories of the [[East India Company]]. Ramgarh Raj along with estates of other chiefs in the regions were permanently settled as Zamindari estates. The [[Kharagdiha]] [[Rajas]] were settled as Rajas of Raj Dhanwar in 1809, and the Kharagdiha gadis were separately settled as zamindari estates. Some of the notable Kharagdiha Zamindari estates were [[Koderma]], [[Parasnath|Gadi Palganj]] and [[Baghochia|Ledo Gadi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Hazaribagh District Gazetteer |year=1905|publisher=The Bengal Secretariat Book Depot, Calcutta|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13551/page/n5}}</ref> The princely states in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] came within the [[sphere of influence]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]], but they became tributary states of East India Company as a result of the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Maratha Wars]] and became known as [[Chota Nagpur Tributary States]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191 |title=Gazetteer - Chota Nagpur Tributary States Gazetteer. Statistics, 1901-02 - South Asia Archive |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032345/http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.100009/231191 |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Subjugation, colonisation and imposition of taxes by the British East India Company resulted in spontaneous resistance from the local people. [[Chuar Rebellion]], the first revolt against the British East India Company was led by Jagannath Singh Patar in 1767 with the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribals. The Bhumijes again revolted in 1769–71, led by their Sardar Ghatwals in Dhalbhum. In 1769, [[Raghunath Mahato]] also revolted against the East India Company.<ref>{{cite news |title=चुआड़ विद्रोह के महानायक, क्रांतिवीर शहीद रघुनाथ महतो की 277 वीं जयंती |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/362948 |access-date=9 July 2023 |work=Prabhat Khabar |date=21 March 2015 |language=hi |archive-date=29 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129172559/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/362948 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1771, a revolt against the landlords and the British government was led by [[Tilka Manjhi|Tilka Majhi]], a Paharia leader in Rajmahal Hills. Soon after in 1779, the [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] tribes again rose in arms against the British rule in Manbhum, called the Chuar Rebellion. In 1807, the Oraons in Barway murdered their landlord from [[Srinagar]]. The [[Munda people|Munda]] tribe rose in revolt in 1811 and 1813. [[Bakhtar Say]] and [[Mundal Singh]], two landowners, fought against the British East India Company in 1812.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-free-for-all/article5904577.ece |title=A parallel conversation: Martyrs, rebels, and peasants |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230181112/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/blogs/blog-free-for-all/article5904577.ece |archive-date=30 December 2018 |url-status=live |last1=Yadav |first1=Anumeha }}</ref>

The Hos in Singhbhum revolted in 1820 and a [[Kol uprising|Kol revolt]] occurred in 1832. Also in 1832 the [[Bhumij people|Bhumijs]] revolted again against the British, this time under the leadership of [[Ganga Narayan Singh]], known as the [[Bhumij rebellion]]. During the 19th century, large numbers of santals from [[Manbhum]], [[Hazaribagh]], [[Midnapore]] were settled by British in [[Damin-i-koh]] to cultivate the land and generate revenue. But the Santal revolted against the tax imposition. The [[Santhal rebellion]] broke out in 1855 under the leadership of two brothers [[Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu|Sidhu and Kanhu]]. Later the British renamed it Santal Pargana.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jha|first=Amar Nath|title=Locating the Ancient History of Santal Parganas|date=2009|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=70|pages=185–196|issn=2249-1937|jstor=44147668}}</ref>
[[File:Attack by 600 Santhals upon a party of 50 sepoys, 40th regiment native infantry.jpg|thumb|left|[[Santhal rebellion]] against tax imposition during British [[Company rule in India|Company Raj]] in 1855]]

[[Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo]] and [[Pandey Ganpat Rai]] rebelled against the British East India Company in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|1857 rebellion]]. In the [[Battle of Chatra]], conflict took place between the rebels and the East India company.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=44143953 |title=The Role of Bishwanath Sahi of Lohardaga district, During the Revolt of 1857 in Bihar |author=Mathur Das Ustad |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=58 |year=1997 |pages=493–500}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html |title=Raghubar pays tributes to Thakur Vishwnanth Sahdeo on his birth anniversary |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107011635/http://www.uniindia.com/raghubar-pays-tributes-to-thakur-vishwnanth-sahdeo-on-his-birth-anniversary/other/news/958378.html |archive-date=7 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tikait Umrao Singh]], [[Sheikh Bhikhari]], Nadir Ali and Jai Mangal Singh played pivotal role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html |title=JPCC remembers freedom fighters Tikait Umrao Singh, Sheikh Bhikari |website=news.webindia123.com |access-date=4 May 2019 |archive-date=4 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504151037/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20160108/2765171.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The brothers [[Nilambar and Pitambar]] were chiefs of Bhogta clan of the [[Kharwar]] tribe who held ancestral jagirs with many [[Chero]] Jagirdars and led revolt against the British East India company.<ref name="latehar.nic.in"/>

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[Company rule in India|rule]] of the British [[East India Company]] was transferred to the Crown in the person of [[Queen Victoria]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaul|first=Chandrika|title=From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617125740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/independence1947_01.shtml|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> who, in 1876, was proclaimed [[Empress of India]]. The [[Chero]]s and [[Kharwar]]s again rebelled against the British in 1882 but the attack was repulsed.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm |title=Historical Background, Latehar District, Jharkhand |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013031700/http://latehar.nic.in/history.htm |archive-date=13 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Then [[Birsa Munda]] revolt,<ref>Birsa Munda and His Movement 1874–1901: A Study of a Millenarian Movement in Chotanagpur, by Kumar Suresh Singh. Oxford University Press, 1983</ref> broke out in 1895 and lasted until 1900. The revolt though mainly concentrated in the [[Munda people|Munda]] belt of Khunti, Tamar, Sarwada and Bandgaon.

In October 1905, the exercise of British influence over the predominantly [[Hindi]]-speaking states of [[Chang Bhakar]], [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]], [[Korea State|Koriya]], [[Surguja State|Surguja]], and [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]] was transferred from the Bengal government to that of the [[Central Provinces]], while the two [[Oriya language|Oriya]]-speaking states of [[Gangpur State|Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] were attached to the [[Orissa Tributary States]], leaving only [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]] answerable to the Bengal governor.<ref>Hunter, William Wilson, Sir, et al. (1908). ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', Volume 12. 1908–1931; Clarendon Press, Oxford</ref>

In 1936, all nine states were transferred to the [[Eastern States Agency]], the officials of which came under the direct authority of the Governor-General of India, rather than under that of any provinces.

In March 1940, the Indian National Congress (INC) 53rd Session<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php |title=All India Congress Committee - AICC |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601092332/http://www.aicc.org.in/new/congress-sessions.php |archive-date=1 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Danik jagran Ranchi, p. 14, 2 October 2011</ref> occurred under the presidency of [[Maulana Azad]] at Jhanda Chowk, Ramgarh, which is now [[Ramgarh Cantonment]]. [[Mahatma Gandhi]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images/Photographs/Personalities/Mahatma_Gandhi/1940&image=IMPHPEMG|title=Error|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305002845/http://www.gandhimedia.org/cgi-bin/gm/gm.cgi?action=view&link=Images%2FPhotographs%2FPersonalities%2FMahatma_Gandhi%2F1940&image=IMPHPEMG|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Sardar Patel]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sarojini Naidu]], [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Acharya J.B. Kripalani]], Industrialist [[Jamnalal Bajaj]] and other great leaders<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm|title=Photo Gallery of Mahatma Gandhi (1933-1948)|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001101/http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/gphotgallery/1933-1948/pages/g7.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> of the Indian freedom movement attended the Ramgarh Session.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html|title=RAMGARH SESSION-1940|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211141544/http://indianmovements.blogspot.in/2010/01/ramgarh-session-1940.html|archive-date=11 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahatma Gandhi also opened the Khadi and Village Industries Exhibition at Ramgarh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html|title=Chronology 1940|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122215617/http://gandhiserve.org/information/chronology_1940/chronology_1940.html|archive-date=22 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

At that time, under the leadership of Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhash Chandra Bose]] a conference against Samjhauta was also completed. In Ramgarh, Subhas Chandra Bose was seen as president of the All India Forward Block and M. N. Roy was seen as leader of the Radical democratic party.
[[File:Nehru bajaj sarojini khan azad1940a.jpg|thumb|250px|Jawaharlal Nehru, industrialist Jamnalal Bajaj, Sarojini Naidu, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, and Maulana Azad at the 1940 Ramgarh session of the Indian National Congress.|alt=|right]]

===Post Independence===
After Indian independence in 1947, the rulers of many states chose to accede to the [[Dominion of India]]. [[Changbhakar]], [[Jashpur]], [[Koriya]], [[Surguja]] and [[Udaipur]] after that became part of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], but [[Gangpur]] and [[Bonai]] became part of the state of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Kharsawan]] and [[Saraikela]] became part of the state of [[Bihar]].<ref>Eastern States Agency. List of ruling chiefs & leading personages Delhi: ''Agent to Governor-General, Eastern States,'' 1936</ref> In 1928, a separate state was demanded by ''Unnati Samaj'', the political wing of the Christian Tribals Association, which submitted a memorandum to the [[Simon Commission]] to constitute a tribal state in eastern India.<ref name="Gautam Kumar Bera-2008"/> Prominent leaders like [[Jaipal Singh Munda]] and [[Ram Narayan Singh]] also demanded a separate state. In 1955, the [[Jharkhand Party]], led by Jaipal Singh Munda, submitted a memorandum to the [[States Reorganization Commission]] for a separate Jharkhand state comprising the tribal area of South Bihar, but it was rejected because there were many languages, no link language in the region, tribals were in the minority, Hindustani was the majority language, and it risked adverse effect on the economy of Bihar.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115|title=Small States Syndrome in India|isbn=9788170226918|last1=Kumāra|first1=Braja Bihārī|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1998|pages=115–118|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103090828/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|title=Sensex Of Regional Parties|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|author=Aaku Srivastava|page=251|year=2022|isbn=978-9355212368|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307065102/https://books.google.com/books?id=OEeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT251|url-status=live}}</ref>

Later the [[Sadan people]], the native various caste/non-tribal groups, also joined the movement for a separate state.<ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/> In 1972, [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], [[Shibu Soren]] and [[A. K. Roy]] founded [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. [[Nirmal Mahto]] founded the [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]. They led the movement for a separate state of Jharkhand. The Jharkhand coordination committee (JCC), consisting of [[Ram Dayal Munda]], [[Bisheshwar Prasad Keshari|B. P. Keshri]], [[Binod Bihari Mahato]], Santosh Rana and Suraj Singh Besra started a new initiative and tried to coordinate between different parties. Keshri sent a memorandum to form Jharkhand state in 1988.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ|title=India′s Tribes Unfolding Realities|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|author=Vinay Kumar Srivastava|page=212|year=2020|isbn=978-9353886608|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=3 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103082228/https://books.google.com/books?id=z94JEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Jharkhand co-ordination committee was then led by Congress General Secretary [[Ram Ratan Ram]], who urged [[Rajiv Gandhi]] to pay attention to the issue at hand.

In July 1988, the [[Bharatiya Janata party]] led by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], and [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] decided to demand a separate state, Vanachal, comprising the forest region of South Bihar in [[Jamshedpur]]. [[Inder Singh Namdhari]], [[Samresh Singh]], and [[Rudra Pratap Sarangi]] were the leaders of the Vanachal movement. They organised several rallies to form a separate state.<ref name="jagran2018">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html|title=वनांचल की रूपरेखा, झारखंड का नाम|publisher=jagran|date=17 August 2018|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052550/https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-jharkhand-state-in-existence-18322230.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The central government formed a committee on the Jharkhand matter in 1989. It stressed the need for greater allocation of development funds for the area. There was a provision for limited internal autonomy in the hill area of [[Assam]]. Other [[tribal]] areas were covered by the fifth schedule of the constitution. Chotanagpur and [[Santal]] Pargana development boards were constituted under the chairmanship of the then chief minister of Bihar under the provision of the fifth schedule in 1972. This failed to achieve the desired result. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha wanted more representation and the All Jharkhand Students Union was against it. Due to differences these parties broke away from each other. The All Jharkhand Students Union introduced elements of violence in the movement and called for a boycott of election while Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opposed this. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council bill passed in Bihar's legislative assembly in December 1994. The Jharkhand Area Autonomous Council were given responsibility for forty areas including agriculture, rural health, public work, public health and minerals. The council has power to recommend legislation to the Assembly through the state government and to frame bylaws and regulations.<ref name="https"/><ref name="Concept Publishing Company"/>

In 1998, when the separate state movement was falling apart, Justice [[Lal Pingley Nath Shahdeo]] was leading the movement. In 1998, the [[Union government]] decided to send the bill concerning the formation of the state of Jharkhand to the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] to which [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] had said that the state would be divided over his dead body. A total of 16 political parties including the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, the [[All Jharkhand Students Union]], and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] came in one platform and formed the 'All Party Separate State Formation Committee' to start the movement. Shahdeo was elected as the convener of the committee. Voting on the Jharkhand Act was to be done on 21 September 1998 in the Bihar legislature. On that day the committee, under the leadership of Shahdeo called for Jharkhand Bandh and organised a protest march. Thousands of supporters of a separate state took to the streets led by Shahdeo. He was arrested and detained in a police station for hours along with many supporters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html|title=Tributes pour in for Justice Shahdeo|date=10 January 2018|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802104126/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/tributes-pour-in-for-justice-shahdeo.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html|title=Remembering Justice LPN Shahdeo on his 7th death anniversary|date=10 January 2019|access-date=14 November 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802124203/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/remembering-justice-lpn-shahdeo-on-his-7th-death-anniversary.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999 the Bharatiya Janata party promised to form a separate Vanachal state if they won the state election with a majority of votes.<ref name="jagran2018"/> After the last Assembly election in the state resulted in a hung assembly, [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]'s dependence on the Congress extended support on the precondition that RJD would not pose a hurdle to the passage of the [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000|Bihar reorganisation Bill]]. Finally, with the support from both RJD and [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], the ruling coalition at the Centre led by the Bharatiya Janata Party which had made statehood its main poll plank in the region in successive polls earlier, cleared the Bihar reorganisation Bill in the monsoon session of the Parliament on 2 and 11 August in Loksabha and Rajyasabha. This paved the way for the creation of a separate Vanachal state comprising the [[Chota Nagpur Division]] and [[Santhal Pargana Division]] of South Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html|title=History of Jharkhand, Jharkhand History|author=gigisoftsolutions|work=traveljharkhand.com|access-date=20 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419014954/http://www.traveljharkhand.com/jharkhand-tourism/jharkhand-overview/jharkhand-history.html|archive-date=19 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]] formed the government with [[Babulal Marandi]] as chief minister. Later the name of the state was changed from Vanachal to Jharkhand.<ref name="jagran2018"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14|title=Uttaranchal, Vananchal and Chhattisgarh celebrate their statehood|publisher=indiatoday|date=13 December 2012|access-date=2 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002055912/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000814-uttaranchal-vananchal-and-chhattisgarh-celebrate-their-statehood-777857-2000-08-14|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Babulal Marandi]] took the oath of chief minister on 15 November 2000 on the anniversary of the birth of tribal leader [[Birsa Munda]].<ref name="https"/>

===Jharkhand statehood===
The dynamics of resources and the politics of development still influence the socio-economic structures in Jharkhand, which was carved out of the relatively underdeveloped southern part of [[Bihar]]. According to the 1991 census, the state has a population of over 20 million out of which 28% is [[tribal]] while 12% of the people belong to [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]]. Jharkhand has 24 districts, 260 blocks, and 32,620 villages out of which only 45% have access to electricity while only 8,484 are connected by roads. Jharkhand is the leading producer of mineral wealth in the country after [[Chhattisgarh]] state, endowed as it is with a vast variety of minerals like iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, and uranium. Jharkhand is also known for its vast forest resources.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/about|title=About : Official Website of Government of Jharkhand|website=www.jharkhand.gov.in|language=en-US|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123154219/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/about|archive-date=23 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Naxal insurgency===
{{See also|Tritiya Prastuti Committee|People's Liberation Front of India}}
Jharkhand has been at the centre of the [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]. Since the uprising of the [[Naxalites]] in 1967, 6,000 people have been killed in fighting between the Naxalites and counter-insurgency operations by the [[Jharkhand Police|police]], and [[paramilitary]] groups such as the [[Salwa Judum]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7871976.stm | work=BBC News | title=Cell phones to fight India rebels | date=5 February 2009 | access-date=6 May 2010 | first=Subir | last=Bhaumik | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208112321/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7871976.stm | archive-date=8 February 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Jharkhand is part of the "[[Red Corridor]]", which comprises 92,000 square kilometres, where the highest concentration of the group's estimated 20,000 combatants fight.<ref name="globalpolitician.com">{{cite web |date=15 January 2007 |title=Rising Maoists Insurgency in India |url=http://globalpolitician.com/22790-india |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411005134/http://www.globalpolitician.com/22790-india |archive-date=11 April 2010 |access-date=18 July 2010 |publisher=Global Politician}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/opinion/17iht-edbowring.html Maoists who menace India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017052957/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/opinion/17iht-edbowring.html |date=17 October 2015 }}, New York Times, 17 April 2006</ref> Part of this is due to the fact that the state harbours an abundance of natural resources, while its people live in abject poverty and destitution.<ref name="atimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html |title=Hidden civil war drains India's energy |publisher=Asia Times Online |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604040548/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HH09Df01.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> The impoverished state provides ample recruits for [[communist]] insurgents, who argue that they are fighting on behalf of the landless poor and tribals that see few benefits from the resource extractions.<ref name="atimes.com"/> As the federal government holds a monopoly on sub-surface resources in the state, the [[tribal]] population is prevented from staking any claim on the resources extracted from their land.<ref name="atimes.com"/> In response, the insurgents have recently{{When|date=January 2026}} begun a campaign of targeting infrastructure related to the extraction of resources vital for Indian energy needs, such as coal.<ref name="globalpolitician.com"/>

On 5 March 2007, [[Sunil Kumar Mahato|Sunil Mahato]], a member of the national parliament, was killed by [[Naxalite]] rebels near [[Kishanpur]] while watching a football match on the [[Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]]. His widow, [[Suman Mahato]], the [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate, won the [[Jamshedpur]] Lok Sabha by-election in September 2007 and served in parliament until 2009.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jayesh |last=Thaker |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140412/jsp/jharkhand/story_18182208.jsp |title=Ex-MPs add she might to LS fight |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=12 April 2014 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921000704/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140412/jsp/jharkhand/story_18182208.jsp |archive-date=21 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Geography ==
Jharkhand is located in the eastern part of India and is enclosed by [[West Bengal]] to the east, [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to the west, [[Bihar]] to the north and [[Odisha]] to the south.

Jharkhand envelops a geographical area of {{convert|79716|sqkm}}. Much of Jharkhand lies on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Many rivers pass through the Chota Nagpur plateau. They are: [[Damodar River|Damodar]], [[North Koel River|North Koel]], [[Barakar]], [[South Koel River|South Koel]], [[Sankh River|Sankh]] and [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] rivers. The higher watersheds of these rivers stretch out within the Jharkhand state. Much of the Jharkhand state is still enclosed by forest. Forests sustain the population of elephants and tigers.
[[File:India Jharkhand relief map.png|thumb|Physical map of Jharkhand]]

===Climate===
Climate of Jharkhand varies from [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]] in the north to [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry]] in the south-east.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.climate-data.org/region/772/ |title=Climate: Jharkhand |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015114510/https://en.climate-data.org/region/772/ |archive-date=15 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The main seasons are summer, rainy, autumn, winter and spring. The summer lasts from mid-April to mid-June. May, the hottest month, characterised by daily high temperatures around {{cvt|37|C|F}} and low temperatures around {{cvt|25|C|F}}. The [[Monsoon of South Asia|southwest monsoon]], from mid-June to October, brings nearly all the state's annual rainfall, which ranges from about {{cvt|40|in|mm|sigfig=1|order=flip}} in the west-central part of the state to more than {{cvt|60|in|mm|sigfig=2|order=flip}} in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August. The winter season lasts from November to February. The temperatures in [[Ranchi]] in December usually vary from {{cvt|10-24|C|F}}. Spring season lasts from mid-February to mid-April.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jharkhand-climate-1373963187-1 |title=Jharkhand: Climate |date=16 July 2013 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418025101/https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/jharkhand-climate-1373963187-1 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hills and mountain ranges===
* [[Parasnath]]: Parasnath Hill is also called as [[Sri Sammed Sikharji]] by Jains and [[Marang Buru]] by [[Santal]] tribes. The Parasnath Hill is situated in Giridih district of Jharkhand. It is a chief [[Jain pilgrimage site]] and the holy place for [[Jain]]s. Additionally, for [[Santal]] tribes, their supreme deity [[Marang Buru]] is prayed and ''Jug Jaher'' is the holy enshrine in its valley where ''Jaher Ayo'' being worshiped. It is believed in the Jain culture that 20 of the 24 Tirthankaras attained Moksha from this place. The height of the hill is 1,365 meters.
* [[Netarhat]]: Netarhat is a town in Latehar district. Referred to as the "Queen of Chotanagpur", it is a hill station. [[Netarhat Residential School]] is located here. Netarhat Dam is also located in this area.
* [[Rajmahal Hills]]: These hills are located in [[Sahibganj]] and [[Godda]] districts of Eastern part of Jharkhand. The [[Rajmahal hills]] belong to the Jurassic era. These hills like others also have many waterfalls, lakes and greenery.
* [[Trikut]]: Trikut Hill is located ten kilometres away from Deoghar and lies on the way to Dumka in Jharkhand. Trikut hill is also called Trikutchal because there are 3 major peaks on the hill. The height of Trikut hill is 2470 feet.
* [[Tagore Hill]]: The [[Tagore Hill]] is also recognised as the Morabadi Hill. The Tagore hill is located in Morabadi, Ranchi. The brother of Rabindranath Tagore, Jyotirindranath Tagore had made a tour at Ranchi in the year 1908.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/tagore-hill/ |title=Tagore Hill |website=ranchi.nic.in |access-date=24 July 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802161327/https://ranchi.nic.in/tourist-place/tagore-hill/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Main Rivers===
{{Further|List of rivers of Jharkhand}}
* [[Ganga River]]: The [[holy river]] Ganga passes through the north-eastern district of Sahebganj. Cities on the banks of Ganga river in Jharkhand: Sahebganj, Rajmahal
* [[Son River]]: Origin of Son River: Amarkantak, Cities on the Shore of Son River: Sidhi
* [[Subarnarekha River]]: Origin of Subarnarekha River: (Nagdi Ranchi) Chota Nagpur Plateau, Cities on the Shore of Subarnarekha River: Ranchi, Chandil, Jamshedpur, Ghatshila, Gopiballavpur
* [[Kharkai River]]: Origin of Kharkai River: Mayurbhanj District, Odisha; Cities on the Shore of Kharkai River: Rairangpur, Adityapur, and enters the Subarnarekha river in north-western Jamshedpur.
* [[Damodar River]]: Origin of Damodar River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Tori latehar), Cities on the Shore of Damodar River: latehar, lohardaga, Ramgarh, Gridih, Dhanbad, Bokaro, Asansol, Raniganj, Durgapur, Bardhaman
* [[North Koel River]]: Origin of North Koel River: Chota Nagpur plateau, Cities on Shore of North Koel River: Daltonganj
* [[South Koel River]]: Origin of South Koyal River: Chota Nagpur Plateau (Nagdi Ranchi), Cities on the Shore of South Koyal River: Manoharpur, Rourkela
* [[Lilajan River]]: Also known as Falgu river. Origin of Lilajan River: Northern Chota Nagpur Plateau, City on the Shore: Gaya
* [[Ajay River]]: Origin of Ajay River: Munger, Cities on the Shore of Ajay River: Purulia, Chittaranjan, Ilambazar, Jaydev Kenduli
* [[Mayurakshi River]]: Origin of Mayurakshi River: Trikut hill, City on the Shore of Mayurakshi River: Suri
* [[Barakar River]]: Origin: Padma in Hazaribagh, Barakar Nadi flows through the districts of Koderma, Giridih, Hazaribagh, etc.

For the list of dams built across these revere refer to [https://indiawris.gov.in/wiki/doku.php?id=dams_in_jharkhand]

=== Flora and Fauna ===
Jharkhand has a rich variety of [[flora (plants)|flora]] and [[fauna (animals)|fauna]]. The wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and zoological gardens in the state present a panorama of this variety. There are several wildlife sanctuaries and national park in the state, including [[Hazaribag Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Koderma Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Mahuadanr Wolf Sanctuary]], [[Palamu Tiger Reserve]] and [[Betla National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utkarsh |first=Kumar |date=18 December 2024 |title=5 Best Wildlife And Nature Destinations In Jharkhand |url=https://travel.india.com/guide/photos/5-best-wildlife-and-nature-destinations-in-jharkhand-414758/ |access-date=17 January 2025 |work=Tavelindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/web-stories/knowledge/prominent-national-park-sanctuaries-of-jharkhand|title=Prominent national-l park sanctuaries of jharkhand|work=news9live|date=13 November 2023|access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref> Palamu Tiger Reserve reserve is abode to hundreds of species of flora and fauna,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://palamu.nic.in/forestchap4.htm |title=Birds and animals found in the forest of the Palamau district |publisher=Official website of the Palamau district |access-date=5 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112121518/http://palamu.nic.in/forestchap4.htm |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}</ref> as indicated within brackets: mammals (39), snakes (8), lizards (4), fish (6), insects (21), birds (170), seed bearing plants and trees (97), shrubs and herbs (46), climbers, parasites and semi-parasites (25), and grasses and bamboos (17).

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Forest of jharkhand.jpg|Forest in Jharkhand
File:Palaash flowers.jpg|[[Palash]] flowers, bright red, pepper the skyline in Jharkhand during fall, also known as forest fire
File:Muta crocodile park.jpg|A crocodile at Muta Crocodile Breeding Centre at [[Ormanjhi]], Ranchi
File:RAJNI.jpg|A female [[Indian elephant]] at [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Jharkhand
</gallery>

==Demographics==
{{See also|Sadan peoples|Nagpuria people|Tribes of Jharkhand}}
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |title=Census Population |work=Census of India |publisher=Ministry of Finance India |access-date=18 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219073658/http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf |archive-date=19 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1901 | 6068233
| 1911 | 6747122
| 1921 | 6767770
| 1931 | 7908737
| 1941 | 8868069
| 1951 | 9697254
| 1961 | 11606489
| 1971 | 14227133
| 1981 | 17612069
| 1991 | 21844911
| 2001 | 26945829
| 2011 | 32988134
|align = right
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian Census]], Jharkhand has a population of 32.96 million, consisting of 16.93 million males and 16.03 million females.<ref name=2011census/> The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] is 947 females to 1,000 males.<ref name=2011census/> In 2017 The literacy rate of the state was 73.40% with [[Ranchi district]] being most educated at 83.13% compared to rural Pakur district being least at 50.17%.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf|title=Jharkhand Provisional Result-Census 2011-Data Sheet|work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517080810/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/jharkhand/Jharkhand%20Provisional%20Result%20Data%20sheet%20for%20release.pdf|archive-date=17 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In social demographics, Jharkhand's [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes]] populations are 3,985,644 (12.08%) and 8,646,189 (26.21%), respectively. Nationally, they rank 14th and 6th, comprising 1.98% and 8.29% of the total population within these social groups. They are predominantly concentrated in south-western district [[Simdega district|Simdega]] (78.23%), [[Khunti district|Khunti]] (77.77%), [[Gumla district|Gumla]] (72.11%), [[West Singhbhum district|Paschim Singhbhum]] (71.1%), [[Latehar district|Latehar]] (66.85%), and in [[Lohardaga district]] (60.21%).

===Languages===
[[File:Linguistic map of Jharkhand.png|thumb|Majority languages spoken by district, 2011 Census]]
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Jharkhand (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=13 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713020533/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
|label1 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value1 = 23.46 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 21.40 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 9.74 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 8.77 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]] |value5 = 7.23 |color5 = burlywood
|label6 = [[Urdu]] |value6 = 5.96 |color6 = green
|label7 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]] |value7 = 4.14 |color7 = crimson
|label8 = [[Ho language|Ho]] |value8 = 3.01 |color8 = deepskyblue
|label9 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value9 = 2.92 |color9 = teal
|label10 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value10 = 2.88 |color10 = mediumseagreen
|label11 = 'Other' Hindi{{efn|Other languages clubbed within the Hindi group of languages by the Indian census}} |value11 = 2.32 |color11 = hotpink
|label12 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value12 = 2.29 |color12 = gold
|label13 = [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]] |value13 = 1.82 |color13 = pink
|label14 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value14 = 1.61 |color14 = saddlebrown
|other= yeas |other-color = grey
}}

Jharkhand is linguistically diverse, with speakers of Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Austroasiatic languages. [[Hindi]] is the official language and is spoken as the main language by the people of the state,<ref name="NCLM52nd" /> although different regional languages exist.<ref name="language"/> Some of which, including [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] are categorised as 'Hindi languages' in the 2011 Indian census.<ref name="language"/> Jharkhand has accorded additional official language status to [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Bhumij language|Bhumij]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadani language|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Urdu language|Urdu]].<ref name="The Avenue Mail" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Bedlam & bill rush in Assembly |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 June 2018 |language=en |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034431/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NCLM52nd" />

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Jharkhand}}

[[Image:Sun Temple, Bundu, Ranchi.jpg|thumb|[[Sun Temple]] at Ranchi; Hinduism is the majority religion in the state|alt=|left]]
{{Pie chart
| thumb = left
| caption = Religion in Jharkhand (2011)<ref name="Religion"/><ref name=ORP/>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| color1 = DarkOrange
| value1 = 67.83
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| color2 = green
| value2 = 14.53
| label3 = [[Sarnaism]]
| color3 = Maroon
| value3 = 12.52
| label4 = [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]
| color4 = dodgerblue
| value4 = 4.3
| label5 = [[Sikhism]]
| color5 = darkkhaki
| value5 = 0.22
| label6 = [[Buddhism]]
| color6 = yellow
| value6 = 0.03
| label7 = [[Jainism]]
| color7 = blue
| value7 = 0.05
| label8 = ''Not stated''
| color8 = Black
| value8 = 1.1
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Hinduism is the largest religion in the state, with 67.8% of the population, followed by Islam (14.5%), Christianity (4.3%), Sikhism (0.2%), Jainism (0.05%), and Buddhism (0.03%).<ref name="Religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population By Religion: Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|access-date=30 April 2023|archive-date=9 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509181739/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|url-status=live}}</ref> Ethnic religions are also practised by a substantial proportion of the population,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals|title=In Jharkhand's Singhbhum, religion census deepens divide among tribals|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923000231/http://scroll.in/article/754985/in-jharkhands-singhbhum-religion-census-deepens-divide-among-tribals|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> the largest being [[Sarnaism]] (12.5% or 4,131,282 persons), followed by Addi Bassi (0.1% or 42,422) and Bidin (0.1% or 29,187). Other smaller ethnic faiths include Adi (9,135), Gond/Gondi (2,419), Birsa (2,392), Tana Bhagat (1,107), Santal (1,034), Ho (830), Oraon (797), Sarnam (792), Munda (754), Paharia (537), Kharwar (429), Nature Religion (315), Saranath (304), Parsi/Zoroastrian (188), Krupa (133), and Dupub (122).<ref name=ORP>{{cite web |title=C-01 Appendix: Details of religious community shown under 'Other religions and persuasions' in main table C01 - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029192517/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11398/download/14511/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hindus form the majority in 19 out of the 24 districts of the Jharkhand. [[Christianity]] forms majority in [[Simdega district]] (51.04%).<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> [[Sarna (religion)|Sarna]] forms majority in [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]] (51.01%), [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] (62.29%) and plurality in [[Gumla district|Gumla]] (44.62%) and [[Khunti district|Khunti]] (45.37%).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Ajaz |date=22 September 2017 |title=Census data shows the outcry against Christian missionaries by Hindutva groups is propaganda |url=https://scroll.in/article/850957/census-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda |work=Scroll.in |access-date=9 July 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802130313/https://scroll.in/article/850957/census-data-shows-the-outcry-against-christian-missionaries-by-hindutva-groups-is-propaganda|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims have the highest presence in [[Pakur district]] and [[Sahebganj district]] of Jharkhand forming 35% and 34% of the population, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Treated as Mere Vote Bank,' Say Muslims Left Out of Jharkhand's Grand Alliance|url=https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims|website=thewire.in|language=en|access-date=18 May 2020|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802171159/https://thewire.in/politics/elections-2019-jharkhand-grand-alliance-muslims|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Government and administration ==
{{Main|Government of Jharkhand}}

The constitutional head of the government of Jharkhand is the [[Governor (India)|governor]], who is appointed by the [[president of India]]. The real executive power rests with the [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] and the cabinet. The political party or the coalition of political parties having a majority in the Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The head of the bureaucracy of the state is the [[Chief secretary (India)|chief secretary]]. Under this position, is a hierarchy of officials drawn from the [[Indian Administrative Service]], [[Indian Police Service]], [[Indian Forest Service]] and different wings of the state civil services.

The [[judiciary]] is headed by the [[chief justice]]. Jharkhand has a [[Jharkhand High Court|High Court]] which has been functioning since the state's formation in 2000. All branches of the government are located in the state capital, Ranchi.

===Administrative districts===
{{Main|Administrative divisions of Jharkhand|Districts of Jharkhand}}

The state was formed in 2000 with 18 districts that were formerly part of south Bihar. Some of these districts were reorganised to form 6 new districts, namely, Latehar, Saraikela Kharsawan, Jamtara, Pakur, Khunti and Ramgarh. At present, the state has 5 Divisions and 24 Districts. Interestingly, all of the state's districts, except Lohardaga and Khunti, share a border with a neighbouring state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/districts|title=Districts of Jharkhand|website=www.jharkhand.gov.in|publisher=Government of Jharkhan|access-date=4 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080855/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/districts|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Each district is administered by a [[District magistrate|Deputy Commissioner]] (who also functions as ''District Collector/District Magistrate''), an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer appointed by the government.

For land revenue administration, each district is divided into subdivisions, headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub Divisional Officer]] (SDO), and each subdivision again is divided into circles/anchals, headed by Circle Officers (CO).<ref name="Administrative divisions of Jharkhand">{{Cite web |title=Administrative divisions of Jharkhand |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2013/Jharkhand_Report_1_Revenue_2013_Chap_5.pdf}}</ref>

For development administration, each district is divided into blocks (also known as C.D Blocks), headed by [[Block (district subdivision)|Block Development Officers]] (BDO). A block consists of several rural subdivisions (panchayats).<ref name="Administrative divisions of Jharkhand" />

===Divisions and districts===
{|
|- valign="top"
|
* '''[[Palamu division]]'''
** [[Garhwa district|Garhwa]]
** [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
** [[Latehar district|Latehar]]
|
* '''[[North Chotanagpur division]]'''
** [[Chatra district|Chatra]]
** [[Hazaribag district|Hazaribag]]
** [[Giridih district|Giridih]]
** [[Koderma district|Koderma]]
** [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
** [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
** [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
|
* '''[[South Chotanagpur division]]'''
** [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
** [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]
** [[Gumla district|Gumla]]
** [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
** [[Khunti district|Khunti]]
|
* '''[[Kolhan division]]'''
** [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
** [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
** [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
|
* '''[[Santhal Pargana Division]]'''
** [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]]
** [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
** [[Dumka district|Dumka]]
** [[Godda district|Godda]]
** [[Pakur district|Pakur]]
** [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
|}

===Major cities===
Largest Cities in Jharkhand {{nobold|(2011 Census of India estimate)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Jharkhand.html |title=Jharkhand |publisher=Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=23 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915034959/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-Jharkhand.html |archive-date=15 September 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}

{| -
! Rank !! City !! District !! Population !! Rank !! City !! District !! Population !! rowspan="11" |
[[File:Cityscapes of Jamshedpur.jpg|thumb|100px|Jamshedpur]] [[File:Hotel Classic Bokaro.jpg|thumb|100px|Bokaro]]
|-
| align="center" | 01 || align="left" | '''[[Jamshedpur]]''' || [[East Singhbhum district|East Singbhum]] || 1,339,438 || align="center" | 06 || align="left" |'''[[Phusro]]''' || [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] || 186,139
|-
| align="center" | 02 || align="left" | '''[[Dhanbad]]''' || [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] || 1,196,214 || align="center" | 07 || align="left" | '''[[Hazaribagh]]'''|| [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]] || 153,595
|-
| align="center" | 03 || align="left" | '''[[Ranchi]]''' || [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]] || 1,126,741 || align="center" | 08 || align="left" | '''[[Giridih]]''' ||[[Giridih district|Giridih]] || 143,630
|-
| align="center" | 04 || align="left" | '''[[Bokaro Steel City]]''' || [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] || 564,319 || align="center" | 09 || align="left" |'''[[Ramgarh Cantonment|Ramgarh]]''' || [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]] || 132,441
|-
| align="center" | 05 || align="left" | '''[[Deoghar]]''' || [[Deoghar district|Deoghar]] || 203,123 || align="center" | 10 || align="left" | '''[[Medininagar]]''' ||[[Palamu district|Palamu]] || 120,325
|}

==Economy==
The [[gross domestic product]] of Jharkhand is estimated at {{INRConvert|5.56|lc}} in 2025–26. The per capita GDP of Jharkhand in 2024-25 was {{INRConvert|115960}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jharkhand Budget Analysis 2023-24 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2023-24 |website=PRSIndia |access-date=25 March 2020 |language=en |date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325052022/https://www.prsindia.org/parliamenttrack/budgets/jharkhand-budget-analysis-2020-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Coal Mine.jpg|thumb|left|Open-cast coal mining in [[Dhanbad]]]]
Jharkhand has several towns and innumerable villages with civic amenities. Urbanization ratio is 24.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibef.org/download/Jharkhand_261211.pdf |title=Jharkhand |publisher=India Brand Equity Foundation |access-date=28 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032403/http://www.ibef.org/download/Jharkhand_261211.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Jharkhand also has immense [[mineral]] resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from [[iron]] [[ore]] (4th), [[coal]] (3rd), [[copper]] ore (1st), [[mica]] (1st), [[bauxite]] (3rd), [[manganese]], [[limestone]], [[china clay]], [[fire clay]], [[graphite]] (8th), [[kainite]] (1st), [[chromite]] (2nd), [[asbestos]] (1st), [[thorium]] (3rd), [[sillimanite]], [[uranium]] (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st) and even [[gold]] ([[Rakha Mines]]) (6th) and [[silver]] and several other minerals. Large deposits of coal and iron ore support concentration of [[Industrial sector|industry]], in centres like [[Jamshedpur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] and Ranchi. [[Tata Steel]], a ''[[NSE NIFTY 500]]'' conglomerate has its corporate office and main plant in Tatanagar, Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Steel > Listing Details > Steel – Large > Listing Details of Tata Steel – BSE: 500470, NSE: TATASTEEL|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tatasteel/listing/TIS|access-date=12 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062130/http://www.moneycontrol.com/company-facts/tatasteel/listing/TIS|archive-date=7 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> It reported a gross income of {{Indian Rupee}}. 204,910 million for 2005. NTPC will start coal production from its captive mine in state in 2011–12, for which the company will be investing about Rs 18 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=NTPC eyes 20K crore thermal plant in MP|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm|publisher=business.rediff.com|access-date=27 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715165021/http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/oct/26/ntpc-eyes-thermal-plant-in-mp.htm|archive-date=15 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2006, the government of Jharkhand established the Jharkhand Silk Textile and Handicraft Development Corporation (Jharcraft), which promotes local sericulture and weaving and the wider marketing of these products.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Ranjan |date=10 February 2006 |title=Craft hub on the cards |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/craft-hub-on-the-cards/cid/820787 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229105803/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/craft-hub-on-the-cards/cid/820787 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sahuliyar |first=Arti |date=2 June 2015 |title=Jharcraft platform for ethnic Inc. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc/cid/1428426 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229114900/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharcraft-platform-for-ethnic-inc/cid/1428426 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Agriculture is another major economic sector. Farmers in Jharkhand produce several crops such as rice, wheat, maize, pulses, potatoes, and vegetables such as tomato, carrots, cabbage, brinjal, pumpkin, and papaya. Other important industries include the cottage industry and IT.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/jharkhand-economy.html |title=Jharkhand Economy |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001750/https://business.mapsofindia.com/india-state/jharkhand-economy.html |archive-date=17 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Jharkhand}}

===Cuisine===
{{see also|Cuisine of Jharkhand}}
[[File:Rice plate Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|left|150px|A Jharkhand Rice Plate]]

Staple foods of Jharkhand are [[rice]], [[dal]], [[roti]], [[vegetable]]s, and [[tuber]]s. Spices are sparingly used in cuisine. Famous dishes include [[Chhilka Roti]], [[Malpua]], [[Pitha]], [[Dhooska]], Arsa roti, Dudhauri, and [[Panipuri]] (Gupchup).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|title=10 Dishes of Cuisine of Jharkhand you must try at least once in Life|date=30 September 2016|newspaper=Great Indian Food|language=en-US|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203080725/https://greatindianfood.in/10-dishes-cuisine-jharkhand-must-try-least-life/|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|title=Jharkhand Tourism::Cusines|website=www.jharkhandtourism.in|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226222111/http://jharkhandtourism.in/artculture/cuisines.htm|archive-date=26 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Rugra and Putoo is a type of edible mushroom that is grown extensively in Jharkhand and harvested during the rainy months. It has a hardened, white, edible shell and a softer dark coloured centre. [[Bamboo shoot]] are a versatile ingredient used in many culinary traditions, particularly in Jharkhand cuisine. They can be boiled, steamed, stir-fried, or pickled, making them a popular addition to dishes such as soups, curries, and salads. Bamboo shoots are known for their ability to absorb the flavours of the ingredients they are cooked with, enhancing the overall taste of the dishes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Prerna |date=13 July 2020 |title=Traditional savory food of Jharkhand |url=https://buddymantra.com/food-of-jharkhand/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102105657/https://buddymantra.com/food-of-jharkhand/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=www.buddymantra.com |language=en}}</ref> The leaves of Munga ([[Moringa oleifera]]) and Koinar ([[Bauhinia variegata]]) trees are used as a leafy vegetable or [[Saag]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianvagabond.com/2016/04/15/tribal-food-of-chota-nagpur/ |title=Tribal Food of Chota Nagpur |date=15 April 2016 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418061544/https://indianvagabond.com/2016/04/15/tribal-food-of-chota-nagpur/ |archive-date=18 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Local alcoholic drinks include rice beer, originally known as Handi or [[Handia (drink)|Handia]], named after the vessel, handi (earthen pot), used to make it. Handia is culturally associated with natives, i.e., Sadans and Tribals; this drink is consumed by both men and women on social occasions like marriage and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rkmp.co.in/general-domain/rice-facts/hadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand|title=Hadia is a popular beverage of Jharkhand {{!}} Rice Knowledge Management Portal – Rice, Paddy, Dhan, Chawal, Rice Research Domain, Rice Extension Domain, Rice Farmers Domain, Rice General Domain, Rice Service Domain, RKMP, Rice in India, Rice Government Schemes, Rice ITKs, Rice FLDs, Rice Package of Practices|website=www.rkmp.co.in|language=en|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203162516/http://www.rkmp.co.in/general-domain/rice-facts/hadia-is-a-popular-beverage-of-jharkhand|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040303/asp/jharkhand/story_2832423.asp|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta : Jharkhand|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203161946/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1040303/asp/jharkhand/story_2832423.asp|archive-date=3 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another common liquor is called ''Mahua [[Desi daru|daru]]'', made from flowers of the Mahua tree ([[Madhuca longifolia]]).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|title=High time to make most of mahua – Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209082700/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms|archive-date=9 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Folk music and dance===
{{see also|Folk dances of Jharkhand}}
[[File:Chhau Dancers.jpg|thumb|Chhau Dancers in Jharkhand village]]

There are several folk dances in Jharkhand such as: [[Jhumair]], [[Mardani Jhumar]], [[Janani Jhumar]], [[Domkach]], Vinsariya, Jhumta, Fagua, [[Janani Jhumar|Angnai]], [[Paiki dance|Paiki]], [[Chhau dance|Chhau]], [[Firkal dance|Firkal]], [[Munda people#Culture and tradition|Mundari]], and [[Santal people#Culture|Santali]] dance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art |title=Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805212613/http://jharkhandtourism.gov.in/content/explore/art |archive-date=5 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Festivals===
Major festivals of Jharkhand are [[Sarhul]], [[Baha parab]], [[Karam festival|Karam Parab]], [[Mage Parab]], [[Sohrai]], [[Bandna]], [[Tusu Festival]], [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Nawakhani]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Jitiya]], [[Manasa|Manasa Puja]], [[Rath Yatra]], [[Saraswati Puja]], [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], Phagua and the Sendra festival.<ref name="Khanna-2010">{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWhBQAAQBAJ&q=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge+festivals&pg=PA53|title = Jharkhand General Knowledge|isbn = 9788174822468|last1 = Khanna|first1 = C. L.|date = September 2010| publisher=Upkar Prakashan |access-date = 14 November 2020|archive-date = 4 October 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211004170933/https://books.google.com/books?id=7PWhBQAAQBAJ&q=Jharkhand+General+Knowledge+festivals&pg=PA53|url-status = live}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Karam puja in jharkhand.jpg|[[Karam (festival)|Karam festival]] in Jharkhand
File:Holy Prayer.jpg| [[Sarhul]] in Jharkhand
File:Crossing_Baha_festival_2025_80.jpg|Baha Parab in Jharkhand
File:Durgas Puja in a Pandal.jpg|[[Durga Puja]] in Jharkhand
File:Mansa Puja in Bhagalpur.jpg|[[Manasa]] in Jharkhand
</gallery>

===Paintings===
[[File:A Munda tribesman sitting in front of wall decorated with Munda style Sohrai Painting at Isko Village, Hazaribagh.jpg|thumb|Sohrai wall painting at Isko Village, [[Hazaribagh district]], Jharkhand]]
[[Sohrai and Khovar painting]] is a mural art form practised by women. Sohrai painting is traditionally done at the [[Sohrai]] harvest festival, while Khovar painting is done at weddings.<ref name="Khanna-2010" />

===Tattoo===
The tattoo making tradition of [[Godna]] is an essential part of local tradition.<ref name="Khanna-2010" />

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Jharkhand}}

Jharkhand produces many films in regional and Tribal languages including [[Nagpuri cinema|Nagpuri]], [[Khortha cinema|Khortha]], [[Santali cinema|Santali]], [[Ho language|Ho]], and [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/03/jharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html |title=Jharkhand govt gives approval for production of 20 films |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181014165012/http://www.newindianexpress.com/pti-news/2017/nov/03/jharkhand-govt-gives-approval-for-production-of-20-films-1690803.html |archive-date=14 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film industry in the state of Jharkhand is known as '''Jhollywood'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11|title=Here comes Jollywood|date=11 March 2017 |publisher=India today|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627140916/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/from-india-today-magazine/story/20170320-jharkhand-cm-raghubar-das-jhollywood-bollywood-films-made-in-jharkhand-mukesh-bhatt-985972-2017-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2648/jhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry/|title=Jollywood gets moving forward in regional film industry|date=22 February 2018 |publisher=Jharkhandstatenews|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627140917/http://jharkhandstatenews.com/article/top-stories/2648/jhollywood-gets-moving-forward-in-regional-film-industry/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media==
There are some television channels, newspapers, and radio stations which operate in Jharkhand. [[DD Jharkhand]] is an important channel in Jharkhand. [[All India Radio]] operates from Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/media.html|title=Jharkhand Media|website=mapsofindia.com|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430072908/https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/media.html|archive-date=30 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]], [[Dainik Jagran]], Sokal Sokal, [[Prabhat Khabar]], and Ranchi Express are some of the Hindi newspapers and [[The Hindu]], [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[Navbharat Times]], [[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]], and [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] are some English newspapers in Jharkhand.

==Transport==

===Airways===
*[[Birsa Munda Airport]] is the largest domestic airport in the state with air connectivity to major Indian cities of [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]] among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranchi Airport crosses one million mark of passengers. PASSENGERS|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html|website=Pioneer|publisher=www.dailypioneer.com|access-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730152209/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi-airport-crosses-1-million-mark-of-passengers.html|archive-date=30 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Deoghar Airport]] is the second busiest airport located in the state of Jharkhand, [[India]]. It is the second operational airport in state of Jharkhand after [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=3 September 2020|title=Construction work at Jharkhand's Deoghar airport to be completed soon: AAI|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/construction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119181941/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/construction-work-at-jharkhand-s-deoghar-airport-to-be-completed-soon-aai-120090301730_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Sonari Airport]] at [[Jamshedpur]] is the third operational airport in the state and it has daily flight to [[Bhubaneswar]] and [[Kolkata]].
*[[Bokaro Airport]] is under [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] and 4th operational airport of the state. It is being developed under [[UDAN]] scheme.
*Other airports present in the state are [[Chakulia Airport]], [[Dumka Airport]], [[Giridih Airport]], [[Dhalbhumgarh Airport]] and [[Dhanbad Airport]] which mostly run private and [[charter flights]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dhanbad, Dumka on chartered flight path |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp |newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=29 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235804/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110814/jsp/frontpage/story_14377165.jsp |archive-date=30 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Roadways===
Jharkhand has extensive network of [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] and [[State highways in India|State Highways]].<ref name="Highways">{{cite web|title=National highways in Jharkhand|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213201556/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=147618|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> There is {{convert|2661.83|km|miyd|abbr=on}} of paved National Highways in the state as of 2016.<ref name="Highways" /> The National highways present in the state are numbered [[National Highway 18 (India)|18]], [[National Highway 19 (India)|19]], [[National Highway 20 (India)|20]], [[National Highway 22 (India)|22]], [[National Highway 33 (India)|33]], [[National Highway 39 (India)|39]], [[National Highway 43 (India)|43]], [[National Highway 114 (India)|114A]], [[National Highway 118 (India)|118]], [[National Highway 133 (India)|133]], [[National Highway 133A (India)|133A]], [[National Highway 133B (India)|133B]], [[National Highway 139 (India)|139]], [[National Highway 143 (India)|143]], [[National Highway 143A (India)|143A]], [[National Highway 143AG (India)|143AG]], [[National Highway 143D (India)|143D]], [[National Highway 143H (India)|143H]], [[National Highway 218 (India)|218]], [[National Highway 220 (India)|220]], [[National Highway 320 (India)|320]], [[National Highway 320D (India)|320D]], [[National Highway 320G (India)|320G]], [[National Highway 333 (India)|333]], [[National Highway 333A (India)|333A]], [[National Highway 343 (India)|343]], [[National Highway 419 (India)|419]] and [[National Highway 522 (India)|522]].<ref name="Highways" /> The [[Golden Quadrilateral]] network of [[Delhi]] – [[Kolkata]] route runs through Jharkhand notably at Dhanbad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golden Quadrilateral Highway Network|url=https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/|website=roadtraffic-technology.com|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213202042/https://www.roadtraffic-technology.com/projects/golden-quadrilateral-highway-network/|archive-date=13 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NHAI|url=http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|website=www.nhai.org|publisher=National Highway Authority of India (NHAI), Government of India|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034111/http://www.nhai.org/gqmain_english.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Ports===
Jharkhand is landlocked state but has numerous rivers and waterways.<ref>{{cite news |title=Multi-model port to come up at Sahibganj: Gadkari |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/multi-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html |publisher=[[The Pioneer (newspaper)|The Pioneer]] |date=28 January 2016 |access-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220148/http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/multi-model-port-to-come-up-at-sahibganj-gadkari.html |archive-date=22 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port|multi-modal port]] has been planned at [[Sahebganj]] where river [[Ganges]] flows.<ref>{{cite news |title= Sahibganj to be exim hub with a multimodal plan: Nitin Gadkari |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html |publisher= [[Business Standard]] |date= 13 October 2016 |access-date= 17 June 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170822220514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/sahibganj-to-be-exim-hub-with-a-multimodal-plan-nitin-gadkari-116101300729_1.html |archive-date= 22 August 2017 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The project is estimated to cost {{INR}}65,000 million and phase-1 is estimated to be completed by 2019.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rajat|last=Arora|title=L&T to construct Sahibganj Multi modal transportation terminal|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/lt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal/articleshow/54937877.cms|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=19 October 2016|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629231331/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/lt-to-construct-sahibganj-multi-modal-transportation-terminal/articleshow/54937877.cms|archive-date=29 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Railways===
{{See also|Railway stations in Jharkhand}}
Jharkhand is very well connected by railways. The state has numerous [[Railway stations in Jharkhand|railway stations]] and railway junctions.<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/rail-funds-up-this-time-206613 Rail funds up this time] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211230/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/rail-funds-up-this-time-206613 |date=30 March 2018 }} [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] 7 February 2018</ref> [[Dhanbad Junction]] is the largest railway station in the state which is connected to almost all big cities of India. Hilly regions of state are equipped with tunnels that form essential organ of railways.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Ranchi Airport Night View.jpg|[[Birsa Munda Airport|Ranchi Airport (IXR)]]
File:NH 33 Between Ramgarh and Chutupallu.jpg|[[National Highway 20 (India)|National Highway 20]] near [[Ramgarh Cantonment]]
File:Sahibganj railway station.jpg|View from the [[Sahibganj]] Railway Station
File:Dhanbad station night view.jpg|Night View of [[Dhanbad Junction railway station]]. (Largest Railway Station in Jharkhand)
</gallery>

==Education==
As per the 2011 census conducted by [[Government of India]] the official literacy rate for the state was 66.41% (male: 76.84%; female: 55.42%) with nine districts above the average literacy rate:<ref>{{cite web |author=Arun C. Mehta |url=http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html |title=District-specific Literates and Literacy Rates, 2001 |publisher=Educationforallinindia.com |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414170051/http://www.educationforallinindia.com/page157.html |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Family Health Survey, 1998–99: Fact Sheet, Jharkhand, Section: Basic Socio-Demographic Features of Jharkhand|page=3|url=http://www.nfhsindia.org/data/jh/jhfctsum.pdf|access-date=21 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071003195738/http://www.nfhsindia.org/data/jh/jhfctsum.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]: 76.06% (male: 84.26%; female: 67.44%)
*
* [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]: 75.49% (male: 83.75%; female: 66.81%)
* [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]: 74.52% (male: 83.81%; Female: 64.29%)
*
* [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]: 73.17% (male: 82.44%; female: 63.09%)
* [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]: 72.01% (male: 82.51%; female: 60.63%)
* [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]: 69.75% (male: 80.01%; female: 58.95%)
* [[Simdega district|Simdega]]: 67.99% (male: 76.08%; female: 59.92%)
* [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Saraikela Khasawan]]: 67.70% (male: 79.03%; female: 55.88%)
* [[Lohardaga district|Lohardaga]]: 67.61% (male: 77.21%; female: 57.69%)
* [[Koderma district|Koderma]]: 66.84% (male: 79.78%; female: 53.23%)

Since the formation of the new state, the Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC) has been implementing four projects to spread elementary education: DPEP, SSA, NPEGEL, and KGBV. The state has been moving towards the goal of universal elementary education but the target of 100% enrolment and retention of children in schools has not yet been attained.<ref>{{cite web|title=The poor state of girl child education in Jharkhand State|first=Sanjay|last=Pandey|date=16 October 2007|website=MyNews.in|url=http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=89|access-date=21 August 2009|archive-date=13 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713021411/http://www.mynews.in/fullstory.aspx?storyid=89|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jharkhand has made primary education so accessible that 95% of children of ages 6–11 are enrolled in school, as opposed to 56% in 1993–94; this will likely improve literacy a great deal.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

===Schools===
The medium of instruction in schools is [[Hindi]]/[[English language|English]] with [[English language|English]]/[[Hindi]]/[[Sanskrit]]/[[Bengali language|Bengali]]/[[Odia language|Odia]] as second language. After 10 years of schooling, students can join two years of Intermediate course (or +2 courses) in [[Arts]], [[Science]] and [[Commerce]]. This is followed by three years of degree courses (graduation) or four years of [[Engineering]]/[[Agriculture]]/[[Medicine]] degree.

The school system comprises various private and public schools. The government schools are abundant. Few notable schools are: [[St. Thomas School, Ranchi]], [[Sainik School, Tilaiya|Sainik School Tilaiya]], [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur]], [[Delhi Public School, Bokaro]], [[Delhi Public School, Ranchi]], [[Bishop Westcott Boys' School]], [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyapith, Deoghar]], [[De Nobili School, FRI|De Nobili School]] and [[St. Xavier's School, Hazaribagh]].

In 2009 [[Franz Gastler]] established [[Yuwa-India|Yuwa School]] a NGO in [[Hutup]] village in Ranchi district with helps of friends to use football as a platform to combat [[Child marriage in India|child marriage]], [[Education in India#Women's education|illiteracy]] and [[Human trafficking in India|human trafficking]] in rural India.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20929762 | title=How football is changing lives of Indian slum girls | date=23 January 2013 | access-date=27 February 2022 | author=Sarkar, Monica | publisher=[[BBC]] | archive-date=18 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018121112/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-20929762 | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, It won the Laureus Sport for Good Award.<ref>{{Cite web|title=And the Laureus World Sports Awards 2019 Winners are...|url=https://www.laureus.com/news/and-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are|access-date=27 February 2022|website=Laureus|language=en|date=18 February 2019|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227084113/https://www.laureus.com/news/and-the-laureus-world-sports-awards-2019-winners-are|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Universities and colleges===
{{See also|List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand}}

* [[AISECT University, Jharkhand]], Hazaribagh
* [[Arka Jain University]], Jamshedpur
* [[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]], Dhanbad
* [[Birsa Agricultural University]], Kanke, Ranchi
* [[Central University of Jharkhand]], Brambe, Ranchi
* [[Jharkhand Rai University]], Ranchi
* [[Jharkhand Raksha Shakti University]], Ranchi
* [[Kolhan University]], Chaibasa
* [[National University of Study and Research in Law]], Ranchi
* [[Nilamber-Pitamber University]], Medininagar
* [[Radha Govind University]], Ramgarh
* [[Ranchi University]], Ranchi
* [[Sarala Birla University]], Ranchi
* [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]], Dumka
* [[Vinoba Bhave University]], Hazaribagh
* [[Usha Martin University]], Ranchi

====Autonomous====

* [[Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University]], formerly Ranchi college
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Ranchi]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]
* [[National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology]] (NIFFT), Ranchi
* [[National University of Study and Research in Law]]
* [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]
* [[St. Xavier's College, Ranchi]]
* [[Xavier Institute of Social Service]] (XISS), Ranchi
* [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management|Xavier Labour Relations Institute]] (XLRI), Jamshedpur

====Agriculture====

* [[Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology]], Ranchi
* [[College of Horticulture]], West Singhbhum

====Engineering====

[[Image:Bitmesra.JPG|thumb|[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]], Ranchi]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]], Ranchi
* [[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]], Dhanbad
* [[DAV Institute of Engineering & Technology]], Daltonganj
* [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]], Dhanbad
* [[National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology]] (NIFFT), Ranchi
* [[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]
* [[Al Kabir Polytechnic|Al Kabir Institute of Management and Technology]], [[Jamshedpur]]

====Management====

* [[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]] IIM-Ranchi
* [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management]], Jamshedpur
* [[Netaji Subhas University|NSIBM - Netaji Subhas Institute of Hotel & Business Management]], Jamshedpur

==== Medical colleges ====

* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]], Deoghar
* [[Hazaribag College of Dental Sciences and Hospital]], Hazaribagh
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur|Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (MGM)]], Jamshedpur
* [[Medini Rai Medical College and Hospital, Palamu]], Palamu
* [[Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], Dumka
* [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences|Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS)]], Ranchi
* [[Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad]], Dhanbad
* [[Shaheed Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College and Hospital]], Hazaribagh

====Psychiatry====

* [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]], Ranchi

==Public health==
Because of its mild climate, Jharkhand, particularly its capital Ranchi, has been a health resort. As far back as 1918, facilities were set up for treatment of [[mentally challenged]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cipranchi.nic.in/intro.htm |title=Introduction to Cip, Ranchi |quote= The British established this hospital on 17th May 1918 with the name of Ranchi European Lunatic Asylum. |access-date= 4 April 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404173734/http://cipranchi.nic.in/intro.htm |archive-date=4 April 2005}}</ref>

European Mental Hospital was established along with Indian Mental Hospital. Today they are called Central Institute of Psychiatry and Ranchi Institute of Neuro-psychiatry and Allied Sciences respectively.
In certain areas of Jharkhand, poverty and consequent malnutrition have given rise to diseases like [[tuberculosis]] (TB). In fact, TB has assumed [[epidemic]] proportions in certain areas of the state. For management and treatment of such TB, Itki TB Sanatorium, Ranchi, established in 1928 has been doing work as a premier institute for clinical and programmatic management of TB. The Itki TB Sanatorium is well equipped and accredited by the Indian government for quality assurance and Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing for M.TB. It provides free of cost treatment for TB as well as drug-resistant TB. Likewise, in the field of treatment of cancer, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/index.htm |title=Welcome to Tata Memorial Centre |publisher=Tatamemorialcentre.com |date=1 January 2004 |access-date=18 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218152943/http://www.tatamemorialcentre.com/index.htm |archive-date=18 February 2010 }}</ref> is rendering pioneering work. In the same way, Bokaro General Hospital equipped with modern facilities for the treatment of cancer and heart-related problems with the capacity of 1100 beds one of the largest in eastern India.

Although several public and private health facilities are available in the state, overall infrastructure for dispensing health related services require improvements. An exception is the Tata Motors Hospital which is an example of an ISO 14001 and 18001 certified hospital with DNB teaching facilities.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

Ranchi, the capital, has witnessed a sharp growth in the number of hospitals.

[[Fluoride]] in groundwater presents a public health problem in Jharkhand. A recent survey led by the [[Birla Institute of Technology]], Mesra, Ranchi in collaboration with [[UNICEF]] in the northwest districts of [[Palamau]] and [[Garhwa]] found fluoride levels above the drinking [[WHO]] drinking water guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp |title=Fluoride alert for groundwater |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Calcutta |date=11 January 2008 |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709103738/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp |archive-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Excessive amounts of fluoride in drinking water can lead to [[dental fluorosis]], prevalent bone fractures, and [[skeletal fluorosis]], an irreversible disabling condition.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Khandare|first1=AL|last2=Harikumar|first2=R|last3=Sivakumar|first3=B|s2cid=21536934|title=Severe bone deformities in young children from vitamin D deficiency and fluorosis in Bihar-India|journal=Calcified Tissue International|volume=76|issue=6|pages=412–8|year=2005|pmid=15895280|doi=10.1007/s00223-005-0233-2}}</ref> Some work has focused on combating fluorosis through increased calcium intake by consuming local plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disabled-world.com/news/india/fluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml |title=Fluoride Toxicity in Jharkhand State of India |publisher=Disability News India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090107153452/http://www.disabled-world.com/news/india/fluoride-toxicity-8758.shtml |archive-date= 7 January 2009 |access-date=4 February 2017 }}</ref> Researchers at [[Princeton University]] and the Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi are currently investigating defluoridation options, while performing an epidemiological survey to assess the extent of fluoride linked health problems and the impact of future interventions.<ref>"Fluoride alert for groundwater," The Telegraph, Calcutta, Friday 11 January 2008.[http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206135154/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080111/jsp/jharkhand/story_8768921.jsp|date=6 December 2008}}</ref><ref>MacDonald, L. "Water and Health:[http://www.princeton.edu/~lmacdona/water-health.html An effective, sustainable treatment strategy to halt the fluorosis endemic in rural villages of Jharkhand State, India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201175037/http://www.princeton.edu/~lmacdona/water-health.html |date= 1 December 2008 }}</ref>

Almost 80% of Jharkhand's people are farmers, although it contains 40% of India's mineral reserves it has some of India's poorest people, in Summer 2009 the state was threatened by drought, with people criticising the government for not providing food aid or assistance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Geeta |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8178636.stm |title=Jharkhand farmers despair at drought |work=BBC News |date=1 August 2009 |access-date=12 November 2011 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110141736/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8178636.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sports==
[[JRD Tata Sports Complex|JRD TATA Sports Complex, Jamshedpur]] hosts football matches of [[Indian Super League]] and is the home of ISL football club [[Jamshedpur FC]].
[[Cricket]], [[Field hockey|hockey]], and [[Association football|football]] are common sports in Jharkhand. [[Jaipal Singh]], a former Indian hockey captain and [[Olympic Games|Olympian]], and [[Manohar Topno]] former [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian hockey team]] player were from Jharkhand. Singh was the captain of the hockey team that won the first gold medal for India in the [[1928 Summer Olympics]] in [[Amsterdam]]. [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], a former captain of [[Indian cricket team]] who led the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] to [[ICC Cricket World Cup]] glory on 2 April 2011, 28 years after former Indian captain [[Kapil Dev]] won the World Cup in 1983 at [[Lord's|Lord's, England]], is from here.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports-news/dhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337 |title=Dhoni's world cup bat sold for Rs. 72 lakhs |publisher=Ndtv.com |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007225807/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports-news/dhonis-world-cup-bat-sold-for-rs-72-lakhs-at-auction-120337 |archive-date=7 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other notable cricketers from Jharkhand are [[Varun Aaron]], [[Shahbaz Nadeem]], and [[Saurabh Tiwary]]. He was one of the key batsmen in the Indian team that won the [[2008 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2008 U/19 Cricket World Cup]] in [[Malaysia]]. Other sportspeople include [[Deepika Kumari]], an archer who won gold medal in the 2010 Commonwealth games in the women's individual recurve event. [[Nikki Pradhan]], a member of the [[India women's national field hockey team|national hockey team]], is the first female hockey player from Jharkhand to represent India at the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]].

An [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|International Cricket stadium with an indoor stadium]] and a practice ground was constructed. It hosted a One-Day International match between India and England on 19 January 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Ranchis-new-stadium-set-to-host-maiden-One-Day-International-on-January-19/articleshow/16870995.cms | title=Ranchi's new stadium set to host maiden One-Day International on January 19 | date=19 October 2012 | access-date=18 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509010706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-19/ranchi/34583646_1_jsca-jharkhand-state-cricket-association-foundation-stone | archive-date=9 May 2013 | url-status=live | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The stadium has hosted two [[IPL 6]] matches for [[Kolkata Knight Riders|KKR]] and qualifier 2 of [[IPL 8]] between [[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]] and [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RCB]] in addition to Celebrity Cricket League Matches for Bhojpuri Dabanggs. A tennis academy, which was inaugurated by [[Sania Mirza]] and [[Shoaib Malik]], also runs besides the cricket stadium.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204 |title=Tennis takes Sania-Shoaib to Ranchi |access-date=4 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408165410/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/news/tennis-takes-sania-shoaib-to-ranchi-7204 |archive-date=8 April 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ranchi is among six cities in [[Hockey India League]] to be played in January 2013. Ranchi franchise was bought by Patel-Uniexcel Group and the team named [[Ranchi Rhinos]]. It is now being co-hosted by Mahendra Singh Dhoni and was named as [[Ranchi Rays]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Ranchi-franchise-becomes-third-team-in-Hockey-India-League/articleshow/16394320.cms | title=Ranchi franchise becomes third team in Hockey India League | date=14 September 2012 | access-date=18 March 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508225654/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/top-stories/33845464_1_hockey-india-league-sport-joint-venture | archive-date=8 May 2013 | url-status=live | work=[[The Times of India]] | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Keenan Stadium aerial view.jpg|Aerial view of [[Keenan Stadium]] in Jamshedpur
File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|JRD Tata Sports Complex
</gallery>

==Tourism==
{{Main|Tourism in Jharkhand}}

Jharkhand is known for its waterfalls, hills and holy places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/tourism.html|title=Places to Visit in Jharkhand|website=Maps of India|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403080016/https://www.mapsofindia.com/jharkhand/tourism.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyoooz.com" /> [[Parasnath]], [[Baidyanath Dham]], [[Maa Dewri Temple]] and [[Chhinnamasta Temple]] are major religious places.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|title=Jharkhand registers 385% increase in foreign tourist visits|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051406/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/tourists-discover-jharkhand/story-nhkaXu7zVfEYXcLsuOnsbI.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Priya |title=Worshipping 'headless deity' at Chinnamasta Temple in Jharkhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/worshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand/as65375480.cms |access-date=25 April 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] Travel |date=12 August 2018 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425131051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/worshipping-headless-deity-at-chinnamasta-temple-in-jharkhand/as65375480.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tattapani Hot Water Spring is located 8 km from [[Latehar]]. The hot spring water come out from different places on the Sukari River bed. Rich in sulfur, the hot spring is believed to have medicinal properties and good for skin.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://latehar.nic.in/tourist-place/tattapani/ |title=Tattapani |website=latehar.nic.in |publisher=Government of Jharkhand |access-date=18 April 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625074122/https://latehar.nic.in/tourist-place/tattapani/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Itkhori Block|Itkhori]] is a holy place for Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. It is believed to be the place from where [[Gautama Buddha]] started his journey for [[Bodh Gaya]]. Many sculptures of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist art styles were found in 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jaipuriar |first1=Vishvendu |title=Cop picket plan for temple |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266 |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729061057/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/cop-picket-plan-for-temple/cid/1341266 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=S. |title=Deciphering the past |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece |access-date=29 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 May 2018 |language=en-IN |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802114959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/deciphering-the-past/article23840307.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rankini Temple, Jadugora|Rankini Temple]] of [[Jadugora]] is famous in Jharkhand, as well as in Odisha, West Bengal and Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ranjan |first1=Rakesh |title=Lockdown: आंशिक लॉकडाउन का जादूगोड़ा रंकिनी मंदिर पर पड़ा जबर्दस्त असर, कपाट खुले, भक्त नदारद |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Jagran |date=26 Apr 202 |language=hi |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602203535/https://m.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-lockdown-had-a-tremendous-impact-on-the-enchanting-rankini-temple-jadugora-doors-opened-devotees-absent-jamshedpur-jharkhand-news-21593413.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मां रंकिणी का पाषाण और जागृत रूप, जानिए मां की महिमा |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/importance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur/jh20201024054741151 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129142928/https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/state/east-singhbhum/importance-of-mata-rankani-temple-in-jamshedpur/jh20201024054741151 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are several waterfalls in the state including [[Jonha Falls]], [[Hundru Falls]], [[Dassam Falls]], [[Perwaghagh Falls]] and [[Panchghagh Falls]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots/cid/1679147|title=Jharkhand steps up plastic policing at picnic spots|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051633/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/jharkhand-tourism-department-to-rope-in-police-for-crackdown-on-plastic-at-picnic-spots/cid/1679147|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/emerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm/article24534940.ece|title='Emerging' tourist destinations vie for attention at IITM|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-date=2 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802155751/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/emerging-tourist-destinations-vie-for-attention-at-iitm/article24534940.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/adventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html|title=Adventure tourism extravaganza kick-starts today|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051253/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/adventure-tourism-extravaganza-kick-starts-today.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Netarhat]] is a hill station in the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/autumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat/cid/1670312|title=Autumn of thrill at hill station of Netarhat|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051609/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/autumn-of-thrill-at-netarhat/cid/1670312|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69239/a-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station|title=Netarhat: Jharkhand's Secret Hill Station|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051728/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/69239/a-guide-to-netarhat-jharkhands-secret-hill-station|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news-travel/netarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554/|title=Netarhat is Home to Innumerable Waterfalls And Unlimited Peace|website=[[India.com]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051730/https://www.india.com/news-travel/netarhat-is-home-to-innumerable-waterfalls-and-unlimited-peace-3591554/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are several wildlife sanctuaries and national park in Jharkhand including [[Betla National Park]] and [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]], which are major attraction for tourists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm|title=BETLA NATIONAL PARK & TIGER RESERVE|website=WebIndia123|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403063337/https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/wildlife/tigerreserves/betla_national_park/index.htm|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news-travel/you-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450/|title=You Can Walk Amid Wildlife at Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand|website=[[India.com]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051744/https://www.india.com/news-travel/you-can-walk-amid-wildlife-at-dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-in-jharkhand-3448450/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501|title=Winter holiday rush at Betla, Netarhat|website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051715/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/winter-holiday-rush-at-betla-netarhat/cid/1340501|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html|title=Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary bursts at the seams of autumn season|website=[[The Pioneer (India)|The Pioneer]]|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403051250/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/dalma-wildlife-sanctuary-bursts-at-the-seams-of-autumn-season.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[State Museum Hotwar]] and [[Tribal Research Institute and Museum]] showcase various cultural heritage and tribal culture of Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Heritage meet at Hotwar museum|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331|website=telegraphindia|access-date=19 April 2023|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419172520/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/heritage-meet-at-hotwar-museum/cid/242331|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Saurav |title=What holds back tribal students in an urban milieu? |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board/cid/1794632 |access-date=12 April 2022 |work=the Telegraph |date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412141938/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-plans-study-to-detect-psychological-barriers-of-tribal-students-at-play-psychiatrists-on-board/cid/1794632 |url-status=live }}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Temples at Deorgag, Santal Parhanas, Bihar - William Hodges, 1782 - BL Foster 396.jpg|The ancient [[Baidyanath Temple|Baidyanath Jyotirlinga Temple]] in [[Deoghar]]
File:Shikharji Jain temple.jpg|Jain temple at Samet Shikharji, the place from where twenty [[Tirthankars]] attained nirvana
File:Jonha falls.jpg|[[Jonha Falls]]
File:Sunset point.jpg|[[Netarhat]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of museums in Jharkhand]]
* [[List of people from Jharkhand]]
* [[Political families of Jharkhand]]
* [[JSCA International Stadium Complex]]

==References==
=== Footnotes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Sources ===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |last=Lahiry |first=Sangam |title=Pugmarks In Palamau |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckYlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 |year=2014 |publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-81115-64-0}}
* {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}

==External links==
'''Government'''
* [http://jharkhand.gov.in/ Government of Jharkhand, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422103228/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ |date=22 April 2016 }}

'''General information'''
* {{OSM relation|1960191}}

{{Jharkhand}}
{{Navboxes|list=
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jharkhand
|North = [[Bihar]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[West Bengal]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Odisha]]
|Southwest = [[Chhattisgarh]]
|West =
|Northwest = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}
{{states and territories of India}}
}}
{{Subject bar|auto=1|voy=Jharkhand|India|Asia|Geography}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jharkhand| ]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in India]]
[[Category:East India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Bengali is an official language]]

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra

2026-03-12T19:03:04Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{Short description|Engineering Institution in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Advert|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
| native_name =
| image_name = Birla Institute of Technology Mesra.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto = ''Sā Vidyā Yā Vimuktaye''
| mottoeng = Learning is that which Liberates
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1955}}
| type = [[Government Funded Technical Institutes|Government Funded Technical Institution]] [[Deemed University]]
| chancellor = [[C. K. Birla]]
| vice_chancellor = [[Indranil Manna|Dr. Indranil Manna]]
| faculty = 279 (2021–2022)<ref name=NIRF_2023>{{cite web |title=Engineering Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0202.pdf |publisher= Ministry of Education, India |access-date=September 11, 2023}}</ref>
| students = 1342 (2021–2022)<ref name=NIRF_2023/>
| undergrad = 780 (2021–2022)<ref name=NIRF_2023/>
| postgrad = 225 (2021–2022)<ref name=NIRF_2023/>
| doctoral = 292 (Full Time, 2021-2022),<ref name=NIRF_2023/> 45 (Part Time, 2021-2022)<ref name=NIRF_2023/>
| city = [[Ranchi, Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|23|25|00|N|85|26|25|E|type:edu_region:IN_dim:2000|display=imline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| campus = Sub-Urban
| campus_size = {{convert|780|acre}}<ref name="Campus">{{cite web |title=Know About The Organisation |url=https://bitmesra.ac.in/Know_About_The_Organization?cid=1&pid=AB |publisher= BIT Mesra |access-date=September 11, 2023}}</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.bitmesra.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Pharmacy Council of India|PCI]], [[Council of Architecture|COA]]
}}
[[File:Bitmesra.JPG|thumb|BIT Mesra main building]]

'''Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra''' ('''BIT, Mesra''') is a government funded technical institute (GFTI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=JoSAA |url=https://josaa.admissions.nic.in/applicant/seatmatrix/InstProfile.aspx?enc=nsU5HEkjvt/OC38zhsZ0ysx4xGgkSUXVIn31/0mice0= |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=josaa.admissions.nic.in}}</ref> situated at [[Ranchi]], Jharkhand, India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=BIT Mesra – Admission 2021, Courses, Fees, Placement, Scholarship|url=https://collegedunia.com/university/13088-birla-institute-of-technology-bit-mesra-ranchi|access-date=2021-03-03|website=collegedunia.com|language=en|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915024751/https://collegedunia.com/university/13088-birla-institute-of-technology-bit-mesra-ranchi|url-status=live}}</ref> It was declared as a [[deemed University|deemed university]] under Section 3 of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Detail Of University |url=https://deemed.ugc.ac.in/Home/DetailOfUniversity/27KeHNL8l225KpBePgi8Hg== |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=deemed.ugc.ac.in}}</ref> The institute was included under Section 12B of the UGC Act, 1956, in November 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=12 B Status Letter |url=https://conference.bitmesra.ac.in/ContentUploaded/iqac/files/12%20B%20Status%20Letter.pdf |website=bitmesra.ac.in/ |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Bitmesra.JPG|thumb|BIT Mesra Main Building|250x250px]]
The Birla Institute of Technology was established in 1955 at Mesra by industrialist and philanthropist B. M. Birla. The institute was affiliated with [[Patna University]] until 1960, and then with Ranchi University. In 1986 BIT was elevated to the status of a [[deemed university]] under section 3 of the ''[[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956''.

BIT was the first institute in India to set up a department of [[space engineering]] and [[rocket]]ry, in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal| last= Kreh| first= William| date= May 1962| title= Science Overseas| journal= [[Popular Mechanics]]| volume= 117| issue= 5| page= 22| location= Chicago, Illinois| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TuEDAAAAMBAJ&q=%22birla%20institute%20of%20technology%22&pg=PA22| access-date= 2008-12-24| archive-date= 24 October 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201024180949/https://books.google.com/books?id=TuEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22&q=%22birla%20institute%20of%20technology%22| url-status= live}}</ref>

The [[Small Industries Research and Development Organization]] (SIRDO) was set up in 1970 to support small manufacturing enterprises managed by graduates of BIT. Companies created from this concept include Meditron and Alcast.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} This idea was recognized by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], [[Government of India]], which spread the concept to other institutes such as [[IITs]], under the concept name Science and Technological Entrepreneurs Park (STEP).{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The first STEP was approved and located in BIT Mesra.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The entrepreneurship development cell was founded in 2007 and is run by the students. For financial support, BIT set up the SIDBI Centre for Innovation and Incubation (SCII) by an arrangement with [[Small Industries Development Bank of India]] (SIDBI) to provide funds for a limited period of time to select new entrepreneurs, start up companies, and technology based organisations.<ref>{{cite news|author=SIDBI |url=http://www.sidbi.in/profile8.asp |title=SIDBI's National Programme on Innovation and Incubation for Small Scale Industries |access-date=2008-11-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081110083159/http://www.sidbi.in/profile8.asp |archive-date=10 November 2008}}</ref>
BIT Mesra has a [[PARAM 10000]] [[supercomputer]] at the core of its IT infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing|C-DAC]] |url=http://pune.cdac.in/html/npsf/param10k/p_summ.aspx |title=PARAM 10000 at Premier Institutes |access-date=2008-06-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812215217/http://pune.cdac.in/html/npsf/param10k/p_summ.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Mainbuilding bit.jpg|thumb|Main building front side.]]
[[File:Gpbirla audi.jpg|thumb|GP Birla Auditorium]]
* Built up covered area exceeding {{convert|840000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
* Golden Jubilee auditorium as well as a Mini auditorium
* [[PARAM]] 10000 super computer
* 100 Mbit/s LAN Connection in all BIT hostels rooms(1Gbit/s in newly built floors)
*R&D building housing computer and scientific labs.
*A three storied library. There is a separate internet facility inside the library in order to let students read IEEE and other journals
* [[Lord Shiva]] [[Hindu temple|temple]]

===Central facilities===
[[File:Bit Mesra 5.JPG|thumb|R&D Building]]
'''Central Library'''
The Central Library was established in 1955. It has print and electronic resources in the fields of science and technology. The collection includes 10,000 online journals, 100 print journals, 113,000 books, 2500 CDs, 60 audiocassettes and 4000 project reports.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Other_Department?cid=1&deptid=130|title=Central Library|access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021122717/https://www.bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Other_Department?cid=1&deptid=130|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Content_Section?cid=1&pid=58|title=Campus Facilities|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209070439/https://bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Content_Section?cid=1&pid=58|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://josaa.nic.in/seatinfo/root/InstProfile.aspx?instcd=402|title=Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020022120/https://josaa.nic.in/seatinfo/root/InstProfile.aspx?instcd=402|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Content_Section?cid=1&pid=30|title=Institute History|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209070441/https://bitmesra.ac.in/Show_Content_Section?cid=1&pid=30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toppr.com/bytes/bit-mesra/2|title=Birla Institute of Technology Mesra Ranchi|access-date=9 February 2022|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209070418/https://www.toppr.com/bytes/bit-mesra/2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
BIT functions under the control of a [[Board of Governors]], comprising representatives of the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]], [[Government of India]], the [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], the State Government, the [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]], the [[All India Council for Technical Education|A.I.C.T.E.]], the Hindustan Charity Trust and the Institute Faculty. [[C. K. Birla]] is the chairman of the board of governors and also the chancellor of the institute. The Technical Council headed by vice chancellor decides the academic policy of the institute.<ref>{{cite web|title=Governance |publisher=Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra |url=http://bitmesra.ac.in/cms-aboutus.aspx?this=1&mid=4 |access-date=2010-12-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122225528/http://www.bitmesra.ac.in/cms-aboutus.aspx?this=1&mid=4 |archive-date=22 November 2010}}</ref>

=== Departments ===
BIT Mesra has the following departments<ref>{{cite web |title=Department |url=https://josaa.admissions.nic.in/applicant/seatmatrix/InstProfile.aspx?enc=nsU5HEkjvt/OC38zhsZ0ysx4xGgkSUXVIn31/0mice0= |website=Joint Seat Allocation Authority |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
* [[Architecture|Architecture and Planning]]
* [[Biotechnology|Bioengineering and Biotechnology]]
* [[Food Technology|Centre for Food Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Data Science|Centre for Quantitative Economics and Data Science]]
* [[Chemical Engineering]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Civil Engineering]]
* [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical and Electronics Engineering]]
* [[Electronics and Communication Engineering]]
* [[Humanities|Humanities and]] [[Social Sciences]]
* [[Management Studies|Management]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Pharmaceutical Engineering|Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Production and Industrial Engineering]]
* [[Remote Sensing]]
* [[Aerospace engineering|Space Engineering and Rocketry]]

===University Polytechnic===
The University Polytechnic was established in 2001, as a joint venture of the Department of Welfare, Government of [[Jharkhand]] and BIT, Mesra, to impart Diploma level technical education amongst the youths of Jharkhand. Its campus is located close to the National Highway 33 in the vicinity of the BIT Main campus on the outskirts of Ranchi.

====Deoghar Extension Centre====
{{Main|Birla Institute of Technology (Deoghar)}}
In order to expand BIT further across the state, the Jharkhand government asked the institute to establish an Extension Centre at Deoghar, Jharkhand. A MoU was signed between the Institute and the Government of Jharkhand. In October 2007, [[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Offcampus Deoghar|Birla Institute of Technology extension Deoghar]] began to operate. As per the provisions of the MoU it was decided that 50% of spaces would be for students acquiring eligible qualifications from Institutions located in Jharkhand while the remaining 50% would be for students from other states of the country. Admission has been through [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE Main]] with Central Counseling conducted by the Central Counseling Board.

====Patna Extension Centre====
{{Main|Birla Institute of Technology, Patna}}
Birla Institute of Technology, Patna Campus was established in 2006, on the initiative of Govt. of Bihar. The institute came into existence by Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode under flagship management of BIT Mesra. The Chief Minister of Bihar [[Nitish Kumar]], laid the foundation stone of the institute in December 2005. The institute started its academic programme during the 2006–07 academic year.

===Birla Institute of Scientific Research===
The Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR) is a sister concern of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bisr.res.in/research.php|title=Birla Institute of Scientific Research|website=bisr.res.in|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003060718/http://bisr.res.in/research.php|url-status=live}}</ref> which hosts an auditorium and a planetarium in its campus in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bisr.res.in/|title=Birla Institute of Scientific Research|website=bisr.res.in|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003060611/http://bisr.res.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute was established for promoting science education through its museum and planetarium.

This institute has a state of the art Bioinformatics Centre in Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://btisnet.gov.in/SubDICbisr.asp |title=BTISNet site |access-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203070624/http://btisnet.gov.in/SubDICbisr.asp |archive-date=3 February 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a Remote Sensing Department.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birla+Institute+of+Scientific+Research,+Jaipur%22|title=Google Scholar|website=scholar.google.com|access-date=3 October 2019|archive-date=25 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525071113/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birla+Institute+of+Scientific+Research%2C+Jaipur%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Academics==

=== Rankings ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| OUTLOOK_E_P_2024 = 4|NIRF_A_2024=20|NIRF_E_2024=48|NIRF_U_2024=82|NIRF_P_2024=32|NIRF_B_2024=90|NIRF_O_2024=101-150|QS_A_2024 = 401-450}}

Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra was ranked at 401-450 band in the recent 2024 QS World Rankings (Asian Category). Among engineering colleges, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra ranked 16th by ''[[India Today]]'' in '''National Institutional Ranking Framework''' and fourth among private engineering colleges by ''[[Outlook India]]'' in 2024.<ref name="Rankings_OUTLOOK_E_P_2024" />

The Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra was ranked 48th among Engineering Colleges in India by the National Institutional Ranking Framework in the 2024 rankings.

==Notable alumni==


* [[Karan Bajaj]], Indian technology entrepreneur, founder of WhiteHat Junior.
* [[Madhavan Chandradathan]], Director, [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/new-vssc-director/article6164975.ece?ref=sliderNews|title=New VSSC director|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=July 2014}}</ref>
* [[Kannan Gopinathan]], former IAS officer and Congress Party member
* [[Nishant Kumar (politician)|Nishant Kumar]], Bihari politician and son of [[Nitish Kumar]].
* [[Ajit Kumar Mehta]], former Member of Indian Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) from [[Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency]].
* [[Shree K. Nayar]], T. C. Chang Professor, Computer Science, [[Columbia University]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-01|title=Shree K. Nayar|url=https://www.engineering.columbia.edu/faculty/shree-nayar|access-date=2021-08-24|website=Columbia Engineering|language=en|archive-date=24 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824221755/https://www.engineering.columbia.edu/faculty/shree-nayar|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Deven Sharma]], Indian businessman, President of [[Standard and Poors]]
* [[Hemant Soren]], 5th [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]]
* [[V. Vaidyanathan]], CEO of IDFC First Bank
* [[Ashish Vaswani]], [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] researcher, co-author of "[[Attention Is All You Need]]"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=OfficeChai |date=2023-02-04 |title=The Indian Researchers Whose Work Led To The Creation Of ChatGPT |url=https://officechai.com/stories/the-indian-researchers-whose-work-led-to-the-creation-of-chatgpt/ |access-date=2023-10-17 |website=OfficeChai |language=en-US}}</ref>



==See also==
* [[Birla Institute of Technology, Deoghar]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology International Centre]]
* [[Waljat Colleges of Applied Sciences]]
* [[CK Birla Group]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Birla Institute of Technology}}
* [http://www.bitmesra.ac.in Official website]

{{Birla Institute of Technology}}
{{Universities in Jharkhand}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}
{{Portal bar|Education|Engineering|India}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra}}
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology| ]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:CK Birla Group]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Business schools in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Jain universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jharkhand]]

Jangpura

2026-03-11T21:06:20Z

Nadeem Ahmed: edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jangpura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Colony
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|35|N|77|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East Delhi]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Jangpura
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = DL3C
| website =
| footnotes =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]]
| official_name =
}}

'''Jangpura''' is a neighbourhood in [[South Delhi|South East Delhi]] district of [[Delhi]]. Beginning from the east and moving clockwise, it is bordered by the [[Mathura Road]], Ring Railway line, Silver Oak Park beyond the Defence Colony Flyover, and the Barapulla Nullah. It encompasses the residential areas of Jangpura A and B on either side of the Mathura Road, Jangpura (Bhogal) extending west from the Mathura Road until Jangpura Extension, which in turn extends along the northern side of the Ring Railway line to the east side of the Defence Colony Flyover on Josip Broz Tito Marg. The small colony of Pant Nagar along the Barapulla Nullah is contiguous with Jangpura Extension.

Jangpura is a [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituency within the South Delhi Lok Sabha seat, following the delimitation of the parliamentary constituencies.

==History==
In the early 1900s, British officer Captain Young was tasked with preparing the area for settlement.Residents (predominantly villagers)<ref>{{Cite journal
|last=Mehra
|first=Diya
|title=Jangpura Triptych: Striated Settlements, Neighbourhood Activism, and Delhi's Residential Modernity
|journal=Economic & Political Weekly
|volume=55
|issue=51
|pages=57-66
|year=2020
|url=https://www.academia.edu/49581208/Jangpura_Triptych_Striated_Settlements_Neighbourhood_Activism_and_Delhi_s_Residential_Modernity?utm_source=chatgpt.com
}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} from present-day [[Raisina Hill]]s and two nearby villages near today’s [[Lodhi Gardens]] were relocated here, and the area was named Youngpura in his honor.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/book-release-takes-people-to-jangpura-through-the-decades-101740852139477.html|title=Book release takes people to Jangpura through the decades|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
A grand edifices of state to come up along [[Rajpath]], established the colony of 'Youngpura', which was colloquialised as Jangpura. Later in 1950–51, it grew with many Sikh and Hindu migrants from present-day Pakistani Punjab who arrived in Delhi at the time of [[Partition of India]] settling here.<ref>{{cite book |title= Since 1947: Partition Narratives among Punjabi Migrants of Delhi |last= Kaur |first= Ravinder |year= 2007 |publisher= [[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-19-568377-6 }}</ref> That accounts for Jangpura Extension's high Punjabi and [[Sikh]] population to date. This includes people from the villages in [[Rawalpindi district]], including [[Thoha Khalsa|Thoa Khalsa]], which witnessed a mass suicide by women during the Rawalpindi riots in March 1947, apart from Thamali and Mator Nara villages.<ref>[[#Bh|Bhutalia, p. 156]]</ref> Community head Charan Singh Randhawa was prominent figure in 1950s who started the Sikh community commemorates the event as ''Shahidi Diwas'' (Martyrs' Day) on 13 March.<ref>[[#Bh|Bhutalia, p. 287]]</ref> Jangpura Extension has a number of beautiful parks.

Its image along with neighbouring [[Lajpat Nagar]] across the railway line as a haven for migrants continues, with several [[Afghans|Afghan]] and [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] refugees, among others, finding shelter in the cheap housing offered in Bhogal and [[Lajpat Nagar]] (which is nicknamed 'Afghan Nagar').<ref name="Aafaq2021">{{cite web |last1=Aafaq |first1=Zafar |title='Our future unknown': Afghan nationals in India wary of Taliban |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/8/17/afghanistan-nationals-india-taliban-new-delhi |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]] |language=English |date=17 August 2021}}</ref> Bhogal and Jangpura Extension's many old Punjabi eateries as Lahorian Di Hatti and Sachdeva Dhaba today share space with Afghan bakeries, and new Punjabi arrivals. In the 1970s, as artists living in Jangpura Extension grew, it became a well-known artists’ colony.<ref name=pablo>{{cite news |title=The death of a man so young, in the prime of his life|author=Pablo Bartholomew |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/The-death-of-a-man-so-young-in-the-prime-of-his-life/Article1-912693.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813015432/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Fashion/The-death-of-a-man-so-young-in-the-prime-of-his-life/Article1-912693.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 August 2012 |newspaper= Hindustan Times|date=13 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

Jangpura-Bhogal is home to a number of places of worship which represent every major religion including Bhagwan Shiv Mandir, Gurudwara Singh Sabha, Sanatan Dharm Mandir, Sanatan Da Dera Gurudwara and Bhogal Boddh Vihar.

== Landmarks ==
{{notability|section|date=June 2013}}

* Jawed Habib Hair and Beauty
* Mediplex health
* Rama Tent House
* Sonu Electrical and Electronics
* Eros Cinema
* Om Hotel
* Hawker's House, aka Novelty Stores
* Kadimi Chaat
* Netram Puranmal
* Sanatan Dharam Mandir, (Gufa Wala) Pant Nagar
* Barbeque Nation
* Guru Ravi Das Mandir
* Mamta Garden House
* St. Micheal's Church
* Bodh Vihar
* Arya Samaj Mandir
* Design arch group
* Toys Gallery
* Haldiram's, EROS Cinema Ground Floor

== Transport links ==
[[File:Delhi districts.svg|200px|thumb|Districts of Delhi, with Jangpura in the [[South Delhi]] district]]
[[Jangpura (Delhi Metro)|Jangpura Station]] is on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]], which runs from [[Kashmere Gate metro station|Kashmere Gate]] to [[Raja Nahar Singh metro station|Raja Nahar Singh]]. It is the 4th underground station on the line. The entrance to the Metro station is next to Silver Oak Park, adjacent to the Pant Nagar Bus Stop on the east side of Tito Marg. The Pant Nagar Bus Stop has DTC bus services to [[Palam]], [[Greater Kailash]], Ambedkar Nagar, Delhi Main Railway Station, [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]], [[Safdarjung]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], among others. Jangpura is also served by Lajpat Nagar Station on the [[Delhi_Suburban_Railway#Delhi_Ring_Railway|Ring Railway]] service of the [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]. It also is close to the [[Hazrat Nizamuddin Railway Station]], which lies in [[Nizamuddin East]].

An exit for Jangpura is currently{{when?|date=February 2021}} being constructed on the Barapulla Elevated Highway, which was built in 2010 for the XIXth Commonwealth Games to link Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium with [[Sarai Kale Khan]] on the [[Outer Ring Road, Delhi|Outer Ring Road]].

== Vicinity ==
* [[Nizamuddin Dargah|Dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya in Nizamuddin West]]
* [[Humayun's Tomb|Tomb of Humayun, 2nd Mughal Emperor, a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]
* [[Chausath Khamba]], tomb of [[Mirza Aziz Koka]]
* [[Barakhamba]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
* [[Lodhi Gardens]]
* [[Khan Market]]
* [[Defence Colony]]
* [[Nizamuddin East]]

== Further reading ==
* [https://synchroni-cities.blogspot.com/2005/04/jangpura-as-palimpsest.html jangpura as a palimpsest, post by blogger Anand Vivek Taneja]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110808021730/http://mumbaikarindelhi.blogspot.com/2007/03/living-in-jangpura_09.html Blogger Lesley A. Esteves on the travails of renting in Jangpura]
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?228679 Outlook Traveller editor Kai Friese on the remaking of the old Eros cinema]
* [http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/the-bakers-of-kabul/573441/ Indian Express journalist Chinky Sinha on the Afghan bakers of Bhogal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014185429/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/the-bakers-of-kabul/573441/ |date=14 October 2012 }}
* [http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/article94184.ece Rahul Verma of The Hindu visits Bhogal's Kabul Restaurant]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121110111343/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/05/17/stories/2010051750300200.htm Rahul Verma again, on the sandwiches of Hawker's House]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{cite book |title=The other side of silence: voices from the partition of India|author=Urvashi Butalia|author-link= Urvashi Butalia|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|year=2000|isbn=1-85065-533-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBblSrPhkaUC&q=Jangpura&pg=PA19 |ref=Bh }}

{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]

Lists of members of the Lok Sabha by year

2026-03-11T04:07:20Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Stub.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
'''Lists of members of the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]]''' include:

* [[1st Lok Sabha]] 1952–1957,
**[[List of members of the 1st Lok Sabha]]
* [[2nd Lok Sabha]] 1957–1962,
**[[List of members of the 2nd Lok Sabha]]
* [[3rd Lok Sabha]] 1962–1967,
**[[List of members of the 3rd Lok Sabha]]
* [[4th Lok Sabha]] 1967–1971,
**[[List of members of the 4th Lok Sabha]]
* [[5th Lok Sabha]] 1971–1977,
**[[List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha]]
* [[6th Lok Sabha]] 1977–1980,
**[[List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha]]
* [[7th Lok Sabha]] 1980–1984,
**[[List of members of the 7th Lok Sabha]]
* [[8th Lok Sabha]] 1984–1989,
**[[List of members of the 8th Lok Sabha]]
* [[9th Lok Sabha]] 1989–1991,
**[[List of members of the 9th Lok Sabha]]
* [[10th Lok Sabha]] 1991–1996,
**[[List of members of the 10th Lok Sabha]]
* [[11th Lok Sabha]] 1996–1998,
**[[List of members of the 11th Lok Sabha]]
* [[12th Lok Sabha]] 1998–1999,
**[[List of members of the 12th Lok Sabha]]
* [[13th Lok Sabha]] 1999–2004,
**[[List of members of the 13th Lok Sabha]]
* [[14th Lok Sabha]] 2004–2009,
**[[List of members of the 14th Lok Sabha]]
* [[15th Lok Sabha]] 2009–2014,
**[[List of members of the 15th Lok Sabha]]
* [[16th Lok Sabha]] 2014–2019,
**[[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha]]
* [[17th Lok Sabha]] 2019–2024,
** [[List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha]]
* [[18th Lok Sabha]] 2024–2029,
** [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]

{{list of lists|politicians |listcat=Lists of members of the Lok Sabha}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Members of the Lok Sabha of India}}

Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-08T08:02:32Z

Nadeem Ahmed: starting a details.

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Chennai North
| map_image = chennai north lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Chennai North constituency, post-2008 delimitation
|established = 1957–present
|reservation=None
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|mp = [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Tiruvottiyur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruvottiyur]] [[Dr.Radhakrishnan Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]] [[Perambur (State Assembly Constituency)|Perambur]] [[Kolathur (Chennai) (State Assembly Constituency)|Kolathur]] [[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar ]] [[Royapuram (State Assembly Constituency)|Royapuram]]
|electors = 16,87,461<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>
}}
'''Chennai North''' is one of the three [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 2 of 39. Formerly it was known as ''Madras North''.

==Assembly segments==
===After 2009===
After delimitation, Chennai North consists of following constituencies
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|10
|[[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Chennai district|Chennai]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|11
|[[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
|None
|-
|12
|[[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur]]
|None
|-
|13
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|None
|-
|15
|[[Thiru. Vi. Ka. Nagar Assembly constituency|Thiru-Vi-Ka-Nagar]]
|SC
|-
|17
|[[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
|None
|-
|}

===1971 Delimitation (1977-2009)===
Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-08
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-31
}}</ref>

# [[Royapuram Assembly constituency|Royapuram]]
# [[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]] (moved to Chennai Central)
# [[Villivakkam Assembly constituency|Villivakkam]] (moved to Chennai Central)
# [[Perambur Assembly constituency|Perambur (SC)]]
# [[Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency|Thiruvottiyur]]
# [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar]]

==Members of the Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|----
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|----
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Dr P. Srinivasan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|----
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|----
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[A. V. P. Asaithambi]]
|----
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[G. Lakshmanan]]
|----
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[N. V. N. Somu]]
|----
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[D. Pandian]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|----
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[N. V. N. Somu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|----
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[C. Kuppusami]]
|----
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|----
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|----
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[T. K. S. Elangovan]]
|----
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[T. G. Venkatesh Babu]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.57}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|66.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|48.71}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Chennai North]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]]
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|votes = 497,333
|percentage = 55.11
|change = {{decrease}}6.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Manohar|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=158,111|percentage=17.52|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. C. Paul Kanagaraj|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=113,318|percentage=12.56|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amuthini Jayaprakash|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=95,954|percentage=10.63|change={{increase}}4.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=NOTA|votes=13,208|percentage=1.46|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 339,222
|percentage = 37.49
|change = {{decrease}}10.95
}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=902,489|percentage=60.11|change={{decrease}} 3.93}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,96,224 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kalanidhi Veeraswamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,90,986 |percentage=62.03 |change=27.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[R. Mohan Raj]]|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=1,29,468|percentage=13.59|change=3.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=A. G. Mourya|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=1,03,167|percentage=10.83|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Kaliyammal|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=60,515|percentage=6.35|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=P. Santhana Krishnan|party=Independent politician|votes=33,277|percentage=3.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None Of The Above|party=None of the above|votes=15,687|percentage=1.65|change=-0.31}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,61,518 |percentage=48.44 |change=37.27 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=9,52,770|percentage=64.04|change=1.29}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,87,681 |change =4.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. G. Venkatesh Babu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,06,704 |percentage=45.56 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Girirajan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,07,000 |percentage=34.39 |change=-8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Soundarapandian |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=86,989 |percentage=9.75 |change=-0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Biju Chacko |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,190 |percentage=2.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[U. Vasuki]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=23,751 |percentage=2.66 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=17,472 |percentage=1.96 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Nijam Mohaideen |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=14,585 |percentage=1.63 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Srinivason |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=6,819 |percentage=0.76 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. C. Pallanishamy |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,960 |percentage=0.56 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=99,704 |percentage=11.17 |change=8.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,92,642 |percentage=62.76 |change= -2.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,22,392 |change =39.91 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. K. S. Elangovan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,81,055 |percentage=42.60 |change=-19.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Pandian]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,61,902 |percentage=39.69 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Yuvaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=66,375 |percentage=10.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tamilisai Soundararajan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,350 |percentage=3.54 |change=-31.03 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,153 |percentage=2.90 |change=-24.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,16,663 |percentage=64.90 |change= 19.13 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=31|percentage=0.00 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,59,820 |change =-49.19 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Kuppusami]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,70,122 |percentage=62.25 |change=8.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. N. Sukumar Nambiar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,16,583 |percentage=34.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthu Gunasekaran |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,512 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,53,539 |percentage=27.68 |change=9.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,15,865 |percentage=45.77 |change= 1.98 }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=6|percentage=0.00 }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,00,866 |change =-1.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Kuppusami]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,71,101 |percentage=53.57 |change=-12.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. Soundararajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,11,312 |percentage=35.40 |change=27.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[J. M. Aaroon Rashid]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=81,192 |percentage=9.23 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,59,789 |percentage=18.17 |change=-27.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,79,473 |percentage=43.79 |change= -12.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,41,341 |change =8.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -12.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. Kuppusami]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,01,322 |percentage=47.11 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Sabapathy Mohan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,32,229 |percentage=39.00 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Soundara Rajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=50,590 |percentage=5.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. K. J. Bharathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,147 |percentage=5.53 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Devanathan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,085 |percentage=1.42 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kumarasamy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=4,100 |percentage=0.48 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=69,093 |percentage=8.11 |change=-37.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,51,847 |percentage=46.58 |change= -9.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,80,857 |change =21.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. V. N. Somu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,59,048 |percentage=66.11 |change=27.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Pandian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,69,431 |percentage=20.04 |change=-34.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. R. Varada Rajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=66,479 |percentage=7.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan V. Bharathamatha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,113 |percentage=2.26 |change=-0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Mahadevan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=16,143 |percentage=1.91 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,89,617 |percentage=46.07 |change=29.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,45,640 |percentage=55.85 |change= 0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,53,112 |change =14.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 11.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Pandian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,00,454 |percentage=54.61 |change=-0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aladi Aruna]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,81,936 |percentage=38.45 |change=-2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Muthukumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,856 |percentage=2.57 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Krishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,309 |percentage=2.36 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kalidass |party=Doordarshi Party |votes=3,646 |percentage=0.50 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Vellaiyan |party=Janata Party |votes=3,557 |percentage=0.49 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,18,518 |percentage=16.16 |change=2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,33,279 |percentage=55.13 |change= -5.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,58,695 |change =1.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[D. Pandian]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,45,197 |percentage=54.84 |change=9.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. V. N. Somu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,31,426 |percentage=40.83 |change=-11.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rama Muthukumar |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=21,537 |percentage=2.65 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,13,771 |percentage=14.02 |change=6.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,11,761 |percentage=60.91 |change= 9.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,45,150 |change =35.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[N. V. N. Somu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,61,941 |percentage=52.20 |change=-5.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Lakshmanan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,25,491 |percentage=44.93 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,450 |percentage=7.26 |change=-11.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,01,827 |percentage=51.33 |change= -19.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,91,099 |change =34.08 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Lakshmanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,97,268 |percentage=57.33 |change=3.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Abdul Khader |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,97,950 |percentage=38.18 |change=-6.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Indra Kumari |party=Independent politician |votes=16,378 |percentage=3.16 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=99,318 |percentage=19.15 |change=9.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,18,531 |percentage=71.31 |change= 16.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,39,196 |change =-13.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. V. P. Asaithambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,50,852 |percentage=54.26 |change=-0.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,05,749 |percentage=44.51 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=45,103 |percentage=9.76 |change=-1.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,62,301 |percentage=55.16 |change= -10.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,52,627 |change =23.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,45,401 |percentage=55.03 |change=-1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. G. Vinayagamoorthy |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,93,807 |percentage=43.46 |change=2.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zainuddin |party=Independent politician |votes=3,452 |percentage=0.77 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virandra Nath Bajpai |party=Independent politician |votes=3,294 |percentage=0.74 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=51,594 |percentage=11.57 |change=-3.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,45,954 |percentage=66.07 |change= -8.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,91,938 |change =25.74 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nanjil K. Manoharan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,27,783 |percentage=56.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,66,449 |percentage=41.15 |change=3.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Lingesan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,220 |percentage=2.53 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,334 |percentage=15.16 |change=12.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,04,452 |percentage=74.84 |change= 1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,50,302 |change =21.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 18.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. Seenivasan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,22,160 |percentage=37.67 |change=-5.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. K. A. Abdul Samad]] |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=1,13,311 |percentage=34.94 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai]] |party=Tamilnad Socialist Labour Party|votes=80,227 |percentage=24.74 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajamannar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,508 |percentage=1.70 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Ramanathan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,079 |percentage=0.95 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,849 |percentage=2.73 |change=-2.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,24,285 |percentage=73.73 |change= 34.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,52,645 |change =0.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -11.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Chennai North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. C. C. Anthony Pillai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=86,139 |percentage=48.71 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Chengalvarayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=76,141 |percentage=43.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Rajamannar Chattair |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=14,555 |percentage=8.23 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,998 |percentage=5.65 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,76,835 |percentage=39.30 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,49,968 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chennai]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070328231438/http://www.eci.gov.in/electionanalysis/GE/PartyCompWinner/S22/partycomp01.htm ECI, Chennai North]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190407184556/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/chennai_north/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Chennai North lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.160|80.245|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai North (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]

Bindaas (2008 film)

2026-03-03T21:40:19Z

Nadeem Ahmed: expand structure after review and cleaned formatting per sources

{{short description|2008 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bindaas
| image = Bindaas poster.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[D. Rajendra Babu]]
| screenplay = D. Rajendra Babu
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Malavalli Saikrishna
}}
| story = [[Janardhana Maharshi]]
| producer = M. Chandrashekar
| starring = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] [[Hansika Motwani]]
| music = [[Gurukiran]]
| cinematography = H. C. Venu
| editing = T. Shashikumar
| studio = Udayachandra Productions
| distributor = Jayanna Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2008|2|15}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Bindaas''''' ({{translation|Independent}}) is a [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by D. Rajendra Babu and produced by M. Chandrashekar under Udayachandra Productions. The film stars [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], alongside [[Hansika Motwani]] (in her Kannada debut), [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Rahul Dev]]. The soundtrack and score was composed by [[Gurukiran]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by H. C. Venu and T. Shashikumar respectively.

''Bindaas'' was released on 15 February 2008, received mixed-to-positive reviews, and became a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sspuneet/20080318.htm|title = Bindaas' Puneet on a roll}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Pandugadu'', in [[Hindi]] as ''Be Happy Bindaas'' and in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] as ''Baazi''. It was also reported to have been dubbed in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.indiaglitz.com/prithvi-to-malayalam-kannada-news-54785.html|title = Â PrithviÂ to Malayalam to Malayalam - Kannada News|date = 26 February 2010|access-date = 10 July 2021|archive-date = 30 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130214816/https://www.indiaglitz.com/prithvi-to-malayalam-kannada-news-54785.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> Despite being dubbed in Bhojpuri, it was remade as ''Hero'', making it the first Kannada film to be remade in that language.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movie-reviews/Hero/movie-review/15015932.cms|title = Hero Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Hero by Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shiva, a happy-go-lucky guy in [[Bangalore]], is summoned by [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Vikram Rathod. Vikram tells Shiva about Saleem Bhai, a notorious crime boss, and asks him to infiltrate Saleem's gang as a [[Informant|police informer]]. Shiva accepts and joins the gang of D, Saleem's trusted henchman. Shiva eliminates Saleem's gang under Vikram's orders and also catches Saleem's mole in the police department. Shiva's girlfriend Preethi sees Shiva at a shootout, where she mistakes him as a gangster in a shootout and breaks up with him. After capturing and bringing Saleem, Shiva is held at gunpoint by Vikram, who reveals that Preeti is his daughter. Vikram reveals that he was enraged about Shiva and Preethi's relationship earlier and wanted to separate them. Due to political pressure to nab Saleem, Vikram made Shiva the informer in order to make Preeti believe that Shiva was a gangster. After revealing this, Vikram is about to shoot Shiva, but Shiva escapes with Saleem and kidnaps Preeti, who reveals her father's treachery. D arrives at Shiva's hideout and frees Saleem. A shootout ensues in which Shiva kills D and Saleem. In the aftermath, Preethi happily reunites with Shiva.

==Cast==
* [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] as Shiva
* [[Hansika Motwani]] as Preethi
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Vikram Rathod, Preethi's father
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Saleem Bhai
* [[Rahul Dev]] as D
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Shiva's friend
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as [[Inspector|SI]]
* [[Dattanna]] as a priest
* [[Vanitha Vasu]]
* [[Prithviraj (Kannada actor)|Prithviraj]]
* [[Suman Ranganathan]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Kallu Mama"

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bindaas
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gurukiran]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2008|1|2|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:39
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|t4tDK6mJgo8|Official Audio Jukebox}}
}}

}}

[[Gurukiran]] composed the [[film score]] and [[soundtrack]], while the lyrics were penned by [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] and [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]. The soundtrack album consists of five tracks and was released on 2 January 2008 in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bindaas (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/bindaas-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1031210023|website=iTunes|date=January 2008|access-date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bindaas audio released|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2008/bindaas-audio-launch-040108.html|publisher=filmibeat.com|date=4 January 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922185611/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2008/bindaas-audio-launch-040108.html|archivedate=22 September 2015 }}</ref> The song "Thara Thara Onthara" samples the post-chorus of "[[My Number One]]".

{{Track listing
| total_length = 22:39
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Gubbachi Goodinalli
| extra1 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sowmya Raoh]]
| length1 = 4:48
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| title2 = Bengalooru Mangalooru
| extra2 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| length2 = 4:12
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| title3 = Kallu Mama
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]], [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| length3 = 3:51
| lyrics3 = Kaviraj
| title4 = Nalle Nalle
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| length4 = 4:48
| lyrics4 = Kaviraj
| title5 = Thara Thara Onthara
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length5 = 4:50
| lyrics5 = Kaviraj
| all_writing =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The director has stuck to the old formula of five songs, a couple of dishum dishum sequences combined with soppy sentimentality."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/bindaas/movie-review/2787006.cms|title=Bindaas Movie Review|website=The Times of India}}</ref> ''India Forums'' wrote "''Bindaas'' is a passable entertainer, but the action flick could have done with punchy dialogues from Malavalli Sai Krishna."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/bindaas-an-action-flick-that-lacks-punchkannada-film-review_4372|title='Bindaas' - an action flick that lacks punch|website=India Forums}}</ref> RGV of ''Nowrunning'' wrote "Bindaas may be lapped up by ardent Puneet Rajkumar fans, but in totality it lacks the elements of a good action entertainer."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/4547/kannada/bindaas/1506/review.htm|title=Bindaas Kannada Movie Review|website=Nowrunning |date=18 February 2008 }}</ref> R. G. Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' praised Puneeth Rajkumar's performance, "superbly executed fights", cinematography and music, but criticized its script and dialogues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2008/feb/18ssbindaas.html|title=Bindaas: Puneet's show all the way|website=Rediff}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5762158}}
* {{Official website|https://web.archive.org/web/20080112114553/http://chitraloka.com/bindaas}} (archived)

{{D. Rajendra Babu}}

[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:2008 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2008 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by D. Rajendra Babu]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Run Antony

2026-03-03T21:33:24Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Created A Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Run Antony
| image = Run Antony.jpg
| caption = Official Poster
| director = Raghu Shastri
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] [[Yuva Rajkumar|Guru Rajkumar]]
| writer = Raghu Shastri
| screenplay = Raghu Shastri
| starring = [[Vinay Rajkumar]] [[Rukshar Dhillon]] Sushmita Joshi
| narrator =
| music = [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cinematography = Manohar Joshi
| editing =
| studio = Vajreshwari Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2016|07|08}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Run Antony''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[action thriller]] film written and directed by Raghu Shastri, making his debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/2125-director-raghu-shastry.html|title=Run Anthony Launched|publisher=Chitraloka|date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]], [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] and [[Yuva Rajkumar|Guru Rajkumar]] under Vajreshwari Hospitality banner,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmcultr.com/guru-rajkumar-to-produce-run-anthony/|title=Guru Rajkumar to produce Run Anthony|publisher= Film Cult|accessdate= 13 March 2016}}</ref> the film stars [[Vinay Rajkumar]] and debutants Sushmita Joshi and [[Rukshar Dhillon]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/actress-rukhsar-to-romance-vinay-rajkumar-in-run-antony-208607.html|title=Rukhsar To Romance Vinay Rajkumar In 'Run Antony|publisher=Filmibeat|date=16 December 2015}}</ref> The film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[Manikanth Kadri]] whilst the cinematography is by Manohar Joshi.

The filming has taken place from December 2015 and took a stretch of 60 days to complete. The film released on 8 July 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13039-run-anthony-shooting-completed.html|title=Run Anthony Shooting Completed|publisher=Chitraloka|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Vinay Rajkumar]] as Antony D'souza
* [[Rukshar Dhillon|Rukhsar Dhillon]] as Yashu/Yashwini
* Sushmita Joshi as Kannika
* [[Devaraj]] as Nazeem Khan (Intelligence Officer)
* [[Sridhar (Kannada actor)|K. S. Sridhar]]
* [[Saikumar (actor, born 1960)|Sai Kumar]] as Intelligence Journalist (Guest Appearance)
* [[H. G. Dattatreya]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Shailaja Joshi]]

==Production==

===Development===
Raghu Shastri, a former assistant to Bollywood director [[Anurag Kashyap]] was approached by [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] to direct the script which he had made ready. Actor Vinay found the script interesting and agreed to star in the film choosing this as his second venture after the success of his first film ''[[Siddhartha (2015 film)|Siddhartha]]'' (2015). The script is said to have a blend of both romance and thriller concepts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Run-Antony-will-be-Vinays-Second-Outing/2015/11/16/article3129888.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214010759/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Run-Antony-will-be-Vinays-Second-Outing/2015/11/16/article3129888.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 December 2015|title=Run Antony will be Vinay's Second Outing|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=16 November 2015|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> Early reports suggested the film would launch in November 2015 which eventually got postponed to December 2015.

===Casting===
Soon after selecting Raghu Shastry to direct the film, producer Raghavendra Rajkumar along with his actor son Vinay Rajkumar went on to search for the two female leads by browsing through around 500 photographs. They finalized Rukhsar Mir and Sushmita Joshi to play the roles. While Rukhsar hails from Darjeeling and doing her studies in Bangalore, Sushmita also is from Northern India. Veteran actor [[Devaraj]] was roped in to play an important supporting role.

==Soundtrack==
[[Manikanth Kadri]] has composed the score and original soundtrack for the film. Actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] has recorded a song for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2015/puneeth-rajkumar-to-sing-for-vinay-rajkumar-next-run-antony-208662.html|title=Puneeth Rajkumar To Sing For Run Antony|publisher=Filmibeat|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jhanak Jhanak
| length1 = 03:39
| lyrics1 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra1 = [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| title2 =Kanna Kareyu
| length2 =05:10
| lyrics2 =Raghu Shastri
| extra2 =[[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| title3 =Marula
| length3 =04:46
| lyrics3 =Jayant Kaikini
| extra3 =[[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Supriya Lohith]]
| title4 =Run Antony Yuva Mash Up
| length4 =02:56
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =Keerthan Holla, Aravind Mukundan
| title5 =Run Run Run
| length5 =03:57
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], [[Varijashree Venugopal]]
| title6 =Summane
| length6 =05:08
| lyrics6 =Raghu Shastri
| extra6 =[[Javed Ali]]
| total_length =25:36
}}

==Reception==
The Hindu said running with Antony was tiresome.<ref name=skjrev>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/run-antony-review-running-with-antony-is-tiresome/article8827248.ece
|title=Running with Antony is tiresome
|accessdate=16 August 2016
|last=Nathan
|first= Archana
|date= 9 July 2016
|work=The Hindu |location=India
}}</ref> The Deccan chronicle rated 2 stars to the movie and reviewed the movie as a frustrating experience<ref name=skdc>{{cite news
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/090716/run-antony-movie-review-a-frustrating-experience.html
|title=A frustrating experience!
|access-date=16 August 2016
|last=SM
|first= Shashiprasad
|date= 9 July 2016
|work=Deccan Chronicle |location=India
}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5872120}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Run Anthony}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]

Manathile Oru Paattu

2026-03-03T04:50:42Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Stub.

{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Gnanamozhi
| writer = Gnanamozhi S. Mugilan (dialogues)
| producer = S. Govindaraj P. Ravindran P. Gnanamozhi Murugan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]]|[[Saradha Preetha]]|Sukran}}
| cinematography = J. V. Suresh
| editing = K. Thanikachalam
| music = Ilayagangai
| studio = Mozhi Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|03|03}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Manathile Oru Paattu''''' ({{translation|A song in heart}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Gnanamozhi in his debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=19 March 2014 |title=Audio Beat: Thiraipada Nagaram – Cinema on cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiraipada-nagaram-cinema-on-cinema/article5804861.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240227131904/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiraipada-nagaram-cinema-on-cinema/article5804861.ece |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], [[Saradha Preetha]] and Sukran, with [[Raghuvaran]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], [[Chinni Jayanth]] and [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 3 March 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manadhile Oru Pattu ( 1995 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1924 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825233715/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1924 |archive-date=2004-08-25 |access-date=2016-11-10 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anand is a college student living with his friend Akbar in a small lodge, Anand doesn't have family and he has to take a part-time job to finance his studies. At the beginning of the college year, he meets Jyothi and Sukran. Jyothi is from a rich family, she lives with her mother and maternal uncle Ashok while Sukran is a disruptive student. Sukran spends time [[eve teasing]] the college girls with his friends during the day, and drank alcohol at the local bar the night. Soon, Anand and Jyothi become good friends, they slowly fall in love with each other but they are unable to reveal their love. Sukran is in love with Jyothi too. One day, Jyothi helps Anand to pay his college fees. Being jealous of their friendship, Sukran starts to get into a fight with Anand at the college. Jyothi stops their fight and she claims that she is in love with Anand. Sukran then informs Jyothi's family that Jyothi is in love with her college mate Anand. Her family refuses to let her go to college and locks her inside her room. Her uncle decides to marry her and her mother advises Jyothi to forget Anand.

In the past, when Jyothi was studying in [[Ooty]], Jyothi's sister Gayathri and the poor man Raja fell in love with each other. Jyothi's father Rajadurai was hell bent to save his family's prestige at any cost, so he sent henchmen to beat up Raja. James intervened and saved Raja from the henchmen. James then pleaded Rajadurai to accept for their marriage but Rajadurai refused. James was later killed by Rajadurai's henchmen, whereas Gayathri and Raja were brutally murdered by Rajadurai, therefore Rajadurai was sent to jail.

Anand is determined to marry Jyothi. His college mates including Sukran decide to help the lovers. What transpires next forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]] as Anand
*[[Saradha Preetha]] as Jyothi
*Sukran as Sukran
*[[Raghuvaran]] as James (guest appearance)
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Rajadurai (guest appearance)
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Professor of Psychology
*[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Chinni
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]] as Jyothi's mother
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Mayilu
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]]
*Asha
*Sujatha
*Kumaresan
*Rajesh
*Viswanath
*Vijay
*Gemini Sridhar
*Erode Suresh
*Venkatesh
*Pazhani
*[[Peter Hein]] as student
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by Ilayagangai, with lyrics written by Kalaivanan Kannadasan, Sembaiah and Manimudi and the director Gnanamozhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manathile Oru Paattu Tamil Audio Cassette By Ilaiyagangai |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/manathile-oru-paattu-tamil-audio-cassette-by-ilaiyagangai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227133604/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/manathile-oru-paattu-tamil-audio-cassette-by-ilaiyagangai/ |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=Banumass}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2022 |title=Manadhil Oru Paattu |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/manadhil-oru-paattu/PSUJVgZveFA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206052658/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/manadhil-oru-paattu/PSUJVgZveFA |archive-date=6 December 2022 |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Azhagiya Poonkuruvie" || Mohandas, [[Uma Ramanan]] || 5:01
|-
| "College Pogum Ponne" || Mano, Sudharsan || 4:23
|-
| "Kanne Azhagiya" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:47
|-
| "Manathil Oru Paattu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:50
|-
| "Oru Kaadhal Raagam" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Minmini]] || 4:26
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pagadi Aattam

2026-03-03T03:14:53Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Created A Article

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Ram K. Chandran}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pagadi Aattam
| image = Pagadi Aattam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = Ram K. Chandran
| producer = T. S. Kumar K. Ramaraj D. Subas Chandrabose A. Gunasekar
| writer =
| starring = [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] [[Gowri Nandha]] Surendar Monica [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]]
| music = [[Karthik Raja]]
| cinematography = Krishnasamy
| editing = K. Sreenivas
| studio = Marram Movies Bharani Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|02|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pagadi Aattam''''' ({{translation|Chess Game}}) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language [[crime film]] written and directed by Ram K. Chandran. Featuring [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]], [[Gowri Nandha]], Surendar Shanmugam, [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]], Monica and, the film's score and soundtrack is composed by [[Karthik Raja]] and cinematography is done by [[E. Krishnasamy]]. The film began production during early 2016 and was released on 17 February 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury- Feb 17 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-feb-17-news-tamil-rcrjNEdgcifad.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217155205/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-feb-17-news-tamil-rcrjNEdgcifad.html |archive-date=17 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Surya is a rich spoiled brat, who is also a playboy. He has many girlfriends, whose names are saved in his phone as noodles, lemon, coffee etc. On his way to pick one of his girlfriends, he is kidnapped. He wakes up in a small confined box, with a phone inside. Later, Surya gets a call from the kidnapper. Surya demands the terms to set him free. The kidnapper asks him to cut off his private part within an hour's time.

An hour later the kidnapper calls back but Surya has not done as he was instructed. Surya begs the kidnapper for his release. The kidnapper asks if Surya remembers the sins he has committed and how many women he has ruined so far. Then Surya remembers the name of a girl named Kousalya, an innocent poor girl whom he had cheated in the name of love and recorded their intimate video. After which the girl commits suicide.

Meanwhile, the Investigating Officer Devendra Kumar takes up this case. Using his skill, he tracks down the history of Surya and finds out that he is a womaniser and is responsible for the death of Kousalya. He also finds out that Kousalya's sister is the kidnapper. But he tells her that Surya doesn't deserve to live and lets him die in the box, which is shown to be buried deep underground in a far away place.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] as ACP Devendrakumar
* [[Gowri Nandha]] as Indrani
* Surendar Shanmugam as Surya
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]] as Kausalya
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Karthikeyan, Surya's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Surya's mother
* [[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree]] as Kausalya's mother
* [[Akhil (Tamil actor)|Akhil]] as Surya's friend
* Boys Rajan as Commissioner Vijaya Sundaram
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as John
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Domestic worker
* V. M. Subburaj as Police constable
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as Police constable
* Sahana Shetty as Gayathri
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film's director Ram k Chandrran, this is filmy name his original name k. Ramaraj, one of the producer also in this movie, an erstwhile assistant to filmmakers [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] and [[R. Selvaraj (screenwriter)|Selvaraj]], revealed that the film would focus on the dark side of advent of technology and would explore cyber crime.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2016 |title=Rahman dons khaki |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020316/rahman-dons-khaki.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222112719/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/020316/rahman-dons-khaki.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''Pagadi Aattam'' completed its shoot by October 2015, with actor [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] appearing as a police officer in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Naveena |date=6 October 2015 |title=Rahman ready to experiment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-rahman-signs-a-movie-by-21yearold-debutant-director/article7730560.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717064101/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/actor-rahman-signs-a-movie-by-21yearold-debutant-director/article7730560.ece |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=22 February 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Following the shoot, the film was put on hold as it could not find a distributor.

The makers prepared the film for release in early 2017 following the success of Rahman's other project, ''[[Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru]]'' (2016), which had also featured him as a police officer. Rahman was subsequently featured as the centrepiece of the promotions, with the makers trying to bank on the similarity of his character to his previous film. However, the actor chose not to promote the film leading up to its release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2017 |title=Second innings |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Second-innings/article17111608.ece |access-date=22 February 2017 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2017 |title=A call that made Rahman emotional |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120117/a-call-that-made-rahman-emotional.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222133248/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120117/a-call-that-made-rahman-emotional.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2017 |title=Pagadi Aatam – a film on cyber-crime |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280117/pagadi-aatam-a-film-on-cyber-crime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222115120/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280117/pagadi-aatam-a-film-on-cyber-crime.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pagadi Aattam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Karthik Raja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 February 2017
| recorded = 2015–16
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| language = Tamil
| label = Orange Music
| producer = [[Karthik Raja]]
| prev_title = [[Padaiveeran]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Maadathy]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Karthik Raja]], while the audio rights of the film was acquired by Orange Music. The album released on 2 February 2017 and featured two songs.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =
| title1 = Pookkal Methile
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Raja]]
| extra1 = Archana Nandakumar
| length1 = 1:40
| title2 = Vachale Kaiye
| lyrics2 = Vijay Saagar
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 3:28
}}

==Release==
The film opened on 17 February 2017 to mixed reviews, with the critic from [[The Times of India]] stating ''Pagadi Aattam'' is "partly inspired from the Hollywood flick ''[[Buried (film)|Buried]]'', the story and its execution falls flat" and that "the technical aspects, too, hardly offer anything to cheer about".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pagadi Aattam Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pagadi-aattam/movie-review/57233867.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221174034/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pagadi-aattam/movie-review/57233867.cms |archive-date=21 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The [[Deccan Chronicle]] stated it is a "movie which is watchable once" adding that "post interval it picks up momentum after the entry of Rahman".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Pagadi Aattam movie review: A one time watch for Rahman's cop act |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180217/pagadi-aattam-movie-review-a-one-time-watch-for-rahmans-cop-act.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222044157/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180217/pagadi-aattam-movie-review-a-one-time-watch-for-rahmans-cop-act.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Giving a negative review, Indiaglitz.com stated "venture into this game at your own risk if only to receive some relevant messages for today's youth" and labelled the film as a "mess".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pagadi Aattam review. Pagadi Aattam Tamil movie review, story, rating |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pagadi-aattam-tamil-movie-review-21306.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110246/http://www.indiaglitz.com/pagadi-aattam-tamil-movie-review-21306.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The film took a low profile opening at the box office and went largely unnoticed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Pagadi Aattam box office collection |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pagadi-aattam/pagadi-aattam-box-office-feb-19.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222110157/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/pagadi-aattam/pagadi-aattam-box-office-feb-19.html |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |publisher=behindwoods.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6567380}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Karthik Raja]]
[[Category:2017 thriller films]]

Kerala Congress (B)

2026-03-01T10:16:21Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{Other uses|Kerala Congress (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian Political Party
| party_name = Kerala Congress (B)
| party_logo = [[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|200px|border]]
| colorcode = #CC6654
|abbreviation = KC (B)
| founder = [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
|chairperson =[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] (official) Usha Mohandas (splinter group)
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1977}}
| split = [[Kerala Congress]]
| alliance = [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] (1977 – 1982, 2015 – present) [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] (1982–2014) Independent (2014 – 2015)
| publication =
| symbol =
| headquarters = P. T. Chacko Smaraka Mandiram, S. S. Kovil Road, [[Thampanoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]-695001, [[Kerala]]
|ideology = [[Democratic socialism]]
|position = [[Left-wing]]
| website =
|eci = Registered-Unrecognized
|state_seats_name = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|1|140|hex=#CC6600}}
| no_states = {{Composition bar|1|31|hex=#CC6600}}
}}

'''Kerala Congress (B)''' [Abbr. KC(B)] is a registered political party in Kerala, formed by [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]], a former minister of the government of Kerala. At present, the party has one MLA in the state [[Legislative Assembly]], namely [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], a well-known film actor and son of [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]], who had represented the [[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram constituency]] in [[Kollam district|Kollam District]] since 2001. The KC(B) is the part of [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]].

== History ==
The party was formed in 1977, following the split in [[Kerala Congress]] that occurred after the death of [[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]] due to differences that arose between [[K. M. Mani]] and [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2020|title=The long history of Kerala Congress splits & factions, from Mani to son|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-long-history-of-kerala-congress-splits-factions-from-mani-to-son-6843627/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The party was a constituent of [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] on formation. Later it moved to [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]] and became a part of the [[Third Karunakaran ministry]]. The party chief R. Balakrishna Pillai was the minister of Transport in that ministry. During this period Pillai's home turf [[Kottarakkara]] got developed as a major [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] hub of the state.

In 1985, the [[K. M. Mani|Mani]], [[P. J. Joseph|Joseph]] and Pillai led KC(B) merged to form [[Kerala Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Congress News, Candidates list, Manifesto and Top Stories {{!}} Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/kerala-congress|access-date=20 April 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> In 1987, [[K. M. Mani|Mani]] broke away from this merger and left the coalition government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=PILLAI|first=K. RAMAN|title=The Significance of the 1987 Elections|date=1989|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855435|journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science|volume=50|issue=3|pages=293–306|jstor=41855435|issn=0019-5510}}</ref> However Pillai stayed with Joseph till 1989 and the KC(B) was revived again in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 October 2020|title=The long history of Kerala Congress splits & factions, from Mani to son|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-long-history-of-kerala-congress-splits-factions-from-mani-to-son-6843627/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> In 1995, [[Joseph M. Puthussery]] faction split and parted ways with Kerala Congress (B).<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Kerala Congress mastered the art of split and rise|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2019/06/17/kerala-congress-organic-party-split-growth.html|access-date=20 April 2021|website=OnManorama}}</ref>

In 2015, KC (B) joined [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] by leaving the [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=KC(B) Leader Pillai Quits as FC Panel Chief|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/kcb-leader-pillai-quits-as-fc-panel-chief/878899|access-date=20 April 2021|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

On 3 May 2021, [[R. Balakrishna Pillai]] passes away due to age-related ailments. From 2017 onwards, he had been serving as the chairman of the Kerala State Welfare Corporation for Forward Communities, with cabinet rank. After Pillai's death, the State committee elected [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as party chairman on 10 May 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-politician-r-balakrishna-pillai-passes-away/article34469669.ece|title=Kerala Congress (B) chairman R. Balakrishna Pillai passes away|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 May 2021}}</ref>

== Performance in elections ==
The party chief, R. Balakrishna Pillai was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1971 and the State Assembly nine times since 1960 (1965, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1987, 1991,1996, 2001). However, in the [[Elections in 2006|2006 election]] he was defeated by a little-known opponent belonging to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]].

His son [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar|Ganesh Kumar]], a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] and [[Television|television actor]], made his electoral debut in 2001, when he was elected from [[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)]]. It was the election that the KC(B) reached its highest tally of 2 members in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. Ganesh went on to become [[Minister for Transport|Transport Minister]] in the [[Third Antony ministry]]. In a brief period of 2 years as minister he earned wide popularity for giving face-lift to the loss making [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 September 2002|title=Forced Facelift Brings Fortune To Kerala's Public Transport|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/forced-facelift-brings-fortune-to-keralas-public-transport/58716/|access-date=20 April 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003 Ganesh resigned and Pillai became the minister.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Mar 6, 2003|title=Ganesh resigns to make his father minister {{!}} Thiruvananthapuram News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/ganesh-resigns-to-make-his-father-minister/articleshow/39485274.cms|access-date=20 April 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Ganesh is currently the Acting Chairman of the Kerala Congress (B).

Ganesh won the [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] and was the Minister for Forest, Sports, and Cinema in the second Oommen Chandy Ministry from 2011 to 2013. He had to resign following complaints from his wife regarding domestic violence.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2013|title=Ganesh Kumar quits as Minister|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/ganesh-kumar-quits-as-minister/article4570744.ece|access-date=20 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Party fielded two candidates in the 2011 election to the Kerala Assembly. N. N. Murali, a well known surgeon, is the party's candidate from Kottarakkara. Ganesh Kumar achieved a hat-trick win from the Pathanapuram constituency. But Murali was defeated by his relative and LDF candidate [[P. Aisha Potty]] and only Ganesh Kumar could become MLA.

In 2015, the party left UDF and joined LDF. Ganesh Kumar again contested from Pathanapuram in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], and won for a fourth consecutive time, this time defeating another famous film actor [[Jagadish]] by a huge margin. Pathanapuram constituency got statewide attention in those elections as the three major contestants from the constituency were all film actors – [[Ganesh Kumar]], [[Jagadish]] and [[Bheeman Raghu]].

In the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]], the party is contesting from only one seat under the [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]], in the Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency) with Ganesh Kumar as the candidate.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Kerala Legislative Assembly election results
|-
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | Election Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | Alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | Total Votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | Percentage of votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}};color:white" | ± Vote
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|67,276
|0.32%
|{{decrease}} 0.05%
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|74,429
|0.37%
|{{decrease}} 0.35%
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|124,898
|0.72%
|{{decrease}} 0.10%
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|95,710
|0.62%
|{{decrease}} 0.10%
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|2|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|113,915
|0.72%
|{{increase}} 0.08%
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|91,968
|0.64%
|{{increase}} 0.31%
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|47,122
|0.33%
|{{decrease}} 0.47%
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|2
|{{Composition bar|1|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|76,758
|0.80%
|{{decrease}} 3.73%
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Left Democratic Front|LDF]]
|15
|{{Composition bar|2|140|{{party color|Kerala Congress (B)}}}}
|397,814
|4.53%
|''New''
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian political parties}}
{{Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}

[[Category:Kerala Congress Parties]]
[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1977]]

Qissa Khwani massacre

2026-02-27T08:22:23Z

Nadeem Ahmed: expand citations per standard format based on references

{{Short description|Event during the independence movement in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
|title=Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre {{lang|ps|د قصه خوانۍ بازار خونړۍ پېښه}}
|image=BritishIndianArmysoldiers.jpg
|caption= British Indian troops in Peshawar during the demonstrations
|location=[[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(Present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])}}
|target= ''[[Khudai Khidmatgar]]'' protestors
|date={{start date and age|1930|4|23|df=yes}}
|time-begin=
|url=
|time-end=
|timezone=
|type= [[Massacre]]
|fatalities=*20 demonstrators killed according to official reports
*400 demonstrators killed according to local sources<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/299566 |title=Peshawar: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered |date=24 April 2008 |publisher=Dawn.com |access-date=24 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201709/https://www.dawn.com/news/299566 |archive-date=10 April 2018}}</ref>
| perpetrators=[[British Indian Army]]
|publisher=
|accessdate=
|last=
|first=
}}

The '''Qissa Khwani massacre'''<ref name="Old Name of Khwani">{{cite book |last1=Yunus |first1=Mohammed |title=Persons, Passions & Politics |date=1980 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-7069-1017-6 |page=6}}</ref> ({{langx|ps|د قصه خوانۍ بازار خوڼۍ پېښه}}) in [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British India]] (modern day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]) on 23 April 1930 was an armoured [[vehicle-ramming attack]] and [[mass shooting]] of the unarmed civilian [[Freedom fighter|freedom fighters]] by the British colonial troops, which consequently became one of the defining moments of the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement in British India]].

It was the first major confrontation between the [[British Indian Army]] and demonstrators in the city belonging to Abdul Ghaffar Khan's non-violent [[Khudai Khidmatgar]] (servants of God) movement against the British colonial government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/massacre-at-qissa-khwani-bazaar-1930/|title=Massacre at Qissa Khwani Bazaar, 1930|date=28 April 2017|access-date=30 May 2020|archive-date=22 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422062814/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/massacre-at-qissa-khwani-bazaar-1930/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Contemporary estimates put the death toll between the official count of 20 and the figure of 400 put forth by Pakistani and Indian sources.<ref name="auto"/> The shooting of unarmed people triggered protests across British India and catapulted the newly formed Khudai Khidmatgar movement into prominence.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qissa Khwani's tale of tear and blood |first=Kazi |last=Sarwar |date=20 April 2002 |url=http://www.statesman.com.pk/ |publisher=Statesman.com.pk |access-date=16 April 2007 |archive-date=13 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070413014610/http://www.statesman.com.pk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Background==
The ''Khudai Khidmatgar'' (literally ''Helpers in the name of God''), led by [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], were a group of Muslims committed to the removal of British colonial rule through non-violent methods. On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested after giving a speech in Utmanzai urging resistance to British colonial rule. Ghaffar Khan's reputation for uncompromising integrity and commitment to non-violence inspired most of the local townspeople to take the oath of membership and join the ''Khudai Khidmatgar'' in protest.<ref name="johansen">Johansen, p. 62.</ref>

Simultaneous demonstrations were led by a cross section of civil society in and around Peshawar, led by Maulana Abdur Rahim Popalzai against discriminatory laws like the [[Frontier Crimes Regulation]] against the people of the province.

==Clashes==
After other ''Khudai Khidmatgar'' leaders were arrested, a large crowd of the group gathered at the Qissa Khwani bazaar. As troops of the British Indian Army (BIA) moved into the bazaar, the crowd was loud and stones were thrown. A BIA dispatch rider was killed and his body burned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Riots in Peshawar, 1930 (NAM. 1977-02-39-2) |type=photo |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1977-02-39-2 |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> Two BIA armored cars drove into the square at high speed, killing several people. It is claimed that the crowd continued their commitment to non-violence, offering to disperse if they could gather their dead and injured, and if the British Indian Army left the square. The BIA refused to leave, so the protesters remained with the dead and injured.<ref name=johansen/> At that point, the BIA officers present ordered their troops to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd.<ref name="habib">"Civil Disobedience 1930-31". Social Scientist (September – October 1997) (Social Scientist, Vol. 25, No. 9/10) 25 (9–10): pp. 43–66. {{doi|10.2307/3517680}}. Retrieved 2007-12-03.</ref> The Khudai Khidmatgar members willingly faced bullets, responding without violence. Instead, many members repeated "God is great"(اللہُ اکبر) and clutched the [[Quran|Qur'an]] as they were shot.<ref name=johansen/>

[[File:Qissakhwanibazaarmassacre.jpg|thumb|left|British Indian Army soldiers in Peshawar during the demonstrations]]

The exact number of deaths remains controversial— official figures give 20 dead<ref>The Times 28 April 1930</ref> while nationalist sources claimed several hundred were killed, with many more wounded. Two platoons of a respected British Indian Army regiment, the [[The Garhwal Rifles|Royal Garhwal Rifles]], refused to board buses that were to take them into Peshawar for anti-riot duty.<ref>{{cite book|first=Philip|last=Mason|pages=451–452|title=A Matter of Honour|isbn=978-0-333-41837-6|year=1986|publisher=Macmillan }}</ref> A British civil servant wrote later that "hardly any regiment of the Indian Army won greater glory in the Great War (World War I) than the Garhwal Rifles, and the defection of part of the regiment sent shock waves through India, of apprehension to some, of exultation to others."<ref name=johansen/> The NCOs of the two platoons, including one led by Hawaldar Major Chandra Singh Garhwali, involved were sentenced to terms of up to eight years imprisonment.<ref name=habib/>

The violence continued for six hours. [[Gene Sharp]], who has written a study of [[nonviolent resistance]], describes the scene on that day:
<blockquote>When those in front fell down wounded by the shots, those behind came forward with their chests bared and exposed themselves to the fire, so much so that some people got as many as twenty-one bullet wounds in their bodies, and all the people stood their ground without getting into a panic. . . . The [[Anglo-Indian]] paper of [[Lahore]], which represents the official view, itself wrote to the effect that the people came forward one after another to face the firing and when they fell wounded they were dragged back and others came forward to be shot at. This state of things continued from 11 till 5 o'clock in the evening. When the number of corpses became too many, the ambulance cars of the government took them away.</blockquote>

==Aftermath==
In Peshawar and the surrounding area, the ''Khudai Khidmatgar'' experienced some of the most extreme crackdowns against the [[Indian independence movement]]. Ghaffar Khan later wrote that this was because the British colonial government thought a non-violent Pashtun was more dangerous than a violent one; claiming that this led them to repeatedly provoke the movement into becoming violent, with little effect.<ref name=johansen/>

The massacre created numerous instances of unrest throughout British India. This resulted in [[King George VI]] (Emperor of India) launching a legal investigation into this matter. The British Commission brought the case forward to Chief Justice Naimatullah Chaudhry, a distinguished Judge of the Lucknow protectorate.

King George VI subsequently knighted Naimatullah Chaudhry. Naimatullah personally surveyed the area of [[massacre]] and published a 200-page report criticizing the actions of the British Indian Army.

Olaf Caroe, then secretary to the Chief Commissioner, gave the following report of the event ("Public and Judicial Department. Civil Disobedience Campaign in NWFP. Response to Patel allegations". British Library reference number L/PJ/6/2007):<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shamsie|first1=Kamila|title=A God in Every Stone|date=2014|publisher=Bloomsbury|location=London|isbn=978-1408847206}}</ref>

<blockquote>
″I received a note on 23rd April evening from Sir Norman Bolton asking me to do what I could to arrange for the burial of as many of the casualties as possible during the night, in order to avoid the danger of a fresh riot occurring over the funeral procession. I spoke to R.S. Mehr Chand Khanna and asked him to bring me some of the leading Khilafists at the Municipal Library. He brought M. Abdurrab Nishtar; M. Ataullah Jan, Municipal Commissioner; M. Aurangzeb Khan, Vakil; Qazi Mohd Aslam, Vakil.

I informed these persons what was required and asked for their co-operation as peace-loving citizens and good Muslims. They agreed to do what they could and asked me to arrange for lorries, saying they would persuade the relatives to agree. I arranged for lorries through Shahji – one of C.C.’s orderlies – who is I believe a Peshawari and a Syed. During the night in this way we sent away seven or eight bodies in lorries. Some of them had no relatives and arrangements were made to pay for a mullah and to carry through the obsequies with all regard to religious rites. The next day Qazi Mohd Aslam came to see me and said that he was making himself unpopular by assisting in the matter. He gave me to understand that he could do no more. I fancy that the association of these four men with the action taken will put an end to any attempt to make capital of the incident.″
</blockquote>

==See also==

* Massacre of Indian civilians by British Colonisers
** [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
** [[Munshiganj Raebareli massacre]]
** [[Salanga massacre]]
** [[Spin Tangi massacre]]
** [[Takkar massacre]]
** [[Vellaloor massacre]]
** [[Vidurashwatha massacre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63231/page/n1 ''Indian National Congress Peshawar Enquiry Committee'']. Working Committee of the Indian National Congress. Bombay: Government Press (1930)
*{{cite journal |last=Habib |first=Irfan |author-link=Irfan Habib |title=Civil Disobedience 1930-31 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9–10 |pages=43–66 |date=September–October 1997|doi=10.2307/3517680 |jstor=3517680 }}
*Popalzai, Dr Abdul Jalil (24 April 2004). [https://archive.today/20130127064017/http://khyberwatch.com/nandara/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=364&Itemid=38 The KhyberWatch]. Last accessed 26 February 2008
*{{cite journal |last=Johansen |first=Robert C. |title=Radical Islam and Nonviolence: A Case Study of Religious Empowerment and Constraint Among Pashtuns |journal=Journal of Peace Research |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=53–71 |year=1997 |doi=10.1177/0022343397034001005|s2cid=145684635 }}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Indian independence movement}}

[[Category:1930 protests]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1930]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1930]]
[[Category:20th century in North-West Frontier Province]]
[[Category:Massacres in British India]]
[[Category:Massacres in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres committed by the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mass murders in Peshawar]]
[[Category:Political repression in British India]]
[[Category:Massacres of protesters in Asia]]
[[Category:1930 in India]]
[[Category:1930 in British India]]
[[Category:April 1930 in Asia]]
[[Category:1930 murders in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in Pakistan]]

Attar

2026-02-26T13:06:09Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{short description|Types of essential oils}}
{{other uses|Attar (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}

[[File:Minyak atar (attar) yang dijual di dataran puncak Jabal Rahmah, Mekah.jpg|thumb|Attar being sold at the top of [[Mount Arafat|Jabale Rahmah]], [[Mecca]].]]

'''Attar''', also known as '''ittar''', is an [[essential oil]] derived from botanical or other natural sources. Most commonly these oils are extracted via [[Steam distillation|hydrodistillation or steam distillation]]. Attar can also be expressed by chemical means but generally natural perfumes which qualify as attars are distilled with water. The oils are generally distilled into a wood base such as sandalwood and then aged. The aging period can last from one to ten years depending on the botanicals used and the results desired. Technically attars are distillates of flowers, herbs, spices and other natural materials such as baked soil over sandalwood oil/liquid paraffins using hydrodistillation technique involving a still ({{Transliteration|hi|deg}}) and receiving vessel ({{Transliteration|hi|bhapka}}). These techniques are still in use at [[Kannauj]] in India.<ref name="Mansuri2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/special/pix-how-mumbais-oldest-ittar-market-is-keeping-its-business-alive/20150511.htm |title=How Mumbai's oldest Ittar market is keeping its business alive |website=rediff.com |author=Mansuri, Shaheen |date=11 May 2015}}</ref>

==History==
Attar is a fragrance that uses oil as its base, in contrast to the alcohol of perfumes.<ref name="Shukla2025">{{cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Neha |title=India's perfume capital: Smells like desi Dior in this UP town |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/indias-perfume-capital-smells-like-desi-dior-in-this-up-town/articleshow/124107226.cms |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |date=25 September 2025}}</ref> It is made using the deg-bhapka method by "by digahas (master distillers), using copper vessels, bamboo pipes, clay seals, and steam distillation to extract floral essence into oil."<ref name="Shukla2025"/> Attar is found in India, particularly in the cities of [[Kannauj]] (in Bara Bazar),<ref name="Shukla2025"/> [[Delhi]] (in Matia Mahal Bazar),<ref name="Bharat2025">{{cite web |title=Booming Attar Market In Delhi, 250-Yr-Old Products, Some From Mughal Era |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!offbeat/booming-attar-market-in-delhi-250-yr-old-products-some-from-mughal-era-enn25032005565 |publisher=ETV Bharat News |access-date=21 December 2025 |language=en |date=20 March 2025}}</ref> and [[Mumbai]] (in [[Bhendi Bazaar]]).<ref name="Mansuri2015"/>

The [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] words 'attar' (अत्तर, عطر) or 'ittar' (इत्तर, عطر) are believed to have been derived from the [[Persian language|Persian]] word {{Transliteration|fa|itir}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Attar - Etymology, Origin & Meaning |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/attar |publisher=Etymonline |access-date=21 December 2025 |date=2025 |quote=attar(n.) "perfume from flowers" (especially roses), 1788, from Hindi/Urdu atr "perfume," from Persian 'itr "perfume," from Arabic 'itr "perfume, aroma."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Nagendra Kr|last2=Mabud Khan|first2=Abdul|title=Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities, Volume 1|date=2001|publisher=Global Vision Pub House|page=89}}</ref> The Persian physician [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] was the first to derive the attar of flowers and used distillation to do so.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WMvVBi5EbhMC&q=attar+perfume+muslim&pg=PA70|title=Studies in Islamic Civilization: The Muslim Contribution to the Renaissance|last1=Essa|first1=Ahmed|last2=Ali|first2=Othman|date=2010|publisher=International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)|isbn=9781565643505|language=en|page=70}}</ref>
The earliest recorded mention of the techniques and methods used to produce essential oils is believed to be that of [[Ibn al-Baitar]] (1188–1248), an [[Al-Andalus]]ian (Muslim Iberia) [[physician]], [[pharmacist]] and [[chemist]].<ref name="Houtsma1993">{{cite book |first= M.Th. |last= Houtsma |title= E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936 |volume= 4 |year= 1993 |publisher= [[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn= 978-90-04-09790-2 |pages=1011– }}</ref>

In [[India]], [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abul Fazal Faizee]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Monideepa|first1=Chatterjee|title=Chronicles Of The Chronicler : Abul Fazal And 'His' Akbarnama|url=https://www.academia.edu/6977377|date=1983}}</ref> gives a verdict of how Attar was used to making the Mabkhara-incense-burner. The [[Bark (botany)|barks]] that were used in Akbar's time, according to [[Faizee]], were [[Aloeswood|aloe]], [[sandalwood]], and [[cinnamon]]. Resins such as myrrh and frankincense, animal substances such as musk and anbar, were used along with roots of special trees and a few other spices. The ruler of the Indian region of [[Awadh]], [[Ghazi-ud-Din Haidar Shah]] used to prepare fountains of attar around his bedroom. These fountains would create a very pleasant fragrant and romantic atmosphere by functioning continuously.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Qazi Dr|first1=Shaikh Abbas Borhany|title=The Medicinal uses of attar|url=http://www.durrenajaf.com/upload/51311b5d55ca8.pdf|date=April 1, 2006}}</ref> In the medieval Indian era, Samamme attar was discovered by [[Shah Jahan]] and Rooh Gulab attar was discovered by [[Nur Jahan]].<ref name="Bharat2025"/>

The [[Egyptians]] were famous for producing [[perfumes]] throughout the ancient world. They were formulated from plants and flowers before they could be added to other oils. It was later refined and developed by al-Shaykh al-Rais,<ref>{{cite web|title=IBN SINA (AVICENNA)|url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/sina/|website=muslimphilosophy|access-date=1 June 2001}}</ref> a renowned physician who made a distinctive type of aromatic product. He was referred to as [[Avicenna|Abu Ali Sina]]. He was among the first people to come up with the technique of distillation of roses and other plant fragrances.<ref name="The life of Ibn Sina">{{cite book
|author=William, Gohlman|title=The life of Ibn Sina|publisher=Institute of the History of Medicine Books|location=New York|year=1974|pages=163|isbn=087395226X}}</ref> Liquid perfumes used to be a mixture of oil and crushed herbs until his discovery where he first experimented with roses.<ref name="Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt">{{cite book
|author=EL-SHIMY, Mohamed|title=Preparation and Use of Perfumes and Perfumed Substances in Ancient Egypt|publisher=Supreme Council of Antiquity Zamalek Cairo Egypt|location=Cairo|year=2003|pages=117|isbn=978-94-010-0193-9}}</ref>

In [[Yemen]], a special variety of attar was introduced by [[Arwa al-Sulayhi]], the Yemeni Queen. This type of attar was prepared from mountainous [[flowers]] and given as a gift to the monarchs of Arabia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=SAMER|first1=TRABOULSI|title=THE QUEEN WAS ACTUALLY A MAN: ARWË BINT AîMAD AND THE POLITICS OF RELIGION|date=2003|citeseerx=10.1.1.605.9419}}</ref>

==Uses and types==
Attars are generally classified based on their perceived effect on the body. 'Warm' attars, such as musk, amber and kesar (saffron), are used in winter, as they are believed to increase body temperature. Likewise, 'cool' attars, such as rose, jasmine, khus, [[kewra]] and mogra, are used in summers for their perceived cooling effect on the body.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Umanadh|first1=J B S|title=Adding fragrance to festival|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/272572/adding-fragrance-festival.html|date=Aug 19, 2012}}</ref>

Although attars are mostly used as a perfume, they are also used for medicinal and aphrodisiacal purposes.<ref name="Attar">{{cite web|url=https://www.agarscentsbazaar.com/blogs/news/short-history-of-attar|title=Short History of Attar|publisher=Agarscents Bazaar|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2020}}

===Musk===
{{main|Musk}}
Musk is a class of aromatic compound produced by a male [[Siberian musk deer]], a rare species deer found in the [[Himalayas]]. The substance used in creating musk can be produced only by a mature male musk deer, and the process of acquiring it involves killing the deer. As such, its demand has led to the endangerment of most musk deer species, which in turn has aided the rise of synthetic musk, known as 'white musk'.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Natural musk is commonly mixed with medicines and confectionary. Purported medicinal benefits range from working as an antivenom and strengthening organs.<ref name="Uses of Musk">{{cite book
|author=Traffic, Europ|title=The Uses of Musk and Europe Role In Its Trade|publisher=WWF–World|location=Brussels|year=1999|pages=56}}</ref><ref name="The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry">{{cite book
|author=Sommer, Cornelia|title=The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry|publisher=The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry|location=Germany|year=2004|pages=150|isbn=978-3-540-47900-0}}</ref>

== Musk Tahara ==

'''Musk Tahara''' is a type of personal fragrance traditionally used in the Middle East and the wider Muslim world as a type of grooming and ritual practices. Modern versions are primarily made with synthetic white musk rather than natural animal-derived musk. It is typically applied to the body for its scent.

== See also ==
* [[Perfume]]
* [[Synthetic musk]]
* [[Body care]]

===Ambergris===
{{main| Ambergris}}
Ambergris, also known as Anbar, is a waxy substance excreted from [[sperm whale]]s and retrieved from beaches and the sea. It is thought to have been used by humans for at least 1,000 years, and has a musky aroma. [[Ambrein]], an alcohol used as a scent preservative, is extracted from ambergris.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/what-is-ambergris.html|title = What is ambergris?}}</ref>

===Attar of roses===
{{main|Rose oil}}

==Spirituality and religion==
For hundreds of years, attars were considered in some societies, mainly in Islamic cultural folk to be something that attracted angels and warded off evil spirits. Sufi saints and spiritual aspirants would adorn themselves with these scents to assist them in their journey towards enlightenment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=de Souza|first1=Marian|last2=Bone|first2=Jane|last3=Watson|first3=Jacqueline|title=Spirituality across Disciplines: Research and Practice|date=2016|publisher=Springer|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYWQDAAAQBAJ&q=attar+research|access-date=2 May 2017|isbn=9783319313801}}</ref>

The different sects of Hinduism worship deities through household and temple offerings and Sufis in Islamic shrines and sacred khanqah's. Attars are commonly used within the incense and food used as offerings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why are puja articles arranged in specific five layers?|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/hinduism/knowledge/article/why-are-puja-articles-arranged-in-specific-five-layers.html|website=Hindu Jagruti|access-date=2 May 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bṛhat Saṃhitā]]
*[[Charaka Samhita]]
*[[Essential oil]]
*[[Kannauj Perfume]]
*[[List of essential oils]]
*[[Varahamihira]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*Chemical Industries in India by ''H. E. Watson'' Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Volume 18, Issue 7, Year 1926, Pages 748 - 752.
*Buchanan's account of the manufacture of rose-water and other perfumes at Patna in A.D. 1811 and its bearing on the history of Indian perfumery industry, by ''P. K. Gode'', New Indian Antiquary 7, 181–185; also in: SICH I (1961), 36–42, Year 1946.
*Studies in the history of Indian cosmetics and perfumery: Notes on the history of the rose, rose-water and attar of roses—Between B.C. 500 and A.D. 1850 by ''P. K. Gode'', New Indian Antiquary 8, 107–119; also in: SICH I (1961), 15–35 Year 1946.
*Studies in Indian Cultural History, by ''P.K.Gode'', Vol. I, Year 1961, Hoshiarpur.
*A useful pathological condition of wood by ''M. Jalaluddin'' Economic Botany, Volume 31, Issue 2, April 1977, Pages 222–224.
*Perfumery in ancient India by ''Krishnamurthy R'' Indian J Hist Sci., Volume 22, Issue 1, Jan 1987, Pages 71–79.
*Attars of India – A Unique Aroma by ''J. N. Kapoor'' Perfumer & Flavorist Jan/Feb 1991, Pages 21–24.
*Indian attars by ''Christopher Mcmohan'' International Journal of Aromatherapy, Volume 7, Issue 4, Year 1996, Pages 10–13.
*India Where Attars Originated by ''Omprakash Yemul'' India Perspectives, March 2004 Page 40.
*Traditional system for the production of kewda essential oil and attar by ''D K Mohapatra & S Sahoo'' Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge, Vol 6(3), July 2007 Pages 399–402.
*Traditional method of Chuli oil extraction in Ladakh by ''Deepa H Dwivedi & Sanjai K Dwivedi'' Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge, Vol 6(3), July 2007, Pages 403–405.
*Ecology and traditional technology of screw pine perfume industry in coastal Orissa by ''Deenabandhu Sahu & Malaya Kumar Misra'' Indian Journal of traditional Knowledge, Vol 6(3), July 2007.
*Kewda Perfume Industry in India 1 by ''P. K. Dutta, H. O. Saxena and M. Brahmam'' Economic Botany, Vol 41(3), July 1987, Pages 403–410.
*Rose cultivation for Attar production in Bulgaria [manufacturing of Scent] by ''Rai B.'' Indian Horticulture (India) Vol 29(4), Mar 1985, Pages 13–18.
*Material that is old and new (No.28). Present and past of perfumeby ''OE HIDEFUSA'' Expected Materials for the Future Volume 3, No 5, Year 2003, Pages 66–71.
*Parisrut the earliest distilled liquor of Vedic times or of about 1500 B.C. by ''Mahdihassan S.'' Indian J Hist Sci. volume 16 Issue 2, Nov 1981, Pages 223–229.
*A brief history of Indian alchemy covering pre-Vedic to Vedic and Ayurvedic period (circa 400 B.C.-800 A.D.). by ''Ali M.'' Bull Indian Inst Hist Med Hyderabad Volume 23, Issue 2, Jul 1993, Pages 151 - 166.
*Indian Alchemy: its Origin and Ramifications. In Chemistry and Chemical Techniques in India (Ed.) Subbarayappa, B.V., Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations Year 1999.
*History of Chemistry and Alchemy in India from Pre-historic to Pre- Modern Times. In History of Indian Science and Technology an Culture AD 1000–1800 (Ed) A. Rahman. Year 1998. Oxford.
*Preparation and Testing of Perfume as described in Brhatsamhita Sachin A Mandavgane, P P Holey and J Y Deopujari ''Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge'' Vol 8(2), April 2009 Page 275–277.
*Dragoco Report. Dr Paolo Rovesti. Year 1975.
{{refend}}

[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Desi culture]]
[[Category:Perfumes]]

List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams

2026-02-26T05:57:46Z

Nadeem Ahmed: cleaned up citations as per guidelines and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{main article|Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams}}
[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD), headquartered at [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state of India, is the official trust which managing all the activities of main temple at Tirumala, the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]], and numerous other temples under TTD in Tirupati, across India and all around the world.

IN 2025, Chief Minister [[Chandrababu Naidu]] announced that 5000 temples of [[Venkateswara]] in Andra Pradesh (specially in SC/ST/BC colonies which are targeted for [[Forced_conversion#Christianity|conversion]] to other non-Hindu religions) and many more temples across others [[states and union territories of India]] and overseas will be constructed under TTD trust.<ref>[https://theprint.in/politics/soon-5k-venkateswara-temples-in-ap-under-ttd-patronage-balaji-temples-in-other-states-cm-naidu/2751104/ Soon, 5k Venkateswara temples in AP under TTD patronage, Balaji temples in other states—CM Naidu], The Print, 25 Sept 2025.</ref>

==Andhra Pradesh==

===Historical Temples in Tirupati City===


Located in different areas of city

* Alipiri
** Alipiri padala mandapam

* Appalayagunta
** [[Sri Prasanna Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Appalayagunta|Sri Prasanna Venkateswara Swamy Temple]]

* Chandragiri
** Sri Kodandarama Swamy Temple

* Kapilatheertham
** [[Kapila Theertham]]

* Perur
** [[Vakula Devi|Vakula Matha Temple]]

* Srinivasamangapuram
** [[Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy Temple, Srinivasamangapuram|Sri Kalyana Venkateswara Swamy Temple]]

* Thondamanadu
** Sri Bhu Sameta Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple

* Tiruchanur
** [[Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Temple, Tiruchanur|Sri Padmavathi Ammavari Temple]]
** Sri Srinivasa Temple
** Sri Surya Narayana Temple

* Tirumala
** Anjanadri,Tirumala
** Japali Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple<ref>[https://templesinindiainfo.com/japali-temple/ Japali temple]</ref>
** [[Sri Varahaswamy Temple, Tirumala|Varahaswamy Temple]]
** [[Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple (MAIN), Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]]

* City center
** [[Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple, Tirupati|Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple]]
** [[Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple, Tirupati|Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple]]

===Historical Temples in Andhra Pradesh===


* [[Anakapalle district]]
** Sri Venugopala Swami Temple, Upamaka

* [[Annamayya district]]
** Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Tarigonda
** Siddeswara Temple, Thallapaka
** Chennakesava Temple, Thallapaka

* [[Chittoor district]]
** [[Venugopalaswamy Temple, Karvetinagaram]]
** Sri Pattabhirama Temple, Valmikipuram
** Kariyamanikya Temple, Nagari
** Karivaradaraja Temple, Satravada
** Annapurna sametha Kashi Visweswara Temple, Buggaagraharam
** Prasanna Venkateswara Temple, Kosuvaripalle
** [[Konetirayala Temple, Keelapatla]]

* [[Eluru district]]
** Seetharamaswamy Temple, Saripalli

* [[Guntur district]]
** Sri Venkateswara Temple, [[Ananthavaram, Thullur mandal|Ananthavaram]]
** Amravathi

* [[Kadapa district]]
** [[Kodandarama Temple, Vontimitta]]
** [[Gandi Kshetram|Veeranjaneya Temple, Gandi]]
** [[Narapura Venkateswara Temple, Jammalamadugu]]
** Lakshmi Venkateswara Temple, Devunigadapa

* [[Kakinada district]]
** Padmavathi sametha Venkateswara Temple, Pithapuram

* [[Prakasam district]]
** Kondanda Ramalayam, Muppavaram

* [[Tirupati district]]
** [[Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Narayanavanam]]
** [[Vedanarayana Temple, Nagalapuram]]
** Avanakshamma Temple, Narayanavanam
** Karimanikyaswamy Temple, Tummuru
** Neelakantheswara Temple, Tummuru

* [[Visakhapatnam district]]
** Visakhapatnam temple

==India==


* [[Delhi]]
** Sri Venkateswara Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tirupati-temple-will-be-built-in-Dehradun-other-places-TTD/articleshow/49432432.cms|title = Tirupati temple will be built in Dehradun, other places: TTD | India News - Times of India}}</ref>

* [[Haryana]]
** [[Kurukshetra]]

* [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
** [[Jammu]]

* [[Karnataka]]
** [[Bengaluru]]

* [[Maharashtra]]
** [[Mumbai]]

* [[Odisha]]
** [[Bhubaneshwar]]

* [[Tamil Nadu]]
** Old temple, [[Chennai]]
** Sri Padmavathi Devi Temple, Chennai.
** [[Kanyakumari]]
** [[Ulundurpet]]
** [[Vellore]]

* [[Telangana]]
** [[Hyderabad]]

* [[Uttarakhand]]
** Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Andhra Ashram, [[Rishikesh]].

* [[Gujarat]]
** Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams Ahmedabad, [[Ahmedabad]].

==Overseas==


* [[USA]]
**Sri Venkateswara Temple of Central Ohio,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lord-Venkateswara-Temple-to-be-built-in-US/articleshow/48206810.cms|title=Lord Venkateswara Temple to be built in US | India News - Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svtco.org/#/home|title=Sri Venkateswara Temple Of Central Ohio}}</ref> [[Delaware, Ohio|Delaware]], [[Ohio]]

==See also==
* [[Lists of Hindu temples]]
* [[Parikrama]]
* [[Yatra]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==General references==
*Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams->Temples. [http://www.tirumala.org/ "Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams"]
{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}

[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]

Rashami Desai

2026-02-25T14:09:57Z

Nadeem Ahmed: adjust intro per sources for clarity

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1986)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rashami Desai
| image = Rashami Desai snapped attending a calendar launch.jpg
| caption = Desai In 2023
| birth_name = Shivani Desai
| othername = Divya Desai Rashmi Desai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]], India
| years_active = 2002–present
| notable_works = {{ubl|''[[Uttaran]]''|''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)]]''}}
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{marriage | [[Nandish Sandhu]] | 2011|2016|reason=divorce}}
}}
'''Shivani Desai''' ({{IPA|hns|ˈɾəʃmiː d̪eˈsaːi|pron}}; born 13 February 1986), professionally known as '''Rashami Desai''', is an Indian television and film actress.<ref name="Names1"/> She is the recipient of several accolades including two [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] and [[Gold Awards]].
After starting her acting career working in regional language films, Desai made her [[Television in India|Hindi television]] debut with ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]'' (2006) and then had a [[dual role]] in ''[[Pari Hoon Main]]'' (2008). She earned massive popularity with her notable work as Tapasya Thakur in [[Colors TV]]'s long-running soap opera ''[[Uttaran]]'' (2009-2014), winning various accolades. Desai also took part in the reality shows ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha |Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]'' (2010), ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 5|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'' (2012), ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]'' (2015) and ''[[Nach Baliye 7]]'' (2015) and had a cameo in the 2012 film ''[[Dabangg 2]]''. She ventured into stand-up comedy with reality shows like ''[[Comedy Circus Mahasangram]]'' (2010), ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]]'' (2011), ''[[Kahaani Comedy Circus Ki]]'' (2012) and ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]'' (2016).

Desai later returned to fiction television with the love triangle ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]'' (2017-2018) portraying the role of Shorvori, after which she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss 13]]'' (2019–2020) and ''[[Bigg Boss 15]]'' (2021-22). She also played brief roles in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4]]'' and ''[[Naagin 6]]'' and made her [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] debut with the short film ''Tamas'' and web debut with ''[[Tandoor (web series)|Tandoor]]''.

== Early life ==
Rashami Desai was born Shivani Desai<ref name="Names1">{{cite news |title=Rashami Desai opens up about being raised by a single mom, says she couldn't afford to pay Rs 350 for dance class |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rashami-desai-opens-up-about-being-raised-by-a-single-mom-says-she-couldn-t-afford-to-pay-rs-350-for-dance-class/story-CdQxSj7UGKof0Tcuns7oJI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=23 July 2022 |quote=Meanwhile, Rasila said that she changed her daughter's name from Shivani to Divya to Rashami, because she was scared of her family and society's reaction to her taking up acting as a profession. [...] I was scared of my family and society, so I changed her name.}}</ref><ref name="Names2">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-to-nia-sharma-did-you-know-the-original-names-of-the-famous-tv-celebs/photostory/72146010.cms |title=Rashami Desai to Nia Sharma: Did you know the original names of these famous TV celebs? |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 November 2019}}</ref> on 13 February 1986<ref name="The Times of India 2021">{{cite web |title=Rashami Desai's 35th birthday: Avika Gor, Yuvika Chaudhary and other TV celebs pour love on the actress |website=The Times of India |date=13 February 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desais-35th-birthday-avika-gor-yuvika-chaudhary-and-other-tv-celebs-pour-love-on-the-actress/articleshow/80895355.cms |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="The Tribune India 2022">{{cite web |title=If your birthday is on February 13 |website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune India]] |date=13 February 2022 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/if-your-birthday-is-on-february-13-369494 |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Mrunal Jain wishes sister Rashami Desai a happy birthday! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrunal-Jain-wishes-sister-Rashami-Desai-a-happy-birthday/articleshow/50973073.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 July 2016 |date=13 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Rupesh |date=18 April 2020 |title=Bigg Boss 13: सलमान खान के साथ रश्मि देसाई कर चुकी हैं रोमांस, जन्मदिन पर वायरल हुआ Video |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bigg-boss-13-contestant-rashami-desai-celebrating-her-birthday-today-as-old-video-with-salman-khan-gone-viral-20027561.html |work=Dainik Jagaran |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref> in [[Nagaon]] town of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-rashami-desai-5061654/ |title=Happy Birthday Rashami Desai: Lesser known facts about this television star |date=13 February 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> She is a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] by origin.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-diwali-special-ssharad-malhotra-vivian-dsena-rashami-desai-reveals-their-special-4783142-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025072451/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-diwali-special-ssharad-malhotra-vivian-dsena-rashami-desai-reveals-their-special-4783142-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2014 |title=Ssharad Malhotra, Rashami Desai reveals their special shopping plan for Dhanteras |first=Kiran |last=Jain |date=22 October 2014 |work=[[Daily Bhaskar]]}}</ref> She has a brother, Gaurav Desai. Desai was brought up in Mumbai and did her schooling and undergraduation there.<ref name=":10">{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Vijaya |title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss 13 contestant Rashami Desai's brother Gaurav: Arhaan Khan is nobody to revive my sister's career, she's already settled - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-13-contestant-rashami-desais-brother-gaurav-arhaan-khan-is-nobody-to-revive-my-sisters-career-shes-already-settled/articleshow/72619395.cms |access-date=15 December 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=14 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Rashami pursued a diploma degree in Tours and Travels from [[Narsee Monjee College of Commerce and Economics]], Mumbai.

== Career ==
=== Acting debut in films (2002–2006) ===
Desai began her acting career with regional films where she appeared in an [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language film titled ''[[Kanyadaan (2002 film)|Kanyadaan]]'' in 2002. Desai made her Bollywood debut with Birendra Nath Tiwari-directed 2004 [[romance film|romantic]] [[mystery film|mystery]] ''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]'' alongside [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Raveena Tandon]]. She essayed the role of Sheetal, a college student whose elder sister (played by Tandon) is murdered.<ref name=":11">{{cite web |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-did-you-know-tv-actress-rashami-desai-had-once-played-lead-role-in-a-shah-rukh-khans-1994-film-titled-yeh-lamhe-judaai-ke-watch-trailer-inside-1089084/amp |title=Bigg Boss 13: Did You Know That Rashami Desai Had Once Played Parallel Lead Role In An SRK Film In 1994? Trailer Inside! |date=11 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/tv-bigg-boss-13-rashmi-desai-starred-in-a-shah-rukh-khan-film-yeh-lamhe-hain-judaai-ke-watch-video-664297 |title=Bigg Boss 13: Rashami Desai starred in a Shah Rukh Khan film Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke |publisher=India TV |date=1 October 2019 |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2005, Desai appeared in the Hindi film ''Shabnam Mausi'', where she played the role of Naina alongside [[Ashutosh Rana]] and [[Vijay Raaz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/shabnam_mausi |title=Shabnam Mausi(2005)- Rotten Tomatoes |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> She later earned fame in the [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] film industry where she played many roles in the films like ''Balma Bada Nadaan'' and ''Gabbar Singh''. In 2005, Desai starred in the film ''[[Kab Hoi Gawna Hamar]]'', that went on to win the [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri|National Award for Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri]].<ref name="Kab Hoi Gauna Hammar 2">{{cite news |last1=Kelkar |first1=Reshma |title=Udit Narayan's Bhojpuri film starring Ravi Kishan wins National Award : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/udit-narayans-bhojpuri-film-starring-ravi-kishan-wins-national-award/ |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=21 August 2007 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kab Hoi Gauna Hammar 3">{{cite news |title=Rashmi's filmy past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashmis-filmi-past/articleshow/5424149.cms |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=9 January 2010}}</ref>

=== Television debut and breakthrough (2006–2008) ===
Desai made her television debut in 2006 with the mythological drama series ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]'' on [[Zee TV]], where she played the role of Queen [[Mandodari]]. Desai was cast opposite [[Jay Soni]] in the series.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=Rashmi Desai To Play Female Lead in Dushyant Pratap Singh's Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashmi-desai-to-play-female-lead-in-dushyant-pratap-singhs-film-4729292.html |access-date=9 January 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2007, Desai appeared in the English film titled ''[[Sambar Salsa]]''.

In 2008, Desai got her first big break in daily soaps that fetched her the limelight with her portrayal of the [[dual role]] of Nikki Shrivastav and Pari Rai Choudhary in [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s ''[[Pari Hoon Main]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diamond damsel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/diamond-damsel/cid/603174 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=8 March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thadani |first=Megha |date=27 April 2020 |title=Rashami Desai reminisces her journey from debut show Pari Hoon Main to Naagin 4 with a 'Then and Now' photo {{!}} PINKVILLA |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/rashami-desai-reminisces-her-journey-debut-show-pari-hoon-main-naagin-4-then-and-now-photo-527585?amp |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=www.pinkvilla.com |archive-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519170610/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/rashami-desai-reminisces-her-journey-debut-show-pari-hoon-main-naagin-4-then-and-now-photo-527585?amp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Directed and produced by [[Ravi Chopra]], the series also featured [[Mohit Malik]] and [[Karan Veer Mehra]] in pivotal roles. The show followed the story of two look-alikes; Pari (an actress) and Nikki (a simple girl) who bump into each other, exchange their identities, and begin living each other's lives.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Poojary |first1=Sapana Patil |title='If you dream, you'll achieve' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-if-you-dream-you-ll-achieve-1147952 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=DNA India |date=28 January 2008 |language=en}}</ref> Desai then appeared as Priya in [[Star One (Indian TV channel)|Star One]]'s horror [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[Anthology series|anthology]] series ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]'' alongside [[Manish Paul]].

=== Established success with ''Uttaran'' (2009–2016) ===

In 2009, Desai briefly appeared in ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]'' aired on [[Sony TV]] where she played the role of Dr. Meher Datta alongside [[Surilie Gautam]] and [[Piyush Sahdev]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

[[File:Rashami Desai gracing Indian Telly Awards 2010 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Desai at [[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Telly Awards 2010]], where she received the award for Best Actress in a Negative Role for her work in ''[[Uttaran]]'']]
Desai earned widespread acclaim and recognition upon entering [[Colors TV]]'s long-running soap opera ''[[Uttaran]]'' in 2009, where she played the parallel lead alongside [[Tina Datta]] and [[Nandish Sandhu]]. The series followed the story of two friends, Ichcha and Tapasya, who hail from different strata of the society. Desai replaced [[Ishita Panchal]] to play the role of adult Tapasya Thakur, a rich girl who gets manipulated by her maternal grandmother upon feeling less loved than her friend by her own parents.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} ''Uttaran'' opened up newer international markets for [[Indian Television]], making Desai a household name beyond the country's shores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian TV soaps become serial hits across the world |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/indian-tv-soaps-become-serial-hits-across-the-world/slideshow/18179321.cms |access-date=19 May 2021 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> For ''[[Uttaran]]'', Desai received numerous accolades and nominations including the [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular]] and [[Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role Popular]] in 2010. In January 2012 she opted out of the show. On 7 November 2012, she returned to ''Uttaran'' with positive shades, and left the show again in 2014 citing creative differences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2012 |title=Uttaran changed my life: Rashami Desai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/uttaran-changed-my-life-rashami-desai/story-WQMYkVkiYj8J2i5RChRcKK.html |access-date=8 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Maheshwari |first=Neha |date=2 August 2014 |title=Rashami Desai quits Uttaran again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-quits-uttaran-again/articleshow/39418978.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2010, Desai participated in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s comedy reality TV show ''[[Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka]]'' as a wildcard entrant with [[Vikrant Massey]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Desai then participated as a member of the team "Massakalli Girls" in season 2 of the dance [[reality television]] show [[Zara Nachke Dikha]] which aired on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]]. Her team emerged as winners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2010 |title=Massakali Girls win Zara Nachke Dikha 2 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/massakali-girls-win-zara-nachke-dikha-2/story-sPo5CKcpicRZhUpfANAXUP.html |access-date=5 May 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In the same year, Desai also appeared as panellist in [[Imagine TV]]'s reality show ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]'' and participated in [[Sony TV]]'s comedy reality show ''[[Comedy Circus Mahasangram]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2010 |title=Comedy Circus Mahasangram begins |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Comedy-Circus-Mahasangram-begins/articleshow/5538835.cms |access-date=17 May 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

In 2011, Desai participated in [[StarPlus]]'s comedy reality TV show ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]],'' where her team emerged as runner-ups.

In 2012, Desai appeared as Shivani in the [[Vikram Bhatt]]-directed horror [[Anthology series|anthology]] series ''[[Haunted Nights]]'', aired on [[Sahara One]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} She then participated in the dance [[Reality television|reality TV]] show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 5|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]'' which aired on [[Colors TV]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/sep/010912-Rashami-Desai-Sandhu-is-scared-of-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-choreographer.htm |title=Rashami Desai Sandhu is scared of 'Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa' choreographer |work=Mid Day |date=1 September 2012 |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915234630/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2012/sep/010912-Rashami-Desai-Sandhu-is-scared-of-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-choreographer.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ultimately emerged as the first runner up. She also appeared on the [[Shekhar Suman]] hosted show ''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)|Movers & Shakers]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Rashami-Desai-sizzles-on-Movers-Shakers/articleshow/13411838.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928161527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-23/tv/31825850_1_movers-shakers-shekhar-suman-naughty-kid |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=Rashami Desai sizzles on Movers & Shakers |date=23 May 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref> Later in 2012, Desai made a cameo appearance in the [[Salman Khan]] starrer Hindi film ''[[Dabangg 2]]''.

In 2013, Desai played the part of Natkhat Sali in [[Colors TV]]'s [[stand-up comedy]] show ''Nautanki: The Comedy Theatre''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New show Nautanki : The Comedy Theatre launches! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-show-nautanki-the-comedy-theatre-launches/articleshow/18194059.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2014, Desai appeared as a victim of blind faith and a woman who is tortured by her own family in the episode-based shows ''[[Savdhaan India]]''{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} and [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Saloni |date=3 December 2014 |title=Rashami Desai to star in CID |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-to-star-in-cid/articleshow/43158119.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> respectively.

In 2015, Desai participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]''. She was eliminated, but was brought back on the show as a wild card entrant.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/khatron-ke-khiladi-6-rashami-desai-rohit-shetty-nandish-sandhu-ashish-chowdhry-hussain-kuwajerwala-iqbal-khan-sana-khan-243622-2015-03-10 |title=Khatron Ke Khiladi 6: Rashami Desai to return as wild card entry? |work=India Today |date=10 March 2015 |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> She was again eliminated just before the finale along with [[Sana Khan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sana Khan and Rashmi Desai eliminated from 'Khatron Ke Khiladi' one week before its Grand Finale! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Sana-Khan-and-Rashmi-Desai-eliminated-from-Khatron-Ke-Khiladi-one-week-before-its-Grand-Finale/articleshow/46822809.cms |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=21 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref> She then participated in ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]'' with her then spouse [[Nandish Sandhu]] and they became first runners-up.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/final-list-of-contestants-of-nach-baliye-7-upen-patel-karishma-tanna-shakti-arora-neha-saxena-rashami-desai-nandish-sandhu-375049-2015-04-15/7 |title=Meet the contestants of Nach Baliye 7 |date=15 April 2015 |magazine=India Today |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> In October 2015, Desai appeared as a deaf and mute girl in [[Palash Muchhal]]'s music video titled ''Teri Ek Hassi'' alongside [[Nandish Sandhu]]. It was sung by [[Jubin Nautiyal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2015 |title=Nandish Sandhu, Rashami Desai in music video together |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nandish-sandhu-rashami-desai-in-music-video-together/ |access-date=30 April 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later in the year, Desai briefly appeared in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]'' where she played the grey role of Tulsi, a widow with hidden motives.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyagi |first=Anil |date=6 October 2015 |title=Rashmi Desai to enter 'Ishq ka Rang Safed' |url=http://bollywoodtoday.in/rashmi-desai-to-enter-ishq-ka-rang-safed/ |work= BollywoodToday |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>

In 2016, Desai essayed the negative role of dark supernatural character Preeti in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Saloni |date=3 February 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Rashami-Desai-to-play-negative-role-for-the-first-time/articleshow/50820015.cms |title=Rashami Desai to play negative role for the first time |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> She also participated in ''Box Cricket League'' in March 2016. Desai then appeared in [[Palash Muchhal]]'s dance based music video titled ''Sajna Ve'' alongside [[Salman Yusuff Khan]]. It was sung by [[Monali Thakur]] and Dilip Soni.<ref>{{Citation |title=Sajna Ve {{!}} Palash Muchhal {{!}} Dilip Soni {{!}} Monali Thakur {{!}} Salman Yusuf Khan {{!}} Rashami Desai | date=19 March 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYF9nbIz5JM |language=en |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> Desai then participated in [[Balaji Telefilms]]' comedy reality show ''[[Mazaak Mazaak Mein]]'', aired on [[Life OK]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2016 |title=24 Season 2 to Mazak Mazak Mein: All you want to know about the shows premiering tomorrow |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/24-season-2-to-mazak-mazak-mein-all-you-want-to-know-about-the-shows-premiering-tomorrow-lifetv-330811-2016-07-22 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref>

=== ''Dil Se Dil Tak'' and beyond (2017–2020) ===

[[File:Rashami Desai at Golden Petal Awards (2017) (cropped) (1).jpg|thumb|Desai at [[Colors TV#Golden Petal Awards|Golden Petal Awards 2017]], where she was nominated under Best Actress Category for her work in ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''|alt=]]
In 2017, Desai starred in [[Colors TV]]'s [[drama]] series ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]'', opposite [[Sidharth Shukla]] and [[Jasmin Bhasin]]. Desai was cast in the role of Shorvari Bhanushali, a woman caught between love for her husband and her desire to be a mother.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Rashami Desai: Lesser known facts about this television star |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-rashami-desai-5061654/lite/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=13 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The series was loosely based on the Hindi film ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite news |title=Sidharth-Rashami's 'Dil Se Dil Tak' to Return on Colors |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/tv/sidharth-shukla-rashami-desai-dil-se-dil-tak-return-on-colors |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=TheQuint |date=30 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Desai described her role as someone who "doesn't express through words. She uses gestures, eyes and her facial expressions to express what she is feeling. That is interesting. In fact, as an actor, this gives me a lot of scope for performance.".<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashami Desai on Dil Se Dil Tak |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-apologised-to-siddharth-shukla-on-first-day-of-dil-se-dil-tak-rashami-desai/lite/ |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref> For her role in the series, she was nominated under Best Actress category at [[Colors TV#Golden Petal Awards|Golden Petal Awards]] 2017.<ref>{{cite news |title=Golden Petal Awards 2017: Here is the nominations list |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/375459/golden-petal-awards-2017-here-nominations-list%3famp |work=Pinkvilla |date=1 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

In the same year, Desai made her Gujarati film debut with Bhavin Wadia's [[romance film|romantic]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] ''[[Superstar (2017 film)|Superstar]],'' where she was cast opposite Dhruvin Shah, worked wonders at the box office had not only been appreciated by critics in Gujarat, but also had a dream run at the BO, with shows running housefull even in its seventh week.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Kajal |title=I was missing myself |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/i-was-missing-myself/article17407880.ece |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=4 March 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gujarati film superstar to be remade in hindi |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/gujarati-film-superstar-remade-hindi/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |work=BizAsia.com |date=21 March 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Desai won award for Best Debut Actress at Gujarati Transmedia Awards 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Rashmi Desai, Deepshikha and other celebs attend the 17th Transmedia Gujarati Screen and Stage Awards in Mumbai (15) {{!}} Avani Modi Images - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/rashmi-desai-deepshikha-celebs-attend-17th-transmedia-gujarati-screen-stage-awards-mumbai/rashmi-desai-deepshikha-and-other-celebs-attend-the-17th-transmedia-gujarati-screen-and-stage-awards-in-mumbai-15/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Desai also participated in [[Tennis Premier League]] as the brand ambassador of her team Binny’s Brigade in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Sakal |date=10 September 2018 |title=Popular TV actors on board for Tennis Premier League |url=https://www.thebridgechronicle.com/lifestyle/art-culture/popular-tv-actors-board-tennis-premier-league-24725 |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=The Bridge Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News & Event |url=https://sarfambuildcon.in/news-event/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |website=Sarfam Buildcon Pvt. Ltd. |language=en}}</ref>

Desai began 2019 with the lead role in [[DD National]]'s [[comedy]] series ''Chalo Saaf Karein''. Launched by [[Doordarshan]] along with the [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], the show revolved around cleanliness and sanitation with a comic twist.<ref>{{cite web |title=DD's comedy series 'Chalo Saaf Karein' to be launched today |url=https://news.statetimes.in/dds-comedy-series-chalo-saaf-karein-to-be-launched-today/ |work=[[State Times]] |date=19 January 2019 |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> Desai played the role of Palak, an ambitious Delhi University graduate and a strong follower of Gandhian ideology and Swachhta, who intends to open a residential English medium school in her village.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} The series also featured Ashish Lal, [[Aruna Irani]] and [[Anita Raj]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://doordarshan.gov.in/ddnational/launch-chalo-saaf-karein-0 |title=Launch of Chalo Saaf Karein |work=Doordarshan |date=18 January 2019 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> Later in the year, Desai participated in the reality show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]'', where she finished as third runner up.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-contestant-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-rashami-desai/articleshow/71361920.cms |title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant Rashami Desai: Here's all you need to know about the actress - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2019 |language=en |access-date=26 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13: 'Hina Ko Mai Yaad...' - Rashami Desai Reacts To NOT Winning The Show |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-rashami-desai-talks-about-losing-the-winners-trophy-her-equation-with-sidharth-shukla-1160344 |access-date=19 February 2020 |work=news.abplive.com |date=16 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Desai essayed the role of Shalaka on [[Colors TV]]'s [[supernatural]] [[fantasy]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] television series ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4: Bhagya Ka Zehreela Khel]]'' alongside [[Nia Sharma]], [[Anita Hassanandani]] and [[Vijayendra Kumeria]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-4-heres-the-first-look-of-rashami-desai-from-the-supernatural-saga/articleshow/74553289.cms |title=Naagin 4: Here's the first look of Rashami Desai from the supernatural saga |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref> and also in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]'' as special appearance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nirmal |first=Gayatri |date=29 May 2020 |title=Rashami Desai and Nia Sharma's high price rumours to Naagin 4 wrap-up; here's how the Ekta Kapoor show comes to an end |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-and-nia-sharmas-high-price-rumours-to-naagin-4-wrap-up-heres-how-the-ekta-kapoor-show-comes-to-an-end/photostory/76086975.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> Desai next appeared in the short film ''Tamas'' alongside Adhvik Mahajan, where she played the role of Sania<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashami Desai's digital debut Tamas is well-intentioned but badly executed, watch it here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rashami-desai-s-digital-debut-tamas-is-well-intentioned-but-badly-executed-watch-it-here/story-G3F2BTDhG5hvkYKFLpkmRN.html |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and participated in ''[[Ladies vs Gentlemen]]'', a reality interactive game show hosted by [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]] in the same year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhasin |first1=Shriya |title=Genelia, hubby Riteish Deshmukh to turn host for new show 'Ladies Vs Gentlemen' {{!}} Celebrities News – India TV |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/genelia-hubby-riteish-deshmukh-to-turn-host-for-new-show-ladies-vs-gentlemen-665542 |access-date=19 November 2020 |work=India TV News |date=17 November 2020}}</ref> In December 2020, Desai featured in [[Palash Muchhal]]'s dance based music video titled ''Ab Kya Jaan Legi Meri'' alongside [[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Sana Saeed]]. It was sung by [[Palash Muchhal]] and [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]].<ref name="India Today">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rashami-desai-shaheer-sheikh-sana-saeed-in-ab-kya-jaan-legi-meri-new-poster-1749428-2020-12-14 |title=Rashami Desai, Shaheer Sheikh, Sana Saeed in Ab Kya Jaan Legi Meri. New poster |work=India Today |date=14 December 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Professional expansion (2021–present) ===
In 2021, Desai made her web debut alongside [[Tanuj Virwani]] in [[Nivedita Basu]]-directed crime drama web series titled ''[[Tandoor (2021 web series)|Tandoor]],'' the series was nominated in filmfare OTT awards 2021 under best web series category. Loosely based on the infamous [[Murder of Naina Sahni|Tandoor case]] in [[Delhi]], Desai essayed the role of Palak Sahni, an aspiring politician who is murdered by her own husband (played by Virwani).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=5 December 2020|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/rashami-desai-says-her-role-in-web-series-tandoor-is-layered-1746968-2020-12-05 |title=Rashami Desai says her role in web series Tandoor is layered |magazine=India Today |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kotecha |first=Ronak |date=27 July 2021 |title=Tandoor Season 1 Review: Tandoor relives one of the most chilling crime stories of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/tandoor/season-1/seasonreview/84783613.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> In May 2021, it was announced that Desai will collaborate with singer [[Rahul Vaidya]] for a music cover.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=17 May 2021 |title=Bigg Boss fame Rahul Vaidya and Rashami Desai collaborate for romantic cover version of 'Kinna Sona' song, watch video : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/bigg-boss-fame-rahul-vaidya-rashami-desai-collaborate-romantic-cover-version-kinna-sona-song-watch-video/ |access-date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In September 2021, Desai appeared in Altamash Faridi's music video titled ''Subhan Allah''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2021 |first=Grace |last=Cyril |title=SubhanAllah music video out. Rashami Desai, Monis Khan's chemistry is just adorable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/subhanallah-music-video-out-rashami-desai-monis-khan-s-chemistry-is-just-adorable-1850281-2021-09-07 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Later in the year, Desai collaborated with [[Rahul Vaidya]] again for a music video titled ''Zindagi Khafa Khafa.''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out Popular Hindi Official Music Video - 'Zindagi Khafa Khafa' Sung By Rahul Vaidya Featuring Rashami Desai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-popular-hindi-official-music-video-zindagi-khafa-khafa-sung-by-rahul-vaidya-featuring-rashami-desai/videoshow/87974877.cms |access-date=5 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In November 2021, Desai entered ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|Bigg Boss 15]]'' as a wildcard contestant and became the fifth runner-up.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=21 November 2021 |title=Bigg Boss 15 Weekend Ka Vaar Written Update: Rashami, Devoleena, Abhijeet enter as wild card contestants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-15-weekend-ka-vaar-written-update-rashami-devoleena-abhijeet-enter-as-wild-card-contestants-1879133-2021-11-21 |access-date=6 December 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Rashami Desai promoting Tandoor.jpg|thumb|upright|Desai in 2021]]
In March 2022, Desai featured in three music videos titled ''Qatilana,'' ''Biraj Mein Jhoom'' and ''Tere Pind''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=सैनी |first1=नरेंद्र |title=Rashami Desai Qatilana Song: रश्मि देसाई म्यूजिक वीडियो में लग रही हैं बला की खूबसूरत, देखें 'कातिलाना' का वीडियो |url=https://ndtv.in/television/rashami-desai-killer-looks-in-the-upcoming-music-video-qatilana-2798234 |access-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=NDTV |date=2 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Coutinho D'souza |first=Natasha |date=18 March 2022 |title=Rashami Desai on new song: 'Biraj Mein Jhoom' is true to Holi spirit |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/rashami-desai-on-new-song-biraj-mein-jhoom-is-true-to-holi-spirit-23218980 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=Mid Day |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> She then entered ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]'' for a cameo to portray the dual role shape-shifting serpents, reprising the role of Shalaka from season 4 with positive shades, and a new character Shanglira.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2022 |title=Naagin 6: Rashami Desai Joins Show As Tejasswi Prakash's Rival 'Shangrila' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/naagin-6-rashami-desai-joins-show-as-tejasswi-prakashs-rival-shangrila-4913045.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2022, Desai collaborated with [[Neha Bhasin]] for a music video titled ''Parwah''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 April 2022 |title=Rashami Desai and Neha Bhasin Look Hotness Overloaded In First Look of Their Music Video 'Parwah' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/rashami-desai-and-neha-bhasin-look-hotness-overloaded-in-first-look-of-their-music-video-parwah-4935941.html |access-date=2 April 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> and also featured in a music video titled ''Khayalat''.<ref name=":8" />

Desai next appeared as the titular character of the segment ''Ruby'' in the second season of [[Anil V. Kumar|Anil V Kumar]]'s anthology series ''[[Ratri Ke Yatri (web series)|Ratri Ke Yatri]],'' became most streamed show & most binged show on [[Hungama Play]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=FREE Music Online, New MP3 Song Download, Download New Free MP3 Songs Online, New Hindi Songs (2024), Latest Bollywood Songs, Punjabi Songs (2024), New Movies, Hindi Video Songs |url=https://www.hungama.com/tv-show/ratri-ke-yatri-2/93656494/ |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=Hungama.com |language=en}}</ref> Also featuring [[Abigail Pande]] and [[Mohit Abrol]] in Desai's segment, the series throws an empathetic light on women from red light areas. The show premiered on [[Hungama Play]] and [[MX Player]] on 11 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=3 September 2021 |title=Hungama Play's 'Ratri Ke Yatri 2' to feature telly superstars |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hungama-plays-ratri-ke-yatri-2-to-feature-telly-superstars |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023, Desai participated in [[Colors TV]]'s comedy reality TV show ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat Housefull]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Akriti |date=19 April 2023 |title=Rashami Desai, Rubina Dilaik Leave All In Splits As They Apply Makeup To Shivin Narang and Puneet J Pathak; Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/rashami-desai-rubina-dilaik-leave-all-in-splits-as-they-apply-makeup-to-shivin-narang-and-puneet-j-pathak-watch-7585705.html |work=News18 |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref> Desai next appeared in a brief role in the [[JioCinema]] series titled ''LLB - Bas Naam Hi Kaafi Hai''.<ref name="AmarUjala_LLB">{{cite news |title=Lakhan Leela Bhargav Review: ओटीटी पर तीन दिन वाला डेली सोप लेकर आए रवि दुबे, पहले एपिसोड में ही धड़ाम |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/movie-review/lakhan-leela-bhargav-review-ravie-dubey-sunvika-sonali-sachdev-mohit-chauhan-rashami-desai-starrer-web-series-2023-08-21 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi |date=21 August 2023 |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref> In September 2023, Desai featured in a music video titled ''Pyar Eda Da'' alongside [[Shoaib Ibrahim]] sung by Jyoti Nooran.<ref name=":9" />

In 2024, Desai appeared in Atrangii series titled ''Womaniya''[Unreleased film ''Rare and Dare Six X'' (2016) was renamed as ''Womaniya'' (2024) released in Atrangii App Web-Series]. The show premiered on 22 March 2024.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=Atrangii Launches New 6-Episodic Anthology "Womaniya" Starring Rashmi Desai and Shweta Tiwari |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/atrangii-launches-new-6-episodic-anthology-womaniya-starring-rashmi-desai-and-shweta-tiwari20240322164703 |work=ANI News |date=22 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> She made her comeback on big screen with Bollywood movie titled [[JNU: Jahangir National University|''JNU:'' ''Jahangir'' ''National'' ''University'']] alongside [[Urvashi Rautela]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title=JNU: Jahangir National University - Official Teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/jnu-jahangir-national-university-official-teaser/videoshow/108616436.cms |work=The Times of India |date=19 March 2024 |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref> The movie released in theatres on 21 June 2024.<ref name=":6" />

As of 2025, Desai appeared in the [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] film in Dharmessh Mehta-directed family drama ''[[Mom Tane Nai Samjay]]'', where she was cast opposite [[Amar Upadhyay]]. The movie released in theatres on 10 January 2025.<ref name=":12" /> After a successful hit the movie premiered on [[Shemaroo Entertainment|ShemarooMe]] and OTTplay on 24 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MBDesk1 |date=24 July 2025 |title=ShemarooMe to stream Gujarati film 'Mom Tane Nai Samjay' from July 24 |url=https://mediabrief.com/mom-tane-nai-samjay-shemaroome-from-july-24/ |access-date=4 August 2025 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mom Tane Nai Samjay OTT release date: When and where to watch Rashami Desai's Gujarati family drama film online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mom-tane-nai-samjay-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-rashami-desais-gujarati-family-drama-film-online/22b0c29d74457 |access-date=4 August 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Desai next appeared alongside [[R. Madhavan]] in [[Ashwni Dhir]]-directed satirical action comedy web series titled ''[[Hisaab Barabar]]''. The show released on [[ZEE5]] on 24 January 2025.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14" /> Desai next appeared in television [[sitcom]] ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]'' for a cameo to portrayed the role of Advocate Meenakshi Kapoor on [[Sony SAB]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rashami Desai on joining Wagle Ki Duniya; says 'It is an incredible experience' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-on-joining-wagle-ki-duniya-says-it-is-an-incredible-experience/articleshow/118605609.cms02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=27 February 2025 |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Doshi |first=Hasti |date=2 March 2025 |title=Rashami Desai on being part of Wagle Ki Duniya: I have never stopped myself from taking up good work |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rashami-desai-on-being-part-of-wagle-ki-duniya-i-have-never-stopped-myself-from-taking-up-good-work/articleshow/118661381.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=2 March 2025}}</ref> In July 2025, Desai featured in two music videos titled ''Rajj Rajj Nachan'' and ''Juda Hona Hai''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiv Thakare, Rashami Desai, Nyra Banerjee And Others At The Song Launch "Rajj Rajj Nachan" |url=https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/videos/shiv-thakare-rashami-desai-nyra-banerjee-and-others-at-the-song-launch-rajj-rajj-nachan/24436 |access-date=4 August 2025 |website=www.bollywoodhelpline.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9gTiFcWgCM |title=Juda Hona Hai - FULL VIDEO {{!}} Rashami Desai {{!}} Altamash Faridi {{!}} Shashi {{!}} Prince {{!}} New Hindi Song 2025 |date=17 July 2025 |last=Venus Originals |access-date=4 August 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Desai next appeared alongside [[Karanvir Bohra]] in micro drama web series titled ''Roadpati Bana Crorepati''. The show released on Kuku FM and Kuku TV App on 22 September 2025.<ref name=":15" /> In November 2025, Desai featured in devotional based music video titled ''Kanha Krishna Murari'' alongside [[Shiv Thakare]] sung by [[Seeta Qasemi]] for the promotion of Kanha Devotional Companion products.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rashmi Desai, Shiv Thakare, Hema Sharma & Other Celebs For The ‘Kanha Krishna Murari’ Song Launch|url=https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/videos/Rashmi-Desai%20-Shiv-Thakare%20-Hema-Sharma-n-Other-Celebs-For-The-%E2%80%98Kanha-Krishna-Murari%E2%80%99-Song-Launch/27686|website=www.bollywoodhelpline.com|access-date=1 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanha Universe|url=https://kanhauniverse.com/|website=Kanha Universe|access-date=1 December 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Off-screen work and media image ==
Desai is a trained [[Indian classical dance|classical dancer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashami Desai belly-dancing to Dilbar burns Instagram. Has Nora Fatehi seen it? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rashami-desai-belly-dancing-to-dilbar-burns-instagram-has-nora-fatehi-seen-it-1736170-2020-10-29 |work=India Today |date=29 October 2020 |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref>
Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', journalist Sana Farzeen stated: "Not someone to play the perfect heroine, Rashami has experimented with her roles and played strong characters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2018 |title=Happy Birthday Rashami Desai: Lesser known facts about this television star |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-rashami-desai-5061654/ |access-date=22 May 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Apart from acting, Desai supports various causes.
Desai walked the ramp at ''Caring with Style'' fashion show to raise money for cancer patients in 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/caring-in-style-aamir-sonakshi-walk-the-ramp-to-raise-money-for-cancer-patients-2130717.html/amp |work=Firstpost |title=Caring in style: Aamir, Sonakshi walk the ramp to raise money for cancer patients |date=2 March 2015 |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> and 2018<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2018 |title=TV Actors Arjun Bijlani And Rashami Desai Walk The Ramp For Designer Shaina NC |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2018/02/tv-actors-arjun-bijlani-rashami-desai-walk-ramp-designer-shaina-nc/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |website=Urban Asian |language=en-US}}</ref> for designers [[Shaina NC]] and [[Sandeep Khosla|Abu Jani-Sandeep Khosla]] respectively. In 2015, she walked the ramp of a fashion show to support ''Smile Foundation'', a [[non-governmental organisation]] working towards underprivileged children's education and health.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}} Desai also walked the ramp for [[Terry Fox Foundation]] and Maheka Mirpuri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2018 |title=Celebs walk at Terry Fox Foundation and Maheka Mirpuri's fashion show |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/celebs-walk-terry-fox-foundation-maheka-pirpuris-fashion-show/ |access-date=6 May 2021 |work= Bollywood Hungama }}</ref> Desai was part of the ''Swachh Survekshan'' 2017, an initiative for an environmentally cleaner India (Swachh Bharat Abhiyan).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Tarishi |title=Venkaiah Naidu felicitates municipality workers, says Swachh Bharat should be a 'jan andolan' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/union-minister-venkaiah-naidu-felicitates-municipality-workers-launches-swachh-survekshan-2017-2957351/ |access-date=2 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Desai walked the ramp for designers Rohit Verma and Anu Mehra at Bombay Times Fashion Week in 2020<ref>{{Cite news |title=Abhishek Bajaj, Rashami Desai and Vishal Aditya Singh walk for Rohit Verma at the Bombay Times Fashion Week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/lifestyle/fashion/abhishek-bajaj-rashami-desai-and-vishal-aditya-singh-walk-for-rohit-verma-at-the-bombay-times-fashion-week/videoshow/74616941.cms |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=13 March 2020}}</ref> and 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rashami Desai turns showstopper for Anu Mehra at BTFW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/shows/rashami-desai-turns-showstopper-for-anu-mehra-at-btfw/articleshow/87058827.cms |access-date=2 March 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=16 October 2021}}</ref>

Desai was reported to be the highest paid contestant in ''Bigg Boss 13''<ref>{{Cite web |title=BB के महंगे कंटेस्टेंट्स में शुमार रहे ये सेलेब्स |url=https://www.aajtak.in/visualstories/entertainment/bigg-boss-highest-paid-contestants-list-52-29-09-2020 |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=AAJTAK |language=hi}}</ref> and ''Bigg Boss 15''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=aditya |date=31 January 2022 |title=Rashmi Desai Becomes The Highest-paid Contestant Of Bigg Boss- Find Out Here! |url=https://womansera.com/rashmi-desai-becomes-the-highest-paid-contestant-of-bigg-boss-find-out-here/ |access-date=18 October 2024 |website=Woman's era Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=From having a debt of Rs 3.5 crores to living in a car and eating Rs 20 food packets for lunch; Rashami Desai opensup about her struggling phase before Bigg Boss 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-having-a-debt-of-rs-3-5-crores-to-living-in-a-car-and-eating-rs-20-food-packets-for-lunch-rashami-desai-opens-up-about-her-struggling-phase-before-bigg-boss-13/photostory/112169695.cms |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2020, Desai became the first Indian Television actor to collaborate with [[Google]] for cameos.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/rashami-desai-becomes-first-indian-television-actress-collaborate-cameos-google/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |title=Rashami Desai becomes the first Indian television actress to collaborate for cameos on Google |date=17 May 2020 |access-date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Desai was ranked 22nd in ''BizAsia''{{'}}s list of top 30 TV Personalities in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/tv-personality-2020-live-updates/ |title=TV Personality 2020: Live updates |website=BizAsia |date=19 December 2020 |language=en-GB |access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref>

Desai endorsed [[Wheel (detergent)|Wheel]] alongside [[Salman Khan]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Salvadore |first1=Sarah |date=30 November 2010 |title=TV actor Rashmi Desai has recently done an ad film with superstar Salman Khan. The "Uttaran" actor first met the star during her performance in "India's Got Talent". Salman and Rashmi have shot for a soap advert |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv-actor-rashmi-desai-has-recently-done-an-ad-film-with-superstar-salman-khan-the-uttaran-actor-first-met-the-star-during-her-performance-in-indias-got-talent-salman-and-rashmi-have-shot-for-a-soap-advert-/articleshow/7014518.cms |access-date=6 May 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2021, Desai became the brand ambassador of [[JioMart]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=JioMart brings 'Full Paisa Vasool Sale January 2021' |url=https://www.prameyanews.com/jiomart-brings-full-paisa-vasool-sale-january-2021/ |work=Prameya News |date=22 January 2021 |access-date=6 May 2021}}</ref> Desai also endorses Hangyo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hangyo IceCreams Pvt. Ltd. |url=https://www.facebook.com/hangyoicecream/photos/a.268459086553814/2436811736385194/?type=3 |via=Facebook |access-date=2 March 2022}}{{Primary source inline|date=June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=14 March 2020 |title=Hangyo to Launch Premium Gourmet Series of Ice Creams in Mumbai on March 15th |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hangyo-to-launch-premium-gourmet-series-of-ice-creams-in-mumbai-on-march-15th-120031400228_1.html |access-date=2 March 2022}}</ref> In 2023, Desai became the brand ambassador and entrepreneur of Glamveda.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Verma |first=Bittu |date=1 December 2023 |title=रश्मि देसाई ने बिजनेस की दुनिया में रखा कदम, जानिए- किस चीज का करेंगी कारोबार? |url=https://bharat24live.com/rashmi-desai-started-new-business-cosmetics-products-glamveda |work=[[Bharat24]] |access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref> In 2024, Desai became the brand ambassador of international company Tradeomatic to endorse international brands TokiBaby and TokiHealth products.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tradeomatic Showcases at Asia's Largest Contract Manufacturing Exhibition, India, Mumbai with New Celebrities Rashami Desai, Sudha Chandran, and Sejal Shah |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/tradeomatic-showcases-at-asias-largest-contract-manufacturing-exhibition-india-mumbai-with-new-celebrities-rashami-desai-sudha-chandran-and-sejal-shah/2103289/ |work=ThePrint |agency=ANI |date=27 May 2024 |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref> In 2025, Desai became the brand ambassador of Homero.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elevate Everyday Living |url=https://homero.in/ |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=Homero |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Nandish Sandhu & Rashami Desai at Telly Chakkar’s Talent Awards (17).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Desai with her ex-husband [[Nandish Sandhu]]]]
She married her co-star from ''Uttaran'', [[Nandish Sandhu]], on 12 February 2011 in [[Ghaziabad]].<ref name="marriage">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Uttaran stars Rashmi-Nandish tie the knot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/uttaran-stars-rashmi-nandish-tie-the-knot/articleshow/7475753.cms |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=12 February 2011}}</ref> In 2014, they separated, and in 2015, the couple filed for divorce after almost four years of marriage.<ref name="divorce" >{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-actors-rashami-desai-nandish-sandhu-file-for-divorce/story-e8VOnhcq4pSdINQmQSDr5N.html |title=TV actors Rashami Desai, Nandish Sandhu file for divorce |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 December 2015 |access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> It was finalised in March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashami Desai opens up about her divorce from Nandish Sandhu, says she was 'judged' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/rashami-desai-opens-up-about-her-divorce-from-nandish-sandhu-says-she-was-judged-101615888194636.html |access-date=25 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=16 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Desai met [[Arhaan Khan]], they both participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]'' in 2019, where Arhaan proposed to Desai, and Desai accepted the proposal.<ref name="proposal">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-heres-the-first-picture-of-the-ring-with-which-arhaan-khan-will-be-proposing-rashami-desai-on-bigg-boss-13/articleshow/72335744.cms |title=Arhaan khan to propose Rashami Desai; here's an exclusive picture of the ring |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 December 2019}}</ref> Later, it was revealed by [[Salman Khan]] that Arhaan was married before and had a kid which he had kept secret from Desai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-13-angry-salman-khan-reveals-arhaan-khan-has-a-kid-leaves-rashami-desai-shocked/story-bEwWYSrYLfDqZyp9SRWT5J_amp.html |title=Bigg Boss 13: Angry Salman Khan reveals Arhaan khan has a kid, leaves Rashami Desai shocked |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=7 December 2019}}</ref> In 2020, after coming out from the [[Bigg Boss]] house, Desai broke up with Arhaan.<ref name="relationship status">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-rashami-desai-and-arhaan-khans-relationship-in-trouble-heres-what-made-them-fall-apart/photostory/73728079.cms |title=Bigg Boss 13: Rashami Desai and Arhaan Khan's relationship in trouble; here's what made them fall apart |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="broke up">{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-13-winner-sidharth-shukla-reaction-on-rashami-desai-arhaan-khan-break-up-1170619 |title='Bigg Boss 13' Winner Sidharth Shukla REACTS To Rashami Desai & Arhaan Khan's BREAK-UP |date=5 March 2020 |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
;Key
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|{{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year ||Title ||Role ||Language ||Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Kanyadaan (2002 film)|Kanyadaan]]''
|
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Cameo
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss 13 contestant Rashami Desai: Here's all you need to know about the actress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13-contestant-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-rashami-desai/articleshow/71361920.cms |access-date=19 July 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=29 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003
| ''Balma Bada Nadaan''
|Gauri/Jugni
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
|
|
|-
| ''Maai Re Karde Bidaai Hamaar''
| Kiran
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kab Hoi Gawna Hamar]]''
| Gauri
| [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri|National Award for Best Feature Film in Bhojpuri]]
| <ref name="Kab Hoi Gauna Hammar 2"/><ref name="Kab Hoi Gauna Hammar 3"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004
| ''[[Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke]]''
| Sheetal
| [[Hindi]]
| Credited as Divya Desai
|
|-
| ''Tulsi''
|
| rowspan="6" | Bhojpuri
|Award Winning Film
|
|-
| ''Sohagan Bana Da Sajana Hamaar''
| Gauri
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2005
| ''Gazab Bhail Rama''
| Gauri/Jyoti
|
|
|-
| ''Nadiya Ke Teer''
|Radha
|
|
|-
| ''Dulha Babu''
|Jyoti
|
|
|-
| ''Bandan Toote Na''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shabnam Mausi]]''
| Naina
| Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2006
| ''Hum Balbrahma Chaari Tu Kanya Kumari''
|Jamuna
| rowspan="7" | Bhojpuri
|
|
|-
| ''Bambai Ki Laila Chapra Ka Chaila''
|
|
|
|-
| ''Kable Aayee Bahaar''
|Anu
|
|
|-
| ''Kangna Khanke Piya Ke Angna''
|Maya
|
|
|-
| ''Pappu Ke Pyar Ho Gail''
|Priya
|
|
|-
| ''Sathi Sanghati''
|Radha
|
|
|-
| ''Tohse Pyar Ba''
|Shefali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Sambar Salsa]]''
|
|[[English language|English]]
|
|
|-
| ''Hum Hai Gawaar''
|Preeti
| rowspan=7 | Bhojpuri
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
| ''Gabbar Singh''
|
|Special appearance in holi song
|
|-
| ''Pyar Jab Kehu Se Hoi Jala''
|Sangeeta
|
|
|-
| ''Shahar Wali Jaan Mareli''
|Pammi
|
|
|-
| ''Umariya Kaili Tohre Naam''
|Radha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''Laakhon Mein Ek Hamaar Bhauji''
| Gauri
|
|
|-
| ''Kanoon Hamra Mutthi Mein''
| Pooja
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Dabangg 2]]''
| Bride
| Hindi
| Cameo appearance in the song "Dagabaaz Re"
|
|-
|2017
| ''[[Superstar (2017 film)|Superstar]]''
| Anjali Kapadia
|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashmi Desai: Not easy for TV actors to get into films, need to still prove themselves |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Feb/08/rashmi-desai-not-easy-for-tv-actors-to-get-into-films-need-to-still-prove-themselves |work=Cinema Express |agency=PTI |date=8 February 2025 |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Tamas''
|Saina/Sania
|Hindi [[Urdu]]
|[[Short film]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Rashami Desai's digital debut Tamas is well-intentioned but badly executed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/rashami-desai-s-digital-debut-tamas-is-well-intentioned-but-badly-executed-watch-it-here/story-G3F2BTDhG5hvkYKFLpkmRN.html |access-date=12 July 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
| ''[[JNU: Jahangir National University]]''
|Yuvedita Menon
|Hindi
|
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |title=JNU: Jahangir National University |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/jnu-jahangir-national-university-official-trailer/videoshow/111060381.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |2025
|''[[Mom Tane Nai Samjay]]''
|Aashka
|Gujarati
|
|<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=Mom Tane Nai Samjay - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/mom-tane-nai-samjay-official-trailer/videoshow/117119602.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 January 2025 |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |TBA
|{{Pending film|Mission Laila}}
|TBA
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Director Anup Thapa wraps shooting of film "Mission Laila" starring Rashmi Desai, Rajpal Yadav, Bhavin Bhanushali & Atul Srivastav |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/director-anup-thapa-wraps-shooting-of-film-mission-laila-starring-rashmi-desai-rajpal-yadav-bhavin-bhanushali-amp-atul-srivastav20230424141629/ |work=ANI News |date=24 April 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141926/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/director-anup-thapa-wraps-shooting-of-film-mission-laila-starring-rashmi-desai-rajpal-yadav-bhavin-bhanushali-amp-atul-srivastav20230424141629/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mission Laila |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/mission-laila/movieshow/99724849.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Evara-Blessing Of God}}
|TBA
|
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=ਬਾਲੀਵੁੱਡ 'ਚ ਨਵੀਂ ਪਾਰੀ ਵੱਲ ਵਧਿਆ ਇਹ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਅਦਾਕਾਰ, ਇਸ ਫਿਲਮ 'ਚ ਆਵੇਗਾ ਨਜ਼ਰ |trans-title=This Punjabi actor, who has moved towards a new innings in Bollywood, will be seen in this film |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/punjabi/punjab/entertainment/movie/punjabi-actor-minar-malhotra-has-moved-towards-a-new-innings-in-bollywood/pb20240102164715115115593 |work=ETV Bharat News |language=pa |date=2 January 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Chambe Di Booti}}
|TBA
|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nav Bajwa to romance Rashmi Desai in 'Chambe Di Booti' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/nav-bajwa-to-romance-rashmi-desai-in-chambe-di-booti-514425 |work=Tribune |date=5 June 2023 |access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/rashmi-desai-to-act-in-punjabi-film-opposite-nav-bajwa/articleshow/100683433.cms |title=Rashmi Desai to act in Punjabi film opposite Nav Bajwa |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=1 June 2023 |access-date=23 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year ||Title ||Role ||Notes ||Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Tandoor (web series)|Tandoor]]''
| Palak Sahni / Palak Sharma
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2021 |title=Watch Tandoor Web Series |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/tandoor/192080 |access-date=18 January 2021 |website=[[Voot]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Ratri Ke Yatri (web series)|Ratri Ke Yatri]]''
| Ruby
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=3 September 2021 |title=Hungama Play's 'Ratri Ke Yatri 2' to feature telly superstars |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hungama-plays-ratri-ke-yatri-2-to-feature-telly-superstars |access-date=23 May 2022 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''LLB - Bas Naam Hi Kaafi Hai''
| Preeti
|
| <ref name="AmarUjala_LLB"/>
|-
| 2024
| ''Womaniya''
| Binni
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| ''[[Hisaab Barabar]]''
|Monalisa Yadav
|
|<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |date=17 January 2025 |title=Hisaab Barabar: Rashami Desai joins R. Madhavan's satirical thriller - All you need to know about her character |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hisaab-barabar-on-ott-rashami-desai-joins-as-monalisa-yadav-in-r-madhavans-satirical-thriller-all-you-need-to-know-about-her-character/d1420ed85e967 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Arpita |date=10 January 2025 |title=Hisaab Barabar Trailer OUT: R. Madhavan looks promising as he uncovers banking scam in upcoming satirical thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hisaab-barabar-trailer-out-r-madhavan-looks-promising-as-he-unravels-banking-scam-in-upcoming-satirical-thriller/b44a969d6e857 |website=OTTPlay |access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''Roadpati Bana Crorepati''
|Avani
|
|<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title=Roadpati Bana Crorepati |url=https://kukufm.com/show/roadpati-bana-crorepati |access-date=22 September 2025 |website=kukufm.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable sortable" ;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2006–2008
| ''[[Raavan (TV series)|Raavan]]''
| [[Mandodari]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Pari Hoon Main]]''
| Pari Rai Choudhary / Nikki Shrivastav
|
|-
| ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai]]''
| Priya
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]''
| Dr. Meher Datta
|
|-
| 2009–2014
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
| Tapasya Thakur Rathore
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010
| ''[[Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Meethi Choori No 1]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha |Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]''
|Contestant
|Winner
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ke SuperStars]]''
| Host
|
|-
|2011
| ''[[Comedy Ka Maha Muqabala]]''
| Arshad Ke Punters Member
| Runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| ''[[Haunted Nights]]''
| Shivani
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 5|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]''
| Contestant
|1st runner-up
|-
|2013
| ''Nautanki: The Comedy Theatre''
| Natkhat Sali
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Sakshi
|
|-
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]''
| Aanchal/Mata
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]''
|Contestant
|9th place
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 7|Nach Baliye 7]]''
| Contestant
|1st runner-up
|-
| ''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''
| Tulsi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[Adhuri Kahaani Hamari]]''
| Preeti
|
|-
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|-
| ''[[Mazaak Mazaak Mein]]''
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| Shorvori Bhattacharya
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Rasoi Ki Jung Mummyon Ke Sung''
| Contestant
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Tennis Premier League]]''
| Player
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| ''Chalo Saaf Karein''
| Palak
|
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|Contestant
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 13|Bigg Boss 13]]''
| Contestant
| 3rd runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4]]''
| Nayantara/Shalaka
|
|-
| ''[[Ladies vs Gentlemen]]''
| Panelist
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 15|Bigg Boss 15]]''
| Contestant
|5th runner-up
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 6]]''
| Shanglira/Shalaka
|
|-
| ''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra|The Khatra Khatra Show]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Entertainment Ki Raat Housefull]]''
| Contestant
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|Advocate Meenakshi Kapoor
|Cameo Appearance
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" ;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2009
|''[[Vicky Ki Taxi]]''
| rowspan="23" | Herself
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 4)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 4]]''
|-
| ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance 3]]''
|-
| ''[[Ratan Ka Rishta]]''
|-
| ''Stars Ka Tadka''
|-
| ''[[India's Got Talent season 3]]''
|-
|[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]''
|-
| ''[[Movers & Shakers (TV series)|Movers & Shakers]]''
|-
|Comedy Ka Jashn
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]''
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 6|Nach Baliye 6]]''
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2015
| ''[[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]''
|-
| ''[[Farah Ki Daawat]]''
|-
|''Pesbukers''
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ki Raat Hai Zindagi]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani]]''
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Live]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2017
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Bigg Boss 10]]''
|-
| ''[[Ek Shringaar-Swabhiman]]''
| rowspan="2" | Shorvari
|-
| ''[[Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
|rowspan="2" | Herself
|-
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
| rowspan="2" | Shorvori
|-
| ''[[Belan Wali Bahu]]''
|-
| ''[[Ace of Space 1|MTV Ace of Space 1]]''
| rowspan="4" | Herself
|-
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
|-
|2019
|''Kitchen Champion 5''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge]]''
|-
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''
|Shalaka
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| rowspan="5" | Herself
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|-
|2024
|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|-
|2025
|''United State Of Gujarat''
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable" ;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
| 2004
|''Doliya Kahaar''
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]] and Sunil Chhaila Bihari
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uEj6MEg1u8 |title=Doliya Kahaar { Angika Vivah Geet } Shaadi Video Songs Jukebox |language=en |access-date=22 April 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2015
|''Teri Ek Hassi''
|[[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nandish-sandhu-rashami-desai-in-music-video-together/lite/ |title=Rashami Desai and Nandish Sandhu in a Music Video |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''Sajna Ve''
| [[Monali Thakur]] and Dilip Soni
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=cYF9nbIz5JM |title=Sajna Ve HD music video sung by Monali Thakur and Dilip Soni, starring Rashami Desai and Salman Yusuf Khan |via=[[YouTube]] |date=19 March 2016 |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''Ab Kya Jaan Legi Meri''
|[[Palash Muchhal]] and [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ab Kya Jaan Legi Meri: Shaheer Sheikh and Rashami Desai come together for song on demanding girlfriends |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/ab-kya-jaan-legi-meri-shaheer-sheikh-and-rashami-desai-come-together-for-song-on-demanding-girlfriends/story-GDKBTcmFZQHiMcDa35D6iO.html |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |date=24 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Kinna Sona''
| [[Rahul Vaidya]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Listen To The Romantic Reprised Version Of Song 'Kinna Sona' Sung By Rahul Vaidya Feat. Rashami Desai {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/listen-to-the-romantic-reprised-version-of-song-kinna-sona-sung-by-rahul-vaidya-feat-rashami-desai/videoshow/83004699.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Subhan Allah''
| Altamash Faridi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SubhanAllah music video out. Rashami Desai, Monis Khan's chemistry is just adorable |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/subhanallah-music-video-out-rashami-desai-monis-khan-s-chemistry-is-just-adorable-1850281-2021-09-07 |access-date=29 October 2021 |website=India Today |date=7 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Zindagi Khafa Khafa''
| [[Rahul Vaidya]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2021 |title=Zindagi Khafa Khafa Song Out: Rahul Vaidya And Rashmi Desai Star In A Romantic Song |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zindagi-khafa-khafa-song-out-rahul-vaidya-and-rashmi-desai-weave-the-most-melodious-romantic-song-watch-video |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "5"| 2022
|''Qatilana''
| Ajay Keswani and Aakansha Sharma
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Qatilana (Official Video) Rashami Desai - Ajay Keswani {{!}} Sanjeev Chaturvedi - New Hindi Songs 2022 | date=2 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpBhdJD2crQ |language=en |access-date=4 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Biraj Mein Jhoom''
| Anuradha Palakurthi Juju
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Biraj Mein Jhoom ft. Rashami Desai {{!}} Anuradha Juju, Salim Sulaiman {{!}} Juju Productions | date=14 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPLGqnJflvk |via=YouTube |access-date=14 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Tere Pind''
| Gurlez Akhtar and Fateh Shergill
| <ref name=":7">{{Citation |title=Tere Pind - Fateh Shergill {{!}} Rashami Desai {{!}} Gurlez Akhtar {{!}} Latest New Punjabi Songs 2022 | date=31 March 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLYHc4UGEmQ |via=YouTube |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Parwah''
| [[Neha Bhasin]]
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Neha Bhasin {{!}} Parwah Ft. Rashami Desai (Official Video) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vprKOtp09Wg |language=en |access-date=4 April 2022 |website=YouTube| date=3 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Khayalat''
| Faisla Khan
| <ref name=":8">{{cite web |title=Khayalat {{!}} (Music Video) {{!}} Faisla Khan {{!}} Rashami Desai & Arman Khan {{!}} Punjabi Songs 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uoE6_wd6pFQ |website=YouTube | date=21 April 2022 |publisher=Jass Records Worldwide |access-date=24 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Pyar Eda Da''
|Jyoti Nooran
|<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Bhatia |first=Harshika |date=22 September 2023 |title=Pyar Eda Da: Shoaib Ibrahim and Rashami Desai's new song is here to steal hearts |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/pyar-eda-da-shoaib-ibrahim-and-rashami-desais-new-song-is-here-to-steal-hearts-1245086 |work=PINKVILLA |access-date=28 September 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111105636/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/pyar-eda-da-shoaib-ibrahim-and-rashami-desais-new-song-is-here-to-steal-hearts-1245086 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "3"| 2025
|''Rajj Rajj Nachan''
|[[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Ishika Hirve and Sikandar Maan
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6J1TNUOpGKA |title=Rajj Rajj Nachan (Official Video) Divya Kumar Ft. Shiv Thakare & Rashami Desai {{!}} Doss Music |date=3 July 2025 |last=DOSS MUSIC |access-date=4 August 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''Juda Hona Hai''
|Altamash Faridi
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9gTiFcWgCM |title=Juda Hona Hai - FULL VIDEO {{!}} Rashami Desai {{!}} Altamash Faridi {{!}} Shashi {{!}} Prince {{!}} New Hindi Song 2025 |date=17 July 2025 |last=Venus Originals |access-date=4 August 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''Kanha Krishna Murari''
|[[Seeta Qasemi]]
|<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Kanha Krishna Murari (Official Music Video) {{!}} Ft. Rashami Desai & Shiv Thakare {{!}} Seeta {{!}} Mohit|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFcym0AjVZc|date=19 November 2025|access-date=1 December 2025|via=YouTube|last=Shreenathji Mediaworks}}</ref>
|}

=== Theatres ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Refh}}
|-
| 2022
| ''Teen Bunder''
| Naina
| Gujarati
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=15 June 2022 |title=Fifth edition of theater Festival ‘Khidkiyaan' unveils on June 16th |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/fifth-edition-khidkiyaan-1503081249.html |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asian |first=Urban |date=15 June 2022 |title=Mukesh Chhabra announces fifth edition of ‘Khidkiyaan Theatre Festival 2022’! |url=https://urbanasian.com/featured/2022/06/mukesh-chhabra-announces-fifth-edition-of-khidkiyaan-theatre-festival-2022/ |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Aankh Micholi''
| Sandhya
| Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=editorial |first=M. T. G. |date=27 March 2025 |title=AANKH MICHOLI (Vikas Bahari) Hindi Play/Drama directed by Vikas Bahari starring Jatin Sarna, Paritosh Tripathi, Sugandha Srivastava, Rashmit Desai written by C.P. Deshpande. |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/hindi/aankh-micholi--vikas-bahari--hindi-play-preview.asp |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aankh Micholi Plays, Theatre Events Tickets |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/plays/aankh-micholi/ET00439991?fbrefresh=1 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Mrs Mara Online Che''
| Hansa
| Gujarati
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2025 |title=Rashami Desai on delving into Gujarati industry: The positivity that I received from the Gujarati audience is incredible |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/rashami-desai-on-delving-into-gujarati-industry-the-positivity-that-i-received-from-the-gujarati-audience-is-incredible-101748821341698.html |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=Actor Rashami Desai celebrates 50 stagings of her debut play; says theatre is her calling for now, not TV |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/actor-rashami-desai-celebrates-50-stagings-of-her-debut-play-says-theatre-is-her-calling-for-now-not-tv-101752558200259.html |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film/Show
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Popular Actor in Negative Role (Female)
| rowspan="12" | ''[[Uttaran]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2009 Popular Awards nominees |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm |archive-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| GR8! Ensemble Cast
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gr8mag.com/posts.php?id=328 |title=GR8! TV Magazine - THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS, 2009 |website=gr8mag.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2010
| Best Actress (Popular)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ITA_2010.pdf |title=The Chosen Ones |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109031114/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ITA_2010.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2016 |access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Most Popular Actor in a Negative Role (Female)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Telly awards 2010 Popular Awards winners |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |access-date=16 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Actor Female
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ty8oNMQ0UJU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/Ty8oNMQ0UJU |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2010 |via=[[YouTube]] |date=12 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor in a Negative Role (Female)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNvJldFkPZM |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/zNvJldFkPZM |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Gold Awards 2010 July04'10 Part-25 |work=[[YouTube]] ([[Zee TV]] channel) |date=7 July 2010 |access-date=29 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2011
| [[Star Guild Awards]]
| Best Actor-Female in a Drama Series
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards Star Guild Awards 2011 |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/hindi/awards/star-guild-awards-2011 |access-date=22 March 2025 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[FICCI Frames#FICCI Frames Excellence Awards|FICCI Frames Excellence Awards]]
| Best TV Actor (Female)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=26 March 2011 |title=Winners of FICCI FRAMES Excellence Honours awards : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-ficci-frames-excellence-honours-awards/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Apsara Awards]]
| Best Ensemble Cast
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/highest-scorer-dabangg-won-seven-awards-at-the-chevrolet-apsara-awards-2011-235.html|title=Highest scorer Dabangg won seven awards at the Chevrolet Apsara Awards 2011|date=17 January 2011|website=Adgully|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actor Female (Popular)
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aPE1gdC-pzQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/aPE1gdC-pzQ |archive-date=15 December 2021 |url-status=live |title=Gold Awards 2011 July17'11 Part-27 |work=[[YouTube]] ([[Zee TV]] Channel) |date=18 July 2011 |access-date=29 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress (Critics)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |title=Winners List:4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011 |access-date=11 April 2021 |archive-date=8 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408092834/https://indiantelevisionawards.webs.com/boroplus-gold-awards |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012
| [[Apsara Awards]]
| Best Actress in Drama Series
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://starguildawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=Winners List:7th Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816153242/http://starguildawards.org/7th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=16 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Colors Golden Petal Awards
| Most Favourite Dancing Diva
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 5]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colors Golden Petal Awards 2012 - Filmibeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/photos/tv-awards/colors-golden-petal-awards-2012-41337.html#photos-6 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Actress
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Parismita |date=26 June 2017 |title=Zee Gold Awards 2017: Jennifer Winget, Shaheer Sheikh, Mouni Roy and others nominated; here's how you can vote |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/zee-gold-awards-2017-jennifer-winget-shaheer-sheikh-mouni-roy-others-nominated-heres-how-you-732316 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Colors Golden Petal Awards
|Favourite Jodi Siddharth Shukla, Rashami Desai
| {{won}}
||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Colors Golden Petal Awards 2017 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/colors-golden-petal-awards/2017/116 |access-date=21 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| Colors Golden Petal Awards
| Best Actress
| {{nom}}
||<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2017 |title=Rubina Dilaik, Adaa Khan, Karan Mehra: TV celebs dazzle at Colors Golden Petal Awards 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/rubina-dilaik-adaa-khan-karan-mehra-tv-celebs-dazzle-at-colors-golden-petal-awards-2017-lifetv-842085-2017-04-13 |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| Midday IIIA Awards
| Best Debut Actress In A Web Series
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Tandoor (web series)|Tandoor]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Photos Celebs attend the Midday India International Influencer Awards 2022 (16) {{!}} Rashami Desai Images - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-celebs-attend-midday-india-international-influencer-awards-2022/photos-celebs-attend-the-midday-india-international-influencer-awards-2022-16/ |access-date=21 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| IIFTA Awards
| Stellar Performer of the Year
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2023 |title=IIFTA Awards 2023: Adnan Khan, Archana Gautam, Falaq Naaz and other TV stars grace the red carpet |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/webstories/news-gossip/iifta-awards-2023-adnan-khan-archana-gautam-falaq-naaz-and-other-tv-stars-grace-the-red-carpet-2528272/ |access-date=21 March 2025 |website=bollywoodlife.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2829969}}
* {{Twitter|TheRashamiDesai}}
{{Commons category}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Television
|portal4 = Films
}}
{{Jhalak}}
{{Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi}}
{{Navboxes | title = Awards for Rashami Desai | list =
{{Indian Telly Award Best Negative Actress}}
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Rashami}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Assamese cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Big Brother (franchise) contestants]]

Sangaldan railway station

2026-02-21T16:07:43Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Proposed railway station in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Update|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sangaldan Railway Station
| name_lang = اردو
| native_name = سنگلدان ریلوے اسٹیشن
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image =
| address = [[Sangaldan]], [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|33.2449|75.0874|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|1232.085|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| line = [[Jammu-Baramulla line]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| other =
| accessible = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SGDN
| zone = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Jammu}}
}}
| status = Completed
| closed =
| former =
| opened = 2024/02/20
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| route_map = {{Jammu–Baramulla line|inline=1}}
| map_state = collapsed
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Northern Railway zone|left=Sawalkote|right=Sumber|to-left=Jammu Tawi|to-right=Baramulla|type=[[Jammu-Baramulla line]]}}
| image_caption =
}}
'''Sangaldan Railway Station''' is a railway station in [[Ramban district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Its code is '''SGDN'''. It serves [[Sangaldan]] block, Gool Sub-division and [[Ramban, Jammu and Kashmir|Ramban District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-to-flag-off-first-electric-train-in-kashmir-on-tuesday/articleshow/107764345.cms|title=PM Modi to flag off first electric train in Kashmir on Tuesday}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir/connecting-kashmir-banihal-sangaldan-section-of-udhampur-srinagar-baramulla-rail-link-to-open-on-feb-20-2898544|title=Connecting Kashmir: Banihal-Sangaldan section of Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link to open on Feb 20}}</ref> The station has three platforms.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/sangaldan-sngdn/12072| title=SNGDN/Sangaldan| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> The station lies on [[Banihal]]–[[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] line. The Work on this rail line upto Sangaldan has been completed in February 2024. The station in surrounded by many of long tunnels of [[Jammu–Baramulla line]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kashmir-rail-link-to-be-completed-by-2020-will-have-worlds-highest-railway-bridge-778234|title=Kashmir Rail Link to be Completed by 2020. Will Have World's Highest Railway Bridge|date=4 July 2015|work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kashmir-rail-link-project-to-be-completed-by-2020-Railway-officials/articleshow/47938372.cms|title=Kashmir rail link project to be completed by 2030: Railway officials|work=The Times of India|date=4 July 2015 }}</ref>

The station is part of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]], which once completed, will connect the city to the rail network of India. Currently, services are to [[Baramulla]] and [[Banihal|Sangaldan]]. The railway line once fully completed is expected to increase tourism and travel to the Kashmir Valley. The work of last leg [[Chenab Bridge]] has also been completed in 2022.

The Sangaldan Railway Station was inaugurated by Honourable Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi through video conferencing on 20, Feb, 2024.

This railway station plays an important role as it connects Udhampur to Srinagar railway station. Which helps in ease of transportation of goods and military equipment.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ramban district]]
[[Category:Jammu railway division]]
[[Category:Proposed railway stations in India]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2024]]

{{JammuKashmir-railstation-stub}}

Edison Awards (India)

2026-02-14T01:25:21Z

Nadeem Ahmed: further reworked layout for accuracy

{{short description|Tamil film industry awards}}
{{for-multi|the Dutch award given for musical achievement|Edison Award|the awards given for excellence in innovation|Edison Awards}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Edison Awards
| image = Edison Awards.jpg
| caption = Official logo
| awarded_for = Excellence in [[Tamil cinema]] and [[Music]]
| country = India
| year = 2009
| website = [http://www.edisonawards.in/ Edison Awards]
| established = 2009
| firstawarded =
| lastawarded = 2025
| producer =
| network = Fame Private Channel
| site =
| network_list =
| location = Chennai
| current_awards = Edison Awards 2020
| sponsor =
| year2 =
| related =
| presenter = MyTamilMovie.com
}}

The '''Edison Awards''' is an annual [[awards ceremony]] since 2009 for people in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. It is named after the inventor of motion pictures, Sir [[Thomas Alva Edison]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmsite.org/pre20sintro.html |title=Film History Before 1920 |publisher=Filmsite.org |access-date=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219133828/http://www.filmsite.org/pre20sintro.html |archive-date=2014-02-19 }}</ref> It reaches seven countries with [[Tamil language]] television, with the main broadcaster Astro in [[Malaysia]].

The event is mainly organised by its founder J. Selva Kumar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/about-ceo.php | title=Edison Awards CEO & Founder}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WYZk-_TR5Hc | title=Edison Awards Founder Selvakumar Interview| website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> and hosted by MyTamilMovie.com. The main sponsors in recent years have been [[Jet Airways]] and [[Videocon]].

The show is augmented by talent search analysis, live concerts by professional Tamil [[playback singer]]s and young emergers and dancers. The awards are given based on People's Choice conceptual, implemented with online voting, SMS voting, and Dial-a-Vote.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-11-02/endhiran-silambarasan-14-02-11.html |title=Endhiran, Silambarasan And Trisha Make It|website=Behindwoods |date=2011-02-14 |access-date=2012-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.images.behindwoods.com/photo-galleries-q1-09/tamil-photo-gallery/edison-awards-01/01-edison-awards-01-simbu.html |title=2011 Edison Awards|website=behindwoods.com |access-date=2012-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/03/05/stories/2010030551530500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310103506/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/03/05/stories/2010030551530500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-03-10 |title=Edison Awards |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2010-03-05 |access-date=2012-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thebollywoodgallery.com/director-venkat-prabhu-at-edison-awards-2011-photos/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314015643/http://thebollywoodgallery.com/director-venkat-prabhu-at-edison-awards-2011-photos/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 March 2011 |title=Director Venkat Prabhu At Edison Awards 2011|website=thebollywoodgallery.com |access-date=2012-02-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/simbu-and-trisha-win-edison-awards-for-excellence-in-cinema/ |title=Simbu and Trisha win Edison awards 2011, for Vinnai Thaandi Varuvaaya |website=Kollytalk.com |date=2011-02-14 |access-date=2012-02-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622073416/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/simbu-and-trisha-win-edison-awards-for-excellence-in-cinema/ |archive-date=2011-06-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tamil.cineandhra.in/2011/02/tamil-edison-awards-2011-event-in-lady.html |title=Tamil Edison Awards 2011 Event in Lady Andal School ~ Tamil Cinema News| Tamil Actress| Tamil Sex | South Indian Movies |access-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220023728/http://www.tamil.cineandhra.in/2011/02/tamil-edison-awards-2011-event-in-lady.html |archive-date=2011-02-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Awards==

===Merit awards===
* Best Actor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awardee !! Movie
|-
| 2009{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} || [[Jayam Ravi]]|| ''[[Peraanmai]]''
|-
| 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=18 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.edisonawards.in}}</ref>|| [[Silambarasan]]|| ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]''
|-
|2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards 2011 |url=https://www.tamilcinemabio.com/2012/02/edison-awards-2011.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|''[[Velayudham]]''
|-
| 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay wins Edison Award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/feb/14/vijay-wins-edison-award-340091.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>|| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] || ''[[Thuppakki]]''
|-
| 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-13 |title=6th Edison Awards - 2013 |url=https://www.southdreamz.com/51387/6th-edison-awards-2013/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415055754/http://www.southdreamz.com/51387/6th-edison-awards-2013/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=15 April 2016 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=South Indian Cinema Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>|| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]|| ''[[Thaandavam]]''
|-
|2014
|[[Dhanush]]
|[[Maryan (film)|''Maryan'']]
|-
| 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=25 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.edisonawards.in}}</ref>|| [[Dhanush]]|| ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''
|-
|2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.edisonawards.in}}</ref>
|[[Jayam Ravi]]
|''[[Thani Oruvan]]''
|-
| 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-11 |title=2017 Edison Awards Winners List - TamilGlitz |url=https://tamilglitz.in/2017-edison-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=en-US}}</ref>|| [[Silambarasan]]|| ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''
|-
| 2018<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Grandeur gets redefined at 11th Annual EDISON AWARDS Edison awards 2018- 1 |url=http://www.rspnetwork.in/2018/02/grandeur-gets-redefined-at-11th-annual.html |access-date=2022-06-26 |language=en}}</ref>|| [[Karthi]]|| ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]''
|-
| 2019{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} || [[Dhanush]]|| ''[[Vada Chennai]]''
|}

* Best Actress
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Achamundu Achamundu]]''|| [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya]]''|| [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]''|| [[Richa Gangopadhyay]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''|| [[Hansika Motwani]]
|-
| 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Edison Awards |url=https://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=28#:~:text=Actress%20Srushti%20Dange%20won%20the,on%20the%20social%20awareness%20movie. |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.edisonawards.in}}</ref>|| ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]''|| [[Nayanthara]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Kodi (film)|''Kodi'']]|| [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|-
| 2018<ref name=":0" />|| ''[[Aramm]]''|| [[Nayanthara]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Raatchasi]]''|| [[Jyothika]]
|}

===Multiple wins===
The following individuals have received two or more Best Actress awards:

{| class="wikitable"
!Wins
!Actress
|-
|2
|{{cslist|[[Trisha Krishnan]]|[[Nayanthara]]}}
|}

* Best Debut Actor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]''|| [[Vishnu Vishal]]
|-
| 2010 || [[Baana Kaathadi|''Baana Kaathaadi'']] || [[Adharvaa]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]''|| [[Mahat Raghavendra]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''|| [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Kadal (2013 film)|''Kadal'']] || [[Gautham Karthik]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Kayal (film)|''Kayal'']] || [[Chandran]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|''Darling'']] ||[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Metro (2016 film)|''Metro'']] || [[Metro Shirish]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Taramani (film)|''Taramani'']] || [[Vasanth Ravi]]
|}
* Best Debut Actress
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Malayan (film)|''Malayan'']] || [[Shammu]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mynaa]]''|| [[Amala Paul]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''|| [[Ineya|Iniya]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Podaa Podi]]''|| [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neram]]''|| [[Nazriya Nazim]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Madras (film)|''Madras'']] || [[Catherine Tresa]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Darling (2015 Tamil film)|''Darling'']] || [[Nikki Galrani]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''|| [[Manjima Mohan]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aruvi]]''|| [[Aditi Balan]]
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''|| [[Raiza Wilson]]
|}
* Best Male Rising Star
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|-
| 2010 || [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
|-
| 2011 || [[Bharath Srinivasan]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Jiiva]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Gautham Karthik]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Arvind Swamy]]
|-
| 2018 || [[Arun Vijay]]
|-
| 2019 || [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Simbu]]
|-
|}
* Best Female Rising Star
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awardee
|-
| 2010 || [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Oviya]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Sri Divya]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Janani Iyer]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Keerthy Suresh]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Parvatii Nair]]
|-
| 2018 || [[Aishwarya Dutta]]
|}

* Best Supportive Actor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|''Unnaipol Oruvan'']] || [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Kazhugu (2012 film)|''Kazhugu'']] || [[Karunas]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Thalaivaa]]''|| [[Subbu Panchu]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Madras (film)|''Madras'']] || [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kanchana 2]]''|| [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Kabali (film)|''Kabali'']] || [[John Vijay]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Pa. Pandi]]''|| [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]
|}
* Best Supportive Actress
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2010 || [[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|''Naan Mahaan Alla'']] || [[Neelima Rani]]
|-
| 2012 || [[3 (2012 Indian film)|''3'']] || [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|-
|2016 ||[[Massu Engira Masilamani|''Mass'']] ||[[Pranitha Subhash]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aruvi]]''|| Anjali Varadhan
|-
|2018 ||[[Kaala (2018 film)|''Kaala'']]||[[Easwari Rao|Eshwari Rao]]
|}
* Best Character (Male)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Achamundu Achamundu]]''|| [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]]
|-
| 2010 || [[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|''Naan Mahaan Alla'']] || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''|| [[Thambi Ramaiah]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Iraivi]]''|| [[Radha Ravi]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Thupparivaalan]]''|| [[K. Bhagyaraj]]
|}
* Best Character (Female)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Siva Manasula Sakthi|''Siva Manasula Shakti'']] || [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|-
| 2010 || [[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru|''Thenmerku Paruvakkaatru'']] || [[Saranya Ponvannan]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Iraivi]]''|| [[Pooja Devariya]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''|| [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
|}
* Best Comedian
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Guru En Aalu]]''|| [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Boss Engira Bhaskaran]]''|| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]''|| [[Premji Amaren]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]]''|| [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]''|| [[Powerstar Srinivasan]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kaththi]]''|| [[Sathish]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Thanga Magan (2015 film)|''Thanga Magan'']] || [[Sathish]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Remo (film)|''Remo'']] || [[Sathish]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]''|| [[RJ Balaji]]
|}
* Best Child Actor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]''|| [[Sara Arjun|Baby Sarah]]
|-
| 2017|| [[Taramani (film)|''Taramani'']] || Adrian Knight Jesly
|-
| 2020|| [[Super Deluxe (film)|''Super Deluxe'']] || [[Ashwanth Ashokkumar]]
|-
| 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.webdunia.com/article/film-gossip-in-malayalam/jailer-movie-child-actor-rithvik-jailer-family-123092300020_1.html|title=ജയിലറിലെ കുട്ടി, സിനിമയിലെ കുടുംബത്തെ കണ്ട സന്തോഷത്തില്‍ റിഥ്വിക്, ചിത്രങ്ങള്‍ കാണാം|first=കെ ആര്‍|last=അനൂപ്|website=malayalam.webdunia.com}}</ref> || ''[[O2 (2022 film)|O2]],'' ''[[Sardar (2022 film)|Sardar]]'' || [[Rithvik Jothi Raj|Rithvik]]
|}
* Best Villain
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Naan Ee]]''|| [[Sudeep]]
|-
| 2013|| ''[[Singam II]]''|| [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]]
|-
| 2014|| [[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|''Jigarthanda'']] || [[Bobby Simha]]
|-
| 2015|| ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''|| [[Arvind Swamy]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Theri (film)|''Theri'']] || [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']] || [[S. J. Suryah]]
|}
* Best Commercial Movie
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Ayan (film)|''Ayan'']] || [[K. V. Anand]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Singam]]''|| [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
|}
* Best Romantic Movie
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aadhavan]]''|| [[K. S. Ravikumar]]
|-
| 2010 || [[Goa (2010 film)|''Goa'']] || [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|}
* Best Educational Movie
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Saattai]]''|| Anbhazhagan
|}
* Best Patriotic Movie
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Peraanmai]]''|| [[S. P. Jananathan]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''|| [[A. L. Vijay]]
|}
* Best Thriller Movie
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Eeram]]''|| Arivazhagan
|-
| 2010 || [[Aayirathil Oruvan (2010 film)|''Aaiyirathil Oruvan'']] || [[Selvaraghavan]]
|}
* Award for Daring Role
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aravaan]]''|| [[Sai Dhanshika|Dhansika]]
|}

===Technical awards===
* Best Music Director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Ayan (film)|''Ayan'']] || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Madrasapattinam]]''|| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| 2011 || [[Ko (film)|''Ko'']] || [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Kumki (film)|''Kumki'']] || [[D. Imman]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kaththi]]''|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]''|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Remo (film)|''Remo'']] || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|''Velaikkaran'']] || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|}

* Best Introduced Music Director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Unnaipol Oruvan (2009 film)|''Unnaipol Oruvan'']] || [[Shruthi Haasan]]
|-
| 2010 || [[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru|''ThenMerku Paruvakkaatru'']] || N.R.Rahunandan
|-
| 2012 || [[3 (2012 Indian film)|''3'']] || [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]''|| [[Siddharth Vipin]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Aambala]]''|| [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aruvi]]''|| Bindu Malini [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]]
|}

* Best Background Score
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2012 || [[Naan (2012 film)|''Naan'']] || [[Vijay Antony]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Raja Rani (2013 film)|''Raja Rani'']] || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Vedalam]]''|| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Kabali (film)|''Kabali'']] || [[Santhosh Narayanan]]
|}

* Best Male Playback Singer
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || Oru Chinna Thamarai - [[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]] || [[Krish (singer)|Krish]]
|-
| 2010 || Hossana - [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]] || [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| 2011 || Ennamo Yedho - [[Ko (film)|Ko]] || [[Aalap Raju]]
|-
| 2012 || Venam Machan - [[Oru Kal Oru Kannadi]] || [[Velmurugan]]
|-
| 2013 || Paakatha - [[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]] || [[Vijay Yesudas]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Aalaporaan Thamizhan]] - [[Mersal (film)|Mersal]] || Sathyaprakash
|}

* Best Female Playback Singer
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || Siragugal - [[Sarvam]] || [[Madhushree]]
|-
| 2010 || Adada Mazhada - [[Paiyaa]] || [[Saindhavi]]
|-
| 2011 || Chotta Chotta - [[Engeyum Eppodhum]] || [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
| 2012 || Asku Laska - [[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]] || Chinmayi
|-
| 2013 || Yaaro Ivan - [[Udhayam NH4]] || [[Saindhavi]]
|-
| 2014 || Kandangi Kandangi - [[Jilla]] || [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 2015 || [[Pookkalae Sattru Oyivedungal]] - [[I (2015 film)|I]] || Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| 2016 || Pothavillaye - [[Mudinja Ivana Pudi]] || Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| 2017 || Senthoora- [[Bogan (film)|Bogan]] || [[Luksimi Sivaneswaralingam]]
|}
* Best Introduced Playback Singer
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Nadodigal]]''|| Murugan
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Agam Puram]]''|| P. P. Venkat
|}

* Best Lyricist
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Kulir 100°]]''|| V.Elango
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Pa.Vijay]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Thuppakki]]''|| [[Madhan Karky]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Udhayam NH4]]''|| [[Na. Muthukumar]]
|-
| 2015 || [[I (2015 film)|''I'']] || [[Madhan Karky]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Kabali (film)|''Kabali'']] || [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']] || [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|}

* Best Director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Ayan (film)|''Ayan'']] || [[KV Anand|K.V.Anand]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Madarasapattinam]]''|| [[A. L. Vijay|A.L.Vijay]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]''|| [[Venkat Prabhu]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Kumki (film)|''Kumki'']] || [[Prabu Solomon]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Paradesi (2013 film)|''Paradesi'']] || [[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Madras (film)|''Madras'']] || [[Pa. Ranjith]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Thani Oruvan]]''|| [[Mohan Raja]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Kabali (film)|''Kabali'']] || [[Pa. Ranjith]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']] || [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]
|}

* Best Debut Director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Eeram]]''|| Arivazhagan
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kalavani]]''|| [[A. Sarkunam]]
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Engeyum Eppodhum]]''|| [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''|| [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Raja Rani (2013 film)|''Raja Rani'']] || [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/feb/17/Director-Atlee-Tapsee-Among-Recipients-of-Edison-Award-576520.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519163624/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/feb/17/Director-Atlee-Tapsee-Among-Recipients-of-Edison-Award-576520.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 May 2017 | title=Director Atlee, Tapsee Among Recipients of Edison Award | newspaper=The New Indian Express | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari]]''|| [[Velraj]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]''|| Bramma
|-
| 2016 || [[Remo (film)|''Remo'']] || [[Bakkiyaraj Kannan]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Aruvi]]''|| Arunprabhu
|}

* Best Art Director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]''|| [[Susindran]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Sabu Cyril|Saabu Cyril]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aravaan]]''|| Vijay Murugan
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''|| V. Selvakumar
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]] [[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''|| [[T. Muthuraj]]
|}

* Best Cinematography
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Eeram]]''|| [[Manoj Paramahamsa|Manoj Paramhamsa]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[R. Rathnavelu|Randy]]
|-
| 2012 || [[Pizza (2012 film)|''Pizza'']] || Gopi Amaranth
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Irandaam Ulagam]]''|| [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
|-
| 2017 || [[Mersal (film)|''Mersal'']] || [[G. K. Vishnu]]
|}

* Best Editor
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Sarvam]]''|| [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Thuppakki]]''|| [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Vedalam]]''|| [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Theeran Adhigaram Ondru]]''|| Shiva Nandeeswaran
|}

* Best Producer
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Eeram]]''|| [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Kalanidhi Maran|Kalanadhi Maran]]
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''|| [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaaka Muttai]]''|| [[Dhanush]], [[Vetrimaaran]]
|}

* Best Choreographer
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Kanden Kadhalai|''Kandaen Kadhalai'']] || Poppy Krishna
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Prabhu Deva]]
|-
| 2013 || [[Biriyani (film)|''Biriyani'']] || [[Raju Sundaram]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Kaththi]]''|| [[Shobi Paulraj]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]''|| [[Sathish Krishnan]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]''|| [[Sathish Krishnan]]
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]] [[Velaikkaran (2017 film)|Velaikkaran]]''|| [[Shobi Paulraj]]
|}

* Best Action
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Ayan (film)|''Ayan'']] || [[Kanal Kannan]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Enthiran]]''|| [[Peter Hein]]
|}
* Best PRO (Public Relations Officer)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2009 || [[Kanthaswamy|''Kandasamy'']] || Diamond Babu
|-
| 2010 || [[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|''Naan Mahan Alla'']] || John
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Dhoom 3]]''|| Suresh Chandra
|}

* Best Folk Song
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Song
|-
| 2012 || [[Kumki (film)|''Kumki'']] || Soi Soi
|}

* Favorite Song
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Song
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Maan Karate]]''|| Open the Tasmac
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Anegan]]''|| Danga Maari
|}

===Special awards===
* Super Star Rajini Award
{| class="wikitable"
! Year ||Film || Awardee
|-
| 2011
|''[[Velayudham]]''
|[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
|}

* Romantic Hero of the Year
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !!Film !! Awardee
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''||[[Harish Kalyan]]
|}

* Young Inspirational Actress
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !!Film !! Awardee
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''||[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
|}
* Lifetime Achievement Award
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awardee
|-
| 2011 || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|}

* Manidha Neyam Award
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awardee
|-
| 2015 || [[Raghava Lawrence]]
|}

* Best Actor in a Negative Role
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Awardee
|-
| 2015 || [[Arvind Swamy]]
|}

* Extreme Performance - Male
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2013 || [[Paradesi (2013 film)|''Paradesi'']] || [[Adharvaa|Atharvaa]]
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kanchana 2]]''|| [[Raghava Lawrence]]
|}

* Extreme Performance - Female
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2013 || [[Paradesi (2013 film)|''Paradesi'']] || [[Vedhika]]
|-
| 2014 || [[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|''Kaaviya Thalaivan'']] || [[Vedhika]]
|}

* Enthusiastic Performer - Male
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2013 || [[6 (film)|''6'']] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]
|}

* Enthusiastic Performer - Female
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Aarambam]]''|| [[Taapsee Pannu]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''|| [[Sshivada]]
|}

* Protonic Icon Award Director
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2014 || [[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|''Naan Sigappu Manithan'']] || [[Thiru (director)|Thiru]]
|}

* Best Retro Actress Award
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Mundasupatti]]''|| [[Nandita Swetha|Nandita]]
|}

* Best Overseas Artist
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2014 || [[Maindhan (2014 film)|''Maindhan'']] || [['Punnagai Poo' Gheetha]]
|}

* Best Actress in a Social Awareness Movie
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaththukkutti]]''|| [[Srushti Dange]]
|}

* Best Entertainer of the Year
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaaki Sattai]] '' || [[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Aranmanai 4]]''
|[[Sundar C]].
|}

* Best Overseas Lyricist
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Movie !! Awardee
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]'' || Asmin
|}

*Best Foreign Produced Tamil Drama
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title
|-
| 2012
| ''Enna Pizhai Seithen''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acm-cms-assets.eco.astro.com.my/acm/media/corporate/amh-fy13-annual-report.pdf|title=Go Beyond|work=[[Astro (company)|Astro]]|date=2013|page=34|access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0002563|Edison Awards (India)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.edisonawards.in/}}

[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:Recurring events established in 2009]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2009]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil film awards]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Vimal Chandran

2026-02-12T06:13:42Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new the entry basic info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour =
| field = Photography, Illustrations, films
| education = Bachelors of Technology
| awards =
| influenced =
| influenced by =
| patrons =
| works =
| movement =
| training =
| name = Vimal Chandran
| death_place =
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Palakkad]], India
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| image = Vimal_Chandran_in_the_studio.jpg
| residence =
}}
'''Vimal Chandran''' is an Indian visual artist who works with [[illustration]], [[photography]] and [[film]]s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/jul/24/when-frames-dont-define-pictures-499884.html|title=When frames don't define pictures|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2014/may/28/the-art-of-breaking-free-618329.html|title=The Art of Breaking Free|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/aesthetics-behind-the-obvious/article6033362.ece|title=Aesthetics behind the obvious|last=Elias|first=Esther|date=2014-05-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140604/lifestyle-booksart/article/his-art-isn%E2%80%99t-only-walls|title=His art isn't only for walls|last=nair|first=shreejaya|date=2014-06-05|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2019-11-13}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
Vimal grew up in the town called [[Palakkad]] in [[Kerala]]. He started painting at the age of four.<ref name=":0" /> Vimal completed his [[Bachelor of Technology|B. Tech]] from [[Kerala]] and is a self taught artist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=yamini@mpp.co.in|first=പി യാമിനി|title=ന്യൂ ജനറേഷന്‍ ആര്‍ട്ടിസ്റ്റ്‌|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/youth/social-media/article-1.35663|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref> Vimal came to [[Bangalore]] to work as a software engineer and eventually quit his corporate job to do art full time.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ordinary moments in extraordinary art|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jan/08/ordinary-moments-in-extraordinary-art-2086432.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He started exploring digital art from 2008<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi |first=Reethu |date=2022-01-17 |title=Inside India's nascent NFT sector |url=https://kr-asia.com/inside-indias-nascent-nft-sector |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=KrASIA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasanna |first=Likhitha |date=2021-07-30 |title=Behold the NFT ascend |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/Jul/30/behold-the-nft-ascend-2337325.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and his works often reflect vibrant culture of his native place, showing the amalgamation of folklore and myths with science fiction.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Akundi |first=Sweta |date=2021-07-22 |title=Kerala folk tales meet sci-fi in Vimal Chandran's NFT series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/vimal-chandran-folk-sci-fi-digital-art-series-sold-out-as-nft/article35469126.ece |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Chandran Creator Stats, Biography {{!}} About Vimal Chandran |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2023-digital-stars/profile/vimal-chandran/90 |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref>

== Exhibitions and works ==

* ''I have seen the labyrinth and it looks like a straight line,'' solo exhibition at Thalam, [[Domlur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-can-art-be-an-instrument-to-propagate-ideas-1858118|title=Can art be an instrument to propagate ideas?|last=Velayanikal|first=Malavika|date=2013-07-07|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-20}}</ref>
* ''Escape Velocity,'' solo exhibition at Durbar Hall, [[Kochi]].<ref name=":1" />
*''To Italy for Italy'', an art and photography project with Lamborghini India<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=M|first=Athira|date=2021-01-19|title=Lamborghini's promotional campaign showcases a slice of Kerala and its culture|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/lamborghinis-promotional-campaign-showcases-a-slice-of-kerala-culture/article33609786.ece|access-date=2021-02-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=When Italy meets India|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/jan/21/when-italy-meets-india-2252836.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*''Unposted Letters ,'' a digital illustration series''<nowiki/>'<ref>{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Susan Joe|date=2020-11-23|title=Vimal Chandran’s 2021 calendar, Songs for the Birds features his watercolour paintings|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/vimal-chandrans-2021-calendar-songs-for-the-birds-features-12-of-his-watercolour-paintings/article33160558.ece|access-date=2021-03-04|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" />''
*''Folk Sci-Fi'' , An Indo-futurism digital art series where Indian folklores are reinterpreted in a science fiction environment.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vimal Chandran |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/design/the-indo-futurism-of-vimal-chandran.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=www.platform-mag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=Online Exclusive |url=https://openthemagazine.com/feature/online-exclusive/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

His other works include ''Monsoon Records'', a Photography, art and film project based on the monsoon life of Kerala in collaboration with [[Avial (band)|Avial Band]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's raining picturesque|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/oct/16/its-raining-picturesque-2210737.html|access-date=2021-03-04|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and his work for Port Muziris, [[Marriott International|Marriott]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Treat yo' self|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/oct/23/treat-yo-self-2214260.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandran, Vimal}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Palakkad]]

Shyamala Goli

2026-02-12T02:43:55Z

Nadeem Ahmed: adjusted citations further for consistency

{{Short description|Indian Educator}}
{{Orphan|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Syamala Goli
| occupation = endurance swimmer, school teacher
| known_for = became only the second woman to cross the [[Palk Strait]]
}}

'''Syamala Goli''' also referred to as '''Goli Syamala''' is an Indian endurance swimmer, Producer, Creative Director and Writer to the Animation Series and Movies. In 19 March 2021, she became the second Indian woman and second woman in the world after [[Bula Choudhury]] to have crossed the [[Palk Strait]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-20|title=Hyderabad Woman Becomes World's Second Female to Swim 30-Mile Palk Strait in 13:43 hours Between Talimannar, Sri Lanka to Danushkodi, India.|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hyderabad-woman-becomes-worlds-second-female-to-swim-30-mile-palk-strait-between-india-and-sri-lanka-3554366.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> She completed the feat at the age of 47.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-18|title=47 year old Indian lady Syamala Goli swimming across Palk Strait|url=https://newsin.asia/47-year-old-indian-lady-syamala-goli-swimming-across-palk-strait/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=NewsIn.Asia|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
She holds a postgraduate degree in [[sociology]] and initially pursued her career as an animation film producer and director after starting up an animation company in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-20|title=Telugu Swimmer From Samalkot Shyamala Goli Profile, Journey To Top|url=https://menglish.sakshi.com/news/other-sports/telugu-swimmer-samarthakotta-shyamala-goli-profile-journey-top-132272|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref> After running the animation company for over ten years, she decided to quit it due to financial constraints.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=At 47, Telangana woman swims across the Palk Strait, sets eyes on crossing English Channel next|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/at-47-telangana-woman-swims-across-the-palk-strait-7240074/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

Syamala also runs a play school Small Steps Preschool and Daycare in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]. She pursued her interest in [[swimming]] at the age of 44 and joined a summer camp in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Syamala second Indian woman to conquer Palk strait|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/syamala-second-indian-woman-to-conquer-palk-strait-228071|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> She began her career in swimming in order to overcome from [[aquaphobia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2021-03-19|title=Woman swims from Talaimannar to Arichalmunai|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/woman-swims-from-talaimannar-to-arichalmunai/article34111184.ece|access-date=2021-03-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She began her rollercoaster career in swimming by crossing Ganga Open Water in [[Patna]] up to a distance of 13 km in 2019.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Adivi|first=Sashidhar|date=2021-03-22|title=Shyamala Goli swims across the Palk Strait|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/220321/shyamala-goli-swims-across-the-palk-strait.html|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, she swam across [[Krishna River|River Krishna]] in [[Vijayawada]], [[River Ganga]] in [[Patna]] and [[River Hooghly]] in [[Kolkata]]. She also represented Telangana at the 2020 FINA World Masters Championship which was held in Guwanju, [[South Korea]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Hyderabad entrepreneur second woman to swim across Palk Strait|url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2021/03/21/world/244575/hyderabad-entrepreneur-second-woman-swim-across-palk-strait|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Daily News|language=en}}</ref> She also competed at the 2019 National Open Water Ganga River Swimming Championships and also participated at the 2019 open-sea swimming championships which was held at [[Porbandar]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Palk Strait expedition ===
Syamala then applied to swim the 30 mile long [[Palk Strait]] in March 2020. She was all set and well prepared to swim across the Palk Strait but she had to postpone it due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. On 8 March 2020, just a day prior to her scheduled expedition, [[Government of Sri Lanka]] implemented nationwide island wide lockdown.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adaderana.lk/news/72443/woman-swims-from-sri-lanka-to-india-across-palk-strait|access-date=2021-03-22|website=www.adaderana.lk|title=Woman swims from Sri Lanka to India across Palk Strait}}</ref>

However exactly a year later, Syamala began her attempt of swimming across the Palk Strait with the support of Indian High Commissioner and Sri Lanka High Commissioner. On 19 March 2021, Syamala successfully swam across Palk Strait for 13 hours and 43 minutes starting her journey at 4.15am from [[Talaimannar]], [[Sri Lanka]] to [[Dhanushkodi Beach|Arichalmunai]], India.<ref name=":4" /> She completed the journey at Indian local time 5.30 pm.<ref>{{Cite web|last=TelanganaToday|title=Hyderabad's Syamala Goli becomes second woman ever to swim across Palk Strait|url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-syamala-goli-becomes-second-woman-ever-to-swim-across-palk-strait|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Telangana Today|date=19 March 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> She revealed that she faced very rough conditions in the Arabian sea difficulties during the last five hours of the expedition. During the expedition, she was accompanied by a 13-member crew including a doctor and observers from the Swimming Federation of India.<ref name=":0" /> She began her preparation and training to complete the Palk Strait feat in November 2020 after taking break due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. She trained at SR Swimming Pool at [[Miyapur]] for the Palk Strait expedition.<ref name=":3" />

She became only the second woman swimmer as well as thirteenth swimmer in the world to have crossed the Palk Strait and first person from Telangana to have achieved the milestone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=பாக்கு நீரிணையை நீந்தி கடந்த 2வது பெண்; செம சர்ப்ரைஸ் கொடுத்த தெலங்கானா ஆசிரியை!|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/srilanka-news/telangana-woman-teacher-syamala-goli-crossed-palk-strait-by-swimming/articleshow/81605039.cms|access-date=2021-03-22|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-20|title=Indian becomes the second woman to swim across the Palk Straits|url=https://economynext.com/indian-becomes-the-second-woman-to-swim-across-the-palk-straits-79964,%20https://economynext.com/indian-becomes-the-second-woman-to-swim-across-the-palk-straits-79964/|access-date=2021-03-22|website=EconomyNext}}</ref> It was reported that she was inspired to swim the Palk Strait after reading about the successful expeditions by swimmers when swimming across the [[English Channel]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goli, Syamala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female swimmers]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Antaryami Mishra

2026-02-11T09:23:41Z

Nadeem Ahmed: New

{{Infobox writer
| name = Antaryami Mishra
| image = Antaryami Mishra.jpg
| caption = Antaryami Mishra with former Odisha Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| birth_date = 1 July 1950
| birth_place = Marthapur, [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]], India
| occupation = Writer, linguist, cultural researcher
| nationality = Indian
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2023)
}}

'''Pandit Antaryami Mishra''' (born 1 July 1950) is an Indian Odia writer, linguist, and researcher known for his work in Odia language studies, history, and [[Jagannath]] culture.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsroomodisha.com/odia-37350/ |title=Contribution of Antaryami Mishra to Odia language inspires all: Chief Minister |website=Newsroom Odisha |date=4 February 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> He has contributed to scholarship on Odia linguistics and has written extensively on Odisha’s cultural and religious heritage.

== Early life and education ==
Mishra was born in Marthapur village in [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha]], to Satyabadi Mishra and Durgavati Devi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/know-the-2023-padma-shri-awardees-from-odisha--195618 |title=Know the 2023 Padma Shri awardees from Odisha |website=Odisha TV |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref> He completed his postgraduate studies at [[Utkal University]]. Over the years, he became associated with research and advocacy related to [[Odia language]] development and preservation.

== Career ==
Mishra has worked for more than five decades in the field of Odia language, grammar, and regional history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://interviewtimes.net/a-lifetime-of-dedication-dr-antaryami-mishras-love-for-odia-language-and-jagannath-culture/ |title=A lifetime of dedication: Dr. Antaryami Mishra’s love for Odia language and Jagannath culture |website=Interview Times |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref> His publication ''Odia Eka Shastriya Bhasha'' discussed the classical status of the Odia language. He has also written several works on Lord Jagannath and Odisha’s religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://otvkhabar.in/news/national/know-all-about-4-padma-awardees-from-odisha/104292 |title=Know all about 4 Padma awardees from Odisha |website=OTV Khabar |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

He has served as a commentator for [[Doordarshan]] during [[Ratha Yatra]] broadcasts and has been associated with the [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]] as a nominated member from Dhenkanal district.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishasambad.in/pandit-antaryami-mishra-will-receive-first-navagunjr-samman/ |title=Pandit Antaryami Mishra to receive Navagunjara Samman |website=Odisha Sambad |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
Some of his published works include:

* ''Punyapitha Kapilash'' (1995)
* ''Purushottama Jagannath'' (2011)
* ''Odia Eka Shastriya Bhasha'' (2013)
* ''Odia Bhasara Itihasa'' (2015)
* ''Moulik Odia Byakarana'' (2022)

== Awards and honours ==
* Navagunjara Samman (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishasambad.in/pandit-antaryami-mishra-will-receive-first-navagunjr-samman/ |title=Pandit Antaryami Mishra to receive Navagunjara Samman |website=Odisha Sambad |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>
* [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|Padma Shri]] (2023) in the field of Literature and Education<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/know-the-2023-padma-shri-awardees-from-odisha--195618 |title=Know the 2023 Padma Shri awardees from Odisha |website=Odisha TV |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.panditantaryamimishra.com/ official website]{{dead link|date=February 2026}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]

Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs

2026-02-08T13:58:15Z

Nadeem Ahmed: improve intro and fixed typos after review

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs
| nativename = केंद्रीय अप्रत्यक्ष कर एवं सीमा शुल्क बोर्ड
| logo = Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs Logo.svg
| logocaption = Logo of CBIC
| image_size = 150px
| abbreviation = CBIC
| motto = {{native phrase|sa|देशसेवार्थ करसंचय|italics=off}}
| mottotranslated = Tax collection in Service of the Nation
| formed = {{start date and age|26 January 1944}}
| employees = 19,178 {{small|(Gazetted Officers)}} 53,754 {{small|(Non Gazetted Officers)}}
| legalpersonality =
| country = India
| countryabbr = IN
| national = yes
| federal = Yes
| governingbody = Government of India
| headquarters = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[North Block]], [[New Delhi]], India
| chief1name = Vivek Chaturvedi, [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]]
| chief1position = [[Chairperson of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Chairperson]]
| parentagency = [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]]
| officetype = Zone / Commissionerate
| stationtype = Branches
| website = {{url|cbic.gov.in}}
| stations = 91
| minister1name = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], [[Finance Minister of India]]
}}

The '''Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs''' ('''CBIC'''), is a [[statutory body]] under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Revenue|Department of Revenue]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. It oversees the administration of [[indirect taxes|Indirect Taxes]], including [[Customs]] duties, [[Excise]] duties, and the [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] (GST). CBIC's function also extends to prevention of smuggling, [[Illicit financial flows|illicit financial activities]], and regulation and control of [[Narcotics]] through its attached/subordinate offices.

The Customs & Central Excise department was established in the year 1855 by the then British [[Governor General of India]], to administer customs laws in India and collection of import duties/land revenue. It is one of the oldest government departments in India.

Currently, the Customs and Central Excise/GST department comes under the [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Revenue|Department of Revenue]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India. The agency is staffed by Inspectors/Superintendents (Group B) selected through [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC) conducted matric level, higher secondary level, executive officers through Combined Graduate Level (CGL) exams and IRS officers (Group A) through [[Civil Services Examination]] who start their careers as Assistant Commissioners/Directors in the field with a few senior- most officers who become Chairperson/Members of CBIC/[[CESTAT]]/Settlement Commission.

==Organizational structure==
{{see also|Chairperson of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs}}
The '''Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs''' (CBIC) is headed by a [[Chairperson of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|'''chairperson''']] and consists of six members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/info-act/cbec/cbec|title=CBIC board office|website=www.cbic.gov.in}}</ref>

# Member (Customs)
# Member (Tax Policy & Legal)
# Member (GST, Central Excise & Service Tax)
# Member (Administration & Vigilance)
# Member (IT & Taxpayer Services)
# Member (Compliance Management)

== Hierarchy & designation of CBIC ==
The designations and time-scales within the Customs & CGST are as follows after cadre restructure:
[[File:Indian Customs Insignia.png|thumb|269x269px|Epaulette of ranks used in Customs & CGST]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
|
! scope="col" | Position / Pay Grade in the Government of India
! scope="col" | Level and Rank
|-
|1
|Group B (Non Gazzetted Officer)
|'''Inspector of CGST''' / '''Preventive Officer of Customs''' / (Entry-Level)
|-
|2
|Group B (Gazzeted Officer)
|'''Superintendent of Customs and CGST''' / Appraiser / Senior Private Secretary / Section Officer
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 3
|Junior Time Scale
|'''Assistant Commissioner of Customs and CGST''' / Entry-level (Probationer)
|-

! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 4
|Senior Time Scale
|'''Deputy Commissioner of Customs and CGST''' (Equivalent to) Under Secretary to Government of India
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 5
|Junior Administrative Grade
|'''Joint Commissioner of Customs and CGST ''' (Equivalent to) Deputy Secretary to Government of India

|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 6
|Selection Grade
|'''Additional Commissioner of Customs and CGST ''' (Equivalent to) Director to Government of India
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 7
|Senior Administrative Grade
|'''Commissioner of Customs and CGST/Additional Director General''' (Equivalent to) Joint Secretary to Government of India

|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 8
|Higher Administrative Grade
|'''Principal Commissioner of Customs and CGST''' (Equivalent to) Additional Secretary to Government of India
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 9
|Higher Administrative Grade +
| '''Chief Commissioner of Customs and CGST |'''Chief Commissioner of Customs and CGST /Director General''' (Equivalent to) Special Secretary to Government of India
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#efefef;" | 10
|Apex Scale
| '''Chief Commissioner of Customs and CGST |'''Principal Chief Commissioner of Customs and CGST/ Chairman/Member of CBIC. Director General of [[Central Economic Intelligence Bureau]]''' (Equivalent to) Secretary to Government of India
|-
|}

== Duties ==
CBIC administers indirect taxes such as [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]], Customs, and the erstwhile [[Central Excise (India)|Central Excise]], [[Service Tax (India)|Service Tax]] laws.

===Goods & Services Tax/Central Excise/Service Tax===
# Collection of Goods & Services Tax (GST) and previously Central Excise Duty and Service Tax.

===Customs===
# Collection of Customs Duty on International Airports, Seaports, Custom Houses, International Air Cargo Stations & International ICD's.
# Collection of Customs Duty on Land Customs Station, Inland Container Depots (ICD's), Special Economic Zones (SEZs) & Container Freight Stations (CFSs).
# Prevention of Smuggling on International Airports & Sea.
# Prevention of Smuggling through Land Customs Station & Border Check Points.

== Uniform & Equipments ==
Personnels at the Central Board of Indirect taxes & Customs (CBIC) include both Uniformed & Civil Dressed Officers, Uniforms are mainly presribed for Customs & Preventive formations to -

* Establish Authority & Identity
* Aid Law Enforcement, Search & Seizure and Border Control
* Ensure easy public recognition at Airports, Ports & GST offices
The uniform of Customs and CGST officers under CBIC consists of [[Khaki]] (CGST) & White (Customs) attire with rank insignia, [[State Emblem of India|Ashoka emblem]], and prescribed accessories, worn during executive and enforcement duties. 2026 onwards, Customs officers at International airport's Red Channel are now mandated to wear [[Body camera|body-worn cameras]] during passenger interactions to boost transparency and accountability, with recordings stored for 90 days or longer for investigations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Anuradha |date=2026-01-03 |title=Body-worn cameras made mandatory for customs officers at airport Red Channels to boost transparency |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/body-worn-cameras-made-mandatory-for-customs-officers-at-airport-red-channels-to-boost-transparency/articleshow/126311931.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

CGST (Central Goods & Services Tax) and Customs officers, especially those involved in high-risk anti-[[smuggling]] or [[tax evasion]], can carry and issue [[Firearm|firearms]] but the use of firearms under CBIC is highly regulated when compared to the [[Indian Police Service]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+Uniformed Officers (Preventive Duty)
|'''CGST (Indirect Taxes)'''
|'''Customs'''
|-
|Officers engaged in:

* Anti-evasion
* Search, Seizure & Arrest
* Mobile Squads
* Enforcement Wings
|Officers posted at:

* Airports
* Seaports
* Land Customs Stations
* DRI, SIIB, Preventive Commissionerates
|}
Officers working purely in Ministerial/Desk jobs are generally exempt of Uniform.

== Notable officers of CGST & Customs (CBIC) ==

* Shri [[Sameer Wankhede]] (IRS Batch 2008, Customs & Central Excise).
* Shri [[Costao|Costao Fernandes]] (Batch 1979, Preventive Officer - Goa Customs).
* Late Shri [https://dri.nic.in/writereaddata/pawardupload/Late_Lakshman_Das_Arora.pdf Lakshman Das Arora] (IRS Batch 1977, Customs & Central Excise) (Assassinated while in Service).
* Late Shri [https://dri.nic.in/writereaddata/pawardupload/Late_Sambhu_Nath_Dasgupta.pdf Sambhu Nath Dasgupta] (IRS Batch 1962, Customs & Central Excise) (Assassinated while in Service).

==Directorate General/Directorates of CGST & Customs (CBIC)==
* Directorate General of [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence|Revenue Intelligence]]
* Directorate General of [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence|GST Intelligence]]
* Directorate General of [[National Academy of Customs Indirect Taxes and Narcotics|National Academy of Customs,Indirect Taxes & Narcotics]]
* Directorate General of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Good & Service Tax]]
* Directorate General of Vigilance
* Directorate General of Analytics and Risk Management
* Directorate General of Anti-Profiteering
* Directorate General of [[Audit]]
* Directorate General of Export Promotion

==Associated agencies for officers deputation==
A '''CBIC (Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs) officer''' can go on '''deputation''' to a wide range of agencies both within India and abroad depending on rank, experience, vigilance clearance, and cadre rules. Within India, these deputations fall into the following categories:

* Directorate of Revenue Intelligence '''[[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence|(DRI)]]''' ''(often intra-CBIC but treated like deputation)''
* Enforcement Directorate '''[[Enforcement Directorate|(ED)]]'''
* Serious Fraud Investigation Office '''[[Serious Fraud Investigation Office|(SFIO)]]'''
* Central Bureau of Narcotics '''[[Central Bureau of Narcotics|(CBN)]]'''
* Financial Intelligence Unit – India '''[[Financial Intelligence Unit—India|(FIU-IND)]]'''
* Narcotics Control Bureau '''[[Narcotics Control Bureau|(NCB)]]'''
* Central Bureau of Investigation '''[[Central Bureau of Investigation|(CBI)]]'''
* National Investigation Agency '''[[National Investigation Agency|(NIA)]]''' ''(limited cases)''<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Two IRS officers posted in NIA {{!}} |url=https://whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/105293-Two+IRS+officers+posted+in+NIA.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Whispersinthecorridors}}</ref>

==Agencies==
#Goods and Services Tax Network

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Customs & Central Officer on Republic Day.jpg|Customs & Central Excise Officer on Republic Day
File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img1.jpg|Customs & Central Excise Headquarters in New Delhi
File:Customs & Central Excise Officers at NACEN.JPG|Customs & Central Excise Officers at NACEN
File:P. Chidambaram presenting the Presidential Certificate of Appreciation to the Inspector, Commissionerate of Service Tax, Mumbai-I, Shri Subhash Prasad Singh.jpg|Excise Inspector Shri '''SP Singh''' (right) receiving Presidential Certificate of Appreciation (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Excise Inspector Shri Subhash Prasad Singh along with 34 other officers selected for the 2012 Presidential Award (Directorate of Revenue Intelligence) |url=https://dri.nic.in/writereaddata/pawardupload/PresidentialAwards-2012.pdf }}</ref>
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Taxation in India}}
{{Customs services}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Board Of Indirect Taxes And Customs}}
[[Category:Ministry of Finance (India)]]
[[Category:Custom and excise duties in India]]
[[Category:Customs services]]

Nagraj

2026-02-05T04:38:26Z

Nadeem Ahmed: New.

{{Short description|Raj Comics superhero}}
{{About|the comics superhero|the mythical figure|Nagaraja|the personal name|Nagaraj|the 2018 film|Nagraj (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox comics character
| image=Angry Nagraj.jpg
|caption=
|character_name=Nagraj
|real_name='''Earlier''' Mr. Raj, Public Relation Officer of Bharti Communications '''Now''' Mr. Nagraj Shah, CEO Snake Eyes Securities
|debut=''Nagraj GENL'' #14 (release date 1 April 1986)
|creators=*Rajkumar Gupta
*[[Manoj Gupta]]
|alliances=Brahmand Rakshak (Protectors of Universe), Panchnag, Sheetnag, Neernag
|aliases=Snakeman, Greenman, Green Death, Venomous Gunpowder, Nag-Samrat
|powers=
* Superhuman strengths
* Superhuman stamina
* Divine powers
* flight
* Infrared vision
* Energy absorption
* Energy manipulation
* Super regenerative healing factor
* Sixth sense
* Infrared sensing
* Expert martial artist
* Unique hypnotism
* Compound powers
* phenomenal will powers
* invisibility
* Poison bite
* Snake spit
* Venomous breath
* Skin shedding
* Millions of microscopic shape-shifting snakes in his body
* Telepathy
|publisher=[[Raj Comics]]
}}
'''Nagraj''' is a  [[comics|comic book]] [[superhero]] character appearing in [[Indian comics|Indian comic books]] published by [[Raj Comics]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/nagraj-dhruva-doga-raj-comics-superhero-hindi-film-17760.html|title=Why Nagraj, Dhruva, Doga aren't finding space on big screen&? (view pics)|work=India TV News|date=16 October 2014 }}</ref> created in the late 1980s by Rajkumar Gupta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/brandma/sorry-shaktimaan-it-is-nagraj-who-was-the-first-superhero-of-india/356578/|title=Sorry Shaktimaan, it is Nagraj who was the first superhero of India|last=Misra|first=Shubhangi|date=2 February 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> Nagraj first appeared in the comics ''Nagraj GENL'' #14 which was written by Parshuram Sharma and illustrated by [[Pratap Mullick]].
Later Sanjay Ashtpure, Pratap Mullick, Chandu, Milind Misal and Vitthal Kamble alternately illustrated the character for 44 issues, ending in 1995 with Visarpi Ki Shadi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/in-pics-top-comic-characters-1448447000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216063734/http://post.jagran.com/in-pics-top-comic-characters-1448447000|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2016|title=In pics: Top comic characters|date=25 November 2015|work=jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/golden-childhood-memories-favourite-comics-of-90s-1433933174|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018181532/http://post.jagran.com/golden-childhood-memories-favourite-comics-of-90s-1433933174|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 October 2015|title=Golden childhood memories: Favourite comics of 90's|date=11 June 2015|work=jagran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eashportsbook.com/origin-of-nagraj-raj-comics-superhero/|title=Origin of Nagraj in Hindi|date=19 November 2018|website=eashportsbook.com|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126221623/https://www.eashportsbook.com/origin-of-nagraj-raj-comics-superhero/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chatterji|first=Roma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_vADwAAQBAJ&q=nagraj+comics&pg=PT147|title=Graphic Narratives and the Mythological Imagination in India|date=5 December 2019|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-73697-7|language=en}}</ref> While the Nagraj character itself was '''created/conceived''' by the Raj Comics team, primarily '''Rajkumar Gupta''' and his sons, '''Parshuram Sharma''' was the main writer of the first Nagraj comic book. The debut issue, Nagraj (GENL #14, released in 1986), which converted the original concept into a powerful, word-for-word narrative and introduced the character to the world, was written by legendary writer '''Parshuram Sharma'''. His classic Nagraj story has achieved immortal status for Indian readers as a legacy.

Nagraj is believed to have been inspired by the mythological ''[[Ichchhadhari Nag]]'' (shapeshifting snakes) and historical ''Vishmanushya'' (venomous human).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ecke|first1=Jochen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-aWWTZeergC&q=nagraj+comics&pg=PA180|title=Comics as a Nexus of Cultures: Essays on the Interplay of Media, Disciplines and International Perspectives|last2=Haberkorn|first2=Gideon|date=10 March 2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5587-4|language=en}}</ref>

Parshuram Sharma's concept and debut story for Nagraj comic book was written with such depth that it clearly reflected his intellectual, mystical, mythological and spiritual thought, showcasing his masterful writing. The quality of his character creation remains unmatched by other writers in the field. His writing for the character's initial impact and resonance are considered unparalleled in Indian comics. After some years (around 1995-1996) when Nagraj already became a successful and well established character, Anupam Sinha, a writer of another Raj Comics successful character "Super Commando Dhruv" started writing and illustrating Nagraj stories.

In the middle of the nineties, as [[Anupam Sinha]] (who was already running the mega-successful [[Super Commando Dhruva|Dhruv]] series) took over the helms of Nagraj as well. Anupam Sinha's expansive narration could not completely fit in a single comic, so he used multi-comic stories to layer and enrich his tales. The Khajana arc by Anupam Sinha set up the backstory beautifully, and discredited Nagmani many years after the comics began. He also led to increase in frequency of Two-in-One comics, which combined Nagraj and Dhruv and started happening once in a year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://menofcomics.com/indiancomics/introducing-nagraj/|title=Introducing : Nagraj!|last=Srivastav|first=Vaibhav|date=6 March 2017|website=Men of Comics|language=en-GB|access-date=25 March 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Nagraj has changed a lot in his 25 years in print, both in terms of looks as well as powers and abilities. With time many new artists such as Lalit Sharma and Hemant Kumar have done illustration of Nagraj.

== Fictional character biography ==

In ancient times, there existed a kingdom known as Takshaknagar, ruled by King Takshakraj and Queen Lalita<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://menafn.com/1099588417/India-ComicBytes-Know-about-Nagraj-first-ever-superhero-of-Raj-Comics|title=India- #ComicBytes: Know about Nagraj, first-ever superhero of Raj Comics|website=menafn.com|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> who had no children. The absence of a prince or princess made Nagpasha, the younger brother of the King Takshakraj the only potential heir to the throne.

One day when the queen was going to pray to Deva Kaljayi, Nagpasha replaced the curtained plate of her offerings to the god with one containing a dead mongoose. The Snake God got angry and knocked her unconscious with his venomous breath. When the child was born, everyone believed him dead because his whole body was blue and showed no signs of life.

As per Hindu rituals, the newborn baby was thrown into the river. Meanwhile, the snake [[deity]] Deva Kaljayi appeared in the dreams of King Maniraj and his wife Queen Manika, rulers of ageless Ichchhadhaari nags, living secretly on an invisible island in the Indian Ocean called Nagdweep. He told them the location of the baby and asked them to cure him. Many years passed and the treatment started showing results and, although still in the suspended animation, the colour of the baby had gradually changed to green.

Later Vishandhar, an evil [[Tantra|Tantrik]] placed him back into the same bushes in the river where he was found. A priest of the nearby temple located him and gave him to Professor Nagmani, who was wandering in the nearby forest searching for snakes. The child had extraordinary healing powers and was extremely venomous. He raised the baby, who became Nagraj.

In his debut issue, Nagraj was unleashed as an international terror weapon by the evil scientist Professor Nagmani. Nagraj,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://menofcomics.com/indiancomics/introducing-nagraj/|title=Introducing : Nagraj!|last=Srivastav|first=Vaibhav|date=6 March 2017|website=Men of Comics|language=en-GB|access-date=25 March 2020|archive-date=28 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628050508/http://menofcomics.com/indiancomics/introducing-nagraj/|url-status=dead}}</ref> in this first mission, was tasked with stealing a golden statue of a Goddess from a temple that was protected by tribal devotees, snakes, and by a mysterious 300-year-old [[Sadhu]] named Baba Gorakhnath. Nagraj succeeded in his task, but upon confrontation with Gorakhnath and his mystic black [[mongoose]] shikangi, was defeated. Gorakhnath read his mind and discovered that Professor Nagmani had implanted a mind-control device in the form of a capsule in Nagraj's head, to keep him under his control. Gorakhnath operated and removed the capsule from Nagraj's head, setting Nagraj free of Professor Nagmani's control.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Raminder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hndyDwAAQBAJ&q=nagraj+comics&pg=PT11|title=Adventure Comics and Youth Cultures in India|last2=Eqbal|first2=Saif|date=11 October 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-78431-6|language=en}}</ref> Nagraj then became Baba Goraknath's disciple and vowed to eliminate crime and terror from the Earth.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lent|first=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSM4r36KjuQC&q=nagraj+comics&pg=PA59|title=Illustrating Asia: Comics, Humor Magazines, and Picture Books|date=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2471-6|language=en}}</ref> Since then, Nagraj has toured the world and defeated many villains and terrorists such as Bulldog, Gangster William, Seaman, General Tamta, Shankar Shahnshah.

Nagraj lives as Raj (After Nagraj Ke Baad, he is under the disguise of Nagraj Shah) in a fictional Metropolitan City Mahanagar as an employee of a TV channel that he owns secretly.<ref name="ndtv Indian Superhero">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/the-indian-superhero-league-a-look-at-the-desi-avengers-560568|title=The Indian Superhero League: A Look at the Desi Avengers|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

== Nagraj Parallel Series ==

These days Raj Comics have published four parallel series of Nagraj, where each Nagraj is involved in a different universe. There are the following four parallel Nagraj series:

# '''Nagraj''' – This is the early Nagraj, this Nagraj introduced in first comic of nagraj, Nagraj has continued in '''''Nag Pralay''''' comic after Visarpi ki Shadi.
#'''Vishwarakshak Nagraj''' – The [[ongoing series]] of Nagraj, which is being illustrated and written by '''''[[Anupam Sinha]]'''''. This version of Nagraj is now called as Vishwarakshak Nagraj.
# '''Aatankharta Nagraj''' – This Nagraj appears in the World Terrorism series. This version of Nagraj was introduced with the comics 'Hari Maut' SPCL #2281 which was released on 5 September 2007. This is another timeline of Nagraj which separated from Vishwarakshak Nagraj after the comics 'Visarpi Ki Shadi' SPCL #42. In this timeline, Nagraj does not move to Mahanagar but continues on the mission to eliminate world terrorism. This series, until now, has not portrayed villains with supernatural powers, but are more like gangsters or dons of different countries/cities. It is illustrated by Mr. Hemant and written by Nitin Mishra.
# '''Narak Nashak Nagraj''' – This Nagraj is a bit different from the original Nagraj in appearance. He was introduced in the comics 'Hallabol' SPCL #2396. He wears a jacket and a trouser and has longer hair. He also possesses different powers (Sheetika, Takshika, and Agnika) than the original Nagraj. He also rides on a flying snake named Sarpat. Until now, the series has shown him fighting vampires, demons, zombies, etc. It was illustrated by Hemant and written by Nitin Mishra.

 
[[File:Comic series of Nagraj explained.jpg|alt=nagraj timelines flowchart|center|thumb|638x638px|Nagraj currently has 3 ongoing comic series in 2 timelines and 1 dimension]]

== Powers and abilities ==
[[File:Nagraj, Raj Comics, Manoj Gupta.jpg|alt=Nagraj based on design by Manoj Gupta illustrated by Pratap Mullick.|thumb|Nagraj based on design by [[Manoj Gupta]] illustrated by Pratap Mullick.]]
Ever since Writer & Artist [[Anupam Sinha]] took over the character of Nagraj, his powers and abilities have evolved a great deal making him powerful enough to counter any character of the comic universe.
Nagraj is arguably the most powerful superhero in the Raj Comics Universe and is among the most powerful [[Ichchhadhari Nag|Icchadhari Naagas]] of his time.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} Time and again, he has even shown the potential of challenging the Supreme Snake-Gods like [[Sheshnaag]], [[Vasuki (snake)|Vasuki]], [[Takshak]], Kaaljayi, and has defeated the likes of Kaaldoot, Trifana, Mahavyaal and Sheetnaag Kumar, who are ranked among the mightiest snakes in their species.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

*'''Microscopic snakes:''' Nagraj uses them variably as ropes, ladders, parachutes, shields, boats, spies and messengers. Most notable among them is Naganand, at a time considered right-hand man of Nagraj, he left Nagraj's body to look after the people of Nagdweep at Nagraj's order after he upgraded to become an ichchhadhaari nag. Some of the notable snakes possessed by Nagraj are Jagmag sarp, Naav-sarp, Nagfani sarp, Ichchhadhaari-naags, Dhwansak sarp, Tishk sarp
*'''Ichchhadhaari nags'''. It is quite notable that some of them possess such great powers which rival Nagraj's own, but they all hold great respect for Nagraj. While some of them live in his body just cause they have no better place to live, others live willingly to learn something from Nagraj's way of life. Most notable names among them are:
**'''Saudaangi''': She is the member of an Egyptian clan of snakes which fights against the evil mummy of pharaoh Tutankhemun. Like Nagfani snakes she too has spikes on her body when she is in her snake form, she also has a limited knowledge of Tantra.
**'''Sheetnag kumar''': He belongs to a clan of ichchhadhari nags living on the Himayalas. He can create and manipulate ice at his will giving it different forms like spears and arrows. Sheetnag-kumar also regulates Nagraj's body temperature making him immune to normal fire when he is inside his body and also giving him protection against severe cold; one of Nagraj's greatest weakness which makes him drowsy pushing him towards hibernation . Sheetnag-kumar's Fang can absorb many attacks and revert them back towards the enemy. He can also freeze all the liquids inside one's body paralysing him.
**'''Naagu''': Naagu is the most cheerful and comical among Nagraj's snakes. His acts are such that at times it becomes difficult to judge whether he is a jester or a helper. He belongs to a family of Ichchhadhaari naags living near Mahanagar.
* '''Venom:''' Nagraj's venom is the most powerful venom of the world,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/brandma/sorry-shaktimaan-it-is-nagraj-who-was-the-first-superhero-of-india/356578/|title=Sorry Shaktimaan, it is Nagraj who was the first superhero of India|last=Misra|first=Shubhangi|date=2 February 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> so much so that direct contact with it results in instant death and melting of body. He gained his venom through the blessings of snake deity Deva Kaaljayi, who himself was blessed by Lord Shiva. It is explained that Lord Shiva who holds the strongest venom of the universe synthesised during Samudra-Manthan, gave a minor portion of it to Deva Kaljayi who holds a dilute form of it and Nagraj holds an even more dilute form of it. The different ways in which Nagraj uses his venom also results in various powers he is said to possess. Like Vish-funkar, Nagraj uses his breath to force out his venom in vapour form, depending upon its concentration the vish-funkar can cause a variety of damages to his enemies. Its effects include temporary blindness, drowsiness, black outs, deaths and for once it even caused fire.
* '''Ichchhadhaari Shakti:''' Nagraj even when limited on power has been seen successfully switching between his real and snake form. He can use this power to divide his body into particles and rejoin them within 3 seconds making him invisible and intangible temporarily.
* '''Hypnotism:''' Nagraj has a unique hypnotic effect, formerly considered a separate power, this power was later explained as an application of his ichchhadhaari shakti. Utilizing this power Nagraj can cast a hypnotic reality upon his surroundings using his eyes.[1] Breaking this hypnotic fate is extremely difficult and going against it is impossible. Nagraj and his snakes can cast normal hypnotism too.
* '''Body-fusions:''' Nagraj at times has used this power to fuse with his allies to bring down a powerful enemy. He can perform two types of fusions :
** Multi-membered imperfect fusion: In this type of fusion many people can join to form a single body having many heads and hands. Every individual retains his or her own identity and set of powers. Nagraj used it for the first time fusing with the legendary five in order to fight against a creature created by Nagina.
**Two-membered perfect fusion: In this type of fusion Nagraj can join with a single person to form a whole new identity. The new identity has new set of powers born from the combination of the participants' sets of powers. Nagraj displayed this power for the first time fusing with Lava to become Agni-Nagraj (Fire-Nagraj). The newborn identity could release 'burning snakes' and could breathe 'venomous fire'.
* '''Psychic powers:''' In addition to his ability to communicate with snakes, Nagraj contacted Super Commando Dhruva telepathically when he was trapped in a parallel dimension containing evil souls.

== Known relatives and close friends ==
Nagraj, along with his deeds, has earned a large amount of friends, many of whom appeared just once, but some that appeared more often, and still fewer that became permanent figures in Nagraj's stories. Here is a list of some very well known characters in his comics :
* '''King Takshakraj''': father (deceased)
* '''Queen Lalita''': mother (deceased)
* '''Baba Gorakhnath''': Mentor
* '''Mahatma Kaaldoot''': Mentor
* '''Dada Vedacharya''': Mentor
* '''Deva Kaaljayi''': Snake Deity
* '''Nagpasha''': Uncle (Arch-enemy)
* '''Bharti/Faceless''': Friend, business partner. She is in one-sided love with Nagraj. She fights with the identity of Faceless.
* '''Visarpi''': Queen of Nagdweep, love interest of Nagraj.
* '''Vishaank''': Crown prince of Nagdweep, younger brother of Visarpi and son of Nagpasha born out of Gurudev's science. Takes secret identity of Chhota Nagraj.
* '''Sillu:''' Teenager computer genius, assists Nagraj with tech issues. He's a confidant of Vishaank and crime fighting partner going by Cybro.
* '''Flemina''': Alter ego of Shama, a friend of Vishaank. Becomes legal counsel for Nagraj in future.
* '''Nagrani''': Mother to Nagraj's son Nageesh in a [[Parallel universe (fiction)|parallel dimension]]. She is the female equivalent of Nagraj.
* '''Nageesh''': Son that lives with mother Nagrani in a [[Parallel universe (fiction)|parallel dimension]]
* '''[[Super Commando Dhruva]]''': Best Friend and an ally superhero
* '''Saudangi''': An Egyptian snake-woman with tantrik powers and thorns on her body that lives in his body. Later on it was known that Saudangi was an Egyptian princess and Nagraj was a soldier in their previous birth.
* '''Sheetnag Kumar''': Friend that lives in his body, Prince of snow snakes "Sheetnaag".
* '''Panch naag''': Naagdev, Sarpraj, Naagpreti, Singhnaag and Nagarjuna. They are Ichchhadhari naags (shape shifting snakes) from Naagdweep.
* '''Naagu''': Friend that lives in his body. Very fond of watching movies.
* '''Professor Srikant/Adrishya Hatyara''' (Invisible killer): With a situationally-driven personality.

== Enemies ==
Innumerable enemies of Nagraj have appeared in Nagraj's comics; many died, but some lived on to appear again. Here is the list of Nagraj's major enemies that are still alive and who can be expected to make a comeback in future issues:
* '''Professor Nagmani''': Nagraj's so-called creator who brought up Nagraj.
* '''Thodanga''': A strange African creature. He has a combined body of human, turtle, and rhinoceros.
* '''Nagdant''': A jealous, comparatively weaker copy of Nagraj made by Professor Nagmani.
* '''Tutan Khamen''': Ancient Egyptian mummy whose main power-source, his mask, was snatched away by Nagraj.
* '''Miss Killer''': Beautiful, young, evil scientist from Japan.
* '''Nagina''': A female tantrik and shape-shifting snake.
* '''Vishandhar''': A male tantrik and shape-shifting snake.
* '''Jaadugar Shakura''': An evil sorcerer from an alien planet of immortal wizard dwarfs.
* '''Nagpasha''': Nagraj's immortal venomous uncle who murdered his parents.
* '''Gurudev''': Nagpasha's guru, a man good with mechanical science but evil on intentions who wishes to rule the world though Nagpasha.
* '''Kentuki''': A student of Gurudev, who is a physically powerful snake having the strength of fifty elephants.
* '''Polka''': A terrorist and scientist who works for Nagpasha.
* '''Zulu''': An African exorcist and scientist. An expert of Voodoo and Zombies.
* '''See-Through''': An invisible soul that stole a big share of Nagraj's shape-shifting power, but still wants more.
* '''Sapera''': A man whose power is Nagraj's weakness, i.e. snake charming music.
* '''Karanvashi''': A magician who uses hypnotism to enslave people.
* '''Vish-Amrit''': Duo of Paranatural powers troubling innocents on Earth while playing hide and seek.
* '''Khalnayak Nagraj''': Evil side of Nagraj's personality which still exists in his unconscious mind.
* '''Tantrata''': Bharti's nanaji (maternal grandfather) who took over Bharti's brother Agraj's body and wants to rule the world.
* '''Garalgant''': A famous enemy of Dev Kaljayi but also become enemy of Nagraj.
* '''Crime King/Supreme head''': A quadruple amputee powerful enemy of Nagraj.

== Comics list ==

=== Vishwarakshak Nagraj ===

{| class="wikitable sortable unsortable"
|+
|-
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:50px;" | Serial No.
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:85px;" | Year
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:85px;" | Issue No.
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:150px;" |Original Hindi Title
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:150px;" |English transliteration of comic title
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:150px;" | Comic Title in English
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:120px;" | Solo/Two-hero/Multi-hero/other
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:120px;" | Artist
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:120px;" | Author
! style="vertical-align:bottom; width:200px;" | Note
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''1'''
| 1986
| GENL #14
| नागराज
| Nagraj
| Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| Pratap Mullik
| Parshuram Sharma
| ''Debut issue of Nagraj''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''2'''
| 1986
| GENL #19
| नागराज की कब्र
| Nagraj Ki Kabra
| Grave of Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| Sanjay Ashtputre
| Parshuram Sharma
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''3'''
| 1986
| GENL #26
| नागराज का बदला
| Nagraj Ka Badla
| Revenge of Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| Sanjay Ashtputre
| Parshuram Sharma
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''4'''
| 1987
| GENL #31
| नागराज की होंग कोंग यात्रा
| Nagraj Ki Hong Kong Yatra
| Nagraj's Hong Kong Trip
| '''Solo'''
| Sanjay Ashtputre
| Parshuram Sharma
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''5'''
| 1987
| GENL #33
| नागराज और शांगो
| Nagraj Aur Shango
| Nagraj And Shango
| '''Solo'''
| Sanjay Ashtputre
| Parshuram Sharma
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''6'''
| 1987
| GENL #39
| खूनी खोज
| Khooni Khoj
| Bloody Expedition
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Mullik, Sanjay Ashtputre
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''7'''
| 1987
| GENL #50
| खूनी यात्रा
| Khooni Yatra
| Bloody Safari
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu, Vinay M Kumar
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''8'''
| 1987
| GENL #51
| नागराज का इन्साफ
| Nagraj Ka Insaaf
| Justice Of Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu, Vinay M Kumar
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 3
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''9'''
| 1988
| GENL #65
| खूनी जंग
| Khooni Jung
| Bloody Battle
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Mullik
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''10'''
| 1988
| GENL #72
| प्रलयंकारी नागराज
| Pralayankari Nagraj
| Nagraj The Destroyer
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Mullik, Vinay M Kumar
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''11'''
| 1989
| GENL #81
| खूनी कबीला
| Khooni Kabeela
| Bloody Tribe
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''12'''
| 1989
| GENL #85
| कोबरा घाटी
| Cobra Ghati
| Valley of Cobra
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu, Vinay M Kumar
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''13'''
| 1990
| GENL #114
| बच्चोँ के दुश्मन
| Bachchon Ke Dushman
| Enemy of the Kids
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu, Vinay M Kumar
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''14'''
| 1990
| GENL #150
| प्रलयंकारी मणि
| Pralayankari Mani
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''15'''
| 1990
| GENL #151
| शंकर शहंशाह
| Shankar Shahanshah
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''16'''
| 1990
| GENL #172
| नागराज का दुश्मन
| Nagraj ka Dushman
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
| Part 1
''Introduction of Nagdant''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''17'''
| 1990
| GENL #175
| इच्छाधारी नागराज
| Ichchhadhaari Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''18'''
| 1990
| GENL #200
| कालदूत
| Kaldoot
| Messenger of Death
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
|''Introduction of Kaldoot''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''19'''
| 1990
| GENL #220
| जादूगर शाकूरा
| Jadugar Shakura
| Magician Shakura
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
|''Introduction of Jadugar Shakoora''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''20'''
| 1990
| GENL #234
| बौना शैतान
| Bauna Shaitan
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''21'''
| 1990
| GENL #240
| ताजमहल की चोरी
| Tajmahal Ki Chori
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
| Part 2
''Introduction of Thodanga and Miss Killer''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''22'''
| 1990
| GENL #250
| लाल मौत
| Lal Maut
| Red Death
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''23'''
| 1990
| GENL #270
| काबुकी का खजाना
| Kabuki Ka Khajana
|The Treasure of Kabuki
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Sanjay Gupta
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''24'''
| 1990
| GENL #280
| थोडांगा
| Thodanga
| Thodanga
| '''Solo'''
| Mullik Studio
| Sanjay Gupta
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''25'''
| 1990
| GENL #295
| तूफ़ान-जू
| Toofan-Ju
| Toofan-Ju
| '''Solo'''
| Mullik Studio
| Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''26'''
| 1991
| GENL #320
| जादू का शहंशाह
| Jadu Ka Shahanshah
|
| '''Solo'''
| Pratap Mullik
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''27'''
| 1991
| SPCL #1
| नागराज और सुपर कमांडो ध्रुव
| Nagraj aur Super Commando Dhruva
| Nagraj and Super Commando Dhruva
| '''Two-hero''': [[Super Commando Dhruva|Dhruva]] & Nagraj
'''Guest Appearances''': [[Parmanu]], Vinashdoot & Gagan
| Chandu
| Sanjay Gupta
| First special issue published by Raj Comics. It brought Nagraj and Dhruva together for the first time<ref>{{cite web|title=Nagraj Aur Super Commando Dhruva|url=http://www.comicvine.com/nagraj-and-super-commando-dhruva-nagraj-aur-super-commando-dhruva/37-197014/|publisher=Raj comics|access-date=25 June 2012|author=Sanjay Gupta|location=comicvine.com}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''28'''
| 1991
| SPCL #5
| नगीना का जाल
| Nagina Ka Jaal
|Nagina's Trap
| '''Solo'''
| Pratap Mullik
| Sanjay Gupta
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''29'''
| 1992
| SPCL #8
| बुगाकू
| Bugaaku
| Bugaaku
| '''Two-hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| Pratap Mullik
| Sanjay Gupta
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''30'''
| 1992
| GENL #350
| अजगर का तूफ़ान
| Ajgar Ka Toofan
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''31'''
| 1992
| GENL #375
| बकोरा का जादू
| Bakora Ka Jadu
|The Magic of Bakora
| '''Solo'''
| Pratap Mullik
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''32'''
| 1993
| GENL #390
| पिरामिडोँ की रानी
| Pyramidon ki Rani
| Queen of Pyramids
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''33'''
| 1993
| GENL #420
| मिस्टर 420
| Mister 420
| Mister 420
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Sanjay Gupta
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''34'''
| 1993
| GENL #444
| थोडांगा की मौत
| Thodanga Ki Maut
| Thodanga's Death
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu, Vitthal Kamble
| [[Manoj Gupta]] (as Raja)
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''35'''
| 1993
| GENL #470
| बेम बेम बिगेलो
| Bem Bem Bigelo
| Bem Bem Bigelo
| '''Solo'''
| Pratap Mullik
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
| Nagraj's last solo general issue
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''36'''
| 1993
| SPCL #16
| फिर आया नागदंत
| Fir Aya Nagdant
|
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''37'''
| 1993
| SPCL #20
| नगीना
| Nagina
| Nagina
| '''Solo'''
| Chandu
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''38'''
| 1993
| SPCL #25
| मिस किलर
| Miss Killer
| Miss Killer
| '''Solo'''
| Vitthal Kamble
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''39'''
| 1994
| SPCL #29
| तूतेनतू
| Tutenatu
| Tutenatu
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Misal, Vitthal Kamble
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''40'''
| 1994
| SPCL #31
| अदृश्य हत्यारा
| Adrashya Hatyara
| Invisible Killer
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Misal, Vitthal Kamble
| Sanjay Gupta
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''41'''
| 1994
| SPCL #35
| कांजा
| Kanja
| Kanja
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Misal, Vitthal Kamble
| Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''42'''
| 1994
| SPCL #36
| पापराज
| Paapraj
| Sin King
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Misal, Vitthal Kamble
| Haneef Azhar
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''43'''
| 1995
| SPCL #39
| विजेता नागराज
| Vijeta Nagraj
| Winner Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Misal, Vitthal Kamble
| Sanjay Gupta
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''44'''
| 1995
| SPCL #42
| विसर्पी की शादी
| Visarpi Ki Shadi
|Visarpi's Wedding
| '''Solo'''
| Milind Misal, Vitthal Kamble
| Haneef Azhar
| Last Nagraj comic before [[Anupam Sinha]].
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''45'''
| 1995
| SPCL #46
| शाकूरा का चक्रव्यूह
| Shakura Ka Chakravyuh
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Haneef Azhar
| Khazana Series - Part 1 (First Nagraj comic by [[Anupam Sinha]].)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''46'''
| 1995
| SPCL #49
| नागराज का अंत
| Nagraj Ka Ant
| End Of Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Haneef Azhar
| Khazana Series - Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''47'''
| 1995
| SPCL #54
| ज़हर
| Zahar
| Poison
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Haneef Azhar
| Khazana Series - Part 3
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''48'''
| 1995
| SPCL #57
| नागपाशा
| Nagpasha
|Nagpasha
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Haneef Azhar
| Khazana Series - Part 4
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''49'''
| 1996
| SPCL #60
| खजाना
| Khajana
| Treasure
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Haneef Azhar
| Khazana Series - Part 5 (Concluding Part)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''50'''
| 1996
| SPCL #65
| क्राइम किंग
| Crime King
| Crime King
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| First Nagraj comic with complete story and art by [[Anupam Sinha]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''51'''
| 1996
| SPCL #67
| राजनगर की तबाही
| Rajnagar Ki Tabahi
| The Doom Of Rajnagar
| '''Two hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''52'''
| 1996
| SPCL #71
| विषकन्या
| Vishkanya
| Femme Fatale
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Tarun Kumar Wahi
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''53'''
| 1996
| SPCL #75
| स्नेक पार्क
| Snake Park
| Snake Park
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''54'''
| 1997
| SPCL #81
| इच्छाधारी
| Ichchhadhari
| The Shape Changer
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''55'''
| 1997
| SPCL #88
| केँचुली
| Kenchuli
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''56'''
| 1997
| SPCL #90
| प्रलय
| Pralay
| Doom's Day
| '''Two hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''57'''
| 1997
| SPCL #93
| विनाश
| Vinaash
| The Catastrophe
| '''Two hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''58'''
| 1997
| SPCL #102
| ज़हरीले
| Zahareele
| Poisonous
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''59'''
| 1998
| SPCL #106
| बांबी
| Bambi
|
| '''Two hero''': Nagraj & [[Shakti (comics)|Shakti]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''60'''
| 1998
| SPCL #110
| तानाशाह
| Tanashah
| Dictator
| '''Two hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''61'''
| 1998
| SPCL #113
| सूरमा
| Soorma
|
| '''Two hero''': Nagraj & [[Parmanu]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''62'''
| 1998
| SPCL #120
| सपेरा
| Sapera
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| First Nagraj comic authored by Anupam Sinha's wife Jolly Sinha.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''63'''
| 1999
| SPCL #125
| फ़न
| Fan
| Hood
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''64'''
| 1999
| SPCL #129
| नागिन
| Nagin
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''65'''
| 1999
| SPCL #137
| कलियुग
| Kaliyug
| Kaliyug
| '''Multi-hero''': Dhruva, Nagraj & Shakti
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''66'''
| 1999
| SPCL #142
| विष अमृत
| Vish Amrit
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''67'''
| 1999
| SPCL #155
| सम्मोहन
| Sammohan
| Hypnotism
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''68'''
| 2000
| SPCL #169
| राज का राज
| Raj Ka Raj
| Raj's Secret
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''69'''
| 2000
| SPCL #185
| कोहराम
| Kohraam
| Furore
| '''Multi-hero'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''70'''
| 2000
| SPCL #189
| क़यामत
| Qayamat
| Doomsday
| '''Two hero''': Nagraj & [[Parmanu]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''71'''
| 2000
| SPCL #202
| मृत्यु दंड
| Mrityu Dand
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Trifana Series - Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''72'''
| 2000
| SPCL #206
| नागद्वीप
| Nagdweep
| Snake Island
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Trifana Series - Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''73'''
| 2000
| SPCL #211
| त्रिफ़ना
| Trifana
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Trifana Series - Part 3
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''74'''
| 2000
| SPCL #213
| महायुद्ध
| Mahayuddh
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Trifana Series - Part 4 (Concluding Part)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''75'''
| 2000
| SPCL #217
| अग्रज
| Agraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Agraj Series - Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''76'''
| 2000
| SPCL #225
| नागराज का क़हर
| Nagraj Ka Qahar
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Agraj Series - Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''77'''
| 2001
| SPCL #231
| तांडव
| Tandav
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Agraj Series - Part 3 (Concluding Part)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''78'''
| 2001
| SPCL #235
| ज़लज़ला
| Zalzala
| Jolt
| '''Multi-hero'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''79'''
| 2001
| SPCL #241
| आतंक
| Aatank
| Terror
| '''Two hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| First part of a two-part story
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''80'''
| 2001
| SPCL #246
| दुश्मन नागराज
| Dushman Nagraj
| The Enemy Nagraj
| '''Two hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Concluding part of the two-part story
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''81'''
| 2001
| SPCL #253
| शक्तिहीन नागराज
| Shaktiheen Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''82'''
| 2001
| SPCL #264
| नहीँ बचेगा नागराज
| Nahin Bachega Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''83'''
| 2001
| SPCL #271
| संग्राम
| Sangraam
| War
| '''Two-hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''84'''
| 2001
| SPCL #279
| कालचक्र
| Kalchakra
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Kalchakra Series Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''85'''
| 2002
| SPCL #293
| कुंडली
| Kundli
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Kalchakra Series Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''86'''
| 2002
| SPCL #304
| विध्वंस
| Vidhwans
| Demolition
| '''Multistarrer'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''87'''
| 2002
| SPCL #315
| परकाले
| Parkaale
| Bringer of Death
| '''Two-hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''88'''
| 2002
| SPCL #323
| एलान-ए-जंग
| Elaan-E-Jung
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Kalchakra Series Part 3
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''89'''
| 2002
| SPCL #337
| काली मौत
| Kali Maut
| Black Death
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Kalchakra Series Part 4
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''90'''
| 2002
| SPCL #344
| संहार
| Sanhaar
| Slaughter
| '''Two-hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''91'''
| 2002
| SPCL #351
| नागराज अमेरिका मेँ
| Nagraj America Main
| Nagraj In America
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Kalchakra Series Part 5
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''92'''
| 2003
| SPCL #365
| आतंकवादी नागराज
| Atankwadi Nagraj
| Terrorist Nagraj
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Kalchakra Series Part 6 (Concluding Part)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''93'''
| 2003
| SPCL #385
| ड्रैकुला
| Dracula
| Dracula
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Dracula Series- Part 2, Dracula Series- Part 1 was a Super Commando Dhruv book Dracula Ka Hamla.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''94'''
| 2003
| SPCL #400
| ड्रैकुला का अंत
| Dracula Ka Anth
| The End Of Dracula
| '''Two-Hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Dracula Series- Part 3
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''95'''
| 2003
| SPCL #420
| कोलाहल
| Kolahal
| Cacophony
| '''Multistarrer'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Dracula Series - The Concluding Part
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''96'''
| 2003
| SPCL #435
| विषहीन नागराज
| Vishheen Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''97'''
| 2004
| SPCL #460
| इच्छाधारी चोर
| Ichchhadhari Chor
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''98'''
| 2004
| SPCL #490
| खलनायक नागराज
| Khalnayak Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''99'''
| 2004
| SPCL #500
| सम्राट
| Samraat
| Emperor
| '''Two Hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| First part of a two-part story
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''100'''
| 2004
| SPCL #515
| सौडांगी
| Soudangi
| Soudangi
| '''Two Hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Concluding part of the two-part story. Cover also features other Raj Comics superheroes, but they are not seen in the issue.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''101'''
| 2004
| SPCL #520
| रक्षक नागराज
| Rakshak Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''102'''
| 2004
| SPCL #525
| सर्वशक्तिमान
| Sarv Shaktimaan
| Invincible
| '''Multistarrer'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''103'''
| 2004
| SPCL #545
| लावा
| Lava
| Lava
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''104'''
| 2005
| SPCL #555
| विनाशलीला
| Vinashleela
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''105'''
| 2005
| SPCL #565
| पागल नागराज
| Pagal Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''106'''
| 2005
| SPCL #580
| मसीहा
| Masiha
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''107'''
| 2005
| SPCL #585
| चक्र
| Chakra
| Cycle
| '''Multistarrer'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| Has photographs of all credited people.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''108'''
| 2005
| SPCL #600
| मैड्यूसा
| Medusa
| Medusa
| '''Multistarrer'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''109'''
| 2005
| SPCL #620
| छोटा नागराज
| Chota Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''110'''
| 2005
| SPCL #635
| सो जा नागराज
| So Ja Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''111'''
| 2006
| SPCL #650
| शेषनाग
| Sheshnag
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''112'''
| 2006
| SPCL #660
| भानुमति का पिटारा
| Bhanumati Ka Pitara
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''113'''
| 2006
| SPCL #670
| नागाधीश
| Nagadheesh
| The Snake Judge
| '''Two Hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''114'''
| 2006
| SPCL #680
| वर्तमान
| Vartmaan
| Present
| '''Two Hero''': Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''115'''
| 2006
| SPCL #700
| फ्लेमिना
| Flemina
| Flemina
| '''Multistarrer'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''116'''
| 2007
| SPCL #2240
| फ़ुंकार
| Funkaar
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
| In late 2006, the publishing company decided to combine the serial numbers of all its General(GENL) and Special(SPCL) issues, as a result of which the serial number of the titles jumped from close to 700 to above 2,000.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''139'''
| 2009
| SPCL #2385
| नागराज के बाद
| Nagraj Ke Bad
| Nagraj Ke Bad
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''140'''
| 2009
| SPCL #2393
| फ़्यूल
| Fuel
| Fuel
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Part 2
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''141'''
| 2009
| SPCL #2395
| वीनॉम
| Venom
| Venom
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Part 3, concluding part of a 3 part series.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|'''149'''
| 2010
|SPCL #2430
| अवशेष
| Avshesh
| Remains
| Two Hero: Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
| First part of a three-part story arc
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''150'''
| 2010
| SPCL #2445
| चुनौती
| Chunauti
| Dare
| Two Hero: Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
| Second part of a three-part story arc
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''151'''
| 2010
| SPCL #2449
| हैड्राॅन
| Hedron
| Hedron
| Two Hero: Dhruva & Nagraj
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
| Concluding part of the 3-part story arc that began in ''Avshesh''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''153'''
| 2011
| SPCL #2455
| नागराज है ना
| Nagraj Hai Na
| Nagraj Hai Na
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
| Part 1
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''154'''
| 2011
| SPCL #2460
| क्योँ है नागराज
| Kyon Hai Nagraj
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
| Part 2, concluding part of a 2 part series.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''158'''
| 2011
| SPCL #2475
| आदम
| Adam
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
|[[Anupam Sinha]], Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''162'''
| 2012
| SPCL #2490
| काल कराल
| Kaal Karaal
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''163'''
| 2013
| SPCL #2527
| निगेटिव्स
| Negatives
| Negatives
|Multistarrer: Dhruva, Nagraj, Tiranga, Doga & Parmanu
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Jolly Sinha
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''166'''
| 2014
| SPCL #2555
| ड्रैगन किंग
| Dragon King
|
| '''Solo'''
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| [[Anupam Sinha]]
| Vishwa Rakshak Series.
|-
|'''167'''
|2021
|RCMG #2653
|सर्प सत्र
|Sarp Satra
|
|Two Hero: Nagraj and Tausi
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Sarp Satra Series - Part 1
|-
|168
|2021
|RCMG #2669
|सर्प द्वंद
|Sarp Dwand
|
|Two Hero: Nagraj and Tausi
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Sarp Satra Series - Part 2
|-
|169
|2022
|RCMG #2683
|सर्प यज्ञ
|Sarp Yagya
|
|Two Hero: Nagraj and Tausi
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Sarp Satra Series - Part 3
|-
|170
|2022
|RCMG #2718
|सर्प युग
|Sarp Yug
|
|Two Hero: Nagraj and Tausi
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Sarp Satra Series - Part 4
|-
|171
|2023
|RCMG
|सर्प काल
|Sarp Kaal
|
|Two Hero: Nagraj and Tausi
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Sarp Satra Series - Part 5 (Concluding Part)
|-
|172
|2023
|RCMG
|शील भंग
|Sheelbhang
|
|
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Nitin Mishra
|Sheelbhang #1 - RCMG
|-
|173
|2023
|RCMG
|सेतु बंध
|Setu Bandh
|
|
|
|
|Sheelbhang #2 - RCMG
|-
|174
|2023
|RCMG
|TBA
|TBA
|
|
|
|
|Sheelbhang #3 - RCMG
|-
|175
|2023
|RCSG - 41
|अर्ध सत्य
|Ardha Satya
|
|
|[[Anupam Sinha]]
|Nitin Mishra
|Sheelbhang #1 - RCSG
|-
|176
|TBA
|TBA
|
|Asatya
|
|
|
|
|Sheelbhang #2 - RCSG
|-
|177
|TBA
|TBA
|
|Shashvat Satya
|
|
|
|
|Sheelbhang #3 - RCSG
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
|}

=== World Terrorism Series ===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comicvine.gamespot.com/nagraj-world-terrorism/4050-26789/|title=Nagraj: World Terrorism (Volume)|website=Comic Vine|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref> A new series named "Aatankharta Nagraj" or "Nagraj-World Terrorism Series" is being published parallel to the "Nagayana" series. In this series, Nagraj is travelling around the world to fight and eliminate terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comicvine.gamespot.com/nagraj-world-terrorism/4050-26789/|title=Nagraj: World Terrorism (Volume)|website=Comic Vine}}</ref>
"World Terrorism Series" is being written by Mr. Nitin Mishra.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Issue No.
!Comic Title
!Artist
!Author
!Notes
|-
|1
|SPCL #2281
|Hari Maut (हरी मौत)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 1
|-
|2
|SPCL #2255
|Zehreela Barood (ज़हरीला बारूद)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 1
|-
|3
|SPCL #2295
|Mamber (माम्बर)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 1
|-
|4
|SPCL #2300
|Numero Uno (न्यूमेरो ऊनो)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 1
|-
|5
|SPCL #2305
|Operation Surgery (ऑप्रेशन सर्जरी)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 1
|-
|6
|SPCL #2315
|Mission Critical (मिशन क्रिटिकल)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 1
|-
|7
|SPCL #2320
|Teen Sikke (तीन सिक्के)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 2
|-
|8
|SPCL #2325
|Jung Maut Tak (जंग मौत तक)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 2
|-
|9
|SPCL #2350
|Under Arrest (अंडर अरेस्ट)
|Lalit
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 2
|-
|10
|SPCL #2360
|Omerta (ओमेटर्रा)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 2
|-
|11
|SPCL #2365
|Aankh Micholi (आँख मिचौली)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 2
|-
|12
|SPCL #2370
|Paanchva Shikaar (पांचवां शिकार)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Origin Series - Set 2
|-
|13
|SPCL #2375
|26/11 (२६/११)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|''with Doga''
|-
|14
|SPCL #2400
|Ronin (रोनिन)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Japan Series #1
|-
|15
|SPCL #2405
|Kamikaze (कामीकाजे)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Japan Series #2
|-
|16
|SPCL #2410
|Tomo (टोमो)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Japan Series #3
|-
|17
|SPCL #2415
|Shikata Ga Nai (शिकाता गा नाई)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|Japan Series #4
|-
|18
|SPCL #2452
|I-SPY (आई-स्पाई)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|''with Tiranga''
|-
|19
|SPCL #2480
|Order of Babel (ऑर्डर ऑफ बेबल)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Germany Series #1
|-
|20
|SPCL #2485
|New World Order (न्यू वर्ल्ड ऑर्डर)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Germany Series #2
|-
|21
|SPCL #2518
|World War (वर्ल्ड वॉर)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Germany Series #3
|-
|22
|SPCL #2524
|Veergati (वीरगति)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Germany Series #4
|-
|23
|SPCL #2587
|Kshatipurti (क्षतिपूर्ति)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Kshatipoorti Series #1
|-
|24
|SPCL #2610
|Maut Ka Bazigar (मौत का बाजीगर)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Kshatipoorti Series #2
|-
|25
|SPCL #2634
|Vishparast (विषपरस्त)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|Kshatipoorti Series #3
|-
|26
|TBP
|Vishharta (विषहर्ता)
|
|
|Kshatipoorti Series #4
|}

=== Narak Nashak Nagraj===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://comicvine.gamespot.com/narak-nashak-nagraj/4050-32248/|title=Narak Nashak Nagraj (Volume)|website=Comic Vine|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Issue No.
!Comic Title
!Artist
!Author
!Series
|-
|1
|SPCL #2396
|HallaBol (हल्ला बोल)
|Studio Image
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi, Vivek Mohan
|with Doga
|-
|2
|SPCL #2425
|Abhishapt (अभिशप्त)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|with Doga & Bheriya
|-
|3
|SPCL #2450
|Adamkhor (आदमखोर)
|Hemant
|Sanjay Gupta, Tarun Kumar Wahi, Mandaar Gangale
|
|-
|4
|SPCL #2464
|Infected (इन्फेक्टेड)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|
|-
|5
|SPCL #2470
|Mrityujivi (मृत्युजीवी)
|Hemant
|Nitin Mishra
|
|-
|6
|SPCL #2500
|Maqbara (मक़बरा)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|prequel to Utpatti Shrankhala
|-
|7
|SPCL #2515
|Takshak (तक्षक)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|prequel to Utpatti Shrankhala
|-
|8
|SPCL #2534
|Narak Nashak (नरक नाशक)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Utpatti Shrankhala #1
|-
|9
|SPCL #2543
|Narak Niyati (नरक नियति)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Utpatti Shrankhala #2
|-
|10
|SPCL #2554
|Narak Dansh (नरक दंश)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Utpatti Shrankhala #3
|-
|11
|SPCL #2578
|Narak Ahuti (नरक आहूति)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Utpatti Shrankhala #4
|}

=== Raj Comics By Sanjay Gupta ===
In October 2020, Raj Comics had a split and got divided into 3 different entities. One being '''[[Sanjay Gupta (comics)|Raj Comics By Sanjay Gupta]]''' and other being '''Raj Comics By Manoj Gupta,''' and '''Raj Comics By Manish Gupta.'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Issue No.
!Year
!Comic Title
!Artist
!Author
!Hero
!Series
!Notes
|-
|2
|2021
|Naag Pralay
|Adil Khan Pathan
|Nitin Mishra
|Nagraj & Tausi
|Pralay Ka Devta #1
| rowspan="4" |Chronicles Nagraj's journey immediately after the events of GENL #33 ''"Nagraj Aur Shango".'' The first five issues of ''Nagraj Series'' viz. (''Nagraj, Nagraj Ki Kabra,'' ''Nagraj Ka Badla, Nagraj Ki Hongkong Yatra,'' ''Nagraj Aur Shango'') were rebranded as '''''Nagraj Yugarambh.'''''
|-
|16
|2022
|Naag Pralop
|Adil Khan Pathan
|Nitin Mishra
|Nagraj & Tausi
|Pralay Ka Devta #2
|-
|TBA
|TBA
|Naag Pratisodh
|
|
|
|Pralay Ka Devta #3
|-
|TBA
|TBA
|Naag Pratighat
|
|
|
|Pralay Ka Devta #4
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!Issue No.
|YEAR
|Comic Title
|Artist
|Author
|Series
|Notes
|-
|1
|2021
|Aadi Parv (आदि पर्व)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Naag Granth # 01
| rowspan="5" |Story after the events of Utpatti Shrankhala Series
|-
|3
|2022
|Naag Parv (नाग पर्व)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Naag Granth # 02
|-
|5
|2022
|Aranyak Parv (आरण्यक पर्व)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Naag Granth # 03
|-
|TBA
|2023
|Halahal Parv
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Naag Granth # 04
|-
|TBA
|2023
|Virat Parv (विराट पर्व)
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|Naag Granth # 05
|}

=== Amazing friends of Nagraj ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Published Year
!Issue No.
!Comic Title
!Series
!Artist
!Author
|-
|1
|2009
|SPCL #2381
|Adhura Prem (अधूरा प्रेम)
|Shooldharini Saudangi
|Ved Prakash Khantwal
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|2
|2009
|SPCL #2382
|Milan Yamini
|Amar yoddha Kaldoot
|Hemant
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|3
|2009
|SPCL #2383
|Nagjyoti
|Nag virangana Visarpi
|Sushant Panda
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|4
|2009
|SPCL #2384
|Panchnag
|Durdamya sena Panchnag
|Moin Khan
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|5
|2010
|SPCL #2426
|Ambreesh
|Nag virangana Visarpi
|Narayan
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|6
|2010
|SPCL #2427
|Fairo
|Shooldharini Saudangi
|Sushant Panda
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|7
|2010
|SPCL #2428
|Vishya
|Amar yoddha Kaldoot
|Narayan
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|8
|2010
|SPCL #2429
|Pratishodh
|Durdamya sena Panchnag
|Narayan
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|9
|2010
|SPCL #2431
|Kobraak
|Nag virangana Visarpi
|Narayan
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|10
|2010
|SPCL #2432
|Shrap
|Shooldharini Saudangi
|Narayan
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|11
|2010
|SPCL #2433
|Param Vishya
|Amar yoddha Kaldoot
|Dildeep Singh
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|12
|2010
|SPCL #2434
|Parajay
|Durdamya sena Panchnag
|Hemant
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|13
|2011
|SPCL #2436
|Pagal Nagin
|Nag virangana Visarpi
|Jung Bahadur
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|14
|2011
|SPCL #2437
|Dev Kanya
|Shooldharini Saudangi
|Dildeep Singh
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|15
|2011
|SPCL #2438
|Kaal Sarp
|Amar yoddha Kaldoot
|Dildeep Singh
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|16
|2011
|SPCL #2439
|Ranneeti
|Durdamya sena Panchnag
|Jung Bahdur
|Vivek Mohan
|-
|17
|2011
|SPCL #2458
|Yugal Srishti
|Amar yoddha Kaldoot
|Siddharth Panwar
|Vivek Mohan
|}

=== Nagayana ===
It was first intended to be a four-part mini-series, but later, the series was extended to include more issues. It's a story based on a hypothetical future world casting Nagraj and [[Super Commando Dhruva]] 25 years into the future. Largely based on Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], the story narrowly follows the same storyline as of the epic, but with Raj Comics characters filling in the places of original characters. The reason for the extension of the mini-series was to tell various sub-plots and the series was finally declared to be an eight-part series. The last part is Iti Kaand, which is a 128-page issue released on 10 March 2009. The new series is as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 55%;"
|+
|-
!Issue No.
! Comic Title
|-
|'''1'''
| Varan Kaand (वरण कांड)
|-
|'''2'''
| Grahan Kaand (ग्रहण कांड)
|-
|'''3'''
| Haran Kaand (हरण कांड)
|-
|'''4'''
| Sharan Kaand (शरण कांड)
|-
|'''5'''
| Dahan Kaand (दहन कांड)
|-
|'''6'''
| Rann Kaand (रण कांड)
|-
|'''7'''
| Samar Kaand (समर कांड)
|-
|'''8'''
| Iti Kaand (इति कांड)
|-
|'''9'''
| Upsanhaar(उपसंहार)
|-
|}

===Sarvanayak Series===
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rajcomicsinfo.com/2015/04/sarvsandhi-sarvnayak-series.html|title=Sarvnayak Series Raj Comics|website=Raj Comics Info|language=en-US|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> One of the most ambitious series by Raj Comics which is trying to bring almost all the characters by Raj Comics in a single narrative.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Issue No.
!Comic Title
!Artist
!Author
|-
|0
|SPCL #2528
|Yugandhar
|Lalit Singh, Nitin Mishra
|Nitin Mishra, Tarun Kumar Wahi
|-
|1
|SPCL #2535
|Sarvyugam
|Dheeraj Verma
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|2
|SPCL #2551
|Sarvdaman
|Dheeraj Verma
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|3
|SPCL #2559
|Sarvsangram
|Sushant Panda
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|4
|SPCL #2576
|Sarvsanhaar
|Sushant Panda, Nitin Mishra
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|5
|SPCL #2584
|Sarvmanthan
|Sushant Panda, Anupam Sinha, Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|6
|SPCL #2595
|Sarvsandhi
|Sushant Panda, Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|7
|SPCL #2605
|Sarvkranti
|Sushant Panda, Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|8
|SPCL #2615
|Sarvshakti
|Sushant Panda, Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|9
|SPCL #2621
|Sarvagaman
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|10
|SPCL #2624
|Sarvvyooh
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|11
|SPCL #2627
|Sarvpralay
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|12
|SPCL #2635
|Sarvran
|Hemant Kumar, Stuti Mishra
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|13
|SPCL #2693
|Sarvgrahan
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|14
|SPCL #2695
|Sarvyuddh
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|15
|TBP
|Sarvsamar
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|}
Sarvanayak series is complemented by another ongoing series 'Sarvnayak Vistar' which also features Vishwarakshak Nagraj. The comics in Sarvanayak Vistar series are as follows -
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial No.
!Issue No.
!Comic Title
!Artist
!Author
|-
|1
|SPCL #2585
|Maut ka Marathon
|Hemant Kumar
|Anurag Kumar Singh
|-
|2
|SPCL #2597
|Vishputron ka Agaman
|Hemant Kumar
|Anurag Kumar Singh
|-
|3
|SPCL #2606
|Vishksetra Sanrakshanam
|Hemant Kumar
|Anurag Kumar Singh
|-
|4
|SPCL #2614
|Swarnnagri ki Tabahi
|Hemant Kumar
|Nitin Mishra
|-
|5
|SPCL #2636
|Prakoshth Ke Kaidi
|
|
|-
|6
|TBP
|Ret Ka Shahenshah
|
|
|}

=== Special Comics ===
A free special comics of Nagraj under the title ' Nagraj Strikes: The Attack of Coronaman' with serial no. #Covid-19 was launched on Facebook page to raise awareness about the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/nagraj-is-giving-a-message-to-fight-corona/articleshow/75089681.cms|title=नागराज दे रहा कोरोना से लड़ने का मेसेज|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/good-news-for-nagraj-fans-heres-a-free-for-all-special-coronavirus-pandemic-edition-2556991.html|title=Good News for Nagraj Fans, Here's a Free for All Special Coronavirus Pandemic Edition|website=News18|date=30 March 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rajcomicsinfo.com/2020/03/coronaman-nagraj-corona-covid19.html|title=Attack of CoronaMan: How Nagraj Defeat Corona Virus Covid 19|website=Raj Comics Info|language=en-US|access-date=29 March 2020}}</ref> The comics had art by Aswin Amarnath R and story by [[Manoj Gupta]] and Ayush Gupta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/nagraj-takes-on-coronaman-11587096536692.html|title=Nagraj takes on Coronaman|last=Sreedhar|first=Nitin|date=17 April 2020|website=Livemint|language=en|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref>

== Alternate media ==

Numerous attempts have been made by Raj Comics to expand Nagraj into other media. However most attempts have been unfruitful.
In the late 1990s, Raj Comics tried adapting Nagraj into a live-action television show in India. A few episodes were shot. However, the show never made it to the television screen. The three episodes that were made are available on CDs, which were distributed freely as an attachment to [[digest-sized]] comic editions. (Khalnayak Nagraj, Samraat, and Saudangi).{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Nagraj was also set to feature in a proposed animated television series. Once again the show never made it to the television screen. An episodic series was in works, and a teaser was uploaded on [[YouTube]] featuring Nagraj and his arch enemy [[Jadugar Shakoora]]. However, since then there has been no news about the series. It is assumed that production has stopped because the production company [[Rtoonz]]'s website has since disappeared.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

In November 2007, an agreement was signed between Motion Picture Corporation and Raj Comics to produce a high quality 2D Movie featuring Nagraj.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

Also in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2017, and 2021, five animated films based on Nagraj were released. They were written by the RSS Brothers and directed by Shashikanth Ramawat. Three of the films finally aired on [[Cartoon Network India]] in 2015 while the last two aired on that channel in 2019 and 2021. The films' names were ''[[My Name is Raj: Raj aur Asudama Ki Ladal]]'', ''[[My Name is Raj: Raj Ki Nayi Chunatiyaan]]'', ''[[My Name is Raj: Attack of the Demons]]'', ''[[My Name is Raj: Vizukama Ki Tazar]]'', and ''[[My Name is Raj: Return of Zohak]]''. In all of the films, Shekar Ramwat starred as Raj.

It was, however, reported in 2019, that Indian actor [[Ranveer Singh]] could play Nagraj, in a film produced by [[Karan Johar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/9355/ranveer-singh-could-play-indian-comic-book-superhero-nagraj-in-film-produced-by-karan-johar|title=Ranveer Singh Could Play Indian Comic Book Superhero Nagraj In Film Produced By Karan Johar|first=Jinal|last=Bhatt|date=12 December 2019|website=Mashable India|language=en-in|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/ranveer-singh-to-play-nagraj-actor-in-talks-to-play-comicbook-superhero-karan-johar-to-produce/1790725/|title=Ranveer Singh to play Nagraj? Actor in talks to play comicbook superhero, Karan Johar to produce|date=11 December 2019|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> [[Raj Comics]] president Manoj Gupta also expressed his happiness on the same.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ranveer-singh-may-play-nagraj-in-film-on-the-comic-series-produced-by-karan-johar/story-hg5pPoCKRBrU8prdfBPerK.html|title=Ranveer Singh may play Nagraj in film on the comic series produced by Karan Johar|date=11 December 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>

In February 2020 Bhojpuri star Yash announced on his birthday that he will make movie on issue no.71 Nagraj Aur vishkanya Starring Yash as nagraj while Nidhi raj will play Vishkanya as main antagonist. Its first look was shared on web platform gaining positive feedback.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book |last=Mathur |first=Suchitra |editor1-last=Berninger |editor1-first=Mark |editor2-last=Ecke |editor2-first=Jochen |editor3-last=Haberkorn |editor3-first=Gideon |title=Comics as a Nexus of Cultures: Essays on the Interplay of Media, Disciplines and International Perspectives |date=2010 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]] |isbn=978-0786439874 |pages=175–185 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-aWWTZeergC&pg=PA175 |access-date=29 September 2019 |chapter=From Capes to Snakes: The Indianization of the American Superhero}}

== External links ==
*[http://comicvine.gamespot.com/nagraj/4005-62930/ comicvine]
*[http://neeshu.com/comics/nagraj-comics-download-wiki-nagraj-comics-pdf-and-list-of-all-nagraj-comics.html Neeshu comics]
*[https://culturepopcorn.com/classic-nagraj-fans-needs-back/ Classic Nagraj : The Hero, Fans Desperately needs Back]. ''CulturePOPcorn''.

{{Raj Comics}}

[[Category:Fictional martial artists in comics]]
[[Category:Comics characters introduced in 1986]]
[[Category:Comics characters with accelerated healing]]
[[Category:Comics characters with superhuman senses]]
[[Category:Comics characters with superhuman strength]]
[[Category:Fictional hypnotists]]
[[Category:Fictional telepaths]]
[[Category:Fictional therianthropes]]
[[Category:Raj Comics superheroes]]
[[Category:Hindu superheroes]]
[[Category:Shapeshifters in comics]]
[[Category:Comics about snakes]]

Aasif Khan

2026-02-05T04:10:07Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Stub

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aasif Khan
| image = Aasif Khan.jpg
| alt = Aasif Khan at the premiere of Romeo S3
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1991|03|13}}
| birth_place = [[Nimbahera]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor
}}

'''Aasif Khan''' (born 13 March 1991) is an Indian actor, best known for his role as Babar in action crime thriller web television series [[Mirzapur (TV series)|''Mirzapur'']] (2018–2020).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-26|title=Mirzapur 2: इस कलाकार ने 'मिर्ज़ापुर' से लेकर 'पाताल लोक' तक छोड़ी है अपनी छाप, फिर भी लोग कहते हैं- 'गजब बेज्जती है यार'|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-mirzapur-2-know-about-babar-in-web-series-played-by-aasif-khan-and-his-other-famous-character-20952588.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031222907/https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-mirzapur-2-know-about-babar-in-web-series-played-by-aasif-khan-and-his-other-famous-character-20952588.html |archive-date = 2020-10-31 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Aasif Khan was born and raised in [[Nimbahera]], a small town in [[Chittorgarh district|Chittorgarh]] district of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-12|title=2020 tough but also turning point for my career: Aasif|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/2020-tough-but-also-turning-point-for-my-career-aasif/story-w3qQFLLIfpd9aBfHy7t6YP.html|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> His father, Mr. Late Ayyub Khan was an employee in J.K. Cement, and his mother, Mrs. Firdous Ayyub Khan is a housewife. He has two brothers and a sister.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Dwivedi|first=Suyasha|date=2020-05-05|title=Aasif Khan's Journey From Chittorgarh to TVF's Panchayat|url=https://www.thetalentedindian.com/aasif-khans-journey-from-chittorgarh-to-tvfs-panchayat/|access-date=2021-03-09|website=The Talented Indian|language=en}}</ref>

Khan was mediocre in academics but had a great inclination towards the field of arts. His keenness for acting began in 2001 at his school's annual event, where he performed the role of a servant in ''Kissa Kursi Ka'' play.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-18|title=Aasif Khan Exclusive: 'किरदार' छोटा हो या बड़ा, सिर्फ 'असरदार' होना चाहिए|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/entertainment/panchayat-fame-aasif-khan-in-an-exclusive-interview-talks-about-his-roles-and-struggle-in-film-industry/videoshow/81091087.cms|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref>

He was deeply inspired by the "Shaadiwallah" act performed by comedian [[Raju Srivastav]]a in the popular TV show [[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> It encouraged him to participate in the stand-up competition held locally where he surprisingly won.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

The sudden death of his father in 2008 brought his acting ambition to a halt. He engaged himself in taking up small jobs for a living and parallelly completed his higher secondary education.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=official|date=2020-11-05|title=Aasif Khan : Living Inspiration|url=https://almostentrepreneur.com/aasif-khan-living-inspiration/|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Almost Entrepreneur|language=en-US|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117075747/https://almostentrepreneur.com/aasif-khan-living-inspiration/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khan moved to [[Mumbai]] in 2010 to revive his acting ambition.<ref name=":1" /> For sustenance, he initially worked in a hotel as a waiter. He later worked in a mall and simultaneously gave auditions, where he was advised to learn the art of acting and perform theatre.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatnagar|first=Shuchi|date=2020-01-24|title=From A Waiter To An Actor In Web Series & Bollywood Movie, Aasif Khan's Journey Is Inspiring|url=https://www.rvcj.com/from-a-waiter-to-an-actor-in-web-series-bollywood-movie-aasif-khans-journey-is-inspiring/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=RVCJ Media|language=en-US}}</ref> He appeared in [[Ready (2011 film)|''Ready'']] and [[Agneepath (2012 film)|''Agneepath'']] as a junior artist.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-11|title=Aasif Khan: Gambles have worked best for me|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/asif-khan-gambles-have-worked-best-for-me-101615479335106.html|access-date=2021-03-12|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2011, he joined Sarthak and Ujaagar Theatre Group in [[Jaipur]] to learn theatre and sharpen his acting skills. He performed as a professional theatre artist, his first play being ''Abu Hassan'' directed by Rajiv Acharya, and several others for 5 years with prestigious groups and renowned personalities like Sabir Khan.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Trivedi|first=Anurag|date=2020-02-12|title=वेब सीरीज के जरिए टैलेंट को मिली रही है असली जगह — आसिफ खान|url=https://www.patrika.com/patrika-plus/talent-is-getting-real-place-through-web-series-asif-khan-5763740/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Patrika News|language=hindi|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215213356/https://www.patrika.com/patrika-plus/talent-is-getting-real-place-through-web-series-asif-khan-5763740/ |archive-date = 2020-02-15 }}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Babar of 'Mirzapur' to Parchun from 'Pagglait': Aasif Khan reflects on his acting journey|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/mar/26/babar-of-mirzapur-to-parchun-from-pagglait-aasif-khan-reflects-on-his-acting-journey-2281932.html|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-27|title=Pagglait actor Aasif Khan traces his journey from watching Raju Srivastava's stand-up comedy to working on Mirzapur, Paatal Lok |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pagglait-actor-aasif-khan-traces-his-journey-from-watching-raju-srivastavas-stand-up-comedy-to-working-on-mirzapur-paatal-lok-9470971.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Firstpost|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210327080548/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pagglait-actor-aasif-khan-traces-his-journey-from-watching-raju-srivastavas-stand-up-comedy-to-working-on-mirzapur-paatal-lok-9470971.html |archive-date = 2021-03-27 }}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-03-26|title=Babar of 'Mirzapur' to Parchun from 'Pagglait': Aasif Khan on his acting journey|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/entertainment/babar-of--mirzapur--to-parchun-from--pagglait---aasif-khan-on-his-acting-journey.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Pioneer|language=en|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210326110648/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/entertainment/babar-of--mirzapur--to-parchun-from--pagglait---aasif-khan-on-his-acting-journey.html |archive-date = 2021-03-26 }}</ref>

In 2015, he performed the Rajasthani play ''Kasumal Sapno'', a musical adaptation of William Shakespeare's comedy, [[A Midsummer Night's Dream]], directed by Ajeet Singh Palawat at the International Theatre Festival in [[Karachi]] organized by the [[Pakistan]] [[National Academy of Performing Arts]] (NAPA).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Richa|date=2015-04-12|title=Rajasthani play 'Kasumal Sapno' bowls over Karachi audience - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/theatre/rajasthani-play-kasumal-sapno-bowls-over-karachi-audience/articleshow/46888610.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150422202626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com:80/entertainment/hindi/theatre/Rajasthani-play-Kasumal-Sapno-bowls-over-Karachi-audience/articleshow/46888610.cms |archive-date = 2015-04-22 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Richa|date=2015-03-31|title=Aman Ki Asha – Jaipur's Ujjagar theatre group headed to Karachi|url=https://amankiasha.com/jaipurs-ujjagar-theatre-group-headed-to-karachi/|access-date=2021-03-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-31|title=Interview of Aasif Khan, an actor known for his roles in web-series including 'Panchayat' and 'Patal Lok'|url=http://desikaanoon.in/interview-of-aasif-khan-an-actor-known-for-his-roles-in-web-series-including-panchayat-and-patal-lok/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Desi Kaanoon|language=en-US}}</ref>

Aasif returned to [[Mumbai]] in 2016 and worked as a casting associate for a year in Casting Bay owned by his mentor cum friend [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] and Anmol Ahuja.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He made cameo appearances in ''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]'' and ''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":15" />

He played the lead role as Durgesh Kumar – a young aspirant for an interview in Anurag Worlikar's short film ''Vacancy'' (2017) for which he won the Best Actor award in Skylight Film Festival (2018) and Cineshorts by Viacom18.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":15" />

In 2018, he played Babar, a loyal aide in web series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Trivedi|first=Anurag|date=2020-04-22|title=किरदार की लम्बाई मायने नहीं रखती, सिर्फ अच्छा होना जरूरी - आसिफ खान|url=https://www.patrika.com/patrika-plus/the-length-of-the-character-does-not-matter-asif-khan-6026854/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Patrika News|language=hindi}}</ref>

Aasif made his Bollywood film debut in Raj Kumar Gupta's [[India's Most Wanted (film)|''India's Most Wanted'']] (2019) where he played a crucial role of Bittu Sinha alongside [[Arjun Kapoor]].<ref name=":1" /> He appeared as Chintu in ''Humorously Yours'' (2019).<ref name=":2" />

In 2020, Aasif overwhelmed the audience by his appearance in a crucial role of a journalist as Anas Ahmad in ''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega]]''.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Aradhana|date=2020-02-11|title=India's Most Wanted actor Aasif Khan stuns audiences in his latest Netflix Show Jamtara- Sabka Number Ayega|url=https://pradeshjagran.com/indias-most-wanted-actor-aasif-khan-stuns-audiences-in-his-latest-netflix-show-jamtara-sabka-number-ayega/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=pradeshjagran.com|language=hi|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031130445/https://pradeshjagran.com/indias-most-wanted-actor-aasif-khan-stuns-audiences-in-his-latest-netflix-show-jamtara-sabka-number-ayega/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayyed|first=Shabnam|date=2020-02-11|title=India's Most Wanted actor Aasif Khan stuns audiences in his latest Netflix Show Jamtara- Sabka Number Ayega|url=http://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/media-buzz/India%E2%80%99s-Most-Wanted-actor-Aasif-Khan-stuns-audiences-in-his-latest-Netflix-Show-Jamtara-Sabka-Number-Ayega/52547|access-date=2021-03-11|archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316233149/https://www.bollywoodhelpline.com/news-gossips/media-buzz/India%E2%80%99s-Most-Wanted-actor-Aasif-Khan-stuns-audiences-in-his-latest-Netflix-Show-Jamtara-Sabka-Number-Ayega/52547|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=जामताड़ा में पत्रकार के रोल से बनी आसिफ़ खान की पहचान|url=http://www.samnaactivist.com/identity-of-asif-khan-made-from-the-role-of-journalist-in-jamtara/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216183640/http://www.samnaactivist.com/identity-of-asif-khan-made-from-the-role-of-journalist-in-jamtara/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2024|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Samna Activist|language=en-US}}</ref> He was next seen as a stubborn bridegroom in The Viral Fever's comedy drama ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]'' (2020).<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|date=2020-04-17|title=Amazon's 'Panchayat' series is a lovely little triumph|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/amazon-s-panchayat-series-is-a-lovely-little-triumph-11587097647042.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> He then appeared in ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' (2020) as Kabir M, a petty car thief who makes great efforts in dissembling his identity during an interrogation.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=Paatal Lok Is The Kind Of Show That Makes You Rethink All Your Privileges|url=https://thehauterfly.com/lifestyle/paatal-lok-is-the-kind-of-show-that-makes-you-rethink-all-your-privileges/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Hauterfly|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-15|title='Paatal Lok' review: This crime thriller is a twisty passage into the pits of hell and the nature of man|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/paatal-lok-review-this-crime-thriller-is-a-twisty-passage-into-the-pits-of-hell-and-the-nature-of-man-837810.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-19|title=Paatal Lok: A Descent Into Hell With Stories and Back Stories|url=https://thewire.in/culture/pataal-lok-amazon-prime-review|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-10|website=The Wire|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200526040240/https://thewire.in/culture/pataal-lok-amazon-prime-review |archive-date = 2020-05-26 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=The 'Paatal Lok' World And Its Big Truths - by Mukul Kesavan|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/the-patal-lok-world-and-its-big-truths-by-mukul-kesavan-2245733|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-10|website=NDTV.com|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200613122007/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/the-patal-lok-world-and-its-big-truths-by-mukul-kesavan-2245733 |archive-date = 2020-06-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2020-05-18|title=Impossible to grow out of your caste or religion in India: Pataal Lok' creator Sudip Sharma|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/impossible-to-grow-out-of-your-caste-or-religion-in-india-pataal-lok-creator-sudip-sharma-120051801079_1.html|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-20|title=A Different Muslim Man: Why Paatal Lok's Imran Ansari Is A Breath Of Fresh Air|url=https://www.mansworldindia.com/culture/features/a-different-muslim-man-why-paatal-loks-imran-ansari-is-a-breath-of-fresh-air/|access-date=2021-03-10|language=en-GB}}</ref>

He continued to play Babar in ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'' season 2<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=Aasif aka Babbar From Mirzapur Talks About His Physical Transformation|url=https://www.sportzbusiness.com/aasif-aka-babbar-from-mirzapur-talks-about-his-physical-transformation/|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Sportz Business|language=en-US}}</ref> and appeared in short film: ''Sorry'' (2020).<ref name=":12">{{Citation|title=Sorry {{!}} Episode 1 {{!}} The BLUNT {{!}} Aasif Khan {{!}} Riya| date=31 December 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W_k8zHey4nQ|language=en|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Citation|title=Sorry {{!}} Episode 2 {{!}} The BLUNT {{!}} Aasif Khan {{!}} Riya| date=10 January 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTa_y_buJZg|language=en|access-date=2021-03-10}}</ref>

In 2021, Khan appeared in ''Click'' (2021),<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Watch Click|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/click/1836053500/watch|access-date=2021-04-10|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410182817/https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/click/1836053500/watch|url-status=dead}}</ref> a short film streamed on Disney+ Hotstar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Click |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/click/1836053500 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=Disney+ Hotstar |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216205825/https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/click/1836053500 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and then appeared as Parchun in Umesh Bist's comedy-drama film ''[[Pagglait]]''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Suthar|first=Manisha|date=2019-11-22|title=Natasha Rastogi, Chetan Sharma and Aasif Khan join Sanya Malhotra in Pagglait|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/movies/news-movies/natasha-rastogi-chetan-sharma-aasif-khan-join-sanya-malhotra-pagglait/2019/11/22|access-date=2021-03-10|website=IWMBuzz|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=My mother feels I am still struggling, tells me to do something like Naagin on Colors TV: Pataal Lok actor Aasif Khan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/aasif-khan-pataal-lok-pagglait-netflix-irrfan-khan-7226722/|access-date=2021-03-17|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> which was released on 26 March 2021 on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-25|title=On Sanya Malhotra's birthday, Netflix India drops teaser of Pagglait; film to release on 26 March |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/on-sanya-malhotras-birthday-netflix-india-drops-teaser-of-pagglait-film-to-release-on-26-march-9344841.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" />

In 2022, Aasif appeared in the web series ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'' which was streamed on Disney+ Hotstar,<ref name=":15" /> in ''Dil Se Hero'', a mini-series by FilterCopy,<ref name=":23">{{Citation |title=FilterCopy {{!}} Dil Se Hero {{!}} Mini Series {{!}} Ep 3 {{!}} Agra Ke Dahi Bhalle (A Love Story) | date=24 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=heGg9QSQA6U |language=en |access-date=2022-03-11}}</ref> and in ''Murder In Agonda'', an Amazon miniTV web series.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last=Suthar |first=Manisha |date=2021-10-22 |title=Exclusive: Mirzapur fame Aasif Khan joins Shriya Pilgaonkar in Amazon miniTV's next |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/news-digital/exclusive-mirzapur-fame-aasif-khan-joins-shriya-pilgaonkar-in-amazon-minitvs-next/2021/10/22 |access-date=2021-10-23 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite web |title='Murder In Agonda' trailer presents classical tale of whodunit mystery |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=943324 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

Aasif appeared as a lead protagonist in ''Ghar Set Hai,''<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2020-12-31|title=वेब सीरिज शुभ रात्रि के लिए फिल्माए दृश्य|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/khargone-khargone-filmed-scenes-for-web-series-good-night-6633755|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Nai Dunia|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=After the lull, I have my hands full, says Atul Srivastava|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/after-the-lull-i-have-my-hands-full-says-atul-srivastava/story-skc174cpAq6f7VWyCdxJ9O.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-30|title=हॉट डेस्टिनेशन: धरगांव में चल रही 'शुभ रात्रि' वेब सीरीज की शूटिंग, पांच दिन चलेगी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/khandwa/khargone/news/shooting-of-goodnight-web-series-in-dhargaon-will-run-for-five-days-128067770.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-04|title=शुभ रात्रि वेब शो: कैफे में हुई शूटिंग चाय पर चर्चा करते फिल्माए शॉट|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/khandwa/khargone/news/filmed-shot-discussing-tea-shooting-in-the-cafe-128085515.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":25" /> a comedy-drama web television series streamed on VOOT.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Voot |title=Ghar Set Hai {{!}} Watch Ghar Set Hai Serial All Latest Seasons Full Episodes And Videos Online On Voot |url=https://www.voot.com/shows/ghar-set-hai/2134649 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.voot.com |language=en}}</ref>

Khan was next seen in ''[[The Great Indian Family]]'', a romantic comedy film written and directed by [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under [[Yash Raj Films]] banner.<ref name=":27" /> He was featured in Amazon miniTV's web series - ''Dehati Ladke'', as Prashant Bhaiya, who is an extremely talented UPSC aspirant, a mentor and a role model for the youth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-21 |title=The 'Dehati Ladke' cast gets candid about their roles in this coming-of-age series on UPSC aspirants |url=https://www.aboutamazon.in/news/entertainment/interview-with-amazon-minitv-dehati-ladke-cast |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=IN About Amazon |language=en}}</ref> Aasif's portrayal of Prashant Bhaiya, left a lasting mark adding to the richness of the character dynamics.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Dehati Ladke Season 2 Review : This season seamlessly blends emotion and drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dehati-ladke/dehati-ladke-season-2/seasonreview/106733938.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Aasif's return as Ganesh in [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'']] season 3 was a perfect set up for an explosive season finale. His surprise appearance was massively applauded by the audience with majority complimenting his role from being the most hated in season 1 to the most loved character in season 3.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Panchayat Season 3 Review: Compelling Return To Rural Life Takes Jitendra Kumar, Neena Gupta Starrer Into Vulnerable Places |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/panchayat-season-3-review-compelling-return-to-rural-life-takes-jitendra-kumar-neena-gupta-starrer-into-vulnerable-places-review-110472057 |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Meet Panchayat actor Aasif Khan, who once washed dishes at Saif and Kareena wedding reception |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/panchayat-actor-aasif-khan-washed-dishes-at-saif-ali-khan-and-kareena-kapoor-wedding-reception-635846.html |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> He next featured in ''[[Kakuda (film)|Kakuda]]'',<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Tellychakkar |title=EXCLUSIVE: Mirzapur actor Aasif Khan to be seen with Ritesh Deshmukh and Sonakshi Sinha in the movie Kakuda |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/exclusive-mirzapur-actor-aasif-khan-be-seen-ritesh-deshmukh-and-sonakshi-sinha-the |access-date=2021-09-07 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-21 |title='Kakuda' OTT release: Here's all you need to know about Sonakshi Sinha, Riteish Deshmukh, and Saqib Saleem's spooky comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kakuda-ott-release-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-sonakshi-sinha-riteish-deshmukh-and-saqib-saleems-spooky-comedy/articleshow/111164013.cms |access-date=2025-04-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a horror-comedy film directed by [[Aditya Sarpotdar]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]], under [[RSVP Movies]], released on [[ZEE5]].

Aasif was spotted next as Nasir in ''[[The Bhootnii]]'', a horror-comedy film directed by Sidhaant Sachdev, and produced by [[Deepak Mukut]] & [[Sanjay Dutt]], which released in theaters on 1st May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-14 |title=The Bhootnii Release Update: Sanjay Dutt Starrer Horror Comedy To Clash With Ajay Devgn's Raid 2 In May |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/the-bhootnii-release-update-sanjay-dutt-starrer-horror-comedy-to-clash-with-ajay-devgn-raid-2-in-may-10230459 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

He will be seen next in romantic comedy films viz. ''Ishq Chakkallas''<ref name=":21" /> and ''[[Noorani Chehra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nawazuddin, Nupur Sanon start filming for Noorani Chehra |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/feb/15/nawazuddin-nupur-sanon-start-filmingfor-noorani-chehra-2419454.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=The New Indian Express |date=15 February 2022 }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Aasif will also be featured in ''[[Section 108 (film)|Section 108]]'', a thriller drama, written and directed by Rasikh Khan and presented by [[Anees Bazmee]].<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |title=Section 108 teaser: Nawazuddin Siddiqui has to find missing billionaire to win his case, film to release on this date |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-section-108-teaser-nawazuddin-siddiqui-has-to-find-missing-billionaire-regina-cassandra-release-date-3057655 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2023-08-28 |title='Section 108' teaser: Nawazuddin Siddiqui takes charge to find missing billionaire |url=https://arynews.tv/nawazuddin-siddiqui-section-108-teaser-released/ |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
|2011
|''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Junior artist]]
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2012
|''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Toilet: Ek Prem Katha]]''
|Reporter
|
| rowspan="2" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2018
|''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''
|Ismail
|
|-
|2019
|''[[India's Most Wanted (film)|India's Most Wanted]]''
|Bittu Sinha
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2021
|''[[Pagglait]]''
|Parchun
|
|<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" />
|-
|2023
|''[[The Great Indian Family]]''
|Tulsidas Mishra
|
|<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=Aasif Khan: I don't believe in the concept of hero |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/from-junior-artiste-to-protagonist-aasif-khan-s-journey-in-mirzapur-2-jamtara-and-more-exclusive-interview-101692769177676.html |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Kakuda (film)|Kakuda]]''
|Kilvish
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-17|title=Sonakshi Sinha Wraps Up Shooting For Her Upcoming Horror-Comedy Film 'Kakuda'|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2021/09/17/sonakshi-sinha-wraps-up-shooting-for-her-upcoming-horror-comedy-film-kakuda/|access-date=2021-09-17|website=MissMalini {{!}} Latest Bollywood, Fashion, Beauty & Lifestyle News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Tellychakkar|title=EXCLUSIVE: Mirzapur actor Aasif Khan to be seen with Ritesh Deshmukh and Sonakshi Sinha in the movie Kakuda|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/movie/movie-news/exclusive-mirzapur-actor-aasif-khan-be-seen-ritesh-deshmukh-and-sonakshi-sinha-the|access-date=2021-09-07|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Bhootnii]]''
|Nasir
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bhootnii Movie Review – A Wickedly Wild Ride Through Love, Laughter, and the Paranormal |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/the-bhootnii-movie-review-a-wickedly-wild-ride-through-love-laughter-and-the-paranormal-2893791.html |access-date=2025-05-05 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |TBA
!scope="col" style="background:#FFFFCC; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" |
''Ishq Chakallas'' {{dagger|alt=Film is yet to be released}}
|TBA
|
|<ref name=":21">{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title='Ishq Chakallas' starring Anshumaan Pushkar, Mukti Mohan and Zeishan Qadri is ready to roll|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ishq-chakallas-starring-anshumaan-pushkar-mukti-mohan-and-zeishan-qadri-is-ready-to-roll-338035|access-date=2021-11-15|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=15 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115113404/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/ishq-chakallas-starring-anshumaan-pushkar-mukti-mohan-and-zeishan-qadri-is-ready-to-roll-338035|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col" style="background:#FFFFCC; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;" |''[[Noorani Chehra (2022 film)|Noorani Chehra]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film is yet to be released}}
|Zaheer
|Completed<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui wraps up Noorani Chehra, says 'A fun ride comes to an end' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/nawazuddin-siddiqui-wraps-up-noorani-chehra-says-a-fun-ride-comes-to-an-end-7846526/ |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-22|title=Noorani Chehra: Aasif Khan opens up on his working experience with Nawazuddin Siddique|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/noorani-chehra-aasif-khan-opens-his-working-experience-nawazuddin-siddique-1029637|access-date=2022-02-22|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=22 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222181655/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/noorani-chehra-aasif-khan-opens-his-working-experience-nawazuddin-siddique-1029637|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Nupur Sanon to star in 'Noorani Chehra' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-nupur-sanon-to-star-in-noorani-chehra/articleshow/89561245.cms |access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref>
|-
!scope="col" style="background:#FFFFCC; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"|''[[Section 108 (film)|Section 108]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film is yet to be released}}
|TBA
|
|<ref name=":28" /><ref name=":29" />
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref(s)
|-
|2018
|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
|Babar
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|2019
|''Humorously Yours''
|Chintu
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|''[[Jamtara – Sabka Number Ayega|Jamtara - Sabka Number Ayega]]''
|Anas Ahmad
|<ref name=":8" />
|-
|''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]]''
|Ganesh- the groom
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|''[[Paatal Lok]]''
|Kabir M
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur: Season 2]]''
|Babar
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10" />
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
|Omar Pervez
|<ref name=":15" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-28|title=Shefali Shah to star in Hotstar's web-series 'Human'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/28/shefali-shah-to-star-in-hotstars-web-series-human-2242205.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-10|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210103095437/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2020/dec/28/shefali-shah-to-star-in-hotstars-web-series-human-2242205.html |archive-date = 2021-01-03 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-12-29|title=New Hotstar original 'Human' to stream on 14 January|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-hotstar-original-human-to-stream-on-14-january-11640752897330.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Review: Shefali Shah-Kirti Kulhari Are The Pounding Heart And Pulsing Veins Of The Series|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/human-review-shefali-shah-kirti-kulhari-are-the-pounding-heart-and-pulsing-veins-of-the-series-4-stars-2707763|access-date=2022-01-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Murder In Agonda''
|Sanket Salelkar
|<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Citation |title=Murder In Agonda Season 1 Episode 1 And 2 Review: Shriya Pilgaonkar is sincere in this bland murder mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/murder-in-agonda/season-1/murder-in-agonda-season-1-episode-1-and-2/episodereview/90726881.cms |access-date=2022-04-09}}</ref>
|-
|''Ghar Set Hai''
|Lakhan
|<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite web |title=Aasif Khan: Shah Rukh Khan and Irrfan Khan have been my biggest teachers - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aasif-khan-shah-rukh-khan-and-irrfan-khan-have-been-my-biggest-teachers/articleshow/89889242.cms |access-date=2022-06-30 |website=The Times of India |date=28 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Dehati Ladke''
|Prashant Bhaiya
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dehati Ladke Season 1 Review : A bingeable coming-of-age drama! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dehati-ladke/season-1/seasonreview/105975517.cms |access-date=2024-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''Dehati Ladke Season 2''
|Prashant Bhaiya
|<ref name="The Times of India"/>
|-
|''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat :Season 3]]''
|Ganesh
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2024-02-12 |title=Panchayat 3: Asif Khan embraces OTT actor label |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/panchayat-3-asif-khan-embraces-ott-actor-label-1503268951.html |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref(s)
|-
|2017
|''Vacancy''
|Durgesh Kumar
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|2020
|''Sorry''
|Yaman
|<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" />
|-
|2021
|''Click''
|Ashish
|<ref name=":14" />
|-
|2022
|''Dil Se Hero''
|Vikram
|<ref name=":23" />
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''Galtiyan''
| Aditya
| Debut music video
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=After award-winning singles Drishyam Play is out with another soulful track 'Galtiyan'! |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/220729-after-award-winning-singles-drishyam-play |access-date=2022-07-29 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As casting associate ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film/Series
|-
|2016-2017
|''TVF Bachelors''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[What Will People Say]]''
|-
|''[[Secret Superstar]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|Pari]]''
|-
|''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''
|-
|''[[Bhonsle (film)|Bhonsle]]''
|-
|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Luka Chuppi]]''
|-
|''[[Arjun Patiala]]''
|-
|''ChupChaap''
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
|-
|2018
|Cineshorts by Viacom18
|Best Actor
|Vacancy
|{{Won}}
|-
|2018
|Skylight Film Festival
|Best Actor
|Vacancy
|{{Won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name|name=Aasif Khan|id=9753053}}
* {{Instagram|id=aasifkhan_1|name=Aasif Khan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Aasif}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Kartika Purnima

2026-02-04T09:06:55Z

Nadeem Ahmed: made the article first draft.

{{short description|Hindu, Jain and Sikh holy day}}
{{Redirect|Fullmoon of Kartik|the full moon|Purnima|the lunar month|Kārtika (month)}}
{{distinguish|Kartik Purnima (TV Show)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox holiday
| holiday_name = Kartika Purnima
| type = Religious
| image = Kartiki Punam.JPG
| caption = Kartika Purnima: 28 November 2012
| nickname = Kartika Pournami, Tripuri Purnima, Tripurari Purnima, Deva-Diwali, Deva-Deepawali
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s, [[Sikh]]s, and [[Jain]]s
| date =
| month = October/November
| relatedto = [[Vaikuntha Chaturdashi]]
| significance = '''Commemorates as :''' [[Lord Shiva]]'s victory over the demon [[Tripurasura]] Appearance of [[Bhagavan]] Vishnu as [[Matsya]] (the fish avatar) Birthday of Lord [[Kartikeya]], and [[Tulasi in Hinduism#Vrinda|Vrinda]] Birth of [[Guru Nanak]]
| observances = Prayers and religious rituals honoring [[Brahma]] at [[Pushkar Lake]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] to [[Vishnu]] and [[Harihara]], Bathing at [[Pushkar Lake]] and puja to [[Brahma]]
| date2024 = 15 November
}}
'''Kartika Purnima''' ({{Langx|sa|कार्त्तिकपूर्णिमा|translit=Kārttikapūrṇimā}}), also known as '''Kartika Pournami''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], and [[Jain]] cultural festival that is celebrated on ''[[purnima]]'' ([[full moon]] day), the 15th day of the lunar month [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]]. It falls in November or December of the [[Gregorian calendar]] and is also known as '''Tripurari Purnima''' or '''Deva-Deepavali''', the gods [[Festival of Lights (disambiguation)|festival of lights]]. [[Karthika Deepam]] is a related festival that is celebrated in [[South India]] and [[Sri Lanka]] on a different date. It follows [[Diwali]] by about 15 days.

== Significance ==
[[File:Shiva Tripurantaka.jpg|thumb|Here, the five-headed [[Tripurantaka]] is seen pointing an arrow towards the Tripura (rightmost top corner) with the bow made of [[Mount Meru]] and the serpent [[Vasuki]] as its string. The four-headed god Brahma is seen, and the Moon and the Sun are depicted as the wheels of the chariot.]]

=== Radha-Krishna ===
In [[Vaishnavite]] tradition, this day is considered significant and special for the worship of both [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. It is believed that on this day, [[Radha-Krishna]] performed [[Raslila|rasalila]] with their [[gopi]]s. At [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] and all other Radha-Krishna temples, a sacred vow is observed throughout [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] month, and performances of raaslila are organized on the day of Kartika Purnima. According to [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], Krishna worshipped Radha on this day.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdpzAgAAQBAJ&dq=worship+radha&pg=PA164 |title=Wellness and Indian Festivals & Rituals |date=2015 |publisher=[[Partridge Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4828-1690-7 |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Shiva ===
'Tripuri Purnima' or 'Tripurari Purnima' derives its name from Tripurari – the foe of the demon [[Tripurasura]]. In some legends of Kartika Purnima, the term is used to denote the three demon sons of [[Tārakāsura]]. Tripurari is an epithet of the god [[Shiva]]. Shiva, in his form as [[Tripurantaka]] ({{lit|Killer of Tripurasura}}), killed Tripurasura on this day. Tripurasura had conquered the whole world and defeated the gods and also created three cities in space, together called "[[Tripura (mythology)|Tripura]]". The killing of the demon(s) and destruction of his/their cities with a single arrow by Shiva overjoyed the gods, and they declared the day as a festival of illuminations. This day is also called "Deva-Diwali"—the [[Diwali]] of the gods.<ref name="g">{{cite magazine|title=The legends behind Dev Diwali|work=[[Garavi Gujarat]]|volume= 43|number=2042 |date=31 October 2009|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJft8irPMUAC&pg=PA11}}</ref>

=== Tulasi and Vishnu ===
Kartika Purnima is also celebrated as the manifestation day of [[Matsya]], the god [[Vishnu]]'s fish incarnation ([[avatar]]) and Vrinda, the personification of the [[Tulsi|tulasi]].<ref name="tracy" /> In the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', Tulasi is a gopi cursed to be born on earth as a princess and marry Shankacuda, an asura. She remained a devotee of Vishnu and strongly wished to marry the deity. When Shankacuda threatens the existing order with his conquests, invincible owing to the chastity of his wife, Vishnu assumes his form and tricks her into hugging him, causing her to lose her chastity and allowing Shiva to triumph in his battle over the asura. Vishnu then revealed his true form and married her. Tulasi cursed that Vishnu would take the form of a [[shaligram]]a stone for his trickery, and to appease her, the deity stated that her essence would become the tulasi plant and the [[Gandaki River|Gandaki]] river. Her divine form ascended to [[Vaikuntha]] to be with him.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaturvedi |first=B. K. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Bhavishya_Purana/gORJJvPw6KcC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Brahmavaivarta Purana |date=2004 |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-5296-763-6 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kartikeya ===
In Southern India, Kartika Purnima is also celebrated as the birthday of [[Kartikeya]], the god of war and younger son of Shiva.<ref name=":0" /> This day is also dedicated to the [[pitrs]], dead ancestors.<ref name=":0" />

Underhill believes that the origins of this festival may lie in ancient times, when a sacrifice called ''Shakamedhah'' was performed to attain victory over enemies.<ref name="underhill" />

The festival has even more significance when the day falls in the [[nakshatra]] ([[lunar mansion]]) of [[Krittika]] and is then called ''Maha Kartika''. If the nakshatra is [[Bharani]], the results are stated to be special. If it is [[Rohini (nakshatra)|Rohini]], then the fruitful results are even more. Any philanthropic act on this day is supposed to bring benefits and blessings equal to the performing of ten [[yajna]]s.<ref name="Dwivedi2006"/>

== Hinduism ==
Kartika Purnima is closely associated with [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]], which marks the end of the [[chaturmas]]ya, a four-month period when [[Bhagwan]] Vishnu is believed to sleep. Prabodhini Ekadashi signifies the awakening of the god. Many fairs that begin on Prabodhini Ekadashi end on Kartika Purnima, Kartika Purnima usually being the most important day of the fair. Fairs that conclude on this day include Prabodhini Ekadashi celebrations at [[Pandharpur]] and [[Pushkar Fair]]. Kartika Purnima is also the last day to perform the [[Tulsi Vivah|Tulasi Vivaha]] ceremony, which can be performed from Prabodhini Ekadashi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Dr Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rFuEAAAQBAJ&dq=kartik+purnima+tulsi+vivah&pg=PA423 |title=Significance of Indian Medicinal Plants and Mushrooms |publisher=Krishna Publication House |isbn=978-93-90627-49-3 |pages=423 |language=en}}</ref>

Also, it is believed that on this day, Bhagwan Vishnu returns to his abode after completing his stay with king [[Bali (demon)|Mahabali]], another reason why the day is known as Deva-Diwali.<ref name="s">{{Cite web|url=http://www.swaminarayan.org/festivals/devdiwali/|title=Dev Diwali Festival|website=www.swaminarayan.org}}</ref>

[[File:Inde pushkar foire.jpg|thumb|Pushkar Mela, 2006]]
In [[Pushkar]], Rajasthan, the Pushkar Fair or ''Pushkar mela'' commences on Prabodhini Ekadashi and continues till Kartika Purnima, the latter being the most important. This fair is held in honour of the god [[Brahma]], whose [[Brahma Temple, Pushkar|temple]] stands at Pushkar. A ritual bath on Kartika Purnima in the [[Pushkar Lake]] is considered to lead one to salvation. It is believed circling the three Pushkars on Kartika Purnima is highly meritorious. [[Sadhu]]s gather here and stay from Ekadashi to full moon day in caves. About 200,000 people and 25,000 camels assemble in Pushkar for the fair, which is Asia's largest camel fair.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPPr9HdmnHcC&dq=kartik+ekadasi&pg=PA133|title=Fairs and Festivals of India|first1=S. P.|last1=Sharma|first2=Seema|last2=Gupta|date=23 October 2006|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=9788122309515 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-27/jaipur/28110152_1_pushkar-lake-cave-sadhus|title=Nag Hill at Pushkar brims with sadhus - Times Of India|date=25 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-27/jaipur/28110152_1_pushkar-lake-cave-sadhus |archive-date=25 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdYLEB6WBHUC&dq=pushkar+fair+camels&pg=PA18|title=Viewfinder: 100 Top Locations for Great Travel Photography|first=Keith|last=Wilson|date=23 October 2005|publisher=RotoVision SA|isbn=9782880467937 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMqBvtL_nI0C&dq=pushkar++largest+camel+fair&pg=PA440|title=Frommer's India|first1=Pippa|last1=deBruyn|first2=Keith|last2=Bain|first3=Niloufer|last3=Venkatraman|first4=Shonar|last4=Joshi|date=4 March 2008|publisher=Wiley|isbn=9780470169087 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

A [[Ritual purification|ritual bath]] at a [[Theertham|tirtha]] (a [[sacred water body]] like a lake or river) at a pilgrimage centre is prescribed on Kartika Purnima. This holy bath is known as "Kartika snana".<ref name = "abott"/> A holy bath at Pushkar or in the [[Ganges]] river, especially at [[Varanasi]] is deemed as most auspicious. Kartika Purnima is the most popular day for bathing in the Ganges at Varanasi.<ref name="tracy"/> The devotees also take a bath in the evening during moonrise and offer worship by way of six prayers such as Shiva sambuti, Satait and so forth.<ref name="Dwivedi2006">{{Cite book|last= Dwivedi |first= Dr. Bhojraj |title= Religious Basis Of Hindu Beliefs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wmqKuHFWWgC&q=Dev+Deepavali&pg=PA171|access-date=7 November 2012|publisher= Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|year=2006|isbn=9788128812392|pages=171}}</ref>

[[Annakuta]], an offering of food to the deities, is held in temples.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} People who have taken vows on [[Ashvin]] Purnima end them on Kartika Purnima. Bhagwan Vishnu is also worshipped on this day. Any form of violence (''himsa'') is prohibited on this day. This includes shaving, hair-cutting, cutting of trees, plucking of fruits and flowers, cutting of crops and even sexual intercourse.<ref name = "abott"/> Charity especially donation of cows, feeding of [[Brahmin]]s, fasting are religious activities prescribed for Kartika Purnima.<ref name="tracy"/> Giving gift of gold is said to fulfill all the desires of people.<ref name="Dwivedi2006"/>

Tripuri Purnima is only next to [[Maha Shivaratri]] amongst festivals dedicated to Bhagwan Shiva worship.<ref name="underhill">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC&dq=Tripuri+Poornima&pg=PA95|title=The Hindu Religious Year|first=Muriel Marion|last=Underhill|date=23 October 1991|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120605237 |via=Google Books}}</ref> To commemorate the killing of Tripurasura, images of Bhagwan Shiva are carried in procession. Temple complexes in southern India are lit up throughout the night. ''Deepmalas'' or towers of lights are illuminated in temples. People place 360 or 720 wicks in temples, to secure escape from [[Naraka (Hinduism)|hell]] after death.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The 720 wicks symbolize the 360 days and nights of the Hindu calendar.<ref name="tracy"/> In Varanasi, the ghats come alive with thousands of [[diyas]] (brightly lit earthen lamps).<ref name="tracy">{{cite book|title=Guests at God's wedding: celebrating Kartik among the women of Benares|author=Tracy Pintchman|pages=83-7|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|ISBN=0791482561|date=18 Aug 2005}}</ref> People gift lamps to priests. The lamps are kept throughout the night in houses and Bhagwan Shiva temples. This day is also known as "Kartika Diparatna" - the jewel of lamps in Kartika.<ref name = "underhill"/> Lights are also floated in miniature boats in rivers. Lights are placed under tulasi, [[sacred fig]], and [[Phyllanthus emblica|amla]] trees. The lights in the water and under trees are believed to help fishes, insects and birds who saw the light to attain salvation.<ref name="abott">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zoyXkvW7h_EC&dq=Tripurari+Purnima&pg=PA203|title=Keys of Power a Study of Indian Ritual & Belief 1932|first=J.|last=Abbott|date=23 March 2003|publisher=[[Kessinger Publishing]]|isbn=9780766153103 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

In Telugu households of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], Karthika Maasamu (month) is considered very auspicious. The Kartika month starts on the day after Deepavali according to the ([[Hindu calendar#amanta|amanta]] tradition). From that day till the end of the month, oil lamps are lit every day. On Karthika Purnima, oil lamps with 365 wicks prepared at home are lit in Shiva temples. Apart from that, Kartika Puranam is read, and fasting is observed till sunset, every day for the whole month. The [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]] also celebrates this day with faith and fervor.<ref name=s/>

===Boita Bandana===
[[File:Miniature boita made from banana stem.jpg|thumb|People in Odisha celebrate Kartika Purnima by setting afloat miniature boita (boats) made from banana stem to remember the historical significance of the day.]]
In [[Odisha]], on Kartika Purnima, people celebrate [[Boita Bandana]] (Odia: ବୋଇତ ବନ୍ଦାଣ boita bandāṇa), in memory of ancient maritime trades via Kalinga<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Boita Bandhana – Most Ancient Marine Trade Festival - OdissiPost|url=https://www.odissipost.com/boita-bandhana-most-ancient-marine-trade-festival/|access-date=2021-12-11|language=en-US|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211032348/https://www.odissipost.com/boita-bandhana-most-ancient-marine-trade-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref> by heading for the nearest water body to set afloat miniature boats, originally made out of banana stem and coconut stick, lit with ''Deepak'' (lamps), fabric, betel leaves. ''[[Boita]]'' stands for boat or ship. The festival is a mass commemoration of the state's glorious maritime history when it was known as [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] and tradesmen and mariners known as [[sadhaba]]s traveled on ''[[boita]]''s to trade with distant island nations that share borders with the [[Bay of Bengal]] like [[Indonesia]], [[Java]], [[Sumatra]] and [[Bali]].

During Kartika month, the entire Hindu population of [[Odisha]] becomes strictly vegetarian. They observe the month with auspicious customs, continuing till the traditional ceremony of Panchuka which falls on the last five days of the month, from Dev Uthni Ekadashi to Kartik Purnima. The ninth day of the brighter half of the month of Kartik is called "Anlā Navami" (Kartik Shukla Paksha Navami) from which the preparations of Panchuka starts. It is also said that these five days of Pachuka are so auspicious that even the crane (in odia- ବଗ) refuses to eat meat. The period of chaturmaasya ends on ekadashi, and with the final day of Kartik month, the full moon night, kick starts the festivities associated with the Margasira month famous for the Gurubaara Laxmi Puja (Margasira Gurubaara, ମାଣବସା ଗୁରୁବାର) in Odisha'''''.'''''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-20|title=Kumar Purnima – Ancient Odisha Festival - OdissiPost|url=https://www.odissipost.com/kumar-purnima-ancient-odisha-festival/|access-date=2021-12-11|language=en-US|archive-date=11 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211032912/https://www.odissipost.com/kumar-purnima-ancient-odisha-festival/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Chhāda Khāi'''

The Kartika month ends on Kartika Purnima. The day after Kartika Purnima is called Chhada Khai (ଛାଡ଼ ଖାଇ) when non-vegetarians can again start their normal diet. However the exact day depends on what date Chhada Khai occurs, so Odia Hindus can't eat non-vegetarian food on specific days which varies with family custom, the most common being Thursday, on which most families avoid non-vegetarian food, so a suitable day after the completion of Kartik month is chosen which mostly is a Wednesday, Friday or a Sunday occurring after the Kartik Purnima, so Chhada Khai may not fall on the next day of Kartik Purnima.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

By the way, the most fascinating part of Kartika Purnima in Odisha is the celebration of historic Boita Bandana to commemorate the Bali Jatra commenced by ancient Kalinga merchants and associated fleet to do trade in far South East Asia like Bali, Indonesia etc.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

===Karthika Deepam===
[[File:Karthigai Deepam.jpg|thumb|Lamps lit on Karthika Deepam]]
In [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karthika Deepam]] is celebrated where the Purnima corresponds to the Krittika nakshatra. People light rows of lamps on their balconies. In [[Tiruvannamalai]], a ten-day annual festival is held to celebrate Karthika Deepam.{{fact|date=January 2026}}

==Jainism==
[[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|right|[[Palitana Jain temples]]]]
Kartika Purnima is an important religious day for [[Jainism|Jains]] who celebrate it by visiting [[Palitana]], a Jain pilgrimage centre.<ref name=palitana>{{cite news|work=[[The Times of India]] | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Pilgrims-flock-Palitana-for-Kartik-Poornima-yatra-/articleshow/5190238.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064717/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-02/rajkot/28091395_1_devotees-palitana-jain| url-status=live| archive-date=2012-10-25|title=Pilgrims flock Palitana for Kartik Poornima yatra |date=2009-11-02|access-date= 2009-11-03}}</ref> Thousands of Jain pilgrims flock to the foothills of [[Shatrunjaya|Shatrunjay hills]] of Palitana taluka on the day of Kartika Purnima to undertake the auspicious yatra (journey). Also known as the Shri Shantrunjay Teerth Yatra, this walk is an important religious event in the life of a Jain devotee, who covers 216 km of rough mountainous terrain on foot to worship at the Adinath temple atop the hill.<ref name=g/> The day of Kartika Purnima is very significant in Jainism.Jains believe that Adinath, the first [[tirthankara]], sanctified the hills by visiting it to deliver his first sermon. According to [[Jain texts]], millions of sadhus and Sadhvis have attained salvation on these hills.<ref name=palitana />

==Sikhism==
Although, Kartika Purnima is nowadays celebrated as [[Gurupurab]] or Prakash Parva of [[Guru Nanak]], the first Guru of the Sikhs, however this is controversial and historically invalid as per some Sikh scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-09 |title=Birth of Guru Nanak ~ Katik or Baisakh? |url=http://www.sikhnet.com/news/birth-guru-nanak-katik-or-baisakh |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=SikhNet |language=en |quote=There has been a controversy about the date of birth of Guru Nanak. Traditionally it is believed that Guru Nanak was born in the month of Katik (October–November) on the pooranmashi (full moon) night in 1469 and hence Sikhs all over the world celebrate Guru Nanak's birthday in Katik(October–November). Modern scholars, however, do not accept this date. Their research reveals that he was born in the month of Baisakh (April) in 1469.}}</ref>

Sikh contemporary sources rather mention Vaisakh (Mid April) as birth month of Guru Nanak. It is said that the birth celebrations of Guru Nanak were changed to Kartik month during the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on the instance of Bhai Sant Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=J. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v80dAAAAMAAJ&q=Guru+Nanak+birth+changed+1872 |title=Guru Nanak, His Mystic Teachings |date=1982 |publisher=Radha Soami Satsang Beas |language=en |quote=the anniversary fair of Guru Nanak's birth was celebrated in the month of Vaisakh (April) at Nankana Sahib. The date of celebration was shifted to Katik (November) in the time of Ranjit Singh, at the instance of Bhai Sant Singh}}</ref> This was done to prevent Sikhs from joining Kartik Purnima fair at Hindu pilgrimage [[Ram Teerath|Ram Tirath Mandir]] in Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecMhahRJMvAC&q=Guru+Nanak+birth+date+Ram+tirath |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference |date=2009 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dev Deepawali (Varanasi)|Dev Deepavali (Varanasi)]]
* [[List of Hindu festivals]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://publicvoice.co.in/kartika-purnima-2020-wishes-sms-2021-image-information Details about kartika purnima with wish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205224359/https://publicvoice.co.in/kartika-purnima-2020-wishes-sms-2021-image-information/ |date=5 December 2020 }}
*[https://www.thedivineindia.com/kartik-purnima/6961 Significance of Kartika Purnima]

{{HinduFestivals}}

[[Category:Observances held on Purnima]]
[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Jain festivals]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in Nepal]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Observances held on the full moon]]
[[Category:December observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in India]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Nepal]]

Narada Bhakti Sutra

2026-02-03T17:31:48Z

Nadeem Ahmed: brief enhance section per standard format and improved wording as per guidelines

{{short description|Sutra in Hinduism}}
{{italic title}}

{{Related|[[Shandilya Bhakti Sutra]]}}

The '''''Narada Bhakti Sutra''''' ([[IAST]]: {{IAST|Nārada Bhakti Sūtra}}) is a well known [[sutra]] venerated within the traditions of [[Hinduism]], reportedly spoken by the famous [[rishi|sage]], [[Narada]]. The text details the process of devotion ([[Bhakti]]), or [[Bhakti yoga]] and is thus of particular importance to many of the [[Bhakti movements]] within Hinduism. It has received particular attention among the [[Vaishnava]] and [[Vedanta]] traditions. [[Sri Ramakrishna]], the mystic-saint, hails this work as, "The best path to union with God is to follow the way of divine love as taught by Narada."<ref>Swami Nikhilananda, The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna</ref>

[[Sanskrit]] scriptures often appear in variant editions which may show differences in organization and verse numbering. For example, in the translation by [[Swami Prabhavananda]] there are eighty-four verses arranged in nine chapters,<ref>Swami Prabhavananda. ''Narada's Way of Divine Love (Narada Bhakti Sutras)''. (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Madras). Provides Sanskrit text translated into English with a commentary by Swami Prabhavananda. {{ISBN|81-7120-506-2}}.</ref> whereas in the [[Bhaktivedanta Book Trust]] translation by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A.C Bhakti Vedanta Swami Prabhupada]] and his disciple Satsvarupa dasa the eighty-four verses are organized into five chapters.<ref>[http://naradabhaktisutra.com/en1 ''Narada Bhakti Sutra'' Online (complete)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628012651/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/en1 |date=June 28, 2006 }}</ref>

== Chapters ==
As organized by Swami Prabhavananda, the text covers the following subjects:

*Chapter 1 (verses 1–6) provides a definition of bhakti.
*Chapter 2 (verses 7–14) stresses the importance of renunciation and self-surrender.
*Chapter 3 (verses 15–24) provides exemplars of divine love.
*Chapter 4 (verses 25–33) endorses bhakti as the highest goal of human life.
*Chapter 5 (verses 34–42) provides suggestions on how to practice divine love.
*Chapter 6 (verses 43–50) explains the importance of seeking holy company.
*Chapter 7 (verses 51–57) discusses the difference between preparatory and supreme devotion.
*Chapter 8 (verses 58–73) covers the forms of divine love.
*Chapter 9 (verses 74–84) recommends the practice of ethical virtues and worship of God.

In the translation by Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, the chapters break at similar points, but with the first four chapters arranged into double the amount of verses:

*Chapter 1 (verses 1–14) The Value of Devotion
*Chapter 2 (verses 15–33) Defining Bhakti
*Chapter 3 (verses 34–50) The Means of Achievement
*Chapter 4 (verses 51–73) Pure and Mixed Devotion
*Chapter 5 (verses 74–84) Attaining Perfection
In the introduction of his commentary on the work, Swami Sivananda explains that the 84 sutras of the text are divided as follows: the first 24 deal with the nature of bhakti; the next nine (25 to 33) explain the superiority of bhakti over karma, jnana, or even Yoga (in the sense of Patanjali's Ashtanga yoga); sutras 51 to 66 describe the laksana, or external marks, that we can see in a devotee who has genuine bhakti; and the final 18 sutras (67 to 84) extol the mahant, or great devotee, who possesses this devotion in its entirety.

==Key concepts==
Within the text, Narada explains the perfectional stage of pure devotion; the process to achieve this state; gives quotations from other Vedic personalities on the subject matter; things to avoid when developing bhakti; and finally, explains the nature of selfless love and the different forms of attachment to the Supreme person.

===Pure devotion===
[[File:The sage Narada offering respect to Vishnu on Garuda.jpg|thumb|Sage Narada offering respect to Vishnu on [[Garuda]]. ]]
Firstly, bhakti itself is defined as being "the most elevated, pure love for God"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/2/en1 |title=NBS Verse 2 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002323/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/2/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which is [[eternity|eternal]] by nature and through following which one obtains perfect peace and immortality (release from [[samsara]]). The symptoms of such devotion are that one no longer has any selfish desires, nor is affected by the dualities of loss or gain for himself being fully content with (and experiencing [[Religious ecstasy|ecstasy]] through) the process of bhakti itself. Narada describes that lust is absent in those who execute bhakti purely because they naturally have no personal desires to fulfill.

The aspirant bhakta is encouraged to renounce "social customs" and "religious rituals" and to focus purely on service to God with exclusive dedication, being indifferent to whatever may stand in the way of such service.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/9/en1 |title=NBS Verse 9 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002248/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/9/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Activities of social custom and religious rituals that are favorable to devotional service are still promoted but devotional activities are given as "the only means for reaching the perfection of life."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/12/en1 |title=NBS Verse 12 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002406/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/12/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The text then goes on to quote [[Vyasa]], [[Garga (sage)|Garga]] and [[Sandilya]] in terms of their opinions on what is ''bhakti'', giving the opinion that all three are correct but declaring in conclusion that "bhakti consists of offering one's every act to the Supreme Lord and feeling extreme distress in forgetting Him".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/19/en1 |title=NBS Verse 19 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002309/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/19/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Gopi]]s (cowherd women) of [[Vrindavan]] are given as an example of devotees who display this form of pure bhakti, but a warning is also given about 'false devotion' that imitates this perfectional stage. Narada follows this warning by stating, "Furthermore, the Lord dislikes the proud but is pleased with the humble".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/27/en1 |title=NBS Verse 27 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002316/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/27/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Bhakti begets bhakti===
An important point is made in verse 30 in regard to the relationship between bhakti and knowledge: "But the son of [[Brahma]] [Narada] says that bhakti is its own fruit".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/30/en1 |title=NBS Verse 30 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002426/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/30/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In his commentary, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada further describes in regard to this verse that "bhakti is not dependent on anything else for nourishment"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/30/en1 |title=NBS Verse 30 purport |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002426/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/30/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> being complete in itself, without dependence on the paths of either knowledge or renunciation.

===Obtaining bhakti===
The methods initially described for obtaining bhakti are as follows:

*Giving up worldly pleasures and the close company of others who indulge in such activities
*Worshipping the Supreme Lord ceaselessly
*Hearing and speaking about the Lord's special qualities and activities

However, following these three, the text gives the "grace of great souls" or "a small drop of the Lord's grace"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/38/en1 |title=NBS Verse 38 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002351/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/38/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as the most important factors in developing true devotion. Saying that such association is so rare and precious that it can only be obtained through the grace of God Himself, thus the instruction is given in verse 42: "Strive, strive only for the association of pure devotees".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/42/en1 |title=NBS verse 42 |access-date=2007-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002302/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/42/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Items to avoid===
Alongside the acceptance of positive practices in the cultivation of bhakti, the text also describes items which should be avoided by the aspiring bhakta. Intimate dealings with others who are against the path of bhakti or who indulge in sinful habits is described as potentially dangerous for one attempting to purify their consciousness: "Material association is the cause of lust, anger, confusion, forgetfulness, loss of intelligence, and total calamity".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/44/en1 |title=NBS verse 44 |access-date=2007-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002420/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/44/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It further explains that only one who abandons such material association, serves the sages and becomes selfless in their dealings, renouncing desires for profit or gain, can cross beyond the [[Maya (illusion)|ocean of illusion]]. Even the [[Vedas]] are given as an object to renounce for one who wants to obtain pure and uninterrupted love for God.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/49/en1 |title=NBS verse 49 |access-date=2007-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002413/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/49/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In later chapters, however, an instruction is also given that respect should be shown for all scriptures which promote bhakti (devotion), and an aspirant bhakta should endeavour to follow the instructions of such texts.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/76/en1 |title=NBS Verse 76 |access-date=2007-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002228/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/76/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===The nature of pure love===
The text states that the true nature of the pure love of God is beyond description, but this does not restrict God from revealing it to those who are qualified. Once this pure love is obtained, it says that a person "looks only at the Lord, hears only about Him, speaks only of Him, and thinks only of Him".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/55/en1 |title=NBS verse 55 |access-date=2007-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002358/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/55/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Secondary forms of this love are given as stepping stones which bring one to the perfectional stage, with each stage nearer to perfection being better than those preceding it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/57/en1 |title=NBS verse 57 |access-date=2007-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002255/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/57/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is also stated that perfection is attained much more easily by bhakti than by any other process. The reason is that "bhakti does not depend on any other authority for its validity, being itself the standard of authority. Furthermore, bhakti is the embodiment of peace and supreme ecstasy.".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/60/en1 |title=NBS verse 60 |access-date=2007-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002434/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/60/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Ultimate attachment===
In conclusion, the sutra gives an instruction to "patiently endure" <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/77/en1 |title=NBS Verse 77 |access-date=2007-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002234/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/77/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> until the perfectional stage of bhakti becomes manifest, whilst cultivating qualities such as [[ahimsa|nonviolence]], [[honesty]], [[cleanliness]], [[compassion]] and [[faith]]. Again, it is said that the Lord "reveals Himself to His devotees"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/80/en1 |title=NBS Verse 80 |access-date=2007-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002329/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/80/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and that bhakti is the most precious of all possessions.

Next, a list of forms of attachment is given, through which a devotee should attain a loving feeling towards God, including :

* attachment to the Lord's qualities
* attachment to His beauty,
* attachment to worshiping Him,
* attachment to remembering Him,
* attachment to serving Him,
* attachment to dealing with Him as a friend,
* attachment to surrendering one's self completely to Him,
* attachment to being absorbed in thoughts of Him,

Finally, a number of devotional figures from [[Puranic]] scriptures are quoted as being agreement with the truth of the process given, including: the [[Four Kumaras]], [[Vyasa]], [[Śuka]], [[Sandilya]], [[Garga (sage)|Garga]], [[Vishnu]], Kaundinya, [[Sesha]], [[Uddhava]], [[Aruni]], [[Mahabali]], [[Hanuman]], and [[Vibhishana]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/82/en1 |title=NBS Verse 82 |access-date=2007-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914121645/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/82/en1 |archive-date=2009-09-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The last verse of the text gives the message that: "Anyone who trusts these instructions spoken by Narada and is convinced by them will be blessed with devotion and attain the most dear Lord. Yes, he will attain the most dear Lord."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://naradabhaktisutra.com/84/en1 |title=NBS verse 84 |access-date=2007-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002344/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/84/en1 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Commentators on the Narada-bhakti-sutras ===

* [[Rajneesh|Acharya Rajneesh (Osho)]]
* [[Swami Prabhavananda]]
* [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|A.C Bhakti Vedanta Swami Prabhupada]]
* [[Sivananda Saraswati|Swami Sivananda]]
* [[Vishwananda|Swami Vishwananda]]
* [[Tejomayananda|Swami Tejomayananda]]
* [[Sri Aurobindo]]
* [[Swami Tyagananda]]
* [[Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)|Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]
* [[Swami Chinmayananda]]

==See also==

* [[Bhakti]]
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Narada]]
* [[Narayana]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*''Bhakti Ratnavali with the Commentary of Visnu Puri'' Text with Translation/ Divine Books, Delhi
*''Sri Narada Pancaratram'' - The Jnanamrita Sara Samhita/ Translated by Swami Vijnananda. Divine Books, Delhi.
*Swami Bhuteshananda. ''Narada Bhakti Sutras''. (Advaita Ashrama: Calcutta, 1999). {{ISBN|81-7505-199-X}}. Provides Sanskrit text translated into English with a commentary by Swami Bhuteshananda, the 12th President of the [[Ramakrishna Math]]. This commentary views the work within the context of Bhakti school of [[Vedanta]].
* [[Swami Chinmayananda]] (2005), ''Narada Bhakti Sutra''. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. {{ISBN|8175973064}}.
*Swami Prabhavananda. ''Narada's Way of Divine Love (Narada Bhakti Sutras)''. (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Madras). {{ISBN|81-7120-506-2}}. Provides Sanskrit text translated into English with a commentary by Swami Prabhavananda. This commentary views the work within the context of [[Advaita Vedanta]] as understood within the [[Ramakrishna Math]].
*Swami Prabhupada. ''Narada-bhakti-sutra: The Secrets of Transcendental Love''. (Bhaktivedanta Book Trust: 1998). {{ISBN|0-89213-273-6}}. Translation by [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]] and his disciple [[Satsvarupa dasa Goswami]]. Provides Sanskrit text translated into English with commentary from a [[Gaudiya Vaishnava]] perspective alongside the Sanskrit text, viewing Narada's teachings within the context of other devotional scriptures such as the [[Bhagavata Purana]], emphasizing the role of Krishna.
*[[Swami Sivananda]] (1997). ''Narada Bhakti Sutras''. Divine Life Society. {{ISBN|8170520681}}.
*Prem Prakash. ''The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras''. (Inner Traditions International: Rochester, Vermont, 1998). {{ISBN|0-89281-664-3}}. Provides Sanskrit text translated into English with a commentary by a Westerner.
*[[Sri Sri Ravi Shankar]]. ''Narada Bhakti Sutra''. ([[Art of Living Foundation|Art of Living]]). Offers interpretation of ''Narada Bhakti Sutra''.
*Swami Tyagisananda. ''Aphorisms on the Gospel of Divine Love or Narada Bhakti Sutras''. (Sri Ramakrishna Math: Madras). {{ISBN|81-7120-329-9}}. Provides Sanskrit text translated into English with elaborate explanatory and critical notes.

==External links==
* [http://www.sivohm.com/2015/10/narad-bhakti-sutro-as-it-is-gujarati.html Gujarti translation with Saskrit sloka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060628012651/http://naradabhaktisutra.com/en1 ''Narada Bhakti Sutra'' Online translation (complete)](naradabhaktisutra.com)
*[http://www.sankaracharya.org/narada_bhakti_sutras.php English Translation of ''Narada Bhakti Sutra''] (sankaracharya.org)
* Free translation of Narada Bhakti Sutras by Swami Vivekananda http://www.vivekananda.net/ByTopic/NaradaBhaktiSutras.html

[[Category:Hindu devotional texts]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophy]]
[[Category:Sutras (Hinduism)]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

Atlas Ramachandran

2026-01-28T19:28:06Z

Nadeem Ahmed: Article

{{Short description|Indian jeweller, film producer and actor (1942–2022)}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Atlas Ramachandran
| image = Ram02.png
| caption =
| birth_name = M. M. Ramachandran
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|07|31|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mullassery]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]]
| alma_mater = [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]],
[[Delhi School of Economics]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|10|02|1942|07|31}}
| death_place = [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates
| occupation = {{hlist|Jeweller|Director|Film Producer|Actor}}
| title = Chairman of [[Atlas Jewellery]]
| spouse = Indira Ramachandran
| children = 2
| parents =
}}

'''M. M. Ramachandran''' (31 July 1942 – 2 October 2022), better known as '''Atlas Ramachandran''',<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Atlas At A Glance |url=http://atlasera.co/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730105307/http://www.atlasera.co/ |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=20 February 2014 |website=Atlas Jewellery |via=atlasera.co}}</ref> was an Indian jeweller, film producer and actor. He was the chairman of [[Atlas Jewellery]] and is known for the tagline of his jewellery, "Janakodikalude Vishwastha Sthapanam" (transl. "The people's trusted establishment"). He had produced and distributed films under the banner "Chandrakanth Films".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=banner&artist=Chandrakanth%20Films |title=Chandrakanth Films|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007193857/https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=banner&artist=Chandrakanth%20Films|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Vaisali (film)|Vaisali]]'' (1988) and ''[[Sukrutham]]'' (1994) are the major films that he has produced. He has also acted in a few movies notably in ''Subhadram'' (2007) in a lead role.

==Early life & career==
Ramachandran was born at [[Mullassery]] in the [[Thrissur District]] of [[Kerala]] on 31 July 1942 into a family with a rich cultural and literary background.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-03 |title=From banker to jeweller, Atlas Ramachandran lived a life full of twists |work=[[Onmanorama]] |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/03/atlas-mm-ramachandran-businessman-film-producer.html |access-date=2022-10-04}}</ref> His father, V. Kamalakara Menon (d. 1995), was a poet, and there were frequent [[Aksharaslokam|Akshara Shlokam]] recitation sessions at his home. Ramachandran was the third of the eight children and the second son.

After acquiring his bachelor's degree in commerce from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]], he moved to Delhi to begin his professional career as a banker with Canara Bank and then with State Bank of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Atlas Ramachandran: Banker, jeweler, producer and a dream... |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/obituary/atlas-ramachandran-1503117522.html |work=The Statesman |date=3 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
In Delhi, Ramachandran started his career in the banking industry. He joined [[Canara Bank]] and completed a post-graduate degree in economics from the [[Delhi School of Economics]]. Later on, selected as a probationary officer by the [[State Bank of India]], he moved to the [[State Bank of Travancore]] where he was a field officer, accountant and manager. By the time he left the bank, he was the superintendent of over 100 branches.

In 1974, he moved to [[Kuwait City]] to work for the [[Commercial Bank of Kuwait]].<ref name=":0"/>
He assumed the post of Administration Manager of the International Division.

Having been convinced of the immense demand for gold ornaments, he opened the first ATLAS showroom in Souk Al Watya in Kuwait.{{when|date=March 2020}}

Kuwait was looted during the [[Gulf War]] and Ramachandran experienced a total loss, so he started over in the United Arab Emirates. He introduced the concept of mega-offers in the regional gold trade. From gold bars to luxurious cars, shoppers won generous prizes. ATLAS served well over a million customers.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} This led to the coining of the now famous slogan, "ATLAS jewellery-Trusted by Millions", with Ramachandran himself serving as the brand ambassador and lending his face and voice for the advertisements.

== Philanthropy ==
Both in his adopted home in the [[Persian Gulf]] and in [[India]], his community initiatives include welfare, education, film, literature and music. He gave scores of gold medals in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] schools. He also gave scholarships to deserving students of limited means in [[Kerala]]. In the same way, customers of [[Atlas Jewellery]] were handed over the ornaments selected by them even if they were short of money. He patronised many competitions including reciting the [[Quran]] held by the Islamic organisations in the Persian Gulf region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2017 |title=The fall of Atlas Ramachandran: His wife Indira opens up in a tell-all interview |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fall-atlas-ramachandran-his-wife-indira-opens-tell-all-interview-63950|access-date=3 July 2021 |website=The News Minute |language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191649/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fall-atlas-ramachandran-his-wife-indira-opens-tell-all-interview-63950|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legal troubles==
In the United Arab Emirates (as in many [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region]]), loans are secured with a signed cheque for the entire loan amount.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-09 |title=What is a security cheque? |url=https://www.mortgagefinder.ae/faq/what-is-a-security-cheque/ |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Mortgage Finder - FAQ |language=en}}</ref> Loan providers could present this cheque at any time. If a cheque cannot be processed because the account holder has insufficient funds this can be escalated into a criminal matter and debtors jailed to recoup debt.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/gcc/uae/jail-works-for-recouping-debt-hsbc-boss-304078 | title=Jail works for recouping debt - HSBC boss - Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More | date=4 July 2010 }}</ref> This is contrary to most developed countries where there are no security cheques and these types of issues only result in civil cases. In the Middle East, many business owners quietly leave the country when they face liquidity issues.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/industries/banking-finance/sme-owners-flee-uae-with-unpaid-debts-exceeding-1bn-in-2015-612524 | title=SME owners flee UAE with unpaid debts exceeding $1bn in 2015 - Arabian Business: Latest News on the Middle East, Real Estate, Finance, and More | date=16 November 2015 }}</ref> Ramachandran stayed in the country to resolve his business and legal troubles. However, he was detained by the [[Dubai Police Force|Dubai Police]] in August 2015. He sought to have his charges suspended but did not receive bail and was then imprisoned three months later by the [[Judicial system of the United Arab Emirates|Dubai Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atlas Jewellery owner let off after 3 years in Dubai jail |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/crime/100618/atlas-jewellery-owner-let-off-after-3-years-in-dubai-jail.html|access-date=3 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=10 June 2018 |archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710082658/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/nation/crime/100618/atlas-jewellery-owner-let-off-after-3-years-in-dubai-jail.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While in prison, his hospitals were sold to repay some loans. However, most jewellery shops simply closed and became insolvent. After nearly three years, he was released in June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I will rise like a phoenix: Atlas Ramachandran |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/220618/i-will-rise-like-a-phoenix-atlas-ramachandran.html|access-date=3 July 2021 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=22 June 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183156/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/mollywood/220618/i-will-rise-like-a-phoenix-atlas-ramachandran.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a major amendment made to UAE Federal Law on 2 January 2022 that decriminalised bounced cheques.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zakaria |first=Sherouk |title=New UAE law decriminalises bounced cheques: Fines, exceptions; all you need to know |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/banking-in-uae/decriminalising-bounced-cheques-in-uae-all-you-need-to-know |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
Ramachandran died in a hospital in [[Dubai]] on 2 October 2022 following a cardiac arrest.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-04 |title=CM condoles death of NRI businessman 'Atlas Ramachandran' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/cm-condoles-death-of-nri-businessman-atlas-ramachandran/articleshow/94631558.cms |access-date=2023-05-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was 80.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai-atlas-ramachandran-passes-away-at-age-80 |title=Dubai: Indian businessman Atlas Ramachandran passes away at 80 |newspaper=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=2 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002203913/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/dubai-atlas-ramachandran-passes-away-at-age-80|url-status=live |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-02 |title=Businessman Atlas Ramachandran dies at 80 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2022/10/03/atlas-ramachandran-dies.html |access-date=2022-10-02 |work=Onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
Ramachandran ventured into film production and distribution. He was known as Vaisali Ramachandran due to the fame of his debut film production ''[[Vaisali (film)|Vaisali]]'', an episode from ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which was a classic in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He resigned from the Commercial Bank to focus solely on the jewellery business and motion pictures. At the time of his resignation, he was one of the most highly respected and highly paid bank managers in [[Kuwait]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} With his new focus, he either produced or distributed the hit films ''[[Sukrutham]]'', ''[[Dhanam (1991 film)|Dhanam]]'', ''[[Kauravar]]'', ''[[Chakoram]]'', ''[[Vasthuhara]]'', ''[[Innale]]'' and ''[[Venkalam]]''. A number of his films were selected to Indian Panorama, were critically acclaimed, and won prestigious awards.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! scope="row" |1988
|''[[Vaisali (film)|Vaisali]]''
|[[Bharathan]]
|Producer
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=Businessman Atlas Ramachandran passes away at 80 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/oct/03/businessman-atlas-ramachandran-passes-away-at-80-2504483.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |1990
|''[[Anantha Vruthantham]]''
|[[P. Anil]]
|Distributor
|
|-
|''[[Innale]]''
|[[Padmarajan|P. Padmarajan]]
|Distributor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Vasthuhara]]''
|[[G. Aravindan]]
|Distributor
|
|-
|''[[Dhanam (1991 film)|Dhanam]]''
|[[Sibi Malayil]]
|Producer
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" |1992
|''[[Kauravar]]''
|[[Joshiy]]
|Distributor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" |1993
|''[[Venkalam]]''
|[[Bharathan]]
|Distributor
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[Sukrutham]]''
|[[Harikumar (director)|Harikumar]]
|Producer
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Chakoram]]''
|M. A. Venu
|Distributor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" |2004
|''Youth Festival''
|[[Jose Thomas]]
|Actor
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |2007
|[[Anandabhairavi (2007 film)|''Anandabhairavi'']]
|[[Jayaraj]]
|Actor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''[[Arabikkatha]]''
|[[Lal Jose]]
|Actor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|''Subhadram''
|Sreelal Devaraj
|Actor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" |2008
|''[[Malabar Wedding]]''
|Rajesh-Faisal
|Actor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" |2009
|''[[2 Harihar Nagar]]''
|[[Lal (actor)|Lal]]
|Actor
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4" |2010
|''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]''
|M. M. Ramachandran
|Director
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[Thathwamasi|''Thatwamasi'']]
|Swami Viswa Chaithanya (Sunil)
|Actor
|
|-
|''[[3 Char Sau Bees|3 Char Sou Bees]]''
|[[N. Govindan Kutty|Govindankutty]]
|Actor
|
|-
|[[Brahmasthram (2010 film)|''Brahmasthram'']]
|V. Somanath
|Actor
|
|-
! scope="row" |2013
|''[[Bombay Mittayi]]''
|Umer Karikkad
|Actor
|
|-
! scope="row" |2014
|[[Balyakalasakhi (2014 film)|''Balyakala Sakhi'']]
|Pramod Payyannur
|Actor
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2016
|''[[Daivathinte Kayyoppu]]''
|Benny Ashamsa
|Actor
|
|-
|''[[Meghangal]] (Tele Film)''
|Shaji Kallur
|Actor
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.atlaseraa.com Atlas Jewellery]
* [https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/indian-jeweller-wins-award Ramachandran chosen for business excellence award]
* [https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/atlas-jewellery-emke-group-sign-leasing-pact Ramachandran signs agreement with Yusuf Ali M.A.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190530052326/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/gulf/uae/iftar-for-solidarity-atlas-ramachandran-1.3832123 An Iftar with Atlas Ramachandran in solidarity] {{in lang|ml}}
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=1OcG7Ev3-Lw&feature=youtu.be Ramachandran in Aswamedham Kairali TV]
* [https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Atlas+Group+thinking+big+even+as+Ramachandran+flirts+with+cinema.-a0205007514 AtlasGroup thinking big]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=391edw1xJP0 Interview "Arike en Keralam" on People TV]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxlbLb6k-rg Interview on Kaumudi TV]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cMJYHgrlJm4&t=18s valentines corner with Ramachandran -2]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDVNOmrAmTI&t=23s valentines corner with Ramachandran -3]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Itz2u0HLODg&t=17s valentines corner with Ramachandran -4]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=njfVBAPw26w Presenting Kamalakara Menon Suvarna Mudra for Aksharaslokam]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramachandran, Atlas}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Film producers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]

2022 Filmfare OTT Awards

2026-01-27T16:26:58Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{short description|2022 OTT film awards in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 2022 Filmfare OTT Awards
| current_awards =
| image = 2022 Filmfare OTT Awards.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Excellence in OTT content
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| host = {{Plainlist|
* [[Gauahar Khan]]
* [[Maniesh Paul]]}}
| country = India
| venue =
| network =
| year = {{Start date|df=y|2020|12|19}}
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2022|12|21}}
| holder_label =
| holder = 
| most_awards = ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'' & ''[[Tabbar]]'' (8)
| most_nominations =''Rocket Boys'' (15)
| award1_type = Best Drama Series
| award1_winner = ''Tabbar''
| award2_type = Best Comedy Series
| award2_winner = ''[[Gullak|Gullak (Season 3)]]''
| award3_type = Best Film - Web Originals
| award3_winner = ''[[Dasvi]]''
| award4_type = Best Non - Fiction Original (Series)
| award4_winner = ''[[House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths]]''
| website = {{url|https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/ |2022 OTT Awards}}
| related =
| previous = [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards|2021]]
| main = [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| next = [[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
|award5_type=Best Series (Critics)|award5_winner=''Tabbar''}}

'''2022 [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]''', the third edition of awards were presented to honour artistic and technical excellence in original programming on [[Over-the-top media service|over-the-top]] streaming media in Hindi-language. Web original shows or films released across [[OTT platform]]s between 1 August 2021 and 31 July 2022 were eligible for Awards. Nominations were announced by ''[[Filmfare]]'' on 14 December 2022. Hosted by [[Gauahar Khan]] and [[Maniesh Paul]], the ceremony was held on 21 December 2022 in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/filmfare-ott-awards-winners-list-rocket-boys-gullak-tabbar-panchayat-win-big-101671681454880.html |title= Filmfare OTT Awards winners list: Rocket Boys dominates, Gullak, Tabbar and Panchayat also win big |website= Hindustan Times |date=December 22, 2022|access-date=December 22, 2022|language=en-In}}</ref>

[[Rocket Boys (web series)|''Rocket Boys'']] led the ceremony with 15 nominations, followed by [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']] with 13 nominations, ''[[Tabbar]]'' with 11 nominations and ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' with 10 nominations.

''Rocket Boys'' and ''Tabbar'' won 8 awards each, with the former winning Best Drama Series, Best Director in a Drama Series (for Abhay Pannu) and Best Actor in a Drama Series (Critics) (for [[Jim Sarbh]]), and the latter winning Best Series (Critics), Best Director in a Series (Critics) (for Ajitpal Singh), Best Actor in a Drama Series (for [[Pavan Malhotra]]), Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (for [[Pavan Malhotra|Gagan Arora]]) and Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series (for [[Supriya Pathak]]), thus becoming the most-awarded series at the ceremony.

== Winners and nominees==
{{Small|Sources: nominations}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/filmfare-ott-awards-2022-complete-nominations-list/articleshow/96390952.cms |title=Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022: Complete Nominations List |date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022|website=Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-danube-properties-filmfare-ott-awards-2022_-56102.html |title=Nominations announced for Danube Properties Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 |date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022|website=FILMFARE|language=en}}</ref>

{{Small|Sources: winners}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/winners|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022|date=21 December 2022|access-date=21 December 2022 |website=FilmFare|language=en}}</ref>

* {{Small|Winners denoted in '''boldface'''}}

===Popular awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Drama Series
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"|Best Director
|-
|colspan=1; valign="top"|
* '''''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''''' – [[SonyLIV]]
** [[Aashram|''Aashram (Season 3)'']] – [[MX Player]]
** ''[[Apharan (TV series)|Apharan (Season 2)]]'' – [[Voot]]
** ''[[Guilty Minds]]'' – [[Amazon Prime Video]]
** ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Tabbar]]'' – SonyLIV
|colspan=1; valign="top"|
* '''Abhay Pannu – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''
** Ajitpal Singh – ''[[Tabbar]]''
** Ashish Shukla – [[Undekhi|''Undekhi (Season 2)'']]
** [[Nikkhil Advani]] and Nikhil Gonsalves – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** [[Prakash Jha]] – [[Aashram|''Aashram (Season 3)'']]
** Shefali Bhushan – ''[[Guilty Minds]]''
** Vinay Waikul – ''[[The Broken News]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top" |
* '''[[Pavan Malhotra]] – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
** [[Bobby Deol]] – [[Aashram|''Aashram (Season 3)'']]
** [[Ishwak Singh]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
** [[Jim Sarbh]] – ''Rocket Boys''
** [[Mohit Raina]] – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** [[Varun Mitra]] – ''[[Guilty Minds]]''
** [[Viineet Kumar]] – [[Rangbaaz (TV series)|''Rangbaaz (Season 3)'']]

| colspan="1"; valign="top" |
* '''[[Raveena Tandon]] – ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]'''''
** [[Amruta Subhash]] – ''[[Saas Bahu Achaar Pvt. Ltd.]]''
** [[Madhuri Dixit]] – ''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''
** [[Sakshi Tanwar]] – ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai]]''
** [[Shefali Shah]] – ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
** [[Shriya Pilgaonkar]] – ''[[Guilty Minds]]''
** [[Sushmita Sen]] – [[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya (Season 2)'']]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan="3" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''[[Gagan Arora]] – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
** [[Ashutosh Rana]] – ''[[The Great Indian Murder (TV series)|The Great Indian Murder]]''
** [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] – ''[[Aashram|Aashram (Season 3)]]''
** [[Piyush Mishra]] – ''Illegal'' ''(Season 2)''
** [[Rajesh Tailang]] – [[Rangbaaz (TV series)|''Rangbaaz (Season 3)'']]
** [[Vishal Jethwa]] – ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top" |
* '''[[Supriya Pathak]] – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
** [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** [[Regina Cassandra]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
** [[Shabana Azmi]] – ''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]''
** [[Shweta Tripathi]] – ''[[Escaype Live]]''
** [[Sonali Bendre]] – ''[[The Broken News]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#FFAA00;" |Comedy Series
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Series / Special
|-
| colspan="2" |
* '''[[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]''' – [[SonyLIV]]
** ''[[Ghar Waapsi]] –'' [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
** ''[[Home Shanti]]'' – Disney+ Hotstar
** [[Kota Factory|''Kota Factory (Season 2)'']] – [[Netflix]]
** [[Little Things (TV series)|''Little Things (Season 4)'']] – Netflix
** [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']] – [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |
Best Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''[[Jameel Khan]] – [[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]''' as Santosh Mishra (Papa)
** [[Bhuvan Bam]] – ''[[Dhindora]]''
** [[Dhruv Sehgal]] – ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 4)]]''
** [[Jitendra Kumar]] – [[Kota Factory|''Kota Factory (Season 2)'']]
** Jitendra Kumar – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]
** [[R. Madhavan]] – ''[[Decoupled]]''
| colspan="1" ; valign="top"|
* '''[[Geetanjali Kulkarni]] – [[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]''' as Shanti Mishra (Mummy)
** Anushka Kaushik – ''[[Ghar Waapsi]]''
** [[Masaba Gupta]] – [[Masaba Masaba|''Masaba Masaba (Season 2)'']]
** [[Mithila Palkar]] – [[Little Things (TV series)|''Little Things (Season 4)'']]
** [[Supriya Pathak]] – ''[[Home Shanti]]''
** [[Surveen Chawla]] – ''[[Decoupled]]''

|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1";" valign="top" |
* '''[[Raghubir Yadav]] – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]'''
** [[Chandan Roy]] – ''Panchayat (Season 2)''
** [[Faisal Malik]] – ''Panchayat (Season 2)''
** [[Harsh Mayar]] – ''[[Gullak |Gullak (Season 3)]]''
** [[Manoj Pahwa]] – ''[[Home Shanti]]''
** [[Ranjan Raj]] – ''[[Kota Factory |Kota Factory (Season 2)]]''
| colspan="1";"valign="top" |
* '''[[Neena Gupta]] – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]'''
** Neena Gupta – ''[[Masaba Masaba |Masaba Masaba (Season 2)]]''
** Sanvikaa – ''Panchayat (Season 2)''
** [[Sunita Rajwar]] – ''[[Gullak |Gullak (Season 3)]]''
** Sunita Rajwar – ''Panchayat (Season 2)''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#FFAA00;" |Web Originals
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Film
|-
| colspan="2" |
* '''''[[Dasvi]]''''' – [[Netflix]]
** ''[[A Thursday]]'' – [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
** ''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]'' '''–''' Disney+ Hotstar
** ''[[Looop Lapeta]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]'' – Netflix
** ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]'' – Netflix
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1";" valign="top" |
* '''[[Abhishek Bachchan]] – ''[[Dasvi]]'''''
** [[Abhimanyu Dassani]] – ''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
** [[Harsh Varrdhan Kapoor|Harshvardhan Kapoor]] – [[Thar (film)|''Thar'']]
** [[Kartik Aaryan]] – [[Dhamaka (2021 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
** [[Shreyas Talpade]] – ''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]''
** [[Vikrant Massey]] – ''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]''

| colspan="1" |
* '''[[Taapsee Pannu]] – ''[[Looop Lapeta]]'''''
** [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] – [[Thar (film)|''Thar'']]
** [[Radhika Apte]] – ''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]''
** [[Sanya Malhotra]] – ''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
** [[Yami Gautam]] – ''[[A Thursday]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Male)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Supporting Actor (Female)
|-
| colspan="1" |
* '''[[Anil Kapoor]] – ''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]'''''
** [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] – [[Helmet (film)|''Helmet'']]
** [[Atul Kulkarni]] – ''[[A Thursday]]''
** [[Javed Jaffrey]] – ''[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|Jaadugar]]''
** [[Jitendra Joshi]] – ''Thar''
| colspan="1" |
* '''[[Mita Vashisht]] – ''[[Chhorii]]'''''
** [[Amruta Subhash]] – [[Dhamaka (2021 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
** [[Neha Dhupia]] – ''[[A Thursday]]''
** [[Pranutan Bahl]] – ''[[Helmet (film)|Helmet]]''
** [[Shreya Dhanwanthary]] – ''[[Looop Lapeta]]''
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Non – Fiction Original (Series)
|-
| colspan="2"; valign="top"|
* '''''[[House of Secrets: The Burari Deaths]]''''' – [[Netflix]]
** [[Break Point (2021 TV series)|''Break Point'']] – [[ZEE5]]
** [[Comicstaan|''Comicstaan (Season 3)'']] – [[Amazon Prime Video]]
** [[Koffee with Karan|''Koffee with Karan (Season 7)'']] – [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
** [[One Mic Stand|''One Mic Stand (Season 2)'']] – Amazon Prime Video
** ''[[Shut Up Sona]]'' – ZEE5
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Writing Awards
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Story (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Dialogues
|-
| colspan="1" ; valign="top"|
* '''Harman Wadala, Sandeep Jain and Mr. Roy – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
** Abhay Pannu, Abhay Koranne – [[Rocket Boys (web series)|''Rocket Boys'']]
** Ameya Sarda, Deepak Segal – [[Undekhi|''Undekhi (Season 2)'']]
** Chandan Kumar – ''[[State of Siege: 26/11|Panchayat (Season 2)]]''
** [[Prakash Jha]] – [[Aashram|''Aashram (Season 3)'']]
** Siddharth Sengupta, Umesh Padalkar, Anahata Menon – ''[[Apharan (TV series)|Apharan (Season 2)]]''
|valign="top"|
* '''Chandan Kumar – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]'''
** Durgesh Singh – [[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]
** Kausar Munir, Abhay Pannu – [[Rocket Boys (web series)|''Rocket Boys'']]
** Saurabh Khanna, Abhishek Yadav, Puneet Batra, Manoj Kalwani – [[Kota Factory|''Kota Factory (Season 2)'']]
** Tatsat Pandey, Bharat Misra – ''[[Ghar Waapsi]]''
** Varun Badola – ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Screenplay
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Adapted Screenplay
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Abhay Pannu and Shiv Singh – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''
** Atul Mongia, Tamal Sen, Amita Vyas – [[Mai (TV series)|''Mai'']]
** Chandan Kumar – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]
** Charudutt Acharya – [[Aranyak (TV series)|''Aranyak'']]
** Harman Wadala, Sandeep Jain and Mr. Roy – ''[[Tabbar]]''
** Tatsat Pandey, Bharat Misra – ''[[Ghar Waapsi]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Nikhil Gonsalves, Anushka Mehrotra and Yash Chetija – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'''''
** Sambit Mishra – ''[[The Broken News]]''
** Sanyuktha Chawla Shaikh, Anu Singh Choudhary – [[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya (Season 2)'']]
** Tigmanshu Dhulia, Vijay Maurya, Puneet Sharma – [[The Great Indian Murder (TV series)|''The Great Indian Murder'']]
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Music Awards
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Background Music (Series)
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Original Soundtrack (Series)
|-
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''[[Sneha Khanwalkar]] – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
** Achint Thakkar – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
** Anurag Saikia – [[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]
** Anurag Saikia – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]
** Sagar Desai – ''[[Guilty Minds]]''
** Tusshar Mallek – ''[[Ghar Waapsi]]''
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Shivam Sengupta and Anuj Danait – ''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]'''''
** Achint Thakkar – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
** Raghu Dixit – "Title Song" – [[The Great Indian Murder (TV series)|''The Great Indian Murder'']]
** Ram Sampath – "Raat Rani" – ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''
** Simran Hora, Vaibhav Bundhoo – [[Kota Factory|''Kota Factory (Season 2)'']]
** Vishal Bhardwaj – "Raat Bhar" – ''Modern Love Mumbai'' ''("Mumbai Dragon")''
|-
! style="background:#FFAA00;" colspan=2| Technical Awards
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Editing
|-
|colspan="2"; valign="top"|
* '''Parikshhit Jha – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
** A. Sreekar Prasad – ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' ''("Mumbai Dragon")''
** Maahir Zaveri – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** Maahir Zaveri – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]''
** Nikhill Parihar – [[Rangbaaz (TV series)|''Rangbaaz (Season 3)'']]
** Yasha Ramchandani – [[Aranyak (TV series)|''Aranyak'']]
|-
! colspan="1" valign="top" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Production Design
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Cinematographer
|-
|valign="top"|
* '''Meghna Gandhi – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''
** Anna Ipe – [[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya (Season 2)'']]
** Priya Suhas – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** Priya Suhas – [[The Empire (Indian TV series)|''The Empire'']]
** Vikram Singh – ''[[Guilty Minds]]''
** Vipin Kamboj – ''[[Tabbar]]''
|valign="top"|
* '''Harshvir Oberai – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''
** Arun Kumar Pandey – [[Rangbaaz (TV series)|''Rangbaaz (Season 3)'']]
** Arun Kumar Pandey – ''[[Tabbar]]''
** Kaushal Shah – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** Saurabh Goswami – [[Aranyak (TV series)|''Aranyak'']]
** Tassaduq Hussain – ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]'' ''("Mumbai Dragon")''
|-
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best Costume Design
! colspan="1" style="background:#EEDD82;" |Best VFX
|-
| colspan="1;" valign="top" |
* '''Biju Antony and Uma Biju – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''
** Priyadarshini Mujumdar – [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat (Season 2)'']]
** Radhika Mehra – [[Human (TV series)|''Human'']]
** Sheetal Sharma – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** Sheetal Sharma – [[The Empire (Indian TV series)|''The Empire'']]
** Theia Tekchandaney – [[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya (Season 2)'']]
| colspan="1"; valign="top"|
* '''Variate Studio – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'''''
** Anibrain – [[Aranyak (TV series)|''Aranyak'']]
** Futureworks – ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
** Futureworks – [[The Empire (Indian TV series)|''The Empire'']]
** One Line VFX – ''[[Escaype Live]]''
|}

===Critics' Choice Awards===
{| class="wikitable
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Series
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Director (Series)
|-
|colspan=1 |
* '''''[[Tabbar]]''''' – [[SonyLIV]]
|colspan=1 |
* '''Ajitpal Singh – ''[[Tabbar]]'''''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Male): Drama
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female): Drama
|-
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Jim Sarbh]] – ''[[Rocket Boys (web series)|Rocket Boys]]'' as [[Homi J. Bhabha|Dr. Homi J. Bhabha]]'''
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Sakshi Tanwar]] – ''[[Mai (TV series)|Mai]]'' as Sheel Chaudhary'''
|-
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Male): Comedy
! colspan=1 style="background:#EEDD82;"| Best Actor (Female): Comedy
|-
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Jitendra Kumar]] – ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat (Season 2)]]'' as Abhishek Tripathi'''
|colspan=1 |
* '''[[Mithila Palkar]] – ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 4)]]'' as Kavya Kulkarni'''
|-
|}

== Superlatives ==

=== Nominations and wins by program ===
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Nominations by program
!Nominations
!Program
!Streaming Media
|-
!15
|[[Rocket Boys (web series)|''Rocket Boys'']]
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
!13
|''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat (Season 2)]]''
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!11
|''[[Tabbar]]''
|SonyLIV
|-
!10
|''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
!7
|[[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]
|SonyLIV
|-
!6
|''[[Guilty Minds]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
! rowspan="5" |5
|[[Aashram|''Aashram (Season 3)'']]
|[[MX Player]]
|-
|[[Aranyak (TV series)|''Aranyak'']]
|[[Netflix]]
|-
|''[[Ghar Waapsi]]''
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|[[Kota Factory|''Kota Factory (Season 2)'']]
| rowspan="2" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Thar (film)|Thar]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" |4
|''[[A Thursday]]''
| rowspan="2" |Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|[[Aarya (TV series)|''Aarya (Season 2)'']]
|-
|''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''
|Amazon Prime Video
|-
|[[Rangbaaz (TV series)|''Rangbaaz (Season 3)'']]
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|''[[The Empire (Indian TV series)|The Empire]]''
| rowspan="3" |Disney+ Hotstar
|-
! rowspan="7" |3
|''[[Home Shanti]]''
|-
|''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]''
|-
|''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things (Season 4)]]''
| rowspan="3" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Looop Lapeta]]''
|-
|''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
|-
|''[[The Broken News]]''
|ZEE5
|-
|[[The Great Indian Murder (TV series)|''The Great Indian Murder'']]
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
! rowspan="13" |2
|''[[Apharan (TV series)|Apharan (Season 2)]]''
|[[Voot]]
|-
|''[[Dasvi]]''
| rowspan="3" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Decoupled]]''
|-
|[[Dhamaka (2021 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
|-
|''[[Escaype Live]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|''[[Forensic (2022 film)|Forensic]]''
| rowspan="2" |ZEE5
|-
|[[Helmet (film)|''Helmet'']]
|-
|[[Jaadugar (2022 film)|''Jaadugar'']]
|Netflix
|-
|''[[Kaun Pravin Tambe?]]''
|Disney+ Hotstar
|-
|[[Mai (TV series)|''Mai'']]
| rowspan="2" |Netflix
|-
|''[[Masaba Masaba]]''
|-
|[[Undekhi|''Undekhi (Season 2)'']]
|SonyLIV
|-
|''[[Yeh Kaali Kaali Ankhein]]''
|Netflix
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Wins by program
!Wins
!Program
!Streaming Media
|-
! rowspan="2" |8
|[[Rocket Boys (web series)|''Rocket Boys'']]
| rowspan="2" |[[SonyLIV]]
|-
|''[[Tabbar]]''
|-
!4
|''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat (Season 2)]]''
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!3
|[[Gullak|''Gullak (Season 3)'']]
|SonyLIV
|-
!2
|''[[Dasvi]]''
|[[Netflix]]
|}

=== Nominations and wins by streaming media ===
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Nominations by streaming media
!Nominations
!Streaming Media
|-
!40
|[[Netflix]]
|-
!36
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|-
!35
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
!34
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
!14
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
!5
|[[MX Player]]
|-
!2
|[[Voot]]
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Wins by Streaming Media
!Wins
!Streaming Media
|-
!19
|[[SonyLIV]]
|-
!9
|[[Netflix]]
|-
!6
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Filmfare Awards]]
* [[67th Filmfare Awards]]
* [[2021 Filmfare OTT Awards]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*{{Official}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Award ceremonies in India]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards|OTT, 2022]]
[[Category:2022 television awards|Filmfare OTT]]
[[Category:2022 awards in India]]

Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services

2026-01-25T01:58:15Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{Short description|Indian emergency services department}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}

{{Infobox fire department
| name = Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services
| logo = [[File:Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services logo.png]]
| motto = We Serve to Save
| staffing =
| established = 1964<ref name="estblog">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/12/stories/2008101258390200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015230128/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/12/stories/2008101258390200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2008 |title=Department of Fire Services starts blog |date= 12 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>
| annual calls =
| strength =
| budget =
| battalions =
| stations = 168
| engines =
| trucks =
| ladders =
| quints =
| squads =
| rescues =
| bulldozers =
| airplanes =
| helicopters =
| fireboats =
| tenders =
| hazmat =
| EMSunits =
| FirstResponderBLSorALS = BLS
| chief = Sri. M.N.REDDI, IPS
| captain =
| superintendent =
| commissioner =
| district supervisor =
| website = {{URL|http://www.karnataka.gov.in/ksfes/Pages/home.aspx}}
}}
The '''Karnataka Fire and Emergency Services''' Department is a department of the [[Government of Karnataka]] that is the foremost disaster management body in [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name="aboutus">{{cite web |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/ksfes/about-department.html |title=About The Department |work=KARNATAKA STATE FIRE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES DEPARTMENT |date=5 September 2011 |accessdate=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230846/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/ksfes/about-department.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="untrained">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-19/bangalore/37179285_1_fire-brigade-fire-incidents-diver |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223014442/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-19/bangalore/37179285_1_fire-brigade-fire-incidents-diver |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2013 |title=Fire brigade doesn't have an expert diver |date=19 February 2013 |location=Bangalore |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=28 November 2013}}</ref>

“The Karnataka State Fire and Emergency Services is headed by the '''Director General of Fire and Emergency Services''', an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of [[Director general (police)|Director General of Police]] (DGP) rank, appointed by the government. The Director General also serves as the Commandant General of [[Home guard|Home Guards]] and as the Director General of the State Disaster Response Force and [[Civil defense|Civil Defence]].<ref name="aboutus" />

== Background ==

[[File:Fire Engine Bangalore.JPG|thumb|right|300px|A fire truck in Bangalore]]

All buildings in the state are required to obtain a compliance certificate for fire safety from the department.<ref name="NOC">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/a-third-of-citys-high-rises-have-no-nocs-from-fire-department/article4446961.ece |title=A third of city's high rises have no NOCs from Fire Department |first=Chitra |last=Ramani |date= 24 February 2013 |accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The department has the right to recommend the withdrawal of licences to commercial structures that do not have proper fire fighting equipment on their premises.<ref name="rightrecommend">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021808270300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430121027/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/18/stories/2007021808270300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2008 |title=45 fire stations to be set up in State |date= 18 February 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=1 December 2013}}</ref>

The department has a sanctioned strength of 6,448 personnel.<ref name="aboutpdf">{{cite web |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/ksfes/docs/ksfes-note-abt-dept.pdf |title=ABOUT KARNATAKA STATE FIRE AND EMERGENCY SERVICES DEPARTMENT |page=4 |date=5 September 2011 |accessdate=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001825/http://www.karunadu.gov.in/ksfes/docs/ksfes-note-abt-dept.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2009, the government announced that all [[taluk]]s in the state would have fire stations.<ref name="alltaluks">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/07/stories/2009050752480300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203055825/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/07/stories/2009050752480300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=All taluks in State to have fire stations soon |date=7 May 2009 |location=Madikeri |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=1 December 2013}}</ref>
As of 2011, the department had 168 [[fire stations]] across Karnataka,<ref name="stations">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/20/stories/2011022062870300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225223800/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/20/stories/2011022062870300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 February 2011 |title=Seven more fire stations to come up in city |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 November 2013 |date=20 February 2011 |location=Bangalore}}</ref> while 31 more were sanctioned in 2012.<ref name="morestations">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/state-to-get-31-new-fire-stations/article3600825.ece |title=State to get 31 new fire stations |date=4 July 2012 |location=Mysore |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=29 November 2013}}</ref>
In 2011, [[Infosys]] built a {{convert|21417|m2|sqft|adj=on}} fire station at [[Hebbal, Mysore]] at a cost of {{INR}} 45 million for the department.<ref name="stateoftheart">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/stateoftheart-fire-station-complex-inaugurated-at-hebbal/article1096422.ece |title=State-of-the-art fire station complex inaugurated at Hebbal |date=17 January 2011 |location=Mysore |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2 December 2013}}</ref>

The department also owns rescue vans in Bangalore, Mangalore, Gulbarga, Mysore, Mandya, Chamrjanagar, and Hassan.<ref name="advanced">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053013430300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604173011/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/30/stories/2004053013430300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2004 |title=Bangalore may get advanced fire-fighting vehicle |date= 30 May 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="rescuevans">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/several-districts-in-state-to-get-modern-fire-rescue-vans/article2708115.ece |title=Several districts in State to get modern fire rescue vans |date= 12 December 2011 |first=Shankar |last=Bennur|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

The department owns a [[pumper]] that was built by [[Dennis Specialist Vehicles|Dennis Brothers]] and delivered to the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in 1925 from England. It is the only petrol driven vehicle in the fleet and is brought out only during parades and rallies.<ref name="dennis">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/13/stories/2011041360560200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110418060944/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/13/stories/2011041360560200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2011 |title=This Dennis is far from being a menace |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 November 2013 |date= 13 April 2011 |first=Priyanka |last=Govindarajulu}}</ref> The department also owns a Bronto Skylift to reach the higher storeys of tall buildings in Bangalore.<ref name="ladded">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041461030200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731030334/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/14/stories/2011041461030200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 July 2011 |title=High-tech ladder takes Fire Services Department to new heights |first=Shiva Kumar |last=MT |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=28 November 2013 |date=14 April 2011}}</ref> The department owns similar equipment in the cities of [[Hubli]] and [[Mangalore]].<ref name="newengine">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/02/stories/2011040263190500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203044501/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/02/stories/2011040263190500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Hi-tech fire engine for Mangalore |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 April 2011 |accessdate=28 November 2013 |location=Mangalore}}</ref> Due to the lack of working fire hydrants in [[Bangalore]] city, the department has acquired two high capacity water tankers to send in case of massive fires.<ref name="showpiece">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fire-hydrants-now-a-showpiece/article2926593.ece |title=Fire hydrants now a showpiece |first=Mohit |last=Rao |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 February 2012 |accessdate=2 December 2013 |location=Bangalore}}</ref>

The department was one of the rescue agencies during the [[Air India Express Flight 812|2010 Mangalore air crash]].<ref name="aircrash">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/role-of-fire-services-in-the-mangalore-air-crash/article435533.ece |title=Role of fire services in the Mangalore air crash |first=Raghava |last=M |date= 22 May 2010 |accessdate=28 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[File:Mangalore fire station, Mangaladevi.jpg|thumb|300px|left|A fire station in Mangalore]]

== Criticism ==
A report released by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] stated that the department was ill-prepared to handle emergency situations due to the lack of standard operating procedures.<ref name="illprepared">{{cite news
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/karnataka-fire-service-dept-woefully-ill-prepared-cag-97766-2012-03-31 |title=Karnataka fire service dept woefully ill-prepared: CAG |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

The department relies on groundwater reservoirs of the [[Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] to fill water due to the lack of [[fire hydrants]] in Bangalore city. 400 fire hydrants have been reported to have gone missing since the 1980s.<ref name="NOC" />

== References ==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.karnataka.gov.in/ksfes/Pages/home.aspx Karnataka State Fire and Emergency Services]

{{Firefighting in India}}

[[Category:Fire departments of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Mysore State]]

Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik

2026-01-08T12:41:58Z

Nadeem Ahmed:

{{Short description|Indian politician and military officer (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]
| native_name =
| image = Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik in 2023.jpg
| imagesize = 185
| caption = Paranaik in 2023
| office = [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| term_start = 16 February 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-general-kaiwalya-trivikram-parnaik-sworn-in-as-arunachal-pradesh-governor20230216225828/ | title=Lt General Kaiwalya Trivikram Parnaik sworn in as Arunachal Pradesh Governor | publisher=ANI | access-date= | archive-date=15 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215185956/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-general-kaiwalya-trivikram-parnaik-sworn-in-as-arunachal-pradesh-governor20230216225828/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| term_end =
| successor =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Pema Khandu]]
| predecessor = [[B. D. Mishra]]
| office1 = 19th General Officer Commanding-in-Chief, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]
| term_start1 = 1 January 2011
| term_end1 = 30 June 2013
| president1 = [[Pratibha Patil]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| predecessor1 = Lt Gen B. S. Jaswal
| successor1 = Lt Gen Sanjiv Chachra
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|06|28|df=y}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Pune|Poona]], [[Bombay State]], India (present-day Pune, [[Maharashtra]])
| birth_name =
| module =
| residence = {{ubl|[[Raj Bhavan, Itanagar|Raj Bhavan]], [[Itanagar]]}}
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 31 March 1972 – 30 June 2013
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| unit = [[Rajputana Rifles|2nd Rajputana Rifles]]
| commands = [[File:IA_Northern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] [[File:Gajraj corps.png|20px]] [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] [[Indian Military Training Team]] [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17 Mountain Division]] [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]]
| battles = [[Operation Pawan]] [[Operation Vijay (1999)|Operation Vijay]] [[Operation Parakram]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]]
| spouse =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| alma_mater = [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]] [[Sainik School, Rewa]] [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] [[Indian Military Academy]]
}}

Lieutenant General '''K. T. Parnaik''' {{small|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]]}} (born 28 June 1953) is a retired general officer of the [[Indian Army]] who is serving as 20th [[Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]] since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who{{!}} Governors |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/whos-who/governors |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[National Portal of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Rakesh |title=लेफ्टिनेंट जनरल कैवल्य त्रिविक्रम परनाइक बने अरुणाचल के राज्यपाल |url=https://dailynews360.patrika.com/arunachal-pradesh/lt-general-kaiwalya-trivikram-parnaik-appointed-as-governor-of-arunachal-pradesh-125553.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hi |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212081245/https://dailynews360.patrika.com/arunachal-pradesh/lt-general-kaiwalya-trivikram-parnaik-appointed-as-governor-of-arunachal-pradesh-125553.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soni |first=Mallika |date=2023-02-12 |title=Reshuffle and appointments: List of new governors set to take charge |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-governors-president-droupadi-murmu-reshuffle-and-appointment-list-of-new-governors-set-to-take-charge-101676178336239.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> He is the first person from [[Maharashtra]] who took over as the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief of [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Pranav |date=2011-01-12 |title=Puneite 1st Maharashtrian to take over Northern Command |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/puneite-1st-maharashtrian-to-take-over-northern-command/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and military career==
Parnaik studied at the [[St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School]], along with his brother A. T. Parnaik, also a [[lieutenant general]], who retired as Director General Border Roads.<ref>https://staloysiusjabalpur.edu.in/</ref> Later He joined [[Sainik School, Rewa]] and [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]]. He was commissioned into the [[Rajputana Rifles|2nd Rajputana Rifles]] on 31 March 1972 from the [[Indian Military Academy]]. He attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington Cantonment|Wellington]]. He commanded the 2nd battalion, The Rajputana Rifles (2 RajRif) in the Rajasthan Sector and in Jammu and Kashmir. He also attended the Senior Command and the Higher Command Course.<ref name="Bio - The Hindu">{{cite news |title=Parnaik takes charge as head of Northern Command |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Parnaik-takes-charge-as-head-of-Northern-Command/article15502253.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=January 2011 |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

On 26 January 2003, Parnaik was awarded the [[Yudh Seva Medal]] for his command of an infantry brigade during the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]]. He attended the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]] in 2004 as part of the 44th course.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last1=Unnithan |first1=Sandeep |last2=Parihar |first2=Rohit |title=Northern Command chief Lt Gen Parnaik made false claims to get 12 acres of free land from Rajasthan govt |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/northern-command-chief-lt-general-kaiwalya-trivikram-parnaik-land-grab-case-rajasthan-government-152614-2013-01-26 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=War veteran, former Northern Command chief: The ex-Army officers on the list of Governors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/war-veteran-former-northern-command-chief-the-ex-army-officers-on-the-list-of-governors-8440836/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

===General officer===
Promoted to the rank of [[Major general (India)|Major General]], Parnaik was appointed [[General officer commanding]] [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17 Mountain Division]] in [[Sikkim]].<ref name="GOC 17 Mtn Div">{{cite web |title=Nathu La pass reopens for Indo-China border trade after 44 yrs |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/07/06/nathu-la-pass-reopens-for-indo-china-border-trade-after-44-yrs-1152185667.html |website=oneindia.com |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> He later commanded the [[Indian Military Training Team]] (IMTRAT) in [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=Two army officers to be Governor, LG of 'sensitive' Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/two-army-officers-to-be-governor-lg-of-sensitive-arunachal-pradesh-and-ladakh-12142212.html |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, Parnaik was promoted to the rank of [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] and appointed General officer commanding [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]] in [[Tezpur]]. After a year-long tenure as GOC IV Corps, he moved to Army HQ as the Director General Perspective Planning - DG (PP). For his tenure as GOC IV Corps, on 26 January 2010, Parnaik was awarded the [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]].<ref name="UYSM">{{cite web |title=Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decoration |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=57292 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

On 1 December 2010, Parnaik was accorded the status of Army Commander and named the Commander-designate of the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]. He took over from Lieutenant General B. S. Jaswal on 1 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lt Gen Parnaik Accorded Army Commander Status - Early Times Newspaper Jammu Kashmir |url=http://www.earlytimes.in/newsdet.aspx?q=64117 |website=www.earlytimes.in |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> On 26 January 2012, he was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref name="PVSM">{{cite web |title=368 Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations Announced |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=79889 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> After a two-and-a-half year stint as Northern Army Commander, he retired from the Army on 30 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northern Army Commander Lt Gen Parnaik retires |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/northern-army-commander-lt-gen-parnaik-retires/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=13 February 2023 |language=en |date=3 July 2013}}</ref>

===Governor===
Parnaik was appointed Governor by [[Droupadi Murmu]], [[President of India]] on 12 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Rajesh Kumar |title=President Murmu appoints new Governors in various states of India |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/feb/12/president-murmu-appoints-new-governors-in-various-states-of-india-2546790.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212055547/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/feb/12/president-murmu-appoints-new-governors-in-various-states-of-india-2546790.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> He was congratulated by [[Pema Khandu]], [[Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=President appoints new governors; CM congratulates new Arunachal guv |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2023/02/13/president-appoints-new-governors-cm-congratulates-new-arunachal-guv/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=The Arunachal Times |date=13 February 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Chowna Mein]], [[Deputy Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CM Khandu, Deputy Mein congratulated new Arunachal guv |url=http://www.uniindia.com/cm-khandu-deputy-mein-congratulate-new-arunachal-guv/east/news/2915251.html |website=[[United News of India]]}}</ref> and [[Yogi Adityanath]], [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] for becoming Governor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-12 |title=CM Yogi Adityanath congratulates new Governor of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://theprint.in/india/cm-yogi-adityanath-congratulates-new-governor-of-arunachal-pradesh/1367697/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=B. S. Jaswal}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding]] [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]|years=2009-2010}}
{{s-aft|after=Gyan Bhushan}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Northern Command]]|years=2011-2013}}
{{s-aft|after=Sanjiv Chachra}}
|-
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[B. D. Mishra]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]|years=16 February 2023 - Present}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parnaik, Kaiwalya Trivikram}}
[[Category:Sainik School alumni]]
[[Category:Governors of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]
[[Category:1953 births]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Telugu

2025-12-16T18:24:02Z

Nadeem Ahmed: New.

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''Bal Sahitya Puraskar''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || Kaluvakolanu Sadananda || ''Aclavi Talli'' || Novel ||
|-
| 2011 || M. Bhoopal Reddy || ''Uggupaalu'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2012 || Reddy Raghavaiah || ''Chiru Divvelu'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2013 || D. Sujatha Devi || ''Aatalo Aratipandu'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || [[Dasari Venkataramana]] || ''Anandam'' || Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dasari wins Bal Sahitya Puraskar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/dasari-wins-bal-sahitya-puraskar/article6423994.ece|accessdate=29 June 2023|agency=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 September 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Chokkapu Venkata Ramana || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Alaparthi Venkata Subba Rao 'Balabhamdhu' || ''Swarna Pushpaalu'' || Poetry ||
|-
| 2017 || Vasala Narasaiah || Total Contribution to Children's Literature || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar for Telangana writer |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-telangana-writer/article19128562.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || Naramshetti Umamaheswar Rao || ''Aananda Lokam'' || || <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Belagam Bheemeswara Rao || ''Thatha Maata Varaala Moota'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2020 || Kanneganti Anasuya || ''Snehitilu'' || Short Stories ||
|-
| 2021 || Devaraju Maharaju || ''Nenu Ante Evaru?'' || Play ||
|-
| 2022 || Pattipaka Mohan || ''Baalala Taataa Baapuji'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite news |title=मराठी भाषेसाठी बाल साहित्य पुरस्कार |url=https://www.adda247.com/mr/jobs/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2022/ |access-date=13 December 2022 |work=www.adda247.com |date=3 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || D. K. Chaduvula Babu || ''Vajrala Vanana'' || Short Stories || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || P. Chandrashekhar Azad || ''Maya Lokam'' || Novel ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Gangisetti Sivakumar || ''Kaburla Devatha'' || Story || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Telugu]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]

Singchung

2025-12-13T19:39:21Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new first pg w/ sources!

{{Short description|Town in Arunachal Pradesh, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Singchung
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Arunachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2112|92.5066|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Kameng district|West Kameng]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1,680
| population_total = 14,534
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 790116<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code: SINGCHUNG, WEST KAMENG, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, India|url=https://pincode.net.in/ARUNACHAL_PRADESH/WEST_KAMENG/S/SINGCHUNG |website=pincode.net.in |access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate = AR-04
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 =
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Singchung''' is a census town in [[West Kameng district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Parashar |first1=Utpal |title=Arunachal Pradesh villagers turn millionaires overnight. No it isn't a lottery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/arunachal-villagers-turn-millionaires-50-years-after-giving-up-land-to-army/story-CULEtnciQN0FSMAMkOph5J.html |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=19 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pandey |first=B. B |title=The Buguns, a Tribe in Transition |publisher=Himalayan Publishers : Sole distributors, B.D. Distributors and Book Sellers |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-86393-14-7 |location=Itanagar |pages=19–36 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Koteswar Rao |first1=N |title=Parliamentary & assembly constituencies: with SC, ST, Hindu, Muslim, Sikh, Christian, Jain, Buddhist |last2=Rajitha |first2=G |publisher=Arise Publishers |year=2008 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=68, 73, 95 |language=English}}</ref> As per [[2011 Census of India]], Singchung has a total population of 14,534 people including 9260 males and 5,274 females.<ref>{{cite web |title=DISTRICT/ CIRCLE- WISE POPULATION OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH AS PER 2011 CENSUS |url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/state_wise_dips/STATE%20PROFILE%20OF%20ARUNACHAL%20%20PRADESH,%202015_14316.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Yl4OJ |archive-date=16 July 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=DEVELOPMENT COMMISSIONER {{!}} MINISTRY OF MICRO, SMALL & MEDIUM ENTERPRISES {{!}} Government of India}}</ref>

Bugun community is the primary community of Singchung, and their livelihood is cultivation including orchid farming.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Shreya |title=From a New Bird to a Community Reserve, Arunachal's Bugun Tribe Sets Example |url=https://thewire.in/environment/arunachal-bagun-liocuchla-eaglenest-wildlife-sanctuary |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=The Wire |publisher=[[The Wire (India)]] |date=29 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=PRUTHI |first1=RUPALI |title=Singchung Bugun Village Community Reserve wins National Biodiversity Award |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/singchung-bugun-village-community-reserve-wins-national-biodiversity-award-1527314668-1 |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=Jagranjosh.com |date=26 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Roopak |title=Film screening, bird watching, trekking: How Arunachal celebrated 15 years of Bugun Liocichla |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/film-screening-bird-watching-trekking-how-arunachal-celebrated-15-years-of-bugun-liocichla-79883 |access-date=16 July 2022 |work=downtoearth.org.in |date=26 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:West Kameng district]]

Yamunotri

2025-12-06T09:02:25Z

Nadeem Ahmed: new basic details from scratch!

{{More footnotes|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Yamunotri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Glacier
| image_skyline = Yamuna at Yamunotri.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Yamuna River]] at Yamunotri
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|31.01|N|78.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| registration_plate = UK
| website = {{URL|https://badrinath-kedarnath.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Yamunotri''', also '''Jamnotri''', is the source of the [[Yamuna River]] and the seat of the Goddess [[Yami|Yamuna]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnmPzgEACAAJ |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z |date=2002 |publisher=Rosen |isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4 |pages=778 |language=en}}</ref> It is situated at an altitude of {{convert|3293|m|ft}} in the Garhwal [[Himalayas]] and located approximately {{convert|150|km|mi}} North of [[Uttarkashi]], the headquarters of the [[Uttarkashi district]] in the [[Garhwal Division]] of [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is one of the four sites in [[India]]'s [[Chhota Char Dham|Chota Char Dham]] pilgrimage. The sacred shrine of Yamunotri, source of the river Yamuna, is the westernmost shrine in the Garhwal Himalayas, perched atop a flank of the [[Bandarpunch]] mountain. The chief attraction at Yamunotri is the temple devoted to the Goddess Yamuna and the holy thermal springs at Janki Chatti which is 7 km away.

The actual source, a frozen lake of ice and glacier (Champasar Glacier) located on the Kalind Mountain at a height of 4,421 m above sea level, about 1 km further up, is not frequented generally as it is not accessible; hence the shrine has been located on the foot of the hill. The approach is extremely difficult and pilgrims therefore offer puja at the temple itself.
[[File:Yamunotri Temple - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|190px| Yamunotri temple was built by Maharani Guleria of [[Jaipur]] in the 19th century.]] [[File:Surya kund 06.jpg|thumb|right|Janki Chatti hot water spring, ''Surya Kund''.]]

==Legends==
[[File:JumnotreeFraser.jpg|thumb|Yamunotri as depicted by [[James Baillie Fraser]] (1820)]]
According to Hindu legend, [[Rishi|Sage]] Asita had his hermitage here. All his life, he bathed daily both in the [[Ganges]] and the Yamuna. Unable to go to the Gangotri during his old age, a stream of the Ganges appeared opposite Yamunotri for him.

Sangya is the birthplace of the Yamuna in the Champasar Glacier (4,421 m) just below the Banderpoonch Mountain. The mountain adjacent to the river source is dedicated to her father, and is called Kalinda Parvata (Kalinda is an epithet of the sun god Surya).

==Geography==
Yamunotri is located at {{coord|31.01|78.45|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Yamnotri.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Yamnotri, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|3,954|m|ft}}.

==Yamuna River==
{{Main|Yamuna River}}
The actual source of Yamuna River lies in the Yamunotri Glacier, at a height of {{convert|6,387|m|ft}}, near the [[Bandarpunch]] peaks in the [[Lower Himalayan Range|Lower Himalayas]] and is dedicated to goddess Yamuna.<ref name=hy>{{cite book |title=Hydrology and water resources of India- Volume 57 of Water science and technology library |last=Jain |first=Sharad K.|author2=Pushpendra K. Agarwal |author3=Vijay P. Singh |year=2007|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-5179-1|pages=344–354 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC&q=Yamuna+River&pg=RA1-PA345 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> It crosses the states of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and later [[Delhi]] before merging with the [[Ganges]] at [[Triveni Sangam]], [[Prayagraj]].

==Yamunotri Temple==
{{Main|Yamunotri Temple}}
Yamunotri Temple is situated in the western region of Garhwal Himalayas at an altitude of {{convert|3235|m|ft}} near the river source.<ref name="Yamunotri">{{cite web|author=India9.com|title=India9.com:Yamunotri|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Yamunotri-17147.htm}}</ref> The temple was built in 1839 by Sundarshan Shah who was the king of the cultural center of Tehri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haberman |first=David L. |url= |title=River of love in an age of pollution : the Yamuna River of northern India |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn= |location=Berkeley |oclc=}}</ref> There was a small shrine at the site prior to the construction of the temple. The Divya Shila and Surya Kund are located near the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url= |title=Hinduism : an alphabetical guide |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2010 |isbn= |location=New Delhi |oclc=}}</ref> The [[Yamunotri Temple]], on the left bank of the Yamuna, was constructed by Maharaja Pratap Shah of Tehri Garhwal. The deity is made of black marble. The Yamuna, like the Ganges, has been elevated to the status of a divine mother for the Hindus and has been held responsible for nurturing and developing the Indian civilisation.

There are hot water springs located close to the temple. Surya Kund is the most important. Near the Surya Kund there is a rock called Divya Shila, which is worshipped prior to offering worship to Yamuna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=J. P. Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7obxhDgyDf4C&dq=yamunotri&pg=PA5 |title=Himalayan Heritage |date=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-026-9 |pages=5 |language=en}}</ref> Devotees prepare rice and potatoes, tied in muslin cloth, to offer at the shrine by dipping them in these hot water springs. The cooked rice is taken back home as ''[[prasada]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pinkey |first=Andrea M. |title=Prasāda, the gracious gift, in contemporary and classical South Asia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24488087 |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |date=9 April 2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=744 |jstor=24488087 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gangotri]]
* [[Chhota Char Dham]]
* [[Uttarkashi district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commons category}}

{{Hindu temples in Uttarakhand}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Yamuna River]]
[[Category:Geography of Uttarkashi district]]
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]
[[Category:Glaciers of Uttarakhand]]