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American Indian Wars

2026-05-29T21:37:37Z

NXHLillian:

{{Short description|Frontier conflicts in North America, 1609–1890s}}
{{redirect|Indian Wars|wars fought by India|List of wars involving India|other uses|Indian War (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = American Indian Wars
| partof = the [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonization of North America]] and the [[Territorial evolution of the United States|territorial expansion of the United States]]
| image = U.S. Army-Cavalry Pursuing Indians-1876 (cropped).jpg
| caption = 1899 [[chromolithograph]] depicting the [[Great Sioux War of 1876]]
| date = 1609–1890 
| place = [[United States]] with spillover in [[Alaska]], [[Canada]], and [[Mexico]]
| result = 
* Sovereignty of various combatants extended or lost
* [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Massive indigenous population decline]]
* [[Indian removal|Deportation]] and [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|forced assimilation]] of indigenous tribes
* Many treaties, truces, and armistices made and broken by all belligerents
* [[Indian reservation]]s established in the United States
| combatant1 = '''[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous North Americans]]''':<hr/>[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]], including the tribes: [[Cherokee]], [[Muscogee|Creek (Muscogee)]], [[Lakota people|Lakota]], [[Miami people|Miami]], [[Shawnee]], [[Seminole]], [[Wampanoag]], [[Northwestern Confederacy]] and [[Tecumseh's Confederacy]]<hr/>[[Comanche]]<hr/>[[Alaska Natives]]
| combatant2 = '''[[Colonists]], [[Viceroyalty]] and [[Europeans]]''':<hr/>{{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[British Empire]]: {{flag|Kingdom of England}} {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[British America]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|}} [[United Kingdom]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Kingdom.svg}} [[British North America]] {{flag|Dominion of Canada|1868|name=Dominion of Canada}}<hr/>{{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}} [[French colonial Empire|First French Empire]]: {{flagicon image|Royal Standard of the King of France.svg}} [[Kingdom of France]] {{flagicon image|Royal Flag of France.svg}} [[New France]]<hr/>{{flag|Spanish Empire}}: {{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} [[Kingdom of Spain]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} [[Council of the Indies]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg}} [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]<hr/> {{flagdeco|Dutch Republic}} [[Dutch Empire]]: {{flagdeco|Dutch Republic}} [[New Netherland]]<hr/> {{flagdeco|Swedish Empire}} [[Swedish Empire]]: {{flagdeco|Swedish Empire}} [[New Sweden]]<hr/>{{flagcountry|Russian Empire}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Russian-American Company.svg}} [[Russian America]]<hr/>{{flag|United States|1891}} {{flagicon|USA|1863}} [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] <hr/>{{flag|Mexico|1823}}<hr/>{{flag|Republic of Texas}}<hr/>{{flag|Confederate States of America|name=Confederate States}}<hr/>'''[[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous North Americans]]'''{{refn|group=note|Various rival Native American tribes fought against each other, while making alliances with different White European colonial factions.}}
}}

The '''American Indian Wars''', also known as the '''American Frontier Wars''', and the '''Indian Wars''', were initially fought by [[European colonization of the Americas|European colonial empires]], the [[United States]], and briefly the [[Confederate States of America]] and [[Republic of Texas]] against various [[Tribe (Native American)|American Indian tribes]] in [[North America]]. These conflicts occurred from the time of the earliest colonial settlements in the 17th century until the end of the 19th century. The various wars resulted from a wide variety of factors, the most common being the desire of settlers and governments for Indian tribes' lands. The European powers and their colonies enlisted allied Indian tribes to help them conduct warfare against each other's colonial settlements. After the [[American Revolution]], many conflicts were local to specific states or regions and frequently involved disputes over land use; some entailed cycles of violent reprisal.

As [[American pioneer|American settlers]] spread and expanded westward across the United States after 1780, armed conflicts increased in size, duration, and intensity between settlers and various Indian tribes. The climax came in the [[War of 1812]], when major Indian coalitions in the [[Midwestern United States]] and the [[Southern United States]] fought against the United States and lost. Conflict with settlers became less common and was usually resolved by treaties between the federal government and specific tribes, which often required the tribes to sell or surrender land to the United States. These treaties were frequently broken by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]].

The [[Indian Removal Act]] of 1830 that was passed by the [[United States Congress]] neither authorized the unilateral abrogation of treaties guaranteeing Native American land rights within the states, nor the forced relocation of the eastern Indians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cave |first=Alfred A. |date=2003-12-01 |title=Abuse of Power: Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act of 1830 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00055.x |journal=The Historian |language=en |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=1330–1353 |doi=10.1111/j.0018-2370.2003.00055.x |issn=0018-2370|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Yet both occurred, and on a massive scale it forced Indian tribes to move from east of the [[Mississippi River]] to the west on the [[American frontier]], especially to [[Indian Territory]] which became [[Oklahoma]]. As settlers expanded onto the [[Great Plains]] and the [[Western United States]], the nomadic and semi-nomadic Indian tribes of those regions were forced to relocate to [[Indian reservation]]s.

Indian tribes and coalitions often won battles with the encroaching settlers and soldiers, but lacked the numbers and resources to secure lasting concessions. Some scholars characterize the whole conflict, or parts of it, as a [[Native American genocide in the United States|genocide against Native Americans]], though this is disputed by other scholars.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ostler |first=Jeffrey |title=Genocide and American Indian History |date=2015-03-02 |work=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History |url=http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-3 |access-date=2025-03-18 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.3 |isbn=978-0-19-932917-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Colonial periods (1609–1774)==
{{Further|European colonization of the Americas}}
[[File:Matthäus Merian dÆ, Således blev også denne fred brudt på grund af bedrag, KKSgb10894-5, Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg|thumb|Jamestown [[Indian massacre of 1622]]]]
[[File:Siege of Fort Detroit.jpg|thumb|[[Siege of Fort Detroit]] during [[Pontiac's War]] in 1763]]

The colonization of North America by English, Spanish, French, Russian and Dutch was resisted by some Indian tribes and assisted by other tribes.<ref>Saint Junipero Serra, ND Faith, July 2020. University of Notre Dame</ref><ref>Leyes de Burgos: 500 años. Antonio Pizarro Zelaya, August 2013. Diálogos Revista Electrónica de Historia, On-line version {{ISSN|1409-469X}}</ref> Wars and other armed conflicts in the 17th and 18th centuries included:
* [[Beaver Wars]] (1609–1701) between the [[Iroquois]] and the French, who allied with the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquians]]
* [[Anglo-Powhatan Wars]] (1610–1614, 1622–1632, 1644–1646), including the [[Indian massacre of 1622|1622 Jamestown Massacre]], between English colonists and the [[Powhatan Confederacy]] in the [[Colony of Virginia]]
* [[Pequot War]] of 1636–38 between the [[Pequot]] tribe and colonists from the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Connecticut Colony]] and allied tribes
* [[Kieft's War]] (1643–1645) in the Dutch territory of [[New Netherland]] ([[New Jersey]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]) between colonists and the [[Lenape]] people
* [[Peach War]] (1655), the large-scale attack by the [[Munsee]] on several New Netherland settlements
* [[Esopus Wars]] (1659–1663), conflicts between the [[Esopus tribe]] of Lenape Indians and colonial New Netherlanders in [[Ulster County, New York]]
* [[King Philip's War]] (Metacom's Rebellion) (1675–78) in [[New England]] between colonists and the local tribes including, but not limited to, the [[Nipmuc]], [[Wampanoag]], and [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]]
* [[Chowanoc War]] (1675–1677) in the [[Province of Carolina]]
* [[King William's War]] (1688–1697) between England and France, and their Indian allies, in [[New France]], [[New England#History|New England]], and the [[Province of New York]]
* [[Tuscarora War]] (1711–1715) in the [[Province of North Carolina]]
* [[Yamasee War]] (1715–1717) in the [[Province of South Carolina]]
* [[Dummer's War]] (1722–1725) in northern New England and French [[Acadia]] ([[New Brunswick]] and [[Nova Scotia]])
* [[Pontiac's War]] (1763–1766) in the [[Great Lakes region]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/AD1001264.pdf |title=Operational Art in Pontiac's War |type=Monograph |first=Thomas R.|last=Church|date=January 2015|access-date=7 November 2018|publisher=[[School of Advanced Military Studies]] |via=Defense Technical Information Center}}</ref>
* [[Lord Dunmore's War]] (1774) in western Virginia ([[Kentucky]] and [[West Virginia]])

In several instances, the conflicts were a reflection of European rivalries, with Indian tribes splitting their alliances among the powers, generally siding with their trading partners. Various tribes fought on each side in [[King William's War]], [[Queen Anne's War]], [[Dummer's War]], [[King George's War]], and the [[French and Indian War]], allying with British or French colonists according to their own self interests.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Merrell|first1=James H.|year=2012|title=Second Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians|journal=William and Mary Quarterly|volume=69|issue=3|pages=451–512|doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.0451}}</ref> On 14 August 1784, Russian colonists had massacred 200<ref name="refJohnelder1992">John Enders (1992), [https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/19920816/1507631/archaeologist-may-have-found-site-of-alaska-massacre "Archaeologist May Have Found Site Of Alaska Massacre"], ''The Seattle Times'', Sunday, August 16, 1992</ref>–3,000 <ref name="refAfognak">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131113111647/https://www.afognak.com/media/Afognak%20Alutiiq%20History%20Benefits%2007-22-08_letter.pdf The Afognak Alutiiq People: Our History and Culture], ''Alutiiq'', a wholly owned subsidiary of Afognak Native Corporation, July 2008</ref> Koniag [[Alutiiq people|Alutiiq]] tribesmen in [[Sitkalidak Island]], [[Alaska]]. This massacre is known as [[Awa'uq Massacre]]. Despite the incidents that occurred between European colonists and the Native population, most Indian tribes were friendly towards the Swedes in [[New Sweden]] as result of Swedish authorities respecting tribal land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colonialswedes.net/brief-history/|title= Brief History of New Sweden in America|website=The Swedish Colonial Society}}</ref>

==East of the Mississippi (1775–1842)==
{{further|Sixty Years' War|Origins of the War of 1812|War of 1812}}{{More citations needed section|date=January 2023}}{{Sidebar
| contentstyle = text-align: left;
| content1 =
* [[Western theater of the American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]] (1775–1783)
* [[Cherokee–American wars]] (1776–1794)
* [[Northwest Indian War]] (1785–1795)
* [[War of 1812]] (1811–1815)
** [[Tecumseh's War]] (1811–1813)
** [[Creek War]] (1813–1814)
** [[Peoria War]] (1813)
* [[First Seminole War]] (1817–1818)
* [[Winnebago War]] (1827)
* [[Black Hawk War]] (1832)
* [[Creek War of 1836|Creek War]] (1836)
* [[Second Seminole War]] (1835–1842)
* [[Third Seminole War]] (1855–1858)
}}

British merchants and government agents began supplying weapons to Indians living in the United States following the Revolution (1783–1812) in the hope that, if a war broke out, they would fight on the British side. The British further planned to set up an Indian nation in the Ohio-Wisconsin area to block further American expansion.<ref>Francis M. Carroll, ''A Good and Wise Measure: The Search for the Canadian-American Boundary, 1783–1842'' (2001) pp. 23–25</ref> The US protested and declared [[War of 1812|war in 1812]]. Most Indian tribes supported the British, especially those allied with [[Tecumseh]], but they were ultimately defeated by General [[William Henry Harrison]]. The War of 1812 spread to Indian rivalries, as well.

Many refugees from defeated tribes went over the border to Canada; those in the South went to Florida while it was under Spanish control as they would be considered free, and not slaves, under the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]]. During the early 19th century, the federal government was under pressure by settlers in many regions to expel Indians from their areas. The [[Indian Removal Act|Indian Removal Act of 1830]] stated the "authorizing of the President to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders."<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Removal Act |url=https://guides.loc.gov/indian-removal-act#:~:text=The%20Indian%20Removal%20Act%20was,many%20resisted%20the%20relocation%20policy. |website=Library of Congress |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref> Some tribes resisted [[Indian removal|relocation]] fiercely, most notably the [[Seminole]]s in a [[First Seminole War|series of wars in Florida]]. They were never defeated, although some Seminoles migrated to Indian Territory. Other tribes were forced to move to reservations west of the Mississippi River, most famously the [[Cherokee]] whose relocation was called the "[[Trail of Tears]]".

===American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)===
{{Main|Western theater of the American Revolutionary War}}

The [[American Revolutionary War]] was essentially two parallel wars for the American Patriots. The war in the east was a struggle against British rule, while the war in the west was an "Indian War". The newly proclaimed United States competed with the British for control of the territory east of the [[Mississippi River]]. Some Indians sided with the British, as they hoped to reduce American settlement and expansion. In one writer's opinion, the Revolutionary War was "the most extensive and destructive" Indian war in United States history.<ref>Raphael, ''People's History'', 244.</ref>

[[File:Boone abduction.jpg|thumb|The abduction of [[Capture and rescue of Jemima Boone|Jemima Boone]] by [[Shawnee]] in 1776]]
Some Indian tribes were divided over which side to support in the war, such as the [[Iroquois]] Confederacy based in New York and Pennsylvania who split: the [[Oneida people|Oneida]] and [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] sided with the American Patriots, and the [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], [[Seneca people|Seneca]], [[Cayuga people|Cayuga]], and [[Onondaga people|Onondaga]] sided with the British. The Iroquois tried to avoid fighting directly against one another, but the Revolution eventually forced intra-Iroquois combat, and both sides lost territory following the war. The Crown aided the landless Iroquois by rewarding them with a [[Six Nations 40, Ontario|reservation at Grand River]] in [[Ontario]] and some other lands. In the Southeast, the Cherokee split into a pro-patriot faction versus a pro-British faction that the Americans referred to as the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]]; they were led by [[Dragging Canoe]]. Many other tribes were similarly divided.

When the British made peace with the Americans in the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], they ceded a vast amount of Indian territory to the United States. Indian tribes who had sided with the British and had fought against the Americans were enemy combatants, as far as the United States was concerned; they were a conquered people who had lost their land.

===Cherokee–American wars===
{{Main|Cherokee–American wars}}
The frontier conflicts were almost non-stop, beginning with Cherokee involvement in the American Revolutionary War and continuing through late 1794. The so-called "Chickamauga Cherokee", later called "Lower Cherokee", were from the [[Overhill Cherokee|Overhill Towns]] and later from the Lower Towns, Valley Towns, and Middle Towns. They followed war leader [[Dragging Canoe]] southwest, first to the [[Chickamauga Creek]] area near [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]], then to the Five Lower Towns where they were joined by groups of [[Creek people|Muskogee]], white [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Tories]], runaway slaves, and renegade [[Chickasaw]], as well as by more than a hundred [[Shawnee]]. The primary targets of attack were the [[Washington District, North Carolina|Washington District]] colonies along the [[Watauga River|Watauga]], [[Holston River|Holston]], and [[Nolichucky River]]s, and in Carter's Valley in upper eastern Tennessee, as well as the settlements along the [[Cumberland River]] beginning with [[Fort Nashborough]] in 1780, even into Kentucky, plus against the [[State of Franklin|Franklin settlements]], and later states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The scope of attacks by the Chickamauga and their allies ranged from quick raids by small war parties to large campaigns by four or five hundred warriors, and once more than a thousand. The Upper Muskogee under Dragging Canoe's close ally [[Alexander McGillivray]] frequently joined their campaigns and also operated separately, and the settlements on the Cumberland came under attack from the Chickasaw, Shawnee from the north, and Delaware. Campaigns by Dragging Canoe and his successor [[John Watts (Cherokee chief)|John Watts]] were frequently conducted in conjunction with campaigns in the [[Northwest Territory]]. The colonists generally responded with attacks in which Cherokee settlements were completely destroyed, though usually without great loss of life on either side. The wars continued until the Treaty of [[Tellico Blockhouse]] in November 1794.<ref>Wiley Sword, ''President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790–1795'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1985).</ref>

===Northwest Indian War===
{{Main|Northwest Indian War}}
[[File:Ohio Country en.png|thumb|The [[Ohio Country]] with battles and massacres between 1775 and 1794]]
[[File:Fallen timbers.jpg|thumb|right|The Battle of Fallen Timbers]]
In 1787, the [[Northwest Ordinance]] officially organized the Northwest Territory for settlement, and American settlers began pouring into the region. Violence erupted as Indian tribes resisted, and so the administration of President [[George Washington]] sent armed expeditions into the area. However, in the Northwest Indian War, a pan-tribal confederacy led by [[Blue Jacket]] (Shawnee), [[Little Turtle]] (Miami),<ref>Harvey Lewis Carter, ''The Life and Times of Little Turtle: First Sagamore of the Wabash'' (1987)</ref> [[Buckongahelas]] (Lenape), and [[Egushawa]] (Ottawa) defeated armies led by Generals [[Josiah Harmar]] and [[Arthur St. Clair]]. General [[St. Clair's defeat]] was the most severe loss ever inflicted upon an American army by Indians. Following the successive defeats, the United States sent delegates to discuss peace with the [[Northwestern Confederacy]], but the two sides could not agree on a boundary line. The United States dispatched a new expedition led by General [[Anthony Wayne]], which defeated the confederacy at the 1794 [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]]. Realizing that British assistance was not forthcoming, the native nations were compelled to sign the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795, which ceded Ohio and part of Indiana to the United States.<ref>Gregory Evans Dowd, ''A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745–1815'' (Johns Hopkins U.P. 1992.)</ref>

===Tecumseh, the Creek War, and the War of 1812===
[[File:Creek War Treaty 1814.jpg|thumb|[[Treaty of Fort Jackson]] with the Creeks, 1814]]
By 1800, the Indian population was approximately 600,000 in what would become the [[contiguous United States]]. By 1890, their population had declined to about 250,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |year=1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |page=43 |isbn=0-8061-2220-X}}</ref> In 1800, [[William Henry Harrison]] became governor of the [[Indiana Territory]], under the direction of President [[Thomas Jefferson]], and he pursued an aggressive policy of obtaining titles to Indian lands. Shawnee brothers [[Tecumseh]] and [[Tenskwatawa]] organized [[Tecumseh's War]], another pan-tribal resistance to westward settlement.

Tecumseh was in the South attempting to recruit allies among the [[Creek (people)|Creeks]], Cherokees, and [[Choctaw]]s when Harrison marched against the Indian confederacy, defeating Tenskwatawa and his followers at the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in 1811. The Americans hoped that the victory would end the militant resistance, but Tecumseh instead chose to ally openly with the British, who were soon at war with the Americans in the [[War of 1812]]. The [[Creek War]] (1813–1814) began as a tribal conflict within the Creek tribe, but it became part of the larger struggle against American expansion. Tecumseh was killed by Harrison's army at the [[Battle of the Thames]], ending the resistance in the Old Northwest. The [[First Seminole War]] in 1818 resulted in the transfer of Florida from Spain to the United States in 1819.

===Second Seminole War===
{{Main|Second Seminole War|Seminole Wars}}
American settlers began to push into Florida, which was now an American territory and had some of the most fertile lands in the nation. Paul Hoffman claims that covetousness, racism, and "self-defense" against Indian raids played a major part in the settlers' determination to "rid Florida of Indians once and for all".<ref>Hoffman, Paul (2002). "Florida's Frontiers". Indiana Press. pp. 295–304</ref> To compound the tension, runaway black slaves sometimes found refuge in Seminole camps. The result was clashes between white settlers and the Indians residing there. [[Andrew Jackson]] sought to alleviate this problem by signing the [[Indian Removal Act]] in 1830, which stipulated the relocation of Indians out of Florida{{snd}}by force if necessary. Many Seminole groups were relatively new arrivals in Florida, led by such powerful leaders as [[Aripeka]] (Sam Jones), [[Micanopy]], and [[Osceola]], and they had no intention of leaving their lands. They retaliated against the settlers, and this led to the [[Second Seminole War]], the longest and most costly war that the Army ever waged against Indians.

In May 1830, the Indian Removal Act was passed by Congress which stipulated forced removal of Indians to Oklahoma. The [[Treaty of Paynes Landing]] was signed in May 1832 by a few Seminole chiefs who later recanted, claiming that they were tricked or forced to sign and making it clear that they would not consent to relocating to a reservation out west. The Seminoles' continued resistance to relocation led Florida to prepare for war. The St. Augustine Militia asked the US War Department for the loan of 500 muskets, and 500 volunteers were mobilized under Brig. Gen. [[Richard K. Call]]. Indian war parties raided farms and settlements, and families fled to forts or large towns, or out of the territory altogether. A war party led by Osceola captured a Florida militia supply train, killing eight of its guards and wounding six others; most of the goods taken were recovered by the militia in another fight a few days later. Sugar plantations were destroyed along the Atlantic coast south of [[St. Augustine, Florida]], with many of the slaves on the plantations joining the Seminoles.

[[File:Attackblockhouse.png|thumb|Attack of the Seminoles on the blockhouse in December 1835]]
The US Army had 11 companies (about 550 soldiers) stationed in Florida. [[Fort King]] had only one company of soldiers, and it was feared that they might be overrun by the Seminoles. Three companies were stationed at [[Fort Brooke]], with another two expected imminently, so the army decided to send two companies to Fort King. On December 23, 1835, the two companies totaling 110 men left Fort Brooke under the command of Major [[Francis L. Dade]]. Seminoles shadowed the marching soldiers for five days, and they ambushed them and [[Dade battle|wiped out the command]] on December 28. Only three men survived, and one was hunted down and killed by a Seminole the next day. Survivors Ransome Clarke and Joseph Sprague returned to Fort Brooke. Clarke died of his wounds later, and he provided the only account of the battle from the army's perspective. The Seminoles lost three men and five wounded. On the same day as the massacre, Osceola and his followers shot and killed Agent Wiley Thompson and six others during an ambush outside of Fort King.

On December 29, General Clinch left Fort Drane with 750 soldiers, including 500 volunteers on an enlistment due to end January 1, 1836. The group was traveling to a Seminole stronghold called the [[Cove of the Withlacoochee]], an area of many lakes on the southwest side of the [[Withlacoochee River (Florida)|Withlacoochee River]]. When they reached the river, the soldiers could not find the ford, so Clinch ferried his regular troops across the river in a single canoe. Once they were across and had relaxed, the Seminoles attacked. The troops fixed bayonets and charged them, at the cost of four dead and 59 wounded. The militia provided cover as the army troops then withdrew across the river.

[[File:Dademassacresite.jpg|thumb|The [[Dade battle]] was the US Army's worst defeat at the hands of Seminoles]]
In the [[Battle of Lake Okeechobee]], Colonel [[Zachary Taylor]] saw the first major action of the campaign. He left [[Fort Gardiner]] on the upper [[Kissimmee River]] with 1,000 men on December 19 and headed towards [[Lake Okeechobee]]. In the first two days, 90 Seminoles surrendered. On the third day, Taylor stopped to build [[Fort Basinger, Florida|Fort Basinger]] where he left his sick and enough men to guard the Seminoles who had surrendered. Taylor's column caught up with the main body of the Seminoles on the north shore of Lake Okeechobee on December 25.

The Seminoles were led by "Alligator", Sam Jones, and the recently escaped [[Wild Cat (Seminole)|Coacoochee]], and they were positioned in a hammock surrounded by [[Cladium|sawgrass]]. The ground was thick mud, and sawgrass easily cuts and burns the skin. Taylor had about 800 men, while the Seminoles numbered fewer than 400. Taylor sent in the Missouri volunteers first, moving his troops squarely into the center of the swamp. His plan was to make a direct attack rather than encircle the Indians. All his men were on foot. As soon as they came within range, the Indians opened with heavy fire. The volunteers broke and their commander Colonel Gentry was fatally wounded, so they retreated back across the swamp. The fighting in the sawgrass was deadliest for five companies of the Sixth Infantry; every officer but one was killed or wounded, along with most of their non-commissioned officers. The soldiers suffered 26 killed and 112 wounded, compared to 11 Seminoles killed and 14 wounded. No Seminoles were captured, although Taylor did capture 100 ponies and 600 head of cattle.

[[File:Seminole War in Everglades.jpg|thumb|Marines searching for the Seminoles among the mangroves]]
By 1842, the war was winding down and most Seminoles had left Florida for Oklahoma. The US Army officially recorded 1,466 deaths in the Second Seminole War, mostly from disease. The number killed in action is less clear. Mahon reports 328 regular army killed in action, while Missall reports that Seminoles killed 269 officers and men. Almost half of those deaths occurred in the Dade battle, Battle of Lake Okeechobee, and Harney Massacre. Similarly, Mahon reports 69 deaths for the Navy, while Missal reports 41 for the Navy and Marine Corps. Mahon and the Florida Board of State Institutions agree that 55 volunteer officers and men were killed by the Seminoles, while Missall says that the number is unknown. A northern newspaper carried a report that more than 80 civilians were killed by Indians in Florida in 1839. By the end of 1843, 3,824 Indians had been shipped from Florida to the Indian Territory.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

==West of the Mississippi (1804–1924)==
{{Sidebar
| contentstyle = text-align: left;
| content1 =
* [[Battle of Sitka]] (1804)
* [[Arikara War]] (1823)
* [[Osage Indian War]] (1837)
* [[Texas–Indian wars]] (1836–1877)
** [[Comanche Wars]] (1836–1877)
** [[Antelope Hills expedition]] (1858)
** [[Comanche Campaign]] (1867–1875)
** [[Red River War]] (1874–1875)
** [[Buffalo Hunters' War]] (1876–1877)
* [[Cayuse War]] (1847–1855)
* [[Apache Wars]] (1849–1924)
** [[Jicarilla War]] (1849–1855)
** [[Apache Wars#Chiricahua Wars|Chiricahua Wars]] (1861–1886)
** [[Yavapai War|Tonto War]] (1871–1875)
** [[Pecos War]] (1876–1877)
** [[Victorio's War]] (1879–1880)
** [[Apache Wars#Geronimo's War|Geronimo's War]] (1881–1886)
** [[Post 1887 Apache Wars period]] (1887–1924)
* [[Navajo Wars#American period|Navajo Wars]] (1849–1866)
* [[Yuma War]] (1850–1853)
* [[Ute Wars]] (1850–1923)
** [[Battle at Fort Utah]] (1850)
** [[Walker War]] (1853–1854)
** [[Tintic War]] (1856)
** [[Black Hawk War (1865–72)|Black Hawk War]] (1865–1872)
** [[White River War]] (1879)
** [[Ute War]] (1887)
** [[Bluff War]] (1914–1915)
** [[Posey War]] (1923)
* [[Sioux Wars]] (1854–1891)
** [[First Sioux War]] (1854–1856)
** [[Dakota War of 1862|Dakota War]] (1862)
** [[Colorado War]] (1864–1865)
** [[Powder River Expedition (1865)|Powder River War]] (1865)
** [[Red Cloud's War]] (1866–1868)
** [[Yellowstone Expedition of 1873|Yellowstone Expedition]] (1873)
** [[Great Sioux War of 1876|Great Sioux War]] (1876–1877)
*** [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] (1876)
** [[Northern Cheyenne Exodus]] (1878–1879)
** [[Ghost Dance War]] (1890–1891)
*** [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] (1890)
* [[Rogue River Wars]] (1855–1856)
* [[Yakima War]] (1855–1858)
** [[Puget Sound War]] (1855–1856)
** [[Coeur d'Alene War]] (1858)
* [[Fraser Canyon War]] (1858)
* [[Mohave War]] (1858–1859)
* [[Paiute War]] (1860)
* [[Yavapai Wars]] (1861–1875)
* [[Snake War]] (1864–1869)
* [[Hualapai War (1865–70)|Hualapai War]] (1865–1870)
* [[Red River Rebellion]] (1869–1870)
* [[Modoc War]] (1872–1873)
* [[Nez Perce War]] (1877)
* [[Bannock War]] (1878)
* [[North-West Rebellion]] (1885)
* [[Crow War]] (1887)
* [[Bannock War of 1895|Bannock Uprising]] (1895)
* [[Yaqui Uprising]] (1896)
* [[Battle of Sugar Point]] (1898)
* [[Crazy Snake Rebellion]] (1909)
* [[Battle of Kelley Creek|Battle of Kelley Creek or the Last Massacre]] (1911)
* [[Battle of Bear Valley]] (1918)
}}

The series of conflicts in the western United States between Indians, American settlers, and the United States Army are generally known as the Indian Wars. Many of these conflicts occurred during and after the Civil War until the closing of the frontier in about 1890. However, regions of the West that were settled before the Civil War saw significant conflicts prior to 1860, such as Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Oregon, California, and Washington state.<ref>Leboso, Osvaldo. «El caso norteamericano». Monografias.com S.A. Consultado el 8 de agosto de 2009</ref><ref>Changing Numbers, Changing Needs: American Indian Demography and Public Health. Jeffrey S. Passel. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine</ref>

Various statistics have been developed concerning the devastation of these wars on the peoples involved. Gregory Michno used records dealing with figures "as a direct result of" engagements and concluded that "of the 21,586 total casualties tabulated in this survey, military personnel and civilians accounted for 6,596 (31%), while Indian casualties totaled about 14,990 (69%)" for the period of 1850–90. However, Michno says that he "used the army's estimates in almost every case" and "the number of casualties in this study are inherently biased toward army estimations". His work includes almost nothing on "Indian war parties", and he states that "army records are often incomplete".<ref>{{Cite book| first = Gregory| last = Michno| title = Encyclopedia of Indian wars: western battles and skirmishes, 1850–1890| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MmNtF5n-VuEC&pg=PA353| publisher = Mountain Press Publishing| year = 2003| page = 353| isbn = 978-0-87842-468-9}}</ref>

According to Michno, more conflicts with Indians occurred in the states bordering Mexico than in the interior states. Arizona ranked highest, with 310 known battles fought within the state's boundaries between Americans and Indians. Also, Arizona ranked highest of the states in deaths from the wars. At least 4,340 people were killed, including both the settlers and the Indians, over twice as many as occurred in Texas, the second highest-ranking state. Michno also says that 51 percent of the battles took place in Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico between 1850 and 1890, as well as 37 percent of the casualties in the country west of the Mississippi River.<ref>Michno, p. 367</ref>

===Background===
American settlers and fur trappers had spread into the western United States territories and had established the [[Santa Fe Trail]] and the [[Oregon Trail]]. Relations were generally peaceful between American settlers and Indians. The Bents of [[Bent's Fort]] on the Santa Fe Trail had friendly relations with the Cheyenne and Arapaho, and peace was established on the Oregon Trail by the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]] signed in 1851 between the United States and the Plains Indians and the Indians of the northern Rocky Mountains. The treaty allowed passage by settlers, building roads, and stationing troops along the Oregon Trail.

[[File:Western Indian Wars.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Battles, army posts, and the general location of tribes in the American West]]
The [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush]] of 1859 introduced a substantial white population into the Front Range of the Rockies, supported by a trading lifeline that crossed the central Great Plains. Advancing settlement following the passage of the [[Homestead Acts|Homestead Act of 1862]] and the growing [[First transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railways]] following the Civil War further destabilized the situation, placing white settlers into direct competition for the land and resources of the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountain West.<ref>''The Battle of Beecher Island and the Indian War of 1867–1869'', by John H. Monnett, University Press of Colorado (1992), pp. 24–25, trade paperback, 236 pages {{ISBN|0-87081-347-1}}</ref><ref>Angie Debo, ''A history of the Indians of the United States'', p. 213.</ref> Additional factors included discovery of gold in Montana during the Montana Gold Rush of 1862–1863 and the opening of the [[Bozeman Trail]], which led to [[Red Cloud's War]], and later discovery of gold in the [[Black Hills]] resulting in the gold rush of 1875–1878 and the [[Great Sioux War of 1876–77]].<ref>Section on the Bozeman Trail [http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/AMH-14.htm "Winning the West the Army in the Indian Wars, 1865–1890"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219153615/http://www.history.army.mil/books/amh/amh-14.htm |date=2010-02-19 }}</ref>

Miners, ranchers, and settlers expanded into the plain, and this led to increasing conflicts with the Indian populations of the West. Many tribes fought American settlers at one time or another, from the [[Ute Tribe|Utes]] of the [[Great Basin]] to the [[Nez Perce tribe]] of [[Idaho]]. But the [[Sioux]] of the [[Great Plains|Northern Plains]] and the Apaches of the Southwest waged the most aggressive warfare, led by resolute, militant leaders such as [[Red Cloud]] and [[Crazy Horse]]. The Sioux were relatively new arrivals on the Plains, as they had been sedentary farmers in the [[Great Lakes region (North America)|Great Lakes region]] previously. They moved west, displacing other Indian tribes and becoming feared warriors. The Apaches supplemented their economy by raiding other tribes, and they practiced warfare to avenge the death of a kinsman.

During the [[American Civil War]], Army units were withdrawn to fight the war in the east. They were replaced by the volunteer infantry and cavalry raised by the states of California and Oregon, by the western territorial governments, or by the local militias. These units fought the Indians and kept open communications with the east, holding the west for the Union and defeating the Confederate attempt to capture the New Mexico Territory. After 1865, national policy called for all Indians either to [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|assimilate into the American population]] as citizens, or to live peacefully on reservations. Raids and wars between tribes were not allowed, and armed Indian bands off a reservation were the responsibility of the Army to round up and return.

===Texas===
{{Main|Texas–Indian wars}}
{{see also|Spanish peace treaties with the Comanche}}
The 18th and early 19th centuries in Texas were characterized by competition and warfare between the Comanches in the north and west of the state and [[Spanish Texas|Spanish]] settlements in the south and east. In the [[Battle of the Twin Villages]] in 1759, the Comanche and their [[Wichita people|Wichita]] allies defeated a Spanish and Apache army of more than 500 men and halted Spanish expansion in Texas. Comanche raids on Spanish settlements and their [[Lipan Apache]] allies in Texas and a defensive Spanish posture characterized the next 70 years. In the 1830s large numbers of Americans began to settle in Texas and they encroached on [[Comancheria]], the proto-empire of the Comanches.<ref name="Hamalainen">{{cite book |last1=Hamalainen |first1=Pekka |title=The Comanche Empire |date=2008 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-12654-9 |pages=1, 58–67}}</ref><ref>Pacificar o negociar. Los acuerdos de paz con apaches y comanches en las provincias internas de la Nueva España, 1784–1792. México, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, 2014, 532 p. (Serie Logos). Estudios de historia novohispana. Versión On-line {{ISSN|2448-6922}}. Versión impresa {{ISSN|0185-2523}}.</ref> A series of battles between Americans and Comanches and their [[Kiowa]] and [[Kiowa Apache]] allies continued until the 1870s.
[[File:Scalping wilbarger.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Josiah P. Wilbarger]] being scalped by Comanches, 1833|left]]
The first notable battle between American settlers and Comanche was the [[Fort Parker massacre]] in 1836, in which a war party of Comanches, Kiowas, Wichitas, and Delawares attacked the Texan outpost at Fort Parker. A small number of settlers were killed during the raid, and the abduction of [[Cynthia Ann Parker]] and two other children caused widespread outrage among Texans.

The [[Republic of Texas]] gained independence from Mexico in 1836. The Texas government under President [[Sam Houston]] pursued a policy of engagement with the Comanches and Kiowas. Houston had lived with the Cherokees, but the Cherokees joined with Mexican forces to fight against Texas. Houston resolved the conflict without resorting to arms, refusing to believe that the Cherokees would take up arms against his government.<ref>{{cite web| last=Krenek| first=Thomas H.| title=Sam Houston| work=Handbook of Texas Online| publisher=Texas State Historical Association| url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho73| access-date=2007-11-11| archive-date=2016-04-20| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420234122/https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho73| url-status=live}}</ref> The administration of [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] followed Houston's and took a very different policy towards the Indians. Lamar removed the Cherokees to the west and then sought to deport the Comanches and Kiowas. This led to a series of battles, including the [[Council House Fight]], in which the Texas militia killed 33 Comanche chiefs at a peace parley. The Comanches retaliated with the [[Great Raid of 1840]], and the [[Battle of Plum Creek]] followed several days later.

[[File:Chief Quanah Parker of the Kwahadi Comanche.jpg|thumb|[[Quanah Parker]], son of a Comanche Chief and an abducted Texas settler; his family's story spans the history of the [[Texas–Indian wars]]]]

The Lamar Administration was known for its failed and expensive Indian policy; the cost of the war with the Indians exceeded the annual revenue of the government throughout his four-year term. It was followed by a second Houston administration, which resumed the previous policy of diplomacy. Texas signed treaties with all of the tribes, including the Comanches. In the 1840s and 1850s, the Comanches and their allies shifted most of their raiding to a weak and newly independent Mexico. Comanche armies numbering in the hundreds raided deep into Mexico for horses and captives and used Texas as a safe haven from Mexican retaliation (see [[Comanche–Mexico Wars]]).

Texas joined the Union in 1845, and the Federal government and Texas took up the struggle between the Plains Indians and the settlers. The conflicts were particularly vicious and bloody on the Texas frontier in 1856 through 1858, as settlers continued to expand their settlements into Comancheria. The first Texan incursion into the heart of the Comancheria was in 1858, the so-called [[Antelope Hills Expedition]] marked by the [[Battle of Little Robe Creek]].

The battles between settlers and Indians continued in 1860, and Texas militia destroyed an Indian camp at the [[Battle of Pease River]]. In the aftermath of the battle, the Texans learned that they had recaptured Cynthia Ann Parker, the little girl captured by the Comanches in 1836. She returned to live with her family, but she missed her children, including her son [[Quanah Parker]]. He was the son of Parker and Comanche Chief [[Peta Nocona]], and he became a Comanche war chief at the [[Second Battle of Adobe Walls]]. He ultimately surrendered to the overwhelming force of the federal government and moved to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma in 1875.

===Pacific Northwest===
On 1–4 October 1804, [[Russian America]] (now the state of [[Alaska]]) had suppressed a revolt by the [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]] [[Tlingit clans#Raven clans (Yéil naa)|Kiks.ádi Clan]] during the [[battle of Sitka]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Andrews, C.L.|year=1944|title=The Story of Alaska|publisher=The Caxton Printers, Ltd., Caldwell, ID}}</ref>

A number of wars occurred in the wake of the [[Oregon Treaty]] of 1846 and the creation of [[Oregon Territory]] and [[Washington Territory]]. Among the causes of conflict were a sudden immigration to the region and a series of gold rushes throughout the [[Pacific Northwest]]. The [[Whitman massacre]] of 1847 triggered the [[Cayuse War]], which led to fighting from the [[Cascade Range]] to the Rocky Mountains. The Cayuse were defeated in 1855, but the conflict had expanded and continued in what became known as the [[Yakama War]] (1855–1858). Washington Territory Governor [[Isaac Stevens]] tried to compel Indian tribes to sign treaties ceding land and establishing reservations. The [[Yakama Nation|Yakama]] signed one of the treaties negotiated during the [[Walla Walla Council (1855)|Walla Walla Council of 1855]], establishing the [[Yakama Indian Reservation]], but Stevens' attempts served mainly to intensify hostilities. Gold discoveries near [[Fort Colville]] resulted in many miners crossing Yakama lands via [[Naches Pass]], and conflicts rapidly escalated into violence. It took several years for the Army to defeat the Yakama, during which time war spread to the [[Puget Sound region]] west of the Cascades. The [[Puget Sound War]] of 1855–1856 was triggered in part by the Yakama War and in part by the use of intimidation to compel tribes to sign land cession treaties. The [[Treaty of Medicine Creek]] of 1854 established an unrealistically small reservation on poor land for the [[Nisqually tribe|Nisqually]] and [[Puyallup tribe]]s. Violence broke out in the [[White River (Washington)|White River]] valley, along the route to Naches Pass and connecting Nisqually and Yakama lands. The Puget Sound War is often remembered in connection with the [[Battle of Seattle (1856)]] and the execution of Nisqually [[Chief Leschi]], a central figure of the war.<ref name=beckey>{{cite book |last= Beckey |first= Fred |author-link= Fred Beckey |title= Range of Glaciers: The Exploration and Survey of the Northern Cascade Range |publisher= Oregon Historical Society Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-0-87595-243-7 |pages= 101–114}}</ref>

[[File:Nisqually-Chief-Leschi-Portrait-by-Raphael-Coombs-1894.png|thumb|right|[[Nisqually tribe|Nisqually]] Chief [[Leschi (Native American leader)|Leschi]] was hanged for murder in 1858. He was exonerated by Washington State in 2004.]]

In 1858, the fighting spread on the east side of the Cascades. This second phase of the Yakama War is known as the [[Spokane – Coeur d'Alene – Paloos War|Coeur d'Alene War]]. The Yakama, [[Palus tribe|Palouse]], [[Spokane people|Spokane]], and [[Coeur d'Alene people|Coeur d'Alene]] tribes were defeated at the [[Battle of Four Lakes]] in late 1858.<ref name=beckey/>

In southwest Oregon, tensions and skirmishes escalated between American settlers and the [[Rogue River (tribe)|Rogue River peoples]] into the [[Rogue River Wars]] of 1855–1856. The [[California Gold Rush]] helped fuel a large increase in the number of people traveling south through the [[Rogue Valley|Rogue River Valley]]. Gold discoveries continued to trigger violent conflict between prospectors and Indians. Beginning in 1858, the [[Fraser Canyon Gold Rush]] in British Columbia drew large numbers of miners, many from Washington, Oregon, and California, culminating in the [[Fraser Canyon War]]. This conflict occurred in the [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)|Colony of British Columbia]], but the militias involved were formed mostly of Americans.

Shortly after the Fraser Canyon War the [[Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast]], including areas that are now part of the United States and Canada, from Washington to Alaska, suffered major population loss, cultural devastation, and loss of sovereignty due to the [[1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1= Boyd |first1= Robert |last2= Boyd |first2= Robert Thomas | title=The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874 | year=1999 | publisher= University of British Columbia Press |isbn= 978-0-295-97837-6 |chapter= A final disaster: the 1862 smallpox epidemic in coastal British Columbia |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=P_FdUPbmwCgC&pg=PA172 |pages=172–201 |access-date= 8 April 2023}}</ref> The [[Chilcotin War]] of 1864 occurred near the end of the epidemic when a road from the gold fields to the coast was being built through [[Tsilhqotʼin]] territory without permission. At the time, and still today, First Nations such as the Tsilhqotʼin say the colonial government deliberately spread smallpox with the aim of ending [[Indigenous land rights|indigenous sovereignty]] and [[indigenous rights]] in British Columbia.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.tsilhqotin.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/2021_Chief-Ahans-Story_Chilcotin-War.pdf |title= Commemorating Nits'il?in Ahan |publisher= Tŝilhqot'in National Government |last= Swanky |first= Tom |date= 2019 |access-date= 8 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last= Van Rijn |first= Kiran |title= "Lo! The poor Indian!" Colonial Responses to the 1862-63 Smallpox Epidemic in British Columbia and Vancouver Island |journal= [[Canadian Bulletin of Medical History]] |volume= 23 |issue= 2 |date= 2006 |pages= 541–560 |doi= 10.3138/cbmh.23.2.541 |pmid= 17214129|doi-access= free }}</ref> Workers on the road-building project threatened the Tsilhqotʼin with smallpox. The war ended with the hanging of six Tsilhqotʼin chiefs. In 2014, British Columbia Premier [[Christy Clark]] formally exonerated the executed chiefs and apologized for these acts, acknowledging that "there is an indication [that smallpox] was spread intentionally."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/how-a-smallpox-epidemic-forged-modern-british-columbia |title= How a smallpox epidemic forged modern British Columbia |last= Ostroff |first= Joshua |date= August 2017 |publisher= Maclean's |access-date= 9 February 2021}}</ref> The discovery of gold in Idaho and Oregon in the 1860s led to similar conflicts which culminated in the [[Bear River Massacre]] in 1863 and [[Snake War]] from 1864 to 1868.

In the late 1870s, another series of armed conflicts occurred in Oregon and Idaho, spreading east into Wyoming and Montana. The [[Nez Perce War]] of 1877 is known particularly for [[Chief Joseph]] and the four-month, 1,200-mile fighting retreat of a band of about 800 Nez Perce, including women and children. The Nez Perce War was caused by a large influx of settlers, the appropriation of Indian lands, and a gold rush—this time in Idaho. The Nez Perce engaged 2,000 American soldiers of different military units, as well as their Indian auxiliaries. They fought "eighteen engagements, including four major battles and at least four fiercely contested skirmishes", according to Alvin Josephy. Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce were much admired for their conduct in the war and their fighting ability.<ref>Jerome A. Greene: ''Nez Perce Summer, 1877: The US Army and the Nee-Me-Poo Crisis''. {{ISBN|978-0-917298-82-0}}, pp. 632–633</ref>

The [[Bannock War]] broke out the following year for similar reasons. The [[Sheepeater Indian War]] in 1879 was the last conflict in the area.

===Southwest===
{{Main|2 = Yuma War|3 = Mohave War|5 = Black Hawk War (1865–1872)|6 = Apache–Mexico Wars|7 = Long Walk of the Navajo|8 = Yavapai Wars}}
[[File:Geronimo, son and two picked braves. Man with long rifle Geronimo LCCN2016650886.tif|thumb|[[Geronimo]] (right) and his warriors in 1886]]
Various wars between Spanish and Native Americans, mainly Comanches and Apaches, took place from the 17th to the 19th century in the Southwest United States. Spanish governors made peace treaties with some tribes during this period. Several events stand out during the colonial period: On the one hand, the administration of [[Tomás Vélez Cachupín]], the only colonial governor of New Mexico who managed to establish peace with the Comanches after having confronted them in the Battle of San Diego Pond, and learned how to relate to them without giving rise to misunderstandings that could lead to conflict with them. The [[Pueblo Revolt]] of 1680 was also highlighted, causing the Spanish province to be divided into two areas: one led by the Spanish governor and the other by the leader of the [[Pueblo people|Pueblos]]. Several military conflicts happened between Spaniards and Pueblos in this period until [[Diego de Vargas]] made a peace treaty with them in 1691, which made them subjects of the Spanish governor again. Conflicts between Europeans and indigenous peoples continued following the acquisition of [[Alta California]] and [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]] from Mexico at the end of the [[Mexican–American War]] in 1848, and the [[Gadsden Purchase]] in 1853. The first conflicts were in the [[New Mexico Territory]], and later in California and the [[Utah Territory]] during and after the [[California Gold Rush]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

Indian tribes in the southwest had been engaged in cycles of trading and fighting with one another and with settlers for centuries prior to the United States gaining control of the region. These conflicts with the United States involved every non-pueblo tribe in the region and often were a continuation of Mexican–Spanish conflicts. The [[Navajo Wars]] and [[Apache Wars]] are perhaps the best known. The last major campaign of the military against Indians in the Southwest involved 5,000 troops in the field, and resulted in the surrender of [[Chiricahua]] Apache [[Geronimo]] and his band of 24 warriors, women, and children in 1886. {{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}

===California===
{{Main|California genocide|California Indian Wars|Gila Expedition|Mariposa War|Klamath and Salmon River War|8 = Pitt River Expedition|9 = Mendocino War}}

The U.S. Army kept a small garrison west of the Rockies, but starting in 1849, the California Gold Rush brought a great influx of miners and settlers into the area. The result was that most of the early conflicts with the California Indians involved local parties of miners or settlers. During the American Civil War, California volunteers replaced Federal troops and won the ongoing [[Bald Hills War]] and the [[Owens Valley Indian War]] and engaged in minor actions in northern California. California and Oregon volunteer garrisons in Nevada, Oregon, Idaho, Utah, New Mexico, and the [[Arizona Territory|Arizona Territories]] also engaged in conflicts with the Apache, Cheyenne, Goshute, Navajo, Paiute, Shoshone, Sioux, and Ute Indians from 1862 to 1866. Following the Civil War, rebellion in California was mostly destroyed, but federal troops replaced the volunteers and fought the Indians of the [[Mojave Desert]], and in the northeast during the Snake War and [[Modoc War]] (1872–1873).

===Great Basin===
{{Main|Ute Wars|Walker War|Paiute War|5 = Goshute War|7 = Black Hawk War (Utah)|8 = Bannock War|9 = White River War|10 = Pinhook Draw fight}}

The tribes of the [[Great Basin]] were mostly [[Shoshone]], and they were greatly affected by the [[Oregon Trail|Oregon]] and [[California Trail]]s and by [[Mormon pioneers]] to Utah. The Shoshone had friendly relations with American and British fur traders and trappers, beginning with their encounter with [[Lewis and Clark]].

The traditional way of life of the Indians was disrupted, and they began raiding travelers along the trails and aggression toward Mormon settlers. During the American Civil War, the [[List of California Civil War Union units|California Volunteers]] stationed in Utah responded to complaints, which resulted in the Bear River Massacre.<ref>''The Shoshoni Frontier and the Bear River Massacre'', Brigham D. Madsen, foreword by Charles S. Peterson, University of Utah Press (1985, paperback 1995), pp. 1–56, trade paperback, 286 pages, {{ISBN|0-87480-494-9}}</ref> Following the massacre, various Shoshone tribes signed a series of treaties exchanging promises of peace for small annuities and reservations. One of these was the [[Box Elder Treaty]] which identified a land claim made by the [[Northwestern Band of the Shoshone Nation|Northwestern Shoshone]]. The Supreme Court declared this claim to be non-binding in a 1945 ruling,<ref>[http://altlaw.org/v1/cases/384679 ''Northwestern Bands of Shoshone Indians v. United States''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725113531/http://altlaw.org/v1/cases/384679 |date=2009-07-25 }} United States Supreme Court, April 9, 1945, 89 L.Ed. 985; 65 S.Ct. 690; 324 U.S. 335.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/americanindianso00wilk/page/141  ''American Indian Sovereignty and the U.S. Supreme Court: The Masking of Justice''], [[David E. Wilkins]], University of Texas Press (1997), pp. 141–165, trade paperback, 421 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-292-79109-1}}</ref> but the [[Indian Claims Commission]] recognized it as binding in 1968. Descendants of the original group were compensated collectively at a rate of less than $0.50 per acre, minus legal fees.<ref>Parry, "The Northwestern Shoshone" (2000), pp. 70–71.</ref>

Most of the local groups were decimated by the war and faced continuing loss of hunting and fishing land caused by the steadily growing population. Some moved to the [[Fort Hall Indian Reservation]] when it was created in 1868. Some of the Shoshone populated the Mormon-sanctioned community of [[Washakie, Utah]].<ref>Parry, "The Northwestern Shoshone" (2000), pp. 52–53.</ref> From 1864, California and [[1st Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment|Oregon Volunteers]] also engaged in the early campaigns of the Snake War in the Great Basin areas of California, Nevada, Oregon and Idaho. From 1866 the U.S. Army replaced the Volunteers in that war which General [[George Crook]] brought to an end in 1868 after a protracted campaign.<ref>Michno, Gregory, ''The Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868''. Caldwell: Caxton Press, 2007.</ref>

===Great Plains===
{{Main|Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)|6 = Powder River Expedition (1865)|7 = Red Cloud's War|8 = Great Sioux War of 1876–77|9 = Battle of the Little Bighorn}}
[[File:Massacre Canyon monument and marker.JPG|thumb|[[Massacre Canyon]] monument and historical marker in Nebraska]]
[[File:Good Marksmanship and Guts. DA Poster 21-45.jpg|thumb|[[Wagon Box Fight]], near [[Fort Phil Kearny]], 1867]]
Initially relations between participants in the Pike's Peak gold rush and the Native American tribes of the Front Range and the Platte valley were friendly.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nrchambers.tripod.com/diary.shtml |title=The Diary of Lamech Chambers |publisher=Nrchambers.tripod.com |access-date=2011-05-28 |archive-date=2015-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910192026/http://nrchambers.tripod.com/diary.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters'', by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), pp. 105–115, hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (1983) {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1577-1}}</ref> An attempt was made to resolve conflicts by negotiation of the [[Treaty of Fort Wise]], which established a reservation in southeastern Colorado, but the settlement was not agreed to by all of the roving warriors, particularly the [[Dog Soldiers]]. During the early 1860s tensions increased and culminated in the [[Colorado War]] and the [[Sand Creek Massacre]], where Colorado volunteers fell on a peaceful Cheyenne village killing women and children,<ref>John M. Coward, ''The newspaper Indian'', pp. 102–110.</ref> which set the stage for further conflict.

The cohabitative relationship between settlers and the Indians of the Colorado and Kansas plains was maintained by the tribes,{{Clarify|reason=There's a lot of different native peoples on the plains, name at least some of the tribes involved in this specific armistice|date=September 2024}} but sentiment grew among the Colorado settlers for Indian removal. The severity of the attacks on civilians{{Clarify|reason=Civilians on which side? Both?|date=September 2024}} during the [[Dakota War of 1862]] contributed to these sentiments, as did the few minor incidents which occurred in the Platte Valley and in areas east of Denver.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Regular army troops had been withdrawn for service in the Civil War and were replaced with the [[List of Colorado Civil War units|Colorado Volunteers]], frontier-dwelling men who often favored extermination of the Indians.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} They were commanded by [[John Chivington]] and [[George L. Shoup]], who followed the lead of [[John Evans (Colorado governor)|John Evans]], territorial governor of Colorado. They adopted a policy of shooting on sight all Indians encountered, a policy which in short time ignited a general war on the Colorado and Kansas plains, the Colorado War.<ref>''Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters'', by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), pp. 127–136, 148, 162, 163, hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (1983) {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1577-1}}</ref>

Raids by bands of plains Indians on isolated homesteads to the east of Denver, on the advancing settlements in Kansas, on stage line stations along the South Platte, such as at [[Julesburg, Colorado|Julesburg]],<ref>[http://www.over-land.com/soplatte.html "Julesburg to Latham"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072727/http://www.over-land.com/soplatte.html |date=2013-01-17 }}</ref><ref>Angie Debo, ''A history of the Indians of the United States'', p. 196.</ref> and along the [[Smoky Hill River#History|Smoky Hill Trail]], resulted in many settlers in both Colorado and Kansas adopting a very hostile attitude towards Native Americans, with calls for extermination.<ref>"The Settler's War" of ''The Battle of Beecher Island and the Indian War of 1867–1869'', by John H. Monnett, University Press of Colorado (1992), pp. 55–73, Chapter 3, trade paperback, 236 pages {{ISBN|0-87081-347-1}}</ref> Likewise, the violence shown by the Colorado Volunteers during the Sand Creek Massacre resulted in Native Americans, particularly the Dog Soldiers, a band of the [[Cheyenne]], engaging in similarly violent retribution.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

====Dakota War====
{{Main|Dakota War of 1862}}
[[File:Dakota War of 1862-stereo-right.jpg|thumb|upright|Settlers escaping the Dakota War of 1862]]

The Dakota War of 1862 (more commonly called the Sioux Uprising of 1862 in older authorities and popular texts) was the first major armed engagement between the U.S. and the Sioux. After six weeks of fighting in Minnesota, led mostly by Chief [[Taoyateduta]] (Little Crow), records conclusively show that more than 500 U.S. soldiers and settlers died in the conflict, though many more may have died in small raids or after being captured. The number of Sioux dead in the uprising is mostly undocumented. After the war, 303 Sioux warriors were convicted of murder and rape by U.S. military tribunals and sentenced to death. Most of the death sentences were commuted by President Lincoln, but on December 26, 1862, in [[Mankato, Minnesota]], 38 Dakota Sioux men were hanged in what is still today the largest penal mass execution in U.S. history.<ref name="shultz">{{cite book|last=Carley|first=Kenneth|title=The Sioux Uprising of 1862|year=1961|publisher=[[Minnesota Historical Society]]|page=65|quote=Most of the thirty-nine were baptized, including Tatemima (or Round Wind), who was reprieved at the last minute.}}</ref>

After the expulsion of the Dakota, some refugees and warriors made their way to [[Lakota people|Lakota]] lands in what is now [[North Dakota]]. Battles continued between Minnesota regiments and combined Lakota and Dakota forces through 1864, as Colonel [[Henry Hastings Sibley|Henry Sibley]] pursued the Sioux into Dakota Territory. Sibley's army defeated the Lakota and Dakota in three major battles in 1863: the [[Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake]] on July 26, 1863, the [[Battle of Stony Lake]] on July 28, 1863, and the [[Battle of Whitestone Hill]] on September 3, 1863. The Sioux retreated further, but again faced an American army in 1864; this time, Gen. [[Alfred Sully]] led a force from near [[Fort Pierre, South Dakota]], and decisively defeated the Sioux at the [[Battle of Killdeer Mountain]] on July 28, 1864.

====Colorado War, Sand Creek Massacre, and the Sioux War of 1865====
[[File:Mochi Southern Cheyenne.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mochi (Cheyenne)|Mochi]] (right), a Southern Cheyenne in Black Kettle's camp, became a warrior after her experiences at the [[Sand Creek massacre]]]]

On November 29, 1864, the Colorado territory militia responded to a series of Indian attacks on white settlements by attacking a Cheyenne and Arapaho encampment on Sand Creek in southeastern Colorado, under orders to take no prisoners. The militia killed about 200 of the Indians, two-thirds of whom were women and children,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp//battles/co001.htm|title=CWSAC Battle Summary: Sand Creek|access-date=February 8, 2010|publisher=National Park Service|archive-date=October 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019062229/http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/abpp/battles/co001.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> taking scalps and other grisly trophies.<ref>''Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters'', by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), pp. 148–163, hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (1983) {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1577-1}}</ref>

Following the massacre, the survivors joined the camps of the Cheyenne on the Smokey Hill and Republican Rivers. They smoked the war pipe and passed it from camp to camp among the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho camped in the area, and they planned an attack on the stage station and fort at Julesburg which they carried out in the January 1865 [[Battle of Julesburg]]. This attack was followed up by numerous raids along the South Platte both east and west of Julesburg, and by a second raid on Julesburg in early February. The bulk of the Indians then moved north into Nebraska on their way to the Black Hills and the Powder River.<ref>''Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters'', by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), pp. 168–155, hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (1983) {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1577-1}}</ref><ref>"Mud Springs and Rush Creek" [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMPW5pi42zkC&dq=battle+%22mud+springs%22&pg=PA35 Chapter 3 "Mud Springs and Rush Creek"] ''Circle of fire: the Indian war of 1865'' by John Dishon McDermott, Stackpole Books (2003), pp. 35–44, hardcover, 304 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-8117-0061-0}}</ref> In the spring of 1865, raids continued along the Oregon trail in Nebraska. Indians raided the Oregon Trail along the North Platte River and attacked the troops stationed at the bridge across the North Platte at [[Casper, Wyoming]] in the [[Battle of Platte Bridge]].<ref>''Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters'', by George E. Hyde, edited by Savoie Lottinville, University of Oklahoma Press (1968), pp. 201–207, 212–222, hardcover, 390 pages; trade paperback, 280 pages (1983) {{ISBN|978-0-8061-1577-1}}</ref><ref>"Hanging of the Chiefs" [https://books.google.com/books?id=CMPW5pi42zkC&dq=battle+%22mud+springs%22&pg=PA35 ''Circle of fire: the Indian war of 1865''] by John Dishon McDermott, Stackpole Books (2003), pp. 46–62, Chapter 4, hardcover, 304 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-8117-0061-0}}</ref>

====Sheridan's campaigns====
{{Main|Washita Massacre|Marias Massacre}}{{Confusing|section|talk=Talk:American Indian Wars#Missing_context_in_Sheridan's_campaigns_section|reason=a lack of context in several places means this section does not sufficiently explain the native involvement in these campaigns.|date=September 2024}}
After the Civil War, all of the Indians were assigned to reservations, and the reservations were under the control of the Interior Department. Control of the Great Plains fell under the Army's [[Department of the Missouri]], an administrative area of over 1,000,000 mi2 encompassing all land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains. Maj. Gen. [[Winfield S. Hancock]] had led the department in 1866 but had mishandled his campaign, resulting in Sioux and Cheyenne raids that attacked mail stagecoaches, burned the stations, and killed the employees. They also raped, killed, and kidnapped settlers on the frontier.<ref>Roy Morris, Jr., ''Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan'' (1992) p. 299.</ref>

[[Philip Sheridan]] was the military governor of Louisiana and Texas in 1866, but President Johnson removed him from that post, claiming that he was ruling over the area with absolute tyranny and insubordination. Shortly after, Hancock was removed as head of the Department of the Missouri and Sheridan replaced him in August 1867.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Border Command: General Phil Sheridan in the West|last=Rister|first=Carl|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1944|location=Westport Connecticut|pages=30–122}}</ref> He was ordered to pacify the plains and take control of the Indians there, and he immediately called [[George Armstrong Custer|General Custer]] back to command of the [[7th Cavalry Regiment|7th Cavalry]]; Hancock had suspended him.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Custerology: The Enduring Legacy of the Indian Wars and George Armstrong Custer|last=Elliot|first=Michael|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2007|location=Chicago|pages=103–146}}</ref>

[[File:The Battle of Prairie Dog Creek.jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Prairie Dog Creek (1876)|Battle of Prairie Dog Creek]] (August 21, 1867) ended the Army's offensive operations on the Kansas frontier for the year.]]

The Department of Missouri was in poor shape upon Sheridan's arrival. Commissioners from the government had signed a peace treaty in October 1867 with the [[Comanche]], [[Kiowa]], [[Plains Apache|Kiowa Apache]], Cheyenne, and [[Arapaho]] which offered them reservation land to live on along with food and supplies,<ref name=":0" /> but Congress failed to pass it. The promised supplies from the government were not reaching the Indians and they were beginning to starve, numbering an estimated 6,000.{{Clarify|reason=Does this 6,000 also include the women, children, and elderly of the tribes? If so, it is disingenuous to compare the number to a group of only soldiers without clarifying that the natives number 6,000 total including civilians|date=August 2024}} Sheridan had only 2,600 men at the time to control them and to defend against any raids or attacks, and only 1,200 of his men were mounted.<ref name=":3" /> These men were also under-supplied and stationed at forts that were in poor condition. They were also mostly unproven units that replaced retired veterans from the Civil War.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Sheridan attempted to improve the conditions of the military outpost and the Indians on the plains through a peace-oriented strategy. Toward the beginning of his command, members of the Cheyenne and Arapaho followed him on his travels from [[Fort Larned National Historic Site|Fort Larned]] to [[Fort Dodge, Iowa|Fort Dodge]] where he spoke to them. They brought their problems to him and explained how the promised supplies were not being delivered. In response, Sheridan gave them a supply of rations. Shortly after, the Saline Valley settlements were attacked by Indians,{{Clarify|reason="Indians" is too vague. Which tribes were involved?|date=August 2024}} and that was followed by other violent raids and kidnappings in the region.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Sheridan wanted to respond in force but was constrained by the government's peace policy and the lack of well-supplied mounted troops.<ref name=":0" /> He could not deploy official military units, so he commissioned a group of 47 frontiersmen and sharpshooters called Solomon's Avengers. They investigated the raids near Arickaree Creek and were attacked by Indians{{Clarify|reason="Indians" is too vague. Which tribes were involved?|date=August 2024}} on September 17, 1868. The Avengers were under siege for eight days by some 700 Indian warriors, but they were able to keep them at bay until military units arrived to help. The Avengers lost six men and another 15 were wounded. Sherman finally gave Sheridan authority to respond in force to these threats.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Terrible Swift Sword: The Life of General Philip H. Sheridan|last=Wheelan|first=Joseph|publisher=Da Capo Press|year=2012|location=Cambridge Massachusetts|pages=229–248}}</ref>[[File:Schurz and Sheridan and Red Man.jpg|thumb|A cartoon from ''Harper's Weekly'' of December 21, 1878 features General Philip Sheridan and Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz]]
Sheridan believed that his soldiers would be unable to chase the horses of the Indians during the summer months, so he used them as a defensive force the remainder of September and October. His forces were better fed and clothed than the Indians{{Clarify|reason="Indians" is too vague. Which tribes were involved?|date=August 2024}} and they could launch a campaign in the winter months. His winter campaign of 1868 started with the [[19th Kansas Volunteers]] from Custer's 7th Cavalry, along with five battalions of infantry under Major John H. Page setting out from Fort Dodge on November 5. A few days later, a force moved from [[Fort Bascom]] to [[Fort Cobb]] consisting of units of the [[5th Cavalry Regiment]] and two companies of infantry, where they met up with units from the [[3rd Cavalry Regiment (United States)|3rd Cavalry]] leaving from Fort Lyon. Sheridan directed the opening month of the campaign from [[Fort Supply (Oklahoma)|Camp Supply]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} The Units from the 5th and 3rd Cavalry met at Fort Cobb without any sign of the 19th Kansas, but they had a lead on a band of Indians{{Clarify|reason="Indians" is too vague. Which tribes were involved?|date=August 2024}} nearby and Custer led a force after them.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan, General United States Army. Volume II|last=Sheridan|first=Philip|publisher=Charles Webster and Company|year=1888|location=New York|pages=307–348}}</ref>

Custer's force attacked the Cheyenne Indians and [[Black Kettle]] in the [[Battle of Washita River]], and an estimated 100 Indians were killed and 50 taken prisoner{{Clarify|reason=How many of those losses were noncombatants? Important to have estimates even if the numbers are disputed|date=August 2024}}. Custer lost 21 men killed and 13 men wounded, and a unit went missing under Major Elliott's command. Custer shot 675 ponies that were vital for the Indians' survival on the plains.<ref name=":1" /> Immediately following the battle, Sheridan received backlash from Washington politicians who defended Black Kettle as a peace-loving Indian. This began the controversy as to whether the event was best described as a military victory or as a massacre, a discussion which endures among historians to this day.

[[File:Indian history for young folks (1919) (14566708480).jpg|thumb|U.S. cavalry attacking an Indian village]]
Following Washita, Sheridan oversaw the refitting of the 19th Kansas and personally led them down the Washita River toward the Wichita Mountains. He met with Custer along the Washita River and they searched for Major Elliott's missing unit. They found the bodies of the missing unit and the bodies of Mrs. Blynn and her child{{Clarify|reason=Who? This is the first mention of them in this article, more exposition is needed|date=August 2024}} who had been taken by Indians the previous summer near Fort Lyon.<ref name=":1" /> The defeat at Washita had scared many of the tribes and Sheridan was able to round up the majority of the Kiowa and Comanche people at Fort Cobb in December and transport them to reservations. He began negotiations with Chief Little Robe of the Cheyenne and with [[Yellow Bear]] about living on the reservations.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Phil Sheridan and His Army.|last=Hutton|first=Paul|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=1985|location=Lincoln Nebraska|pages=28–120}}</ref> Sheridan then began the construction of Camp Sill, later called [[Fort Sill]], named after General Sill who died at [[Stones River National Battlefield|Stone River]].

Sheridan was called back to Washington following the election of [[Ulysses S. Grant|President Grant]]. He was informed of his promotion to lieutenant general of the army and reassigned from the department. Sheridan protested and was allowed to stay in Missouri with the rank of lieutenant general. The last remnants of Indian resistance came from Tall Bull Dog soldiers and elements of the Sioux and Northern Cheyenne tribes. The 5th Cavalry from [[Fort McPherson]] were sent to handle the situation on the Platte River in Nebraska. In May, the two forces collided at Summit Springs and the Indians were pursued out of the region. This brought an end to Sheridan's campaign, as the Indians had successfully been removed from the Platte and Arkansas and the majority of those in Kansas had been settled onto reservations. Sheridan left in 1869 to take command of the Army and was replaced by Major General Schofield.<ref name=":2" />

====Black Hills War====
[[File:Custer Staghounds.jpg|thumb|right|Custer and [[Bloody Knife]] (kneeling left), Custer's favorite [[United States Army Indian Scouts|Indian Scout]]]]
In 1875, the [[Great Sioux War of 1876–77]] erupted when the Dakota gold rush penetrated the [[Black Hills]]. The government decided to stop evicting trespassers from the Black Hills and offered to buy the land from the Sioux. When they refused, the government decided instead to take the land and gave the Lakota until January 31, 1876, to return to reservations. The tribes did not return to the reservations by the deadline, and George Custer found the main encampment of the Lakota and their allies at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]]. Custer and his men were separated from their main body of troops, and they were all killed by the far more numerous Indians led by [[Crazy Horse]] and inspired by [[Sitting Bull]]'s earlier vision of victory. The [[Anheuser-Busch]] brewing company made prints of a dramatic painting that depicted "Custer's Last Fight" and had them framed and hung in many American saloons as an advertising campaign, helping to create a popular image of this battle.<ref>{{cite book| last = Griske| first = Michael| title = The Diaries of John Hunton| publisher = Heritage Books| year = 2005| pages = 78–79| isbn = 978-0-7884-3804-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anheuser-busch.com/historyOfMarketing.html|title=History of Advertising and Marketing |publisher=Anheuser-Busch|access-date=2011-05-28|archive-date=2011-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314182217/http://www.anheuser-busch.com/historyOfMarketing.html|url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Woundedknee1891.jpg|thumb|right|Mass grave for the dead Lakota following the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]]]]
The Lakotas conducted a [[Ghost Dance]] ritual on the reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1890, and the Army attempted to subdue them. Gunfire erupted on December 29 during this attempt, and soldiers killed up to 300 Indians, mostly old men, women, and children in the [[Wounded Knee Massacre]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Wounded Knee Massacre |website=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains |publisher=Plains Humanities Alliance {{!}} Center for Great Plains Studies |url=http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.056|access-date=August 9, 2016|archive-date=December 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210233625/http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.war.056|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the massacre, author [[L. Frank Baum]] wrote: "The ''Pioneer'' has before declared that our only safety depends upon the total extermination of the Indians. Having wronged them for centuries we had better, in order to protect our civilization, follow it up by one more wrong and wipe these untamed and untamable creatures from the face of the earth."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm |title=L. Frank Baum's Editorials on the Sioux Nation |first1= A. Waller |last1=Hastings |access-date=2007-12-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193251/http://www.northern.edu/hastingw/baumedts.htm |archive-date=2007-12-09 }}</ref>

===Last conflicts===
[[File:Buffalo soldiers1.jpg|thumb|[[Buffalo Soldier]]s of the 25th Infantry Regiment, 1890]]
Many sources place the end of the American Indian Wars between 1890 and 1901. The last [[Military campaign|campaign]] of the Indian Wars that has been designated by the U.S. Army, the [[Wounded Knee Massacre|Pine Ridge Campaign]], ended in 1891.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Keenan |first=Jerry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADUuGruBSjwC&dq=american+indian+wars&pg=PR7 |title=Encyclopedia of American Indian Wars, 1492-1890 |date=1999 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-31915-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nunnally |first=Michael L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YjeCQAAQBAJ&dq=american+indian+wars&pg=PP1 |title=American Indian Wars: A Chronology of Confrontations Between Native Peoples and Settlers and the United States Military, 1500s-1901 |date=2015-06-08 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-0446-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Tucker, S., Arnold, J.R. and Wiener, R. eds., 2011. ''The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History'' (Vol. 1). ABC-CLIO.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vandervort |first=Bruce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-SAAgAAQBAJ&dq=american+indian+wars&pg=PR5 |title=Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico and the United States, 1812-1900 |date=2007-05-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-59091-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Wars Campaigns |url=https://history.army.mil/html/reference/army_flag/iw.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922081937/http://www.history.army.mil/html/reference/army_flag/iw.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 22, 2008 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=U.S. Army Center of Military History }}</ref>

Scattered incidents of armed conflict between Indians and white people continued into the 1920s.
* 1895: [[Jackson Hole]], Wyoming: [[Bannock War of 1895]]; minor conflict between Bannocks and the U.S. Army
* April–June 1896: [[United States]], [[Mexico]]: [[Apache Campaign (1896)]]; last U.S. Army operation against Apaches who were raiding and not living in a reservation
* August 12–14, 1896: [[Arizona]], [[Sonora]]: [[Yaqui Uprising]]: armed conflict between Yaquis and American militia, the Buffalo Soldiers, the Mexican Army, and local police
* October 5, 1898: [[Leech Lake]], Minnesota: [[Battle of Sugar Point]]; last [[Medal of Honor]] given for Indian Wars campaigns was awarded to Private [[Oscar Burkard]] of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment.
* November 11, 1899: Near [[Leupp]], Arizona: [[Padre Canyon incident]]; skirmish between Navajo hunters & a posse of Arizona lawmen
* 1907: [[Four Corners]], Arizona: Two troops of the 5th Cavalry from [[Fort Wingate]] skirmish with armed Navajo men; one Navajo was killed and the rest escaped.
* March 1909: [[Crazy Snake Rebellion]], Oklahoma: Federal officials attack the [[Muscogee Creek]]s and allied [[Freedmen]] who had resisted forcible allotment and division of tribal lands by the federal government since 1901, headquartered at Hickory ceremonial grounds in Oklahoma; a two-day gun battle seriously wounded leader [[Chitto Harjo]] and quelled this rebellion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.okhistory.org/okjourneys/crazysnake.html |title=Crazy Snake Rebellion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104104115/http://www.okhistory.org/okjourneys/crazysnake.html |archive-date=2011-11-04 |publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society |work=Oklahoma Journeys |date=29 March 2008 |access-date=5 Sep 2011}}</ref>
* 1911: [[Chaco Canyon]], [[New Mexico]]: A company of cavalry went from Fort Wingate to quell an alleged uprising by some Navajo.{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
* January 19, 1911: [[Washoe County, Nevada]]: The [[Battle of Kelley Creek#Last Massacre|Last Massacre]] occurred; a group of [[Shoshone]]s and [[Bannock people|Bannocks]] killed four ranchers; on February 26, 1911, eight of the Indians involved in the Last Massacre were killed by a posse in the [[Battle of Kelley Creek]]; the remaining four were captured.
* March 1914 – March 15, 1915: [[Bluff War]] in Utah between Ute Indians and Mormon residents.
* January 9, 1918: [[Santa Cruz County, Arizona]]: The [[Battle of Bear Valley]] was fought in Southern Arizona; Army forces of the 10th Cavalry engaged and captured a band of [[Yaqui people|Yaquis]], after a brief firefight.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm | title = Squadron History |website=1-10th Cavalry | publisher = US Army|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050419173045/http://www.hood.army.mil/4id_1-10cavalrysquadron/sqdrnhist.htm|archive-date=2005-04-19}}</ref>
* 1921: [[Ute Wars|Bluff Skirmish]] in Utah between Utes and settlers
* March 20–23, 1923: [[Posey War]] in Utah between Ute and Paiute Indians against Mormon residents.
* 1924: The [[Apache Wars]] ended in 1924 and brought the American Indian Wars to a close. This ended the [[post-1887 Apache Wars period]].
[[File:Conquering the wilderness; or, New pictorial history of the life and times of the pioneer heroes and heroines of America, a full account of the romantic deeds, lofty achievements, and marvellous (14585131569).jpg|thumb|An illustration from a 1895 text called "Conquering the wilderness"]]

==Effects on the American Indian population==
{{further|Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
The 2020 United States Census found 3,727,135 Americans who identified themselves as being solely American Indian or Alaskan Native, about 1% of the US population. A combined total of 9,666,058 Americans identified themselves as being Native American or Alaskan Native (including in combination with another race), about 3% of the US population.<ref name="2020censusB">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |access-date=January 16, 2022}}</ref> The 2011 Canadian Census found 1,836,035 Canadians who identified themselves as being [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]], [[Inuit]], or [[Métis]] (mixed race), about 4.3% of the Canadian population.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHS Profile, Canada, 2011|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|access-date=11 September 2013|author=Statistics Canada|date=September 2013|archive-date=31 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231181021/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|url-status=live}}</ref> No consensus exists on how many people lived in the Americas before the arrival of Europeans, but extensive research continues to be conducted.<ref>Snow, Dean R. (June 16, 1995). [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/268/5217/1601 "Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations"]. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]''. 268 (5217): 1601–1604. {{doi|10.1126/science.268.5217.1601}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first = Nancy | last = Shoemaker | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yCe-jE2oSNQC&pg=PA1 | title = American Indian Population Recovery in the Twentieth Century | publisher = University of New Mexico Press | year = 2000 | pages = 1–3 | isbn = 978-0-8263-2289-0}}</ref> Contemporary estimates range from 2.1 million to 18 million people living in North America (excluding Mexico) prior to European colonization.<ref>{{cite book| last=Thornton| first=Russell| title=American Indian holocaust and survival: a population history since 1492| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC| year=1990| publisher=University of Oklahoma Press| isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5| pages=26–32}}</ref><ref name="BXScience">{{cite journal|url=http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian%20population.pdf|title=How Many People Were Here Before Columbus?|journal=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|first=Lewis|last=Lord|year=1997|access-date=2016-05-07|archive-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122234852/http://www.bxscience.edu/ourpages/auto/2009/4/5/34767803/Pre-Columbian|url-status=live}}</ref> About 600,000 Native Americans lived in the areas comprising the modern United States in 1800 (including areas not part of the 1800 United States), shortly after the country's independence. This was reduced to an estimated 250,000 by 1890 before increasing in the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=American Indian holocaust and survival: a population history since 1492 |last=Thornton |first=Russel |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=43}}</ref>

The number of Indians dropped to below half a million in the 19th century because of Eurasian diseases such as [[influenza]], [[pneumonic plague]]s, and [[smallpox]], in combination with conflict, forced removal, enslavement, imprisonment, and outright warfare with European newcomers reduced populations and disrupted traditional societies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ostler |first=Jeffrey |date=2020-04-29 |title=Disease Has Never Been Just Disease for Native Americans |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/disease-has-never-been-just-disease-native-americans/610852/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book|last=Reséndez|first=Andrés|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17|title=The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America|date=2016|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-0-547-64098-3|page=17|author-link=Andrés Reséndez}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ostler |first=Jeffrey |title=Surviving genocide: native nations and the United States from the American Revolution to bleeding Kansas |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-300-24526-4 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |oclc=1099434736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gilio-Whitaker |first=Dina |title=As long as grass grows: the indigenous fight for environmental justice, from colonization to Standing Rock |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-8070-7378-0 |location=Boston |publisher=Beacon Press |page=40 |oclc=1044542033}}</ref>

The United States Census Bureau (1894) provided their estimate of deaths due specifically to war during the 102 years between 1789 and 1891, including 8,500 Indians and 5,000 whites killed in "individual affairs." Violent deaths totaled about 28,500 whites and 45,000 Native Americans over more than 40 conflicts:{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

<blockquote>The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the number given ... Fifty percent additional would be a safe estimate.<ref>{{cite book|author=Bureau of the Census|title=Report on Indians taxed and Indians not taxed in the United States (except Alaska)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWkUAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA637|year=1894|pages=637–38|publisher=Norman Ross Pub. |isbn=978-0-88354-462-4}}</ref></blockquote>

Jeffrey Ostler, the Beekman Professor of Northwest and Pacific History at the [[University of Oregon]], stated, "it was genocidal war."<ref>{{cite web |title=Historian Examines Native American Genocide, its Legacy, and Survivors |url=https://around.uoregon.edu/content/historian-examines-native-american-genocide-its-legacy-and-survivors |website=University of Oregon |date=20 January 2021 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> Xabier Irujo, professor of [[genocide studies]] at the [[University of Nevada, Reno]], stated, "the toll on human lives in the wars against the native nations between 1848 and 1881 was horrific."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Irujo |first1=Xabier |title=Genocide, kill the Indian and save the man |url=https://www.unr.edu/nevada-today/news/2021/genocide-kill-indian-save-man |website=Nevada Today |publisher=University of Nevada, Reno |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref>

==Historiography==
According to historian David Rich Lewis, American popular histories, film, and fiction have given enormous emphasis to the Indian wars.<ref>David Rich Lewis, "Native Americans in the 19th-Century American West" in {{cite book|editor=William Deverell|title=A Companion to the American West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3q_0ZgquK4C&pg=PA145|year=2008|page=145|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4051-3848-2|access-date=2018-04-08}}</ref> New ethno-historical approaches became popular in the 1970s which mixed anthropology with historical research in hopes of gaining a deeper understanding of the Indian perspective. During the 1980s, human rights abuses by the US government were increasingly studied by historians exploring the impact of the wars on Indian cultures. This was heavily explored in [[Dee Brown (novelist)|Dee Brown]]'s 1970 non-fiction book, ''[[Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee]]. ''[[Francis Jennings]]'s 1975 book ''The Invasion of America: Indians, Colonialism, and the Cant of Conquest'' was notable for criticizing the [[Puritans]] and rejecting the traditional portrayal of the wars between the Indians and colonists.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Merrell | first1 = James H. | year = 1989 | title = Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians | journal = William and Mary Quarterly | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 94–119 | doi=10.2307/1922410| jstor = 1922410 }}</ref> The [[Historical revisionism|revisionist]] historian [[Jeffrey Ostler]] has argued that some of the events within the American Indian Wars would fit into the modern legal definition of [[genocide]].<ref name="Ostler">''Genocide and American Indian History''; Jeffrey Ostler; University of Oregon, 2015</ref>

==List==
{{main|List of American Indian Wars}}

==See also==
* [[Indian Act|Canadian Indian Act of 1876]]
* [[Captives in American Indian Wars]]
* [[Cultural assimilation of Native Americans|Cultural assimilation of American Indians]]
* [[French and Indian Wars]]
* [[Indian Campaign Medal]]
* [[List of American Indian Wars weapons]]
* [[List of battles won by indigenous peoples of the Americas]]
* [[List of Indian massacres]]
* [[List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars]]
* [[List of indigenous rebellions in Mexico and Central America]]
* [[Manifest destiny]]
* [[North-West Rebellion]]
* [[Red River Rebellion]]
* [[United States Army Indian Scouts]]
* [[American frontier]]
* [[Awa'uq Massacre]]
* [[California genocide]]
* [[Texas–Indian wars]]
* [[European colonization of the Americas]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web |title = Named Campaigns: Indian Wars |publisher = [[United States Army Center of Military History]] |url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/reference/army_flag/iw.html |access-date = 2005-12-13 |archive-date = 2015-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150629231939/http://www.history.army.mil/html/reference/army_flag/iw.html }}
* {{cite book |last=Michno |first=F. Gregory |title=Encyclopedia of Indian wars: Western battles and skirmishes 1850–1890 |year=2009 |publisher= Mountain Press Publishing Company |location=Missoula, Montana |isbn = 978-0-87842-468-9 }} [https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofin0000mich online]
* Parry, Mae. "[http://content.lib.utah.edu/utils/getfile/collection/uaida/id/14588/filename/15600.pdf The Northwestern Shoshone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002192944/http://content.lib.utah.edu/utils/getfile/collection/uaida/id/14588/filename/15600.pdf |date=2016-10-02 }}". In ''A History of Utah's American Indians'', ed. Forrest S. Cuch. Utah State University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-91373-849-8}}.
* Parker, Aaron. ''The Sheepeater Indian Campaign'' (Chamberlin Basin Country). Idaho Country Free Press, 1968.
* Raphael, Ray. ''A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence.'' New York: The New Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-06-000440-1}}.
* [[Robert V. Remini|Remini, Robert V.]] ''Andrew Jackson and his Indian Wars''. New York: Viking, 2001. {{ISBN|0-670-91025-2}}.
* Richter, Daniel K. ''[[Facing East from Indian Country|Facing East from Indian Country: A Native History of Early America]]''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0-674-00638-0}}.
* Thornton, Russell. ''American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492.'' Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. {{ISBN|0-8061-2220-X}}.
* Utley, Robert M. and Wilcomb E. Washburn. ''Indian Wars'' (2002) [https://www.amazon.com/Indian-Wars-Robert-M-Utley/dp/0618154647/ excerpt and text search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322145853/http://www.amazon.com/Indian-Wars-Robert-M-Utley/dp/0618154647 |date=2016-03-22 }}
* Yenne, Bill. ''Indian Wars: The Campaign for the American West.'' Yardley, PA: Westholme, 2005. {{ISBN|1-59416-016-3}}.

{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* Anderson, R. Warren (2024). "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/aehr.12283 Politics, economics and Native American conflicts]". ''Asia-Pacific Economic History Review''.
* Barnes, Jeff. ''Forts of the Northern Plains: Guide to Historic Military Posts of the Plains Indian Wars''. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2008. {{ISBN|0-8117-3496-X}}.
* Glassley, Ray Hoard. ''Indian Wars of the Pacific Northwest'', Binfords & Mort, Portland, Oregon 1972 {{ISBN|0-8323-0014-4}}
* Heard, J. Norman. ''Handbook of the American Frontier'' (5 vol Scarecrow Press, 1987–98); Covers "1: The Southeastern Woodlands", "2: The Northeastern Woodlands", "3: The Great Plains", "4: The Far West" and vol 5: "Chronology, Bibliography, Index." Compilation of Indian-white contacts & conflicts
* {{cite book | last1=Kessel | first1=W.B. | last2=Wooster | first2=R. | title=Encyclopedia of Native American Wars and Warfare | publisher=Facts on File | series=Facts on File library of American history | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-8160-6430-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mSqLQgAACAAJ | access-date=29 May 2023}}
* McDermott, John D. ''A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West''. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-8032-8246-X}}.
* Michno, Gregory F. ''Deadliest Indian War in the West: The Snake Conflict, 1864–1868'', 360 pages, Caxton Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-87004-460-5}}.
* {{cite book | last=Stannard | first=D.E. | title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World | publisher=Oxford University Press, US | series=Oxford University Press paperback | year=1992 | isbn=978-0-19-508557-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXQ8DwAAQBAJ | access-date=29 May 2023}}
* {{cite book | last1=Tucker | first1=S. | last2=Arnold | first2=J.R. | last3=Wiener | first3=R. | title=The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2011 | isbn=978-1-85109-697-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C | access-date=29 May 2023}}
* {{cite book | last=Wooster | first=R. | title=The Military and United States Indian Policy 1865–1903 | publisher=University of Nebraska Press | year=1995 | isbn=978-0-8032-9767-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dMZd6UXijMC | access-date=29 May 2023 | page=}}

===Historiography===
* Bellesiles, Michael A (2004). "Western Violence", in ''A Companion to the American West'' ed. by William Deverell pp: 162–178. [https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/6817197/mod_resource/content/1/Companion%20to%20the%20American%20West.pdf#page=174 online]
* Lewis, David Rich (2004). "Native Americans in the nineteenth-century American West." in ''A Companion to the American West'' ed. by William Deverell pp: 143–161. [https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/6817197/mod_resource/content/1/Companion%20to%20the%20American%20West.pdf#page=155 online]
* {{cite journal | last1 = Merrell | first1 = James H | year = 1989 | title = Some Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians | journal = William and Mary Quarterly | volume = 46 | issue = 1| pages = 94–119 | jstor=1922410| doi = 10.2307/1922410 }}
** {{cite journal | last1 = Merrell | first1 = James H | year = 2012 | title = Second Thoughts on Colonial Historians and American Indians | jstor = 10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.0451 | journal = William and Mary Quarterly | volume = 69 | issue = 3| pages = 451–512 | doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.69.3.0451}}
* Miller, Lester L. Jr. ''Indian Wars: A Bibliography'' (US Army, 1988) [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA188734 online]; lists over 200 books and articles.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = Sherry L | year = 1998 | title = Lost soldiers: Re-searching the Army in the American West | journal = Western Historical Quarterly | volume = 29 | issue = 2| pages = 149–163 | jstor=971327| doi = 10.2307/971327 }}

===Primary sources===
* Greene, Jerome A (2007). ''Indian War Veterans: Memories of Army Life and Campaigns in the West, 1864–1898''. New York: Savas Beatie. {{ISBN|1-932714-26-X}}.
* {{cite book|last = Griske|first = Michael|title = The Diaries of John Hunton, Chapter 2 – "Frontier Warfare, A Tragic and Fearsome Thing"| publisher = Heritage Books|year = 2005|isbn = 978-0-7884-3804-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Kip, Lawrence|title=Army life on the Pacific: a journal of the expedition against the northern Indians, the tribes of the Cour d'Alenes, Spokans, and Pelouzes, in the summer of 1858|url=https://archive.org/details/armylifeonpacif00kipgoog|publisher=Redfield|year=1859|isbn=978-0-548-50401-7}} [http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications_detail.aspx?p=47 Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection].

==External links==
{{Commons category|Native American wars}}
* [https://www.indianwars.org/ ''Indian Wars National Association'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060326004847/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-6725 ''Indian Wars and Pioneers of Texas''] by [[John Henry Brown]], published 1880, hosted by the [http://texashistory.unt.edu/ Portal to Texas History].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100204083704/http://www.forloveofliberty.net/wars/indian-wars ''The Indian Wars and African American Soldiers''], US Army
* [https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/31/ Increase Mather, ''A Brief History of the War with the Indians in New-England'', (1676) Online Edition]
* [http://www.history.com/topics/american-indian-wars www.history.com; American-Indian Wars]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130111135510/http://www.warof1812rph.com/ The War of 1812 at Real Peoples History] Highlighting Native Nations in the War of 1812
* Urlacher, Brian R (2021). "[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022343320987274 Introducing Native American Conflict History (NACH) data]". ''Journal of Peace Research.''

{{American conflicts}}
{{Native American topics}}
{{US history}}
{{United States topics}}
{{Portal bar|Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Modern history|North America}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:18th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:19th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Native American history]]
[[Category:First Nations history in Canada]]
[[Category:United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries]]
[[Category:Wars between the United States and Native Americans| ]]
[[Category:Indigenous conflicts in Canada]]
[[Category:Wars involving the United States]]
[[Category:Wars involving Canada]]
[[Category:Civil wars in the United States]]
[[Category:Civil wars in Canada]]
[[Category:King Philip's War]]
[[Category:Native American genocide in the United States|C]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Confederate States]]

Asam pedas

2026-05-18T02:06:10Z

NXHLillian: put up a article

{{Short description|Southeast Asian dish}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Asam pedas {{Script/Arabic|اسم ڤدس}}
| image = ASAM PEDAS IKAN PARI.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = ''Asam pedas ikan pari'', a sour and spicy [[stingray]] stew
| country = [[Maritime Southeast Asia]]<ref name="Arts and Culture Information Gateway"/><ref name="When the World Came to Southeast Asia: Malacca and the Global Economy">{{Cite web|title=When the World Came to Southeast Asia: Malacca and the Global Economy|date=2014|url=https://www.asianstudies.org/publications/eaa/archives/when-the-world-came-to-southeast-asia-malacca-and-the-global-economy/|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Boi|first=Lee Geok|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OuBBDwAAQBAJ&q=asam+pedas+Indonesian+sour+and+spicy+dish&pg=PT49|title=Asian Seafood|date=15 September 2017|publisher=Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-4794-08-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/ikan-asam-pedas-pontianak-jenis-menu-masakan-masyarakat-melayu/|title=Ikan Asam Pedas Pontianak, Jenis menu masakan masyarakat Melayu|date=2 November 2020|website=idntimes.com|language=id|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/pedasnya-ikan-asam-pedas-melayu/|title=Pedasnya Ikan Asam Pedas Melayu
|last=Arman|first=Dedi|date=26 May 2019|website=kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id|language=id|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref>
| region = [[Sumatra]], [[Malay Peninsula]], [[Borneo]]
| national_cuisine = [[Indonesian cuisine|Indonesia]], [[Malaysian cuisine|Malaysia]] and [[Singaporean cuisine|Singapore]]
| creator =
| course = Main course
| served = Hot or room temperature
| main_ingredient = Spicy, sour fish stew made with chillies and tamarind
| variations = ''[[Gulai]]'', ''[[Kaeng som|Asam rebus]]''
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Asam pedas''' ([[Malay language|Malay]] for "sour spicy"; {{IPA|ms|ˌasam pəˈdas}}) is a traditional [[Taste|sour]] and [[Pungency|spicy]] ''[[gulai]]'' commonly found in [[Southeast Asia]], particularly in [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name="The Food of the Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago by Khir Johari. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International"/> The dish is typically associated with [[Malay cuisine|Malay]], [[Padang cuisine|Minangkabau]], [[Acehnese cuisine|Acehnese]] and [[Peranakan cuisine]]s, and is prepared using various types of [[seafood]] or [[freshwater fish]].

The broth is made with a combination of [[Chili pepper|chillies]] and [[spice]]s, with the sour element derived from ingredients such as [[tamarind]], ''asam keping'' (dried ''[[Garcinia]]'' slices) or [[Lime (fruit)|lime]] juice, depending on regional variations. Regional names for the dish include ''asam padeh'' ([[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]]),<ref name="Asem Padeh Daging, Sajian Daging Asam Pedas Khas Minang"/> ''asam keueung'' ([[Acehnese language|Acehnese]])<ref name="5 Kuliner Khas Aceh"/> and ''gerang asam'' ([[Malay trade and creole languages|Baba Malay]] or Peranakan).<ref name="Gerang Asam Ikan"/>

The development of ''asam pedas'' is commonly associated with several regions of [[maritime Southeast Asia]], notably the historic [[Entrepôt|trading port]] of [[Malacca City|Malacca]]<ref name="Arts and Culture Information Gateway"/> in the [[Malay Peninsula]] and the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau heartlands]] of [[West Sumatra]]. These areas contributed to the evolution of the dish through long-standing [[Cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]]s and [[Regional integration|regional trade network]]s.<ref name="The Food of the Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago by Khir Johari. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International"/> Influences from various culinary traditions led to the adaptation of local ingredients and cooking methods, resulting in distinct regional expressions of the dish.

Today, ''asam pedas'' remains a widely prepared dish across [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] and the [[Riau Archipelago]].<ref name="The Food of the Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago by Khir Johari. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International"/><ref name="Pedasnya Ikan Asam Pedas Melayu"/><ref name="Asam Pedas: A Fiery Malaysian Delicacy Bursting With Flavors"/> The variations in ingredients, preparation techniques and flavour profiles across these areas reflect the diverse cultural and geographical contexts that have shaped its development.<ref name="Deconstructing Malay Delicacies"/>

==Historical and cultural origins==
''Asam pedas'' is part of the shared culinary heritage of both [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] and [[Padang cuisine|Minangkabau]] traditions, making its exact origin unclear.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Symposium on Innovation and Creativity (iMIT-SIC)|year=2017|volume=1|pp=64–68|isbn=978-967-14017-5-0|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320490125_CANNED_STEWED_ASAM_PEDAS_DAGING_TETEL|title=Canned Stewed Asam Pedas Daging Tetel|author1=Hairul Nizwan Abd Majid|author2=Muhammad Arif Aizat Bashir}}</ref>

One theory suggests that <nowiki>''Asam pedas''</nowiki> originated in the [[Port|port city]] of [[Malacca City|Malacca]], where maritime trade facilitated contact between local, Chinese and Portuguese communities. These interactions are believed to have influenced the development of the dish, particularly through the introduction of [[tamarind]], which imparts a sour flavour, and the use of chilli, lemongrass and turmeric as key seasonings. Asam pedas also shows influences from [[Peranakan Chinese|Peranakan]] (Baba-Nyonya) cuisine, which incorporates elements of [[Malay cuisine|Malay]] and [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese culinary traditions]].<ref name="Arts and Culture Information Gateway">{{Cite web|title=Arts and Culture Information Gateway|url=https://pemetaanbudaya.jkkn.gov.my/en/senibudaya/detail/957|access-date=3 June 2025|work=National Department for Culture and Arts - [[Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture]]}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Currently uses a source from the Malysian government when one from some sort of historian would be better|date=October 2025}}

[[File:Asam padeh ikan 3.jpg|thumb|175px|A plate of ''asam padeh'', the [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] variant of ''asam pedas'']]
The dish is also associated with the [[Minangkabau people]] of [[West Sumatra]] in Indonesia, where a similar preparation known as ''asam padeh'' is part of traditional Minangkabau cuisine. This version, known for its sour and spicy flavour profile, is widely prepared in [[Nasi padang|Padang restaurant]]s.<ref name="JP-Padang">{{cite news|title=By the way ... I just can't live without Padang food |author=Donny Syofyan |newspaper=The Jakarta Post | date= 24 November 2013 |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/11/24/by-way-i-just-can-t-live-without-padang-food.html}}</ref> These establishments, which specialise in Minangkabau dishes, are common throughout Indonesia and also present in parts of Malaysia and Singapore, helping to popularise the dish beyond its original context.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://jeo.kompas.com/serba-serbi-rm-padangdari-rendang-sampai-rahasia-saji|title=Serba-serbi RM Padang: Dari Rendang sampai Rahasia Saji|date=2020-12-28|website=Kompas.com|language=id|access-date=2021-01-07}}</ref>

The spread of ''asam pedas'' has also been linked to the extensive maritime [[trade route]]s and cultural exchanges among Malay-speaking populations throughout the [[Malay Archipelago]].<ref name="The Food of the Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago by Khir Johari. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International">{{Cite web|title=The Food of the Singapore Malays: Gastronomic Travels Through the Archipelago by Khir Johari. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish International|url=https://jml.um.edu.my/index.php/jati/article/view/48825|access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Pedasnya Ikan Asam Pedas Melayu">{{Cite web|title=Pedasnya Ikan Asam Pedas Melayu|date=26 May 2019|language=Indonesian|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/pedasnya-ikan-asam-pedas-melayu/|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Asam Pedas: A Fiery Malaysian Delicacy Bursting With Flavors">{{Cite web|title=Asam Pedas: A Fiery Malaysian Delicacy Bursting With Flavors|url=https://munchmalaysia.com/malaysian-food/asam-pedas-a-fiery-malaysian-delicacy-bursting-with-flavors/|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> Today, it is commonly prepared in regions such as [[Jambi]], [[Riau]], the [[Riau Islands]], [[Aceh]], [[Johor]]e, [[Malacca]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asam pedas goes global {{!}} The Star|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2006/11/07/asam-pedas-goes-global|access-date=2020-09-22|website=www.thestar.com.my}}</ref> [[Singapore]], and parts of [[Borneo]], particularly [[Pontianak]] in [[West Kalimantan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=ditwdb|date=2019-11-02|title=Ikan Asam Pedas Pontianak, Jenis menu masakan masyarakat Melayu|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/ditwdb/ikan-asam-pedas-pontianak-jenis-menu-masakan-masyarakat-melayu/|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|language=id-ID}}</ref> While the core elements often include fish [[Simmering|simmered]] in a sour and spicy [[broth]], the choice of souring agents such as tamarind, asam kandis or lime juice and other ingredients varies across regions

==Culinary characteristics==
[[File:Gurame asam pedas.jpg|thumb|150px|''Gurame asam pedas'', featuring [[Deep frying|deep-fried]] [[gourami]]]]
''Asam pedas'' is traditionally prepared using [[seafood]] or [[freshwater fish]] simmered in a sour tamarind-based broth flavoured with chillies and a blend of spices. While tamarind pulp, usually soaked in water and strained to extract its juice, is the most common souring agent, commercial [[Paste (food)|tamarind paste]] is also used as a convenient alternative. Some regional variations instead use ''asam kandis'' (''[[Garcinia xanthochymus]]'') or ''asam sunti'', a [[Food drying|sun-dried]] and [[Salting (food)|salted form]] of ''bilimbi'' (''[[Averrhoa bilimbi]]''), to achieve a similar [[Taste#Sourness|tangy profile]]. Key ingredients often include [[onion]], [[ginger]], [[Chili sauce and paste|chilli paste]], [[turmeric]], fermented [[shrimp paste]], salt, ''daun kesum'' (''[[Persicaria odorata]]'') and water. Vegetables such as [[Eggplant|brinjal]]s, [[okra]] and [[tomato]]es are frequently added to enhance the flavour and texture of the stew.<ref name="Deconstructing Malay Delicacies">{{Cite web |last=Jais|first=Ahmad Sahir|date=September 2016|title=Deconstructing Malay Delicacies " Asam Pedas " : Critical Ingredients and Flavor Profile|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304148441|via=ResearchGate}}</ref>

The types of fish used in ''asam pedas'' vary widely and include [[mackerel]], [[Euthynnus affinis|mackerel tuna]] (''Euthynnus affinis''), [[tuna]], [[skipjack tuna]], red snapper, [[gourami]], [[pangasius]], [[hemibagrus]] and [[cuttlefish]]. These may be cooked whole or with only the [[fish head]]s included to create a spicy and sour fish stew. To maintain the fish's integrity and presentation, it is generally added towards the end of the cooking process. This method ensures the fish remains intact when served, preserving both its appearance and texture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asam Pedas |url=http://tastefood.info/ikan-asam-pedas-hot-sour-fish/ |work=Tastefood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103150454/http://tastefood.info/ikan-asam-pedas-hot-sour-fish/ |archive-date=2012-01-03 }}</ref>

=== Regional variations and culinary significance ===
====Malay Peninsula and Singapore====
[[File:Pulut Tetal with Asam Pedas.jpg|150px|thumb|''Pulut tetal'' with ''gerang asam daging'', a [[Malacca]]n [[Peranakan Chinese|Baba Nyonya]] dish of [[Clitoria ternatea|butterfly pea flower]]–coloured [[glutinous rice]] served with a Peranakan [[beef]] ''asam pedas''.]]
The preparation of ''asam pedas'' varies significantly across regions, reflecting local tastes, available ingredients and culinary traditions. In [[Malacca]], the dish tends to have a more [[soup|soupy consistency]] while retaining its signature sour and spicy flavour profile. This version is typically prepared with [[fenugreek]] seeds (halba), [[cumin]] seeds (jintan), [[candlenut]]s (buah keras) and [[galangal]], with [[kaffir lime]] leaves often used as an aromatic in place of daun kesum.<ref name="Deconstructing Malay Delicacies"/>

The [[Peranakan Chinese|Peranakan]] version, commonly known as gerang asam ikan, is distinguished by its deeper use of root spices compared to the [[Malay cuisine|Malay preparations]]. It typically features fresh whole fish simmered with tamarind, chillies and herbs like daun kesum. Some recipes may include bunga kantan ([[Etlingera elatior|torch ginger]]), though this is sometimes avoided by traditional cooks who prefer to retain the dish's original herbal balance.<ref name="Gerang Asam Ikan">{{Cite web|title=Gerang Asam Ikan|url=https://babanyonyaperanakans.org/2019/03/02/gerang-asam-ikan/|access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

In [[Johor]], regional variations also emerge. In the southern part of the state, ''asam pedas'' is prepared with a thicker, more robust gravy, often enhanced with [[black pepper]] and occasionally pickled [[Mustard seed|mustard leaves]] (sawi masin) to intensify its sourness. Conversely, northern Johor localities such as [[Tangkak]], [[Muar (town)|Muar]], [[Batu Pahat District|Batu Pahat]] and [[Kluang]] favour a thinner consistency and typically exclude black pepper.<ref name="Deconstructing Malay Delicacies"/> A common adaptation known as ''asam pedas ayam'' replaces fish with [[chicken]], offering a variation on the traditional base.

Within the [[Bugis-Malay|Melayu-Bugis]] community of Johor, ''asam pedas'' is also called ''nasu metti''. It is traditionally served alongside [[rice cake]]s such as ''[[burasa]]k'' and ''lepat lui'', especially during festive occasions like [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], reflecting the cultural continuity of Bugis-Malay traditions in the region.<ref name="Makanan Tradisi Orang Johor">{{Cite web|title=Makanan Tradisi Orang Johor|language=Malay|url=https://downtownjb.my/en/article_details/41/makanan-tradisi-orang-johor|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="Budaya Masyarakat Bugis dalam Aspek Perkahwinan, Komunikasi dan Makanan Warisan">{{Cite web|title=Budaya Masyarakat Bugis dalam Aspek Perkahwinan, Komunikasi dan Makanan Warisan|language=Malay|url=http://web.usm.my/km/earlyView_May2021/22_KM-OA-08-19-0094.R2.pdf|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>

In [[Kedah]], the dish exhibits strong [[Thai cuisine|Thai culinary influences]] and is often prepared with freshwater fish. Sourness is derived from a variety of agents including tamarind juice, ''asam keping'' (dried slices of [[Garcinia atroviridis]]), or lime juice. The spice blend commonly features cumin seeds, contributing to the dish's distinctive aromatic profile.<ref name="Deconstructing Malay Delicacies"/>

====Sumatra====
[[File:Stamp of Indonesia - 2010 - Colnect 248253 - Asam Padeh Baung.jpeg|thumb|left|2010 Indonesian postage stamp featuring ''Asam Padeh [[Hemibagrus nemurus|Baung]]'', [[Riau]]]]
A regional variation in [[Riau]], known as ''asam pedas ikan baung'', uses baung fish ([[Hemibagrus nemurus]]), which is marinated with ''asam kandis'' or tamarind to reduce its odour and impart a distinctive sourness to the broth.<ref name="Asam Pedas Ikan Baung">{{Cite web|title=Asam Pedas Ikan Baung|language=Indonesian|url=https://smansabangko.sch.id/artikel-3/asam-pedas-ikan-baung|access-date=3 June 2025}}</ref> In the [[Riau Archipelago]], particularly in [[Lingga Regency|Lingga]], ''asam pedas'' is traditionally served with ''lempeng sagu'', a flat [[sago|sago cake]] made by roasting sago flour with [[Coconut|grated coconut]] and seasoning. This accompaniment, which dates back to the [[Riau-Lingga Sultanate]] period, is commonly eaten for breakfast or during communal gatherings.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg/vol-17/issue-4/jan-mar-2022/|title=Mother Island: Finding Singapore's Past in Pulau Lingga|author=Faris Joraimi|date=Apr–Jun 2021|magazine=BiblioAsia|volume=17|issue=4|pages=30–35|publisher=National Library Board, Singapore}}</ref>

Among the [[Minangkabau people]] of [[West Sumatra]], a related dish called ''asam padeh daging'' substitutes fish with [[beef]] as the primary protein. The dish is known for its sour and spicy broth, commonly flavoured with ''asam kandis'' (''[[Garcinia xanthochymus]]''). While beef remains the conventional ingredient, contemporary variations may incorporate fish or chicken. Asam padeh daging is a staple in [[nasi padang|Padang restaurants]] and frequently served at ceremonial events.<ref name="Asem Padeh Daging, Sajian Daging Asam Pedas Khas Minang">{{Cite web |title=Asem Padeh Daging, Sajian Daging Asam Pedas Khas Minang|url=https://indonesiakaya.com/pustaka-indonesia/asem-pandeh-daging-sajian-daging-asam-pedas-khas-minang/|language=Indonesian|via=Indonesia Kaya}}</ref>

In [[Aceh]], a similar sour and spicy dish known as ''asam keueng'', also referred to as ''asam pedas Aceh'', represents a regional adaptation of the broader ''asam pedas'' tradition. Its distinctive sourness is derived from ''asam sunti'', a preserved form of sun-dried and salted ''belimbing wuluh'' ([[Averrhoa bilimbi|bilimbi]]). The broth, typically enriched with turmeric, chillies and local spices, is commonly served with seafood such as mackerel tuna, prawns or other locally available fish varieties.<ref name="5 Kuliner Khas Aceh">{{Cite web|title=5 Kuliner Khas Aceh|url=https://www.acehinfo.id/5-kuliner-khas-aceh/|language=Indonesian|access-date=5 June 2025}}</ref>

==Local variations==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Ikan Asam Pedas Mempawah.jpg|''Asam pedas ikan'' in [[Mempawah Regency|Mempawah]], [[West Kalimantan]], Indonesia
File:Ayam Asam Pedas.jpg|''Asam pedas ayam'', a regional variation from [[Johor]], Malaysia, substituting [[chicken]] for fish
File:Sop Ikan Asam Pedas Batam.jpg|''Asam pedas ikan'' featuring [[Lutjanidae|snapper fish]], prepared and served in [[Batam]], part of the [[Riau Islands]], Indonesia
File:ASAM PEDAS TETEL.jpg|''Asam pedas tetel'' ([[Cut of beef|beef cut]]), a version of the dish from [[Malacca]], Malaysia
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Food|Indonesia|Malaysia|Singapore}}
* [[Gulai]]
* [[Kaeng som]]
* [[Pindang]]
* [[Fish stew]]
* [[List of fish dishes]]
* [[List of stews]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Commons category|Asam pedas}}

{{Bruneian cuisine}}
{{Indonesian cuisine}}
{{Malaysian cuisine}}
{{Singaporean cuisine}}

[[Category:Padang cuisine]]
[[Category:Malay cuisine]]
[[Category:Indonesian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indonesian stews]]
[[Category:Singaporean seafood dishes]]
[[Category:Fish stews]]
[[Category:Fish and seafood head dishes]]
[[Category:Singaporean fish dishes]]

Sethani Ghat

2026-05-01T20:46:18Z

NXHLillian: put up new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Sethani ghat
| coordinates = {{coord|22|45|45.541|N|77|42|59.411|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
}}

[[File: Setani ghat hoshangabad.jpg|thumb|220px|Sehtani ghat at Narmadapuram]]
'''Sethani Ghat''' is a 19th-century construction along the banks of the river [[Narmada River|Narmada]] at [[Narmadapuram]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] in [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sethani Ghat {{!}} Why People Come Here? |url=https://www.explurger.com/pd/ijb2di8ds8cgv9yn8 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Explurger |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sethani Ghat, Narmadapuram {{!}} District Narmadapuram, Government of Madhyapradesh {{!}} India |url=https://narmadapuram.nic.in/en/tourist-place/sethani-ghat-narmadapuram/ |access-date=2026-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>. It is one of the largest [[ghats]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sethani ghat in Hoshangābād |url=https://en.advisor.travel/poi/Sethani-ghat-24260 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Advisor.Travel |language=en}}</ref> in [[India]]. During Narmada Jayanti celebrations the ghat comes alive when thousands of people converge on the ghat and ''diyas'' (traditional clay lamps) are floated down the river<ref name=":0" />. The ghat was built after generous contributions by Jankibai Sethani from the Sharma family in [[Narmadapuram]] after devotees complained to her about the difficulty in getting to the river, hence the ghat is named after her. It is one of the few examples of public infrastructure built through private funding in India<ref name=":1" />. A photo of Narmada from Sethani ghat can be seen in the book ''Jungle Rahe Taki Narmada Bahe!'', by Pankaj Srivastava.{{fact|date=May 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Gazetier, Narmadapuram District, Govt. of India

== External links ==
* http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/gallery/0092/009201.jpg
* https://web.archive.org/web/20070928223932/http://madhyapradeshtourism.com/site_seeing.asp?id=d22
* http://www.india9.com/i9show/31016.htm

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hoshangabad|Category:Narmadapuram]]
[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:Religion in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hoshangabad district|Category:Tourist attractions in Narmadapuram district]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-geo-stub}}

2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2026-04-28T06:43:23Z

NXHLillian: put up the post more to come.

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox tropical cyclone season
| Basin = NIO
| Year = 2010
| Track = 2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary.png
| First storm formed = May 17, 2010
| Last storm dissipated = December 8, 2010
| Total disturbances = 8
| Total depressions = 6
| Total storms = 5
| Total hurricanes = 4
| Total intense = 2
| Total extreme = 1
| Strongest storm name = [[Cyclone Giri|Giri]]
| Strongest storm pressure = 950
| Strongest storm winds = 105
| Average wind speed = 3
| Fatalities = 414 total
| Damages = 3067 
| five seasons = [[2008 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2008]], [[2009 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2009]], '''2010''', [[2011 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2011]], [[2012 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|2012]]
| Atlantic season = 2010 Atlantic hurricane season
| East Pacific season = 2010 Pacific hurricane season
| West Pacific season = 2010 Pacific typhoon season
}}
The '''2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season''' was the most active tropical cyclone season in the North [[Indian Ocean]] since [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1998]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Yearly and Seasonal Frequency of Cyclones and Depressions|url=http://www.rmcchennaieatlas.tn.nic.in/AnnualFreq_Output.aspx?Param=U2Vhc29uOjE4OTE6MjAxMToxOjI6Mzo6MjozOkJPQitBUytMYW5kOkNTK1NDUw==|publisher=India Meteorological Department|access-date=5 September 2012}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(Note: Creation of an account in the website is required in order to access data.)</ref> The season saw 8 depressions and 5 named storms forming in the region.

The official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] in this basin is the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), while the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] releases unofficial advisories to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the [[Horn of Africa]] and west of the [[Malay Peninsula]]. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west of the [[Indian subcontinent]], abbreviated ''ARB'' and the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east, abbreviated ''BOB'' by the IMD.

__TOC__
{{clear}}

== Seasonal summary ==

<div style="text-align: center;">
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:990 height:180
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:20 left:20
Legend = columns:4 left:30 top:58 columnwidth:270
AlignBars = early
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/05/2010 till:01/01/2011
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = grid:black unit:month increment:1 start:01/05/2010
Colors =
id:canvas value:gray(0.88)
id:GP value:red
id:TD value:rgb(0,0.52,0.84) legend:Depression_(31–50_km/h)
id:DD value:rgb(0.43,0.76,0.92) legend:Deep_Depression_(51–62_km/h)
id:TS value:rgb(0.3,1,1) legend:Cyclonic_Storm_(63–88_km/h)
id:ST value:rgb(0.75,1,0.75) legend:Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(89–117_km/h)
id:VS value:rgb(1,0.85,0.55) legend:Very_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(118–165_km/h)
id:ES value:rgb(1,0.45,0.54) legend:Extremely_Severe_Cyclonic_Storm_(166–220_km/h)
id:SU value:rgb(0.55,0.46,0.9) legend:Super_Cyclonic_Storm_(≥221_km/h)

Backgroundcolors = canvas:canvas
BarData =
barset:Hurricane
bar:Month
PlotData=
barset:Hurricane width:10 align:left fontsize:S shift:(4,-4) anchor:till
from:17/05/2010 till:21/05/2010 color:ST text:[[Cyclone Laila|Laila (SCS)]]
from:19/05/2010 till:23/05/2010 color:TS text:Bandu (CS)
from:30/05/2010 till:07/06/2010 color:VS text:[[Cyclone Phet|Phet (VS)]]
from:07/10/2010 till:09/10/2010 color:TD text:BOB 02 (D)
from:13/10/2010 till:16/10/2010 color:TD text:BOB 03 (DD)
from:20/10/2010 till:23/10/2010 color:ES text:[[Cyclone Giri|Giri (ES)]]
barset:Break
from:01/11/2010 till:08/11/2010 color:ST text:[[Cyclone Jal|Jal (SCS)]]
from:07/12/2010 till:08/12/2010 color:TD text:BOB 06 (D)
bar:Month width:5 align:center fontsize:S shift:(0,-20) anchor:middle color:canvas

from:01/05/2010 till:01/06/2010 text:May
from:01/06/2010 till:01/07/2010 text:June
from:01/07/2010 till:01/08/2010 text:July
from:01/08/2010 till:01/09/2010 text:August
from:01/09/2010 till:01/10/2010 text:September
from:01/10/2010 till:01/11/2010 text:October
from:01/11/2010 till:01/12/2010 text:November
from:01/12/2010 till:01/01/2011 text:December
</timeline>
</div>

The season officially started on May 17, 2010, with [[Cyclone Laila]] and ended on December 8, 2010. During the season, cyclones Laila, [[Cyclone Phet|Phet]], [[Cyclone Giri|Giri]] and [[Cyclone Jal|Jal]] along with Bandu caused excessive life loss across the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the Middle East.

This is the only season to have five named storms since the [[1998 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]. Multiple storms together killed some 402 people wreaking damage worth at least US$2.985 billion. Albeit very active, no tropical storms formed between mid June and early October because of a very strong [[Monsoon of Indian subcontinent|southwest monsoon]], a weather anomaly that caused the [[2010 Pakistan floods]].

== Systems ==

=== Severe Cyclonic Storm Laila ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Laila.A2010139.0810.1km.jpg
| Track = Laila 2010 track.png
| Formed = May 17
| Dissipated = May 21
| 3-min winds = 55
| 1-min winds = 65
| Pressure = 986
}}
{{Main|Cyclone Laila}}
On May 17, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded an area of low pressure to a depression, giving it the designation "BOB 01".<ref name="may17two09z">{{cite web|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook May 17, 2010 0900 UTC |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIN20_201005170937.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=2010-05-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522105419/https://www.webcitation.org/5pnTYdRVo?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTIN20_201005170937.htm |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> At that time, the depression was located approximately {{convert|930|km|mi|abbr=on}} east-southeast of [[Chennai|Chennai, India]].<ref name="imdlailaadv01">{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 01 for Depression BOB 01 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Cyclone%20Warning_201005170941.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522072716/https://www.webcitation.org/5pnTcut1u?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Cyclone%20Warning_201005170941.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 }}</ref> Later that day, the IMD upgraded Depression BOB 01 to a deep depression.<ref name="may17two15z">{{cite web|title=Special Tropical Weather Outlook May 17, 2010 1500 UTC |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtin20.dems..txt |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808000318/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtin20.dems..txt |archive-date=8 August 2010 }}</ref> That evening, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 01B.<ref name="lailajtwc01">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 01B Warning 001 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> The next morning, the deep depression strengthened further and was upgraded to a cyclonic storm and named ''Laila'' by the IMD.{{efn|The name ''Laila'' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: لیلی, [[Help:IPA/Urdu|[lɛːlɑː]]]) was contributed by [[Pakistan]] and is a feminine given name meaning "night" in [[Urdu language|Urdu]].}}<ref name="imdlaila04">{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 04 on Cyclonic Storm Laila |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=25 October 2008 }}</ref> The storm continued to grow and became a severe cyclonic storm by May 19, it was given a Category 1 tropical cyclone status by the JTWC. Later the same day, it started weakening. On May 21, Laila dissipated completely.

The storm made landfall near [[Bapatla|Bapatla, Guntur district]] as a tropical storm between 11:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC (16:30–17:30 IST)on May 20.<ref name="imdlaila21">{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 21 on Cyclonic Storm Laila |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=20 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Bandu ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Bandu 21 May 2010.jpg
| Track = Bandu 2010 track.png
| Formed = May 19
| Dissipated = May 23
| 3-min winds = 40
| 1-min winds = 55
| Pressure = 994
}}
On May 19, the JTWC reported that Tropical Storm 02A had formed.<ref name="jtwc02awar01">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 2A Warning 01 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio32.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100807194050/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio32.pgtw..txt |archive-date=7 August 2010 }}</ref> Later that day, the IMD upgraded the system into a depression and designated it "ARB 01". The IMD further upgraded the depression into a deep depression that same evening. Late, May 20, the IMD downgraded ARB 01 to a depression over the coast of Somalia. However, the next day it strengthened again to become Cyclonic Storm Bandu.{{efn|The name ''Bandu'' ([[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]: බන්‍ධු, [[Help:IPA/Sinhala|[bandu]]]) was contributed by [[Sri Lanka]] and means "friend, kinsman" in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].}} The storm then weakened and dissipated on May 23.<ref name="imdbandulast">{{cite web|title=IMD Forecast on Former Tropical Cyclone Bandu |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook_201005230242.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522105459/https://www.webcitation.org/5pw6PDoCd?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook_201005230242.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 }}</ref>

The island of [[Abd al Kuri]] in Yemen was hit by the storm causing the death of one girl and destruction of many houses on the island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/100523/News/nws_10.html|title = Cyclone in Arabian Sea}}</ref> On May 20 the storm disabled a cargo vessel, [[MV Dubai Moon|MV ''Dubai Moon'']], and left it drifting off the [[Somalia|Somali]] coast. Twenty-three crew members were rescued by helicopters from the [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Chatham|F87|6}}.<ref name="chatham">{{cite news|title=Devon-based ship saves crew caught in tropical cyclone|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/8698606.stm|publisher=BBC News|access-date=21 May 2010| date=May 22, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100523193140/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/8698606.stm| archive-date= 23 May 2010| url-status= live}}</ref> The cargo ship later sank.
{{Clear}}

=== Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phet ===
{{Main|Cyclone Phet}}
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Phet 2010-06-02 0655Z.jpg
| WarningCenter = IMD
| Track = Phet 2010 track.png
| Formed = May 30
| Dissipated = June 7
| 3-min winds = 85
| 1-min winds = 125
| Pressure = 964
}}
Early on May 30, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) reported that an area of low pressure had formed about {{convert|925|km|mi|abbr=on}}, to the southwest of Mumbai, India. The area of low pressure had loose organized convection developing around the low level circulation center within the monsoon trough. The system was located to the south of a high pressure center anchored over Oman in an area of moderate vertical windshear. On May 31, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded an area of low pressure to a depression, giving it the designation "ARB 02".<ref name="imdarb2cwind1">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 01 for Depression ARB02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> The IMD further upgraded the depression into a deep depression the next day.<ref name="imdarb2cwind4">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 04 for Deep Depression ARB02 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=25 October 2008 }}</ref> JTWC reported the same day that a Tropical Storm had formed.<ref name="jtwc03bwar001">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 04B Warning 01 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> On June 1, IMD upgraded the system into a cyclonic storm and named it ''Phet.''{{efn|The name ''Phet'' ([[Thai language|Thai]]: เพชร, [[Help:IPA/Thai|[pʰet̚˦˥]]]) was contributed by [[Thailand]] and means "diamond" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2010 |title=Facts about Tropical Cyclone Phet |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/oman/facts-about-tropical-cyclone-phet-1.636372# |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref>}}<ref name="imdphetadv01">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 01 for Cyclonic Storm Phet |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtin20.dems..txt |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808000318/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtin20.dems..txt |archive-date=8 August 2010 }}</ref> The storm intensified to a Severe Cyclonic Storm in early hours of June 2.<ref name="imdphetadv06">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 06 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Phet |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024125148/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=24 October 2008 }}</ref> The same day IMD upgraded the storm to a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.<ref name="imdphetadv08">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 08 for Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Phet |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook_201006021001.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522105541/https://www.webcitation.org/5qBpXl700?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Advisory-Outlook_201006021001.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 }}</ref> By the 5th, the cyclone had been downgraded to a cyclonic storm by the IMD as it passed over the Gulf of Oman.<ref name="imdphetcwind36">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 36 for Cyclonic Storm Phet |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=25 October 2008 }}</ref> On the 7th, Phet dissipated completely.<ref name="imdphetcwind52">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 52 for former Tropical Cyclone Phet |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Cyclone%20Warning_201006071429.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522105623/https://www.webcitation.org/5qJTySgct?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IMD%20Cyclone%20Warning_201006071429.htm |archive-date=22 May 2024 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Depression BOB 02 ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = AERONET Vishkhapatnam.2010280.aqua.250m.jpg
| Track = BOB02 2010 track.png
| Formed = October 7
| Dissipated = October 9
| 3-min winds = 25
| Pressure = 996
}}
On October 7, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded an area of low pressure to a depression, giving it the designation "BOB 02". At that time, the depression was located approximately {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="imdbob02adv01">{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 01 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=7 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Later that day, the IMD reported that the system was {{convert|120|km}} east of Visakhapatnam.<ref name="imdbob02adv02">{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 02 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=7 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> On the same day, the IMD reported that the system moved away from Visakhapatnam and maintained strength. The system was forecast to make landfall between [[Gopalpur-on-Sea|Gopalpur]] and [[Paradip]] overnight but the depression made landfall over [[Paradip]] late on October 7 instead.<ref name="imdbob02adv03">{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 03 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=7 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> On October 8, the IMD reported that the system had weakened slightly.<ref>{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 04 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Later on that day, the IMD reported that the depression had further weakened.<ref name="imdbob02cwindadv07">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Advisory 07 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> The storm made its second landfall at [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=IMD Advisory 04 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024125148/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=October 24, 2008 }}</ref> Signal 3 cyclone alert was issued at the Maritime ports of [[Chittagong]], [[Cox's Bazar]] and [[Port of Mongla|Mongla]].<ref name="bob2land2">{{cite web|title=Depression moves northeastwards, signal No 3 at maritime ports |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php?nid=26301 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=8 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522105702/https://www.webcitation.org/5tKFCycan?url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/latest_news.php%3Fnid=26301 |archive-date=May 22, 2024 }}</ref> The Depression continued to weaken as it moved northwest until it was caught up in the jet stream and completely absorbed by a non-tropical storm early on October 9.<ref name="imdbob02cwindadv10">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Advisory 10 for Depression BOB 02 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=9 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

11 people were killed in the submerged coastal areas of Bangladesh on the day when the storm made landfall. Tens of thousands of people were stranded as flooding triggered by the storm surge inundated thousands of homes in the low-lying coastal zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=175650&cid=2 |title = 11 dead, coastal areas submerged {{!}} Bangladesh {{!}} bdnews24.com |access-date=2010-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305093357/http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=175650&cid=2 |archive-date=2012-03-05 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftpapp.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=118615&Itemid=2 |title = Associated Press Of Pakistan (Pakistan's Premier NEWS Agency ) - Ten killed as storm hits BD coastal districts |access-date=2010-10-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723102508/http://ftpapp.app.com.pk/en_/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=118615&Itemid=2 |archive-date=2011-07-23 }}</ref> The heavy rain took the toll further to 17.<ref>[https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hMggmLsV-lq67tIm5EeZ3GUfgtXwD9IO5Q3G0?docId=D9IO5Q3G0]{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref><ref>http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_BANGLADESH_RAINS?SITE=VAWAY&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Deep Depression BOB 03 ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = BOB03 oct15 2010.jpg
| Track = BOB 03 2010 track.png
| Formed = October 13
| Dissipated = October 16
| 3-min winds = 30
| Pressure = 995
}}
On October 13, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded an area of low pressure to a depression, giving it the designation "BOB 03". At that time, the depression was located approximately {{convert|700|km}} east of [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="imdbob03cwindadv01">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 01 for Depression BOB 03 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> Late on that day, the IMD reported that the system had further intensified.<ref name="imdbob03adv02">{{cite web|title=IMD TWO Advisory 02 for Depression BOB 03 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> The IMD upgraded the depression into a deep depression on October 15.<ref name="imdbob03cwindadv10">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 10 for Deep Depression BOB 03 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=15 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref> The system was forecast to make landfall between [[Gopalpur-on-Sea|Gopalpur]] and [[Paradip]] near [[Puri]] late on that day.<ref name="imdbob03cwindadv09">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 09 for Depression BOB 03 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=15 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2008 }}</ref> Instead, it made landfall very close to [[Gopalpur-on-Sea|Gopalpur]].<ref name="imdbob03cwindadv13">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 13 for Deep Depression BOB 03 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=16 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2008 }}</ref> Early on October 16, BOB 03 started weakening.<ref name="imdbob03cwindadv14">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 14 for Deep Depression BOB 03 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=16 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2008 }}</ref> Later on that day, the depression degenerated into a remnant low.<ref name="imdbob03cwindadv15">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 15 for Deep Depression BOB 03 |url=http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=16 Oct 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025092151/http://202.54.31.9/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=October 25, 2008 }}</ref> The remnants continued to weaken until it dissipated completely that day.
{{clear}}

=== Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Giri 2010-10-22 0655Z.jpg
| Track = Giri 2010 track.png
| Formed = October 20
| Dissipated = October 23
| 3-min winds = 105
| 1-min winds = 135
| Pressure = 950
}}
{{main|Cyclone Giri}}
On October 19, an area of low pressure formed in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="imdpre-girioutlook">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Weather Outlook featuring pre Tropical Cyclone Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> During the next day, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded the area of low pressure to a depression giving it the designation "BOB 04". At that time it was located approximately {{convert|250|km}} southwest of [[Sittwe]], [[Myanmar]].<ref name="imdbob04cwindadv01">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 01 for Depression BOB04 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Early on October 21, the IMD upgraded Depression BOB 04 to a deep depression.<ref name="imdbob04cwindadv04">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 04 for Deep Depression BOB04 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> That day, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 04B.<ref name="jtwctc04bwar001">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 04B Warning 001 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> Later, the deep depression strengthened further and was upgraded to a cyclonic storm and named ''Giri'' by the IMD.{{efn|The name ''Giri'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: গিরি, [[Help:IPA/Bengali|[giɾiˑ]]]) was contributed by [[Bangladesh]] and means "mountain" in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].}}<ref name="imdgiricwindadv05">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 05 for Cyclonic Storm Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Early on October 22, the IMD upgraded the storm to a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.<ref name="imdgiricwind08">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 08 for Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> The cyclone had intensified to a Category 4 tropical cyclone on the SSHS according to the JTWC.<ref name="jtwctc04bwar006">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 04B Warning 006 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=21 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> Late on the same day, the IMD reported that the system had grown stronger than [[Cyclone Phet]], becoming the most powerful storm of the season.<ref name="imdgiriadv09">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 09 for Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> According to the news, the cyclone made landfall late on October 22, at [[Kyaukphyu]], [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], [[Myanmar]].<ref name="landfallgiri">{{cite web|title=Cyclone Giri Strikes Burma|url=http://www.irrawaddy.org/highlight.php?art_id=19810|publisher=Irrawaddy Publishing Group|access-date=22 October 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Late on October 22, Giri weakened into a Severe Cyclonic Storm.<ref name="imdgiriadv14">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 14 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=22 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Early on October 23, Giri further weakened into a Cyclonic Storm.<ref name="imdgiriadv15">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 15 for Cyclonic Storm Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Later the same day, Giri continued to weaken and became a depression.<ref name="imdgiriadv17">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 17 for Former Cyclonic Storm Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> The depression continued to weaken until it decayed into a remnant low late on October 23.<ref name="imdgiriadv18">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Advisory 18 for Former Tropical Cyclone Giri |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=23 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Early on October 24, the remnants of Giri were completely absorbed by a non-tropical low near the [[Himalayas]].
{{clear}}

=== Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Formed = November 1
| Dissipated = November 8
| Image = Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal 2010-11-07 0530Z.jpg
| Track = Jal 2010 track.png
| 3-min winds = 60
| 1-min winds = 55
| Gusts = 90
| Pressure = 988
}}
{{main|Cyclone Jal}}
On October 12, a disturbance formed in the [[South China Sea]], just off the eastern coast of [[Borneo]]. During the next few days, the system entered the border of the east [[Indian Ocean]] and intensified slightly.<ref name="99wstronger">{{cite web|title=99W.INVEST Intensifying in the pacific ocean |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808112842/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt |archive-date=8 August 2010 }}</ref> As soon as the system entered the eastern border of the [[Bay of Bengal]] on November 1, the IMD immediately upgraded the disturbance into a depression, because the system had already organized itself on October 31, a day before the system entered the IMD's area of responsibility.<ref name="99w,depIMD">{{cite web|title=IMD Declares 99W, a Depression |url=http://dynasmon.fortunecity.com/ExtraWx.html |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240522024341/https://www.webcitation.org/5tv8y6Hr8?url=http://dynasmon.fortunecity.com/ExtraWx.html |archive-date=22 May 2024 }}</ref> Later on November 1, the system began showing signs of further, but slow organization, as it continued moving west slowly.<ref name="jtwcsays99wisintensifying">{{cite web|title=JTWC – 99W is Intensifying slowly |url=http://199.9.2.143/tcdat/tc10/WPAC/99W.INVEST/trackfile.txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=2 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103154805/http://199.9.2.143/tcdat/tc10/WPAC/99W.INVEST/trackfile.txt |archive-date=3 January 2018 }}</ref> on November 2, the [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia)|Malaysian Meteorological Department]] (MMD) also issued their first advisory on the system, and simply called it Depression.<ref name="mmdtd7adv1">{{cite web|title=MMD Tropical Depression Advisory for Tropical Depression#7 |url=http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D1328%26Itemid%3D565 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724040222/http://www.met.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1328&Itemid=565 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2011 |publisher=[[Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia)|Malaysian Meteorological Department]] |access-date=2 November 2010 }}</ref> Later on that day, the IMD reported that the system had weakened into a low-pressure area, but they forecasted it to intensify into a depression soon again.<ref name="imdallindianov2-eve">{{cite web|title=IMD All Indian Weather Report – November 2, 2010 – Evening |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/allindia_main.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=1 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204021139/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/allindia_main.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Late on November 3, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system.<ref name="jtwcpre05bformationalert">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert forPre-Tropical Cyclone 05B|url=https://www.fnmoc.navy.mil/tcweb/cgi-bin/tc_home.cgi?ATCF_NAME=wp992010.gif&PROD=gif&SENSOR=&PHOT=yes&ARCHIVE=Latest&DIR=/tcweb/dynamic/products/tc10/IO/99W.INVEST/ssmi/ir1km&SIZE=full&TYPE=ssmi&NAV=tc&DISPLAY=Active&CURRENT=wp992010.20101103135959.gif&YEAR=2010&MO=Nov&BASIN=IO&STORM_NAME=99W.INVEST&ACTIVES=10-SHEM-02S.ANGGREK,10-ATL-21L.TOMAS,10-WPAC-90W.INVEST,10-IO-99W.INVEST,|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201729/https://www.fnmoc.navy.mil/tcweb/cgi-bin/tc_home.cgi?ATCF_NAME=wp992010.gif&PROD=gif&SENSOR=&PHOT=yes&ARCHIVE=Latest&DIR=/tcweb/dynamic/products/tc10/IO/99W.INVEST/ssmi/ir1km&SIZE=full&TYPE=ssmi&NAV=tc&DISPLAY=Active&CURRENT=wp992010.20101103135959.gif&YEAR=2010&MO=Nov&BASIN=IO&STORM_NAME=99W.INVEST&ACTIVES=10-SHEM-02S.ANGGREK,10-ATL-21L.TOMAS,10-WPAC-90W.INVEST,10-IO-99W.INVEST,|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2016|publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]|access-date=3 November 2010}}</ref> Early on November 4, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded the area of low pressure to a depression giving it the designation "BOB 05".<ref name="imdbob5-cwind1">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 01 for Depression BOB 05 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> That day, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) designated the system as Tropical Cyclone 05B.<ref name="jtwc5b-war1">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 05B Warning 01 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> Early on November 5, the IMD upgraded Depression BOB 05 to a deep depression.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind6">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 06 for Deep Depression BOB 05 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Later, the deep depression strengthened further, prompting the IMD to upgrade it to a cyclonic storm, and was named ''Jal''.{{efn|The name ''Jal'' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: जल, [[Help:IPA/Hindi|[d͡ʒɐl]]]) was contributed by [[India]] and means "water" in [[Hindi language|Hindi]].}}<ref name="imdbob5-cwind8">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 08 for Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=5 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> The storm continued to grow and became a severe cyclonic storm by November 6.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind13">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 13 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Soon afterwards, it was upgraded to a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone by the JTWC.<ref name="jtwc5b-war6">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 05B Warning 06 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=6 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> On November 7, Jal started weakening.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind23">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 23 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Soon afterwards, the IMD reported that Jal weakened into a Cyclonic Storm.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind24">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 24 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Later that day, the JTWC downgraded Jal into a Tropical storm.<ref name="jtwc5b-war12">{{cite web|title=JTWC Tropical Cyclone 05B Warning 12 |url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203125711/http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtio31.pgtw..txt |archive-date=3 December 2010 }}</ref> Late on the same day, the IMD reported that the storm weakened into a Deep Depression.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind27">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 27 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> As a deep depression, the system made landfall at Chennai, a few hours later.<ref name="bob05-imd-adv21">{{cite web|title=IMD Deep Depression BOB05 (Pre-Cyclonic storm Jal) Advisory 21 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204200056/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> The system continued to weaken and became a depression by early hours of November 8.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind29">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 29 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> The depression continued to weaken until it dissipated into a remnant low on the same day.<ref name="imdbob5-cwind31">{{cite web|title=IMD Tropical Cyclone Bulletin 31 for Severe Cyclonic Storm Jal |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=8 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> On that very same day the IMD said that there was a possibility of Jal's remnants regenerating over the north east [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="imdaiwr-nov8-mid">{{cite web|title=IMD All India Weather Report November 8th – Midday |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/forecast_7days/archive/ai08112010mid.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=9 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5u6W2RWta?url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/forecast_7days/archive/ai08112010mid.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2010 }}</ref> As predicted, the system moved into the Arabian Sea without weakening by early November 9.<ref name="imdaiwr-nov9-mor">{{cite web|title=IMD All India Weather Report November 9th – Morning |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/allindianew.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=9 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214143659/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/allindianew.pdf |archive-date=14 December 2010 }}</ref> However, instead of crossing the Arabian Sea, the system moved north along the western coast of India, restrengthening slightly, but not enough for it to regenerate completely. Within a few hours, the storm started moving inland, due to the prevailing winds. The system rapidly weakened as it moved farther inland over the next few days, causing severe flooding along the way. Early on November 12, the remnants of Cyclone Jal were completely absorbed by a non-tropical low over the [[Himalayas]].
{{Clear}}

=== Depression BOB 06 ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
| Basin = NIO
| Image = Bob 06 on 6 nov.jpg
| Track = BOB06 2010 track.png
| Formed = December 7
| Dissipated = December 8
| 3-min winds = 25
| Pressure = 1000
}}
In early December, a low-pressure area formed over the [[Bay of Bengal]]. The low-pressure area moved towards the Indian coast and became more well marked. On December 7, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) upgraded the area of low pressure to a depression giving it the designation "BOB 06". At that time it was located approximately {{convert|450|km}} [[south-southwest]] of [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref name="imdbob06cwindadv01">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 01 for Depression BOB06 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref> Until December 8, the depression moved northwestwards and made landfall at [[Bapatla]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India where it dissipated into a remnant low soon after the landfall.<ref name="imdbob06cwindadv05">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 05 for Depression BOB06 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref><ref name="imdbob06cwindadv06">{{cite web|title=IMD CWIND Bulletin 06 for Depression BOB06 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204201221/http://imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cwind.htm |archive-date=4 December 2010 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== Season effects ==
This is a table of all storms in the 2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, duration, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), damage, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 2010 USD.
<div style="text-align: center;">{{North Indian Ocean areas affected (Top)}}
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Laila|Laila]]''' || May 17–21 || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{sort|4|Severe cyclonic Storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|100|{{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|986|{{convert|986|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[Sri Lanka]], India || {{ntsp|117490000||$}} || {{nts|65}} ||
|-
| '''Bandu''' || May 19–23 || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A1}}|{{sort|3|Cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A1}}|{{Sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A1}}|{{Sort|994|{{convert|994|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[Somalia]], [[Yemen]] || None || {{nts|1}} ||
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Phet|Phet]]''' || May 31 – June 7 || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|vsvrcyclstorm}}|{{Sort|5|Very severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|vsvrcyclstorm}}|{{Sort|155|{{convert|155|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|vsvrcyclstorm}}|{{sort|970|{{convert|970|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[Oman]], Pakistan, India || {{ntsp|861000000||$}} || {{nts|47}} ||
|-
| '''BOB 02''' || {{Sort|1007|October 7–9}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DI}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DI}}|{{Sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DI}}| {{sort|996|{{convert|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || India, [[Bangladesh]] || Minimal || {{nts|17}} ||
|-
| '''BOB 03''' || {{Sort|1013|October 13–16}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|065|{{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|TD}}|{{Sort|995|{{convert|995|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || India || Minimal || None ||
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Giri|Giri]]''' || {{Sort|1020|October 20–23}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|esvrcyclstorm}}|{{Sort|6|Extremely severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|esvrcyclstorm}}|{{Sort|195|{{convert|195|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|esvrcyclstorm}}|{{sort|950|{{convert|950|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Bangladesh, [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]], [[Yunnan]] || {{ntsp|359000000||$}} || {{nts|167}} ||
|-
| '''[[Cyclone Jal|Jal]]''' || {{Sort|1101|November 1–8}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|Severe Cyclonic storm || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|110|{{convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|A2}}|{{Sort|988|{{convert|988|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || Thailand, [[Malaysia]], [[Andaman Islands]], India || {{ntsp|1730000000||$}} || {{nts|117}} ||
|-
| '''BOB 06''' || {{Sort|1208|December 7–8}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DI}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DI}}|{{Sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DI}}| {{sort|999|{{convert|1000|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || India || Minimal || None ||
|-
{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=8 systems|dates=May 17 – December 8|winds={{convert|195|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}|pres={{convert|950|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|damage={{ntsp|3065490000||$}}|deaths=414|Refs=}}</div>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of North Indian cyclone seasons]]
* [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[2010 Pacific hurricane season]]
* [[2010 Pacific typhoon season]]
* South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[2009–10 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2009–10]] [[2010–11 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|2010–11]]
* Australian region cyclone seasons: [[2009–10 Australian region cyclone season|2009–10]] [[2010–11 Australian region cyclone season|2010–11]]
* South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[2009–10 South Pacific cyclone season|2009–10]] [[2010–11 South Pacific cyclone season|2010–11]]
* [[South Atlantic tropical cyclone]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
* [http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}

{{TC Decades|Year=2010|basin=North Indian Ocean|type=cyclone}}
{{2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2010 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season}}
[[Category:2010 North Indian Ocean cyclone season| ]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2010|2010 NIO]]

Paul Ratnasamy

2026-04-27T04:39:04Z

NXHLillian: Starting initial data first draft

{{Short description|Indian catalyst scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Paul Ratnasamy
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 11 June 1942
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation =
| yearsactive = since 1967
| known for = Catalysis
| spouse =
| children = Chandra Ratnasamy - [[Sylvia Ratnasamy]] (Elina Shrikande)
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]] [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Viswakarma Medal [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] [[TWAS]] TWNSO Award International Zeolite Association Award [[FICCI]] Award Firodia Award Om Prakash Bhasin Award Bhangur Award FIE Foundation Award KG Naik Gold Medal, Life Time Achievement Award of the Petrotech Foundation
}}
'''Paul Ratnasamy''' is an Indian catalyst scientist, [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Srinivasa Ramanujan Research Professor and a former director of the [[National Chemical Laboratory]] of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).<ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N87-0975 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812234609/http://insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=N87-0975 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=INSA | publisher=INSA | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="NCL">{{cite web | url=http://www.ncl-india.org/files/AboutNCL/Organization/PreviousDirectors.aspx?menuid=ql8&childmenustripid=divSubQL8 | title=NCL | publisher=CSIR | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="InnoVidya">{{cite web | url=http://innovidya.org/alternate-energy-systems-myths-facts-challenges-padmashree-paul-ratnasamy-23-feb | title=InnoVidya | publisher=InnoVidya | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Aliphajet">{{cite web | url=http://www.aliphajet.com/company.html | title=Aliphajet | publisher=Aliphajet | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> He was honored by the [[Government of India]] in 2001 with the country's fourth-highest civilian awards, the [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Padma Awards | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Paul Ratnasamy was born on 11 June 1942 in [[Chennai]], in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="NCL" /> He graduated (B.Sc.) in chemistry from [[Loyola College, Chennai]] in 1961 and continued his studies at the same institution to secure M.Sc. in 1963 and PhD<ref name="InnoVidya" /><ref name="Conn Center">{{cite web | url=http://www.conncenter.net/about/staff/paul-ratnasamy/ | title=Conn Center | publisher=Conn Center | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> on his thesis, ''Catalytic properties of alumina based materials'' in 1967.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="NCL" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /> His postdoctoral research was at the [[Clarkson College of Technology]], New York from 1967 to 1969 under the guidance of D. Rosenthal and moved to Belgium for further research as a research associate of J. J. Friplat at the [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|Catholic University of Leuven]] where he stayed till 1972.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="NCL" /><ref name="InnoVidya" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> His professional career started at the [[Indian Institute of Petroleum]] (IIP)<ref name="Conn Center" /> in 1972 where he worked till 1979. During this period, he secured a post graduate diploma in Industrial Administration and Management from the British Institute of Commerce in 1975<ref name="INSA" /> and had a stint at [[LMU Munich]] as the Senior Humboldt Fellow<ref name="Aliphajet" /> under H. Knozinger.<ref name="NCL" /> Ratnasamy joined [[National Chemical Laboratory]] (NCL) in 1980 as the Head of the Catalysis Division, got promoted in 1995 as the Director of the institution and retired from there in 2002.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="NCL" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> He also worked as the Professor of Biofuels at the [[J. B. Speed School of Engineering]] of [[University of Louisville]] for a period from 2009 till 2011.<ref name="InnoVidya" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Louisville - J.B. Speed School of Engineering">{{cite web | url=https://louisville.edu/speed/ergonomics/speed/images/personnel/atct_album_view?b_start:int=24&-C= | title=Louisville - J.B. Speed School of Engineering | publisher=Louisville - J.B. Speed School of Engineering | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref>

==Achievements and positions==
During his tenure as the director, NCL started the Catalysis Division as a dedicated facility for advanced research on the subject.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="NCL" /> His contributions are also reported in the establishment of the National Centre for Catalysis Research, Chennai.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="NCCR">{{cite web | url=http://nccr.iitm.ac.in/about.htm | title=NCCR | publisher=NCCR | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref>

Ratnasamy is credited with several scientific and technological innovations.<ref name="INSA" /> The team at NCL, led by him, is reported to have developed six [[catalysts]] and catalytic processes in the discipline of zeolite catalysis.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /> He is known to have proposed, with H. Knozinger<ref name="H Knozinger">{{cite book | title=H Knozinger | volume=283 | pages=131–149 | publisher=Springer | date=2014 | doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-6021-6_12 |chapter = Metal Clusters and Particles as Catalyst Precursors and Catalysts|series = NATO ASI Series|last1 = Knözinger|first1 = H.| isbn=978-1-4684-6023-0 }}</ref> as his associate, alumina surface models and, together with S. Sivasanker, models of Co-Mo-alumina [[hydrodesulfurisation]] catalyst which are considered as valid models.<ref name="INSA" /> He is also credited with the synthesis and characterization of twelve molecular sieves.<ref name="INSA" />

Ratnasamy has developed and patented a catalytic method for the production of [[biofuel]] for jets from plant and animal [[triglycerides]] and [[fatty acids]].<ref name="Conn AliphaJet">{{cite web | url=http://conncenter.net/news/AliphaJet.pdf | title=Conn AliphaJet | publisher=Conn Centre | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> The method deploys a technique where the hydrocarbons in the oils are unlocked by removing the oxygen and releasing it in the form of carbon dioxide, instead of in the form water, which requires the use of expensive hydrogen. This has been sourced by AliphaJet and marketed by them under the name, ''BoxCar™''.<ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn AliphaJet" />

Paul Ratnasamy is the holder of 150 patents including 35 US patents<ref name="Aliphajet" /> and has published over 200 research papers in peer-reviewed international journals.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /><ref name="ResearchGate">{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Paul_Ratnasamy | title=ResearchGate | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Microsoft Academic Search">{{cite web | url=http://65.54.113.26/Author/54985468/paul-ratnasamy | title=Microsoft Academic Search | publisher=Microsoft Academic Search | date=2014 | access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref> He has served on the editorial boards of such international journals as ''Journal of Catalysis'',<ref name="Journal of Catalysis">{{cite web | url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-catalysis/ | title=Journal of Catalysis | publisher=Journal of Catalysis | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015 | issn=0021-9517}}</ref> ''Applied Catalysis'',<ref name="Applied Catalysis">{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0926860X | title=Applied Catalysis | publisher=Applied Catalysis | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref> [[Catalysis Letters]], ''Topics in Catalysis'',<ref name="Topics in Catalysis">{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/11244 | title=Topics in Catalysis | journal=Topics in Catalysis: Supplement Series to Catalysis Letters | publisher=Topics in Catalysis | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015 | issn=1022-5528}}</ref> Cattech,<ref name="CATTECH">{{cite web | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/10564 | title=Cattech | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015 | issn=1384-6566}}</ref> Zeolites<ref name="Zeolites">{{cite book | url=http://www.elsevier.com/books/zeolites/drandampzcaronaj/978-0-444-42568-3 | title=Zeolites | publisher=Zeolites | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015 | isbn=978-0-444-42568-3}}</ref> and ''Microporous and Mesoporous Materials''.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Conn Center" /><ref name="Microporous and Mesoporous Materials">{{cite journal | url=http://www.journals.elsevier.com/microporous-and-mesoporous-materials/ | title=Microporous and Mesoporous Materials | journal=Microporous and Mesoporous Materials | issn=1387-1811}}</ref> He has attended many seminars and conferences and delivered keynote addresses on Catalysis<ref name="InnoVidya" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /> and has served as a consultant to many global companies.<ref name="Conn Center" />

Ratnasamy is a former member of the council and the Ambassador at large of the International Zeolite Association during 2004-2006.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> He is a founder member and former president of the Indo-Pacific Catalysis Association.<ref name="INSA" /> He is also a founder member of the Indian Catalysis Society<ref name="Aliphajet" /> and an Emeritus Theme Leader at the Conn Center.<ref name="Conn Center" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Ratnasamy, an [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Srinivasa Ramanujan Research Professor at National Catalyst Laboratory during 2004 to 2009, received the [[VASVIK Industrial Research Award]] from the Vividhlaxi Audyogik Samshodhan Vikas Kendra (VASVIK) in 1982.<ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /><ref name="Vasvik">{{cite web | url=http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_%26_technology.html | title=Vasvik | publisher=Vasvik | date=2014 | access-date=3 January 2015 | archive-date=2 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102124207/http://www.vasvik.org/chemical_sciences_%26_technology.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> Two years later, he was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in Engineering Sciences, in 1984.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="InnoVidya" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], awarded him the K. G. Naik Gold Medal in 1989.<ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> He received the Om Prakash Bhasin Award in 1992,<ref name="INSA" /> the [[TWAS]] technology award from the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]] and the ''Viswakarma Medal'' by the [[Indian National Science Academy]] (INSA),<ref name="InnoVidya" /> both in 1994.<ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> In 2001, the [[Government of India]] honored Ratnasamy with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award.<ref name="INSA" /><ref name="InnoVidya" /><ref name="Aliphajet" /><ref name="Conn Center" /> The International Zeolite Association conferred on him their annual award in 2004.<ref name="Aliphajet" /> He is also a recipient of the [[Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] Award, Firodia Award, Bhangur Award, FIE Foundation Award.<ref name="INSA" />

''Catalysis Today'', a peer reviewed journal, honoured Ratnasamy on his 70th birthday by dedicating their December 2012 issue to him.<ref name="Aliphajet" /> He is an elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy (INSA), the [[Third World Academy of Sciences]], the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INSA" /> Recently, the Petrotech Foundation had bestowed its Life Time Achievement Award (Category - R & D) for 2016 to Paul Ratnasamy.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Clarkson University]]
* [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ResearchGate}}
{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ratnasamy, Paul}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian chemical engineers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian inventors]]
[[Category:Indian technology writers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Om Prakash Bhasin Award recipients]]

Zo Reunification Organization

2026-04-25T15:33:33Z

NXHLillian: put up new post

{{distinguish|Zomi Re-unification Organisation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Zo Reunification Organization
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = en
| logo = Zo Reunification Organisation Logo.png
| abbreviation = ZORO
| formation = {{start date and age|1988|05|20|df=y}}
| founding_location = [[Champhai]], [[Mizoram]], India
| type = Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
| purpose = Advocacy for Zo ethnic group unification
| headquarters = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| region_served = India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh
| language = English, Mizo, and other Zo languages
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = R. Sangkawia
| methods = Advocacy, cultural preservation, policy representation
| website =
}}

The '''Zo Reunification Organization''' ('''ZORO''') is a [[non-governmental organization]] based in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India, that campaigns for the unification of the [[Zo people]], an ethnic group encompassing the [[Mizo people|Mizos]], [[Chin people|Chins]], [[Kuki people|Kukis]], and [[Zomi people|Zomis]], who are spread across [[Northeast India]], [[Myanmar]], and [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="resolution">{{citation |last=Nang |first=Gin Khan |title=Zomi Christianity and cultural transformation |publisher=Fuller Theological Seminary |year=2010 |id={{ProQuest|855818510}} |pages=241–242 |quote=In order to promote the just struggle for Zo Re-unification: (I) We solemnly affirm and resolve That a loose political forum Called the "ZO RE-UNIFICATION ORGANISATION" be formed...}}</ref><ref name="IT 1988">{{cite magazine |first=Ramesh |last=Menon |title=Former chief minister Brigadier Thenphunga Sailo plans to carve new Mizoram state |magazine=India Today |date=30 June 1988 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880630-former-chief-minister-brigadier-thenphunga-sailo-plans-to-carve-new-mizoram-state-797433-1988-06-29}}</ref> It was founded at the First World Zomi Convention in [[Champhai]] on 20 May 1988 as a "loose political forum" intended to pursue reunification through peaceful and democratic means.<ref name="resolution"/><ref name="Doungel">{{Cite journal |last=Doungel |first=Jangkhongam |date=2014 |title=Genesis and Functioning of the Zo Re-Unification Organisation (Z.O.R.O.) |journal=SKWC Journal of Social Sciences |volume=2014 |pages=1–12 |via=[[SSRN]]}} Also available via [https://zomipress.com/genesis-and-functioning-of-the-zo-re-unification-organisation-zoro/ Zomi Press]</ref> Since 1999 it has engaged with [[United Nations]] bodies on indigenous peoples' rights and is a registered participant in the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations Civil Society Participation – General |url=https://esango.un.org/civilsociety/showProfileDetail.do?method=showProfileDetails&profileCode=6774 |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=esango.un.org}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[Zo people]], historically known by the exonyms Chin, Kuki, and Lushai, inhabited a contiguous highland region spanning what is now Mizoram, [[Manipur]], parts of [[Assam]] and [[Tripura]] in India, Myanmar's [[Chin State]], and the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] in Bangladesh. British colonial administrators divided this territory among three administrative units in 1890: the Chief Commissioner of Burma, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, and the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal.<ref name="Zou">{{harvp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010}}</ref> Successive proposals to reunify the Chin-Lushai country under one administration, including one by the Governor of Assam, Sir Robert Reid, in 1941, which received in-principle approval from Winston Churchill were never carried out.<ref name="Doungel"/> The partition of [[British India]] in 1947 and Burmese independence in 1948 further entrenched these divisions along international borders.

Movements for Zo political unity arose periodically in the post-independence era. The [[Mizo National Front]] (MNF) launched an armed insurgency in 1966 with the stated goal of establishing an independent state for all Zo-inhabited areas.{{sfnp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010|p=56}} In Manipur, T. Gougin founded the [[Zomi National Congress]] (ZNC) in 1972 to campaign for the unification of the Zomi of India and Burma and submitted a memorandum to President [[V. V. Giri]].<ref name="Piang">{{citation |first=L. Lam Khan |last=Piang |title=Contestation of etic categorizations and emic categories: resurgence of Zo ethno-national identity in the Indo-Myanmar borderland |journal=South East Asia Research |volume=28 |number=3 |year=2020 |doi=10.1080/0967828X.2020.1820900 |page=291}}</ref>

== Formation ==
In 1986, the [[Mizoram Peace Accord]] ended the MNF insurgency, and [[Mizoram]] attained full statehood. The MNF transformed into a political party and won the [[1987 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|1987 state election]], making Mizoram the first democratic Zo-majority state. T. Gougin of the ZNC had met MNF leader [[Laldenga]] to discuss cooperation, but the two disagreed over naming: Gougin favoured "Zomi" while Laldenga insisted on "Mizo".{{sfnp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010|p=61}}{{efn|"Zomi" means "Zo people" and "Mizo" means "people of Zo"—the semantic content is identical, but the preferred form became a point of political contention.{{sfnp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010|p=61}}}}

On 5 April 1988, the ZNC and the [[Mizoram People's Conference]] (MPC), now in opposition, signed a pact to organise a convention jointly. The First World Zomi Convention was held in [[Champhai]] from 19 to 21 May 1988.<ref name="Hindu 1988">{{citation |title=Sailo Leads Movement To Reunify Mizo-inhabited Areas |newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 May 1988 |url=https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-nea-88-052/page/n32/mode/1up |via=JPRS, archive.org}}</ref> An estimated 20,000 people attended, the great majority from Mizoram and Manipur, with smaller delegations from Assam, Myanmar's Chin State, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.{{sfnp|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010|p=61}}<ref name="Piang"/>

The convention adopted "Zo" as the common ethnic name for the entire Kuki-Chin community, the delegates reasoning that the suffix "mi" (meaning "people") was redundant in a community name.<ref name="Piang"/> It then resolved to form a "loose political forum" called the Zo Re-unification Organisation.<ref name="resolution"/><ref name="IT 1988"/> MPC leader [[T. Sailo]] was elected Chairman, T. Gougin and C. Chawngkunga became Vice Chairmen, S. Thangkhangin Ngaihte and Lalhmingthanga served as Secretary General, and Thangmawia was named Treasurer.<ref name="Doungel"/> The delegates stipulated that ZORO would not interfere with the local political programmes of its constituent parties.<ref>{{citation |last=Suan |first=H. Kham Khan |title=Rethinking 'tribe' identities: The politics of recognition among the Zo in north-east India |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=45 |number=2 |year=2011 |doi=10.1177/006996671104500201 |pages=178–179}}</ref> After the convention, a long march of volunteers was taken from Champhai to Aizawl to mark the occasion.

{{efn|Some contemporary reports referred to the body as the "Zomi Reunification Organisation", apparently deriving the name from the convention rather than the resolution itself.<ref name="Hindu 1988"/> The confusion between the two names persists.<ref>{{citation |last=Das |first=N. K. |chapter=Indigeneity, Cultural Memory, and Hybrid Identity: Politics of 'Belonging' Among Zomi–Chin-Kuki People of India–Myanmar Borderlands |editor=A. K. Giri |title=Cross-Fertilizing Roots and Routes |pages=234–235 |publisher=Springer |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nava-Das/publication/348710335|doi=10.1007/978-981-15-7118-3_13}}</ref><ref>Angshuman Choudhury, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/northeastern-view-resurgence-of-zo-reunification-demand-bares-the-high-costs-of-new-delhi-s-border-closure-decision-101716663803473.html Northeastern View | Resurgence of Zo reunification demand bares the high costs of New Delhi's border closure decision], Hindustan Times, 26 May 2024. {{ProQuest|3060097359}}</ref> A separate body, the [[Zomi Reunification Organisation]], was established in 1993 at Phapian in Myanmar's [[Kachin State]] and is headquartered in [[Churachandpur]].}}

== International engagement ==
ZORO has pursued its aims through international forums. Since 1999 it has participated in sessions of the [[United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations]] (UNWGIP), and since 2004 in the [[United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues]] (UNPFII).<ref name="Doungel"/><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vanlalruata |first=H.C. |date=4 December 2024 |title=Mizoram speaker unveils Zo ID card to protect rights of indigenous people |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mizoram-speaker-launches-zo-id-card-to-empower-indigenous-peoples/articleshow/115981658.cms |work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812073811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mizoram-speaker-launches-zo-id-card-to-empower-indigenous-peoples/articleshow/115981658.cms|archive-date=12 August 2025}}</ref> The organisation has also attended conferences convened by the [[World Trade Organization]], the [[World Bank]], and the UN Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalremruata |first=Andrew H. |title=Governor inaugurates Zo-Inpui |publisher=Government of Mizoram |date=2010-09-10 |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/governor-inaugurates-zo-inpui |archive-date=17 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250117115632/https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/governor-inaugurates-zo-inpui |access-date=20 May 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2024, ZORO submitted a memorandum to the United Nations calling for the reunification of ethnic Mizos across international borders.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 November 2024 |title=ZORO memorandum to UN for reunification of all ethnic Mizos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zoro-appeals-to-un-for-reunification-of-ethnic-mizos-across-borders/articleshow/115627945.cms |work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125014311/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/zoro-appeals-to-un-for-reunification-of-ethnic-mizos-across-borders/articleshow/115627945.cms|archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

== Free Movement Regime controversy ==
The Free Movement Regime (FMR), introduced by India and Myanmar, allowed residents within 16 kilometres of the 1,643-km Indo-Myanmar border to cross without visas, facilitating trade, kinship ties, and cultural exchange among the Zo communities on both sides.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Bikash |date=6 January 2024 |title=Zo Reunification Organization opposes abolishment of FMR, installation of Indo-Myanmar border fence |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zo-reunification-organization-opposes-abolishment-of-fmr-installation-of-indo-myanmar-border-fence/articleshow/106599729.cms |work=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125055047/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/zo-reunification-organization-opposes-abolishment-of-fmr-installation-of-indo-myanmar-border-fence/articleshow/106599729.cms|archive-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

In May 2024, ZORO held a large public rally at Zokhawthar, a border town in Champhai district, to protest the Indian government's plans to fence the border and revoke the FMR. The rally drew participants from the ruling [[Zoram People's Movement|Zoram People's Party]] as well as villagers from neighbouring Myanmar. ZORO general secretary L. Ramdinliana Renthlei warned that the proposed measures would be perceived by the Zo people as an act of permanent separation. Similar rallies were held in [[Lunglei district]] and Manipur's [[Tengnoupal district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=Zo Reunification Organization (ZORO) Opposed to Manipur government's "plan to seize tribal territories" |url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/05/zo-reunification-organization-zoro.html |website=The Mizos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301013859/https://www.themizos.com/2022/05/zo-reunification-organization-zoro.html|archive-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>

When the Indian government replaced the FMR with a border pass system effective 1 January 2025, ZORO organised protests across Mizoram, including in Aizawl, Champhai, [[Lunglei]], [[Kolasib]], and [[Serchhip]]; at which copies of the government order were symbolically burned. The organisation announced plans to work with the [[Mizo Zirlai Pawl]] (MZP), a student body, to demand reinstatement of the FMR at the national level.

== Manipur crisis and peace efforts ==
Following ethnic clashes in [[Manipur]] in 2023, ZORO organised a rally in Aizawl on 12 July 2023, calling for the protection of Zo communities and a unified Zo homeland. The Mizoram state government and several NGOs assisted in sheltering refugees from Manipur who had fled to Mizoram.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Piang |first=L. Lam Khan |date=2012-09-17 |title=Ethnic mobilisation for decolonisation: colonial legacy (the case of the Zo people in Northeast India) |journal=Asian Ethnicity |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=342–363 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.688670 |issn=1463-1369}}</ref>

In 2024, ZORO facilitated peace talks among Zo-affiliated resistance groups in Myanmar's Chin State, including the [[Chin National Army]] (CNA), the [[Zomi Revolutionary Army]] (ZRA), and the [[Chin Brotherhood Alliance]] (CBA). The talks sought to resolve inter-group conflicts and consolidate opposition to the [[Myanmar military junta|military junta]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2024 |title=ZORO convenes talks between Chin Brotherhood and ICNCC |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/zoro-convenes-talks-between-chin-brotherhood-and-icncc |website=Burma News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927004159/https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/zoro-convenes-talks-between-chin-brotherhood-and-icncc|archive-date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=ZORO meeting addresses conflict between Chin revolutionary groups |url=https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/zoro-meeting-addresses-conflict-between-chin-revolutionary-groups |website=Burma News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813090442/https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/zoro-meeting-addresses-conflict-between-chin-revolutionary-groups|archive-date=13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vanlalruata |first=H.C. |date=2 July 2024 |title=Making efforts to unite warring Chin groups in Myanmar to oust junta: ZoRO |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/making-efforts-to-unite-warring-chin-groups-in-myanmar-to-oust-junta-zoro/articleshow/111427292.cms |work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250115105240/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/making-efforts-to-unite-warring-chin-groups-in-myanmar-to-oust-junta-zoro/articleshow/111427292.cms|archive-date=15 January 2025}}</ref>

In March 2025, ZORO met Indian Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] during his visit to Mizoram and requested a separate administrative arrangement for the Kuki (Zo) people of Manipur, arguing that coexistence under the same governance as the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] majority had become untenable.

== Organisation ==
ZORO's general headquarters is in Aizawl. It is led by an elected body consisting of a Chairman (later styled President), Vice Chairman, Secretary General, Treasurer, and other officials.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2024 |title=Zo Re-unification Organisation (ZoRO) Founders |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/09/zo-re-unification-organisation-zoro.html |website=Khalvontawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328085528/https://www.khalvontawi.in/2024/09/zo-re-unification-organisation-zoro.html|archive-date=28 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-12 |title=We support and will work towards the unity of Zo ethnic people: ZORO (video) |url=https://www.khalvontawi.in/2023/07/we-support-and-will-work-toward-unity.html |website=Khalvontawi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250629055808/https://www.khalvontawi.in/2023/07/we-support-and-will-work-toward-unity.html|archive-date=29 June 2025}}</ref> As of 2023, R. Sangkawia served as President and Rohmingthanga Kawlni as Vice President. The founding chairman, R. Thangmawia, died on 20 July 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram: Head of Zo Reunification Organisation R Thangmawia passes away |website=The Indian Express |date=20 July 2017 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/head-of-zo-reunification-organisation-r-thangmawia-passes-away/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131222449/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/head-of-zo-reunification-organisation-r-thangmawia-passes-away/|archive-date=31 January 2018}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
; Sources
* {{citation |last=Zou |first=David Vumlallian |title=A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=3–9 April 2010 |volume=45 |number=14 |pages=56–63 |jstor=25664306 |ref={{sfnref|Zou, A Historical Study of the 'Zo' Struggle|2010}}}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Non-governmental organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1988]]
[[Category:1980s establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in India]]

Siddu (bread)

2026-04-23T07:07:07Z

NXHLillian: put up entry

{{Short description|Type of wheat flour bread from India}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Siddu
| name_lang = hi
| name_italics = true
| image = Siddu Ghee.JPG
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption = Siddu served with Ghee
| alternate_name = Siddu bread
| type = Fermented [[steamed bread]]
| course = snack, main course
| place_of_origin = India
| region = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| associated_cuisine = [[North Indian cuisine]]
| creator = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Pahadi people]]
| year =
| mintime = 15
| maxtime = 20
| served = warm, often with [[ghee]] or [[chutney]]
| main_ingredient = [[wheat flour]], [[yeast]]
| minor_ingredient = [[urad dal]], onions, [[green chili]]es, ginger, spices
| variations = seasonal fillings like potatoes or lentils
| serving_size = 100 g
| calories = approx. 280–300
| calories_ref =
| protein = moderate
| fat = moderate (higher with [[ghee]])
| carbohydrate = high (from wheat flour)
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish = [[Momo (food)|momo]]s, [[baozi]]
| cookbook =
| commons =
| other =
| no_recipes = true
}}
'''Siddu''' (also spelled '''sidu''') is a [[Himachalis|Himachali]] dish. It is fermented [[steamed bread]] commonly made from [[wheat flour]], with [[yeast]] playing a key role in its preparation by allowing the dough to rise over several minutes or hours. It is often stuffed with various fillings such as [[green peas]], walnuts, [[pudina]], and herbs. It is typically served with accompaniments like clarified butter ([[desi ghee]]), lentil soup, or green [[chutney]].<ref name="q683">{{cite web | title=Make authentic Himachali siddu with this simple recipe | website=The Indian Express | date=10 Jul 2020 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/authentic-himachali-siddu-recipe-nisha-madhulika-6499269/ | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref>

While it shares traits with stuffed [[dumpling]]s due to its savory or sweet fillings, it aligns closely with the concept of a [[steamed bun]]. However, depending on the emphasis—whether on the [[dough]] or the [[stuffing]]—it is sometimes described as a filled, steamed bread or dumpling.<ref name="y817"/><ref name="m161">{{cite web | last=Rathod | first=Shreya | title=From Siddu To Swale, 8 Pahadi Dishes From The Mountains Of North India! | website=Curly Tales | date=30 Oct 2023 | url=https://curlytales.com/from-siddu-to-swale-8-pahadi-dishes-from-the-mountains-of-north-india/ | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref> This nuanced classification suggest regional variations in its preparation and the dual focus on both the fermented dough and various fillings.

Historically, it has been a [[street food]] traditionally prepared by [[shepherd]]s and is commonly made by the pahari people, the [[Hill people|inhabitants of mountainous areas]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref name="n578">{{cite web | title=How to make Siddu Recipe | website=Slurrp | date=6 Feb 2021 | url=https://www.slurrp.com/recipes/siddu-1612538259 | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== Cultural context ==
{{Further|Pahari culture}}
[[File:Traditional Kulluvi Siddu.jpg|thumb|Kulluvi Siddu]]
Siddu is traditionally associated with the [[Pahari culture|culinary culture]] of [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern Indo-Aryan-speaking communities]], particularly in regions such as [[Kullu]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Shimla]], [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]], and [[Rohru]].<ref name="y817">{{cite web | last=Shrivastava | first=Nivi | title=Siddu: The steamed bun that is Himachal Pradesh's favourite delicacy | website=Deccan Herald | date=20 Mar 2022 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/siddu-the-steamed-bun-that-is-himachal-pradeshs-favourite-delicacy-1092948.html | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref> It originated from the region historically known as Mahasu, now part of the former [[Shimla district]] in Himachal Pradesh. Over time, it spread beyond Mahasu to other parts of the state, including Kullu, Mandi, and [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]], and eventually gained prominence throughout Himachal Pradesh and beyond.<ref name="g505">{{cite web | last=Saxena | first=Dr. Anurita | title=SIDDU or SIDDUKU – the Heart Winning Dish of DevBhoomi | website=Hill Post | date=19 Feb 2024 | url=https://hillpost.in/2024/02/siddu-or-sidduku-the-heart-winning-dish-of-devbhoomi/123702/ | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref>

The precise origins of siddu present complexities common to several [[Indian cuisine|traditional foods]], primarily due to the evolving nature of [[culinary arts|culinary practice]]s. The development of siddu is intricately linked to [[culture of India|local customs]], the seasonal availability of ingredients, and [[cultural diplomacy|cultural exchange]]s that have arisen from the migration of communities. Over time, the recipe and preparation methods associated with siddu have evolved, adapting to the preferences and requirements of [[States and union territories of India|various regions]]. In contemporary times, siddu, like other [[traditional cuisine]]s, represents the culinary heritage of the state.<ref name="g505"/> It is often prepared for family gatherings, festivals, and special occasions. The dish is commonly consumed during winter.<ref name="y817"/>

== Preparation ==
The preparation of siddu involves [[fermentation]], a technique that has been passed down over generations with minimal change. While traditionally a regional dish, there has been growing interest in siddu in the modern century, as it shares similarities with other fermented foods like [[kimchi]], [[kombucha]], and [[kefir]], which are valued for potential nutritional benefits.<ref name="y817"/>

It is originally made from whole wheat flour that is fermented to produce a soft dough. [[Yeast]] is typically used to assist the fermentation process. The [[dough]] is filled with either sweet or savory ingredients, shaped into buns, and steamed until fully cooked.<ref name="y817"/>

The savory fillings typically include combinations of [[urad dal]], [[poppy seed]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[cashew]]s, and aromatic spices.<ref name="m542">{{cite web | title=Siddu Recipe: घर पर ही चखें हिमाचल की पारंपरिक डिश सिड्डू का स्वाद | website=News18 हिंदी | date=18 Sep 2021 | url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/recipe-of-himachal-pradesh-special-dish-siddu-anjsh-3748858.html | language=hi | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref> In contrast, the sweet versions feature ingredients like dried fruits, [[jaggery]], sugar, or mashed nuts. These variations cater to different tastes and occasions, making siddu a versatile dish suited for both everyday meals and festive gatherings.<ref name="y817"/>

[[regional variation|Regional difference]]s also influence the shape and presentation of siddu. In Shimla, it is often prepared in an oval form, while in Kullu, it takes on a disc-like shape. These variations suggest the availability of [[ingredient]]s and the cultural preferences and traditions unique to each area of Himachal Pradesh.<ref name="y817"/>

=== Ingredients ===
In the first occurrence, it is prepared with ½ cup of skinless [[urad dal]], which forms the base of the savory filling. For the dough, use 2 cups of whole [[wheat flour]], along with 1 teaspoon of active [[dry yeast]] to assist fermentation. For texture enrichment, a ½ teaspoon of salt is added to the dough for seasoning and 2 teaspoons of ghee.<ref name="q683"/>

For the filling, it needs ½ teaspoon of [[red chili]] powder for heat, 1 inch of grated [[ginger]], and 2 [[green chili]]es, finely chopped. Add ¼ teaspoon of [[turmeric powder]] and a small pinch of [[asafoetida]] for depth of flavor. Finish the filling with 1 teaspoon of [[coriander]] powder and a handful of freshly chopped coriander leaves.<ref name="q683"/>

== Consumption ==
Siddu is usually served with melted ghee and is sometimes accompanied by [[chutney]]s or [[lentil soup]]. In vegan versions, ghee is replaced with alternatives such as jaggery syrup. It is often eaten as a part of regular meals or during special occasions in the region.<ref name="q683"/>

== Nutritional value ==
The fermentation process involved in preparing siddu is [[myth|traditionally believed]] to aid [[digestion]]. Its ingredients—such as whole wheat flour and lentils—provide a source of carbohydrates, [[protein]]s, and [[fat]]s, making it well-suited for consumption in cold environments.<ref name="y817"/> However, there is no [[hierarchy of evidence|medical evidence]] to substantiate the specific [[health claim|health benefit]]s attributed to siddu or its fermentation process.<ref name="g706">{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Samridhi | title=Nutritional evaluation of siddu, a traditional wheat-based food of Himachal Pradesh | website=krishikosh Repository | url=https://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/assets/pdfjs/web/viewer.html?file=https%3A%2F%2Fkrishikosh.egranth.ac.in%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2F899e0268-cc9b-4c52-8cb0-913af05244d4%2Fcontent | access-date=25 Oct 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Cooking fats]]

Violence against Muslims in India

2026-04-20T15:54:10Z

NXHLillian: put up new details

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Islamophobia|expanded=By country}}
Since the [[Independence of India]] in 1947, there have been several instances of religious violence against [[Muslims]] in the country. These incidents often take the form of violent attacks on Muslims by [[Hindutva]] mobs, forming a pattern of sporadic [[sectarian violence]] between [[Hindus|Hindu]] and Muslim communities. From 1954 to 1982, nearly 7,000 incidents occurred, resulting in the deaths of over 10,000 people.{{sfn|Dhattiwala|Biggs|2012}}<ref>{{cite book |first=ʻAbd Allāh Aḥmad |last=Naʻīm |title=Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yk_CP3QiUl4C&pg=PA161 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=978-0-674-02776-3 |pages=161}}</ref>

The causes of [[Persecution of Muslims|violence against Muslims]] in the country are varied. The roots are thought to lie in [[History of India|Indian history]], stemming from resentment towards the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests in India]] during the [[Medieval India|Middle Ages]], the divisive policies implemented by the colonial government during [[British Raj|British rule]], and the partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Muslim-majority [[Pakistan]] and an [[India|Indian state]] with a sizeable [[Islam in India|Muslim minority]]. Many scholars argue that anti-Muslim violence could also be politically motivated and part of an electoral strategy of mainstream [[Right-wing politics|right wing political parties]] associated with the [[Hindutva|Hindutva ideology]], such as the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). Other scholars contend that the violence is not widespread but is instead confined to certain urban regions due to local socio-political conditions.<ref>{{cite book |first=Yogesh |last=Atal |title=Sociology and Social Anthropology in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z2E1q1JLVsC&pg=PA241 |year=2009 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-2034-9 |pages=250–251}}</ref>

== History ==
The roots of anti-Muslim violence can be traced to several events in [[Indian history]], such as the resentment towards the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Muslim conquests in India]] during the [[Middle Ages]], the divisive policies established by the [[British Raj|British colonial government]] (particularly after the suppression of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], which saw Hindus and Muslims cooperate in revolt against the ruling [[East India Company]]), and the [[partition of India]] into a Muslim-majority Pakistan and a Hindu-majority India with a Muslim minority.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Narayani |title=Delhi between Two Empires |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1981 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Hardiman2003">{{cite book |last1=Hardiman |first1=David |title=Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas |date=2003 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-13114-8 |page=22 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Smith|2005|pp=11–12}}

A major factor in the rise of anti-Muslim violence is the proliferation of the [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] ideology. The [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) is an Indian [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]], which is the principal Hindutva entity in the country. The RSS is the founding and leading force behind the [[Sangh Parivar]], a group of Hindutva organisations, which includes [[List of Hindu nationalist political parties|political parties]], religious organisations, and student unions, among others.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |title=The Sangh Parivar: A Reader |year=2015}}</ref>{{page needed|date=February 2025}} This is evident in [[wikiquote:M. S. Golwalkar|the writings of Golwalkar]], the second ''[[List of sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Sarsanghchalak]]'' (Chief) of the RSS, in regards to [[Nazi Germany]], where he observed, "Race pride at its highest has been manifested here. Germany has also shown how well nigh impossible it is for Races and cultures, having differences going to the root, to be assimilated into one united whole, a good lesson for us in [[Hindustan|Hindusthan]] to learn and profit by."<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s: Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation (with Special Reference to Central India) |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=1999 |page=55 |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot}}</ref> In the 1990s, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader [[L. K. Advani]] led a national political-religious rally named the ''[[Ram Rath Yatra]]'', which culminated in the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid]] by a Hindutva mob, based on claims that the mosque was supposedly situated on the site of the [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the birthplace of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] [[Rama]]. Since then, Hindutva has become increasingly mainstream within Indian politics, coinciding with a rise in anti-Muslim violence. Scholars argue that anti-Muslim rhetoric, politics, and policies have proved electorally beneficial for Hindutva political parties and leaders, especially the BJP, and therefore can be said to be politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Demerath |first=N. J. |title=Review: [''The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India'', by Paul R. Brass. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2003, xix + 476 pp., $50.00 (cloth)] |journal=Sociology of Religion |year=2004 |volume=65 |issue=3| pages=304–306 |doi=10.2307/3712256 |jstor=3712256}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Engineer |first=Asghar Ali |year=1989 |title=Communalism and communal violence in India: an analytical approach to Hindu-Muslim conflict |publisher=South Asia Books}}</ref>{{sfn|Jaffrelot|1996|p={{page needed|date=March 2021}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fachandi |first=P. |title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2012}}</ref>

=== Manifestation ===
Violence against Muslims in India usually manifests in the form of mob attacks by [[Hindu]]s.{{sfn|Brass|2003|p=65|ps=: "Deaths in Hindu-Muslim riots have three sources: "Mob action", "police killings" and "isolated incidents". "Mob action" may take the form of confrontations between gangs or crowds from different communities or segments of them, armed with sticks, knives, swords, and occasionally bombs and small weapons, and kerosene. It often involves armed gangs from one community seeking out defenseless persons or whole families in their homes, slashing and cutting up the male members and sometimes the female members, and raping the latter, and burning all alive including the children. A second source is police killings, which account for a large number of deaths in several major riots for which figures have been provided by inquiry commission reports, and which cannot be justified in terms of "crowd control". These killings are disproportionately of Muslims."}}{{sfn|Riaz|2008|p=165|ps=: "Violence perpetrated against Muslims is now naturalized: riots are 'well-known and accepted transgression of routine political behavior in India.' ... 'Hindu-Muslim riots and anti-Muslim pogroms have been endemic in India since independence.'"}} These attacks are referred to as [[Communal violence|communal riots]] in the country, and are considered to be part of a pattern of sporadic [[sectarian violence]] between the majority Hindu and minority Muslim communities. Furthermore, this has been seen as a part of the global rise in [[Islamophobia]] throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.{{sfn|Herman|2006|p=65}} Most incidents have occurred in the northern and western states of India, whereas communal sentimentsin the south are less pronounced.{{sfn|Cohen|2013|p=66}} Some of the largest killings of Muslims in India include the [[Hyderabad massacres|1948 Hyderabad massacres]], the [[1969 Gujarat riots]], the [[Nellie massacre|1983 Nellie massacre]],{{sfn|Ganguly|2007|p=135}} the [[1984 Bhiwandi riot]], the [[1985 Gujarat riots]], the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]], the [[Bombay riots|1992–93 Bombay riots]], the [[2002 Gujarat violence]], the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots]], among others.

These patterns of violence have been well-established since partition, with dozens of studies documenting instances of mass violence against minority groups.{{sfn|Pennington|2012|p=32}} Overall, more than 10,000 people have been killed in Hindu-Muslim communal violence since 1950.{{sfn|Dhattiwala|Biggs|2012}} According to official figures, there were 6,933 instances of communal violence between 1954 and 1982. Between 1968 and 1980, 1,598 Muslims and 530 Hindus were killed, in a total of 3,949 instances of mass violence.{{sfn|Brass|2003|p=60}} Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, a consistent rise in incidents of mass violence, throughout north India, began.{{sfn|Chandavarkar|2009|p=29}}

[[Praveen Swami]], an Indian journalist and author, believes that these acts of violence have "scarred India's post independence history." He also considers them to have hindered India's cause in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in regards to the [[Kashmir conflict]].{{sfn|Swami|2006|p=217}}

In 2017, IndiaSpend reported that 84% of the victims of [[cow vigilante violence in India]] from 2010 to 2017 were Muslims, and almost 97% of these attacks were reported after May 2014, when [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Narendra Modi's BJP government]] first came to power.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rao |first1=Ojaswi |last2=Abraham |first2=Delna |title=86% Dead In Cow-Related Violence Since 2010 Are Muslim; 97% Attacks After 2014 |url=http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/86-dead-in-cow-related-violence-since-2010-are-muslim-97-attacks-after-2014-2014 |website=IndiaSpend.com |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928175631/http://www.indiaspend.com/cover-story/86-dead-in-cow-related-violence-since-2010-are-muslim-97-attacks-after-2014-2014 |archive-date=28 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilkes |first1=Tommy |last2=Srivastava |first2=Roli |title=Protests held across India after attacks against Muslims |url=https://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests/protests-held-across-india-after-attacks-against-muslims-idINKBN19J2C3 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=28 June 2017 |access-date=11 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610082220/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests/protests-held-across-india-after-attacks-against-muslims-idINKBN19J2C3 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Causes and effects==
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=400|caption=Location of communal incidents, with given city names and years|places=
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[1969 Gujarat riots|Ahmedabad]]''' (1969)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=topleft|lat=23.03|long=72.58|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Nellie massacre|Nellie]]''' (1983)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=bottom|lat=26.133|long=92.312|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[1989 Bhagalpur violence|Bhagalpur]]''' (1989)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=bottom|lat=25.1500|long=87.0200|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[1980 Moradabad riots|Moradabad]]''' (1980)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=farleft|lat=28.83|long=78.78|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Bombay riots|Mumbai]]''' (1992)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=right|lat=18.975|long=72.825833|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat]]''' (2002)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=left|lat=23|long=72|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[1984 Bhiwandi riot|Bhiwandi]]''' (1984)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=left|lat=19.296|long=73.063|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Hashimpura massacre|Meerut]]''' (1982,1987)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=left|lat=28.99|long=77.70|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|Muzaffarnagar]]''' (2013)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=top|lat=29.47|long=77.70|marksize=6}}
{{Location map~|India|label='''[[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|Ayodhya]]''' (1992)|mark=Location dot red.svg|position=right|lat=26.80|long=82.20|marksize=6}}
}}

Scholars have described incidents of anti-Muslim violence as politically motivated and organised, with many describing them as [[pogrom]]s,{{sfn|Metcalf|2009|p=117}} or a form of [[state terrorism]] with "organised political massacres"{{sfn|Pandey|2005|p=188}} rather than mere "[[riot]]s".{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachandi|2012|p=2}} Others have argued that anti-Muslim violence is not as widespread as it appears, and is rather restricted to certain urban areas because of local socio-political conditions. There are many Indian cities where Muslims and Hindus live peacefully together, with almost no instances of sectarian violence.{{sfn|Varshney|2004}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/ocvprogram/licep/3/wilkinson/wilkinson.pdf |title=Religious Politics and Communal Violence: Critical Issues in Indian Politics |access-date=30 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419113145/http://www.yale.edu/macmillan/ocvprogram/licep/3/wilkinson/wilkinson.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Role of political parties===
Many social scientists have argued that acts of anti-Muslim violence are institutionally supported, particularly by political parties and organisations connected to the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Hindutva]] [[Paramilitary|paramilitary organisation]]. In particular, scholars fault the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and the [[Shiv Sena]] for complicity in these incidents of violence{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=376}}{{sfn|Sarkur|2007|p=187}}{{sfn|Brekke|2012|pp=86–87}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paulbrass.com/forms_of_collective_violence__riots__pogroms__and_genocide_in_modern_india_56374.htm |access-date=3 June 2013 |last=Brass |first=Paul |title=Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide in Contemporary India: From Partition to the Present |publisher=Paul R. Brass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005080637/http://www.paulbrass.com/forms_of_collective_violence__riots__pogroms__and_genocide_in_modern_india_56374.htm |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> and of using violence against Muslims as part of a larger electoral strategy.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=376}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2011|p=382}} For example, research by Raheel Dhattiwala and Michael Biggs has stated that the killings of Muslims are far higher in areas where the BJP faces stiff electoral opposition, in comparison to areas where the party is more cemented.{{sfn|Dhattiwala|Biggs|2012}} Beginning in the late 1980s and early 1990s, northern India witnessed the beginning of a rise in anti-Muslim violence, with the BJP witnessing increased successes in local and state elections.{{sfn|Chandavarkar|2009|p=114}} [[Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah]], an American [[Social anthropology|social anthropologist]], concludes that the violence in [[1989 Bhagalpur violence|Bhagalpur in 1989]], [[Hashimpura massacre|Hashimpura in 1987]], and [[1980 Moradabad riots|Moradabad in 1980]] were organised killings.{{sfn|Tambiah|1997|p=321}} According to [[Ram Puniyani]], an Indian academic, the Shiv Sena was victorious in elections in Maharashtra due to the violence of the 1990s, and similarly the BJP was victorious in elections in Gujarat after the [[2002 Gujarat violence|violence of 2002]].{{sfn|Puniyan|2003|pp=12–13}} [[Gyan Prakash]], however, cautions that the BJP's actions in Gujarat do not equate to the entirety of India, and it remains to be seen if the Hindutva movement has been successful in the deployment of this strategy nationwide.{{sfn|Prakash|2007|pp=177–179}} In recent years, anti-Muslim violence in India has increased significantly due to the Hindutva ideology which envisages citizens with other religious beliefs to have [[Second-class citizen|second‐class status]].<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar]] |title=Despite Modi, India Has Not Yet Become a Hindu Authoritarian State |url=https://www.cato.org/policy-analysis/despite-modi-india-has-not-yet-become-hindu-authoritarian-state |publisher=[[CATO Institute]] |date=24 November 2020 |quote=But fears of India becoming a Hindu authoritarian state have been voiced after Narendra Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) came to power in New Delhi in 2014. The party’s Hindutva philosophy—the creation of a great Hindu state—envisages a Hindu state where citizens with other religious beliefs are tolerated but have second‐class status. The BJP has been associated with hundreds of violent Hindu‐Muslim riots over the decades, the latest being in Delhi in February 2020, which claimed 54 lives.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Sudha Ramachandran |title=Hindutva Violence in India: Trends and Implications |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |date=June 2020 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=15–20 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26918077 |publisher=International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research |jstor=26918077 |quote=In recent years, anti-Muslim violence in India has increased alarmingly. Underlying this violence is the Hindutva ideology, which aims at making secular India a Hindu state.}}</ref>

===Economic and cultural factors===
Hindu nationalists use the historical [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent|subjugation]] of India by Muslims as an excuse for violence. They feel that, since the Partition, Indian Muslims are [[Pro-Pakistan sentiment|allied to Pakistan]] and are possibly radicalised and, therefore, the Hindus must take defensive steps to avoid repeat of the past wrongs and reassert their pride.{{Original research inline|date=August 2015}}{{sfn|Etzion|2008|pp=123–124}} The higher fertility rate among Muslims has been a recurring theme in the Hindu Right's rhetoric. They claim that the [[Islam in India#Population growth rate|higher]] birth rate among Muslims is part of a plan to turn the Hindus into a minority within their own country.{{Original research inline|date=August 2015}}{{sfn|Weigl|2012|p=19}}

Another reason given for these outbreaks of violence is the upward mobility of [[Caste system in India|lower castes]] communities. Anti-Muslim violence has become a substitute for class and caste tensions. Hindu nationalists, rather than deal with claims from the lower class, instead shift to viewing Muslims and Christians as not "fully Indian" due to their religion,{{sfn|Metcalf|2006|p=89}} and portray those who carry out attacks against them as "heroes" that "defend the majority" from who are considered to be "anti-nationals".{{sfn|Puniyan|2003|pp=12–13}} Muslims are viewed as suspects and their loyalty to the state is regularly questioned. According to the scholar [[Omar Khalidi]]:

<blockquote>Anti-Muslim violence is planned and executed to render Muslims economically and socially crippled and, as a outcome of that economic and social backwardness, assimilating them into lower rungs of Hindu society.{{sfn|Puniyan|2003|p=153}}</blockquote>

[[Cultural nationalism]] has also been identified as a reason for instances of violence carried out by political parties such as the [[Shiv Sena]], which initially claimed to speak for the people of [[Maharashtra]] but quickly turned their [[rhetoric]] to [[Islamophobia|inciting violence against Muslims]]. The Shiv Sena was complicit in the violence [[1984 Bhiwandi riot|in 1984 in the town of Bhiwandi]], and again [[Bombay riots|in the violence in Bombay in 1992 and 1993]].{{sfn|Chandavarkar|2009|p=29}} Further violence has been incited by the party in 1971 and 1986.{{sfn|Kaur|2005|p=160}}{{sfn|Chandavarkar|2009|p=114}} According to academic [[Sudipta Kaviraj]], the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) is still engaged in religious conflicts which began in medieval times.{{sfn|Kaviraj|2010|p=245}}

Anti-Muslim violence creates a security risk for Hindus residing outside of India. Since the 1950s, there have been retaliatory attacks on Hindus in Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]] in response to anti-Muslim violence in India. After the 1992 violence in Bombay, Hindu temples were attacked in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Thailand]], as well as cities such as [[Dubai]].{{sfn|Wilkinson|2006|p=16}} This recurring violence has created a significant divide between the Muslim and Hindu communities.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shani |first=Giorgio |title=Sikh nationalism and identity in a global age|year=2007|publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0415421904 |page=187}}</ref>

[[Jamaat-e-Islami Hind]] has spoken out against these communal clashes, as it believes that the violence not only impacts Muslims, but India as a whole. They further believe the violence damages India's development prospects.{{sfn|Sikand|2004|p=86}} In Gujarat, the [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA) was utilised in incidents pertaining to communal violence in 1992 and 1993. The majority of those arrested under the act were Muslim. Conversely, TADA was not used after the violence carried out against Muslims during the [[Bombay riots]].{{sfn|Singh|2012|p=427}}

===Demographics===
BJP politicians, as well as those of other parties, argue that [[demographics]] play an essential role in Indian elections. The BJP believes that the higher the number of Muslims within a constituency, the higher the chances of centrist parties to acquiesce to minority groups' requests, which lowers the chances of Muslims "building bridges" with their Hindu neighbours. As such, according to this argument "Muslim appeasement" is the root cause of communal violence.{{sfn|Varshney|2003|p=8}} [[Susanne Hoeber Rudolph|Susanne]] and [[Lloyd Rudolph]] argue that economic disparity is a reason for the aggression shown towards Muslims by Hindus. As India's economy developed due to [[globalization|globalisation]] and [[investment]] from overseas companies, the expectations of the Hindu population were not met in reality. [[Hindutva]] advocates then encouraged the perception of Muslims as the source of the troubles of the Hindus.{{sfn|Price|2012|p=95}}

The actions of anti-Hindu and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|anti-India militant groups]] in [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]] and Pakistan have reinforced anti-Muslim sentiments in the country, which has strengthened the Hindutva movement. Hindutva discourse portrays Muslims as traitors and state enemies, whose patriotism is questioned.{{sfn|Sikand|2006|p=88|ps=: "In the fascist Hindutva imagination, the Indian Muslims are continuously reviled as Pakistani "fifth columnists," as "enemies of the nation" and so on, and their patriotism is said to be suspect. The Muslim as the menacing "other" occupies a central place in Hindutva discourse, and this has been used to legitimize large-scale anti-Muslim violence."}} [[Sumit Ganguly]], a political scientist, argues that the rise in terrorism cannot solely be attributed to [[Socioeconomics|socioeconomic]] factors, but also to the violence perpetrated by Hindutva forces.{{sfn|Ganguly|2003|p=10}}

==Major incidents==
=== 1964 Calcutta riots ===
{{Main|1964 Calcutta riots}}
In [[1964 Calcutta riots|1964]], riots occurred in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], between [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslim]]s. The violence left over 100 people dead, with 438 people injured. Over 7,000 people were arrested. 70,000 Muslims fled their homes and 55,000 were provided protection by the [[Indian Army|Indian army]]. Muslims in Kolkata became more [[Ghetto|ghettoised]] than ever before in the aftermath. Furthermore, violence was also seen in rural West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news |title=1964: Riots in Calcutta leave more than 100 dead |date=13 January 1964 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4098000/4098363.stm |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702113326/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/13/newsid_4098000/4098363.stm |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===1983 Nellie massacre===
{{Main|Nellie massacre}}
On [[Nellie massacre|18 February 1983]], around 1,600 to 2,000 [[Miya people|Muslims of East Bengal origin]], known as the [[Miya people]], from various villages under the ''Nellie police station'' in Assam's [[Nagaon district]], were killed by their tribal and lower caste Hindu village neighbours.<ref>"On February 18, 1983 about 1,600 to 2,000 Muslims of East Bengal origin were killed in several villages around Nellie." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|pp=68}}</ref><ref>"The attackers were mostly the Tiwas, the indigenous people whose kingdom was in this area, as well as other local residents, including the Koch and the Hiras, who are Hindus of lower caste." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=68}}</ref> The incident began in early morning, when groups of villagers burned down the homes of the victims. With no place to hide, the outnumbered victims rushed towards the direction of a [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) camp, with the perpetrators pursuing and hacking to death those who fell back.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|pp=72–73}}</ref> From those that died, around 70% were women, 20% were elderly people, and 10% were men.<ref>"People who could reach the CRPF camp were able to save their lives, but many women, children, and elderly people were sacrificed. Among the victims, 70 percent were women, 20 percent were elderly, and 10 percent were men. {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=73}}</ref>

This massacre happened in the context of the [[Assam Movement]], which demanded the deletion of foreigners' names from the electoral roll. The Congress-led Indian government decided to go ahead with the [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983 Assembly elections]] without revising the electoral roll,<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=66}}</ref> which the leaders of the movement decided to boycott with widespread support from the local populace.<ref>"The boycott was supported not only by a handful of extremists and student activists, but also by a majority of the local Assamese people." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=67}}</ref> The Miya people decided to support the Congress party, in the hopes of ending the movement.<ref>"Due to their immigrant origins, the Muslims had decided to vote for the Congress, also hoping that the new government will end the movement" {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=72}}</ref> The call for boycott triggered widespread violence,<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=69}}</ref> with different ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups clashing against each other. Muslim communities of Nellie, anticipating an attack, had reported the possibility of one to the police several times before the incident; and though police officers visited Muslim villages to assure their safety, no police personnel was deputed for their protection.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=72}}</ref>

In the aftermath, both the Indian government and the movement leaders blamed each other for the responsibility for the massacre.<ref>"The GOI put the blame on the AASU for the boycott and for provoking the violence. The AASU and the AAGSP criticized the government for imposing an election which resulted in grave violence." {{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=82}}</ref> The government instituted the Tewary Commission, to investigate the incident.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=83}}</ref> Though the report has been finished, it has not been released to the public.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|pp=83–84}}</ref> The leaders of the Assam Movement boycotted the Tewary Commission, and supported a non-official judicially inquired commission instead, led by T. U. Mehta, a retired chief justice of a high court.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=84}}</ref> Both the commissions are seen as biased and aligned to either the government or the movement leaders' perspective, and there exists no third-party report. After the incident, hundreds of cases were filed, and hundreds of charge sheets were submitted by the police. However, after the movement leaders came to power in Assam two years later, in 1985, all cases concerning the 1983 election were subsequently closed, and no one has been punished for the incident thereafter.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=74}}</ref> Both the survivors and the perpetrators went back to their villages, though not in complete harmony.<ref>{{harvcol|Kimura|2013|p=116}}</ref>

===1969 to 1985 riots===
{{Main|1969 Gujarat riots|3 = 1970 Bhiwandi riots|4 = 1985 Gujarat riots}}

During the [[1969 Gujarat riots]], it is estimated that 630 people lost their lives.{{sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=180}} The [[1970 Bhiwandi Riots]], which occurred between 7 and 8 May in the [[Maharashtra|Maharashtrian]] towns of [[Bhiwandi]], [[Jalgaon]], and [[Mahad]]. There were large amounts of arson and vandalism of Muslim-owned properties. In 1980, in [[Moradabad]], an estimated 2,500 people were killed due to religious sectarian violence.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fatima|first=Nikhat|date=2020-08-17|title=The forgotten massacre of Muslims in Moradabad, forty years later|url=http://twocircles.net/2020aug17/438609.html|access-date=2020-10-16|website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref> Local police were directly implicated in planning the instances of violence.{{sfn|Engineer|1991|p=209}}

===1987 Hashimpura massacre===
{{main|Hashimpura massacre}}
Communal riots between Hindus and Muslims [[1987 Meerut riots|occurred in Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in 1987. During these riots 19 personnel of the [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) allegedly rounded up 42 Muslim youth from the Hashimpura locality of the city, and took them in truck to its outskirts, near [[Muradnagar]] [[Ghaziabad district]], where they were subsequently shot and their bodies [[Dump job#Police usage|dumped]] in water canals. The bodies were found a few days later. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered, and were later released on bail, while 3 were already dead. In 2002, the trial of the case was transferred by the [[Supreme Court of India]], from [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] to a [[Sessions Court]] at ''the Tis Hazari complex'' in [[Delhi]].<ref name=ft>{{cite news |title=Justice out of sight| url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=22 |issue=10 |date=May 2008 |pages=7–20 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |archive-date=10 August 2008 |url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=tt>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura massacre: Rifles given to PAC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hashimpura-massacre-Rifles-given-to-PAC/articleshow/1816269.cms |date=27 July 2006 |access-date=12 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104190830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-27/india/27806339_1_rifles-case-property-hashimpura-massacre |archive-date=4 November 2013 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The case faced regular delays, becoming the oldest pending case in Delhi.<ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=20 years delayed, trial put off again |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/archivefullstory.php?newsid=193052&creation_date=2006-07-16 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 July 2006 |quote="This is the oldest case pending in Delhi and yet the prosecuting agency is still slow.." – ASJ Kaushik, 22 July 2007.}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On 21 March 2015, all 16 accused men were acquitted due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="Verdict2015">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16-acquitted-in-1987-hashimpura-massacre/article7018.ece?homepage=true |title=16 acquitted in 1987 Hashimpura massacre case |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=21 March 2015 |location=Delhi |access-date=21 March 2015 }}</ref> Reportedly, the court emphasised that the survivors could not recognise any of the accused PAC personnel. However, on 31 October 2018, the [[Delhi High Court]] convicted the 16 personnel of the PAC, who were then sentenced to life imprisonment, overturning the previous verdict.<ref name="DelhiHighCourt">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr |title=1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment |date=31 October 2018 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="FinalArticle">{{cite book |url=http://journal.subharti.org/pdf/6-Final-Article.pdf |title=Hashimpura Massacre: A brutal and bone – chilling action of custodial killings |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716231554/http://journal.subharti.org/pdf/6-Final-Article.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DelhiHighCourt2">{{cite news |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-high-court-sentences-16-ex-cops-to-life-imprisonment-in-hashimpura-massacre-case/143166/ |title=Delhi High Court sentences 16 ex-cops to life imprisonment in Hashimpura massacre case |date=31 October 2018 |work=The Print |access-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021022232/https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-high-court-sentences-16-ex-cops-to-life-imprisonment-in-hashimpura-massacre-case/143166/ |archive-date=21 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1989 Bhagalpur violence ===
{{Main|1989 Bhagalpur violence}}

In the year 1989, in [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]], [[Bihar]], an estimated 1,000 people lost their lives in violent attacks,{{sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=180}} believed to be a result of the religious tensions raised over the [[Ayodhya dispute]], and the processions carried out by the VHP, which were to be a "show of strength" and to serve as a warning to minority communities.{{sfn|Berglund|2011|p=105}} Beginning on 24 October 1989, violent incidents occurred for over two months. The violence affected the [[Bhagalpur|Bhagalpur city]] as well as 250 villages around it. Over 1,000 people were killed, and another 50,000 were displaced as a result of the violence. It was considered the worst Hindu-Muslim violence in independent India at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |title=Bihar polls: Will Bhagalpur forgive Congress for 1989 riots? |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bihar-polls-will-bhagalpur-forgive-congress-for-1989-riots/articleshow/49304685.cms |access-date=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2013 |title=Chronology of communal violence in India |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM1/Chronology-of-communal-violence-in-India/Article1-8038.aspx |access-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210152649/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM1/Chronology-of-communal-violence-in-India/Article1-8038.aspx |archive-date=10 February 2013}}</ref>

===1992–93 Bombay riots===
{{Main|Bombay riots}}
The destruction of the [[Babri Masjid|Babri Mosque]] by a [[Far-right politics|far-right]] [[Hindutva|Hindu mob]] directly led to the [[Bombay riots|1992–93 Bombay riots]].{{sfn|Metcalf|2009|p=31}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Babri mosque to Ram temple: A timeline from 1528 to 2024 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/22/babri-mosque-to-ram-temple-a-timeline-from-1528-to-2024 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> According to an article published in ''[[The Hindu|The Hindu's]]'' [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline magazine]], titled ''Gory Winter'', "officially, 900 people were killed in mob rioting and firing by the police, 2,036 injured and thousands internally displaced."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/gory-winter/article10036369.ece |title=Gory winter |last=Setalvad |first=Teesta |work=Frontline - [[The Hindu]] |date=17 January 2018 |access-date=4 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230123331/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/gory-winter/article10036369.ece |archive-date=30 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> BBC correspondent Toral Varia called the riots "a pre-planned pogrom", that had been in the making since 1990, and stated that the destruction of the mosque was "the final provocation".{{sfn|Varia|2007}}

Several scholars have likewise concluded that the riots were pre-planned, and that Hindu rioters had been given access to information about the locations of Muslim-owned homes and businesses from non-public sources.<ref>Chris Ogden. A Lasting Legacy: The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance and India's Politics. Journal of Contemporary Asia. Vol. 42, Iss. 1, 2012</ref> This violence is widely reported as having been orchestrated by the [[Shiv Sena]], a Hindutva political party led by [[Bal Thackeray]].{{sfn|Tambiah|1997|p=254}} A high-ranking member of the special branch, V. Deshmukh, gave evidence to the commission tasked with probing the riots. He said that the failures in intelligence and prevention had been due to political assurances that the mosque in [[Ayodhya]] would be protected, that the police were fully aware of the Shiv Sena's capabilities to commit acts of violence, and that the party had a history of inciting hate against minority communities.{{sfn|Blom Hansen|2001|p=137}}

===2002 Gujarat violence===
{{main|2002 Gujarat violence}}
[[File:Ahmedabad riots1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|{{center|The skyline of Ahmedabad filled with smoke as buildings and shops are set on fire by rioting mobs}}]]
Since the partition, Muslim communities have been subject to, and engaged in, violence in [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|Ghassem-Fachandi|2012|p=2}} In [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002]], in an incident described as an act of "[[Fascism|fascistic]] state terror",<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Sujala |chapter=Bombay Cinema: Terror and Spectacle |date=2010 |editor1-last=Boehmer |editor1-first=Elleke |editor1-link=Elleke Boehmer |editor2-last=Morton |editor2-first=Stephen |title=Terror and the Postcolonial |location=Malden, MA |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |page=348 |isbn=978-1-4051-9154-8 |quote=one of the most horrific instances of fascistic state terror took place in Gujarat in 2002}}</ref> Hindu [[Extremism|extremists]] carried out acts of violence against the minority Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/26/india-terror-threat-mumbai-attacks|title=Terror threat to India rising again six years after Mumbai attacks|last=Burke |first=Jason|date=2014-11-25|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2016-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131182618/https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/nov/26/india-terror-threat-mumbai-attacks|archive-date=31 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

The beginning of the incident was the [[Godhra train burning]], which was allegedly done by Muslims.{{sfn|Tilly|2006|p=119}} During the anti-Muslim violence, young girls were [[Rape in India|sexually assaulted]], [[Death by burning|burned]], or hacked to death.{{sfn|Holst|2004|p=149}} These instances of violence were condoned by the ruling BJP,{{sfn|Raman|2009|p=210}}{{sfn|Gangoli|2007|p=42}} whose refusal to intervene led to the displacement of over 200,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shani|first=Ornit |title=Communalism, Caste and Hindu Nationalism: The Violence in Gujarat|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521727532|page=70}}</ref> Death toll figures range from the official estimate of 254 Hindus and 790 to over 2,000 Muslims killed.{{sfn|Campbell|2012|p=233}} Then Chief Minister [[Narendra Modi]] has also been accused of initiating and condoning the violence, as have the police and government officials who took part, as they had directed the rioters and gave them lists of Muslim-owned properties.{{sfn|Murphy|2011|p=86}}

Politician [[Mallika Sarabhai]], who had complained over state complicity in the violence, was harassed, intimidated, and falsely accused of [[human trafficking]] by the BJP.{{sfn|Vickery|2010|p=455}} Three police officers were given punitive transfers by the BJP after they had successfully put down the rioting in their wards, so as not to interfere further in preventing the violence.{{sfn|Eckhert|2005|p=215}} According to Brass, the only conclusion from available evidence points to a methodical [[pogrom]], which was carried out with "exceptional brutality and was highly coordinated".{{sfn|Brass|2003|p=388}}

In 2007, ''[[Tehelka]]'' magazine released "[[The Truth: Gujarat 2002]]", a report which implicated the state government in the violence, and claimed that what had been called a spontaneous act of revenge was, in reality, a "state-sanctioned pogrom".{{sfn|Risam|2010|p=521}} According to [[Human Rights Watch]], the violence in Gujarat in 2002 was pre-planned, and the police and state government participated in the violence.<ref>{{cite news|last=Narula |first=Smita|title=India: Gujarat Officials Took Part in Anti-Muslim Violence |publisher=Human Rights Watch|date=1 May 2002|quote=not a spontaneous uprising, it was a carefully orchestrated attack against Muslims. The attacks were planned in advance and organised with extensive participation of the police and state government officials}}</ref> In 2012, Modi was cleared of complicity in the violence by a Special Investigation Team appointed by the Supreme Court. The Muslim community is reported to have reacted with "anger and disbelief", and activist [[Teesta Setalvad]] has said the legal fight was not yet over, as they had the right to appeal.{{sfn|Krishnan|Shams|2012}} Human Rights Watch has reported on acts of exceptional heroism by Hindus, [[Dalit]]s, and tribals, who tried to protect Muslims from the violence.{{sfn|Human Rights Watch|2003}}

===2013 Muzaffarnagar riots===
{{Main|2013 Muzaffarnagar riots}}
From August to September 2013, conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims occurred in the [[Muzaffarnagar]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|These riots]] resulted in at least 62 deaths, including 42 Muslims and 20 Hindus. The riots further left over 200 injured and more than 50,000 displaced.

===2020 Delhi riots===
{{main|2020 Delhi riots}}

The [[2020 Delhi riots]] left 36 Muslims and 15 Hindus dead, with over 200 injured.<ref>{{cite news |title=As India Counts Dead, Brutality of Hindu-Muslim Riot Emerges |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-02-29/as-india-counts-dead-brutality-of-hindu-muslim-riot-emerges |work=U.S. News |date=29 February 2020}}</ref> They were triggered by [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests]] against a [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|citizenship law]] seen by many critics as anti-Muslim and part of prime minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Hindutva]] agenda.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-government-considers-a-muslim-ban-11555629051|title=Opinion {{!}} India's Government Considers a 'Muslim Ban'|date=2019-04-18|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=2020-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223114746/https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-government-considers-a-muslim-ban-11555629051|archive-date=23 December 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi Looks the Other Way as New Delhi Burns |url=https://time.com/5791759/narendra-modi-india-delhi-riots-violence-muslim/ |magazine=Time |date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=28 February 2020 |access-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228100053/https://time.com/5791759/narendra-modi-india-delhi-riots-violence-muslim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Muslim violence in Delhi serves Modi well |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/feb/26/violence-delhi-modi-project-bjp-citizenship-law |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi slammed as death toll in New Delhi violence rises |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/modi-slammed-death-toll-delhi-violence-rises-200226192504695.html |work=Al-Jazeera |date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Narendra Modi's Reckless Politics Brings Mob Rule to New Delhi |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/narendra-modi-delhi-riots-mob-violence-bjp |work=The Wire |date=27 February 2020}}</ref>

According to [[Thomas Blom Hansen]], a [[Stanford University]] professor, across India "a lot of the violence perpetrated against Muslims these days is actually perpetrated by subsidiaries of the [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist movement]]". According to him, the police harassment of Muslims in Muslim neighbourhoods in the run-up to the Delhi riots is "very well-documented".<ref name='Time'>{{cite magazine |title='Hate Is Being Preached Openly Against Us.' After Delhi Riots, Muslims in India Fear What's Next |url=https://time.com/5794354/delhi-riots-muslims-india/ |magazine=Time |date=3 March 2020}}</ref> According to [[Sumantra Bose]], a [[London School of Economics]] professor, since [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[2019 Indian general election|reelection in May 2019]], his [[Second Modi ministry|government]] has "moved on to larger-scale, if still localised, [[State terrorism|state-sanctioned mob violence]]".<ref name='Time'/>

According to [[Ashutosh Varshney]], the director of the Center for Contemporary South Asia at [[Brown University]], "on the whole, the Delhi riots ... are now beginning to look like a [[pogrom]], à la [[2002 Gujarat violence|Gujarat 2002]] and [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|Delhi 1984]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=The Roots of the Delhi Riots: A Fiery Speech and an Ultimatum |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/26/world/asia/delhi-riots-kapil-mishra.html |work=The New York Times |date=26 February 2020}}</ref> According to Subir Sinha, a senior lecturer at the [[SOAS University of London]], the [[North Delhi district|north]] and [[North East Delhi district|northeast]] areas of Delhi were a focus of "highly inflammatory speeches from top BJP ministers and politicians" in the run-up to the [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi election]]. Sinha continues that "the pent-up anger of BJP supporters" who lost the election in Delhi, effectively took it out on "the Muslim residents of these relatively poor parts of the city".<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu nationalist BJP supporters' 'pent-up anger' behind deadly Delhi riots |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200226-hindu-nationalist-bjp-modi-delhi-riots |work=France24 |date=26 February 2020}}</ref>

==In media==

* ''[[Fiza|Fiza: In Search of Her Brother]],'' an Indian Hindi film featuring [[Hrithik Roshan]] (as Amaan), [[Karisma Kapoor|Karishma Kapoor]] (as Fiza), and [[Jaya Bachchan|Jaya Bahchan]] (as Nishatbi), was released in 2000. Fiza's brother, Amaan, goes missing during the 1993 [[Bombay riots]]. In 1999, 6 years later, Fiza sets out to find her little brother.<ref name="Dasgupta 2000 r019">{{cite web | last=Dasgupta | first=Swapan | title='When embracing terrorism becomes a glamour statement' | website=India Today | date=2000-10-09 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/guest-column/story/20001009-when-embracing-terrorism-becomes-a-glamour-statement-778178-2000-10-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |title=Fiza |date=2000-09-08 |type=Crime, Drama, Romance |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0248012/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |others=Karisma Kapoor, Hrithik Roshan, Jaya Bachchan |publisher=The Culture Company, UTV Motion Pictures}}</ref>
* ''[[Parzania]]'', an Indian English film directed by [[Rahul Dholakia]] and released in 2007, was inspired by a true story of a 10-year old Parsi boy who disappeared after the [[Gulbarg Society massacre]] on 28 February 2002 as part of the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Dholakia |first=Rahul |title=Parzania |date=2007-01-26 |type=Drama, History |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0433425/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |others=Naseeruddin Shah, Corin Nemec, Sarika Thakur |publisher=Circles Motion Pictures}}</ref> This film was not released in Gujarat due to fear of further riots, which sparked controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2007 |title=India's "Parzania" director abandons controversy |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/change-suite/indias-parzania-director-abandons-controversy-idUSSP241971/ |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-01-26 |title=Parzania not screened in Gujarat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/parzania-not-screened-in-gujarat/articleshow/1465049.cms |access-date=2025-02-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* ''[[Final Solution (2004 film)|Final Solution]]'', a [[documentary film]] directed by [[Rakesh Sharma (filmmaker)|Rakesh Sharma]], was released in 2002 about the [[2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Rakesh |title=Final Solution |date=2019-08-05 |type=Documentary |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0402178/ |access-date=2025-02-03}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] attempted to ban the film, but in 2004, chairman [[Anupam Kher]], granted an uncut version to be screened.{{sfn|Mazzarella|2013|p=224}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Solution |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2023/films/final-solution |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=IFFR EN |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Anti-mosque campaigning in India]]
*[[Hindutva]]
*[[Hindu–Islamic relations]]
*[[Islam in India]]
*[[Persecution of Muslims]]
*[[Religious violence in India]]
*[[Hindu terrorism]]
*[[Terrorism in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last1=Amarasingam |first1=A. |last2=Umar |first2=S. |last3=Desai |first3=S. |title=Fight, Die, and If Required Kill": Hindu Nationalism, Misinformation, and Islamophobia in India |journal=Religions |date=2022 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=380 |doi=10.3390/rel13050380 |doi-access=free }}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web|last=Brass|first=Paul R.|title=On the Study of Riots, Pogroms, and Genocide|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Ripogen.pdf|publisher=University of Washington|access-date=3 June 2013|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805222911/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Ripogen.pdf|url-status=dead}}
{{Riots in India}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Religious persecution}}
{{World topic|prefix=Islamophobia in|noredlinks=y|title=Islamophobia by country}}

[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India| ]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in India]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalism]]
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Islam in India]]
[[Category:Religiously motivated violence in India]]
[[Category:Violence against Muslims in Asia]]
[[Category:Persecution of Muslims]]
[[Category:Persecution by Hindus]]

K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan

2026-04-19T22:11:34Z

NXHLillian: Added Initial Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1949)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. S. Radhakrishna Panicker
| honorific_suffix =
| image = K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 17 November 2009
| term_end = 14 May 2014
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1949|5|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse =
| party =
| relations =
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
| education =
| occupation =
| profession =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kalavamkodath Sivasankara Radhakrishna Panicker''' (born 15 May 1949) is a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="SupremeCourtOfIndia">{{Cite web |url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/chief-justice-judges |title=Supreme Court of India: Former Chief Justice & Judges |website=supremecourtofindia.nic.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> Prior to that, he served as the Chief Justice of [[Jammu and Kashmir High Court]] and Chief Justice of [[Gujarat High Court]].
<ref>[http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/sjud/ksradhakrishnan.htm Chief Justice of India & Sitting Hon'ble Judges Mr. Justice K.S. Panicker Radhakrishnan]</ref>

==Early life and education==
Radhakrishnan obtained master's degree in law in Administrative Law from the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]. He has also passed Post Graduate Diploma in Constitutional Law from ICPS, [[New Delhi]].

==Career==
He was enrolled as Advocate on 8 December 1973 and practised in the [[High Court of Kerala]] and Subordinate Civil Courts at Ernakulam [https://www.legallyindia.com/tag/ks-radhakrishnan].Radhakrishnan was Standing Counsel for Cochin University of Science and Technology, State Bank of India, State Bank of Travancore, Kerala State Cooperative Rubber Marketing Federation and State Trading Corporation of India.[https://www.legallyindia.com/tag/ks-radhakrishnan]

==Notable cases==
{{See also|Securities and Exchange Board of India|Sahara India Pariwar}}

He was part of a two-judge bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] that dealt with "''[[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] vs [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]]''" case. The bench held that Sahara illegally collected Rs 24,000 crore and ordered it to return all the money to the investors. However, even after more than one and half years Sahara did not comply with the order.<ref name="Sebi-Sahara case: A saga of big numbers and innocuous names">{{cite news|title=Sebi-Sahara case: A saga of big numbers and innocuous names|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Sebi-Sahara-case-A-saga-of-big-numbers-and-innocuous-names/articleshow/31162104.cms|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> In February 2014, the bench of Justice Radhakrishnan and Justice [[JS Khehar]] ordered arrest of Sahara's top management including its topmost boss [[Subrata Roy]].<ref name="Sahara’s game is up: SC leaves no escape route for Subrata Roy">{{cite news|title=Sahara's game is up: SC leaves no escape route for Subrata Roy|url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/saharas-game-is-up-sc-leaves-no-escape-route-for-subrata-roy-1418911.html|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

In a judgement favouring property development firm DLF in its legal battle against the homeowners association of Silver Oaks society, Gurgaon, Justice Radhakrishnan took a narrow view of common areas, to the detriment of the apartment owners.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/SC-may-have-taken-a-narrow-view-on-common-areas/articleshow/27550431.cms|title=SC may have taken a narrow view on 'common areas' - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 December 2013 |publisher=}}</ref>
Whereas apartment owners contended that the facilities inside their colony belonged to the homeowners association, Justice Radhakrishnan, along with Justice A.K. Sikri of the [[Supreme Court of India]], held that property development companies could legitimately contend that these facilities belong to them instead. In so doing, they overturned a judgement of the [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], which had taken a liberal view of "common areas", and given relief to the homeowners against the property developer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profit.ndtv.com/news/property/article-supreme-court-sets-aside-high-court-order-on-flat-owners-right-on-common-areas-374580|title=Supreme Court sets aside High Court order on flat owners' right on 'common areas'|publisher=}}</ref>

He was part of a two-judge bench of the [[Supreme Court of India]] that decided ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]].'' Decided in April 2014, one month before stepping down as a Supreme Court judge, this 113-page decision declared [[transgender]] persons to be a '[[third gender]]', affirmed that the [[fundamental rights]] granted under the [[Constitution of India]] apply to transgender persons, and gave them the right to self-identify their gender as male, female or third gender.

==Award==

* He received [[PETA]] man of the year Award for banning [[Jallikattu]], a bull-taming tradition observed in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petaindia.com/blog/peta-man-woman/|title=PETA India's Man and Woman of the Year|date=13 December 2014|publisher=}}</ref>

==Faculty==
* Member of Faculty of Law, Cochin University of Science and Technology
* Fellow of ICPS, New Delhi

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, K.S. Panicker}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Jammu and Kashmir High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:32Z

NXHLillian: put up a biography

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Shri Mata Vaishno Devi
|type = SLA
|constituency_no = 58
|map_image =
|map_caption =
|map_alt =
|mla = [[Baldev Raj Sharma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Reasi district|Reasi]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}

'''Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Vaishno Devi]] is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Baldev Raj Sharma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Shri Mata Vaishno Devi<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0858.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709134116/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0858.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Baldev Raj Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,199 |percentage=39.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jugal Kishore |party=Independent politician |votes=16,204 |percentage=35.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,655 |percentage=12.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,191 |percentage=9.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=434 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=355 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bansi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=296 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,995 |percentage=4.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,544 |percentage=80.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,401 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Reasi district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Nellimarla Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:08Z

NXHLillian: Starting basic info from scratch

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nellimarla
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (17-Nellimarla highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Nellimarla Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Lokam Naga Madhavi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency|Vizianagaram]]
| constituency_no = 17
| reservation = None
| established = 2008
| electors = 200,831
| type = SLA
}}

'''Nellimarla Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Vizianagaram district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Vizianagaram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=17, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Lokam Naga Madhavi]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Janasena Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2019 |url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2019, there are a total of 200,831 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>{{update after|2024|6}} The constituency was established in 2008, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (2008)''.

== Mandals ==
The four [[Tehsil|mandals]] that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Nellimarla]]
|-
| [[Poosapatirega]]
|-
| [[Denkada]]
|-
| [[Bhogapuram]]
|}

<mapframe text="Mandals in Nellimarla Assembly Constituency" width=500 height=500 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q58324159,Q59850831,Q59850826,Q59850834"}</mapframe>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Appalanaidu Baddukonda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Pathivada Narayana Swamy Naidu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Appalanaidu Baddukonda
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Lokam Naga Madhavi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = --
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
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}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
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{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change = {{Increase}}
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]:
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =
|candidate =
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Remaining
|candidate = "" Candidates
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
| reg. electors =
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Nellimarla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Appalanaidu Baddukonda|votes=48,155|percentage=32.59|change=-3.49}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Narayana Swamy Naidu Pathivada|votes=47,558|percentage=32.19|change=-11.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=Kandula Raghu Babu|votes=43,537|percentage=30.62|change=-3.00}}
{{Election box majority||votes=597|percentage=0.4|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=147,725|percentage=83.71|change=}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|18.17|83.45|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Paani Foundation

2026-04-18T16:04:02Z

NXHLillian: Starting initial entry more to come

{{Short description|Non-profit organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
| logo = Paani Logo Marathi Logo.png
| name = Paani Foundation
| founded = 2016
| founders = [[Aamir Khan]] [[Kiran Rao]]
| region_served = [[India]]
| focus = Drought and the water-crisis
| website = {{URL|https://www.paanifoundation.in}}
}}'''Paani Foundation''' is a [[nonprofit organization|non-profit]], [[non-governmental organization]] which is active in the area of [[drought]] prevention and [[watershed management]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], India. The organization was founded by Indian actor [[Aamir Khan]], his ex-wives [[Kiran Rao]] and Reena Dutta, and film and television director [[Satyajit Bhatkal]]. Bhatkal is the CEO of the foundation.

The primary aim of Paani Foundation is to spread knowledge of watershed management and groundwater replenishment. Paani Foundation has been organizing the Satyamev Jayate Water Cup competition since 2016, where villages compete with each other to implement watershed management and [[water conservation]] methods in the summer months leading up to the [[monsoon]] season.<ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/society/aamir-khans-paani-foundations-water-conservation-efforts/article23696288.ece|title=Drought and the superstar|first=Peter|last=Griffin|date=2018-04-28|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2018-07-22}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/1-25l-from-cities-to-work-in-villages-for-paani-on-may-1/articleshow/63902463.cms 1.25L from cities to work in villages for ‘paani’ on May 1]</ref> Paani foundation carries steps to overcome the ill effects of droughts.

==Background==
The state of [[Maharashtra]] in India has a history of recurring droughts and acute water shortage throughout the last several decades (e.g. [[2013 drought in Maharashtra|in 2013]]). There are both natural and man-made reasons for this situation. One-third of the state falls under the semi-arid climatic zone. Rainfall patterns have been increasingly erratic in recent years due to effects of [[climate change]]. Irrigation in the state is 16% of area under cultivation, much lower than the 42% national average. This has led to overuse of [[bore well]]s (tube wells), leading to a steep fall in groundwater levels. Water-intensive [[cash crop]]s such as sugarcane are also cultivated in semi-arid regions, exacerbating the problem.<ref>[http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/droughts-maharashtra-lack-management-or-vagaries-climate-change Droughts in Maharashtra: Lack of management or vagaries of climate change?]</ref>

In 2015, the state government officially declared that 60% of its villages were facing a "drought-like condition". This means that they reported a crop yield which was less than 50% of the standard yield in the area. In absolute figures, 23,811 of the state's 39,453 villages come in this category. This will result in a drastic fall in the state's agricultural output for the year, officials said.[[File:Aamir Khan sits down with villagers from participating villages.jpg|thumb|318x318px|Aamir Khan interacts with residents of participating villages of the Satyamev Jayate Water Cup 2018.]]

==History==
{{see also|Satyamev Jayate (TV series)}}
Aamir Khan's television series [[Satyamev Jayate (TV series)|''Satyamev Jayate'']], which discussed wide-ranging social issues plaguing India, had originally addressed the issue of [[water scarcity]] and the shortcomings of water management in India in the 12th episode of the first season, which was broadcast on 22 July 2012. After the series ended its run in November 2014, Khan and the show's director [[Satyajit Bhatkal]] decided to take up a cause that they could stay with for several years and show tangible results. They settled upon the tackling the problem of chronic water shortage in rural [[Maharashtra]]. Khan and Bhatkal, along with Khan's ex-wife Kiran Rao and others from the TV series core team spent more than a year understanding the issue and researching possible solutions. In 2016, they set up Paani Foundation.<ref name="Hindu2">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/aamirs-initiative-to-educate-people-on-water-conservation/article8249492.ece Aamir’s Paani makes a splash]</ref>

In April–May 2016, India watched in horror as poignant images of drought emerged from its richest state, Maharashtra. A train commissioned by the railways had to be arranged to supply water to Latur city. Yet, in the same year, there was a citizens’ response to drought when the Paani Foundation was formed with a mission to make Maharashtra ‘drought-free’.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Ne6b83gyiZw3kmt3A3E9hL/How-Maharashtra-Gujarat-Bengaluru-are-tackling-water-crisis.html|title=How Maharashtra, Gujarat, Bengaluru, Chennai are tackling water crisis|last=Sreevatsan|first=Ajai|date=2018-06-26|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint.com]]|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref>

==Satyamev Jayate Water Cup==
===Introduction===
Satyamev Jayate Water Cup, billed as a "people's movement against drought", is the primary event organized by Paani Foundation every year starting late March-early April up to late May-early June. It is a competition among participating the villages to complete the maximum possible amount of work for watershed development and water conservation within their [[habitat]]s before the monsoon season begins. The competition is intended to be a platform to get people to volunteer to carry out watershed development works throughout the periphery of their villages.

The foundation selects drought-hit tehsils, trains a group of residents in watershed development and organizes a 45-day ‘water cup’ contest among villages to see who creates the maximum possible rainwater storage capacity, thereby gaining water conservation.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Satyamev Jayate Water Cup 2018 preparations.jpg|thumb|315x315px|Villagers prepare for the upcoming Satyamev Jayate Water Cup 2018.]]

===Rules and guidelines===
The Foundation provides training on technical aspects and social leadership to a small number of representatives from each village before the competition. These representatives (called ''Jal doot'' or 'water messengers') are expected to return to their villages and mobilize fellow villagers to work on watershed management structures around the village. The competition rules stress on the importance of ''shramdaan'' ([[volunteer]] labour) by people. The Foundation itself does not provide financial assistance to carry out works, except bearing the costs of the training program and prizes for the winners. The villages are expected to arrange for finances from internal, government or private sources. The Foundation also has several partner organizations that lease machinery such as [[excavator]]s, [[JCB (heavy equipment manufacturer)|JCB]]s or offer other expertise to the participating villages, free of cost. However any material or fuel costs have to be borne by the village.<ref name="PFmain">[https://www.paanifoundation.in/water-cup/about-the-water-cup/ About the Water Cup - Paani Foundation]</ref>

===Status===
{{Expand section|date=May 2018}}
The Foundation organized the first Satyamev Jayate Water Cup competition in 2016. The idea was tested in 3 [[Tehsil|taluka]]s, with 116 villages in its first year. Subsequently, the competition expanded to include several talukas and thousands of villages in the state in the next two years. The foundation began modestly by selecting only 3 tehsils for the mission, but has scaled up to as many as 4,032 villages spread over 75 drought-hit tehsils in four regions of Maharashtra—Marathwada, Vidarbha, North Maharashtra, and Western Maharashtra in 2018. In 2016 and 2017, the participating villages created an aggregate storage capacity of 100 billion litres of water.<ref name=":0" />They also encourage villages which are now water sufficient to take up permaculture.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Scope of Satyamev Jayate Water Cup <ref name="Hindu1"/>
! Year !! Number of talukas !! Number of villages covered
|-
| 2016 || 3 || 116
|-
| 2017 || 30 || 1321
|-
| 2018 || 75 || 4025
|-
| 2019 || 76 || 4400
|}

==Funding and associated organizations==
Paani Foundation is supported by some well-known Indian businesspersons and philanthropic organizations such as the [[Tata Sons|Tata]] Trusts headed by [[Ratan Tata]], [[Reliance Foundation]], [[Rajiv Bajaj]], [[Deepak Parekh]], and [[Ajay Piramal]]. The funds are used by Paani Foundation for administration of the competition, training camps and prizes.<ref name="FT">[https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/aamir-khan-in-lead-role-as-water-crusader-generates-awareness-on-water-conservation-in-drought-prone-maharashtra/1149263/ Aamir Khan in lead role as water crusader: Generates awareness on water conservation in drought-prone Maharashtra]</ref>

The [[Ahmednagar]]-based Watershed Organization Trust (WOTR) is the Foundation's Knowledge Partner. It creates content and imparts technical training to participants during training camps.<ref name="Ecologise">[https://www.ecologise.in/2017/10/30/paani-foundation-novel-paradigm-fighting-drought/ Paani Foundation is creating a new paradigm for fighting drought]</ref> Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana (BJS), a Pune-based non-profit organization, was also associated with the Foundation. In 2018, it donated free machine usage hours to villages which have achieved a certain level of work through manual labour.<ref name="DNA1">[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-paani-foundation-to-join-hands-with-bharatiya-jain-sanghatana-for-anti-drought-campaign-2264547 Paani Foundation to join hands with Bharatiya Jain Sanghatana for anti-drought campaign]</ref>

In 2019, for the fourth Water Cup, Paani Foundation joined hands with Ahmednagar-based NGO Snehalaya to raise and route all funds received via donations, towards machine support for villages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snehalaya.org/water-cup|title=Snehalaya {{!}} Paani Foundation|website=Women Empowerment {{!}} Ahmednagar {{!}} Snehalaya|language=en|access-date=2019-06-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{Official|http://www.paanifoundation.in}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aamir Khan]]
[[Category:Water conservation in India]]

Ganiyari

2026-04-16T21:42:08Z

NXHLillian: Started some post initial version

{{short description|Village in Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Ganiyari''', also spelt '''Ganiari''', is a village located in the [[Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur district]] of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206913/page/n313/mode/2up |title=Central Provinces District Gazetteers: Bilaspur District |publisher=Pioneer Press |year=1910 |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=A. E. |volume=A |location=Allahabad}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/354/download/1064/DH_2011_2207_PART_A_DCHB_BILASPUR.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Chhattisgarh - Series 23 - Part XII A - District Census Handbook, Bilaspur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Chhattisgarh}}</ref>

A 62-bed hospital run by [[Jan Swasthya Sahyog]] is located here, which serves the surrounding villages.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-22 |title=Ideals put to test |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ideals-put-to-test/article4736447.ece |access-date=2024-12-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Landmarks==
[[File:Ganiyari Shiva temple Chhattisgarh Oct 2022 - 15.jpg|thumb|Shiva temple, Ganiyari]]
A Kalachuri-era [[Shiva]] temple is located here. The temple faces east. The doorway has three jambs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Manwani, S N |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/48899 |title=Temple Art of the Kalachuris of Ratanpur |pages=96–99 |chapter=The Kalachuri Temples - North of Mahanadi |date=1984 |hdl=10603/48899 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/48899/9/09_chapter_4.pdf}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The village has a population of 4958, in 962 households.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{improve categories|date=December 2024}}

[[Category:Villages in Bilaspur district, Chhattisgarh]]

Gunderdehi Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:38:13Z

NXHLillian: Started some info from scratch

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gunderdehi
| mla = [[Kunwer Singh Nishad]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Balod district|Balod]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:244682}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 61
| map_image= Gunderdehi Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Gunderdehi''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Balod district|Balod]] district and is a part of [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/chhattisgarh/assembly-constituencies/gunderdehi.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Gunderdehi Assembly Constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Madhya Pradesh Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|colspan=4 |''Prior to 1961: Constituency did not exist''
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Udai Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|W. Chandrakar
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="2" |Ghanaram Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Harihar Prasad Sharma
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tarachand Sahu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Ghana Ram Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Ramshila Sahu
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Virendra Kumar Sahu
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Rajendra Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Rajendra Kumar Rai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
|rowspan=2 |[[Kunwer Singh Nishad]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gunderdehi<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kunwer Singh Nishad]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 103,191
|percentage = 50.35
|change = -8.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Virendra Sahu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=88,328|percentage=43.10|change=+13.65}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaswant Sinha|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3,232|percentage=1.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,868|percentage=0.91|change=-1.78}}
{{Election box majority|votes=14,863|percentage=7.25|change=-22.41}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=204,947|percentage=83.76|change=+0.67}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Gunderdehi<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kunwer Singh Nishad]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 110,369
|percentage = 59.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Deepak Tarachand Sahu|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=54,975|percentage=29.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajendra Kumar Rai (Indian politician)|Rajendra Kumar Rai]]|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=8,648|percentage=4.63|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Raman Kumar Sahu|party=Independent politician|votes=1,835|percentage=0.98|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=5,014|percentage=2.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=55,394|percentage=29.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=186,704|percentage=83.09|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gunderdehi]]
* [[Balod district]]
* [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Balod district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
{{coord|20.94|81.29|display=title}}

Not a Hero (film)

2026-04-14T22:07:42Z

NXHLillian: Starting new entry initial version

{{short description|2026 film by Rima Das}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Not a Hero
| image = Not a Hero film poster.jpg
| caption = Film festival poster
| director = [[Rima Das]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Rima Das
* [[Fran Borgia]]
}}
| writer = Rima Das
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Bhuman Bhargav Das
* Sukanya Boruah
* Mrinmoy Das
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Rima Das
* Aditya Varma
}}
| editing = Rima Das
| music = Pallab Talukdar
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Flying River Films
* Akanga Film Asia
}}
| distributor = Flying River Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|14|[[76th Berlin International Film Festival|Berlinale]]}}
| runtime = 97 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* India
* Singapore
}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* Hindi
* English
}}
| gross =
}}

'''''Not a Hero''''' is a 2026 Indian-Singaporean [[coming-of-age story|coming-of-age]] [[drama film]] written, edited, produced and directed by [[Rima Das]]. Set between the city and the countryside, the film follows a young boy who moves from city life to his ancestral village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/rima-dass-assamese-hindi-english-film-not-a-hero-to-premiere-at-berlin-international-film-festival-1332356-2026-01-16 |title= Rima Das’s Assamese-Hindi-English film ‘Not a Hero’ to premiere at Berlin International Film Festival|date=16 January 2026|access-date=18 January 2026|website= [[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/rima-das-returns-to-berlin-film-festival-with-not-a-hero |title=Rima Das Returns To Berlin Film Festival With Not A Hero |author=Debanjan Dhar|date=15 January 2026|access-date=18 January 2026|website= [[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film had its world premiere at the Generation Kplus section of the [[76th Berlin International Film Festival]] on 14 February 2026, where it got a Special Mention in 'Crystal Bear for the Best Film in Generation Kplus', by Generation – Youth Jury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/rima-das-headed-to-berlin-film-festival-with-new-film-not-a-hero/2827110/ |title= Rima Das headed to Berlin Film Festival with new film ‘Not a Hero’ |date=14 January 2026|access-date=18 January 2026 |website= [[ThePrint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="gen:sd">{{cite web |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/berlin-reveals-2026-special-panorama-generation-titles/5212673.article |title= Berlin film festival reveals 2026 Special, Panorama, Generation titles including George Jaques’ ‘Sunny Dancer’, ‘The Moment’ with Charli XCX|author=Ben Dalton|date=14 January 2026 |access-date=18 January 2026 |website=[[ScreenDaily]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="award:Iw">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/results/berlin-film-festival-2026-winners-list-1235180312/ |title=İlker Catak’s ‘Yellow Letters’ Wins Golden Bear at Berlin Film Festival: Full List of Awards|last=Lattanzio |first=Ryan |website=[[IndieWire]] |date=21 February 2026 |access-date=22 February 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The film unfolds without dramatic events, focusing instead on the understated transformation of Mivan and the gentle reawakening of those around him.

Eleven-year-old Mivan, sent from the city to live with his young aunt Pahi in their ancestral village, struggles to adjust to rural life and their emotionally distant household. As he slowly involves into the community—attending school, making friends, and participating in daily routines, he develops a deeper awareness of the people and environment around him. His quiet presence gradually prompts subtle emotional shifts among the adults, revealing long-suppressed feelings.

==Cast==

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Swarna Kamal Award to the director Rima Das, for best Assamese feature film – VILLAGE ROCKSTARS, at the 65th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi (cropped).JPG|thumb|200px|[[Rima Das]] at 65th National Film Awards Function (2018)]]
* Bhuman Bhargav Das as Mivan
* Sukanya Boruah as Pahi
* Mrinmoy Das as Rio

==Release==
''Not a Hero'' had its world premiere in the Generation Kplus section of the [[76th Berlin International Film Festival]] on 14 February 2026.<ref name="dl:rel">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/not-a-hero-assamese-hindi-english-film-by-rima-das-to-premiere-at-berlin-international-film-festival-1503540836.html/ |title=Not a Hero: Assamese-Hindi-English film by Rima Das to premiere at Berlin International Film Festival|date=15 January 2026|access-date=16 January 2026|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/487569 |title= The Berlinale completes its Panorama and Generation line-ups |first=Vassilis|last=Economou |date=14 January 2026|access-date=18 January 2026|website= [[Cineuropa]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row" |[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
| [[76th Berlin International Film Festival|22 February 2026]]
| Crystal Bear for the Best Film in Generation Kplus
| ''Not a Hero''
| {{Won|Special Mention}}
| align="center" rowspan="1"|<ref name="award:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2026/film/news/berlin-film-festival-awards-ceremony-updating-live-1236669134/ |title=Berlin Film Festival: İlker Çatak’s ‘Yellow Letters’ Wins Golden Bear for Best Film, Sandra Hüller Wins Best Lead Performance (Full List of Winners) |author= Guy Lodge |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=21 February 2026 |access-date=22 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.berlinale.de/en/2026/programme/202610128.html ''Not a Hero''] at Berlinale

[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:2020s Assamese-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2026 English-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Singaporean films]]
[[Category:Singaporean drama films]]

Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya

2026-04-09T15:07:36Z

NXHLillian: Added The Bio First Draft

{{tone|date=April 2026}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya
| image = Kalika Wiki.jpg
| caption = Bhattacharya in 2016
| native_name = কালিকা প্রাসাদ ভট্টাচার্য
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date = {{birth date|1970|09|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Silchar]], [[Assam]], [[India]]<ref name=dies>{{cite news|url=http://www.newsmen.in/news-item/kalika-prasad-music-from-the-periphery-falls-silent/|title=Kalika Prasad: Music from the periphery falls silent|date=March 7, 2018|newspaper=Newsmen|accessdate=April 22, 2017|archive-date=January 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129030531/http://www.newsmen.in/news-item/kalika-prasad-music-from-the-periphery-falls-silent/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|3|7|1970|01|9|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Gurap]], [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| genre = Folk
| occupation = Singer
| website = {{URL|doharfolk.com}}
}}
'''Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya''' (11 September 1970 – 7 March 2017)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/tv/bhuban-majhi-screening-today-1460164|title="Bhuban Majhi" screening today|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=11 September 2017|newspaper=The Daily Star}}</ref> was an Indian folk singer and researcher. He was born and raised in [[Silchar]], [[Assam]]. He went on to study [[comparative literature]] at [[Jadavpur University]]. His musical inspiration was his uncle Ananta Bhattacharya.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://showvelvet.com/pc/blog-detail.php?id=81|title=Kalikaprasad on his Life with the Soil|date=Sep 15, 2016|accessdate=March 7, 2017|newspaper=showvelvet.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307204919/http://showvelvet.com/pc/blog-detail.php?id=81|archive-date=March 7, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1999, he co-founded the band [[Dohar (band)|Dohar]] with the intent to revive the folk music tradition of Northern and Eastern Bengal. He also contributed music to a number of movies. His last movie was [[Bhuban Majhi]] (2017). He was associated with the popular [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Bangla|Zee Bangla Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]], a renowned Bengali music reality show. His last concert was in the Baguihati Krishi Mela.

{{TOC limit|3}}

==Life and career==
===Early life===
Music was an intrinsic part of Bhattacharya's home at [[Silchar]], [[Assam]]. His fascination with the tabla gradually propelled him towards various ethnic percussion. While learning to play this, he also trained in vocal music. His keen interest in music eventually inclined him towards the folk music of Bengal and northeastern India. In 1995, he enrolled at [[Jadavpur University]] in the [[Comparative Literature]] department. In 1998, he got a research grant from [[India foundation for the arts]]<ref name="India IFA">{{cite web|title=India Foundation for the Arts|url=http://www.indiaifa.org/kalika-prasad-bhattacharya.html}}</ref> for [[Industrial folk music]] and went to Bangalore.

===[[Dohar (band)|Dohar]]===
[[File:KALIKA.jpg|thumb|Bhattacharya in one of his folk concerts]]
Bhattacharya formed Dohar,<ref name="Dohar">{{cite web|title=Dohar|url=http://doharfolk.com/about-2/|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-date=2019-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116081943/http://doharfolk.com/about-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a group of folk musicians, in 1999 to make the unnoticed folk songs flow for time immemorial and reach innumerable people under his creative direction. Dohar's presentation is uniquely original. Their performances amazingly merge the urban feelings with their commitment to the roots; research and entertainment, being inseparably entwined. Dohar has already released nine albums of folk songs directed by Kalika from [[Concord Records]], [[Sony Music India]] and [[Saregama]]. Dohar's fourth album – "Bangla" is a collection of [[Rabindra Sangeet]] and folk songs. The concept of the album is a dialogue between [[Rabindra Sangeet]] and folk music based on its thematic reading. Dohar was empaneled by Indian Council for cultural relations (ICCR).

===Musical career===
Bhattacharya sang few playback songs in Hindi and Bengali movies. His songs in Hindi film include Gumshuda, directed by [[Ashoke Viswanathan]]. In the year 2007, he sang for the Bengali film Chaturanga directed by [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]. In the year 2008, he sang for the Bengali film Moner Manush (golden peacock award winner) which is an India-Bangladesh joint project directed by [[Goutam Ghose]]. It is a feature film based on the novel by [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] on Fakir Lalan Shah's life and philosophy.
Bengali film [[Jaatishwar]] was a national award (Rajat Kamal) winner directed by [[Srijit Mukherjee]], where Bhattacharya sang in the year 2014.
In 2012, Bhattacharya wrote various research oriented articles which were published in various national and international journals and newspapers. He also did music for eminent theater groups like [[Nandikar]], Kalyani Natya Charcha and Tritiyo Sutro.

Besides, Bhattacharya was the pivotal personality at a seminar on Dr. Hazarika during that program in Dhaka. Apart from playback in many popular Bengali and Hindi movies, he has given music direction in the films like "Selfie" directed by Sovan Tarafdar,<ref name="Selfie">{{cite web|title=Films » Selfie|url=http://kff.in/2014/selfie.php|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-date=2017-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003235/http://kff.in/2014/selfie.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Bhuban Majhi" directed by Fakhrul Arefin (Bangladesh),<ref name="Liberation War-based film Bhuban Majhi premiered">{{cite news|title=Liberation War-based film Bhuban Majhi premiered|url=http://www.newagebd.net/article/10334/liberation-war-based-film-bhuban-majhi-premiered}}</ref> "[[Bishorjan (2017 film)|Bishorjan]]" directed by Koushik Ganguli,<ref>{{cite news|title=Bishorjan review|url=http://www.kolkatabengalinfo.com/2017/01/bisarjan-bengali-film-cast-story-review-abir-chatterjee-joya-ahsan-visarjan.html}}</ref> "Rosogolla" directed by Pavel and "Sitara" directed by Ashish Roy.

===Devotion to Folk music===
Bhattacharya was fully devoted towards the songs of soul and heart of rural Bengal. This is reiterated from his most recent occupation as one of the founder-organizers of "Sahaj Parav"<ref name="Sahaj Parav music fest enthralls Kolkata">{{cite news|title=Sahaj Parav music fest enthralls Kolkata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/Sahaj-Parav-music-fest-enthralls-Kolkata/articleshow/40266007.cms}}</ref>- an annual root music festival, one of its kind in India, looking to celebrate the diversity and variety of folk forms of arts and crafts in greater south Asia, with a deliberate focus on Bengal. Kalika also can safely be attributed as a Tagorian scholar. His "Ajab Kudrati‟, is also an unparalleled dramatic presentation relating an aspect of Lalan Fakir with Tagore.

The TV channel Zee Bangla established that Bhattacharya's genius should not only be limited to the Bengalis but should be expanded also to the people cutting across the language barrier just like Punjabi folk songs. He promoted Bengali folk music in the program Sa Re Ga Ma Pa,<ref name="Music cannot be tied down: Kalikaprasad Bhattacharjee">{{cite news|title=Music cannot be tied down: Kalikaprasad Bhattacharjee|url=http://www.uniindia.com/music-cannot-be-tied-down-kalikaprasad-bhattacharjee/music-and-dance/fullstory/794615.html}}</ref> and got worldwide acclamation. Following the death of [[Bhupen Hazarika]], Bangladesh government organized a memorable program as a token of tribute to the maestro where Bhattacharya led Dohar dishing out unforgettable numbers of Dr. Hazarika.

==Awards==
Bhattacharya received the "Sangeet Samman award” from the government of West Bengal for his unique creation and musical excellence in 2013.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}} He received ''Cultural Ambassador of North East Award'' From Bytikram Group, Guwahati in 2013.{{citation needed|date=April 2026}}

== Death ==
Bhattacharya died in a road accident near Gurap village in [[Hooghly district]] on 7 March 2017, aged 46.<ref name=dies/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Kalika Prasad}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Road incident deaths in India]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Cachar district]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]

Vidhya Subramanian

2026-03-31T14:25:59Z

NXHLillian: put up details

{{about|the dancer|the singer|Vidya Subramanian|the journalist|Vidya Subrahmaniam|the Tamil author|Vidya Subramaniam}}
{{Short description|Indian Bharatanatyam Dancer}}
[[File:Photo Credits Ajay Jaiswar (46972859755).jpg|thumb|Vidhya Subramanian at TEDxGateway 2019]]
'''Vidhya Subramanian''' is a [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer, choreographer, and teacher recognized for her expertise in the Vazhuvoor style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidhya Subramanian - INK Talks |url=https://inktalks.com/people/vidhya-subramanian/ |access-date=16 Aug 2025 |website=INK Talks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kymal |first=Meera |date=3 November 2022 |title=Vidhya Subramanian Joins Ponniyin Selvan Cast As Chola Empress |url=https://indiacurrents.com/bay-area-dancer-plays-a-queen-in-ponniyin-selvan/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=India Currents}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Anand |first=Anjana |date=28 March 2025 |title=Beyond beauty & grace - Interview with Anjana Anand |url=https://www.sruti.com/artist/vidhya-subramanian |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=Sruti Magazine}}</ref>

== Biography ==
'''Vidhya Subramanian''' was born in Chennai and began learning [[Bharatanatyam]] at a young age.<ref name=":0" /> She trained under S. K. Rajarathnam and Abhinaya exponent Padmabhushan [[Kalanidhi Narayanan]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Swaminathan |first=Chitra |date=11 July 2025 |title='It's lovely to be a dancer at any given time,' says Bharatanatyam artiste Vidhya Subramanian |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/its-lovely-to-be-a-dancer-at-any-time-says-bharatanatyam-artiste-vidhya-subramanian/article69791037.ece |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> She made her debut (Arangetram) in 1984, and subsequently performed across India and internationally.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Vidhya Subramanian - South Indian Bharatanatyam dance |url=https://actaonline.org/profile/vidhya-subramanian/ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=ACTA - Alliance for California Traditional Arts}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=1 February 2015 |title=From Playing Noor Jehan to Sita |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/Feb/02/from-playing-noor-jehan-to-sita-712334.html |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

After moving to the United States in 1990, she founded the Lasya Dance Company in California.<ref name=":2" />

As a choreographer, she has created productions that explore cultural and social themes, including female empowerment and patriarchal structures.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=Rupa |date=31 January 2022 |title=Vidhya Subramanian's refreshing portrayals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/vidhya-subramanians-refreshing-portrayals/article38335217.ece |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Dr. S.D. |date=16 December 2019 |title=Draupadi in Still I Rise is a woman dishonoured across time |url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev19/rev2443.html?fbclid=IwAR3wRP-tsgbeEAnMzUj4MtUWDKrNoL3jyeMKRmfNJxFKHShEBC4qioe7LBQ |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=Narthaki.com}}</ref> In addition to solo performances, she has worked as a mentor and artistic director, contributing to the development of students and ensemble works.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raju |first=Nidarshana |date=2 July 2025 |title=Bharatanatyam dancer Vidhya Subramanian uses Varnam as a medium to explore dualities |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2025/Jul/03/bharatanatyam-dancer-vidhya-subramanian-uses-varnam-as-a-medium-to-explore-dualities |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Vidhya Subramanian is a recipient of the Nrithya Choodamani award from Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=VV |date=8 June 2023 |title='Performance is an emotional journey,' says Vidhya Subramanian - Vidhya Subramanian, recipient of this year's Nrithya Choodamani award, speaks about her early influences, training, and how she has matured as an artiste |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/vidhya-subramanian-nrithya-choodamani-sri-krishna-gana-sabha-vazhuvoor-bani/article66292622.ece |access-date=16 August 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

She is also the recipient of awards such as Nadanamamani from Karthik Fine Arts, Chennai and Yuva Kala Bharati from Bharat Kalachar, Chennai.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Vidhya}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]

Nitendra Singh Rathore

2026-03-30T10:55:51Z

NXHLillian:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Shishupal Yadav]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
}}
'''Nitendra Brajendra Singh Rathore''' is an Indian politician from [[Madhya Pradesh]]. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Political career ==
On 2 May 2021, following the death of [[Brajendra Singh Rathore]], the sitting five-term MLA of the Prithvipur constituency and a Madhya Pradesh minister, a by-election was held to fill the vacant seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दुखद: कांग्रेस के वरिष्ठ नेता और पूर्व मंत्री बृजेंद्र सिंह राठौर का निधन, अस्पताल में चल रहा था उपचार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal/congress-leader-and-former-minister-brijendra-singh-rathore-dies-of-corona |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-27 |title=Prithvipur bypoll: How a son plans to claim his late father's political legacy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/prithvipur-bypoll-how-a-son-plans-to-claim-his-late-father-s-political-legacy-1870149-2021-10-27 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> This marked Nitendra Singh Rathore's political debut. He contested the election as a candidate from the [[Indian National Congress]], facing [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh|Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Shishupal Yadav]]. Yadav won the election by a margin of 15,687 votes, securing a total of 82,673 votes, while Rathore received 66,986 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2021 |title=Highlights: BJP wins Prithvipur assembly seat in MP bypolls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bypolls-results-2021-live-updates-assembly-by-election-results-101635814845032.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Prithvipur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC retains Prithvipur seat, Nitendra Brajendra Singh Rathore wins with 85739 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/prithvipur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470412-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In the [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], Rathore and Yadav once again contested against each other, representing the same political parties. This time, Rathore emerged victorious, winning by a narrow margin of 1,831 votes. Rathore garnered 85,739 votes, while Yadav received 83,908 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithvipur, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/prithvipur-constituency-s12aed2008a045/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prithvipur Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Nitendra Singh Rathore of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/prithvipur-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687177.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Rathore, Nitendra Brajendra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chandi (film)

2026-03-24T17:57:41Z

NXHLillian: Started initial info w/ refs

{{Other uses|Chandi (disambiguation)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandi
| image = Chandi Poster.jpg
| director = [[V. Samudra]]
| producer = Srinivas Babu
| music = {{plainlist|
*[[Ravi Shankar (music director)|Ravi Shankar]]
*[[Chinna (composer)|Chinna]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Priyamani]]
*[[Krishnam Raju]]
*[[R. Sarathkumar]]
}}
| cinematography = Vasu
| editing = Nandamuri Hari
| studio = OMICS Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|11|08|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chandi''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu film]] directed by [[V. Samudra]] starring [[Priyamani]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/speaks-his-mind/article4121491.ece/|title= The Hindu Interview:Speaks his mind |work= The Hindu|date= 21 November 2012 |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref> [[Krishnam Raju]], and [[R. Sarathkumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/i-want-to-surprise-the-audience/article4961045.ece/|title= Chandee Movie shooting spot : I want to surprise the audience |work= The Hindu|date= 27 July 2013 |access-date=29 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Priya Mani bags National Award for Best Actress|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priya-mani-bags-national-award-for-best-actress-news-tamil-kkftxxbagch.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=29 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622160300/http://www.sify.com/movies/priya-mani-bags-national-award-for-best-actress-news-tamil-kkftxxbagch.html|archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/navigation/telugu-cinema/events/chandi-telugu-movie-opening/|title=Chandi Movie Opening|publisher=cinegoer.net|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130703053135/http://www.cinegoer.net/navigation/telugu-cinema/events/chandi-telugu-movie-opening/|archive-date=3 July 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It is loosely based on the [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] movie ''[[The Long Kiss Goodnight]]'', and was remade in [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri]] in 2015 as ''Durga'' starring Rani Chaterjee and in Bangladesh in 2016 as ''[[Rokto]]'' starring [[Pori Moni]].

==Plot==
{{No plot|date=June 2019}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Priyamani]] as Ganga a.k.a. Chandee
*[[Krishnam Raju]] as Ashok Gajapati Raju
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Chandrasekhar Azad
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Satyanarayana
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Minister
*[[Vinod Kumar Alva]] as [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] Officer Rao
*[[Nagendra Babu]] as [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] Officer
*[[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Judge
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Inspector Gabbar Singh
*[[G. V. Sudhakar Naidu]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|Assistant Commissioner]]
*[[Supreeth]] as Minister's accomplice
*[[Giri Babu]] as [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
*[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Police Retired Constable
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Cherry
*[[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Driver
*[[Telangana Shakuntala]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Chandee's friend
*[[Chitram Srinu]] as Chandee's friend
*Kadambari Kiran as Constable
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as Constable
*Dasanna as Constable
*[[Prabhas Sreenu]]
*Raju
*Scarlett Mellish Wilson in an [[item number]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Scarlett-Wilson-to-shake-a-leg-for-Chandi/articleshow/21138934.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130726080951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-18/news-interviews/40656606_1_item-number-scarlett-wilson-cameraman-ganga-tho-rambabu|url-status=live|archive-date=26 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title= Scarlett Wilson to shake a leg for Chandi |access-date=26 July 2013}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
The film was formally launched on 31 January 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/muhurat-chandi.html|title= Chandi movie launch |publisher=idlebrain.com|date=31 January 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> with principal photography commencing on 30 October 2012. Filming took place over eight months, primarily across [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Rajamundry]] and [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chandee
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=24|s=43}}
| label = Chandee
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:43
| all_music = NR Sankar and Chinna
| title1 = Alluri Seetharama Raju
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length1 = 5:15
| title2 = Ganga Ganga
| lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra2 = [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length2 = 4:52
| title3 = A=Appla la unta
| lyrics3 = Bhaskara Batla Ravi Kumar
| extra3 = [[Ramya NSK]]
| length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Chall Chall
| lyrics4 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra4 = Bhargavi Pillai
| length4 = 4:11
| title5 = Chandi Chandee
| lyrics5 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra5 = Bhargavi Pillai
| length5 = 3:59
| title6 = Uure leduga
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra6 = Bhargavi Pillai
| length6 = 2:53
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was originally scheduled for release in the first week of October 2013, but was postponed due to [[Telangana movement|political unrest]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news-interviews/42716398_1_veeru-potla-producer-bvsn-prasad-next-film |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131008161607/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-04/news-interviews/42716398_1_veeru-potla-producer-bvsn-prasad-next-film |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 October 2013 |title= New Telugu film releases doubtful |date=4 October 2013 |work= [[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> and finally released on 8 November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-11-01/Begins-on-a-fancy-note-75648 |title= Chandi Movie Release and Arrambam Begins on a fancy note|publisher=The Hans India|date=1 November 2013 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "It’s a tediously trashy film that falls short of being an assault on your senses. Everything about the movie is so sloppy that, five minutes into the movie you realise this one’s going to be a pain".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/chandi-movie-review/movie-review/25463475.cms|title=Chandi Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Chandi by Times of India|date=3 May 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6915006}}
{{V. Samudra}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2013 action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Samudra]]
[[Category:Girls with guns films]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy films]]
[[Category:Buddy action films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films about arms trafficking]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]

COVID-19 pandemic in India

2026-03-23T18:14:19Z

NXHLillian: adjusted structure based on references and corrected details after review

{{Short description|none}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name = COVID-19 pandemic in India

| image = COVID-19 pandemic in India.jpg
| caption = Health checks during the COVID-19 pandemic in India, June 2020
| disease = [[COVID-19]]
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]
| location = [[India]]
| first_case = [[Thrissur]], Kerala<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kerala-reports-first-confirmed-novel-coronavirus-case-in-india-1641593-2020-01-30
|title=Kerala confirmed first novel coronavirus case in India
|work=India Today
|date=30 January 2020}}</ref> {{coord|10.5276|76.2144|format=dms|type:village_region:IN|display=inline}}
| date = {{start date|2020|01|30|df=yes}}{{snd}}ongoing ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=30|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news
|title=India confirms its first coronavirus case
|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/30/india-confirms-first-case-of-the-coronavirus.html
|access-date=28 March 2020
|publisher=CNBC
|date=30 January 2020 |first1=David |last1=Reid}}</ref>
| origin = [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news
|last1=Sheikh |first1=Knvul |last2=Rabin |first2=Roni Caryn
|title=The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-coronavirus.html
|work=[[The New York Times]]
|date=10 March 2020
|access-date=24 March 2020}}</ref>
| territories = [[States and union territories of India|28 states and 8 union territories]]<ref name="mohfw">{{#invoke:Cite|web
|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/
|title=Home {{!}} Ministry of Health and Family Welfare {{!}} GOI
|website=mohfw.gov.in
|access-date={{TODAY}}}}</ref>
| total population =
| confirmed_cases = {{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|cases}}
| suspected_cases = >848,400,000 (>70% of India's population, 2021 estimate)<ref name="Indian perspective">{{cite journal|url=http://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9860853/|title=Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2: An Indian Perspective of Vaccination and Management|journal=Vaccines|volume=11|issue=1|pages=|author1=Vivek P Chavda|author2=Pankti Balar|author3=Dixa Vaghela|author4=Hetvi K Solanki|author5=Akta Vaishnav|author6=Vivek Hala|author7=Lalitkumar Vora|publisher=PMC National Library of Medicine|date=11 January 2023|access-date=27 November 2025|doi=10.3390/vaccines11010160|doi-access=free|hdl=|hdl-access=|pmc=9860853}}</ref><ref name="just how big" />
| active_cases =
| recovery_cases = 42,604,881
| deaths = {{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|deaths}} (official count) 
>4,700,000 (early 2022 WHO estimate)<ref name="nearly 15 million">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/health-61327778|title=Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO|author1=Naomi Grimley|author2=Jack Cornish|author3=Nassos Stylianou|work=[[BBC News]]|date=5 May 2022|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="just how big">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/25/world/asia/india-covid-death-estimates.html|title=
Just How Big Could India's True Covid Toll Be?|author1=Lazaro Gamio|author2=James Glanz|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 May 2021|access-date=27 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251012150040/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/25/world/asia/india-covid-death-estimates.html|archive-date=12 October 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
| fatality_rate = {{Percentage|{{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|deaths|unref=yes}}|{{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|cases|unref=yes}}|2}}
| vaccinations = {{ublist|{{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|total_vaccinated}} (total people vaccinated)|{{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|fully_vaccinated}} (people fully vaccinated)|{{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|vaccine_doses}} (vaccine doses given)}}
| website = {{URL|www.mohfw.gov.in/}} {{URL|www.mygov.in/covid-19}}
}}

The '''COVID-19 pandemic in India''' is a part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. [[COVID-19]] is caused by [[SARS-CoV-2]]. As of {{date}}, according to Indian government figures, India has the second-highest number of confirmed cases in the world (after the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|United States]]) with {{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|cases}} reported cases of COVID-19 infection and the third-highest number of COVID-19 deaths (after the United States and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil|Brazil]]) at {{COVID-19 data/Text|IN|deaths}} deaths.<ref name="BBCNews-2021-1">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 May 2021|title=India coronavirus: New record deaths as virus engulfs India|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56961940|access-date=3 May 2021}}</ref><ref>Multiple sources:

* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Yeung|first=Jessie|date=28 April 2021|title=As Covid sweeps India, experts say cases and deaths are going unreported|publisher=CNN|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/04/27/india/india-covid-underreporting-intl-hnk-dst/index.html}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news |last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |last3=Kumar |first3=Hari |last4=Raj |first4=Suhasini |last5=Loke |first5=Atul |title=As Covid-19 Devastates India, Deaths Go Undercounted |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-deaths.html |date=24 April 2021 | url-access=limited |issn=0362-4331}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 May 2021|title=India COVID patients 'die due to oxygen shortage'|agency=AL JAZEERA AND NEWS AGENCIES|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/3/india-covid-cases-near-20-million-uk-to-send-more-aid-live-news}}</ref> In October 2021, the [[World Health Organization]] estimated 4.7 million excess deaths, both directly and indirectly related to COVID-19 to have taken place in India.<ref name="Biswas">{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-60981318 |title=Why India's real Covid toll may never be known |first=Soutik |last=Biswas|date=5 May 2022 | work=BBC }}</ref><ref name="WHO estimate">{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-61327778 |title=Covid: World's true pandemic death toll nearly 15 million, says WHO|first1= Naomi |last1=Grimley|first2= Jack |last2=Cornish|first3= Nassos |last3=Stylianou|work=BBC News |date=5 May 2022}}</ref> Multiple studies, using several different sources of data and methods, have found similarly large estimates of excess deaths in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Banaji |first1=Murad |last2=Gupta |first2=Aashish |title=Estimates of pandemic excess mortality in India based on civil registration data |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |date=2022-12-09 |volume=2 |issue=12 |article-number=e0000803 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000803 |doi-access=free|url=https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0000803 |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salvatore |first1=Maxwell |last2=Wahl |first2=Brian |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Bhramar |title=India's death toll in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic: insights from delayed official civil registration data |journal=Journal of Global Health |date=2025-11-14 |volume=15 |page=03045 |doi=10.7189/jogh.15.03045 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41232123/ |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jha |first1=Prabhat |last2=Deshmukh |first2=Yashwant |last3=Tumbe |first3=Chinmay |last4=Suraweera |first4=Wilson |last5=Bhowmick |first5=Aditi |last6=Sharma |first6=Sankalp |last7=Novosad |first7=Paul |last8=Fu |first8=Sze Hang |last9=Newcombe |first9=Leslie |last10=Gelband |first10=Hellen |last11=Brown |first11=Patrick |title=COVID mortality in India: National survey data and health facility deaths |journal=Science |date=2022-02-11 |volume=375 |issue=6581 |pages=667–671 |doi=10.1126/science.abm5154 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm5154 |access-date=2026-03-11|pmc=9836201 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Aashish |last2=Banaji |first2=Murad |title=Will the Government Finally Acknowledge the Scale of India's Covid-19 Tragedy? |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/health/will-government-india-finally-acknowledge-scale-indias-covid-tragedy |work=The India Forum |date=2025-07-11 |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref> These deaths were distributed unequally - marginalized social groups and women were more likely to have been impacted compared to privileged social groups and men.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Aashish |last2=Hathi |first2=Payal |last3=Banaji |first3=Murad |last4=Gupta |first4=Prankur |last5=Kashyap |first5=Ridhi |last6=Paikra |first6=Vipul |last7=Vyas |first7=Sangita |title=Large and unequal life expectancy declines during the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020 |journal=Science Advances |date=2024-07-17 |volume=10 |issue=29 |article-number=eadk2070 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adk2070 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk2070 |access-date=2026-03-11}}</ref>

The first cases of COVID-19 in India were reported on 30 January 2020 in three towns of [[Kerala]], among three Indian medical students who had returned from [[Wuhan]], the epicenter of the pandemic.<ref name="Andrews-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last1= Andrews |first1= MA |last2= Areekal |first2= Binu |last3= Rajesh |first3= KR |last4= Krishnan |first4= Jijith |last5= Suryakala |first5= R |last6= Krishnan |first6= Biju |last7= Muraly |first7= CP |last8= Santhosh |first8= PV |date= May 2020 |title= First confirmed case of COVID-19 infection in India: A case report |url= https://www.ijmr.org.in/article.asp?issn=0971-5916;year=2020;volume=151;issue=5;spage=490;epage=492;aulast=Andrews |journal= Indian Journal of Medical Research |volume= 151 |issue= 5 |pages= 490–492 |doi= 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_2131_20 |pmid= 32611918 |pmc= 7530459 |access-date= 1 June 2021 |doi-access= free }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Narasimhan|first1=T. E.|title=India's first coronavirus case: Kerala student in Wuhan tested positive|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html|work=Business Standard India|date=30 January 2020|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311040438/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-s-first-coronavirus-case-kerala-student-in-wuhan-tested-positive-120013001782_1.html|archive-date=11 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 February 2020|title=India's first coronavirus patient discharged after being cured|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-coronavirus-patient-discharged-after-being-cured/story-mjVW4VnSwT9mgYU5V1F4jK.html|access-date=24 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Lockdowns were announced in Kerala on 23 March, and in the rest of the country on 25 March. Infection rates started to drop in September.<ref name="Infectiondrop">{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=With very high COVID-19 testing, India's positivity rate fallen below 8%: MoHFW|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/with-very-high-covid-19-testing-indias-positivity-rate-fallen-below-8-mohfw/articleshow/78727824.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=18 October 2020|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> Daily cases peaked mid-September with over 90,000 cases reported per-day, dropping to below 15,000 in January 2021.<ref name="Safi-2021" /> A second wave beginning in March 2021 was much more devastating than the first, with shortages of vaccines, hospital beds, [[Gas cylinder|oxygen cylinders]] and other medical supplies in parts of the country.<ref name="Safi-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Michael Safi|title=India's shocking surge in Covid cases follows baffling decline|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/21/india-shocking-surge-in-covid-cases-follows-baffling-decline|work=The Guardian|date=21 April 2021|access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> By late April, India led the world in new and active cases. On 30 April 2021, it became the first country to report over 400,000 new cases in a 24-hour period.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 April 2021|title=Coronavirus {{!}} India becomes first country in the world to report over 4 lakh new cases on 30 April 2021|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-india-becomes-first-country-in-the-world-to-report-over-400000-new-cases-on-april-30-2021/article34453081.ece|access-date=2 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BBCNews-2021-1" /> Experts stated that the virus ''may'' reach an [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] stage in India rather than completely disappear;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Manral|first=Karan|date=9 July 2021|title=When will India be free of Covid-19? Virus will become endemic, says top ICMR official|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/when-will-india-be-free-of-covid-19-virus-may-become-endemic-says-top-icmr-official-101625833444281.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709132019/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/when-will-india-be-free-of-covid-19-virus-may-become-endemic-says-top-icmr-official-101625833444281.html |archive-date=9 July 2021 }}</ref> in late August 2021, [[Soumya Swaminathan]] said India may be in some stage of endemicity where the country learns to live with the virus.<ref name="Bhaduri-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bhaduri|first=Ayshee|date=25 August 2021|editor-last=Goswami|editor-first=Sohini|title=Learning to live with Covid? India may be entering endemic stage, says top doc|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/learning-to-live-with-covid-india-may-be-entering-endemic-stage-says-top-doc-101629875895940.html|url-status=live|access-date=25 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825094418/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/learning-to-live-with-covid-india-may-be-entering-endemic-stage-says-top-doc-101629875895940.html |archive-date=25 August 2021 }}</ref>

India began its [[COVID-19 vaccination in India|vaccination programme]] on 16 January 2021 with [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|AstraZeneca vaccine]] (Covishield) and the indigenous [[Covaxin]].<ref name="MyGov.in-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=#IndiaFightsCorona COVID-19 |url=https://www.mygov.in/covid-19 |website=MyGov.in |date=16 March 2020 |publisher=Govt of India |access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref><ref>[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-covid-19-vaccination-doses?tab=chart&country=~IND Daily COVID-19 vaccine doses administered – India], Our World in Data. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> Later, [[Sputnik V vaccine|Sputnik V]] and the [[Moderna COVID-19 vaccine|Moderna vaccine]] was approved for emergency use too.<ref name="Livemint">{{#invoke:Cite|web|website=Livemint|date=29 June 2021|title=Cipla gets nod to import Moderna's vaccine for emergency use in India: Report|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cipla-gets-nod-to-import-moderna-s-covid-vaccine-for-emergency-use-in-india-11624959964096.html|access-date=29 June 2021|language=en}}</ref> On 30 January 2022, India announced that it administered about 1.7 billion doses of vaccines and more than 720 million people were fully vaccinated.<ref name="UNSDG">{{#invoke:Cite|web | title=United with India: Supporting India's COVID-19 vaccination drive | website=UNSDG | date=2022-05-02 | url=https://unsdg.un.org/latest/stories/united-india-supporting-indias-covid-19-vaccination-drive | access-date=2022-05-08|quote=On January 30, 2022, India announced that 75 percent of its adult population had received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, with some 1.7 billion doses of vaccines administered and over 720 million people fully vaccinated in just over a year.}}</ref>

== Timeline ==
{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (January–May 2020)|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (June–December 2020)|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in India (2021)}}
[[File:COVID-19-India-log.svg|thumb|300px|right]]
{{anchor|COVID chart}}
=== 2020 ===
On 12 January 2020, the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] confirmed that a [[novel coronavirus]] was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in [[Wuhan|Wuhan, Hubei, China]], which was reported to the WHO on 31 December 2019.<ref name="Reynolds4March2020">{{#invoke:Cite|news |last1=Reynolds |first1=Matt |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-coronavirus |title=What is coronavirus and how close is it to becoming a pandemic? |date=4 March 2020 |magazine=Wired UK|access-date=5 March 2020 |issn=1357-0978|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305104806/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/china-coronavirus|archive-date=5 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 January 2020, India reported its first case of COVID-19 in [[Thrissur]], Kerala,<ref name="Andrews-2020" /> which rose to three cases by 3 February 2020; all were students returning from Wuhan.<ref name="Raza2020">{{#invoke:Cite|book|last=Kumar|first=K. Reji |editor=Khalid Raza|title=Computational Intelligence Methods in COVID-19: Surveillance, Prevention, Prediction and Diagnosis|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vmsDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year=2020|publisher=Springer |location=New Delhi|language=English|isbn=978-981-15-8533-3|page=166|chapter=A comparative study of the SIR prediction models and disease control strategies: A case study of the state of Kerala, India}}</ref> Apart from these, no significant rise in transmissions was observed in February. On 4 March 22 new cases were reported, including 14 infected members of an Italian tourist group.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Perappadan|first1=Bindu Shajan|date=4 March 2020|title=COVID-19 {{!}} 6 members of Delhi patient's family test positive for coronavirus|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/covid-19-6-members-of-delhi-patients-family-test-positive-for-coronavirus/article30980724.ece|access-date=2 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Transmissions increased over the month after several people with travel history to affected countries, and their contacts, tested positive.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last1=Laxminarayan |first1=Ramanan |last2=Wahl |first2=Brian |last3=Dudala |first3=Shankar Reddy |last4=Gopal |first4=K. |last5=Mohan B |first5=Chandra |last6=Neelima |first6=S. |last7=Jawahar Reddy |first7=K. S. |last8=Radhakrishnan |first8=J. |last9=Lewnard |first9=Joseph A. |date=2020-11-06 |title=Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states |journal=Science |language=en |volume=370 |issue=6517 |pages=691–697 |doi=10.1126/science.abd7672 |issn=0036-8075 |pmc=7857399 |pmid=33154136|bibcode=2020Sci...370..691L }}</ref> On 12 March, a 76-year-old man, with a travel history to Saudi Arabia, became the first COVID-19 fatality of India.<ref name="death1">{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=India's first coronavirus death is confirmed in Karnataka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-coronavirus-death-in-karnataka-confirmed/story-2ZJ6IuxJ38EiGndBq5pfHO.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2020|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref>

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A Sikh preacher, who had a travel history to Italy and Germany, turned into a [[Superspreading event|superspreader]] by attending a [[Hola Mohalla|Sikh festival]] in [[Anandpur Sahib]] during 10–12 March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Wallen|first=Joe|date=28 March 2020|title=40,000 Indians quarantined after 'super spreader' ignores government advice|newspaper=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/28/40000-quarantined-punjab-super-spreader-ignores-government-advice/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/03/28/40000-quarantined-punjab-super-spreader-ignores-government-advice/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live|url-access=registration|access-date=30 May 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="super">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: India 'super spreader' quarantines 40,000 people|newspaper=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52061915|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 March 2020|title=Septuagenarian Sikh priest infected 27 of total 38 coronavirus cases in Punjab|newspaper=India Today|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/septuagenarian-sikh-priest-infected-27-of-38-coronavirus-cases-punjab-1660789-2020-03-28|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> Over 40,000 people in 20 villages in Punjab were quarantined on 27 March to contain the spread.<ref name="super" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Najib|first=Moska|date=29 March 2020|title=At least 40,000 quarantined in India after single priest spread coronavirus|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/least-40-000-quarantined-india-after-single-priest-spread-coronavirus-n1171261|url-status=live|access-date=30 May 2021|publisher=NBC News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329181139/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/least-40-000-quarantined-india-after-single-priest-spread-coronavirus-n1171261 |archive-date=29 March 2020 }}</ref> On 31 March, a [[Tablighi Jamaat]] religious congregation event in Delhi, which had taken place earlier in March, emerged as a [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi|COVID-19 hotspot]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=18 April 2020|title=30% covid-19 cases in India linked to Tablighi Jamaat event: Govt|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/30-covid-19-cases-in-india-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-event-govt-11587218560611.html|access-date=5 June 2020|website=Livemint}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=31 March 2020|title=India event sparks massive search for Covid-19 cases|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52104753|access-date=30 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kumar|first=Parimal|agency=PTI|date=4 April 2020|title=30 Per Cent Of Coronavirus Cases Linked To Delhi Mosque Event: Government|publisher=NDTV|editor-last=Srinivasan|editor-first=Chandrashekar|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-30-per-cent-of-coronavirus-cases-linked-to-delhi-mosque-event-government-2206163|access-date=30 May 2021}}</ref> On 2 May, around 4,000 stranded pilgrims returned from [[Hazur Sahib]] in [[Nanded]], Maharashtra to [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Many of them tested positive, including 27 bus drivers and conductors who had been part of the transport arrangement.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=4 May 2020|title=SAD, Congress leaders trade barbs as over 600 Nanded pilgrims contract coronavirus|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/city/chandigarh/sad-congress-leaders-trade-barbs-as-over-600-nanded-pilgrims-contract-coronavirus/articleshow/75523770.cms|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2020|website=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518211625/https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-punjab-27-bus-drivers-conductors-that-returned-from-nanded-test-corona-positive-1228907 |archive-date=18 May 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=5 May 2020|title=Punjab: 27 bus drivers & conductors that returned from Nanded test Corona positive|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-punjab-27-bus-drivers-conductors-that-returned-from-nanded-test-corona-positive-1228907|url-status=live|access-date=6 May 2020|website=ABP News Live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518211625/https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-punjab-27-bus-drivers-conductors-that-returned-from-nanded-test-corona-positive-1228907 |archive-date=18 May 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 May 2020|title=1,225 Nanded returnees test COVID-19 positive: government|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/1225-nanded-returnees-test-covid-19-positive-government/article31576136.ece|access-date=14 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In July 2020, it was estimated based on antibody tests that at least 57% of the inhabitants of Mumbai's slums may have been infected with COVID-19 at some point.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|author=Hollingsworth|first1=Julia|last2=Mitra|first2=Esha|date=29 July 2020|title=More than half of Mumbai slum residents may have been infected with Covid-19, study suggests|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/29/asia/india-mumbai-slum-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 February 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729143836/https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/29/asia/india-mumbai-slum-coronavirus-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=29 July 2020 }}</ref>

A government panel on COVID-19 stated in October 2020 that the pandemic had peaked in India, and could come under control by February 2021.<ref name="Peak">{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Preeti Biswas|date=18 October 2020|title=Covid-19 peak over; pandemic can be controlled by February 2021: Govt-appointed panel|newspaper=The Times of India|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/no-fresh-lockdowns-recommended-at-local-level-government-appointed-panel-on-covid-19/articleshow/78732643.cms|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> This prediction was based on a mathematical simulation referred to as the "Indian Supermodel", assuming that India reaches [[herd immunity]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=Modelling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic – Impact of lockdowns & interventions|date=October 2020|periodical=Indian Journal of Medical Research|language=German|doi=10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_4051_20|pmid=33146155|author1=Manindra Agrawal|author2=Madhuri Kanitkar|author3=M. Vidyasagar|volume=153|issue=1 & 2|pages=175–181|pmc=8184064 |doi-access=free }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Indian Supermodel for Covid-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.iith.ac.in/~m_vidyasagar/arXiv/Super-Model.pdf|language=en}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|title=National Supermodel of COVID-19 with Projections|url=https://www.iith.ac.in/~m_vidyasagar/arXiv/Covid-Pres.pdf}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|title=DST initiates COVID-19 India National Supermodel for monitoring infection transmission & aid decision-making by policymakers|url=https://dst.gov.in/dst-initiates-covid-19-india-national-supermodel-monitoring-infection-transmission-aid-decision|publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Science and Technology|language=en}}</ref> That month, a new [[Variants of SARS-CoV-2|SARS-CoV-2 variant]], [[Lineage B.1.617]], was detected in the country.<ref name="SMC1">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 April 2021|title=Expert reaction to cases of variant B.1.617 (the 'Indian variant') being investigated in the UK|url=https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/|url-status=live|access-date=20 April 2021|website=Science Media Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419143942/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-cases-of-variant-b-1-617-the-indian-variant-being-investigated-in-the-uk/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 }}</ref>

=== 2021: Second wave ===
{{See also|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in April 2021}}
[[File:India & Delhi daily cases wave comparison.png|thumb|478x478px|India's two waves versus Delhi's four waves in the same time period taking into account daily COVID-19 cases]]
India began its vaccination programme on 16 January 2021.<ref name="BBCNews-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 May 2021|title=Covid-19 vaccination: How is India's inoculation drive going|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56345591|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> On 19 January 2021, nearly a year after the first reported case in the country, [[COVID-19 pandemic in Lakshadweep|Lakshadweep]] became the last [[States and union territories of India|region of India]] to report its first case.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 January 2021|title=Nearly a year after Covid-19 outbreak in India, Lakshadweep reports its first-ever case|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/lakshadweep-reports-first-ever-coronavirus-covid19-case-1760411-2021-01-19|access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> By February 2021, daily cases had fallen to 9,000 per-day.<ref name="Yeung-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Yeung|first1=Jessie|last2=Sud|first2=Vedika|last3=Mitra|first3=Esha|date=5 April 2021|title=India reports new record of 103,558 daily Covid cases, as second wave and new lockdowns hit|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-second-wave-covid-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210405115605/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/05/india/india-second-wave-covid-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=5 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Pandey-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pandey|first=Vikas|date=7 April 2021|title=India Covid-19: 'No end in sight' as doctors battle second wave|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56645701|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> However, by early-April 2021, a major ''second wave'' of infections took hold in the country with destructive consequences;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |last=X |date=2020-09-30 |title=Largest study of COVID-19 transmission highlights essential role of super-spreaders |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-09-30/largest-covid-19-transmission-study-highlights-super-spreaders |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Associated Press">{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Indians turn to black market, unproven drugs as virus surges |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-science-coronavirus-business-health-c2a72c4d2ab29aa163e785ca98181023 |work=AP NEWS |date=29 April 2021 |publisher=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> on 9 April, India surpassed 1 million active cases,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Amit|date=10 April 2021|title=Covid-19: Active cases cross 1 million, at all-time high now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-active-cases-cross-1-million-at-all-time-high-now/articleshow/81996188.cms|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409202019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-active-cases-cross-1-million-at-all-time-high-now/articleshow/81996188.cms |archive-date=9 April 2021 }}</ref> and by 12 April, India overtook Brazil as having the second-most COVID-19 cases worldwide.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=12 April 2021|agency=PTI|title=COVID-19: India overtakes Brazil with second highest number of cases|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/12/covid-19-india-overtakes-brazil-with-second-highest-number-of-cases-2289126.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2021|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422180143/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/12/covid-19-india-overtakes-brazil-with-second-highest-number-of-cases-2289126.html |archive-date=22 April 2021 }}</ref> By late April, India passed 2.5 million active cases and was reporting an average of 300,000 new cases and 2,000 deaths per-day. Some analysts feared this was an undercount.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Yasir|first2=Sameer|last3=Kumar|first3=Hari|last4=Raj|first4=Suhasini|last5=Loke|first5=Atul|date=24 April 2021|title=As Covid-19 Devastates India, Deaths Go Undercounted|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-deaths.html|access-date=24 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 30 April, India reported over 400,000 new cases and over 3,500 deaths in one day.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Hollingsworth|first1=Julia|last2=McKeehan|first2=Brett|last3=Kottasová|first3=Ivana|date=1 May 2021|title=India records more than 400,000 Covid-19 cases in a single day|url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-updates-05-01-21/h_cdd6ab036620523ad156b8347c47448f|url-status=live|access-date=1 May 2021|publisher=CNN|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501043651/https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-vaccine-updates-05-01-21/h_cdd6ab036620523ad156b8347c47448f |archive-date=1 May 2021 }}</ref>

Multiple factors have been proposed to have potentially contributed to the [https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0270789 sudden spike in cases], including highly-infectious variants of concern such as [[Lineage B.1.617]],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Despite a billion vaccine shots given, Covid-19 runs rampant in much of the world.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/25/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-cases#despite-a-billion-vaccine-shots-given-covid-19-runs-rampant-in-much-of-the-world|access-date=28 April 2021|newspaper=The New York Times|date=25 April 2021|last1=Rogers|first1=Katie}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 April 2021 |title=India's 'double mutation' covid virus variant is worrying the world|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-double-mutation-covid-virus-variant-is-worrying-the-world-11618789603145.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 April 2021|website=mint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419003736/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indias-double-mutation-covid-virus-variant-is-worrying-the-world-11618789603145.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 }}</ref> a lack of preparations as temporary hospitals were often dismantled after cases started to decline, and new facilities were not built,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=26 April 2021|title=State after state shut down special Covid centres just before second wave|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/state-after-state-shut-down-special-covid-centres-just-before-2nd-wave-7289078/|access-date=30 April 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Lancet">{{#invoke:Cite|journal|author=|date=8 May 2021|title=India's COVID-19 emergency|journal=The Lancet|volume=397|issue=10286|page=1683|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01052-7| issn=0140-6736|pmc=8102046|pmid=33965073}}</ref> and health and safety precautions being poorly-implemented or enforced during weddings,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 March 2021|title=Superspreader events like weddings behind new Covid surge: Govt panel|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/superspreader-events-like-weddings-behind-new-covid-surge-govt-panel-101616177606318.html|url-status=live|access-date=30 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319181534/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/superspreader-events-like-weddings-behind-new-covid-surge-govt-panel-101616177606318.html |archive-date=19 March 2021 }}</ref> festivals (such as [[Holi]] on 29 March,<ref name="IndianExpress-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 March 2021|title=Despite surge in cases, Covid guidelines flouted during Holi celebrations|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/covid-19-holi-celebrations-7250394/7/|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="DNAIndia-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 March 2021|title=Holi 2021: Scores of devotees flout COVID-19 protocols at Mathura's Dwarkadhish Temple|work=DNA India|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-holi-2021-scores-of-devotees-flout-covid19-protocols-at-mathura-dwarkadhish-temple-2883537|access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref> and the [[Haridwar Kumbh Mela]] which was linked to at least 1,700 positive cases between 10 and 14 April including cases in Hindu seers),<ref name="Kamal-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Kamal|first1=Hassan|date=22 April 2021|title=Kumbh Mela and election rallies: How two super spreader events have contributed to India's massive second wave of COVID-19 cases|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/kumbh-mela-and-election-rallies-how-two-super-spreader-events-have-contributed-to-indias-massive-second-wave-of-covid-19-cases-9539551.html|access-date=25 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=15 April 2021|title=Over 1,700 test positive for COVID-19 in Kumbh Mela over 5-day period|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-over-1700-test-positive-for-covid-19-in-kumbh-mela-over-5-day-period/article34325844.ece|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> sporting events (such as [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Anand Vasu|date=4 May 2021|title=The IPL failed by ignoring stark warning signs of India's Covid crisis|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2021/may/04/indian-premier-league-suspended-failed-ignoring-warning-covid-crisis|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref>), [[2021 elections in India|state and local elections]] in which politicians and activists have held in several states,<ref>* {{#invoke:Cite|web|author=Arun Janardhanan|date=27 April 2021|title=Irresponsible… must perhaps face murder charge: Madras HC on Election Commission|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/eci-responsible-for-spreading-covid-19-says-madras-hc-7289824/|access-date=30 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|place=Chennai}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=27 April 2021|title=UP: After Report Says 135 People on Poll Duty Died Due to COVID-19, High Court Pulls Up SEC|url=https://thewire.in/law/uttar-pradesh-covid-19-poll-duty-deaths-allahabad-high-court-election-commission|access-date=30 April 2021|website=The Wire|place=New Delhi}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Pandey|first=Neelam|date=13 April 2021|title=Modi, Shah, Mamata or Rahul, no one cares about EC Covid warning & rallies continue as usual|url=https://theprint.in/politics/modi-shah-mamata-or-rahul-no-one-cares-about-ec-covid-warning-rallies-continue-as-usual/638661/|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413025642/https://theprint.in/politics/modi-shah-mamata-or-rahul-no-one-cares-about-ec-covid-warning-rallies-continue-as-usual/638661/ |archive-date=13 April 2021 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Jacob|first=Jeemon|date=7 April 2021|title=Kerala: Elections to blame for Covid-19 spike|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/kerala-elections-to-blame-for-covid-19-spike-1788312-2021-04-07|access-date=4 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Blair|first=Alex|date=28 April 2021|title=Indian government criticised for praising political rallies midway through COVID-19 second wave|work=News AU|url=https://www.news.com.au/world/coronavirus/indian-government-criticised-for-praising-political-rallies-midway-through-covid19-second-wave/news-story/0ba15c5b0713b1bebfb3f6a73429b037|access-date=2 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=24 March 2021|title=Punjab blames comorbidities, 'roster' of protesting farmers for Covid surge, Centre disagrees|url=https://theprint.in/health/punjab-blames-comorbidities-roster-of-protesting-farmers-for-covid-surge-centre-disagrees/627806/|access-date=27 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> and in public places.<ref name="IndianExpress-2021" /><ref name="DNAIndia-2021" /> An economic slowdown put pressure on the government to lift restrictions,<ref name="G210429">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=29 April 2021|title='We are not special': how triumphalism led India to Covid-19 disaster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/we-are-not-special-how-triumphalism-led-india-to-covid-19-disaster|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429115207/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/29/we-are-not-special-how-triumphalism-led-india-to-covid-19-disaster |archive-date=29 April 2021 }}</ref> and there had been a feeling of [[exceptionalism]] based on the hope that India's young population and childhood immunisation scheme would blunt the impact of the virus.<ref name="G210429" /> Models may have underestimated projected cases and deaths due to the under-reporting of cases in the country.<ref name="G210422">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=22 April 2021|title=Covid-19: India's response to second wave is warning to other countries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/22/covid-19-india-response-to-second-wave-is-warning-to-other-countries|url-status=live|access-date=30 April 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422040626/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/22/covid-19-india-response-to-second-wave-is-warning-to-other-countries |archive-date=22 April 2021 }}</ref><ref name="G210429" />

Due to high demand, the vaccination programme began to be hit with supply issues; exports of the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine]] were suspended to meet domestic demand,<ref name="Beaumont-2021" /> there have been shortages of the raw materials required to manufacture vaccines domestically,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Yeung|first1=Jessie|last2=Suri|first2=Manveena|date=1 May 2021|title=Every adult in India is now eligible for Covid vaccine shots, but some states say they have none to offer|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/01/india/india-covid-vaccine-rollout-delay-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 May 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501120012/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/01/india/india-covid-vaccine-rollout-delay-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=1 May 2021 }}</ref> while [[Vaccine hesitancy|hesitancy]] and a lack of knowledge among poorer, rural communities has also impacted the programme.<ref name="Beaumont-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Beaumont|first=Peter|date=24 March 2021|title=Delhi reportedly halts AstraZeneca Covid vaccine exports as cases soar|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/24/delhi-reportedly-halts-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-exports-as-cases-soar|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324163404/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/24/delhi-reportedly-halts-astrazeneca-covid-vaccine-exports-as-cases-soar |archive-date=24 March 2021 }}</ref><ref name="BBCNews-2021" /><ref name="Pandey-2021" />

The second wave placed a major strain on the [[Healthcare in India|healthcare system]],<ref name="IndianExpress-2021" /> including a shortage of liquid medical oxygen due to ignored warnings which began in the first wave itself,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Patel|first=Anand|date=25 April 2021|title=Parliamentary panel had alerted about oxygen shortage in February, says Congress|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/parliamentary-panel-had-alerted-about-oxygen-shortage-in-february-says-congress-1794791-2021-04-25|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425091408/https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/parliamentary-panel-had-alerted-about-oxygen-shortage-in-february-says-congress-1794791-2021-04-25 |archive-date=25 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 August 2020|title=Karnataka government ignored experts' advice to up oxygen supply|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/aug/20/karnataka-governemnt-ignored-experts-advice-to-up-oxygen-supply-2185795.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822215658/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/aug/20/karnataka-governemnt-ignored-experts-advice-to-up-oxygen-supply-2185795.html |archive-date=22 August 2020 }}</ref> logistic issues, and a lack of cryogenic tankers.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Ellis-Petersen|first1=Hannah|last2=Rourke|first2=Alison|date=26 April 2021|title=India's Covid crisis: doctors sound warning over oxygen hoarding|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/26/doctors-sound-warning-over-oxygen-hoarding-as-india-reports-record-covid-cases-and-deaths|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421064014/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/india/india-covid-hospital-shortage-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news |date=24 April 2021|agency=Reuters|title=Three reasons behind India facing an acute oxygen crisis|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-three-reasons-behind-india-facing-an-oxygen-crisis-11619244179142.html |access-date=26 April 2021|work=Mint|language=en}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Yeung|first1=Jessie|last2=Sud|first2=Vedika|date=21 April 2021|title=India's second Covid wave hits like a 'tsunami' as hospitals buckle under weight|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/india/india-covid-hospital-shortage-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 April 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421064014/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/21/india/india-covid-hospital-shortage-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=21 April 2021 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Raj|first2=Suhasini|last3=Kumar|first3=Hari|date=21 April 2021|title=India's Health System Cracks Under the Strain as Coronavirus Cases Surge|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/21/world/asia/india-coronavirus-oxygen.html|access-date=22 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On 23 April, Modi met via video conference with liquid oxygen suppliers including [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]], SAIL, JSW, [[Tata Steel]], JSPL, AMNS, LINDE, [[Inox Air Products|INOX Air Products]] and Air Water Jamshedpur, where he acknowledged the need to "provide solutions in a very short time", and acknowledged efforts such as increases in production, and the use of rail,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 April 2021|title=Covid-19: Railways runs its first Oxygen Express for loading Liquid Medical Oxygen|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/covid-19-railways-runs-its-first-oxygen-express-for-loading-liquid-medical-oxygen/videoshow/82148984.cms|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419171528/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/covid-19-railways-runs-its-first-oxygen-express-for-loading-liquid-medical-oxygen/videoshow/82148984.cms |archive-date=19 April 2021 }}</ref> and air transport to deliver oxygen supplies.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=23 April 2021|title='Challenge is to provide solutions in a very short time': PM to oxygen producers|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/challenge-is-to-provide-solutions-in-a-very-short-time-pm-modi-to-oxygen-manufacturers-11619181984458.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426104847/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/challenge-is-to-provide-solutions-in-a-very-short-time-pm-modi-to-oxygen-manufacturers-11619181984458.html |archive-date=26 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Rai|first=Arpan|date=23 April 2021|title='Utilise full potential': PM Modi in meeting to review supply of medical oxygen|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/utilise-full-potential-pm-modi-in-meeting-to-review-supply-of-medical-oxygen-101619182439877.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423133541/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/utilise-full-potential-pm-modi-in-meeting-to-review-supply-of-medical-oxygen-101619182439877.html |archive-date=23 April 2021 }}</ref> A large number of new [[oxygen plant]]s were announced;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=26 April 2021|title=Surge hits a new peak, Centre approves 551 oxygen plants for govt hospitals in districts|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-cares-fund-oxygen-generation-plants-coronavirus-pandemic-7288290/|access-date=26 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> the installation burden being shared by the center, coordination with foreign countries with regard to oxygen plants received in the form of aid, and DRDO.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Goswami|first=Sweta|date=9 May 2021|title=Eight oxygen plants added in govt hospitals in Delhi in two weeks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-oxygen-plants-added-in-govt-hospitals-in-delhi-in-two-weeks-101620499449181.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508211806/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-oxygen-plants-added-in-govt-hospitals-in-delhi-in-two-weeks-101620499449181.html |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last1=Batheja |first1=Deepshikha |last2=Kurian |first2=Vinith |last3=Buteau |first3=Sharon |last4=Joy |first4=Neetha |last5=Nair |first5=Ajay |date=2023-08-17 |title=Role of oxygenation devices in alleviating the oxygen crisis in India |journal=PLOS Global Public Health |language=en |volume=3 |issue=8 |article-number=e0002297 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgph.0002297 |doi-access=free |pmid=37590175 |pmc=10434891 |issn=2767-3375}}</ref> A number of countries sent emergency aid to India in the form of oxygen supplies, medicines, raw material for vaccines and ventilators.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=26 April 2021|title=India's coronavirus crisis intensifies as cases hit new record|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/coronavirus/2021/0426/1212058-coronavirus-india/|access-date=27 April 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 April 2021|title=Covid: Countries send aid to ease India's oxygen emergency|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56881083|access-date=26 April 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rogers|first=Katie|date=25 April 2021|title=In Reversal, U.S. Will Send Vaccine Materials to Stricken India|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/25/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-cases|access-date=26 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|date=24 April 2021|title=U.S. Is Under Pressure to Export More Vaccine Supplies Amid India's Deadly Surge|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/04/24/world/covid-vaccine-coronavirus-cases|access-date=3 May 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This reflected a policy shift in India, as comparable aid offers had been rejected during the past sixteen years.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Roy|first=Shubhajit|date=29 April 2021|title=First policy shift in 16 yrs: India open to foreign aid, ok to buying from China|language=en-GB|work=The Indian Express|place=New Delhi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/first-policy-shift-in-16-yrs-india-open-to-foreign-aid-ok-to-buying-from-china-7293052/|access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Otukho|first=Jackson|date=29 April 2021|title=India Pushed to Accept Foreign Aid for First Time in 16 Years as COVID-19 Cases Spike|language=en|work=Tuko|url=https://www.tuko.co.ke/410293-india-pushed-accept-foreign-aid-first-time-16-years-covid-19-cases-spike.html|access-date=1 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |last=www.ETHealthworld.com |title=Blueprint for 'National Medical Oxygen Grid in India' unveiled - ET HealthWorld |url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/blueprint-for-national-medical-oxygen-grid-in-india-unveiled/94986562 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=ETHealthworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

The number of new cases had begun to steadily drop by late-May; on 25 May, the country reported 195,994 new cases—its lowest daily increase since 13 April. However, the mortality rate has remained high;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Amit|date=25 May 2021|title=Coronavirus cases in India: After 40 days, daily Covid cases fall below 2 lakh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-40-days-daily-covid-cases-fall-below-2-lakh/articleshow/82927909.cms|url-status=live|access-date=26 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525012757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-40-days-daily-covid-cases-fall-below-2-lakh/articleshow/82927909.cms |archive-date=25 May 2021 }}</ref> by 24 May, India recorded over 300,000 deaths attributed to COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mackintosh|first=Eliza|date=24 May 2021|title=India's Covid deaths top 300,000|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/24/world/coronavirus-newsletter-intl-05-24-21/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=24 May 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524130844/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/24/world/coronavirus-newsletter-intl-05-24-21/index.html |archive-date=24 May 2021 }}</ref> Around 100,000 deaths had occurred in the last 26 days, and 50,000 in the last 12.<ref name="Bhattacharya-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Amit|date=24 May 2021|title=India's Covid toll tops 3 lakh, 50,000 deaths in 12 days|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-covid-toll-tops-3-lakh-50000-deaths-in-12-days/articleshow/82892432.cms|url-status=live|access-date=24 May 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523223339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-covid-toll-tops-3-lakh-50000-deaths-in-12-days/articleshow/82892432.cms |archive-date=23 May 2021 }}</ref> In May 2021, WHO declared that two variants first found in India will be referred to as 'Delta' and 'Kappa'.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=31 May 2021|title=COVID Variants Found in India to Be Labelled 'Delta', 'Kappa': WHO|url=https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/covid-variants-found-in-india-to-be-labelled-delta-and-kappa-who|url-status=live|access-date=6 June 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531170214/https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/covid-variants-found-in-india-to-be-labelled-delta-and-kappa-who |archive-date=31 May 2021 }}</ref> The state of Karnataka announced a COVID-19 memorial later that spring, to honour healthcare professionals who had succumbed to the virus.<ref name="EconomicTimes-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 July 2021|title=Karnataka to build memorial for COVID warriors who succumbed to COVID-19|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/karnataka-to-build-memorial-for-covid-warriors-who-succumbed-to-covid-19/articleshow/84014641.cms?from=mdr|access-date=28 August 2021}}</ref>

On 25 August 2021, [[Soumya Swaminathan]] said that India "may be entering some kind of stage of [[endemicity]] where there is low level transmission or moderate level transmission going on" but nothing as severe as before, in other words India is learning to live with the virus.<ref name="Bhaduri-2021" />

India announced a mandatory 10-day quarantine on travellers arriving from United Kingdom irrespective of their vaccination status starting 4 October 2021 after United Kingdom also put the same restrictions on travellers from India by not recognizing India's vaccine certificate.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=1 October 2021|title=India makes 10-day quarantine must for all UK travellers, despite vaccination|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-makes-10-day-quarantine-mandatory-for-all-uk-travellers-101633089737609.html|access-date=1 October 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On 8 October the United Kingdom opened up the restrictions on travelers from 47 countries and locations including India.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 October 2021|editor-last=Banerjea|editor-first=Aparna|title=UK to ease travel rules for fully-vaccinated Indians from Monday: Details here|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uk-to-ease-travel-rules-for-fully-vaccinated-indians-from-monday-details-here-11633625490712.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 October 2021|website=Livemint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007171137/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/uk-to-ease-travel-rules-for-fully-vaccinated-indians-from-monday-details-here-11633625490712.html |archive-date=7 October 2021 }}</ref>

=== 2022 ===
By March, India had just 22,487 cases across the country. With 58.8% population fully vaccinated and 70% having received at least one dose opening up post-pandemic has been steady. Buoyed by the success of its vaccination program among senior citizens, adults, and adolescents, the vaccination program is now inoculating children in the 12-15 age group. Further, the central government has urged state governments to end all COVID curbs except masks and social distancing. International flights were resumed on 27 March after a gap of two years.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |date=2022-03-24 |title=How is India Managing COVID-19 in 2022? Policies and Best Practices |url=https://www.india-briefing.com/news/india-covid-19-vaccine-program-best-practice-employers-2022-23998.html/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=India Briefing News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |last=Livemint |date=2022-03-27 |title=After 2 yrs, India resumes regular overseas flights today. Check latest rules |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/after-2-years-india-resumes-regular-international-flights-today-check-latest-travel-guidelines-11648339087277.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

=== 2023 ===
On 22 March 2023, Prime Minister Modi held a high-level meeting to discuss the nation's preparedness for a new wave of infections, potentially driven by the newly detected SARS-CoV-2 strain, XBB.1.16. Active cases had reached a 5-month high as of 23 March and came amid an ongoing [[Influenza A virus subtype H3N2|H3N2 influenza]] outbreak, prompting officials to determine the readiness of the healthcare system and its logistical needs.<ref name="March 2023 surge">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Verma |first1=Mimansa |title=India is on alert as covid-19 cases hit a five-month high |url=https://qz.com/a-new-variant-is-fuelling-the-covid-19-surge-in-india-1850255733 |access-date=25 March 2023 |publisher=Quartz |date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325032056/https://qz.com/a-new-variant-is-fuelling-the-covid-19-surge-in-india-1850255733 |archive-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="Times of India 2023 surge">{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Amid Covid-19 rise, 349 samples of infectious new variant XBB1.16 found in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amid-covid-19-rise-349-samples-of-infectious-new-variant-xbb1-16-found-in-india/articleshow/98939705.cms |access-date=25 March 2023 |publisher=Times of India |date=23 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325032859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amid-covid-19-rise-349-samples-of-infectious-new-variant-xbb1-16-found-in-india/articleshow/98939705.cms |archive-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> In response to the rising number of cases, some hospitals reopened Covid wards that had previously been shuttered following a yearlong lull in infections.<ref name="reopened wards">{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=As cases rise, hospitals in Mumbai reopen Covid wards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/as-cases-rise-hospitals-in-mumbai-reopen-covid-wards/articleshow/99017550.cms |access-date=27 March 2023 |publisher=Times of India |date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327181501/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/as-cases-rise-hospitals-in-mumbai-reopen-covid-wards/articleshow/99017550.cms |archive-date=27 March 2023}}</ref>

In August, a new subvariant of Omicron, named Eris was detected in the state of Maharashtra with cases increasing in a few cities.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=2023-08-09 |title=Covid cases showing signs of increase in Maharashtra; new Omicron subvariant Eris detected |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/new-omicron-sub-strain-eg-5-1-detected-in-maha/articleshow/102515446.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

While in December, the JN.1 variant, believed to be a descendant of Omicron subvariant known as [[BA.2.86]] or Pirola, arrived in the southern state Kerala with an RT-PCR-positive sample from Karakulam in Thiruvananthapuram district.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=Covid Variant JN.1 Detected In Kerala: All You Need To Know About The Infection |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covid-variant-jn-1-detected-in-kerala-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-infection-4689628 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Response ==
{{Main|Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|Indian state government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{see also|Template:COVID-19 testing by country}}

=== Health care and testing ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="float:right; clear:right;"
|+
COVID-19 Dashboard
!Total samples tested<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi|url=https://www.icmr.gov.in/|access-date=18 February 2021|website=icmr.gov.in}}</ref>

| style="text-align:right;" |68,24,28,595
|-
!Total positive cases
| style="text-align:right;" |3,36,78,786
|-
!New samples tested
| style="text-align:right;" |11,54,302
|-
!New Positive cases
| style="text-align:right;" |26,248
|-
!New Positivity Rate
| style="text-align:right;" |2.5%
|-
!Total active cases
| style="text-align:right;" |171,830
|-
!Total deaths
| style="text-align:right;" |4,82,017
|-
!Total recovered cases
| style="text-align:right;" |3,43,06,414
|-
!Total Doses administered<ref name=":cowin">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 July 2021|title=COWIN|url=https://dashboard.cowin.gov.in/|url-status=live|website=COWIN Vaccine Dashboard, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209025147/https://dashboard.cowin.gov.in/ |archive-date=9 February 2021 }} (The data on this site changes daily)</ref>
|1,46,70,18,464
|-
!People vaccinated 1st dose<ref name="MoHFW-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=MoHFW {{!}} Home|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/|access-date=18 February 2021|website=www.mohfw.gov.in}}</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |86,12,38,061
|-
!People vaccinated 2nd dose
| style="text-align:right;" |61,63,65,612
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |As of 5 January 2022<ref name="MyGov.in-2020" />
|}
[[File:Coronavirus Do's & Don'ts by Indian MoHFW.pdf|thumb|Do's & Don'ts of COVID-19 released by the [[Government of India]]]]
[[File:A passenger being tested for Covid-19 at the New Delhi railway station during second wave of the pandemic IMG 20210525 120351 03.jpg|thumb|A passenger being tested for COVID-19 at the New Delhi railway station during the second wave of the pandemic]]
The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Health Ministry]]'s war room and policy making team in New Delhi decide how coronavirus should be tackled in the country, and consists of the ministry's Emergency Medical Response Unit, the [[Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme|Central Surveillance Unit (IDSP)]], the [[National Centre for Disease Control]] (NCDC) and experts from three government hospitals among others.<ref name=":0a">{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-war-room-india-in-mission-mode/story-NHYzzcrmFUDg19lPUSbjVM.html|title=How conference hall at health ministry emerged as coronavirus-control war-room|last1=Sharma|first1=Sanchita|date=5 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307150726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-war-room-india-in-mission-mode/story-NHYzzcrmFUDg19lPUSbjVM.html|archive-date=7 March 2020|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> In March 2020, India's strategy was focused on cluster-containment, similar to how India contained previous epidemics, as well as "breaking the chain of transmission".<ref name=":0a" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 March 2020|title=Delhi declares coronavirus as epidemic as India reports first death from infection|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/13/delhi-declares-coronavirus-as-epidemic-as-india-reports-first-death-from-infection.html|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020|website=The Week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317105222/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/13/delhi-declares-coronavirus-as-epidemic-as-india-reports-first-death-from-infection.html |archive-date=17 March 2020 }}</ref> [[Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories#Labs|52 labs]] were named capable of virus testing by 13 March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=13 March 2020|title=Coronavirus test in India: Complete list of testing sites for coronavirus in India|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/52-testing-sites-for-coronavirus-in-india/articleshow/74547684.cms|access-date=11 November 2020}}</ref>

On 14 March 2020, scientists at the [[National Institute of Virology]] (NIV) isolated a strain of the novel coronavirus. India was the fifth country to successfully obtain a pure sample of the virus;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Jha|first1=Durgesh Nandan|date=14 March 2020|title=Coronavirus cases in India: Fewer cases, but India becomes 5th country to isolate coronavirus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fewer-cases-but-india-becomes-5th-country-to-isolate-coronavirus/articleshow/74620323.cms|url-status=live|access-date=14 March 2020|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314093934/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fewer-cases-but-india-becomes-5th-country-to-isolate-coronavirus/articleshow/74620323.cms |archive-date=14 March 2020 }}</ref> isolation of the virus would help towards expediting the development of drugs, vaccines and rapid diagnostic kits in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-india-becomes-5th-country-globally-to-isolate-virus-strain-11584102221498.html|title=India becomes fifth country to isolate Covid-19 virus strain|last1=Sharma|first1=Neetu Chandra|date=13 March 2020|website=Livemint|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> NIV shared two SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences with [[GISAID]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Prasad|first1=R.|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/coronavirus-india-shares-two-sars-cov-2-genome-sequences/article31007227.ece|title=Coronavirus {{!}} India shares two SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences|date=7 March 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=7 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307064132/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/coronavirus-india-shares-two-sars-cov-2-genome-sequences/article31007227.ece|archive-date=7 March 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In May, the NIV introduced another test kit for rapid testing.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=10 May 2020|title=National Institute of Virology develops 1st indigenous Elisa test kit for Covid-19: Harsh Vardhan|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/national-institute-of-virology-develops-1st-indigenous-antibody-detection-kit-for-covid-19-harsh-vardhan/articleshow/75660768.cms|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

==== Initial testing ====

[[File:COBAS 6800 testing machine at NCDC, Delhi May 14, 2020.jpg|thumb|A testing facility at the [[National Centre for Disease Control]] in Delhi]]
Initially, the labs tested samples only from those with a travel history to 12 countries designated as high-risk, or those who had come in contact with anyone testing positive for the coronavirus, or showing symptoms as per the government guidelines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Kaul|first=Rhythma|date=15 March 2020|title=India needs a more aggressive testing regimen for coronavirus: Experts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/testing-must-be-done-on-war-footing/story-4gI2HWQ2WLhVLFOm5rsioM.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314225716/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/testing-must-be-done-on-war-footing/story-4gI2HWQ2WLhVLFOm5rsioM.html |archive-date=14 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Krishnan-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Krishnan|first1=Vidya|date=13 March 2020|title=Public-health experts raise concerns about India's restricted testing for COVID-19|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/health/public-health-experts-raise-concerns-about-india-restricted-testing-covid-19|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020|website=The Caravan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317181951/https://caravanmagazine.in/health/public-health-experts-raise-concerns-about-india-restricted-testing-covid-19 |archive-date=17 March 2020 }}</ref> On 20 March 2020, the government decided to also include all pneumonia cases, regardless of travel or contact history.<ref name="Ghosh-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=21 March 2020|title=Covid-19 testing in India extended to all pneumonia cases: Govt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/covid-19-india-test-coronavirus-pneumonia-6324733/|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320232507/https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/covid-19-india-test-coronavirus-pneumonia-6324733/ |archive-date=20 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="ANINews-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=15 March 2020|title=First and second confirmatory tests for COVID-19 are free: Sanjeeva Kumar|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/first-and-second-confirmatory-tests-for-covid-19-are-free-sanjeeva-kumar20200315173303/|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2020|website=ANI News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318081044/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/first-and-second-confirmatory-tests-for-covid-19-are-free-sanjeeva-kumar20200315173303/ |archive-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref> On 9 April, [[ICMR]] further revised the testing strategy and allowed testing of the people showing symptoms for a week in the hotspot areas of the country, regardless of travel history or local contact to a patient.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Gunasekar|first=Arvind|date=9 April 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Coronavirus Testing Strategy Revised in India, Ambit Widened|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-testing-strategy-revised-in-india-ambit-widened-2209126|url-status=live|access-date=10 April 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409183039/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-testing-strategy-revised-in-india-ambit-widened-2209126 |archive-date=9 April 2020 }}</ref> While the health ministry claimed enough tests were being performed,<ref name="ANINews-2020" /> experts disagreed, saying that [[Transmission (medicine)|community transmission]] may go undetected.<ref name="Scroll.in-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=14 March 2020|title=Is India testing enough for coronavirus cases?|url=https://scroll.in/pulse/956110/is-india-testing-enough-for-coronavirus-cases|url-status=live|access-date=15 March 2020|website=Scroll.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314172404/https://scroll.in/pulse/956110/is-india-testing-enough-for-coronavirus-cases |archive-date=14 March 2020 }}</ref>

==== Expansion of tests ====
On 17 March 2020, the health ministry decided to allow [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories|accredited]] private pathology labs to test for COVID-19.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/accredited-private-labs-to-be-allowed-to-test-for-covid-19/articleshow/74664414.cms|title=Coronavirus testing lab: Accredited private labs to be allowed to test for Covid-19|last1=Jha|first1=Durgesh Nandan|date=17 March 2020|website=The Times of India|access-date=17 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Porecha|first=Maitri|date=17 March 2020|title=Metropolis among private labs short-listed for coronavirus testing|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/metropolis-among-private-labs-short-listed-for-coronavirus-testing/article31090208.ece|url-status=live|website=The Hindu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317152431/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/metropolis-among-private-labs-short-listed-for-coronavirus-testing/article31090208.ece |archive-date=17 March 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2020|agency=PTI|title=Roche Diagnostics India first private firm to get COVID-19 test approval|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/roche-diagnostics-india-first-private-firm-to-get-covid-19-test-approval-1656965-2020-03-18|access-date=29 May 2021|magazine=India Today}}</ref> A person could get a COVID-19 test at a private lab after a qualified physician in a government facility recommended it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|date=17 March 2020|title=Health Ministry to allow accredited private labs to conduct tests for coronavirus|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/health-ministry-to-allow-accredited-private-labs-to-conduct-tests-for-coronavirus-814595.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2021|website=Deccan Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317202848/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/health-ministry-to-allow-accredited-private-labs-to-conduct-tests-for-coronavirus-814595.html |archive-date=17 March 2020 }}</ref> Experts said this increased testing may ultimately result in a correction of the current under-counting and an increase in confirmed cases.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 March 2020|first=Sanjay |last=Ganguly |title=India must prepare for a tsunami of cases|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-51962813/india-must-prepare-for-a-tsunami-of-coronavirus-cases|url-status=live|access-date=20 March 2020|work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319152037/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-51962813/india-must-prepare-for-a-tsunami-of-coronavirus-cases |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref>

111 additional labs for testing became functional on 21 March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=21 March 2020|title=111 labs for testing coronavirus will be functional across India from today: Health Ministry|work=India Today|agency=ANI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/111-labs-for-testing-coronavirus-will-be-functional-across-india-from-today-health-ministry-1658235-2020-03-21|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref> On 24 March, [[Mylab Discovery Solutions]] became the first Indian company to have received regulatory validation for its [[Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction|RT-PCR]] tests.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rajagopal|first=Divya|agency=PTI|date=24 March 2020|title=Pune based Mylab becomes first Indian company to get Covid-19 test kits validated|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/pune-based-mylab-becomes-first-indian-co-to-get-its-covid-19-test-kits-validated/articleshow/74785575.cms|access-date=29 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Soni|first=Preeti|date=24 March 2020|title=India can double coronavirus test kits to 200,000 in a week, thanks to Pune-based Mylabs|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/india-can-double-coronavirus-test-kits-to-200000-in-a-week-thanks-to-pune-based-mylabs/articleshow/74787231.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2021|website=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324111555/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/india-can-double-coronavirus-test-kits-to-200000-in-a-week-thanks-to-pune-based-mylabs/articleshow/74787231.cms |archive-date=24 March 2020 }}</ref> In April, [[Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology]], Delhi had developed a low cost paper-strip test that could detect COVID-19 within an hour. Each test would cost {{INRConvert|500.00||lk=|year=2020}}.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Srishti|last1=Choudhury|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-first-paper-strip-test-for-covid-19-csir-lab-makes-a-breakthrough-11585832200999.html|title=India's first paper-strip test for Covid-19, CSIR lab makes a breakthrough|date=2 April 2020|access-date=5 April 2020|publisher=LiveMint}}</ref> On 13 April, ICMR advised pool testing in low infection areas to increase the capacity of the testing and save resources. In this process maximum five samples are tested at once and samples are tested individually only if a pool tests positive.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Chanda|first1=Himani|date=13 April 2020|title=ICMR advises 'pool testing' in low-infection areas to increase number of Covid-19 tests|url=https://theprint.in/health/icmr-advises-pool-testing-in-low-infection-areas-to-increase-number-of-covid-19-tests/401032/|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2020|website=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414020843/https://theprint.in/health/icmr-advises-pool-testing-in-low-infection-areas-to-increase-number-of-covid-19-tests/401032/ |archive-date=14 April 2020 }}</ref> Faulty test kits from China were subsequently returned and future orders cancelled.<ref name="ChinaRNAex">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=16 April 2020|title=China dispatches 6.5 lakh medical kits to India to fight coronavirus|website=India Today|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-dispatches-6-5-lakh-medical-kits-to-india-to-fight-coronavirus-1667488-2020-04-16|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay|date=20 April 2020|title=NICED admits testing kits have problem in West Bengal|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/niced-admits-testing-kits-have-problem-in-bengal/article31387044.ece|access-date=21 April 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BBCNews-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=28 April 2020|title=Coronavirus: India cancels order for 'faulty' China rapid test kits|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52451455|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="Porecha-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Porecha|first1=Maitri|date=27 April 2020|title=States asked to return faulty Chinese kits|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/states-asked-to-return-faulty-chinese-kits/article31447725.ece|url-status=live|access-date=28 April 2020|website=The Hindu @businessline|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502162522/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/states-asked-to-return-faulty-chinese-kits/article31447725.ece |archive-date=2 May 2020 }}</ref>

By 9 July 2020, 1132 testing labs were functional. Following testing shortages, non-accredited private laboratories applying for accreditation were also given permission to test for coronavirus.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dutta|first=Sumi Sukanya|date=9 July 2020|title=ICMR allows non-accredited private labs to carry out Covid-19 tests|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/09/icmr-allows-non-accredited-private-labs-to-carry-out-covid-19-tests-2167594.html|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805053431/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/09/icmr-allows-non-accredited-private-labs-to-carry-out-covid-19-tests-2167594.html |archive-date=5 August 2020 }}</ref> In September 2020, India had attained the highest number of daily tests in the world.<ref name="SabbarwalHT">{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Harshit Sabbarwal|date=3 September 2020|title=India's Covid-19 tests per day highest in the world, says health ministry|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-covid-19-tests-per-day-highest-in-the-world-says-health-ministry/story-eip0z18Jico71uQFIoODAJ.html|access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref> By 5 May 2021, 2506 testing labs (government and private) were functional and the total daily national testing capacity reached 1,500,000 tests.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |agency=Press Trust of India|date=5 May 2021|title=India's COVID-19 crisis: ICMR revises RT-PCR testing guidelines to reduce pressure on diagnostic labs|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-covid-19-crisis-icmr-revises-rt-pcr-testing-guidelines-to-reduce-pressure-on-diagnostic-labs-9593001.html|url-status=live|access-date=9 June 2021|work=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505033537/https://www.firstpost.com/india/indias-covid-19-crisis-icmr-revises-rt-pcr-testing-guidelines-to-reduce-pressure-on-diagnostic-labs-9593001.html |archive-date=5 May 2021 }}</ref>

==== Testing community transmission ====
Testing for community transmission began on 15 March 2020. 65 government laboratories started testing random samples of people who exhibit flu-like symptoms and samples from patients without any travel history or contact with infected persons.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Patel|first=Shivam|date=14 March 2020|title=ICMR to test for community transmission of Covid-19|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19-6313521/|url-status=live|access-date=17 March 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314000131/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/icmr-to-test-for-community-transmission-of-covid-19-6313521/ |archive-date=14 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Thacker|first1=Teena|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-know-if-indias-going-through-community-transmission-icmr/articleshow/74663239.cms|title=Will know if India is going through community transmission of Covid-19: ICMR|date=17 March 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> As of 18 March, no evidence of community transmission was found after results of 500 random samples tested negative.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-still-in-phase-2-of-coronavirus-outbreak-confirms-icmr/articleshow/74673951.cms|title=Covid-19 outbreak: No evidence of community transmission, says ICMR|date=18 March 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> Between 15 February and 2 April, 5,911 SARI (Severe Acute Respiratory Illnesses) patients were tested throughout the country of which, 104 tested positive (1.8%) in 20 states and union territories. About 40% of the identified patients did not have a travel history or any history of contact with a positive patient.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Sharma|first1=Milan|date=10 April 2020|title=Coronavirus: Second ICMR report on random sampling test results shows possible community transmission|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-second-icmr-report-random-sampling-test-results-shows-possible-community-transmission-1665290-2020-04-10|url-status=live|access-date=13 April 2020|website=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410051516/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-india-second-icmr-report-random-sampling-test-results-shows-possible-community-transmission-1665290-2020-04-10 |archive-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> The ICMR advised to prioritise containment in the 36 districts of 15 states which had reported positive cases among SARI patients.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=10 April 2020|title=ICMR suggests containment in 36 districts after many with respiratory infection test Covid-19 positive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/icmr-suggests-containment-36-districts-after-many-with-respiratory-infection-test-covid19-positive-1665278-2020-04-10|url-status=live|access-date=13 April 2020|magazine=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412122121/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/icmr-suggests-containment-36-districts-after-many-with-respiratory-infection-test-covid19-positive-1665278-2020-04-10 |archive-date=12 April 2020 }}</ref>

In April 2020 WHO placed India in the community transmission stage however in June moved India to clusters of cases.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Shankar|first1=Abhishek|last2=Saini|first2=Deepak|date=25 August 2020|editor-last=Dasson|editor-first=Bharvi|title=Centre's Stand on Community Transmission Amid Rising Covid-19 Cases Raises Planning Concerns|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/centres-stand-on-community-transmission-amid-rising-covid-19-cases-raises-planning-concerns-2816721.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=News18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125082048/https://www.news18.com/news/india/centres-stand-on-community-transmission-amid-rising-covid-19-cases-raises-planning-concerns-2816721.html |archive-date=25 November 2020 }}</ref> In October 2020, the health minister admitted to community transmission limited to some states and districts.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=19 October 2020|title=India is in throes of community transmission, admits Vardhan|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-is-in-throes-of-community-transmission-admits-vardhan-11603072987749.html|access-date=12 June 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Until May 2021, India insisted that clusters of cases remained, and there was no nationwide community transmission.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=|first=|date=14 May 2021|title=Despite record number of Covid cases, India continues to avoid community transmission tag|url=https://scroll.in/latest/994879/despite-record-number-of-covid-cases-india-continues-to-avoid-community-transmission-tag|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514050927/https://scroll.in/latest/994879/despite-record-number-of-covid-cases-india-continues-to-avoid-community-transmission-tag |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref>

==== Daily samples tested ====
{{Image frame
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|align=
|content={{#chart:COVID-19 India - Daily samples tested.chart}} '''[[:c:data:COVID-19 India - Daily samples tested.tab|Data]]'''
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==== Research and treatment ====
[[File:The Member (Health), NITI Aayog Dr. Vinod K. Paul along with the Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Shri Rajesh Bhushan and other officials are addressing a press conference on COVID-19, in New Delhi on October 13, 2020.jpg|thumb|NITI Aayog health member Vinod K. Paul, Secretary, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, [[Rajesh Bhushan]], and other officials, addressing a press conference on COVID-19, in New Delhi on 13 October 2020.]]
On 23 March, the National Task Force for COVID-19 constituted by the ICMR recommended the use of [[hydroxychloroquine]] for the treatment of high-risk cases.<ref>[https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryontheuseofHydroxychloroquinasprophylaxisforSARSCoV2infection.pdf Advisory on the use of hydroxy-chloroquine as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection]. (PDF) National Task Force for COVID-19, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. 22 March 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210114163757/https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/AdvisoryontheuseofHydroxychloroquinasprophylaxisforSARSCoV2infection.pdf Archived] (PDF) on 14 January 2021.</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Acharjee|first=Sonali|date=24 March 2020|title=Covid-19: The bitter truth about using hydroxychloroquine as a preventive drug|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/covid-19-the-bitter-truth-about-using-hydroxychloroquine-as-a-preventive-drug-1659116-2020-03-24|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324152641/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/covid-19-the-bitter-truth-about-using-hydroxychloroquine-as-a-preventive-drug-1659116-2020-03-24 |archive-date=24 March 2020 }}</ref> In the same month, the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) and [[Cipla]] launched a joint venture to develop anti-COVID-19 drugs.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2020|title=Health: CSIR-IICT ties up with Cipla to develop anti-COVID-19 drug|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/csir-iict-ties-up-with-cipla-to-develop-anti-covid-19-drug/74693465|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=5 August 2020|agency=PTI|title=Cipla confirms collaboration with CSIR, IICT, ICMR to develop COVID-19 treatment-Health News, Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/cipla-confirms-collaboration-with-csir-iict-icmr-to-develop-covid-19-treatment-8675981.html|url-status=live|access-date=29 May 2021|work=Firstpost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805174206/https://www.firstpost.com/health/cipla-confirms-collaboration-with-csir-iict-icmr-to-develop-covid-19-treatment-8675981.html |archive-date=5 August 2020 }}</ref> In April, funds for a number of preventive agents were released to initiate research.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Indian Ministry of Science and Technology|title=DST approves funding for developing a gel for nasal passage as prevention for COVID 19|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1612161|publisher=Press Information bureau|date=8 April 2020|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Indian Ministry of Science and Technology|title=SCTIMST scientists design super absorbent material for safe management of infected respiratory secretions|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1612412|publisher=Press Information bureau|date=9 April 2020|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> The [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] started working on [[genome sequencing]] of COVID-19 in early 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Ramesh|first1=M|date=26 March 2020|title=CSIR lab working on genome sequencing of Covid-19|work=Business Line|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/csir-lab-working-on-genome-sequencing-of-covid-19/article31175131.ece|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref>

India was estimated to have approximately 40,000 ventilators in March 2020, of which 8,432 were with the public sector.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Chandna|first1=Himani|date=27 March 2020|title=India has 40,000 ventilators but could need many, many more in 'worst-case scenario'|url=https://theprint.in/health/india-has-40000-ventilators-but-could-need-many-many-more-in-worst-case-scenario/388874/|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2020|website=ThePrint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327200829/https://theprint.in/health/india-has-40000-ventilators-but-could-need-many-many-more-in-worst-case-scenario/388874/ |archive-date=27 March 2020 }}</ref> The government aimed to double the capacity of ventilators by June 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=28 March 2020|title=India to double number of ventilators by making 40,000 units: Reports|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/03/28/india-to-double-number-of-ventilators-by-making-40000-units-reports.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2020|website=The Week|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328200416/https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2020/03/28/india-to-double-number-of-ventilators-by-making-40000-units-reports.html |archive-date=28 March 2020 }}</ref> with the assistance from Indian [[Public Sector Undertaking|PSUs]], firms and startups, including [[Bharat Electronics]], [[DRDO]] and [[ISRO]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Nikita|last1=Prasad|title=Kudos! Indian Railways manufactures low-cost ventilator prototype for COVID-19 patients in a week's time|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/kudos-indian-railways-manufactures-low-cost-ventilator-prototype-for-covid-19-patients-in-a-weeks-time/1919953/|work=The Financial Express|date=6 April 2020|access-date=6 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Sharmishte|last1=Datti|title=ISRO Puts Rockets, Satellites On Hold To Develop Ventilators For Coronavirus|url=https://www.gizbot.com/news/coronavirus-effect-isro-shifts-focus-to-ventilators-066694.html|publisher=GizBot|date=31 March 2020|access-date=6 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Manu|last1=Pubby|title=Low cost, high volume products being developed; DRDO chief says scientists rising to the occasion|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/defence/local-defence-technology-helps-fight-covid-19/articleshow/74958610.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=4 April 2020|access-date=6 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Archana|last1=Shukla|title=Bengaluru-based Skanray aims to make 1 lakh ventilators, opens up design IP|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/bengaluru-based-skanray-aims-to-make-1-lakh-ventilators-opens-up-design-ip-5540741.htm|publisher=CNBC TV18|date=23 March 2020|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> This led to the creation of some of the world's smallest and cheapest ventilators.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Jha|first1=Kundan|date=11 April 2020|title=India using innovation as arsenal to fight coronavirus|work=The Sunday Guardian|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/business/india-using-innovation-arsenal-fight-coronavirus|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> Production lines were repurposed to manufacture general [[Personal protective equipment]], full body suits and ventilators; India was producing around 200,000 PPE kits and 250,000 [[N95 masks]] per day in May 2020, compared to virtually zero shortly before.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=5 May 2020|title=From zero, India now produces around 2 lakh PPE kits per day|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=ANI|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/from-zero-india-now-produces-around-2-lakh-ppe-kits-per-day/articleshow/75556879.cms|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

Several states were allowed by ICMR and [[Drugs Controller General of India]] (DCGI) to start clinical trials of convalescent plasma therapy and [[Plasmapheresis|plasma exchange therapy]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://theprint.in/health/icmr-plans-plasma-therapy-clinical-trials-in-2-weeks-to-treat-critical-covid-19-cases/401612/|title=ICMR plans plasma therapy clinical trials in 2 weeks to treat critical Covid-19 cases|last1=Yadavar|first1=Swagata|date=15 April 2020|website=ThePrint|access-date=24 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/icmr-gets-nod-for-clinical-trial-of-convalescent-plasma-for-covid-19-treatment/article31372977.ece|title=ICMR gets nod for clinical trial of convalescent plasma for COVID-19 treatment|date=18 April 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=24 April 2020|issn=0971-751X}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/karnataka-gets-centre-s-nod-to-start-plasma-therapy-to-treat-covid-19-patients-11587468758875.html|title=Karnataka gets Centre's nod to start plasma therapy for COVID-19 patients|date=21 April 2020|website=Livemint|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> Initial optimism around plasma therapy,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Plasma Therapy For COVID-19 Works in Delhi, 49-year-old Recovers|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/plasma-therapy-for-covid-19-works-in-delhi-49-year-old-recovers-2215191|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sukirti|date=20 April 2020|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/plasma-therapy-shows-positive-results-on-covid-19-patients-says-arvind-kejriwal-11587712477476.html|title=Plasma therapy shows positive results on COVID-19 patients, says Kejriwal|date=24 April 2020|website=Livemint|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> resulted in ICMR stating that there is no robust evidence to support convalescent plasma therapy as a routine therapy, describing it is as an emerging and experimental therapy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=No approved, definitive therapies for COVID-19; convalescent plasma one of several emerging therapies: ICMR|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/no-approved-definitive-therapies-for-covid-19-convalescent-plasma-one-of-several-emerging-therapies-icmr20200428200515/|access-date=28 April 2020|website=ANI News}}</ref> Convalescent plasma therapy was dropped form the COVID-19 treatment protocol by ICMR in mid May 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=18 May 2021|title=ICMR Removes 'Plasma Therapy' From COVID-19 Management Protocols|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/icmr-removes-plasma-therapy-from-covid-19-management-protocols/|url-status=live|access-date=27 May 2021|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518053006/https://science.thewire.in/health/icmr-removes-plasma-therapy-from-covid-19-management-protocols/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 May 2021|title=ICMR drops plasma therapy from COVID-19 treatment guidelines|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/icmr-drops-plasma-therapy-from-covid-19-treatment-guidelines/article34582184.ece|access-date=27 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In June 2020, India approved the [[COVID-19 drug repurposing research|repurposing]] of generic versions of the antiviral medication [[favipiravir]] for the treatment of mild-to-moderate COVID-19 symptoms by [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals|Glenmark]], [[Cipla]] and the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] and [[Lupin Limited]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 June 2020|title=Glenmark's FabiFlu approved for coronavirus treatment in India, costs Rs 103 per tablet|language=en|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-treatment-drug-glenmark-fabiflu-favipiravir-launch-india-rs-103-per-tablet-reduce-viral-load-1691066-2020-06-20|access-date=30 June 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Leo|first=Leroy|date=24 July 2020|title=Cipla to launch favipiravir under Ciplenza in August at 68 rupees per pill|work=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cipla-to-launch-favipiravir-under-ciplenza-in-august-at-68-rupees-per-pill-11595600589580.html|access-date=4 August 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=5 August 2020|title=Lupin launches Covid-19 drug Favipiravir in India at Rs 49 per tablet|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/business/india-business/lupin-launches-covid-19-drug-favipiravir-in-india-at-rs-49-per-tablet/articleshow/77366492.cms|access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, the Indian firm [[Biocon]] received emergency authorisation for the use of the repurposed drug [[Itolizumab]] in treatments for [[chronic plaque psoriasis]], one of the symptoms of the disease.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Leo|first=Leroy|date=11 July 2020|title=Biocon Biologics' itolizumab gets DCGI nod for emergency use to treat covid-19|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biocon-biologics-itolizumab-gets-dcgi-nod-for-emergency-use-to-treat-covid-19-11594453139828.html|url-status=live|access-date=28 April 2021|website=Livemint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711164513/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biocon-biologics-itolizumab-gets-dcgi-nod-for-emergency-use-to-treat-covid-19-11594453139828.html |archive-date=11 July 2020 }}</ref>

On 23 April 2021, [[Cadila Healthcare]] received an emergency authorisation to repurpose [[Peginterferon alfa-2b]], a medication used to treat [[hepatitis C]], as a treatment for moderate COVID-19 in adults.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=23 April 2021|title=India's Cadila gets approval to repurpose Hepatitis C drug for Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-cadila-gets-approval-to-repurpose-hepatitis-c-drug-for-covid19-101619171912735.html|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> On 8 May 2021, DCGI gave permission for emergency use of the drug ''[[2-Deoxy-D-glucose]]'' developed by [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]] in collaboration with [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]] as an ''adjunct or alternative therapy'' for treating moderate to severe cases of COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 May 2021|title=Easy to produce, easier to consume: DRDO's 2-DG drug for treatment of Covid patients {{!}} FAQs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/drdo-2dg-corona-drug-medicine-approved-emergency-use-covid-patients-how-made-consumed-1800348-2021-05-08|url-status=live|access-date=13 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508181755/https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/drdo-2dg-corona-drug-medicine-approved-emergency-use-covid-patients-how-made-consumed-1800348-2021-05-08 |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref>

By April 2021, the latest treatment guidelines mirrored those of the WHO and the United States with the important exception that, in India, mildly ill patients were allowed to be given Hydroxychloroquine or Ivermectin.<ref name="Associated Press" /> This potential off-label prescription seems to have taken off in some parts of India: Kavery Nambisan, an Indian surgeon, said that a doctor in Kandivali, Mumbai, has treated thousands of patients with ivermectin.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=How to prevent a third wave of Covid-19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2021/jun/30/how-to-prevent-a-third-wave-of-covid-19-2323222.html |work=The New Indian Express|date=5 July 2021 }}</ref> In January 2023, hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin were not recommended anymore at all in the national clinical guidance for management of adult covid-19 patients.<ref name="MoHFW-2023">{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Clinical Management |url=https://covid19dashboard.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/ClinicalGuidanceforManagementofAdultCOVID19Patientsupdatedason05thjan2023.pdf |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=www.mohfw.gov.in}}</ref>

==== Vaccine development and production ====
The Indian government infused {{INRConvert|900|c|lk=on|year=2020}} into the [[Department of Biotechnology]] in November 2020 to aid the development of a COVID vaccine.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 November 2020|title=Government Launches Mission COVID Suraksha to accelerate Indian COVID-19 Vaccine Development|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1676998 |access-date=5 June 2021|website=pib.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of Science & Technology}}</ref> The [[2021 Union budget of India|2021 budget of India]] also allocated {{INRConvert|35000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} for vaccine procurement.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sarda|first=Kanu|date=3 June 2021|title=Explain how Rs 35,000 crore budget marked for procuring vaccines is being used: SC tells Centre|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/03/explain-how-rs-35000-crore-budget-marked-for-procuring-vaccines-is-being-used-sc-tells-centre-2311049.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603040452/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jun/03/explain-how-rs-35000-crore-budget-marked-for-procuring-vaccines-is-being-used-sc-tells-centre-2311049.html |archive-date=3 June 2021 }}</ref>

In January 2021, the [[Drugs Controller General of India|DCGI]] initially approved the [[Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine|Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine]], manufactured by the [[Serum Institute of India]] (SII) under the trade name "Covishield",<ref name="NYT India approves">{{#invoke:Cite|news |last1=Schmall |first1=Emily |last2=Yasir |first2=Sameer |date=3 January 2021 |title=India Approves Oxford-AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine and 1 Other |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/world/asia/india-covid-19-vaccine.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/03/world/asia/india-covid-19-vaccine.html |archive-date=28 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="BBC India approves">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 January 2021|title=Coronavirus: India approves vaccines from Bharat Biotech and Oxford/AstraZeneca|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55520658|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> and [[BBV152]] (Covaxin), a vaccine developed by [[Bharat Biotech]] in association with the [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] and [[National Institute of Virology]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 January 2021|title=Expert panel recommends Bharat Biotech's Covaxin for restricted emergency use|publisher=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/expert-panel-clears-bharat-biotechs-covaxin-amid-uk-virus-strain-what-you-need-to-know-3240500.html|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref>

The approval of Covaxin was met with some concern, as the vaccine had not then completed phase 3 trials.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |last=Prasad |first=R |date=15 January 2020 |title=Vaccine dilemma — to take or not to take Covaxin |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/vaccine-dilemma-to-take-or-not-to-take-covaxin/article33577223.ecel}}</ref> Due to this status, those receiving Covaxin were required to sign a consent form,<ref name="TH33587377">{{#invoke:Cite|news|first=Bindu Shajan|last=Perappadan|date=16 January 2020|title=Covaxin recipients asked to sign consent form on 'clinical trial mode'|newspaper=The Hindu|location=New Delhi|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-bharat-biotech-to-pay-compensation-if-covaxin-vaccine-causes-side-effects/article33587377.ece|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> while some states chose to relegate Covaxin to a "buffer stock" and primarily distribute the Oxford–AstraZeneca vaccine.<ref name="TH33577223">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Prasad|first=R|date=15 January 2020|title=Vaccine dilemma — to take or not to take Covaxin|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/vaccine-dilemma-to-take-or-not-to-take-covaxin/article33577223.ece|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> Following the conclusion of its trial, the DCGI issued a standard emergency-use authorisation to Covaxin in March 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Leo|first=Leroy|date=11 March 2021|title=DCGI removes Covaxin out of 'clinical trial mode'|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/dcgi-removes-covaxin-out-of-clinical-trial-mode-11615473577621.html|access-date=13 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The slogan '<nowiki/>''Dawai Bhi, Kadai Bhi'<nowiki/>'' (trnsl; Vaccination and Precautions both are necessary) was used by the Indian Government.

In April 2021, the DCGI approved the Russian [[Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine|Sputnik V]] vaccine, which was trialled in India by [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=13 April 2021|title=On Sputnik V For India, Price Issues – AstraZeneca Price Too Low, Says Maker|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sputnik-v-cleared-but-price-isnt-big-sticking-point-2412574|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413125319/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sputnik-v-cleared-but-price-isnt-big-sticking-point-2412574 |archive-date=13 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=16 September 2020|title=Russia's sovereign wealth fund partners with Dr Reddy's for trials and distribution of Sputnik V vaccine in India|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|editor-last=Saxena|editor-first=Sparshita|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/russia-s-sovereign-wealth-fund-partners-with-dr-reddy-s-for-trials-and-distribution-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-in-india/story-SPPpdsi7Bzd6mnA2rhZqRN.html|access-date=24 May 2021}}</ref> The initial shipment of 150 million Sputnik V doses arrived on 1 May, and began to be administered on 14 May.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=Watch: Russia's Sputnik V, 3rd Vaccine For India, Arrives In Hyderabad|date=1 May 201|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/russias-sputnik-v-3rd-vaccine-in-india-arrives-in-hyderabad-2425948|publisher=NDTV}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=1.5 lakh doses of Sputnik V land in India|date=1 May 2021|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-gets-first-consignment-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-from-russia/article34458233.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Kumar|first1=N. Ravi}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kumar|first=N. Ravi|date=14 May 2021|title=Sputnik roll out begins, to cost ₹995 per dose|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/dr-reddy-administers-first-dose-of-sputnik-v-vaccine-in-india/article34555225.ece|access-date=15 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Domestic manufacturing of Sputnik V is expected to begin by August 2021, with doses imported from Russia being used in the meantime.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=On Sputnik V For India, Price Issues – AstraZeneca Price Too Low, Says Maker|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sputnik-v-cleared-but-price-isnt-big-sticking-point-2412574|access-date=28 May 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="toi-202105222">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 May 2021|title=Sputnik V Covid-19 vaccine production in India to start in August|newspaper=The Times of India|location=New Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sputnik-v-covid-19-vaccine-production-in-india-to-start-in-august/articleshow/82854393.cms|access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref>

In May 2021, the DCGI approved phase 2 and 3 trials of Covaxin among children 2–18.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 May 2021|title=DCGI approves Covaxin clinical trials for children aged 2-18 years|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dcgi-approves-covaxin-clinical-trials-for-children-aged-2-18-years-covid-19-vaccination-2890096|access-date=13 May 2021|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

In late-June 2021, after the DCGI removed a requirement that all COVID-19 vaccines must be trialed locally before approval (notwithstanding any approval and wide use in other major countries), the DCGI approved the Moderna vaccine for emergency use.<ref name="TimesofIndia-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 June 2021|title=India expands Covid vaccine kitty: Moderna gets regulatory nod; Pfizer approval likely soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-expands-vaccine-kitty-moderna-gets-regulatory-nod-pfizer-approval-likely-soon/articleshow/83953465.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629121518/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-expands-vaccine-kitty-moderna-gets-regulatory-nod-pfizer-approval-likely-soon/articleshow/83953465.cms |archive-date=29 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Livemint" />

==== Vaccination policy and distribution ====
{{Multiple image
| image1 = COVID-19 vaccination roll out in AIIMS, New Delhi, India on 16 Jan 2021.jpg
| image2 = Frontline workers filling out COVID19 vaccination cards in Bihar.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| image3 = COVID-19 vaccination queue 01052021 (cropped).jpg
| perrow = 2 / 2
| total_width = 360
| footer = {{bulleted list
| Top left: A healthcare worker administering a COVID-19 vaccine dose in AIIMS New Delhi on 16 January 2021.
| Top right: Frontline workers in Bihar filling COVID19 vaccination cards in May 2021.
| Bottom left:A COVID19 vaccination queue in Nagpur, Maharashtra on 1 May 2021.
| Bottom right: A vaccination center in Bhopal.
}}
| image4 = Vaccination drive for COVID prevention in Bhopal, India.jpg
}}
{{Main|COVID-19 vaccination in India}}
Administratively, India began preparing to vaccinate its population in April 2020 with the setting up a Vaccine Task Force.<ref name="VaccineTaskForce-2021" /> Following this the [[National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19]] (NEGVAC) was formed,<ref name="pib.gov.in-2020" /> and in October 2020 states were asked to set up state level mechanisms for the COVID-19 vaccine programme,<ref name="Singh-2020" /> and prepare cold chains points.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dutt|first=Anonna|date=8 December 2020|title='300 mn people may get vaccinated simultaneously as per availability of doses': Union health secy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-vaccine-update-300-mn-people-may-get-vaccinated-simultaneously-as-per-availability-of-doses-union-health-secy/story-b9ms8IvtOmb3hD7S32IMMN.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208152911/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-vaccine-update-300-mn-people-may-get-vaccinated-simultaneously-as-per-availability-of-doses-union-health-secy/story-b9ms8IvtOmb3hD7S32IMMN.html |archive-date=8 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=11 January 2021|agency=Agence France-Presse|title=India Preps To Vaccinate 300 Million, Size Of US Population, By July|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-prepares-to-vaccinate-300-million-size-of-us-population-by-july-2350594|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|work=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111063118/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-prepares-to-vaccinate-300-million-size-of-us-population-by-july-2350594 |archive-date=11 January 2021 }}</ref> A communication strategy for the vaccination programme was also revealed by the health ministry in January 2021, targeting issues such as vaccine eagerness and hesitancy.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Tarfe|first=Akshay|date=3 June 2021|title=How India's Covid-19 communication strategy is failing to combat vaccine hesitancy|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/how-indias-covid-19-communication-strategy-is-failing-to-combat-vaccine-hesitancy-7342890/|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603140340/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/how-indias-covid-19-communication-strategy-is-failing-to-combat-vaccine-hesitancy-7342890/ |archive-date=3 June 2021 }}</ref>

India started out with a vaccination policy targeting 300 million people based on occupation and age group, to be completed a time period of six months, by August 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=16 January 2021|title=India rolls out the world's largest COVID-19 vaccination drive|url=https://www.who.int/india/news/feature-stories/detail/india-rolls-out-the-world-s-largest-covid-19-vaccination-drive|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=World Health Organisation|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118095040/https://www.who.int/india/news/feature-stories/detail/india-rolls-out-the-world-s-largest-covid-19-vaccination-drive |archive-date=18 January 2021 }}</ref><ref name="TheHindu-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=22 May 2021|title=Vaccine shortage attributed to India's expanded coverage for wider population: Experts|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/vaccine-shortage-attributed-to-indias-expanded-coverage-for-wider-population-serum/article34622558.ece|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522150712/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/vaccine-shortage-attributed-to-indias-expanded-coverage-for-wider-population-serum/article34622558.ece |archive-date=22 May 2021 }}</ref>
* '''Phase 1''' started on 16 January 2021 and targeted 10 million health workers{{efn|Health-care workers include "Health-care providers and workers in the health-care setting (public and private), including Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) workers. The group has been further divided into nine sub-groups: medical officers, nurses and supervisors, frontline health and ICDS workers, paramedical staff, support staff, medical, nursing and paramedical students, medical scientists and research staff, clerical and administrative staff and other health staff."<ref name=":defn">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Jayan|first=T. V.|date=3 January 2021|title=Covid-19 vaccination: All you need to know|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/covid-19-vaccination-all-you-need-to-know/article33487824.ece|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103225259/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/covid-19-vaccination-all-you-need-to-know/article33487824.ece |archive-date=3 January 2021 }}</ref>}} first followed by 20 million frontline workers.{{efn|Frontline Workers (FLWs) include "Personnel from State and Central Police organisation, Armed Forces, Home Guards, prison staff, disaster management volunteers, Civil Defence organisation, Municipal Workers and revenue officials engaged in surveillance and containment activities."<ref name=":defn" /> A number of states have included ''journalists'' as frontline workers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Pakrasi |first1=Susmita |title=Here's list of states that have declared journalists as frontline workers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/heres-list-of-states-that-have-declared-journalists-as-frontline-workers-101620112780855.html |access-date=21 May 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 May 2021}}</ref> Gujarat has included ''crematorium workers'' as frontline workers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 May 2021|title=Gujarat: Crematorium workers to be considered as frontline warriors|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/gujarat-crematorium-workers-to-be-considered-as-frontline-warriors/articleshow/82581967.cms?from=mdr|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref>}}<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Sud|first1=Vedika|last2=Gan|first2=Nectar|date=19 December 2020|title=How India plans to vaccinate 300 million people against Covid-19|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/18/asia/india-coronavirus-vaccine-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219041847/https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/18/asia/india-coronavirus-vaccine-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=19 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Sood-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Sood|first1=Rakesh|last2=Kapur|first2=Kriti|last3=Kurian|first3=Oommen C.|date=31 May 2021|title=India's Vaccine Rollout: A Reality Check|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-vaccine-rollout-a-reality-check/|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=ORF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531052648/https://www.orfonline.org/research/indias-vaccine-rollout-a-reality-check/ |archive-date=31 May 2021 }}</ref> Phase 1 was to be completed by 31 March.<ref name="Sanghi-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sanghi|first=Neeta|date=23 April 2021|title=The Modi Govt Wants to Vaccinate All Indians. Its Plan Points the Other Way.|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/modi-government-covid-vaccination-strategy-manufacturers-price-war-inequity/|access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Sood-2021" /> On 3 April, registrations for this group was closed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Kumar|first=Parimal|date=4 April 2021|editor-last=Achom|editor-first=Debanish|title=No Fresh Registrations For Healthcare Workers For Covid Vaccine: Centre|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/frontline-healthcare-workers-no-longer-allowed-to-register-for-covid-vaccination-says-centre-2405585|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210403162335/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/frontline-healthcare-workers-no-longer-allowed-to-register-for-covid-vaccination-says-centre-2405585 |archive-date=3 April 2021 }}</ref> 67% of health, frontline workers received at least one dose; taking into account ''registered'' health and frontline workers, the number of ''fully'' vaccinated is 47%.<ref name="Sanghi-2021" /><ref name="Dey-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dey|first=Sushmi|date=19 April 2021|title=Only 37% of 3 crore health, frontline workers fully vaccinated|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/only-37-of-3-crore-health-frontline-workers-fully-vaccinated/articleshow/82135322.cms|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418210235/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/only-37-of-3-crore-health-frontline-workers-fully-vaccinated/articleshow/82135322.cms |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref>
* '''Phase 2''' began on 1 March 2021 to cover 45+ year old's with co-morbidities and 60+ year old's.<ref name="Sood-2021" /> On 1 April, vaccinations were opened for everyone above 45 years.<ref name="Sood-2021" /> Shortages in vaccine supplies were evident in March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Das|first=Krishna N.|date=10 March 2021|title=Big Indian state scales down vaccinations, citing shortage|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-vaccine-idUSKBN2B1114|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

On 19 March 2021, in the [[Lok Sabha]], the health minister of India stated that "It is not necessary, scientifically, to give each and every person in the country the vaccine. Not each and every person in the world will be vaccinated. The prioritisation process is a dynamic process..."<ref name="HindustanTimes-2021-1">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 March 2021|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Poulomi|title='Every vaccine does not require universal immunisation': Harsh Vardhan on Covid-19 vaccine in Lok Sabha|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/every-vaccine-does-not-require-universal-immunisation-harsh-vardhan-on-covid-19-vaccine-in-lok-sabha-101616137766912.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319071625/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/every-vaccine-does-not-require-universal-immunisation-harsh-vardhan-on-covid-19-vaccine-in-lok-sabha-101616137766912.html |archive-date=19 March 2021 }}</ref>
* '''Phase 3''' of the vaccination campaign was opened up to include all eligible adults (18+) from 1 May 2021 following a surge in cases in April, a second wave.<ref name="PIB-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|author=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|date=19 April 2021|title=Government of India announces a Liberalised and Accelerated Phase 3 Strategy of Covid-19 Vaccination from 1st May|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1712710|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=PIB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604131004/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1712710 |archive-date=4 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Sanghi-2021" /> This expansion resulted in immediate, increased and prolonged vaccine shortages.<ref name="TheHindu-2021" />
[[File:India's COVID19 vaccination deployment till 3 June 2021.png|thumb|400x400px|India's COVID-19 vaccination deployment until 3 June]]
Changes in procurement policies, the liberalised vaccination policy,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|author=RK Dewan & Co|date=31 May 2021|title=NEGVAC clears myths about COVID vaccination in India|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=47dbec11-e936-4be0-8135-0cc5c0575054|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=Lexology|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601144010/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=47dbec11-e936-4be0-8135-0cc5c0575054 |archive-date=1 June 2021 }}</ref><ref name="PIB-2021" /> and differential pricing further complicated the situation.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 June 2021|title='Arbitrary and irrational': Supreme Court questions Centre's liberalised vaccination policy|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/arbitrary-and-irrational-supreme-court-questions-centres-liberalised-vaccination-policy/2263694/|access-date=4 June 2021|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ellyatt|first=Holly|date=5 May 2021|title=India is the home of the world's biggest producer of Covid vaccines. But it's facing a major internal shortage|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/05/why-covid-vaccine-producer-india-faces-major-shortage-of-doses.html|access-date=4 June 2021|publisher=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> Children in India experienced [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772368222001159?via%3Dihub lower routine immunization] coverage and greater delays in immunization during this time. Global vaccine obligations of India were also severely affected including those with south-Asian neighbours,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 April 2021|title=Bangladesh approves China's Sinopharm Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/04/29/bangladesh-approves-china-s-sinopharm-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use|access-date=4 June 2021|website=Dhaka Tribune}}</ref> and 190 countries associated with [[COVAX]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Mazumdar|first=Tulip|date=17 May 2021|title=India's Covid crisis hits Covax vaccine-sharing scheme|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57135368|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=24 March 2021|title=Coronavirus: India temporarily halts Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine exports|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56513371|access-date=4 June 2021}}</ref>

By 22 October 2021, India delivered 1 Billion doses for COVID-19 out of which, 700 million were single doses and 300 million were double doses.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=India Achieves 1 Billion Jabs Feat, PM Says "History Scripted": 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-reaches-1-billion-vaccinations-milestone-2582650|access-date=23 October 2021|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

According to a 2022 modelling study published in [[The Lancet|The Lancet Infectious Diseases journal]], over 4.2 million lives were saved in India in 2021 due to vaccination against COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web | title=Covid-19 vaccines prevented over 42 lakh deaths in India in 2021: Lancet study | website=mint | date=2022-06-24 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid19-vaccines-prevented-over-42-lakh-covid-19-deaths-in-india-in-2021-says-lancet-study-details-here-11656028876276.html | access-date=2022-08-26}}</ref>

=== Immediate relief ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Sanitisation of street by KMC 02.jpg
| image2 = Nashik taluka. Spraying disinfectants and sanitizers is being done from village to village including gardens and yards.jpg
| image3 = Jaipur during lockdown.jpg
| image4 = Covid 19 Tiruppur Tamil Nadu IMG 20200411 125149893.jpg
| perrow = 2/2
| footer = Various sanitisation methods were adopted
| total_width = 400
}}

==== Welfare ====
On 19 March 2020, [[Kerala]] announced a stimulus package of {{INRConvert|20000|c|lk=|year=2020}} to help the state overcome both the COVID-19 epidemic and economic hardship caused by it.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 March 2020|title=Kerala government announces Rs 20,000 crore package to tackle coronavirus outbreak|newspaper=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-government-announces-rs-20-000-crore-package-to-tackle-coronavirus-outbreak/story-KzGvehTH4HXjhnkTBLU49M.html|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref> On 21 March, [[Uttar Pradesh]] announced {{INRConvert|1000||lk=|year=2020}} to all daily wage labourers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gaur|first1=Vatsala|date=21 March 2020|title=Yogi Adityanath announces relief measures for UP's daily wage earners|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/yogi-adityanath-announces-relief-measures-for-ups-daily-wage-earners/articleshow/74744711.cms|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> On 22 March, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] announced {{INRConvert|3000||lk=|year=2020}} to all registered construction workers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Rs 3,000 relief for construction workers, says Punjab CM Amarinder Singh|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/coronavirus-rs-3000-relief-for-construction-workers-says-punjab-cm-amarinder-singh/articleshow/74754595.cms|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> A number of states and union territories went on to announce free and increased rations for [[Ration card (India)|ration card]] holders.<ref>* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=22 March 2020|title=Karnataka Seals its Borders, Announces Free Ration for All for 2 Months as Covid-19 Cases Reach 20|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karnataka-seals-its-borders-announces-free-ration-for-all-for-2-months-as-covid-19-cases-reach-20-2546273.html|access-date=22 March 2020|website=News18}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news |date=23 March 2020|agency=ANI|title=Bihar CM announces 1 month free supplies for ration card holders|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/patna/bihar-cm-announces-1-month-free-supplies-for-ration-card-holders/videoshow/74780789.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410012129/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/patna/bihar-cm-announces-1-month-free-supplies-for-ration-card-holders/videoshow/74780789.cms|archive-date=10 April 2020|access-date=18 February 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=AP announces lockdown till March 31|work=Outlook India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ap-announces-lockdown-till-march-31/1776396|access-date=18 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=Telangana Lockdown: 12 kg free rice per person {{INRConvert|1500||lk=|year=2020}} per family to be supplied for each white ration card|work=Telangana Today|url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-lockdown-12-kg-free-rice-per-person-rs-1500-per-family-to-be-supplied-for-each-white-ration-card|access-date=18 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=21 March 2020|title=COVID-19 causing financial stress to poor, ration per person increased: Arvind Kejriwal|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pension-for-elderly-widows-specially-abled-being-doubled-in-view-of-covid-19-announces-arvind-kejriwal/articleshow/74747399.cms|access-date=18 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=22 April 2020|title=Over 1 crore people will get free rations: Delhi CM|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/over-1cr-people-will-get-free-rations-cm/articleshow/75282400.cms |access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Karnataka]] announced {{INRConvert|1610|c|lk=on|year=2020}} relief for unorganised sectors including flower growers, washer-men and women, barbers, construction workers, auto and cab drivers, [[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises|MSMEs]], and weavers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Poovanna|first=Sharan|date=6 May 2020|title=₹1,610-crore relief for those hardest-hit by lockdown in Karnataka|website=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/-1-610-crore-relief-for-those-hardest-hit-by-lockdown-in-karnataka-11588784599700.html|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> The Delhi government announced that if a doctor, nurse or hygiene worker dies during treatment, their family will be provided {{INRConvert|10|m}}.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=14 April 2020|editor-last=Bhasin|editor-first=Swati|title=Rs 1 Crore For Families Of COVID-19 Warriors If They Die: Arvind Kejriwal|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-announces-rs-1-crore-for-families-of-health-personnel-if-they-lose-their-lives-while-2204204|url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401125746/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arvind-kejriwal-announces-rs-1-crore-for-families-of-health-personnel-if-they-lose-their-lives-while-2204204 |archive-date=1 April 2020 }}</ref> The Union government also announced the distribution of rations.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=25 March 2020|title=Cabinet Meet Live Updates: Centre To Provide 7 Kg Ration To 80 Crore People|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/economy-finance/cabinet-meet-live-updates-government-to-announce-decisions-taken-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-nirmala-sitharaman-narendra-modi-labour-minister-workforce-financial-plan-measures-direct-benefit-transfer-gdp-economy|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=BloombergQuint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325100230/https://www.bloombergquint.com/economy-finance/cabinet-meet-live-updates-government-to-announce-decisions-taken-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-nirmala-sitharaman-narendra-modi-labour-minister-workforce-financial-plan-measures-direct-benefit-transfer-gdp-economy |archive-date=25 March 2020 }}</ref>

==== Economic relief and stimulus package ====

{{Main|Economic_impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_India#Atmanirbhar_Bharat_Abhiyan_(Economic_package)|l1 = Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan}}
A [[Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana|food security scheme]], part of wider economic relief package of {{INRConvert|1.7|lc|lk=|year=2020}}, was announced by the center on 26 March 2020. This also included direct cash transfer, primarily for [[Migrant worker|migrant labourers]] and daily wage labourers; and free gas cylinders for three months.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=26 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: FM Sitharaman announces package worth Rs 1,70,000 crore for poor, daily wagers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/finance-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-live-updates-economic-relief-package-india-coronavirus-1659912-2020-03-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326224738/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/finance-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-live-updates-economic-relief-package-india-coronavirus-1659912-2020-03-26|archive-date=26 March 2020|access-date=26 March 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> This was followed by RBI cutting repo rates, injecting liquidity and permitting banks to provide a [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] on all loans for three months.<ref name="Ram-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ram|first=Anya Bharat|date=8 April 2020|title=Central government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic (Jan 2020 – Apr 7, 2020)|url=https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/central-government%E2%80%99s-response-covid-19-pandemic-jan-2020-apr-7-2020|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021|website=PRSIndia|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416085218/https://www.prsindia.org/theprsblog/central-government%E2%80%99s-response-covid-19-pandemic-jan-2020-apr-7-2020 |archive-date=16 April 2020 }}</ref> Payment of taxes was relaxed and states were provided with short term credit via increased [[ways and means advances]] limits.<ref name="Ram-2020" /> Pending wages of daily wage labourers under [[Mgnrega]] scheme were released.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=27 March 2020|title=Centre releases Rs 4431 crore to clear pending wages under MGNREGA, to pay all dues by April 10|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/economy/finance/centre-releases-rs-4431-crore-to-clear-pending-wages-under-mgnrega-to-pay-all-dues-by-april-10/articleshow/74849430.cms|access-date=27 March 2020}}</ref> On 12 May the Prime Minister announced an economic package of {{INRConvert|20|lc|lk=on|year=2020}}; this included previous government actions, including the RBI announcements and the Finance Ministers announcement on 26 March.<ref name="Iyer-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Iyer|first1=P Vaidyanathan|date=15 May 2020|title=Math behind Rs 20-lakh crore economic package: It is 10% of GDP but about half is already factored in|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/the-math-its-10-of-gdp-but-less-than-5-cash-outgo-pm-modi-relief-packages-6407302/|access-date=15 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=13 May 2020|agency=Reuters|title=How 10% Of GDP Package Breaks Up: Additional Is Rs 13.5 Lakh Crore|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/coronavirus-covid-19-crisis-how-10-of-gdp-package-breaks-up-additional-is-rs-13-5-lakh-crore-2227899|access-date=15 May 2020|work=NDTV}}</ref> On 12 October and 12 November, the government announced two more economic stimulus packages, bringing the total economic stimulus to {{INRConvert|29.87|lc|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name="Sharma-2020-1">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=12 November 2020|title=Govt announces Atmanirbhar Bharat 3.0; claims COVID stimulus now worth Rs 29.8 lakh crore|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116015509/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/govt-announces-atmanirbhar-bharat-30-covid-stimulus-worth-rs-29-lakh-crore/story/421809.html |archive-date=16 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020|website=Business Today}}</ref> {{INRConvert|15000|c|lk=on|year=2020}} was sanctioned for the health sectors response to COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ram|first=Anya Bharat|date=1 May 2020|title=Monthly Policy Review: April 2020. Rs 15,000 crore sanctioned towards the COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health System Preparedness Package|url=https://prsindia.org/policy/monthly-policy-review/april-2020|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021|website=PRS Legislative Research|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521090734/https://prsindia.org/policy/monthly-policy-review/april-2020 |archive-date=21 May 2021 }}</ref>
[[File:India COVID-19 Government Stringency Index.png|thumb|400x400px|India's (in red) government stringency during the COVID-19 pandemic according to the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Stringency Index. The stringency index includes schools, workplaces, public events, gatherings, public transport, public information campaigns, stay at home policy, internal movement, international travel, testing policy, contract tracing, face coverings, and vaccination policy.<ref name="Ritchie-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|journal|title=COVID-19: Stringency Index|url=https://ourworldindata.org/covid-stringency-index|access-date=1 June 2021|journal=Our World in Data|date=5 March 2020|last1=Ritchie|first1=Hannah|author-link1=Hannah Ritchie|last2=Ortiz-Ospina|first2=Esteban|last3=Beltekian|first3=Diana|last4=Mathieu|first4=Edouard|last5=Hasell|first5=Joe|last6=MacDonald|first6=Bobbie|last7=Giattino|first7=Charlie|last8=Appel|first8=Cameron|last9=Rodés-Guirao|first9=Lucas|last10=Roser|first10=Max}}</ref><ref name="Hale-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|journal|last1=Hale|first1=Thomas|last2=Angrist|first2=Noam|last3=Goldszmidt|first3=Rafael|last4=Kira|first4=Beatriz|last5=Petherick|first5=Anna|last6=Phillips|first6=Toby|last7=Webster|first7=Samuel|last8=Cameron-Blake|first8=Emily|last9=Hallas|first9=Laura|last10=Majumdar|first10=Saptarshi|last11=Tatlow|first11=Helen|date=March 2021|title=A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker)|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|language=en|volume=5|issue=4|pages=529–538|doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8|pmid=33686204|s2cid=232160867|issn=2397-3374|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 April 2020|title=India scores high on Covid-19 response tracker made by Oxford University|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-scores-high-on-covid-19-response-tracker-made-by-oxford-university-1665573-2020-04-10|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411052450/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-scores-high-on-covid-19-response-tracker-made-by-oxford-university-1665573-2020-04-10 |archive-date=11 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 May 2020|title=Explained: India enforced one of the strongest lockdowns, here's how it stacks up against other countries|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/coronavirus-india-lockdown-vs-global-lockdown-covid-19-deaths-cases-cure-6399181/|access-date=26 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>]] On 12 June 2021, [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]] [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] announced to reduce the [[Goods and Service Tax (India)|GST]] tax rates on the equipments, medicines, masks, sanitizers etc. which are being using for the treatment of COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 June 2021|title=Government to reduce GST on the items to be used for COVID-19 treatment:Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nirmala-sitharaman-44-gst-council-meeting-covid-vaccine-drugs-oxygen-tax-7355890/|url-status=live|access-date=13 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612150132/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nirmala-sitharaman-44-gst-council-meeting-covid-vaccine-drugs-oxygen-tax-7355890/ |archive-date=12 June 2021 }}</ref>

=== Lockdowns ===
{{Main|COVID-19 lockdown in India}}

==== First wave: Nation-wide ====
[[File:Epidemic Diseases (Amendment) Ordinance 2020 - India.jpg|thumb|Special provisions inserted in the [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897|Epidemic Diseases Act]] as a result of COVID-19 spread ]]
The [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]] and [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]] was invoked in mid-March 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Awasthi|first=Prashasti|date=12 March 2020|title=Centre invokes 'Epidemic Act' and 'Disaster Management Act' to prevent spread of coronavirus|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/centre-invokes-epidemic-act-and-disaster-management-act-to-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/article31049161.ece|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=@businessline|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313001617/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/centre-invokes-epidemic-act-and-disaster-management-act-to-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/article31049161.ece |archive-date=13 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Sharma-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Ayan|date=18 March 2020|title=How Indian states are gearing up to tackle the coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/18/how-indian-states-are-gearing-up-to-tackle-the-coronavirus-pandemic|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|website=Newslaundry|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319164411/https://www.newslaundry.com/2020/03/18/how-indian-states-are-gearing-up-to-tackle-the-coronavirus-pandemic |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref> All commercial domestic and international flights were suspended in March.<ref name="NDTV-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 March 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=India Suspends All Tourist Visas Till April 15 Over Coronavirus: 10 Facts|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-impact-visas-to-india-suspended-till-april-15-2193382|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311221112/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-impact-visas-to-india-suspended-till-april-15-2193382 |archive-date=11 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Ram-2020" /> A number of cities and states announced that they would restrict public gatherings, dine-in restaurants, or order the closure of various non-essential businesses through 31 March to [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/time-will-reveal-value-of-india-s-lockdown/story-IPIEceh3byv2lHnB6kZp3H.html slow the spread of COVID-19].<ref>* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bedi|first=Aneesha|date=19 March 2020|title=Kejriwal govt orders Delhi restaurants to shut shop with immediate effect until 31 March|url=https://theprint.in/india/kejriwal-govt-orders-delhi-restaurants-to-shut-shop-with-immediate-effect-until-31-march/384034/|access-date=20 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 March 2020|title=All Delhi malls to be closed, grocery and pharmacy stores exempted: CM Arvind Kejriwal|website=Deccan Herald|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/all-delhi-malls-to-be-closed-grocery-and-pharmacy-stores-exempted-cm-arvind-kejriwal-815679.html|access-date=20 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Shukla|first=Nelanshu|date=20 March 2020|title=Coronavirus outbreak in India: All restaurants, cafes, eateries to remain closed in Lucknow till March 31|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-outbreak-in-india-all-restaurants-cafes-eateries-to-remain-closed-in-lucknow-till-march-31-1657885-2020-03-20|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323172328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-gehlot-orders-lockdown-in-rajasthan-till-march-31-exempts-essential-services-2119946.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Pinto|first=Richa|date=20 March 2020|title=Mumbai Lockdown: Many markets and shops in lockdown mode due to Coronavirus|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/virus-effect-many-mumbai-markets-and-shops-in-lockdown-mode/articleshow/74726223.cms|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323172328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-gehlot-orders-lockdown-in-rajasthan-till-march-31-exempts-essential-services-2119946.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 March 2020|title=Coronavirus in Maharashtra: All non-essential shops, offices to shut in Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/lite/story/coronavirus-in-maharashtra-govt-orders-lockdown-of-offices-shops-as-cases-rise-to-52/1/398774.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323172328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-gehlot-orders-lockdown-in-rajasthan-till-march-31-exempts-essential-services-2119946.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=Punjab to enforce lockdown till March 31|newspaper=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/punjab-to-enforce-lockdown-till-march-31/articleshow/74756389.cms|access-date=20 May 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=21 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Gehlot orders lockdown in Rajasthan till March 31, exempts essential services|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-gehlot-orders-lockdown-in-rajasthan-till-march-31-exempts-essential-services-2119946.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323172328/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/21/coronavirus-gehlot-orders-lockdown-in-rajasthan-till-march-31-exempts-essential-services-2119946.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 }}</ref> On 19 March 2020, Prime Minister Modi asked all Indians to observe a 14-hour ''[[COVID-19 lockdown in India#Janata Curfew|Janata curfew]]'' ("people's curfew") on 22 March, and to thank essential workers by clapping or ringing bells at 5 p.m. outside their homes.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 March 2020|title=PM Modi calls for 'Janata curfew' on March 22 from 7 AM-9 PM|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-modi-calls-for-janta-curfew-on-march-22-from-7-am-9-pm/article31110155.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|website=The Hindu @businessline|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319164201/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/pm-modi-calls-for-janta-curfew-on-march-22-from-7-am-9-pm/article31110155.ece |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Pandey-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Pandey|first=Alok|date=23 March 2020|editor-last=Bhasin|editor-first=Swati|title=UP Officials Seen With Crowd Amid "Janata Curfew". Then, A Clarification|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-officials-seen-with-crowd-amid-janata-curfew-then-a-clarification-2198993|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323042651/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/up-officials-seen-with-crowd-amid-janata-curfew-then-a-clarification-2198993 |archive-date=23 March 2020 }}</ref> The curfew was used to evaluate the feasibility of a national lockdown.<ref name="Regan-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Regan|first1=Helen|last2=Mitra|first2=Esha|last3=Gupta|first3=Swati|date=23 March 2020|title=India places millions under lockdown to fight coronavirus|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/asia/coronavirus-covid-19-update-india-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323150256/https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/23/asia/coronavirus-covid-19-update-india-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=23 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="BBCNews-2020-1">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=25 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: India enters 'total lockdown' after spike in cases|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52024239|access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>

On 24 March, with 519 confirmed cases and 9 deaths in the country,<ref name="BBCNews-2021-2">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 March 2021|title=India Covid-19: PM Modi 'did not consult' before lockdown|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56561095|access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref> the Prime Minister announced that India would be placed under a "[[COVID-19 lockdown in India|total lockdown]]" for at least three weeks. All non-critical businesses and services were ordered closed except for hospitals, grocery stores, and pharmacies, and there was a [[Stay-at-home order|"total ban" on leaving the home]] for non-essential purposes. All public transport was suspended.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Gettleman|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Schultz|first2=Kai|date=24 March 2020|title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|access-date=26 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="BBCNews-2020-1" />

On 16 April, districts were divided into zones using a colour-coded tier system based on incidence rates, classified as a "Red" (hotspot), "Orange", or "Green" (little to no transmission) zone. All of India's major cities fell into Red zones.<ref name="lockdownzones2">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=16 April 2020|title=India coronavirus: All major cities named Covid-19 'red zone' hotspots|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52306225|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="lockdownext2">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bhaskar|first=Utpal|date=14 April 2020|title=PM Modi announces extension of lockdown till 3 May|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-announces-extension-of-lockdown-till-3-may-11586839412073.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021|website=Livemint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418134725/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-announces-extension-of-lockdown-till-3-may-11586839412073.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 }}</ref> Beginning 20 April, agricultural businesses and stores selling farming supplies were allowed to resume operation, as well as public works programmes, cargo transport, and banks and government centres distributing benefits.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=15 April 2020|title=India to allow farmers back to work amid lockdown|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52290761|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> Phase 3<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=2 More Weeks Of Lockdown Starting May 4|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nationwide-lockdown-over-coronavirus-extended-for-two-weeks-beyond-may-4-2221782|access-date=1 May 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> and 4 of the lockdown extended until 31 May, with incremental relaxations and changes.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown extended till 31 May, says NDMA|work=LiveMint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-lockdown-4-0-coronavirus-lockdown-extended-till-31-may-says-ndma-11589715203633.html|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 May 2020|title=Lockdown 4.0 guidelines: Centre extends nationwide lockdown till May 31 with considerable relaxations|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-extends-nationwide-lockdown-till-may-31-with-considerable-relaxations/articleshow/75790821.cms|access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref> The country began a phased lifting of restrictions on 8 June.<ref name="NDTVUnlock12">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Neeta|date=30 May 2020|editor=Ghosh, Deepshikha|title="Unlock1": Malls, Restaurants, Places Of Worship To Reopen June 8|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lockdown-extended-till-june-30-malls-restaurants-can-reopen-from-june-8-except-in-containment-zones-2237910|access-date=30 May 2020|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> This phased lifting of restrictions continued in a series of "unlocks" which extended into November 2020.<ref name="NDTV-2020" /><ref name=":Unlock5PDF">{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Ministry of Home Affairs Unlock 5.0 official guidelines on their official website|work=Ministry of Home Affairs|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/MHAOrderDt_30092020.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 October 2020|title=Unlock 6.0 latest guidelines: What do they mean for schools, colleges, other educational institutions|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-unlock-6-read-here-what-the-government-s-latest-guidelines-for-schools-colleges-educational-institutions-mean-indiacom-report-2853033|access-date=11 November 2020|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

The government was criticised for not using the lockdown to prepare the health system for when the lockdown would be lifted.<ref name="Ghosh-2020-1">{{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Ghosh|first=Jayati|date=11 July 2020|title=A critique of the Indian government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic|journal=Journal of Industrial and Business Economics|volume=47|issue=3|pages=519–530|doi=10.1007/s40812-020-00170-x|issn=0391-2078|pmc=7351648}}</ref>

==== Second wave: State-wise and localized ====
Cities in Maharashtra such as [[Amravati]] and [[Nagpur]] started imposing curfew restrictions and lockdown measures in late February and early to mid-March 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Singh|first=Sunilkumar|date=23 February 2021|editor-last=Dey|editor-first=Stela|title="Please Cooperate, Else...": Cops On Lockdown In Maharashtra's Amravati|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amravati-covid-lockdown-please-cooperate-else-cops-on-lockdown-in-maharashtras-amravati-2376678|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223073946/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amravati-covid-lockdown-please-cooperate-else-cops-on-lockdown-in-maharashtras-amravati-2376678 |archive-date=23 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Upadhyay|first=Pankaj|date=15 March 2021|title=Nagpur imposes 7-day lockdown from today as coronavirus cases continue to rise in Maharashtra|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/nagpur-7-day-lockdown-coronavirus-cases-rise-maharashtra-1779448-2021-03-15|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315072315/https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/nagpur-7-day-lockdown-coronavirus-cases-rise-maharashtra-1779448-2021-03-15 |archive-date=15 March 2021 }}</ref> On 4 April, Maharashtra imposed a weekend lockdown and night curfew among other restrictions.<ref name="Gupta-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Gupta|first=Saurabh|date=5 April 2021|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Divyanshu Dutta|title=Weekend Lockdown In Maharashtra, 8 PM-7 AM Curfew Amid Covid Surge|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-announces-night-curfew-amid-spike-in-covid-cases-2405975|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404121122/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-announces-night-curfew-amid-spike-in-covid-cases-2405975 |archive-date=4 April 2021 }}</ref> By early to mid-May, 35 of 36 of [[States and union territories of India|India's states and union territories]] had some form of state-wide and localised restriction.<ref name="IndianExpress-2021-1">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=9 May 2021|title=Covid-19 second wave: Here's a list of states that have imposed full lockdown|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/covid-19-second-wave-heres-a-list-of-states-that-have-imposed-lockdowns-7306634/|access-date=19 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Sangal-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sangal|first=Aditi|date=17 May 2021|title=Analysis: Another national lockdown is not realistic for India|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/17/asia/india-second-coronavirus-wave-lockdown-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2021|publisher=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517072914/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/17/asia/india-second-coronavirus-wave-lockdown-intl-hnk/index.html |archive-date=17 May 2021 }}</ref> The second wave of the pandemic in India has seen no nationwide lockdown.<ref name="IndianExpress-2021-1" /><ref name="Sangal-2021" /> Phased unlocking was announced starting June in Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and a number of other states.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ail|first=Arundhati|date=31 May 2021|title=All the new lockdown guidelines across India in June|url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/maharashtra-madhyapradesh-delhi-mumbai-brace-for-new-lockdown-guidelines-across-india-in-june/|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2021|website=Condé Nast Traveller India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531102739/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/maharashtra-madhyapradesh-delhi-mumbai-brace-for-new-lockdown-guidelines-across-india-in-june/ |archive-date=31 May 2021 }}</ref>

=== Administration, committees and task forces ===
India's covid response is being guided by a number of committees, empowered groups, advisory groups and task forces. Some of these were formed before the pandemic such as the [[National Immunization Technical Advisory Group|National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation]] (NTAGI), "India's apex advisory body on immunization",<ref>[https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/CODE_OF_PRACTICE.pdf Code of Practice]. (PDF) ''National Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.'' July 2015. p 3. Retrieved 22 May 2021. "As India's apex advisory body on immunization, the NTAGI provides guidance and advice to the MoHFW [...]"</ref> and the [[Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme]] (IDSP) under the [[National Centre for Disease Control]].<ref name="Ghosh-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=17 May 2021|title=Too many cooks? 15 committees, dozens of experts behind India's fumbling Covid response|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/too-many-cooks-15-committees-dozens-of-experts-behind-indias-fumbling-covid-response/658487/|access-date=22 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> IDSP was brought in as early as 17 January 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=June 2020|title=India's Policy Response to COVID-19|url=http://centerforpolicyimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2020/06/India-National-Response-to-COVID_19.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=The Center for Policy Impact in Global Health|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523125631/http://centerforpolicyimpact.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/18/2020/06/India-National-Response-to-COVID_19.pdf |archive-date=23 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 January 2020|author=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|title=Health Ministry reviews preparedness for Novel Corona Virus(nCoV)|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599665|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523125629/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1599665 |archive-date=23 May 2021 }}</ref> Some of these were constituted following the onset of the pandemic such as the ICMR COVID-19 Task Force.<ref name="HindustanTimes-2020" /> The [[National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19]] (NEGVAC), formed in August 2020 would guide the national vaccine delivery strategy.<ref name="pib.gov.in-2020" /> In October 2020, NEGVAC advice resulted in the formation of a three-tier state level mechanism for the implementation of the vaccine strategy.<ref name="Singh-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Singh|first=Nitendra|date=31 October 2020|title=Govt begins preparations for Covid vaccine drive, asks states to set up 3-tier system for rollout|url=http://ddnews.gov.in/national/govt-begins-preparations-covid-vaccine-drive-asks-states-set-3-tier-system-rollout|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=DD News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101122246/http://ddnews.gov.in/national/govt-begins-preparations-covid-vaccine-drive-asks-states-set-3-tier-system-rollout |archive-date=1 November 2020 }}</ref> The overall response has been led by the Prime Minister and his office; at least 67 review meetings have been held by it between January 2020 and May 2021.<ref name="Ghosh-2021" />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:85%;"
|+Table of EGs, Task Forces and Committees
!Formation Date
!Name
!Members
!Notes
!Ref
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #CEF2E6;" |2020
|-
|3 Feb
|Group of Ministers (GOM) on COVID-19
|Chaired by Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
|On 17 May 2021, the 26th meeting of the GOM was held.
|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 February 2020|title=High-level Group of Ministers reviews preparedness to tackle coronavirus|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/high-level-group-of-ministers-reviews-preparedness-tackle-coronavirus/story/396116.html|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214153650/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/high-level-group-of-ministers-reviews-preparedness-tackle-coronavirus/story/396116.html |archive-date=14 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 May 2021|author=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|title=Dr Harsh Vardhan chairs 26th meeting of Group of Ministers (GOM) on COVID-19|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1719352|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520151559/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1719352 |archive-date=20 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|29 Mar
|11 Empowered Groups
|Representatives from the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|cabinet secretariat]]. Headed by [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]] level officers, [[NITI Aayog]] members including [[Amitabh Kant]]
|Set up under [[Disaster Management Act, 2005|Disaster Management Act 2005]]; 11 empowered groups set up to ensure quick decision making related to the pandemic and coordinate response.
|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Gupta|first1=Moushumi Das|last2=Dhingra|first2=Sanya|date=29 March 2020|title=PM Modi sets up 11 empowered groups as quick response teams to tackle coronavirus outbreak|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/pm-modi-sets-up-10-empowered-groups-as-quick-response-teams-to-tackle-coronavirus-outbreak/390849/|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406213235/https://theprint.in/india/governance/pm-modi-sets-up-10-empowered-groups-as-quick-response-teams-to-tackle-coronavirus-outbreak/390849/ |archive-date=6 April 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|7 April
|National Task Force for COVID-19 (ICMR COVID-19 Task Force)
|Headed by [[Vinod Kumar Paul|VK Paul]], [[Randeep Guleria]] and [[Balram Bhargava]].
|Set up by [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]]; terms of reference includes "identifying research priorities, review evidence, align research with level of outbreak and response; identify and create protocol; develop concept notes and identify partners for implementation".
|<ref name="HindustanTimes-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 April 2020|title=ICMR sets up national task force on Covid-19, will also decide on lockdown|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/icmr-constitutes-national-task-force-on-covid-19/story-YxPP2C012gUJxZtv8kCAwK.html|access-date=15 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh-2021" />
|-
|14 April
|Vaccine Task Force
|Co-chaired by [[Vinod Kumar Paul|VK Paul]] and PSA [[K. VijayRaghavan]]
|Set up by the Prime Minister's Office; until 3 May 2021, 23 meetings of the VTF have been held.
|<ref name="VaccineTaskForce-2021">[https://static.psa.gov.in/psa-prod/psa_custom_files/Meeting%20schedule%20of%20the%20PMO%20Constituted%20VTF_0.pdf Meeting Schedule of the PMO Constituted Vaccine Task Force (VTF) for "Focused Research and Development of Corona Vaccine and other Science and Technology Issues"]. (PDF) Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210515041959/https://static.psa.gov.in/psa-prod/psa_custom_files/Meeting%20schedule%20of%20the%20PMO%20Constituted%20VTF_0.pdf Archived] (PDF) on 15 May 2021.</ref>
|-
|~31 May
|National COVID-19 Supermodel Committee
|[[Mathukumalli Vidyasagar|M Vidyasagar]], [[Manindra Agrawal]], Lt Gen [[Madhuri Kanitkar]], [[Biman Bagchi]], [[Arup Bose]], [[Gagandeep Kang]], [[Sankar Kumar Pal|Sankar K Pal]]
|Set up under the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]]; forecasting and modelling related to the pandemic.
|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=31 May 2020|title=Two institutes in Bengaluru to lead India's Covid prediction model|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/two-institutes-in-bengaluru-to-lead-indias-covid-prediction-model/articleshow/76114742.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531054805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/two-institutes-in-bengaluru-to-lead-indias-covid-prediction-model/articleshow/76114742.cms |archive-date=31 May 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|12 Aug
|[[National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19]] (NEGVAC)
|Headed by [[Vinod Kumar Paul|VK Paul]] and Union Health Secretary [[Rajesh Bhushan]]
|Vaccine delivery strategy.
|<ref name="pib.gov.in-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 August 2020|title=National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 deliberates on strategy to ensure COVID-19 vaccines' availability and its delivery mechanism|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1645363|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=pib.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515044227/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1645363 |archive-date=15 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=15 January 2021|title=National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID19|url=https://journalsofindia.com/national-expert-group-on-vaccine-administration-for-covid19/|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=JournalsOfIndia|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515044219/https://journalsofindia.com/national-expert-group-on-vaccine-administration-for-covid19/ |archive-date=15 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|14 Sep
|6 Empowered Groups (reconstituted)
|Headed by [[Vinod Kumar Paul|V.K. Paul]], Guruprasad Mahapatra, [[Amitabh Kant]], Tarun Bajaj, [[Ajay Kumar Bhalla|Ajay Bhalla]]
|The 11 empowered groups set up on 29 March 2020 were reconstituted into 6 EGs. The groups had also undergone modification in May 2020.
|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ghosh|first=Abantika|date=14 September 2020|title=Modi govt's 11 Covid empowered panels now replaced by six larger groups|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govts-11-covid-empowered-panels-now-replaced-by-six-larger-groups/502802/|access-date=15 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|agency=PTI|date=2 May 2020|title=Coronavirus {{!}} MHA reconstitutes empowered groups|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-mha-reconstitutes-empowered-groups/article31488977.ece|access-date=15 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=31 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Empowered group likely to firm up medical emergency plan in next few days|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/coronavirus-empowered-group-likely-to-firm-up-medical-emergency-plan-in-next-few-days-6339247/|access-date=15 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|26 Oct
|State Steering Committee. State/ District/ Urban/ Block Task Forces.
|Chaired by Chief Secretary, Principal Secretary (Health), District Magistrate, Municipal Commissioner, [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate|SDM]]/ [[Block development officer|BDO]] respectively.
|Following NEGVAC advice, the union government asked the states to form state-specific mechanisms in preparation for the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination drive.
|<ref name="Singh-2020" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Milan|date=30 October 2020|title=Centre directs states to form committees to oversee Covid-19 vaccination drive|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-directs-states-to-form-committees-to-oversee-covid-19-vaccination-drives-1736641-2020-10-30|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030134909/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/centre-directs-states-to-form-committees-to-oversee-covid-19-vaccination-drives-1736641-2020-10-30 |archive-date=30 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=30 October 2020|agency=Press Trust of India|title=Centre Asks States To Form Committees For Smooth COVID-19 Vaccination Drive|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-asks-states-to-form-committees-for-smooth-covid-19-vaccination-drive-2318158|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|work=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030213343/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-asks-states-to-form-committees-for-smooth-covid-19-vaccination-drive-2318158 |archive-date=30 October 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|25 Dec
|[[Indian SARS-CoV-2 Consortium on Genomics]] (INSACOG)
|Ten laboratories of [[Department of Biotechnology]], MoST, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]], [[Indian Council of Medical Research|ICMR]] and [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|MoHFW]]
|"To monitor the genomic variations in the SARS-CoV-2 on a regular basis through a multi-laboratory network."
|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=24 March 2021|author=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|title=Genome Sequencing by INSACOG shows variants of concern and a Novel variant in India|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1707177 |access-date=20 May 2021|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=30 December 2020|agency=Press Information Bureau|title=Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Consortia (INSACOG) launched, coordinated by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) along with MoH&FW, ICMR, and CSIR |url=http://dbtindia.gov.in/pressrelease/indian-sars-cov-2-genomic-consortia-insacog-launchedcoordinated-department |access-date=20 May 2021|website=Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411164007/http://dbtindia.gov.in/pressrelease/indian-sars-cov-2-genomic-consortia-insacog-launchedcoordinated-department |archive-date=11 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background: #CEF2E6;" |2021
|-
|9 May
|National Task Force
|[[Devi Shetty]], [[Gagandeep Kang]], [[Naresh Trehan]], Saumitra Rawat, [[Shiv Kumar Sarin]], [[Zarir Udwadia]]
|Set up by the [[Supreme Court of India]]; "to facilitate a public health response to the pandemic based on scientific and specialised domain knowledge" and oxygen related issues.
|<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=G|first=Ananthakrishnan|date=9 May 2021|title=SC sets up task force for Covid response, oxygen audit, supply|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/sc-sets-up-12-member-task-force-for-allocation-of-oxygen-to-states-amid-rising-covid-threat-7307141/|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508120937/https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/sc-sets-up-12-member-task-force-for-allocation-of-oxygen-to-states-amid-rising-covid-threat-7307141/ |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| colspan="5" |Others: MoHFW's National Media Rapid Response Cell (NMRRC)<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=31 December 2020|agency=PTI|title=Health ministry releases communication strategy to support Covid-19 vaccine rollout |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/health-ministry-releases-communication-strategy-to-support-covid-19-vaccine-rollout/articleshow/80046019.cms|url-status=live|access-date=4 June 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231113100/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/health-ministry-releases-communication-strategy-to-support-covid-19-vaccine-rollout/articleshow/80046019.cms |archive-date=31 December 2020 }}</ref>
|}

=== Pseudoscience practices ===
Despite no scientific evidence behind the use of animal products to boost immunity against COVID-19, some individuals sought out traditional or religiously inspired methods. One such method involved scrubbing oneself in cow dung and urine, followed by rinsing off in cow milk or buttermilk on a weekly basis at cow shelters. Other methods involved consumption of cow dung and urine. Proponents of these pseudoscience preventative methods also occasionally consumed cow urine to boost immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and some Indian healthcare professionals likewise participated in these rituals. Cow dung and urine were promoted as effective treatment for COVID-19 by many religious leaders, medical professionals, other key opinion leaders, and government officials.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal | pmc=8239506 | year=2021 | last1=Daria | first1=S. | last2=Islam | first2=M. R. | title=The use of cow dung and urine to cure COVID-19 in India: A public health concern | journal=The International Journal of Health Planning and Management | volume=36 | issue=5 | pages=1950–1952 | doi=10.1002/hpm.3257 | pmid=34037266 }}</ref>

=== Military ===
The Indian military has supported the Indian government's response during the pandemic.<ref name="BusStdIndia-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 May 2021|title=This is a war, we need to win, says Lt General Madhuri Kanitkar on Covid|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/this-is-a-war-we-need-to-win-says-lt-general-madhuri-kanitkar-on-covid-121050100321_1.html|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> During the second wave, some of the steps taken by the Indian military to help the fight against the pandemic includes setting up of COVID facilities,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=25 April 2021|agency=PTI|title=DRDO, Gujarat govt set up 900-bed Covid-19 hospital in Ahmedabad|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/drdo-gujarat-govt-set-up-900-bed-covid-19-hospital-in-ahmedabad-11619347542644.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|newspaper=Mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121919/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/drdo-gujarat-govt-set-up-900-bed-covid-19-hospital-in-ahmedabad-11619347542644.html |archive-date=25 April 2021 }}</ref> setting up of oxygen PSA plants,<ref name="pib.gov.in-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=1 May 2021|title=Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh reviews efforts of MoD & Armed Forces in fight against second COVID-19 wave;|url=http://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1715366|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=pib.gov.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513003924/https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1715366 |archive-date=13 May 2021 }}</ref> providing domestic and international air and water transport assistance,<ref name="pib.gov.in-2021" /><ref name="BusStdIndia-2021" /> providing medical assistance to civilians, providing nursing assistance and truck drivers,<ref name="BusStdIndia-2021" /> providing support to centre and states as requested,<ref name="BusStdIndia-2021" /> roping in retired military medics,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil|date=26 April 2021|title=Retired Military Medics Recalled To Work At Covid Facilities|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/armed-forces-medical-personnel-who-retired-in-last-2-years-being-recalled-to-work-in-covid-facilities-close-to-their-home-2422192|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426111930/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/armed-forces-medical-personnel-who-retired-in-last-2-years-being-recalled-to-work-in-covid-facilities-close-to-their-home-2422192 |archive-date=26 April 2021 }}</ref> providing manpower with specialised skills,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 April 2021|title=PM Modi reviews Army's preparedness, initiatives for management of spiralling Covid-19 crisis|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-reviews-army-s-preparedness-initiatives-for-management-of-spiralling-covid-19-crisis-101619683495235.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and roping in the National Cadet Corps.<ref name="pib.gov.in-2021" /> The three armed forces were functioning under Operation CO-JEET.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 May 2021|title=Operation CO-JEET launched by armed forces to fight COVID-19 in India: Lt Gen Kanitkar|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/operation-co-jeet-launched-by-armed-forces-to-fight-covid-19-in-india-lt-gen-kanitkar/articleshow/82368413.cms?from=mdr|access-date=12 June 2021}}</ref> Operation Samudra Setu 1 which was officially conducted between 5 May 2020 and 8 July 2020 and focused on repatriation; and Samudra Setu 2 in 2021 focused on oxygen related transport.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bajwa|first=Mandeep Singh|date=19 July 2020|title=Military Digest {{!}} Detailed Order of Battle: Chinese Forces in Eastern Ladakh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-detailed-order-of-battle-chinese-forces-in-eastern-ladakh-6513871/|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719194936/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/military-digest-detailed-order-of-battle-chinese-forces-in-eastern-ladakh-6513871/ |archive-date=19 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=2 May 2021|title=Indian Navy launches operation Samudra Setu-II to bring medical oxygen from abroad|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/indian-navy-launches-operation-samudra-setu-ii-to-bring-medical-oxygen-from-abroad-1797073-2021-05-02|url-status=live|access-date=12 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501201859/https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/indian-navy-launches-operation-samudra-setu-ii-to-bring-medical-oxygen-from-abroad-1797073-2021-05-02 |archive-date=1 May 2021 }}</ref>

=== Private sector ===
In March–April 2020, several companies and organisations donated masks and other pandemic related supplies.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/coronavirus-outbreak-vivo-to-donate-1-lakh-protective-masks-to-maharashtra-govt-xiaomi-suspends-local-manufacturing/1909019/|title=Coronavirus outbreak: Vivo to donate 1 lakh protective masks to Maharashtra Govt, Xiaomi suspends local manufacturing|work=The Financial Express|date=25 March 2020 }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/coronavirus-lockdown-hyundai-orders-advanced-covid-19-testing-kits-for-india-2202063|title=Coronavirus Lockdown: Hyundai India Orders Advanced COVID-19 Testing Kits From Korea|website=CarandBike|access-date=28 March 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=IIT Hyderabad provides 100 litres of hand-sanitiser everyday to combat Covid-19|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/iit-hyderabad-provides-100-litres-of-hand-sanitiser-everyday-to-combat-covid-19/articleshow/75069955.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 April 2020 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> Several large business groups contributed to the [[PM CARES Fund]].<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Tata Sons' Rs 1,000 cr top-up takes group coronavirus fund to Rs 1,500 cr – India's biggest|work=Business Today|date=28 March 2020 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/tata-sons-announces-additional-rs-1000-crore-support-towards-coronavirus-fund/story/399506.html|access-date=2 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Azim Premji's foundation, Wipro commit Rs 1,125 crore as India battles with coronavirus|work=The Financial Express|date=April 2020 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/azim-premjis-foundation-wipro-commit-rs-1125-crore-as-india-battles-with-coronavirus/1916114/|access-date=2 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Reliance Industries announces Rs 500 crore contribution to PM-CARES fund|work=Firstpost|date=30 March 2020 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/coronavirus-outbreak-reliance-industries-announces-rs-500-crore-contribution-to-pm-cares-fund-8207531.html|access-date=2 April 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Covid-19: Aditya Birla Group donates Rs 500 crores in PM-CARES fund|work=India Today|date=4 April 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/covid-19-aditya-birla-group-donates-rs-500-crores-in-pm-cares-fund-1663117-2020-04-04|access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> Leading Indian corporates have come forward to provide support to hospitals across the country.<ref name=pathakk >{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Pathak|first1=Kalpana|last2=Tandon|first2=Suneera|date=27 April 2021|title=India Inc steps up effort to fight pandemic|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-inc-steps-up-effort-to-fight-pandemic-11619526040415.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427125137/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-inc-steps-up-effort-to-fight-pandemic-11619526040415.html |archive-date=27 April 2021 }}</ref> This includes procuring, setting up and maintaining cryogenic tanks, medical equipment and ventilators.<ref name=pathakk /> Business leaders in India have also set up COVID-19 facilities.<ref name="mint-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=9 May 2021|title=From Amazon to Tata, Reliance to Vedanta, industry steps up to combat COVID|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/from-amazon-to-tata-reliance-to-vedanta-industry-steps-up-to-combat-covid-11620556438727.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The chief executive officers of 40 US companies set up a global task force to collaborate on procuring equipment to support India.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=27 April 2021|title=CEOs of 40 US companies create global task force to help India fight COVID-19|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ceos-of-40-us-companies-create-global-task-force-to-help-india-fight-covid19-11619490366571.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Ola is providing doorstep delivery of medical oxygen.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 May 2021|title=Ola to start doorstep delivery of oxygen concentrators to consumers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ola-start-doorstep-delivery-of-oxygen-concentrators-7309601/|access-date=10 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== International ===
==== International support ====

The Indian government provided around 65.5 million doses of covid vaccines to 95 countries between 20 January 2021 and late March 2021. 10.5 million doses were gifted while the remaining were commercial and [[COVAX]] obligations.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 May 2021|title=Vaccine Supply (Made-in-India COVID19 vaccine supplies so far)|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/vaccine-supply.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521062624/https://www.mea.gov.in/vaccine-supply.htm|archive-date=21 May 2021|access-date=21 May 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs – Government of India}}</ref> [[File:Countries which have provided support to India during India's second covid wave 2021 April May.png|thumb|255x255px|International support to India during the second wave]]
International support has been provided to India since the beginning of the pandemic in 2020.<ref name="USAID-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 May 2021|title=United States Airlifts Emergency Supplies to Help India Address Deadly Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/apr-28-2021-united-states-airlifts-emergency-supplies-to-help-india-address-deadly-second-wave-of-covid-19-pandemic|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428234526/https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/apr-28-2021-united-states-airlifts-emergency-supplies-to-help-india-address-deadly-second-wave-of-covid-19-pandemic |archive-date=28 April 2021 }}</ref> In late April 2021, international relief being transported to India increased.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Laskar|first=Rezaul H|date=29 April 2021|title='Over 40 countries to help India in fight against Covid-19': Harsh Shringla|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-40-countries-to-help-india-in-fight-against-covid-foreign-secy-101619693442573.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429105053/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/over-40-countries-to-help-india-in-fight-against-covid-foreign-secy-101619693442573.html |archive-date=29 April 2021 }}</ref> European countries such as France, Ireland, Belgium, Romania, Luxembourg, Portugal and Sweden sent pandemic related aid such as oxygen concentrators, ventilators and medicines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=27 April 2021|title=Coronavirus: EU channels critical support to India via EU Civil Protection Mechanism|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=European Commission|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621200951/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en |archive-date=21 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |last=Ives |first=Mike |date=2021-11-17 |title=How to Help India Amid the Covid Crisis |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/india-covid-how-to-help.html |access-date=2025-06-20 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> France and Germany also sent oxygen plants; Germany also sent 12 army paramedics to operate the plants.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Basu|first=Nayanima|date=4 May 2021|title=Germany sending 'massive' oxygen plant, 12 army paramedics to operate it, envoy Lindner says|url=https://theprint.in/health/germany-sending-massive-oxygen-plant-12-army-paramedics-to-operate-it-envoy-lindner-says/652221/|access-date=10 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=9 May 2021|agency=PTI|title=Delhi Gets 3 Out Of 21 Oxygen Plants From France|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-gets-3-out-of-21-oxygen-plants-from-france-2438028|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|work=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509011222/https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-gets-3-out-of-21-oxygen-plants-from-france-2438028 |archive-date=9 May 2021 }}</ref> Oxygen related equipment was shipped from Bahrain, Thailand, Singapore,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=30 April 2021|title=IAF conducts 160 sorties to facilitate oxygen supply across India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-conducts-160-sorties-to-facilitate-oxygen-supply-across-india/articleshow/82328792.cms|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430140837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/iaf-conducts-160-sorties-to-facilitate-oxygen-supply-across-india/articleshow/82328792.cms |archive-date=30 April 2021 }}</ref> Saudi Arabia<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Quito|first=Anne|date=25 April 2021|title=The world is starting to grasp the true toll of India's Covid-19 crisis|url=https://qz.com/2001157/a-list-of-countries-helping-india-through-its-covid-19-crisis/|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Quartz|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425164137/https://qz.com/2001157/a-list-of-countries-helping-india-through-its-covid-19-crisis/ |archive-date=25 April 2021 }}</ref> and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-56898654|title = India Covid: First UK aid arrives as coronavirus deaths mount|work = BBC News|date = 27 April 2021}}</ref> Russia, United States of America and UNICEF sent various relief material including oxygen producing units.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 April 2021|title=Russia sends 22 tonnes of Covid relief material to help India fight Covid-19|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/russia-sends-22-tonnes-of-covid-relief-material-to-help-india-fight-covid-19/|access-date=10 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name="USAID-2021" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 April 2021|title=UNICEF sends 3,000 oxygen concentrators and other critical supplies to India as country battles deadly COVID-19 surge|url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-sends-3000-oxygen-concentrators-and-other-critical-supplies-india-country|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=unicef.org|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429173908/https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/unicef-sends-3000-oxygen-concentrators-and-other-critical-supplies-india-country |archive-date=29 April 2021 }}</ref> In April 2021 [[Taiwan]] sent 150 oxygen machines to India. The oxygen machines had been purchased by the Taiwanese government and modified for India's electrical voltage.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Madjar|first1=Kayleigh|title=Nation sends oxygen machines to India|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2021/04/30/2003756578|access-date=2 May 2021|work=Taipei Times|date=30 April 2021}}</ref> Other countries to have provided support include Bhutan,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=27 April 2021|title=Bhutan to supply liquid oxygen to India to help combat Covid crisis|url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/bhutan-to-supply-liquid-oxygen-to-india-to-help-combat-covid-crisis/647063/|access-date=10 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Bhattacherjee|first=Kallol|date=6 May 2021|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Bangladesh gifts India 10,000 Remdesivir vials|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-bangladesh-gifts-india-10000-remdesivir-vials/article34499574.ece|access-date=10 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kuwait,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 May 2021|title=Kuwait sends emergency supplies of liquid oxygen to India as COVID-19 cases surge|url=https://arab.news/4tgyz|access-date=20 May 2021|website=Arab News|language=en}}</ref> Kenya,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=30 May 2021|agency=PTI|title=Kenya Covid-19 relief India: Kenya donates 12 tonnes of food products to India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-relief-kenya-donates-12-tonnes-of-food-products-to-india/articleshow/83083365.cms|url-status=live|access-date=1 June 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530072324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-relief-kenya-donates-12-tonnes-of-food-products-to-india/articleshow/83083365.cms |archive-date=30 May 2021 }}</ref> Turkiye, Switzerland, Poland, Netherlands and Israel.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|agency=PTI|date=8 May 2021|title=India received 2,060 oxygen concentrators, three oxygen generation plants as foreign aid|language=en-IN|newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-received-2060-oxygen-concentrators-three-oxygen-generation-plants-as-foreign-aid/article34514965.ece|access-date=10 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 5 May 2021, Indian External Affairs Minister said that "What you describe as aid, we call friendship" in response to foreign support during the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=5 May 2021|title='COVID-19 shared problem; what you call aid, we call friendship': EAM S Jaishankar|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/covid-19-shared-problem-what-you-call-aid-we-call-friendship-eam-s-jaishankar/story/438289.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 May 2021|website=businesstoday.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505045042/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/covid-19-shared-problem-what-you-call-aid-we-call-friendship-eam-s-jaishankar/story/438289.html |archive-date=5 May 2021 }}</ref> On 16 April, China sent 650,000 testing kits to India,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=16 April 2020|title=China dispatches 650,000 medical kits to India to fight COVID-19: Indian envoy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/china-dispatches-650000-medical-kits-to-india-to-fight-covid-19-indian-envoy/articleshow/75174658.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 April 2020|website=The Economic Times}}</ref> but their use was discontinued in view of a very low accuracy.<ref name="BBCNews-2020" /><ref name="Porecha-2020" />

There were international concerns related to how the support being sent to India is being used.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hunter|first=Jack|date=6 May 2021|title=India Covid aid: Is emergency relief reaching those in need?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56999104|access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Department Press Briefing – April 30, 2021|url=https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-april-30-2021/|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|quote=We are sending these planeloads of material to India. But our journalist in Delhi is reporting that even after trying for two days he's been unable to find out who is taking away the oxygen concentration, medicines, or how much is arriving. There's no website or transparent system where people can apply to get this. So this accountability for the U.S. taxpayers' money being sent, is there anything being done to check on how it is being distributed, the aid that we are sending?|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430230644/https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-april-30-2021/ |archive-date=30 April 2021 }}</ref> By 5 May India had received {{formatnum:5769442}} items in aid.<ref name="Scroll.in-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=14 May 2021|title=India got over 57 lakh foreign aid items till May 4 but 3 lakh items not sent out till May 6: Report|url=https://scroll.in/latest/994942/india-got-over-57-lakh-covid-foreign-aid-till-may-4-but-3-lakh-items-not-sent-out-till-may-6-report|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514183847/https://scroll.in/latest/994942/india-got-over-57-lakh-covid-foreign-aid-till-may-4-but-3-lakh-items-not-sent-out-till-may-6-report |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> Support between 27 April and 14 May included "10,796 oxygen concentrators, 12,269 oxygen cylinders; 19 oxygen generation plants; 6,497 ventilators, more than 4.2 lakh Remdesivir vials".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=14 May 2021|title=COVID Relief: Here is the full list of foreign aid dispatched to states/UTs|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-relief-here-is-the-full-list-of-international-aid-india-received-in-last-2-weeks-11620995781917.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514131541/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-relief-here-is-the-full-list-of-international-aid-india-received-in-last-2-weeks-11620995781917.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> The government released the institutions and the states to which the support had been sent.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=5 May 2021|title=How foreign aid to fight COVID-19 in India is being allocated to different states. Equitable distribution to states.|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-foreign-aid-to-fight-covid-19-in-india-is-being-allocated-to-different-states/indian-red-cross-societys-role/slideshow/82404339.cms|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605143526/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/how-foreign-aid-to-fight-covid-19-in-india-is-being-allocated-to-different-states/indian-red-cross-societys-role/slideshow/82404339.cms |archive-date=5 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Chatterji|first=Saubhadra|date=9 May 2021|title=Delhi given large part of foreign aid: Data|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-given-large-part-of-foreign-aid-data-101620498909719.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508210655/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-given-large-part-of-foreign-aid-data-101620498909719.html |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Scroll.in-2021" />

=== Response shortages and criticism ===
The role of the [[National Centre for Disease Control]] during the COVID-19 pandemic has been questioned including the subdued sharing of data collected by the IDSP.<ref name="Krishnan">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Krishnan|first=Vidya|date=12 May 2020|title=Epidemiologists say India's centre for disease control withheld COVID-19 data since pandemic began|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/health/epidemiologists-say-india-centre-disease-control-withheld-covid-19-data-since-pandemic-began|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=The Caravan|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515173255/https://caravanmagazine.in/health/epidemiologists-say-india-centre-disease-control-withheld-covid-19-data-since-pandemic-began |archive-date=15 May 2020 }}</ref> [[Disease surveillance]] in India through IDSP faces perpetual shortage of funds and manpower resulting in a weak nationwide data collection system.<ref name="Bhatia">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Bhatia|first1=Surbhi|last2=Alexander|first2=Sneha|date=29 March 2020|title=Covid-19 shows why we need a healthcare reboot for India|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/will-covid-19-prompt-health-reboot-11585497828527.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331051156/https://www.livemint.com/politics/policy/will-covid-19-prompt-health-reboot-11585497828527.html |archive-date=31 March 2020 }}</ref> The IDSP does not track deaths taking place outside hospitals,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=26 April 2021|title=Coronavirus: Is India counting all COVID deaths?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-coronavirus-death-toll/a-57338733|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=DW|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426141630/https://www.dw.com/en/india-coronavirus-death-toll/a-57338733 |archive-date=26 April 2021 }}</ref> or deaths due to COVID-19 of those not tested,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Chatterjee|first=Patralekha|date=5 September 2020|title=Is India missing COVID-19 deaths?|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=396|issue=10252|page=657|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31857-2|issn=0140-6736|pmid=32891197|pmc=7470692}}</ref> one of the many reasons under-counting is built into the system. The lack of [[epidemiologists]] in senior decision-making positions of COVID-19 related committees has been evident,<ref name="Krishnan" /> including the absence of state-level epidemiologists in a number of states.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Bhardwaj|first=Deeksha|date=10 April 2020|title=Covid-19 crisis: States asked to fill 227 vacancies for epidemiologists|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-crisis-states-asked-to-fill-227-vacancies-for-epidemiologists/story-2Ggqep9XeGEezpXQgK2tsL.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410075152/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-crisis-states-asked-to-fill-227-vacancies-for-epidemiologists/story-2Ggqep9XeGEezpXQgK2tsL.html |archive-date=10 April 2020 }}</ref> In April 2020, the health ministry asked states to go on a hiring spree and fill vacancies for epidemiologists.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Varshney|first=Vibha|date=24 July 2021|title=India's mysterious diseases: What is NCDC doing?|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-s-mysterious-diseases-what-is-ncdc-doing--72473|url-status=live|access-date=23 May 2021|website=Down to Earth|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823065922/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/india-s-mysterious-diseases-what-is-ncdc-doing--72473 |archive-date=23 August 2020 }}</ref> [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] has been criticised for did not updating the "treatment protocol for COVID-19" between July 2020 and April 2021.<ref name="Krishnan-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Krishnan|first=Vidya|date=22 April 2021|title=India's COVID-19 taskforce did not meet in February, March despite surge, say members|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/health/india-covid-19-taskforce-did-not-meet-february-march-despite-surge-say-members|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Caravan|language=en|quote=Another significant lapse, the members told me, the Indian Council of Medical Research's failure to update the treatment protocol for COVID-19 in the past nine months, since July 2020.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422115836/https://caravanmagazine.in/health/india-covid-19-taskforce-did-not-meet-february-march-despite-surge-say-members |archive-date=22 April 2021 }}</ref> The "National Task Force for COVID-19" did not meet during February and March despite members claiming it was obvious a second wave was in the making.<ref name="Krishnan-2021" /> A number of warnings pertaining to a surge in cases in March, shortages in life-saving equipment and a second wave were downsized and went unheeded.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Rampal|first=Nikhil|date=12 May 2021|title=Why India's second wave has been deadlier, explained in five charts|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/why-india-s-second-wave-has-been-deadlier-in-five-charts-11620799582212.html|access-date=23 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> A number of problems were found with the forecasting and modelling by the National COVID-19 Supermodel Committee by independent commentators.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Menon|first=Gautam I.|date=24 October 2020|title=Problems with the Indian supermodel for COVID-19|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/problems-with-the-indian-supermodel-for-covid-19/article32937184.ece|access-date=20 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In early May 2021, the committee said that they had not been able to predict the second wave accurately.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=4 May 2021|title=Couldn't predict exact nature of second Covid wave: Supermodel Committee|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/couldn-t-predict-exact-nature-of-second-covid-wave-supermodel-committee-121050400673_1.html|access-date=20 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Banaji|first=Murad|date=14 May 2021|title=Flawed science propped up India's second COVID-19 wave|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/health/scientific-uncertainties-wea-institutions-and-nationalis-led-to-covid19-devastation|url-status=live|access-date=20 May 2021|website=The Caravan|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514082501/https://caravanmagazine.in/health/scientific-uncertainties-wea-institutions-and-nationalis-led-to-covid19-devastation |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> A lot of problems with India's failing response to the second wave was the general and long term issues of the [[public health system in India]].<ref name="Bhatia" />

== Evacuations by India related to the COVID-19 pandemic ==

Throughout the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the central and state governments of [[India]] coordinated numerous international and domestic evacuations.

=== Background ===

==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
[[SARS-CoV-2]] was first identified in the city of [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]] in mid-December 2019, when a group of people developed a [[pneumonia]] without clear causes, and existing treatments were found to be ineffective. [[SARS-CoV-2]] has similar characteristics to [[severe acute respiratory syndrome]] (SARS) and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome]] (MERS), with the resulting disease being named [[COVID-19]]. Within a number of weeks, several thousand people in [[Hubei]]'s provincial capital of Wuhan were infected, and the Chinese central government imposed strict containment measures, including a [[2020 Hubei lockdowns|lockdown of Hubei]] itself.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Feng|first=Emily|date=13 January 2021|title=Province In China On Lockdown After Biggest Coronavirus Spike In Months|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/01/13/956282429/province-in-china-on-lockdown-after-biggest-coronavirus-spike-in-months|access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref>

As the virus spread worldwide, more countries also instilled their own [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] and put [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]] into place. In response, many nations [[Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic|evacuated]] their citizens as well as other nationals to transport them home. India was no exception: to control the COVID-19 pandemic in the country, all visas were suspended from 13 March<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=India suspends visas in attempt to contain coronavirus spread|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/india-suspends-visas-attempt-coronavirus-spread-200312035057594.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=12 March 2020}}</ref> and international flights were suspended nine days later from 22 March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/MHA%20order%20dt%2015.04.2020%2C%20with%20Revised%20Consolidated%20Guidelines_compressed%20%283%29.pdf|title=MHA order dt 15 April 2020, with Revised Consolidated Guidelines|date=15 April 2020|website=Govt of India, Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=20 April 2020}}</ref> India had started a [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|national lockdown]] on 25 March, which restricted the movement of people in the country.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Hebbar|first=Nistula|date=24 March 2020|title=PM Modi announces 21-day lockdown as COVID-19 toll touches 12|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-announces-21-day-lockdown-as-covid-19-toll-touches-10/article31156691.ece|access-date=2 October 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==== Migration ====
{{See also|Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
The [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]] is the largest in the world, with the UN estimating their size at 17.5 million in 2019.<ref name=bharatmig1>{{#invoke:Cite|web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/diaspora/at-17-5-million-indian-diaspora-largest-in-world-says-un-report/834498.html |title=At 17.5 million, Indian diaspora largest in world, says UN report |website=The Tribune (India)}}</ref> The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] has higher figures, with the number of Non-resident Indians or NRIs (Indian citizens who do not live in the country on a regular-enough basis to pay income tax) alone being over 13 million.<ref name="mea.gov.in">{{#invoke:Cite|web |url=http://mea.gov.in/images/attach/NRIs-and-PIOs_1.pdf |title=Population of Overseas Indians |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |date=31 December 2018 |access-date= 18 April 2019}}</ref> In addition, India also has a substantial population of internal migrant workers, with [[Reuters]] estimating that there are 100 million such workers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=10 May 2020|title=As migrant workers struggle for lockdown aid, India seeks to count them|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-migrants-fea-idUSKCN22B005|work=Reuters|date=29 April 2020}}</ref>

==== Previous evacuations ====
India has conducted several large-scale evacuations in modern times, particularly in the [[Middle East]] where there is a high concentration of Indians and several conflicts in recent history.<ref name="BusStand">{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Sukanya|last1=Roy|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Seven major evacuation operations conducted in India's history|url=https://www.business-standard.com/podcast/current-affairs/seven-major-evacuation-operations-conducted-in-india-s-history-120050601535_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=6 May 2020}}</ref> The [[1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait]] has been recognized as the world's largest civilian airlift, with over 110,000 people evacuated.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web | author=Rohan Venkataramakrishnan | title= The Berlin airlift was remarkable, but the largest civilian evacuation in history is by India| website=Scroll.in | date= 2 July 2014| url=http://scroll.in/article/668866/the-berlin-airlift-during-ww-ii-was-remarkable-but-the-largest-civilian-airlift-was-by-india | access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref> Domestically, [[Operation Rahat]], which the [[Indian Air Force]] claimed was the biggest civilian helicopter evacuation ever,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/interviews/Rahat-is-the-biggest-rescue-operation-by-air-force-helicopters-Rajesh-Isser/articleshow/20916833.cms |title=Rahat is the biggest rescue operation by air force helicopters: Rajesh Isser|work=The Times of India|access-date= 5 July 2013|date=5 July 2013}}</ref> airlifted over 19,600 people from [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] during the [[2013 North India floods]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/iaf-now-gearing-up-to-rebuild-uttarakhand/article4883035.ece|title=IAF now gearing up to rebuild Uttarakhand|work=The Times of India|access-date= 5 July 2013|date=5 July 2013}}</ref>

=== International ===
==== January–April 2020 ====
After the lockdown in [[Hubei]], the government owned [[flag carrier]] [[Air India]] flew to [[Wuhan]] to evacuate Indian citizens, particularly students, stranded there. As cases spiked in [[Italy]] and [[Iran]], the latter country of which some pilgrims had been stuck in, efforts were shifted to evacuate Indians from [[Milan]] (where Air India already flew before the pandemic) and Iranian cities. These flights were free for passengers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Govt Paid to Evacuate Indians Stranded Abroad, But Migrant Workers Have to Bear Own Train Fare to Return Home|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/while-indians-stranded-abroad-pay-nothing-for-evacuation-it-costs-migrant-workers-to-return-home-2603091.html|date=4 May 2020|website=News18}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! style="width: 10%" | Departure date
! style="width: 10%;" | Evacuees
! style="width: 10%;" class="unsortable" | Nationalities{{efn|If all passengers were Indian nationals, no other note is made.}}
! style="width: 18%;" | Departure airport
! style="width: 18%;" | Arrival airport
! style="width: 34%;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1 February 2020
|324
|{{Flagicon|IND}}324
| rowspan="3" |{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
|This was India's first evacuation flight.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-outbreak-air-india-flight-evacuating-324-indians-from-chinas-wuhan-land-in-delhi/article30709431.ece |title=Coronavirus outbreak: Air India flight evacuating 324 Indians from China's Wuhan lands in Delhi |date=1 February 2020 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201195318/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-outbreak-air-india-flight-evacuating-324-indians-from-chinas-wuhan-land-in-delhi/article30709431.ece |archive-date=1 February 2020}}</ref> There were three minors, 211 students and 110 working professionals, and the flight was operated by [[Air India]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://scroll.in/video/951794/its-empty-air-india-crews-first-reaction-to-landing-in-wuhan-airport-in-china-for-evacuation|title='It's empty': Air India crew's first reaction to landing in Wuhan airport in China for evacuation|date=1 February 2020|work=scroll|access-date=4 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202175816/https://scroll.in/video/951794/its-empty-air-india-crews-first-reaction-to-landing-in-wuhan-airport-in-china-for-evacuation|archive-date=2 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/324-indians-leave-coronvirus-hit-wuhan-in-air-india-flight/article30707329.ece|title=Coronovirus outbreak: People flown in from China quarantined|date=1 February 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 February 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204043752/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/324-indians-leave-coronvirus-hit-wuhan-in-air-india-flight/article30707329.ece|archive-date=4 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2 February 2020
|330
|{{flagicon|IND}} 323 {{flagicon|MDV}} 7
|This was India's second flight. All passengers were quarantined in [[Delhi]] and [[Manesar]], Haryana.<ref name="hindustantimes1">{{#invoke:Cite|news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-airlifts-second-batch-of-323-citizens-from-china-s-coronavirus-hit-wuhan/story-s1Zq2SDohOJnIAvegIASQJ.html |title=323 Indians evacuated by AI flight from coronavirus-hit Wuhan arrive in Delhi |date=2 February 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202045018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-airlifts-second-batch-of-323-citizens-from-china-s-coronavirus-hit-wuhan/story-s1Zq2SDohOJnIAvegIASQJ.html |archive-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 27 February 2020
|111
|{{Flagicon|IND}} 76 {{Flagicon|BAN}} 23 {{Flagicon|CHN}} 6 {{Flagicon|MMR}} 2 {{Flagicon|MDV}} 2 {{Flagicon|ZAF}} 1 {{Flagicon|USA}} 1 {{Flagicon|MDG}} 1
|This was the third evacuation flight sent by India to [[Wuhan]]. India also provided 15 tonnes of medical assistance comprising masks, gloves and other emergency medical equipment to [[China]] through the same [[Indian Air Force]] flight.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Chaudhury|first1=Dipanjan Roy|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-india-brings-back-36-foreigners-and-76-nationals-from-wuhan/articleshow/74328899.cms|title=Coronavirus: India brings back 36 foreigners and 76 nationals from Wuhan|date=27 February 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-air-india-flights-evacuate-indians-foreigners-wuhan-japan-ship-1650379-2020-02-27|title=IAF evacuates 112 from coronavirus-hit Wuhan; Air India repatriates Indian crew from cruise ship|date=27 February 2020|website=India Today|access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 27 February 2020
|124
|{{Flagicon|IND}} 119 {{Flagicon|LKA}} 2 {{Flagicon|NPL}} 1 {{Flagicon|ZAF}} 1 {{Flagicon|PER}} 1
|{{Flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]] [[Narita International Airport]]
|This flight mostly had crew members of the [[Diamond Princess (ship)|Diamond Princess]] as passengers.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/iaf-air-india-flights-evacuate-indians-foreigners-wuhan-japan-ship-1650379-2020-02-27|title=IAF evacuates 112 from coronavirus-hit Wuhan; Air India repatriates Indian crew from cruise ship|website=India Today|date=27 February 2020 |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 10 March 2020
|58
|{{Flagicon|IND}}58
|{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran]] (unknown airport)
|[[Hindon Airport]]
|The [[Indian Air Force]] used a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]] transport aircraft to evacuate Indian pilgrims from [[Iran]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-air-force-to-fly-c-17-globemaster-to-evacuate-indians-from-coronavirus-affected-iran-1654005-2020-03-09|title=Coronavirus: IAF's C-17 Globemaster takes flight from Hindon airport to evacuate Indians from Iran|website=India Today|date=9 March 2020 |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 11 March 2020
|83
|{{Flagicon|IND}} 74 {{Flagicon|ITA}} 6 {{Flagicon|USA}} 3
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan Malpensa Airport]]
|Indira Gandhi International Airport
|The flight was operated by Air India. All the non-Indian citizens were of Indian origin. All evacuees were placed under quarantine for 14 days.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Negi|first1=Manjeet|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-83-evacuated-from-italy-put-in-army-s-manesar-quarantine-facility-1654529-2020-03-11|title=Coronavirus: 83 evacuated from Italy, put in Army's Manesar quarantine facility|work=India Today|date=11 March 2020 |access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 15 March 2020
|218
|{{Flagicon|IND}}218
|Indira Gandhi International Airport
|Air India operated the flight. The evacuees brought to [[New Delhi]] will be shifted to [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]'s camp in [[Chhawla]] area where they will be quarantined for 14 days.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/218-indians-from-coronavirus-hit-italy-land-in-delhi-will-be-quarantined-for-14-days/story-vYY3hbhcVC6F8wCW8kScGN.html|title=218 Indians from coronavirus-hit Italy land in Delhi, will be quarantined for 14 days|date=15 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 15 March 2020
|234
|{{Flagicon|IND}}234
|{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport]]
|[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]]
|131 students and 103 pilgrims, among others, were evacuated from [[Iran]] on a [[Mahan Air]] flight organized by the Indian Embassy. They were quarantined for 14 days in [[Indian Army]]'s wellness centre facility in [[Jaisalmer]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/covid-19-234-indians-stranded-in-coronavirus-hit-iran-arrive-in-india/story-HePm2t2E3DYh2fZe1DfgIM.html|title=Covid-19: 234 Indians from coronavirus-hit Iran reach India|date=15 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indians-brought-back-from-iran-reach-jaisalmer-coronavirus-quarantine-camp/story-TQ3PGtg97fgWQ9W9c1RXoJ.html|title=Indians brought back from Iran reach Jaisalmer coronavirus quarantine camp|date=15 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 16 March 2020
|53
|{{Flagicon|IND}}53
|{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran]] and [[Shiraz]]
[[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport]]
|[[Jaisalmer Airport]]
|52 students and 1 teacher were evacuated by Air India and were then quarantined at an Army Wellness Centre in [[Jaisalmer]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-another-batch-of-53-indians-from-iran-arrives-to-be-moved-to-army-facility-in-jaisalmer-1655870-2020-03-16|title=Coronavirus: Another batch of 53 stranded in Iran return home, moved to Army facility in Jaisalmer|website=India Today|date=16 March 2020 |access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 22 March 2020
|263
|{{Flagicon|IND}}263
|{{Flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]] [[Leonardo da Vinci–Fiumicino Airport]]
|Indira Gandhi International Airport
|Evacuated by Air India from [[Rome|Rome, Italy]], and then were quarantined at Indo-Tibetan Border Police's camp near [[Delhi]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: 263 Indians evacuated from Italy sent to ITBP quarantine|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-263-indians-evacuated-from-italy-sent-to-itbp-quarantine/articleshow/74756441.cms|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 29 March 2020
|275
|{{Flagicon|IND}}275
|{{Flagicon|IRN}} [[Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport|Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport]]
|[[Jodhpur Airport]]
|After preliminary screening, they were quarantined at Army Wellness Centre [[Jodhpur]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=29 March 2020|title=Another batch of 275 Indians evacuated from Iran reach Jodhpur|work=India Today|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/another-batch-of-275-indians-evacuated-from-iran-reach-jodhpur-1660895-2020-03-29|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== May 2020–present: Vande Bharat Mission ====
The [[Government of India|Indian government]] initiated a massive evacuation program called "Vande Bharat Mission" on 7 May 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Pankhuri|last1=Yadav|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Mission to bring back Indians starts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mission-to-bring-back-indians-starts/articleshow/75611289.cms|website=The Times of India|date=8 May 2020 }}</ref> This involved flights via [[Air India]] and its low-cost arm [[Air India Express]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=30 May 2020|title=Watch {{!}} All about Vande Bharat Mission|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vande-bharat-mission-indias-repatriation-operation-to-bring-back-stranded-indians/article31548550.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In the first three phases of the mission, the government did not allow private airlines to participate, though they have been allowed to participate in the fourth phase onwards. The government continues to set the fare, determine the routes and decide the number of flights.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=Private airlines to play key role in Vande Bharat Phase 4 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/30/pvt-airlines-to-play-key-role-in-vande-bharat-phase-4-2163248.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=30 June 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

Over 67,000 evacuation requests were registered by [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]] by 8 May;<ref name="HinduP2" /> twenty days later, the number of registrations had increased to over 300,000. It was initially predicted that the total number of civilians evacuated could surpass the [[Kuwait]] airlift, with estimates ranging from 192,000 to 250,000.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=10 May 2020|title=India to launch largest overseas evacuation since Independence to bring back 1.92 lakh stranded nationals|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/india-to-launch-largest-overseas-evacuation-since-independence-to-bring-back-1-92-lakh-stranded-nationals-2281187.html|date=5 May 2020|website=Zee News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Indian Covid-19 repatriation operation under way|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52555432|work=BBC News|date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="BusStand" /> On 6 August, the MEA declared that almost 950,000 Indians were repatriated.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=10 August 2020|title=Nearly 9.5 lakh Indians return under Vande Bharat Mission: MEA|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nearly-9-5-lakh-indians-return-under-vande-bharat-mission-mea/story-8MrEitnPhKQaIvR0jc5qCO.html|date=6 August 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

As well as evacuating Indian nationals back to the country, certain flights will also evacuate anyone who wants to leave, provided they are a national, permanent resident, or have a visa valid for at least one year.<ref name="NYTIndia" /> Unlike previous evacuations, passengers have to pay for their journey, with fares ranging from {{INRConvert|15|k}} for the Gulf states to {{INRConvert|100|k}} for the [[United States]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission: 8 flights from 7 countries to land in India today|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vande-bharat-mission-8-flights-from-7-countries-to-land-in-india-today/story-u8IeBgIDzlHkXsOESf0HhN.html|date=9 May 2020|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==== Phase I ====

Phase one, which was conducted from 7–17 May, mostly targeted areas with high concentrations of Indians. It was predicted that this phase would feature a total of 64 flights, half of which were for the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf states]], as well as two naval ships for Indians in the [[Maldives]] under the label "Samudra Setu" (Sea Bridge).<ref name="NYTIndia">{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Jeffrey|last1=Gettleman|first2=Sameer|last2=Yasir|access-date=9 May 2020|title=India Starts Bringing Home Hundreds of Thousands Stranded Amid Coronavirus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/08/world/asia/india-coronavirus-repatriation.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=8 May 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Suhasini|last1=Haidar|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Nod for return of stranded Indians|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-lockdown-nod-for-return-of-stranded-indians/article31504932.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 May 2020|location=New Delhi|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission: Operation Samudra Setu launched to evacuate Indians|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/vande-bharat-mission-operation-samudra-setu-launched-to-evacuate-indians/1949693/|date=6 May 2020}}</ref> The [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|MEA]] gave a higher number of 84 flights, which may have been due to counting domestic connections on the same plane as a separate flight. As of 15 May, [[All India Radio]] reported that 56 flights had been conducted.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=56 flights bring Indians from 12 countries so far under Vande Bharat Mission; INS Jalashwa to sail again from Maldives to ferry 700 Kerala, Lakshadweep residents|url=http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=56-flights-bring-Indians-from-12-countries-so-far-under-Vande-Bharat-Mission%253B-INS-Jalashwa-to-sail-again-from-Maldives-to-ferry-700-Kerala%252C-Lakshadweep-residents&id=388656|website=newsonair.com|archive-date=4 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904150156/http://www.newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=56-flights-bring-Indians-from-12-countries-so-far-under-Vande-Bharat-Mission;-INS-Jalashwa-to-sail-again-from-Maldives-to-ferry-700-Kerala,-Lakshadweep-residents&id=388656}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="width: 10%" | Departure date
! style="width: 10%;" | Inbound evacuees
! style="width: 10%;" | Outbound evacuees{{efn|name=outbound|The Indian media is focusing mostly on those returning to India, so outbound counts may go mostly unreported.}}
! style="width: 18%;" | Foreign destination
! style="width: 18%;" | Indian destination
! style="width: 34%;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 7 May 2020
|177
|{{--}}
|{{Flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi International Airport]]
|[[Cochin International Airport]]
|First flight under the mission.<ref name="P1F1-2">{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=First flight carrying stranded Indians from Abu Dhabi lands at Kochi|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/may/07/first-flight-carrying-stranded-indians-from-abu-dhabi-lands-at-kochi-2140501.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=8 May 2020 }}</ref> Three passengers on the flight to [[Kochi]] later tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Three more Gulf returnees test positive for Covid-19 in Kerala|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/number-of-active-covid-19-cases-in-kerala-rises-to-20-after-7-more-test-positive-11589114413184.html|date=10 May 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref>
|-
| 7 May 2020
|177
|{{--}}
|{{Flagicon|UAE}} [[Dubai International Airport]]
|[[Calicut International Airport]]
|A substantial portion of passengers were pregnant women, stranded infants, and elderly persons taken on humanitarian grounds.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Pregnant women, elderly on board as India begins first phase of evacuation|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/pregnant-women-elderly-on-board-as-india-begins-first-phase-of-evacuation-81705|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref name="P1F1-2" />
|-
|-
| 7–8 May 2020
|234
|0
|{{Flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore Changi International Airport]]
|Indira Gandhi International Airport
|The flight to [[Delhi]], AI 381, was slightly delayed. Hotels throughout Delhi were prepared to quarantine the evacuees.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Pankhuri|last1=Yadav|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Delhi Airport News: Tears of relief at IGI Airport's arrival and departure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/tears-of-relief-at-arrival-and-departure/articleshow/75636992.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 May 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 12 May 2020
|177/179
|{{--}}
|{{Flagicon|UAE}} Dubai International Airport
|[[Mangalore International Airport]]
|20 passengers later tested positive for the virus.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=16 May 2020|title=20 passengers in first Vande Bharat Mission flight from Dubai test positive for COVID-19|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/20-passengers-in-first-vande-bharat-mission-flight-from-dubai-tested-positive-for-covid-19/article31590672.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 May 2020|location=Mangaluru|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}
* On 9 May, Air India flight carrying 129 passengers from [[Dhaka|Dhaka, Bangladesh]] landed at Delhi airport. Air India flight with 180 Indians from [[Sharjah]] reached [[Lucknow]]. Air India flight from [[Kuwait]] with 163 adults and four infants landed in [[Hyderabad]] with 163 nationals on board. Also 177 Indians from [[Kuala Lumpur]] reach [[Trichy]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The second flight from [[Singapore]], landed at [[Mumbai]] with 243 Indians. 180 Indian nationals including three children from [[Dubai]] arrived at [[Chennai]].<ref name="auto2">{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=India evacuation HIGHLIGHTS: Air India flight carrying Indians from UAE lands at Chennai airport|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-evacuation-live-updates-coronavirus-covid-19-uae-kerala-delhi-us-6399554/|date=9 May 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
* On 10 May, [[INS Jalashwa]], with 700 Indian nationals from the [[Maldives]] arrived at the [[Cochin Port|Kochi Port]]. This was an operation of the [[Indian Navy]] called Operation Samudra Setu.
* On 10 May, 326 Indian nationals from [[London]], landed at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport in [[Mumbai]]. 177 passengers from [[Kuala Lumpur]] landed at [[Kochi]]. 117 Indians from [[Kuwait]] landed at [[Chennai]].<ref name="auto2" />
* On 11 May, 323 Indians from [[London]] landed at [[Bangalore]]. 118 Indians stranded in [[San Francisco]] landed at [[Hyderabad]]. Air India flight 1387 carrying Indians from [[Manila]] arrived in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Vande Bharat Mission: 118 people stranded in USA land in Hyderabad | India News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vande-bharat-mission-118-people-stranded-in-usa-land-in-hyderabad/articleshow/75671050.cms|website=The Times of India|date=11 May 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Air India Flight With Stranded Indians From Manila Lands In Mumbai|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-india-external-affairs-minister-s-jaishankar-says-air-india-flight-with-stranded-indians-from-manila-philippines-lands-in-mumbai-2226570|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==== Phase II ====

This phase started on 17 May and ended on 10 June.{{efn|This is based on the Air India schedule; other sources, including the MEA, have given different timeframes.}}<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=http://www.airindia.in/images/pdf/Web-schedule-phase-2-complete-30-May-20-1400-Hrs-converted.pdf|title= Vande Bharat Mission Phase 2 schedule|access-date=30 May 2020|publisher= Air India}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://mea.gov.in/vande-bharat-mission-list-of-flights.htm|title= VandeBharatMission Phase 2 schedule|access-date=23 June 2020|publisher= Ministry Of External Affairs (India)}}</ref> The scope of evacuations was expanded to cover more European and Central Asian countries.<ref name="HinduP2">{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Kallol|last1=Bhattacherjee|access-date=10 May 2020|title='Vande Bharat Mission' to cover more European nations|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vande-bharat-mission-to-cover-more-european-nations/article31538151.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=8 May 2020|location=New Delhi|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is planned that over 30,000 Indian nationals will be brought back to [[India]] through 149 flights from 40 countries in this phase.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=149 flights, 40 nations: Second phase of Vande Bharat Mission begins|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/149-flights-40-nations-second-phase-of-vande-bharat-mission-begins/story-YwYGMiECVFBa06egk5xQeK.html|date=16 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Vande Bharat Mission Phase 2: Indians to fly back from the US on 7 flights starting May 19 – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/vande-bharat-mission-phase-2-indians-to-fly-back-from-the-us-on-7-flights-starting-may-19/articleshow/75709814.cms|website=The Times of India|date=13 May 2020 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="width: 10%" | Departure date
! style="width: 10%;" | Inbound evacuees
! style="width: 10%;" | Outbound evacuees{{efn|name=outbound}}
! style="width: 18%;" | Foreign destination
! style="width: 18%;" | Indian destination
! style="width: 34%;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 28 May 2020
|230 (est.)
|{{--}}
|{{Flagicon|BGD}} [[Bangladesh]]
|[[Tripura]] [[Assam]] [[Meghalaya]]
|Evacuation done over land.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=30 May 2020|title=Evacuation by land route under Vande Bharat Mission begins; Around 230 stranded Indians leave from Bangladesh|url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=389834|website=newsonair.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Phase III ====
This phase started on 11 June
with scheduling over 300 flights from 50 countries. This phase is planned to include private airlines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=30 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission in phase 3 may rope private airlines, talks on|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vande-bharat-mission-in-phase-3-may-rope-private-airlines-talks-are-on/story-VFYSpHkboI5l0tAa6jwecK.html|date=21 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=21 June 2020|title=VandeBharatMission Phase 3|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/phase-3.htm|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs India}}</ref>

==== Phase IV ====
The fourth phase of Vande Bharat Mission will start on 3 July. This phase will be mainly focused on [[Gulf Countries]] and [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and [[Malaysia]]. A total of 1050 flights will be scheduled. Out of the 1050 flights, 750 flights will be operated by [[India]]n-based private airlines and rest of them will be operated by [[Air India Express]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=28 June 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission Phase 4|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vande-bharat-mission-phase-4-from-july-3/article31917002.ece/|work= The Hindu|date=25 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=28 June 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission Phase 4 Schedule|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/phase-4.htm|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs India}}</ref>
Air India will commence phase 4 on 4 July.<ref name="Air India evacuation flights schedule">{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=20 June 2020|title=Air India evacuation flights schedule |url=http://www.airindia.in/evacuation-flight.htm|publisher=Air India}}</ref> Air India will operate additional flights from India to [[Europe]] and the [[United States]] from 22 July 2020 to 31 July 2020 under Vande Bharat Mission<ref name="Air India US and Europe Schedule">{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=20 June 2020|title=Air India evacuation flights schedule |url=http://www.airindia.in/images/pdf/VBM-Phase-4-updated-25-JUL-20-US-and-Europe-Flights-converted.pdf|publisher=Air India}}</ref>

==== Phase V ====

The 5th phase began on 1 August 2020 until 31 August 2020, with over 700 flights to 53 countries planned.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{#invoke:Cite|news|access-date=8 August 2020|title=Air India commences fifth phase of Vande Bharat Mission, expected to run 700 flights|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/air-india-commences-fifth-phase-of-vande-bharat-mission-expected-to-run-700-flights/articleshow/77300634.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date= 25 July 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission phase 5|date=25 July 2020|url=https://www.india.com/business/no-one-will-be-left-behind-tweets-hardeep-singh-puri-on-vande-bharat-mission-phase-5-4094139/|publisher = india.com}}</ref>
Air India operated more flights to the [[United States]], [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and more.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=25 July 2020|title=Air India special flights schedule |url=http://www.airindia.in/images/pdf/VBM-Phase-5-updated-27-JUL-20-US-Canada-and-Europe-Flights-2-converted.pdf|publisher=Air India}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=25 July 2020|title=Air India special flights schedule 2 |url=http://www.airindia.in/evacuation-flight.htm}}</ref> Out of these flights, was ill-fated [[Air India Express Flight 1344]], which crashed and killed 21 aboard.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 August 2020|title=Air India Express IX 1344 plane crash in Kozhikode: How the incident happened|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kozhikode-kerala-air-india-plane-crash-how-the-incident-happened-6544695/|access-date=2 October 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==== Phase VI ====

The Phase 6 of Vande Bharat Mission has start on 1 September and India has operated a total of 1059 flights from [[Afghanistan]], [[Bahrain]], [[Cambodia]], [[Canada]], [[China]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Jordan]], [[Kuwait]], [[Malaysia]], [[Maldives]], [[Oman]], [[Qatar]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], UAE, UK and USA.

==== Phase VII ====

The [https://travelobiz.com/vande-bharat-mission-phase-7-flights-schedule/ phase 7 of the Vande Bharat mission] was operationalized in Oct 2020 and more than 1000 international flights have been scheduled from 19 countries under this phase during the course of October. Under the phase 7 of Vande Bharat Mission India has operated flights from '''Australia, Bahrain, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Japan, Kenya, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nigeria, Oman, Qatar, Singapore, UAE, UK and USA.'''

==== Samudra Setu II ====
In support of the nation's fight against COVID-19 and as part of operation 'Samudra Setu II', seven Indian Naval ships viz. [[INS Kolkata|Kolkata]], [[INS Kochi|Kochi]], [[INS Talwar (F40)|Talwar]], [[INS Tabar|Tabar]], [[INS Trikand|Trikand]], [[INS Jalashwa (L41)|Jalashwa]] and [[INS Airavat (L24)|Airavat]] have been deployed for shipment of liquid medical oxygen-filled cryogenic containers and associated medical equipment from various countries.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Archus|first=Dorian|title=Indian Navy deploys 7 ships for Operation Samudra Setu II – Naval Post|date=3 May 2021|url=https://navalpost.com/indian-navy-deploys-7-ships-for-operation-samudra-setu-ii/|access-date=3 May 2021|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''INS Kolkata''' and '''INS Talwar''', mission deployed in [[Persian Gulf]], were the first batch of ships that were immediately diverted for the task and entered port of [[Manama|Manama, Bahrain]] on 30 April 2021.

'''INS Talwar''', with 40 MT Liquid Medical Oxygen (LMO) embarked, is headed back home.

'''INS Kolkata''' has proceeded to [[Doha|Doha, Qatar]] for embarking medical supplies and will subsequently head to [[Kuwait]] for embarking Liquid Oxygen tanks.

Similarly, on the Eastern seaboard, '''INS Airavat''' too has been diverted for the task, while INS Jalashwa, the LPD which played a key role during op Samudra Setu last year was pulled out of maintenance, readied and sailed out to augment the effort.

'''INS Airavat''' is scheduled to enter [[Singapore]] for embarking Liquid oxygen tanks and INS Jalashwa is standing by in the region to embark medical stores at short notice.

The second batch of ships comprising Kochi, Trikand and Tabar mission deployed in [[Arabian Sea|Arabian sea]] have also been diverted to join the national effort.

=== Domestic ===
According to [[Indian Railways]], over 1,000,000 migrant workers along with their families were taken home on [[Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic|Shramik Special]] (''shramik'' is Hindi for "labour") trains.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Over 10 lakh migrant workers ferried since 1 May in Shramik trains: Railways|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/over-10-lakh-migrant-workers-ferried-since-1-may-in-shramik-trains-railways-11589453710545.html|date=14 May 2020|website=Livemint}}</ref> For the most part, state governments are taking responsibility to arrange the travel of workers back home.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Responsibility of states to facilitate migrant workers' travel: MHA|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/responsibility-of-states-to-facilitate-migrant-workers-travel-mha-838140.html|date=15 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The state of [[Uttarakhand]], a huge source of migrant workers, has had 130,000 applications from residents wishing to get back home.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Uttarakhand to evacuate all 1.3 lakh of residents stranded in other states|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/uttarakhand-to-evacuate-all-1-3-lakh-of-residents-stranded-in-other-states/story-xvsXOhTa9pQacvdc972o8H.html|date=6 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
The fees levied to passengers have presented a significant barrier to Indians who want to evacuate but did not have enough money to go home.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 May 2020|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Indian students left in lurch as embassies stay mum on travel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/indian-students-left-in-lurch-as-embassies-stay-mum-on-travel/articleshow/75652404.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref> For example, in both the [[Middle East]]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=10 May 2020|title=No money, some struggle to find seat on flights from Gulf|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/no-money-some-struggle-to-find-seat-on-flights-from-gulf-6402443/|date=10 May 2020}}</ref> and domestically in [[India]],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Amrit|last1=Dhillon|access-date=10 May 2020|title=Destitute migrant workers in India forced to pay train fares home|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/04/coronavirus-destitute-migrant-workers-india-forced-pay-train-fares-home|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 May 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> migrant workers have not been paid for several weeks, making it difficult for them to afford evacuation flights, trains, and buses. Passengers also raised complaints about inadequate payment and reservation infrastructure for the Vande Bharat mission, with worries about security and the 30-minute time limit to pay.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat Mission: A tale of chaos and calm for the stranded|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/vande-bharat-mission-a-tale-of-chaos-and-calm-for-the-stranded-838422.html|date=16 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

The mission notably excluded the state of [[West Bengal]]. In response, a state minister accused the MEA of discrimination, while [[Piyush Goyal]] claimed that the state government had not confirmed quarantine arrangements and that 3,700 people had registered to return there.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Sridhar|last1=Kumaraswami|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat mission: MEA refutes West Bengal minister's discrimination charges|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/150520/vande-bharat-mission-mea-refutes-west-bengal-ministers-discriminatio.html|date=15 May 2020|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> A couple days later, an evacuation flight from [[Dhaka|Dhaka, Bangladesh]] to the state capital [[Kolkata]] was confirmed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Nayanima|last1=Basu|access-date=19 May 2020|title=India to fly back Bengal residents from Dhaka, days after Centre-state spat over evacuation|website=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/india/india-to-fly-back-bengal-residents-from-dhaka-days-after-centre-state-spat-over-evacuation/423822/|date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

The plight of domestic migrant workers in particular caught the attention of media across the world, as the lockdown meant that they could not return home easily after losing their jobs and images of workers walking to their native places became widespread.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Geeta|last1=Pandey|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Could hunger =kill more people than coronavirus?|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52360757|newspaper=BBC News|date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|first1=Amrit|last1=Dhillon|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Destitute migrant workers in India forced to pay train fares home|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/04/coronavirus-destitute-migrant-workers-india-forced-pay-train-fares-home|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 May 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=In Pictures: The long road home for India's migrant workers|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/pictures-long-road-home-india-migrant-workers-200422084700100.html|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Negative comparisons have been made between the situation of many domestic migrants and Indians abroad: [[Shekhar Gupta]] criticized the media and [[Narendra Modi]] for focusing on the Vande Bharat Mission and thus the more affluent at the expense of the working class,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|first1=Shekhar|last1=Gupta|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Vande Bharat vs Bharat ke bande: Can Narendra Modi be losing his political touch so soon?|url=https://theprint.in/national-interest/vande-bharat-vs-bharat-ke-bande-can-narendra-modi-be-losing-his-political-touch-so-soon/417506/|date=9 May 2020|work=The Print}}</ref> and some politicians criticised the central government for not focusing on migrant workers enough.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Can't poor in the country avail of Vande Bharat Mission, says Akhilesh Yadav|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/can-t-poor-in-the-country-avail-of-vande-bharat-mission-says-akhilesh-yadav/story-C9WF11nEVGMT7JWdFP85nO.html|date=14 May 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=Centre ignoring domestic migrant workers: Shiv Sena MP Sanjay Raut|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/centre-ignoring-domestic-migrant-workers-shiv-sena-mp-sanjay-raut-836442.html|date=11 May 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

After March, minors born abroad with [[Overseas Citizenship of India|OCI]] status or Indian visas were not allowed to travel with their Indian citizen parents back to [[India]] due to the earlier suspension of all visas for the country.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web | url=https://boi.gov.in/content/advisory-travel-and-visa-restrictions-related-covid-19-0 | title=ADVISORY: TRAVEL AND VISA RESTRICTIONS RELATED TO COVID-19
|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/05/12/vande-bharat-is-inhuman-h-1b-visa-holders-slam-denial-of-tickets-for-us-born-kids.html | title='Vande Bharat is inhuman': H-1B visa holders slam denial of tickets for US-born kids| website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=12 May 2020}}</ref> In response, some MEA officials have proposed allowing some OCIs to be eligible for the flights as well.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|access-date=16 May 2020|title=As Pressure Rises, MEA Suggests Allowing OCI Card Holders on Repatriation Flights in Due Course|url=https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-mea-oci-card-holders-repatriation-india|website=The Wire|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731041652/https://thewire.in/external-affairs/exclusive-mea-oci-card-holders-repatriation-india}}</ref>

=== Incidents ===

==== Air India Express Flight 1344 ====
{{Main|Air India Express Flight 1344}}
One of the flights under the mission, [[Air India Express Flight 1344]] from [[Dubai International Airport]] to [[Calicut International Airport]], skidded off the runway and crashed into a gorge, killing 21 out of the 190 people on board.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=Air India plane crashes in Kerala after skidding off the runway |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/07/asia/plane-crash-calicut-india-intl/index.html |website=CNN |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

==== Air India Flight AI-312 27-Aug Fiasco ====
On 26 August, Indians including women and children were not allowed to board the Air India flight AI-312 to [[Incheon International Airport|Incheon]] ([[South Korea]]) at the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] (New Delhi) without prior information. More than 180 Indian passengers bought ticket to fly from India to [[Korea]] to join their families, universities and jobs.

These passengers reached Delhi airport from different cities of India. But hours before the boarding they were informed that they are not allowed to board the flight due to some approval issues with [[South Korea]]. All passengers were forced to return to their home cities.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=Air India Fiasco: An Addled Diplomacy, A Goof up Airline, and Stranded Indians |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/air-india-flight-to-korea-fiasco-an-addled-diplomacy-a-goof-up-airline-and-stranded-indians |website=Asian Community News |date=5 September 2020 | access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

== Impact ==

=== Displacement of migrant workers ===
{{Main|Indian migrant workers during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:Stranded migrant workers during fourth phase of the lockdown IMG 20200523 125500.jpg|thumb|Stranded migrant workers during fourth phase of [[COVID-19 lockdown in India#Timeline|lockdown in Delhi]]]]
The 2020 lockdown left tens of millions of [[migrant worker]]s unemployed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=30 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: India's pandemic lockdown turns into a human tragedy|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52086274|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sanghera|first=Tish|date=2 April 2020|title=Hungry, desperate: India virus controls trap its migrant workers|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/hungry-desperate-india-virus-controls-trap-migrant-workers-200402031123631.html|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> With factories and workplaces shut down, many migrant workers were left with no livelihood.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|date=28 March 2020|title=In India, the world's biggest lockdown has forced migrants to walk hundreds of miles home|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-coronavirus-lockdown-migrant-workers/2020/03/27/a62df166-6f7d-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html|access-date=13 May 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> They thus decided to walk hundreds of kilometres to go back to their native villages, accompanied by their families in many cases.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Borbon|first1=Christian|date=28 March 2020|title=Indian migrants forced to walk home amid COVID-19 lockdown|url=https://gulfnews.com/photos/news/indian-migrants-forced-to-walk-home-amid-covid-19-lockdown-1.1585394226024|access-date=13 May 2020|website=Gulf News}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Ara|first1=Ismat|date=29 March 2020|title='No Work, No Money': Thousands Stranded on Anand Vihar Bus Stand|work=The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/labour/watch-no-work-no-money-thousands-stranded-on-anand-vihar-bus-stand|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> In response, the central and state governments took various measures to help them.<ref name="21000camps">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=1 April 2020|title=More than 21,000 camps set up for over 6,60,000 migrants: State governments|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/more-than-21000-camps-set-up-for-over-660000-migrants-state-governments/articleshow/74920798.cms|access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=15 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Over 60,000 people have registered on Delhi govt portal to go back home|work=The Hindu|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/over-60000-people-have-registered-on-delhi-govt-portal-to-go-back-home/article31586991.ece|access-date=18 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The central government then announced that it had asked state governments to set up immediate relief camps for the migrant workers returning to their native states,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Jha|first1=Somesh|date=29 March 2020|title=Fighting Covid-19: After the long walk, jobless migrants head home by bus|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/fighting-covid-19-after-the-long-walk-jobless-migrants-head-home-by-bus-120032900041_1.html|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> and later issued orders protecting the rights of the migrants.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Pandey|first1=Devesh K.|date=29 March 2020|title=Coronavirus {{!}} Migrant workers to be stopped, quarantined at borders, says Centre|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-centre-warns-lockdown-violators-of-14-day-quarantine/article31198038.ece|access-date=2 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dubey|first=Vivek|date=29 March 2020|title=Coronavirus crisis: Landlords can't ask rent from students, workers for 1 month|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/coronavirus-crisis-landlords-can-not-ask-rent-from-students-workers-for-1-month/story/399551.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=Business Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329224909/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/coronavirus-crisis-landlords-can-not-ask-rent-from-students-workers-for-1-month/story/399551.html |archive-date=29 March 2020 }}</ref>

In its report to the Supreme Court of India on 30 March 2020, the central government stated that the migrant workers, apprehensive about their survival, moved in the panic created by fake news that the lockdown would last for more than three months.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Chaturvedi|first1=Arpan|date=1 April 2020|title=Government Effort To Restrain Media Coverage Of Pandemic Met With Supreme Court Caution|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/government-effort-to-restrain-media-coverage-of-pandemic-met-with-supreme-court-caution|access-date=10 May 2020|website=BloombergQuint}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Rajalakshmi|first1=T. K.|date=1 April 2020|title=Centre blames media 'fake news' for mass migration during lockdown|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/article31228357.ece|access-date=10 May 2020|website=The Hindu Frontline}}</ref> In early May, the central government permitted the Indian Railways to launch "Shramik Special" trains for the migrant workers and others stranded,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Bhargava|first1=Yuthika|date=1 May 2020|title=Coronavirus lockdown {{!}} Railways to run 'Shramik Special' trains to move migrant workers, other stranded persons|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/railways-to-run-shramik-special-trains-to-move-migrant-workers-other-stranded-persons/article31481996.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but this move had its own complications.<ref>Multiple sources:
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|date=2 May 2020|title=Shramik special trains {{!}} Migrant workers, other stranded people to pay ₹50 more to get home|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/shramik-special-trains-migrant-workers-other-stranded-people-to-pay-50-more-to-get-home/article31487251.ece|access-date=9 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|author=Anuja|last2=Varma|first2=Gyan|date=4 May 2020|title=Congress' move to sponsor rail fare for migrants sparks political tussle|website=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/congress-will-pay-for-rail-travel-of-needy-and-migrants-sonia-gandhi-11588564839050.html|access-date=9 May 2020}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|date=6 May 2020|title=Government can't tell Supreme Court if it is paying 85% rail fare|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/coronavirus-lockdown-government-cant-tell-supreme-court-if-it-is-paying-85-rail-fare/cid/1770636|access-date=23 May 2020|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref> On 26 May, the Supreme Court admitted that the problems of the migrants had still not been solved and ordered the Centre and States to provide free food, shelter and transport to stranded migrant workers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=26 May 2020|title=Supreme Court orders Centre and States to immediately provide transport, food and shelter free of cost to stranded migrant workers|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-takes-suo-motu-cognisance-of-migrant-workers-issue/article31679389.ece|access-date=27 May 2020|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Drug shortages ===
{{See also|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}In January 2020, Indian pharma companies raised the issue that drug supplies could be hit if the pandemic situation in China became worse.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Chandna|first=Himani|date=30 January 2020|title=India's production of paracetamol, top antibiotics could be hit by China coronavirus crisis|url=https://theprint.in/health/indias-production-of-paracetamol-top-antibiotics-could-be-hit-by-china-coronavirus-crisis/356222/|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215172329/https://theprint.in/health/indias-production-of-paracetamol-top-antibiotics-could-be-hit-by-china-coronavirus-crisis/356222/ |archive-date=15 February 2020 }}</ref> India sources about 70% of its pharmaceutical ingredients from China.<ref name="Ellis-Petersen-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=4 March 2020|title=India limits medicine exports after supplies hit by coronavirus|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/india-limits-medicine-exports-coronavirus-paracetamol-antibiotics|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304210154/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/04/india-limits-medicine-exports-coronavirus-paracetamol-antibiotics |archive-date=4 March 2020 }}</ref> In March 2020, India restricted export of 26 pharmaceutical ingredients; this restriction pointed to impending global shortages.<ref name="Ellis-Petersen-2020" /> During the second wave of the pandemic in India shortages of certain drugs caused some COVID-19 patients to go to the [[black market]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Pandey|first=Vikas|date=15 April 2021|title=India coronavirus: Desperate Covid-19 patients turn to black market for drugs|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56757405|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=22 April 2021|agency=AFP|title=India's Covid-19 shortages spur black market for drugs, oxygen|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210422-india-s-covid-19-shortages-spur-black-market-for-drugs-oxygen|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|work=France 24|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501023703/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210422-india-s-covid-19-shortages-spur-black-market-for-drugs-oxygen |archive-date=1 May 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=26 April 2021|title=U.S. drugmakers step up supplies as India battles COVID-19 surge|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/gilead-help-india-increase-production-remdesivir-2021-04-26/|access-date=11 May 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref> In April 2021, other important COVID-19 related drugs also faced lowered stocks and sharp rise in cost of raw materials.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Leo|first=Leroy|date=20 April 2021|title=Vitamins, antivirals shortage piles woes on covid patients|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vitamins-antivirals-shortage-piles-woes-on-covid-patients-11618858305848.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511133916/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/vitamins-antivirals-shortage-piles-woes-on-covid-patients-11618858305848.html |archive-date=11 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Chandna|first=Himani|date=3 May 2021|title=Pharma industry warns of Covid drug shortages as raw materials prices surge 200%|url=https://theprint.in/health/pharma-industry-warns-of-covid-drug-shortages-as-raw-materials-prices-surge-200/650792/|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503050048/https://theprint.in/health/pharma-industry-warns-of-covid-drug-shortages-as-raw-materials-prices-surge-200/650792/ |archive-date=3 May 2021 }}</ref>

=== Education ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education}}

On 16 March 2020, the union government ordered the closure of schools and colleges.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 March 2020|editor-last=Sanyal|editor-first=Anindita|title=Schools Closed, Travel To Be Avoided, Says Centre On Coronavirus: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mumbai-s-siddhivinayak-temple-to-close-entry-for-devotees-from-today-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-2195660|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316174524/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mumbai-s-siddhivinayak-temple-to-close-entry-for-devotees-from-today-amid-coronavirus-outbreak-2195660 |archive-date=16 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last1=Nandi |first1=Arindam |last2=Haberland |first2=Nicole |last3=Kozak |first3=Meredith |last4=Ngô |first4=Thoại D. |date=2023-09-22 |title=The gendered effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on adolescent literacy and schooling outcomes in India |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41539-023-00193-8 |journal=npj Science of Learning |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=42 |doi=10.1038/s41539-023-00193-8 |pmid=37739983 |bibcode=2023npjSL...8...42N |issn=2056-7936|pmc=10516864 }}</ref> On 18 March, [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) released revised guidelines for examination centers incorporating social distancing measures.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Iftikhar|first1=Fareeha|last2=Sarfaraz|first2=Kainat|date=18 March 2020|title=CBSE Board advises social distancing, face masks at exam centres to prevent coronavirus|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/education/cbse-board-advises-social-distancing-face-masks-at-exam-centres-to-prevent-coronavirus/story-anUZT6gqcnyyd52l1QZjYL.html |access-date=14 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> On 19 March, CBSE and [[Joint Entrance Examination|JEE]] examinations for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] and other engineering college admissions were postponed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 March 2020|title=CBSE 10th and 12th Board exams postponed due to coronavirus epidemic|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/home/education/news/cbse-10th-and-12th-board-exams-rescheduled-due-to-coronavirus-epidemic/articleshow/74698356.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318171925/https://m.timesofindia.com/home/education/news/cbse-10th-and-12th-board-exams-rescheduled-due-to-coronavirus-epidemic/articleshow/74698356.cms |archive-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref> States across the country postponed or cancelled school examinations; younger students were either automatically promoted or promoted based on prior performance.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=20 March 2020|title=MP Board 10th & 12th exams postponed due to Coronavirus|work=The Times of India|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/home/education/news/mp-board-10th-12th-exams-postponed-due-to-coronavirus-exams-of-classes-5-8-cancelled/articleshow/74715064.cms|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=M.K.|first=Nidheesh|date=20 March 2020|title=COVID-19: Kerala postpones Class 10, Class 12 board exams, a first for the state|work=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-kerala-postpones-class-10-class-12-board-exams-a-first-for-the-state-11584692189302.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Tandon|first=Tulika|date=20 March 2020|title=Assam Government cancels all exams till March 31 due to COVID19, new dates to be out soon|work=Times Now News|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/article/assam-government-cancels-all-exams-till-march-31-due-to-covid19-new-dates-to-be-out-soon/567181|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> The [[Union Public Service Commission]] also postponed the interview for the [[Civil Services Examination]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=20 March 2020|title=Coronavirus outbreak: UPSC defers civil services interviews|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-outbreak-upsc-defers-civil-services-interviews/articleshow/74732283.cms|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326030707/https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-outbreak-upsc-defers-civil-services-interviews/amp_articleshow/74732283.cms |archive-date=26 March 2020 }}</ref> Only a few educational institutions in India have been able to effectively adapt to e-learning and remote learning; the [[digital divide]] is further impacted by serious electricity issues and lack of internet connectivity.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Modi|first1=Sushma|last2=Postaria|first2=Ronika|date=6 October 2020|title=How COVID-19 deepens the digital education divide in India|url=https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/how-covid-19-deepens-digital-education-divide-india|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=UNICEF Global Development Commons|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202110033/https://gdc.unicef.org/resource/how-covid-19-deepens-digital-education-divide-india |archive-date=2 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Nanda|first=Prashant K.|date=28 October 2020|title=Digital divide is stark, online education still far from reality: ASER|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/online-education-still-a-far-from-reality-govt-school-enrollment-gains-amid-pandemic-report-11603898648072.html|access-date=12 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Kundu|first=Protiva|date=5 May 2020|title=Indian education can't go online – only 8% of homes with young members have computer with net link|url=https://scroll.in/article/960939/indian-education-cant-go-online-only-8-of-homes-with-school-children-have-computer-with-net-link|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505045513/https://scroll.in/article/960939/indian-education-cant-go-online-only-8-of-homes-with-school-children-have-computer-with-net-link |archive-date=5 May 2020 }}</ref>

=== Economy ===
{{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
{{See also|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic}}
Due to limited social movement restrictions during the second wave relative to lockdown measures during the first wave, the economic impact of the second wave to date is less severe than that of the first wave. Socio-economic indicators such as power demand, labour participation, and railway freight traffic fell less during the second wave as compared to the first wave.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dugal|first=Ira|date=3 May 2021|title=Covid Second Wave: Economic Impact Not Trivial But May Be Less Enduring, Say Economists|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/covid-second-wave-economic-impact-not-trivial-but-may-be-less-enduring-say-economists|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=BloombergQuint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503031149/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/covid-second-wave-economic-impact-not-trivial-but-may-be-less-enduring-say-economists |archive-date=3 May 2021 }}</ref> The first wave has strengthened domestic economic resilience, visible during the second wave, despite the severity of the second wave.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 May 2021|title=Impact Of COVID-19 Second Wave On Economy To Remain Muted: Finmin Report|url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/impact-of-covid-19-second-wave-on-economy-to-remain-muted-finmin-report-11620383633499.html|access-date=22 January 2025|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The Indian Finance Ministry, in their Monthly Economic Review for April 2021 released on 7 May 2021, wrote that "economic activity has learnt to operate 'with Covid'".<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 May 2021|title='Covid wave: Expect muted hit on economy as against first'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/economy/covid-second-wave-coronavirus-cases-indian-economy-gdp-7306387/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Since the beginning of the pandemic in India, poverty has increased, and livelihoods have been affected.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=6 May 2021|title=Editorial: The economic impact of Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-economic-impact-of-covid19-101620304853918.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507024530/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-economic-impact-of-covid19-101620304853918.html |archive-date=7 May 2021 }}</ref> The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had projected a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate of 6.2% during 2019–2020, whereas after the outbreak of COVID-19, the RBI revised the expected growth GDP downwards to 4.8%, indicating that the Indian economy has received a severe negative impact due to the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last1=Gopalan |first1=Hema S. |last2=Misra |first2=Anoop |date=September 2020 |title=COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio-economic issues, healthcare and National Health Programs in India |journal=Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=757–759 |doi=10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041 |issn=1871-4021|doi-access=free |pmid=32504992 |pmc=7261093 }}</ref>

A study by the Azim Premji University in May 2021 found that women who were in the workforce before the pandemic were seven times more likely to be laid off than men. And when it came to those who had already lost their jobs, women were 11 times more likely than men not to return to work.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=COVID-19's devastating impact on Indian women|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Opinion/COVID-19-s-devastating-impact-on-Indian-women|access-date=9 September 2021|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 =
| image2 = Indices S&P BSE 500 (2015 to 2020).png
| caption1 = Impact of COVID-19 on [[National Stock Exchange of India]] NIFTY 50 (1 Jan 2020 to 19 May 2020). "The [[NIFTY 50]] is NSE's benchmark broad based stock market index for the Indian equity market."
| caption2 = Indices: S&P Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) 500 (1 January 2015 to 1 April 2021). Post March 2020 is highlighted in blue.
}}

Indian stock markets witnessed a [[flash crash]] on 2 March 2020 on the back of the Union Health Ministry's announcement of two new confirmed cases.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=Sensex witnesses flash crash on 2 new coronavirus cases in India; over 340 stocks hit 52-week low|work=Moneycontrol|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/sensex-witnesses-flash-crash-on-2-new-coronavirus-cases-in-india-over-340-stocks-hit-52-week-low-4993351.html|access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> On 12 March 2020, Indian stock markets suffered their worst crash since June 2017 after WHO's declaration of the outbreak as a pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Sensex Crashes 2,919 Points, Nifty Ends at 9,590 In Worst Day For Markets Ever|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/bse-sensex-today-live-market-news-sensex-ends-2919-points-lower-nifty-at-9590-amid-coronavirus-fear-2193751|access-date=13 March 2020|website=NDTV.com|date=12 March 2020 }}</ref> On 23 March 2020, stock markets in India posted its worst losses in history.<ref name="IndianExpress-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=23 March 2020|title=Stock markets post worst losses in history; Sensex crashes 3,935 points amid coronavirus lockdown|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/market/bse-sensex-nse-nifty-stock-market-live-updates-coronavirus-global-markets-6327415/|access-date=23 March 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[BSE SENSEX|SENSEX]] fell 4000 points (13.15%) and [[NIFTY 50|NSE NIFTY]] fell 1150 points (12.98%).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=23 March 2020|title=Sensex crashes 4,000 points: What's behind market meltdown|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sensex-hits-10-lower-circuit-what-led-to-the-market-meltdown/articleshow/74768152.cms|access-date=23 March 2020}}</ref> However, on 25 March 2020, one day after a complete 21-day lock-down was announced by the Prime Minister, [[SENSEX]] posted its biggest gains in over a decade.<ref name="Shah-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Shah|first1=Ami|date=25 March 2020|title=Sensex posts biggest gain in 11 years: Investors richer by Rs 4.7 lakh crore|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sensex-logs-biggest-one-day-gain-in-11-years-investors-richer-by-rs-4-7-lakh-crore/articleshow/74810933.cms|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Das|first1=Shouvik|date=25 March 2020|title=Flipkart to Resume Shipping and Deliveries from Later Today, Confirms CEO|url=https://www.news18.com/news/tech/flipkart-to-resume-shipping-and-deliveries-from-later-today-confirms-ceo-2550957.html|access-date=25 March 2020|website=News18}}</ref> The domestic stock markets have been in a positive rally from October 2020 to April 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Singh|first=Sandeep|date=6 May 2021|title=Explained: Why markets are rising despite Covid-19 surge, what you should do|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-markets-are-rising-despite-covid-surge-and-what-you-should-do-7296008/|url-status=live|access-date=12 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430030542/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-markets-are-rising-despite-covid-surge-and-what-you-should-do-7296008/ |archive-date=30 April 2021 }}</ref>

=== Freedom of expression ===
{{Main|Censorship in India}}
During the COVID-19 pandemic, restrictions imposed under public health and emergency measures had implications for freedom of assembly in India. In July 2020, the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) and the World Organisation Against Torture highlighted concerns raised in a United Nations Special Rapporteur's report regarding the use of emergency powers to impose broad prohibitions on peaceful protests and assemblies. The organisations noted that restrictions on public gatherings introduced during the pandemic should comply with international legal standards of legality, necessity, and proportionality, and cautioned against the use of public health measures to unduly suppress peaceful dissent. They emphasised that the right to freedom of peaceful assembly remains protected under international human rights law even during states of emergency.<ref>{{cite web |title=India: repression of protests violating freedom of association and assembly |url=https://www.icj.org/hrc44-india-foa/ |website=International Commission of Jurists |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>

On 25 April 2021 the government confirmed that it had made an emergency order requiring at least 100 social media posts to be removed by Facebook, [[Instagram]], and Twitter, which included posts that it believed were misinformation, inducing panic among the public, or obstructing the response to the pandemic. This included critical tweets by West Bengal Minister of Labour and Law [[Moloy Ghatak]], filmmaker and journalist [[Vinod Kapri]], MP [[Revanth Reddy]], and actor [[Viineet Kumar]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Lyons|first=Kim|date=24 April 2021|title=Twitter censored tweets critical of India's handling of the pandemic at its government's request|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/4/24/22400976/twitter-removed-tweets-critical-india-censor-coronavirus|access-date=24 April 2021|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Deep|first=Aroon|date=24 April 2021|title=Twitter censors tweets from MP, MLA, editor criticising pandemic handling|url=https://www.medianama.com/2021/04/223-twitter-mp-minister-censor/|access-date=24 April 2021|website=MediaNama|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Singh|first1=Karan Deep|last2=Mozur|first2=Paul|date=25 April 2021|title=As Outbreak Rages, India Orders Critical Social Media Posts to Be Taken Down|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/25/business/india-covid19-twitter-facebook.html|access-date=26 April 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

On 30 April 2021, in a [[suo moto]] case regarding the government's response to the pandemic, a Supreme Court of India bench headed by Justice [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]] commented on "free flow of information" and equated its restriction to [[Contempt of court in India|contempt of court]], "There should be free flow of information; we should hear voices of citizens. This is a national crisis. There should not be any presumption that the grievances raised on the internet are always false.[...] there should not be any kind of clampdown."<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=30 April 2021|title=No clampdown on grievances; must avoid political bickering: What SC said on Covid crisis|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-clampdown-on-grievances-must-avoid-political-bickering-what-sc-said-on-covid-crisis/articleshow/82330908.cms|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430144402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-clampdown-on-grievances-must-avoid-political-bickering-what-sc-said-on-covid-crisis/articleshow/82330908.cms |archive-date=30 April 2021 }}</ref>

On 21 May 2021, the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] ordered social media outlets to remove all content that "names, refers to, or implies [an] 'Indian variant' of coronavirus", under the justification that it is misinformation because the World Health Organization does not officially recognise or use the term in relation to [[Lineage B.1.617]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 May 2021|title=Covid: India tells social media firms to remove 'India variant' from content|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57213046|access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref>

=== Other diseases ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on other health issues}}

{{Image frame
| caption=Comparison of month-wise tuberculosis (TB) notification between 2019 and 2020 in India.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=India TB Report 2021: National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme. Annual Report. |url=https://tbcindia.gov.in/showfile.php?lid=3587 |publisher=Central TB Division. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. |access-date=21 May 2021 |page=12}}</ref><ref name="Roberts-2021" />
| content =
{{#chart:Comparison of month-wise tuberculosis (TB) notification between 2019 and 2020 in India.chart}} '''[[:c:data:Comparison of month-wise tuberculosis (TB) notification between 2019 and 2020 in India.tab|Data]]'''
}}
The attention given to fighting COVID-19 caused a reduction in attention given to other diseases such as tuberculosis, resulting in ten of thousands of deaths.<ref name="Roberts-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|journal|last=Roberts|first=Leslie|date=21 April 2021|title=How COVID hurt the fight against other dangerous diseases|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01022-x|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=592|issue=7855|pages=502–504|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01022-x|pmid=33883727|bibcode=2021Natur.592..502R|s2cid=233349507}}</ref> This has also caused a set-back to the fight against tuberculosis by over a decade.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mascarenhas|first=Anuradha|date=19 March 2021|title=One year of Covid-19 eliminated 12 years of progress in global fight against tuberculosis|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/one-year-of-covid-19-eliminated-12-years-of-progress-in-global-fight-against-tuberculosis/|url-status=live|access-date=21 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210444/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/one-year-of-covid-19-eliminated-12-years-of-progress-in-global-fight-against-tuberculosis/ |archive-date=18 March 2021 }}</ref> The fall in tuberculosis registrations in the country fell 24% from 2019 to 2020 due to pandemic related issues.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sharma|first=Neetu Chandra|date=25 March 2021|title=India tuberculosis registrations fall 24% in 2020 due covid-led disruptions|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-tuberculosis-registrations-fall-24-in-2020-due-covid-led-disruptions-11616645106334.html|access-date=21 May 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Immunisation programs have been impacted, operations postponed and neglected and institutional delivery of babies decreased during the lockdown in 2020.<ref name="Ghosh-2020-1" />

=== Healthcare and frontline workers ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers}}

[[File:Healthcare workers wearing PPE 03.jpg|thumb|220x220px|Healthcare workers in Kerala during the pandemic]]
On 8 August 2020, [[Indian Medical Association]] (IMA) announced that 198 doctors had died due to COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=8 August 2020|title=IMA says nearly 200 doctors in India have succumbed to COVID-19 so far; requests PM's attention|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ima-says-nearly-200-doctors-in-india-have-succumbed-to-covid-19-so-far-requests-pms-attention/articleshow/77430706.cms|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> This number was increased to 515 by October 2020,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=2 October 2020|title=IMA Says At Least 515 Doctors Have Died of COVID-19|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/ima-515-doctors-covid-19-deaths-india-health-workers/|access-date=13 February 2021|website=The Wire Science|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=16 September 2020|agency=PTI|title=IMA publishes list of 382 doctors who died due to Covid-19, demands they be treated as martyrs|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ima-publishes-list-of-382-doctors-who-died-due-to-covid-19-demands-they-be-treated-as-martyrs/story-hX0ELsr0LXk8UnBFQ0kIvJ.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918075826/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ima-publishes-list-of-382-doctors-who-died-due-to-covid-19-demands-they-be-treated-as-martyrs/story-hX0ELsr0LXk8UnBFQ0kIvJ.html |archive-date=18 September 2020 |access-date=13 February 2021|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and 734 by 3 February 2021.<ref name="HindustanTimes-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=3 February 2021|agency=ANI|title=IMA refutes govts data, says 734 doctors died due to Covid-19, condemns Centres apathy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ima-refutes-govt-s-data-says-734-doctors-died-due-to-covid-19-condemns-centre-s-apathy-101612365469868.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203153059/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ima-refutes-govt-s-data-says-734-doctors-died-due-to-covid-19-condemns-centre-s-apathy-101612365469868.html |archive-date=3 February 2021 |access-date=13 February 2021|newspaper=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> However, on 2 and 5 February 2021 the health ministry announced in the [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Lok Sabha]] respectively that 162/174 doctors, 107/116 nurses and 44 [[ASHA worker]]s/199 healthcare workers had died due to COVID-19.<ref name="HindustanTimes-2021" /><ref name="NDTV-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|news |date=5 February 2021|agency=PTI|title=174 Doctors, 116 Nurses, 199 Health Workers Died Due To Covid: Centre|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/174-doctors-116-nurses-199-health-workers-died-due-to-covid-centre-2364200|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|work=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205180043/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/174-doctors-116-nurses-199-health-workers-died-due-to-covid-centre-2364200 |archive-date=5 February 2021 }}</ref> The figures were based on the governments "Insurance Scheme for Health Workers fighting COVID-19".<ref name="NDTV-2021" /> As of 17 April 2021, IMA put the number of deaths of doctors at 747.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2021">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mascarenhas|first=Anuradha|date=17 April 2021|title=747 doctors died of Covid-19 in India: IMA|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/747-doctors-died-of-covid-19-in-india-ima-7277087/|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416194451/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/747-doctors-died-of-covid-19-in-india-ima-7277087/ |archive-date=16 April 2021 }}</ref> Ten of thousands of doctors, nurses and health workers have been infected with covid.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dey|first=Sushmi|date=29 August 2020|title=87k health staff infected with Covid, 573 dead; 74% cases from six states|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-87k-health-workers-infected-with-covid-19-573-dead/articleshow/77814189.cms|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829074552/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/over-87k-health-workers-infected-with-covid-19-573-dead/articleshow/77814189.cms |archive-date=29 August 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas-2021" /> Healthcare workers followed by frontline workers in India were provided with covid vaccinations first, starting from 16 January 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=16 January 2021|editor-last=Roy|editor-first=Divyanshu Dutta|title="Humbled And Proud": Frontline Workers On Getting First Covid Vaccines|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covid-19-vaccination-frontline-workers-on-getting-first-covid-vaccines-2353558|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116131614/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/covid-19-vaccination-frontline-workers-on-getting-first-covid-vaccines-2353558 |archive-date=16 January 2021 }}</ref> This included 9,616,697 healthcare workers and 14,314,563 frontline workers; by May 2021 a majority of these had also been given their second dose.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=14 May 2021|editor-last=Sinha|editor-first=Smriti|title=India has administered nearly 180mn Covid vaccine doses till now|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-has-administered-nearly-180mn-covid-vaccine-doses-till-now-101620991799116.html|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514113054/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-has-administered-nearly-180mn-covid-vaccine-doses-till-now-101620991799116.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref>

As per June 2021 figures of IMA, 776 doctors have died from COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web | url=https://medicaldialogues.in/news/health/doctors/776-doctors-succumbed-to-covid-in-second-wave-highest-in-bihar-ima-79117 | title=776 doctors succumbed to COVID in second wave, highest in Bihar: IMA | publisher=Medical Dialogues | date=6 July 2021 | access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref> Karnataka Government announces plan to construct a COVID-19 Memorial.<ref name="EconomicTimes-2021" />

=== Religion ===
{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on religion}}

[[File:New normal for the priest during Durga Puja 2020 DSCN7128 1.jpg|thumb|227x227px|A priest during [[Durga Puja]] in Kolkata, October 2020]]
On 4 March 2020, the Prime Minister tweeted that he would not be participating in [[Holi]] programmes due to COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=4 March 2020|editor-last=Bhasin|editor-first=Swati|title=Why PM Modi Won't Participate In Holi Events This Year|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-says-wont-participate-in-holi-events-as-experts-have-advised-to-reduce-mass-gatheri-2189565|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304102205/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-says-wont-participate-in-holi-events-as-experts-have-advised-to-reduce-mass-gatheri-2189565 |archive-date=4 March 2020 }}</ref> The pandemic and subsequent lockdown resulted in numerous religious festivals being largely celebrated within homes or seeing less than normal public turnouts adhering to social distancing guidelines.<ref name="Kumar-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Kumar|first=Rakesh|date=21 September 2020|title=Covid-19 is changing how India marks its religious festivals|url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/3102093/religious-festivals-india-adapt-pandemic-new-normal|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921153940/https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/3102093/religious-festivals-india-adapt-pandemic-new-normal |archive-date=21 September 2020 }}</ref> The [[Char Dham]] was conducted in a controlled manner; in 2020 pilgrims numbered 400,000 while the previous year had seen 3,800,000 pilgrims.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=28 April 2021|title=Even as Uttarakhand Reels From Sharp Spike in COVID Cases, Char Dham Yatra To Go Ahead|url=https://thewire.in/health/uttarakhand-sharp-spike-covid-19-cases-char-dham-yatra-kumbh-mela|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428121425/https://thewire.in/health/uttarakhand-sharp-spike-covid-19-cases-char-dham-yatra-kumbh-mela |archive-date=28 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Upadhyay|first=Vineet|date=23 July 2020|title=Char Dham Yatra: Uttarakhand mulling to allow pilgrims from other states|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/23/char-dham-yatra-uttarakhand-mulling-to-allow-pilgrims-from-other-states-2173821.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100634/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jul/23/char-dham-yatra-uttarakhand-mulling-to-allow-pilgrims-from-other-states-2173821.html |archive-date=26 July 2020 }}</ref> Many religious institutions adapted and connected to their devotees via livestreaming, radio and television.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Menon|first=Shailesh|date=2 April 2020|title=God goes online as places of worship shut doors to save people|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/god-goes-online-as-places-of-worship-shut-doors-to-save-people/articleshow/74935115.cms|access-date=6 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Sharad2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Sharad|first1=Arpita|date=23 March 2020|title=Followers catch up on church service streaming live on various platforms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/followers-catch-up-on-church-service-streaming-live-on-various-platforms/articleshow/74764511.cms|url-status=live|access-date=30 March 2020|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015051716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/aurangabad/followers-catch-up-on-church-service-streaming-live-on-various-platforms/articleshow/74764511.cms |archive-date=15 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|report|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/2SoPstobefollowedinReligiousPlaces.pdf|title=SOP on preventive measures to contain spread of COVID-19 in religious places/places of worship|date=4 June 2020|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|access-date=6 June 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605125444/https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/2SoPstobefollowedinReligiousPlaces.pdf}}</ref> Purported [[Superspreading event#COVID-19 pandemic: 2020–present|super-spreader]] events of a religious nature included the [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi]],<ref name="WaPoSuperSpreader2Apr">{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Slater|first1=Joanna|last2=Masih|first2=Niha|last3=Irfan|first3=Shams|date=2 April 2020|title=India confronts its first coronavirus 'super-spreader' – a Muslim missionary group with more than 400 members infected|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/india-coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-delhi/2020/04/02/abdc5af0-7386-11ea-ad9b-254ec99993bc_story.html}}</ref> and the 2021 Haridwar [[Kumbh Mela]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=10 May 2021|title=Kumbh Mela was super-spreader event in India: Report|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/10/kumbh-mela-was-super-spreader-event-in-india-report.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Week|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510180646/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/05/10/kumbh-mela-was-super-spreader-event-in-india-report.html |archive-date=10 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last= |first= |date=10 May 2021 |title=India Covid: Kumbh Mela pilgrims turn into super-spreaders |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57005563 |url-status=live |work=[[BBC]] |location= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510190646/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-57005563 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref> The state of Uttarakhand, where the Kumbh took place, saw an 1800% increase in COVID-19 transmission during the period when Kumbh was held.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Upadhyay|first=Vineet|date=27 April 2021|title=Mahakumbh impact? Uttarakhand active Covid caseload jumped 1,800% in 25 days|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/27/mahakumbh-impact-uttarakhand-active-covid-caseload-jumped-1800-in-25-days-2295337.html|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427045517/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/apr/27/mahakumbh-impact-uttarakhand-active-covid-caseload-jumped-1800-in-25-days-2295337.html |archive-date=27 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 May 2021|title=After Kumbh, Uttarakhand Sees 1800% Jump in COVID-19 Cases|url=https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/spike-covid-cases-uttarakhand-haridwar-maha-kumbh-mela-superspreader|url-status=live|access-date=11 May 2021|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508102716/https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/spike-covid-cases-uttarakhand-haridwar-maha-kumbh-mela-superspreader |archive-date=8 May 2021 }}</ref> 2021 saw numerous religious events ignoring social distancing guidelines such as Holi and Eid.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=29 March 2021|title=Despite surge in cases, Covid guidelines flouted during Holi celebrations|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/india-news/covid-19-holi-celebrations-7250394/|access-date=11 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Sadam|first=Rishika|date=8 May 2021|title=Covid protocols up in the air in Hyderabad's Eid markets, vendors say need to earnCovid protocols up in the air in Hyderabad's Eid markets, vendors say need to earn|url=https://theprint.in/health/covid-protocols-up-in-the-air-in-hyderabads-eid-markets-vendors-say-need-to-earn/654868/|access-date=11 May 2021|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Rural and semi-rural India ===
Over 70% of India's population, i.e. over 740 million people in India, live in rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=Census of India: Rural-Urban Distribution|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census_data_2001/india_at_glance/rural.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225200119/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/rural.aspx|archive-date=25 February 2021|access-date=15 May 2021|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> The share of COVID cases in rural and semi-rural India increased from 40% in mid-July 2020 to 67% in August 2020.<ref name="Acharjee-2020">{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Acharjee|first=Sonali|date=21 September 2020|title=The rural surge|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20200921-the-rural-surge-1720878-2020-09-12|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200912111511/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20200921-the-rural-surge-1720878-2020-09-12 |archive-date=12 September 2020 }}</ref> This increase in covid cases was largely attributed to the movement of COVID infected migrant workers from urban areas back to their native villages.<ref name="Acharjee-2020" /><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Singh|first1=Karan Deep|last2=Gettleman|first2=Jeffrey|date=8 October 2020|title='Rural Surge' Propels India Toward More Covid-19 Infections Than U.S.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/world/asia/india-covid-19-rural.html|access-date=15 May 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Issues aggravating the situation in rural and semi-rural areas include a severe lack of human resources in the health field.<ref name="Acharjee-2020" /> The second wave also saw migrants coming back from urbans areas, indicated by the sharp rise in employment generation through [[Mgnrega|MGNREGS]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Chauhan|first=Chetan|date=14 May 2021|title=As Covid second wave persists, MGNREGS comes to rural India's rescue, yet again|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-covid-second-wave-persists-mgnregs-comes-to-rural-india-s-rescue-yet-again-101620976797618.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514174836/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/as-covid-second-wave-persists-mgnregs-comes-to-rural-india-s-rescue-yet-again-101620976797618.html |archive-date=14 May 2021 }}</ref> By May 2021, more than half the cases in Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh were from rural areas.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=13 May 2021|title=More than 4,000 Indians die of COVID for second straight day|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/13/india-sees-362727-new-covid-cases-as-virus-ravages-rural-areas|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513070451/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/5/13/india-sees-362727-new-covid-cases-as-virus-ravages-rural-areas |archive-date=13 May 2021 }}</ref> Another indicator of the situation in villages is the rush of villagers to semi-urban and urban areas in search of healthcare, "about 30–35 per cent of the patients in hospitals in [[Bhopal]] are from villages and small towns located within a 200 km radius. It's the same story in [[Indore]]."<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Noronha|first=Rahul|date=1 May 2021|title=Ground report: How Covid-19 has affected India's rural areas|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20210510-ground-report-how-covid-19-has-affected-india-s-rural-areas-1796993-2021-05-01|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501152247/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20210510-ground-report-how-covid-19-has-affected-india-s-rural-areas-1796993-2021-05-01 |archive-date=1 May 2021 }}</ref> On 16 May 2021 a UP government official confirmed the report that corpses of people who died from the virus in the rural areas had been dumped in the [[Ganges]] River due to lack of funds. Following this report, the UP state government announced that it will pay {{INRConvert|5000|lk=on|year=2021}} to poor families to cremate or bury the bodies of the dead.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web | last=Das | first=Krishna | title=Bodies of COVID-19 victims among those dumped in India's Ganges -govt document | work=Reuters | date=15 May 2021 | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/bodies-covid-19-victims-among-those-dumped-indias-ganges-govt-document-2021-05-15/ | access-date=16 May 2021}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
17 March 2020 onwards, private airlines such as [[IndiGo]] and [[Go First]] started cancelling flights.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=17 March 2020|title=IndiGo cancels flights on Delhi-Istanbul, Chennai-Kuala Lumpur route from March18–31|website=Business Standard|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/indigo-cancels-flights-on-delhi-istanbul-chennai-kuala-lumpur-route-from-march18-31-120031701637_1.html|access-date=20 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Kundu|first=Rhik|date=17 March 2020|title=GoAir suspends international operations|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/goair-suspends-international-operations-sends-staff-on-leave-without-pay-11584451946542.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=18 March 2020|website=mint|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318172616/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/goair-suspends-international-operations-sends-staff-on-leave-without-pay-11584451946542.html |archive-date=18 March 2020 }}</ref> On 19 March, the Government of India announced that no [[international flight]]s will be allowed to land in India from 22 March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 March 2020|title=No international commercial flight will be allowed to land India from March 22|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/no-international-commercial-flight-will-be-allowed-to-land-india-from-march-22-599644|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|publisher=IndiaTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320083810/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/no-international-commercial-flight-will-be-allowed-to-land-india-from-march-22-599644 |archive-date=20 March 2020 }}</ref> On 23 March, the union government announced the suspension of all [[domestic flight]]s in the country starting 25 March.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Kundu|first=Rhik|date=23 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: India suspends domestic flights from 25 March|work=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-india-suspends-domestic-flights-from-25-march-11584962827845.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> [[Vande Bharat Mission]], a mass evacuation program, was started by the government of India to repatriate 250,000 stranded Indians around the world.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Majumder|first1=Arindam|last2=Phadnis|first2=Aneesh|date=5 May 2020|title=India set to bring home 250,000 stranded abroad; 64 flights deployed|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-plans-largest-human-evacuation-in-modern-history-from-may-7-120050501460_1.html|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> The Ministry of tourism in India launched Stranded in India for foreign tourists stranded in India to find information and access tourism support infrastructure. On 7 August, [[Air India Express Flight 1344]], a repatriation flight, crashed at [[Calicut International Airport]], killing 18.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=7 August 2020|title=Air India Express plane skids off runway, killing at least 18 and injuring more than 100|publisher=CBS News|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/air-india-plane-crash-dubai-calicut-passengers/|access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref> Two of the survivors tested positive for COVID-19.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 August 2020|title=Kozhikode Air India Express crash: CISF personnel quarantined after passengers test positive for coronavirus|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala-kozhikode-air-india-express-crash-coronavirus-quarantine-6545458/|access-date=8 August 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Delhi metro covid signs.jpg
| image2 = Delhi metro covid signs 1.jpg
| footer = ''(Left, Center)'' Social distancing signage on the [[Delhi Metro]]. ''(Right)'' Quarantine and testing at Bengaluru Airport in April 2021.
| image3 = Bengaluru Airport ..Arrival International.jpg
}}

[[Indian Railways]] took various initiatives to fight against the pandemic. Initially this included removing curtains and blankets from AC coaches,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Central, Western Railway withdraw curtains, blankets from AC coaches|newspaper=Business Standard India|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/coronavirus-central-western-railway-withdraw-curtains-blankets-from-ac-coaches-120031401174_1.html|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> hiking platform tickets,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Sharma|first=Anu|date=17 March 2020|title=Coronavirus impact: Railway platform ticket price hiked to Rs 50 in 250 stations|work=CNBC TV18|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/healthcare/coronavirus-impact-railway-platform-ticket-price-hiked-to-rs-50-in-250-stations-5501061.htm|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> and cancelling 3700 trains.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Dash|first=Dipak K|date=21 March 2020|title=Janata curfew: 3,700 trains cancelled on Sunday|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/india/janata-curfew-3700-trains-cancelled-on-sunday/articleshow/74740006.cms|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321111446/https://m.timesofindia.com/india/janata-curfew-3700-trains-cancelled-on-sunday/articleshow/74740006.cms |archive-date=21 March 2020 }}</ref> Metro services across India were suspended.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=Metro services shut across India till March 31|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/metro-services-shut-across-india-till-march-31/articleshow/74760183.cms|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> On 22 March, all train services in the country were cancelled baring goods trains, that is around 12,500 trains, and all non-essential passenger transport including interstate transport buses.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=After trains, interstate bus services suspended till 31st March|work=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-trains-interstate-bus-services-suspended-till-31st-march/articleshow/74758323.cms|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=IRCTC suspends bookings for its 3 private trains till April 30, amid nationwide lockdown due to coronavirus COVID-19|work=sarkaripaper.co,in|url=https://sarkaripaper.co.in/irctc-suspends-bookings-for-its-3-private-trains-till-april-30-amid-nationwide-lockdown-due-to-coronavirus-covid-19/|access-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407135459/https://sarkaripaper.co.in/irctc-suspends-bookings-for-its-3-private-trains-till-april-30-amid-nationwide-lockdown-due-to-coronavirus-covid-19/|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> After Prime Minister Modi extended the nationwide lockdown to 3 May, Indian Railways suspended all services on its passenger trains and all ticket bookings indefinitely.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Agarwal|first=Nikhil|date=14 April 2020|title=Train services suspended till May 3, no ticket booking till further orders|work=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lockdown-extension-train-services-suspended-till-may-3-11586844695457.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> On 8 May, the [[Aurangabad railway accident]] occurred due to confusion related to the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=8 May 2020|title=Aurangabad train accident: 16 migrant workers run over, probe ordered|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-lockdown-maharashtra-aurangabad-migrant-workers-killed-train-6399556/|access-date=18 February 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Public transport across the nation was affected.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=18 March 2020|agency=PTI|title=Bus services between Indore and Maharashtra to be suspended|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bus-services-between-indore-and-maharashtra-to-be-suspended-1657078-2020-03-18|url-status=live|access-date=14 May 2021|magazine=India Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319051426/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bus-services-between-indore-and-maharashtra-to-be-suspended-1657078-2020-03-18 |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Vasdev|first=Kanchan|date=20 March 2020|title=Punjab to ban public transport from March 21|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/punjab-to-ban-public-transport-from-march-21/|url-status=live|access-date=19 March 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319100829/https://indianexpress.com/article/coronavirus/punjab-to-ban-public-transport-from-march-21/ |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=19 March 2020|title=Govt bans public transport in Srinagar to prevent spread of Coronavirus|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/srinagar/govt-bans-public-transport-in-srinagar-to-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/|access-date=19 March 2020|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref>

==== Shift to private transport ====
People's mobility preferences were linked to their income levels. Higher household income correlated with increased adoption of [[Remote work|work-from-home]] (WFH) measures.<ref name=":0" /> Higher income groups tended to own private vehicles and had more WFH opportunities. Both lower and higher-income commuters shifted to private vehicles, with the latter favoring two-wheelers.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal |title=Lessons from the COVID-19 crisis for building solutions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346170827_PANDEMIC_AND_MOBILITY_Lessons_from_the_COVID-19_crisis_for_building_solutions_A_Centre_for_Science_and_Environment_Paper |journal=Molecular Biology}}</ref>

[[Public transport]]ation and shared vehicles, which provide few [[social distancing]] options for work travel, saw sharp drops during the first pandemic phase.<ref name=":0" /> Similarly, trip shares for using private vehicles for work-related purposes declined,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |last=Agrawal,howindialives.com |first=Rangoli |date=2020-10-31 |title=How the pandemic has changed city commutes, in six charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/how-the-pandemic-has-changed-city-commutes-in-six-charts-11604073842150.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> perhaps as a result of [[Remote work|work-from-home]].

During the pandemic, women shifted to more [[Remote work|work-from-home]] compared to men.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last=Bhaduri |first=Eeshan |last2=Manoj |first2=B. S. |last3=Wadud |first3=Zia |last4=Goswami |first4=Arkopal K. |last5=Choudhury |first5=Charisma F. |date=2020-11-01 |title=Modelling the effects of COVID-19 on travel mode choice behaviour in India |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590198220301846 |journal=Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives |volume=8 |article-number=100273 |doi=10.1016/j.trip.2020.100273 |issn=2590-1982|doi-access=free }}</ref> Before COVID, women made more discretionary trips. A [[The Energy and Resources Institute|TERI]] study showed reduced metro use among women in [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]].<ref name=":1">{{#invoke:Cite|web |title=IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON URBAN MOBILITY IN INDIA: EVIDENCE FROM A PERCEPTION STUDY |url=https://www.teriin.org/sites/default/files/2020-05/behavioural-effects-covid19_0.pdf}}</ref> Women were expected to increase personal car use by 9% and use taxis and autorickshaws more.<ref name=":1" /> In [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] and [[Kolkata]], women increased their use of intermediate [[public transport]] and cars, respectively.<ref name=":1" /> Men continued to dominate car use.<ref name=":0" />

=== Other ===
[[File:Shop vaccination certificate in Telangana.jpg|thumb|Many shopkeepers have posted "Shop vaccination certificates" in their shops to create psychological ease in their visiting customers]]
{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports|Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic by governments#India}}In March 2020, there were several incidents of panic buying in India related to the pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Nanisetti|first1=Serish|date=22 March 2020|title=Panicky shoppers clear out grocery shops|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/panicked-shoppers-clear-out-grocery-shops/article31131827.ece|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=22 March 2020|title=No need for panic buying of milk|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/ahmedabad/others/no-need-for-panic-buying-of-milk/articleshow/74754049.cms|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> Retailers and consumer goods firms saw their average daily sales more than double on 19 March as consumers rushed to buy essentials ahead of Modi's address to the nation.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Malviya|first1=Sagar|last2=Bhushan|first2=Ratna|date=20 March 2020|title=Panic buying goes a notch up ahead of PM Modi's address|work=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/panic-buying-goes-a-notch-up-ahead-of-pm-modis-address/articleshow/74721852.cms|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> Modi assured the citizens that there was enough food and ration supplies and advised them against panic buying.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=19 March 2020|title=Janata curfew, avoid panic buying, stay at home: PM Modi's 9 key messages for Indians|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-pm-modis-9-key-messages-for-indians/articleshow/74716261.cms|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref> The lockdown disrupted [[Food security|food supplies]] and threatened to trigger a [[food crisis]].<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=7 April 2020|title=Will coronavirus lockdown cause food shortages in India?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52176564|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Yadav|first1=Anumeha|date=19 April 2020|title=India: Hunger and uncertainty under Delhi's coronavirus lockdown|publisher=Al Jazeera|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/04/india-hunger-uncertainty-delhi-coronavirus-lockdown-200418095253032.html|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref> By the first week of April, essential industries such as growing, harvesting and food deliveries were allowed to operate.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Roy|first1=Rajesh|last2=Agarwal|first2=Vibhuti|date=8 April 2020|title=India's Food Supply Chain Frays as People Stay Home|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/indias-food-supply-chain-frays-as-people-stay-home-11586343607|access-date=14 May 2021}}</ref>

A number of sporting events and fixtures in India were suspended, postponed or conducted behind closed doors such as the [[India Open|Indian Open]] badminton tournament,<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=14 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: India Open Badminton Tournament Cancelled|website=Outlook|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-coronavirus-india-open-badminton-tournament-cancelled/348760|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> [[I-League]],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Soham|date=14 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: I-League matches suspended from March 15|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/coronavirus-i-league-matches-suspended-from-march-15/1ujkopnrik7ww11yarhfvjhxxj|access-date=18 March 2020|website=Goal.com}}</ref> [[2020 Indian Super League final]],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mergulhao|first=Marcus|date=13 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: ISL final to be held behind closed doors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/coronavirus-isl-final-to-be-held-behind-closed-doors/articleshow/74605305.cms |access-date=13 March 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=12 March 2021|title=Refund process for Hero ISL 2019–20 final ticket holders|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/refund-process-for-hero-isl-2019-20-final-ticket-holders|url-status=live|access-date=13 March 2020|website=Indian Super League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319195533/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/refund-process-for-hero-isl-2019-20-final-ticket-holders |archive-date=19 March 2020 }}</ref> [[World 10K Bangalore|TCS World 10 Bengaluru]], the [[IAAF Road Race Label Events|IAAF Gold Label Road Race]],<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|author1=Biji Babu Cyriac|date=26 March 2020|title=TCS World 10K Bengaluru postponed|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/athletics/tcs-world-10k-bengaluru-postponed/articleshow/74831080.cms|access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> and a [[2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – AFC second round|FIFA World Cup qualification]] match (India versus Qatar).<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|title=India's FIFA World Cup qualifier against Qatar postponed due to coronavirus outbreak|work=India Today|date=7 March 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-vs-qatar-fifa-world-cup-2020-qualifiers-coronavirus-bhubaneswar-postponed-1653414-2020-03-07|url-status=live|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308222645/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/india-vs-qatar-fifa-world-cup-2020-qualifiers-coronavirus-bhubaneswar-postponed-1653414-2020-03-07|archive-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> The 2020 [[ISSF World Cup]], which was to commence on 15 March in New Delhi, was postponed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 March 2020|title=Virus hits Indian sports|work=The Economic Times|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/virus-hits-indian-sports/articleshow/74519560.cms|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> On 13 March, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced that the opening of the [[2020 Indian Premier League|2020 IPL]] was postponed from 29 March to 15 April; the tournament was eventually suspended indefinitely.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |last=Gollapudi |first=Nagraj |date=14 April 2020 |title=With India in lockdown, IPL 2020 suspended indefinitely |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/with-india-in-lockdown-ipl-2020-suspended-till-further-notice-1220733 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519053347/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29034887/bcci-set-defer-ipl-indefinitely-india-lockdown |archive-date=19 May 2020 |access-date=15 April 2020 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Rao|first=K Shriniwas|date=13 March 2020|title=It's official: IPL 2020 postponed to April 15 due to coronavirus|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/its-official-ipl-2020-postponed-to-mid-april-due-to-coronavirus/articleshow/74609776.cms|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref> The IPL was eventually play in United Arab Emirates in September and November 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web |date=2 August 2020 |title=Indian government gives IPL 2020 the green signal |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2020-uae-to-host-tournament-from-september-19-to-november-10-1228264 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802165234/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29583375/ipl-2020-uae-indian-government-gives-green-signal |archive-date=2 August 2020 |access-date=2 August 2020 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> BCCI also cancelled the [[South African cricket team in India in 2019–20|ODI matches between India and South Africa]] on 15 and 18 March, which were originally announced to be played without spectators.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Rao|first1=Rakesh|date=13 March 2020|title=India-South Africa series called off due to COVID-19 threat|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/coronavirus-india-south-africa-series-called-off-due-to-covid-19-threat/article31061061.ece|access-date=13 March 2020}}</ref>

From 7 March 2020, the [[Border Security Force]] decided to conduct the [[Wagah-Attari border ceremony]] without any spectators.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=6 March 2020|title=Coronavirus: Attari border ceremony to be conducted without public presence|work=Livemint|agency=Press Trust of India|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/coronavirus-attari-border-ceremony-to-be-conducted-without-public-presence-11583503640550.html|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> The [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Padma Awards]] ceremony, scheduled for 3 April 2020, was postponed.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Singh|first1=Jitendra Bahadur|date=14 March 2020|title=Upcoming Padma Awards ceremony postponed in wake of coronavirus outbreak|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rashtrapati-bhavan-padma-awards-postponed-coronavirus-outbreak-1655564-2020-03-14|access-date=14 March 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> On 17 March 2020, it was announced that all historical buildings in the country would remain closed to visitors;<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=17 March 2020|title=Coronavirus impact: Statue of Unity closed for public; ASI shuts all monuments|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/coronavirus-impact-statue-of-unity-closed-for-public-asi-shuts-all-monuments/1/398477.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2021|website=Business Standard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317170753/https://m.businesstoday.in/story/coronavirus-impact-statue-of-unity-closed-for-public-asi-shuts-all-monuments/1/398477.html |archive-date=17 March 2020 }}</ref> the monuments were opened to the public on 6 July 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=7 July 2020|title=ASI monuments, including Red Fort and Qutub Minar, opened for public; footfalls barely touch 100|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/asi-monuments-including-red-fort-and-qutub-minar-opened-for-public-footfalls-barely-touch/617922|access-date=8 July 2020|website=Times Now}}</ref>

The [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], scheduled to take place on 27 March 2020, was cancelled.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=6 March 2020|title=IIFA 2020 cancelled due to coronavirus scare, fresh date to be announced soon|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/iifa-2020-cancelled-due-to-coronavirus-scare-fresh-date-to-be-announced-soon/story-QtJSVSQyxqYIC1qIEVTvPN.html|access-date=6 March 2020|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Cinema halls were shut down; film bodies decided to stop the production of films, TV shows and web series until 31 March 2020.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Jha|first1=Lata|date=15 March 2020|title=Coronavirus scare in India: All film, TV, web shoots cancelled|work=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/coronavirus-scare-in-india-all-film-tv-web-shoots-cancelled-11584279151544.html|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> On 25 March 2020, all major video streaming services in the country jointly announced that they would restrict streaming of [[High-definition video|high definition]] video on cellular networks during the 21-day lockdown, to preserve network capacity and infrastructure.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|date=25 March 2020|title=Video streaming services like Netflix, Hotstar suspend HD streaming on cellular networks|work=The Economic Times|url=https://m.economictimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/video-streaming-services-like-netflix-hotstar-suspend-hd-service-on-cellular-networks/articleshow/74807392.cms|access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
{{See also|Statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic in India}}

Cases have been reported in all states and union territories.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/|title=Home {{!}} Ministry of Health and Family Welfare {{!}} GOI|website=mohfw.gov.in|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref> Reconciliation of data has been undertaken by a number of states and union territories, significantly [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bihar]], with respect to deaths.<ref name="EconomicTimes-2021-1">{{#invoke:Cite|news|date=12 June 2021|title=Covid death recount: Late reporting is not peculiar to India alone|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/covid-death-recount-late-reporting-is-not-peculiar-to-india-alone/articleshow/83451989.cms?from=mdr|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Ghosh|first=Poulomi|date=21 July 2021|title=Maharashtra reconciles over 3,000 Covid deaths pushing India's daily toll to 3,998|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-reconciles-over-3-000-covid-deaths-pushing-india-s-daily-toll-to-3998-101626845777446.html|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721054710/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-reconciles-over-3-000-covid-deaths-pushing-india-s-daily-toll-to-3998-101626845777446.html |archive-date=21 July 2021 }}</ref> Between 1 and 5 June 2021, 7.6 million tests were reconciled.<ref name="EconomicTimes-2021-1" />

=== Undercounting of cases and deaths ===
{{Main|Undercounting of COVID-19 pandemic deaths by country}}

{{Wikinews|According to recent study, deaths in India number roughly 4 million during COVID-19 pandemic}}

Undercounting of total cases and death figures was reported during the first wave in 2020. The discrepancies were detected by comparing official death counts released by the governments to the number of deaths reported in obituaries, at crematoria and burial grounds, etc. Some states were reported to have not added suspected cases to the final count contrary to WHO guidelines.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54985981|title=India coronavirus: How a group of volunteers 'exposed' hidden Covid-19 deaths|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|publisher=BBC|date=20 November 2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53773070|title=Coronavirus: How many Covid-19 deaths is India missing?|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|publisher=BBC|date=18 August 2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/india-mccd-comorbidities-covid-19-deaths-undercounting/|title=India Is Undercounting Its COVID-19 Deaths. This Is How.|last=Pulla|first=Priyanka|work=The Wire|date=4 August 2020|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Similar undercounting was reported during the second wave in 2021.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|date=26 April 2021|title=Coronavirus: Is India counting all COVID deaths?|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-coronavirus-death-toll/a-57338733|url-status=live|access-date=27 April 2021|publisher=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426141630/https://www.dw.com/en/india-coronavirus-death-toll/a-57338733 |archive-date=26 April 2021 }}</ref> There have been large gaps noted between official death figures and the sudden increase in the number of bodies being cremated and buried. Several crematoria that had been in disuse earlier were brought back into operation to keep up with the demand.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/coronavirus-covid-19-deaths-in-gujarat-far-exceed-government-figures/article34352916.ece|title=COVID-19 deaths in Gujarat far exceed government figures|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|work=The Hindu|date=18 April 2021|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://thewire.in/government/ghaziabad-agra-jhansi-bareilly-covid-death-data-up-government|title=In Ghaziabad and Other Districts, Data on Ground Disproves UP's 'Zero COVID Deaths' Claim|last=Ara|first=Ismat|work=The Wire|date=18 April 2021|access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref> Although the 2021 wave had the largest number of deaths, a study of the pandemic's first wave in 2020 showed excess deaths as high as 1.19 million people, with life expectancy dropping most precipitously among Muslims, [[scheduled castes]], and women.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Aashish |last2=Hathi |first2=Payal |last3=Banaji |first3=Murad |last4=Gupta |first4=Prankur |last5=Kashyap |first5=Ridhi |last6=Paikra |first6=Vipul |last7=Sharma |first7=Kanika |last8=Somanchi |first8=Anmol |last9=Sudharsanan |first9=Nikkil |last10=Vyas |first10=Sangita |title=Large and unequal life expectancy declines during the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020 |journal=Science Advances |date=19 July 2024 |volume=10 |issue=29 |article-number=eadk2070 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adk2070 |pmid=39028821 |pmc=11259167 |bibcode=2024SciA...10K2070G }}</ref>

A series of articles in ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper in 2021 estimated that compared to previous years, the number of additional deaths during the pandemic (known as the 'excess mortality') was about four times the official COVID death toll in Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai, and could be up to ten times higher in the state of Gujarat. However, it is not clear what proportion of these are due to COVID and what are due to other factors such as overcrowding of medical facilities, lock-down, etc.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/india-covid-19-deaths-under-counting-all-cause-mortality-data/|title=In Kolkata and Chennai, Actual COVID Death Toll May Be Four Times Higher|place=New Delhi|work=The Wire|date=31 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> A report by the [[Center for Global Development]] stated that the second wave of COVID-19 in India was the "worst tragedy since the [[Partition of India|partition]]". The report, based on serosurveys, household data and official data, pointed towards a significant underreporting of deaths, with estimates ranging from about 1 million to 6 million deaths overall, [https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-may-have-killed-nearly-3-million-india-far-more-official-counts-show with central estimates varying between 3.4 and 4.9 million deaths.]<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Mordani|first=Sneha|title=2nd Covid wave was India's worst tragedy since Partition, saw up to 49 lakh excess deaths: Report|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/2nd-covid-wave-was-india-worst-tragedy-since-partition-saw-up-to-49-lakh-excess-deaths-1830894-2021-07-21|access-date=21 July 2021|website=India Today|date=21 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|title=India's Excess Deaths During Pandemic up to 4.9 Million, Study Shows|url=https://thewire.in/health/indias-excess-deaths-during-pandemic-up-to-4-9-million-study-shows|access-date=22 July 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>Saha, K. (2023). Underreporting of COVID-19 Deaths in India: Bad Science or Smart Politics?. Medical Research Archives, 11(2).[https://esmed.org/MRA/mra/article/view/3497/99193546655]</ref>

On the evening of 11 April, two reporters from the Gujarati language newspaper [[Sandesh (Indian newspaper)|''Sandesh'']] and a photojournalist staked out the mortuary of the 1,200-bed state-run COVID-19 hospital in [[Ahmedabad]]. Over 17 hours, they counted 69 body bags coming out of a single exit before they were loaded into waiting ambulances. Next day, Gujarat officially counted 55 deaths, including 20 from Ahmedabad. Again on the night of 16 April, these journalists visited 21 cremation grounds around Ahmedabad and counted more than 200 bodies, with photographic and video evidence. The next day Ahmedabad counted only 25 deaths. Similar disparities in numbers were seen on other days.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=10 May 2021|title=India's Covid crisis: The newsroom counting the uncounted deaths|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56969086}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Ananya|last2=Shendruk|first2=Amanda|date=27 May 2021|title=The death counters: How journalists in Narendra Modi's home state exposed India's Covid-19 deception|url=https://qz.com/india/2009723/how-journalists-are-exposing-indias-true-covid-19-death-toll/|url-status=live|website=Quartz|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527163838/https://qz.com/india/2009723/how-journalists-are-exposing-indias-true-covid-19-death-toll/ |archive-date=27 May 2021 }}</ref> The Gujarat government denied the under-counting and stated that they were following federal protocols.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|web|date=14 April 2021|title=Toll haze in Gujarat: If comorbid, Covid death not counted?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/toll-haze-if-comorbid-covid-death-not-counted/articleshow/82056748.cms|url-status=live|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414005332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/toll-haze-if-comorbid-covid-death-not-counted/articleshow/82056748.cms |archive-date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>

A study conducted by the [[University of California, Berkeley]], and units of [[Harvard University]], estimated in August 2021 that more than 16,000 excess deaths had occurred in 54 municipalities in Gujarat between March 2020 and April 2021. The study used data from civil death registers in a subset of Gujarat's 162 municipalities. The authors stated that the "vast majority" of these deaths could likely be attributed directly to COVID-19. The government's estimate of the death toll from COVID-19 for the entire state was approximately 10,000 for the same period.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Mudur |first1=G. S. |title=Gujarat Covid death toll: A dubious 'world record' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/covid-death-count-in-gujarat-a-dubious-world-record/cid/1828152 |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=The Telegraph |date=27 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last1=Ray |first1=Kalyan |title=Covid-19 second surge: Gujara records 480% excess mortality in April 2021, world's highest |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/covid-19-second-surge-gujarat-records-480-excess-mortality-in-april-2021-world-s-highest-1023911.html |access-date=28 August 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

As of February 2022, according to the country's federal health ministry's daily statement, the number of deaths had risen to 500,055, up 1,072 in the previous 24 hours, while the total number of infections was 41.9 million.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|last=Presse|first=Agnce|date=4 February 2022|title=India's coronavirus death toll passes 500,000|page=1|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/04/india-coronavirus-death-toll-passes-500000|access-date=5 February 2022}}</ref>

In April 2022, ''The New York Times'' reported that India was preventing the WHO from publishing its estimate of the global death toll from the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news |last1=Nolen |first1=Stephanie |last2=Singh |first2=Karan Deep |date=2022-04-16 |title=India Is Stalling the W.H.O.'s Efforts to Make Global Covid Death Toll Public |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/04/16/health/global-covid-deaths-who-india.html |access-date=2022-04-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In May 2022, the [[World Health Organization]] reported the number of Covid deaths in India to be an estimated 4.7 million mainly during a surge in May - June 2021, a figure that is almost 10 times the official number and nearly a third of the estimated global Covid deaths.<ref name="WHO estimate" /> The figure is similar to other estimates of Indian Covid deaths, but Indian authorities have rejected these estimates and questioned the methodology used.<ref name="Biswas"/><ref name="WHO estimate"/> This WHO report reflect people who died of COVID-19 and also those who died as an indirect result of the virus. The report "accounts for deaths averted during the pandemic, for example because of the lower risk of traffic accidents during lockdowns." WHO said it was yet to fully examine new data provided by India and it may add a disclaimer due to ongoing conversation with India.<ref>{{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://www.israelhayom.com/2022/05/06/covid-led-to-15-not-5-million-deaths-globally-who-says/|title=COVID led to 15 not 5 million deaths globally, WHO says|publisher=Israel Hayom|date=6 May 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in South Asia]]
* [[SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund]]
* [[Vaccine Maitri]]
*A list of COVID-19 articles by state [[Template:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
* [[Evacuations related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

== Notes ==
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"><references group="lower-roman" /></div>
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><references group="lower-alpha" /></div>

== References ==
<references />

== Further reading ==

;Articles
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|last=Sharma|first=Vyoma Dhar|title='Each Burning Pyre Is a Screeching Horror' – Notes From India's COVID Frontline|date=9 May 2021|url=https://science.thewire.in/health/each-burning-pyre-is-a-screeching-horror-notes-from-indias-covid-frontline/|publisher=The Wire Science}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|last=Kelkar|first=Ram|title=India's COVID-19 Crisis Is Due to Its Collective Failure, Blaming Others Doesn't Help|date=9 May 2021|url=https://thewire.in/health/indias-covid-19-crisis-is-due-to-its-collective-failure-blaming-others-doesnt-help|work=The Wire}}
*{{#invoke:Cite|web|last=Munjal|first=Diksha|date=2 September 2021|title=How News18 and WION anchors imagined a 'western media bias' in Covid reporting|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/09/02/how-news18-and-wion-anchors-imagined-a-western-media-bias-in-covid-reporting |website=Newslaundry}}

;Government
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=COVID-19 Vaccines. Operational Guidelines. (Updated as on 28 December 2020).|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/COVID19VaccineOG111Chapter16.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226005117/https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/COVID19VaccineOG111Chapter16.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.|archive-date=26 February 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=COVID-19 Vaccine. Communication Strategy.|url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Covid19CommunicationStrategy2020.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129211131/https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Covid19CommunicationStrategy2020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.|archive-date=29 January 2021}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=Science and Technology Efforts in India on COVID-19. Exclusive Edition on Vaccines & Immunisation.|date=31 January 2021|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/vp-Covid-Newsletter-31Jan2021.pdf|publisher=Vigyan Prasar (An Autonomous Organisation of Department of Science & Technology, Government of India).}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|citation|title=Science and Technology Efforts in India on COVID-19. Exclusive Edition on Outreach Initiatives.|date=28 February 2021|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/vp-Covid-Newsletter-28Feb2021.pdf|publisher=Vigyan Prasar (An Autonomous Organisation of Department of Science & Technology, Government of India.}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|https://www.mygov.in/covid-19|COVID-19}} on [[MyGov.in]] – Government's portal for COVID-19
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|title=District Map of CoViD-19 in India|url=https://fieldmaps.in/covid19/|website=fieldmaps.in|access-date=2 May 2020}}
* [https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/covid19-newsletters/ Vigyan Prasar COVID-19 newsletters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308045139/https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/covid19-newsletters/ |date=8 March 2022 }}. 36 Issues between 10 April 2020 to 11 May 2021.
* {{YouTube|playlist=PL1a9DHjZmejE-Ep2PAu2OR8HBfLP0BLIk|title=}} – COVID-19 Management videos by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
* {{#invoke:Cite|web|last1=Prasad|first1=R.|url=https://creatives.thehindu.com/covid_19_ebook.pdf|title=The Pandemic Notebook|last2=Perappadan|first2=Bindu Shajan|last3=Shelar|first3=Jyoti|work=The Hindu|year=2020|editor-last=George|editor-first=P.J.|ref=none}}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web |last1=Khaiwal |first1=Ravindra |last2=Mor |first2=Suman |title=Kids, Vaayu & Corona: Who wins the fights (A comic series for COVID-19 awareness) |url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Corona_comic_PGI.pdf |website=www.mohfw.gov.in |publisher=MoHFW, Government of India |access-date=11 June 2020 |archive-date=21 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721200304/https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Corona_comic_PGI.pdf }}
* {{#invoke:Cite|web |title=Coronavirus in India: Latest Map and Case Count |url=https://www.covid19india.org |website=www.covid19india.org |publisher=A crowdsourced initiative. |language=en}} (javascript required)
* {{#invoke:Cite|news|url=https://graphics.reuters.com/world-coronavirus-tracker-and-maps/countries-and-territories/india/ |work=Reuters |title=Reuters Covid-19 Tracker India. Current charts of infections, deaths, vaccinations|date=15 July 2022 }}

{{COVID-19 pandemic in India|state=collapsed}}
{{#invoke:Portal bar|main|COVID-19|India|Medicine|Viruses}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India| ]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|India]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic by country|India]]
[[Category:2020 in India]]
[[Category:2021 in India]]
[[Category:2022 in India]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India]]
[[Category:2024 in India]]

List of Tamil films of 2002

2026-03-21T17:24:41Z

NXHLillian: minor adjusted layout to improve readability and updated info

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 12 June 2000, gross fell to 125 per cent of nett.<ref>[http://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/topic_10.pdf Government cuts entertainment tax to 25% (from 30%)]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/01/13/stories/04132239.htm|work=The Hindu|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030124151421/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/01/13/stories/04132239.htm|archive-date=24 January 2003|title=Govt. helping film industry: CM}}</ref> The Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}71.19 [[crore]] in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2006-2007/9ca55bda-a87a-4a9c-ac57-c071b950580c?version=1.0 CTD reports {{INR}}71.19 crore ET collection in 2002-03]</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

A list of films released in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film industry in India in [[2002 in film|2002]]:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov.asp |title=Entertainment - Movie Reviews |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807113422/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Box office collection ==
The following is the [[list of highest-grossing Tamil films|list of highest-grossing Tamil cinema films]] released in 2002.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+The Highest Worldwide Gross of 2002
|-
! Rank
! Title
! Production company
! Worldwide gross
|-
!1
|''[[Ramanaa]]''
|Aascar Films
| align="right" |{{INR|33 crore}}
|-
!2
|''[[Baba (2002 film)| Baba]]''
|Lotus International
| align="right" |{{INR|30 crore}}
|-
!3
|''[[Villain (2002 film)| Villain]]''
|NIC Arts
| align="right" |{{INR|26.70 crore}}
|-
!4
|''[[Gemini (2002 film)| Gemini]]''
|[[AVM Productions]]
|align="right" |{{INR|25.40 crore}}
|-
!5
|''[[Bagavathi]]''
|[[Lakshmi Movie Makers]] [[Kalasangham Films]]
|align="right" |{{INR|20.45 crore}}
|-
!6
|''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|[[Madras Talkies]]
|align="right" |{{INR|18.60 crore}}
|-
!7
|''[[Youth (2002 film)| Youth]]''
|Lakshmi Productions
|align="right" |{{INR|18.40 crore}}
|-
!8
|''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]''
|[[Media Dreams]]
|align="right" |{{INR|17.50 crore}}
|-
!9
|''[[Panchatanthiram]]''
|Sri Rajlakshmi Films (P) Ltd
|align="right" |{{INR|16.80 crore}}
|-
!10
|''[[Run (2002 film)| Run]]''
|Sri Surya Movies
|align="right" |{{INR|16 crore}}
|-

|}

==List of Tamil films==
===January—March===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;" | '''J A N'''
| rowspan="6" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Alli Arjuna]]'' || [[Saran (director)|Saran]] || [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Richa Pallod]], [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha]] || [[Bharathiraja|Janani Art Creations]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov170.asp |title=Alli Arjuna |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819041422/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov170.asp |archive-date=19 August 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' || [[Thangar Bachan]] || [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]], [[Nandita Das]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] || Udayageetha Cine Creations || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400202.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030128141326/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400202.htm|archive-date = 28 January 2003|title = Archive News|website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pammal K. Sambandam]]'' || [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Mouli]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] || [[P. L. Thenappan|Sri Rajlakshmi Films]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400201.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030128114221/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/18/stories/2002011801400201.htm|archive-date = 28 January 2003|title = Archive News|website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Punnagai Desam]]'' || K. Shajahan || [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Hamsavardhan]], [[Preetha Vijayakumar|Preetha]] || [[Super Good Films]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/25/stories/2002012501050201.htm |title=The Hindu : "Punnagai Desam" |website=thehindu.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210212832/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/25/stories/2002012501050201.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' || [[Singampuli|Ram Sathya]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Priya Gill]], [[Salim Ghouse]] || [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/25/stories/2002012501050200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210212047/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/01/25/stories/2002012501050200.htm|archive-date=10 February 2003|title=Archive News|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' || [[K. Selva Bharathy]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Mumtaj]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] || [[Evergreen Movie International]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=10379608&ctid=5&cid=2429 |title=Welcome to SIFY Movies |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228015707/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=10379608&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=28 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:thistle; textcolor:#000;"| '''F E B'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''8'''
| ''Amaiyappa'' || Rama Murugapandian || [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]], Roshini, [[Mahanadi Shankar]] ||Ampa Pictures || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2002/ammaiyappa.html |title=AMMAIYAPPA a movie review |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621000647/http://www.bbthots.com/reviews/2002/ammaiyappa.html |url-status=dead |last= Balasubramaniam|first= Balaji}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shakalaka Baby'' || [[Rama Narayanan]] || [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Radhika Chaudhari]] || [[P. Kalaimani|Shivakami Production]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Dhaya (film)|Dhaya]]'' || Senthil Kumar || [[Prakash Raj]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Raghuvaran]] || [[Duet Movies]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/01/stories/2002030101000200.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030404201923/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/01/stories/2002030101000200.htm|archive-date = 4 April 2003|title = Archive News|website = [[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Nandita Das]] || [[Madras Talkies]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/15/stories/2002021501090200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210212032/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/15/stories/2002021501090200.htm|archive-date=10 February 2003|title=Archive News|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' || [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] || [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Gayathri Raguram]] || [[Roja Combines]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/22/stories/2002022201180200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210214425/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/22/stories/2002022201180200.htm|archive-date=10 February 2003|title=Archive News|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''[[Kamarasu]]'' || P. C. Anbazhagan || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Srividya]] || Shanthi Vanaraja Films || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/08/stories/2002030801320200.htm |title=The Hindu : Kamarasu |website=thehindu.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210204305/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/08/stories/2002030801320200.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Bhumika Chawla|Bhoomika]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || [[Aascar Ravichandran|Oscar Films]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/01/stories/2002030101000201.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210202703/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/01/stories/2002030101000201.htm|archive-date=10 February 2003|title=Archive News|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|- March!
| style="text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A R'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Saptham]]'' || Sivaguru || Rishi, Rithiga, [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[Abhinayashree]] || Saburaa International || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/22/stories/2002032201220200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201190308/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/22/stories/2002032201220200.htm|archive-date=1 February 2003|title=Archive News|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|}

===April—June===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffdead; textcolor:#000;"| '''A P R'''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Gemini (2002 film)|Gemini]]'' || [[Saran (director)|Saran]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Kiran Rathod|Kiran]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]] || [[AVM Productions]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820201.htm |title=The Hindu : Gemini |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203160104/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820201.htm |archive-date=3 February 2004 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raajjiyam]]'' || [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]] || [[Vijayakanth]],[[Dileep]],[[Shamita Shetty]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]], || [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Guru Films]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910200.htm |title=The Hindu : Rajjiyam |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040203191928/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910200.htm |archive-date=3 February 2004 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]'' || [[Bharathi Kannan]] || [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]], [[Vijayashanti]] || Sri Mahalakshmi Productions
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910201.htm |title=The Hindu : Sri Bannari Amman |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207024241/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910201.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thamizh]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || Deivanai Movies
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820202.htm |title=The Hindu : Thamizh |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207055110/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820202.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || [[Majith]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || [[GV Films]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820203.htm |title=The Hindu : Thamizhan |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207021926/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820203.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Junior Senior (2002 film)|Junior Senior]]'' || [[J. Suresh]] || [[Mammooty]], [[Hamsavardhan]], [[Charulatha]], Leena || Sakthi International
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300290200.htm |title=The Hindu : Junior Senior |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003175756/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300290200.htm |archive-date=3 October 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|- May!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;"| '''M A Y'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''[[Varushamellam Vasantham]]'' || Ravi Shankar || [[Manoj Bharathiraja]], [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]], [[Natassha|Anita]] || [[Super Good Films]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/10/stories/2002051000780201.htm |title=The Hindu : Varushamellam Vasantham |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207024311/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/10/stories/2002051000780201.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]'' || [[Kasthuri Raja]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Sherin]], [[Abhinay]] || Karthik Cine Visions
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov191.asp |title=Thulluvatho Ilamai |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807100229/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov191.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]'' || [[Vikraman]] || [[Suriya]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] || [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701370200.htm |title=The Hindu : Unnai Ninaithu |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207022818/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/17/stories/2002051701370200.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Pesadha Kannum Pesume]]'' || [[Murali Krishna (director)|Murali Krishna]] || [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]], [[Monal (actress)|Monal]], Mamtha || Mega Movie Hits
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/24/stories/2002052401230200.htm |title=The Hindu : Paesadha Kannum Paesumae |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003182358/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/24/stories/2002052401230200.htm |archive-date=3 October 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Nettru Varai Nee Yaaro]]'' || A. Sridhar || [[Hamsavardhan]], [[Ruchita Prasad]] || Nivedhitha Cine Arts
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov190.asp |title=Nettru Varai Nee Yaro |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807095627/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov190.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''31'''
| ''[[Enge Enadhu Kavithai]]'' || Aravind || [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]], [[Krishna Abhishek]] || Ashco Media Arts
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov192.asp |title=Enge Enathu Kavithai |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807100637/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov192.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- June!
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U N'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| ''[[123 (film)|123]]'' || [[K. Subash]] || [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Jyothika]], [[Raju Sundaram]], [[Nagendra Prasad]] || Sidhesh Films
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/07/stories/2002060700940200.htm |title=The Hindu : "One Two Three" |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003183855/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/07/stories/2002060700940200.htm |archive-date=3 October 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Devan (film)|Devan]]'' || [[Arun Pandian]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Arun Pandian]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] || [[Arun Pandian|Friends Creations]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/21/stories/2002062101500200.htm |title=The Hindu : Devan |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207024802/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/21/stories/2002062101500200.htm |archive-date=7 December 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| ''[[Ezhumalai]]'' || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] || [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Gajala]], [[Mumtaj]] || Sri Venkateswara Production
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/28/stories/2002062800910201.htm |title=The Hindu : Ezhumalai |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003185858/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/28/stories/2002062800910201.htm |archive-date=3 October 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' || [[Rafi Mecartin]] || [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Samyuktha Varma]] || Mass Movie Makers
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/28/stories/2002062800910200.htm |title=The Hindu : Thenkasi Pattanam |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204010727/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/28/stories/2002062800910200.htm |archive-date=4 February 2004 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Panchatanthiram]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Ramya Krishnan]] || [[P. L. Thenappan|Sri Rajlakshmi Films]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040200.htm |title=The Hindu : "Pancha-thanthiram" |website=www.hinduonnet.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003191501/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040200.htm |archive-date=3 October 2003 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
|}

===July—September===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;"| '''J U L'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' || [[Ezhil]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Jyothika]], [[Priyanka Trivedi]] || Serene Movie Makers
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov198.asp |title=Raja |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807103348/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov198.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Samurai (2002 film)|Samurai]]'' || [[Balaji Sakthivel]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Natassha|Anita]], [[Jaya Seel]] || [[Aalayam Productions]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov199.asp |title=Yai Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807103710/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov199.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukey!]]'' || [[Vasanth]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], Jaya Re || [[GV Films]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov200.asp |title=Saamurai |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807104008/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov200.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Guruvamma]]'' || Thamarai Sendhoorapandi || [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] || Sheem Work Media
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov202.asp |title=Kuruvamma |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807104947/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov202.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-

| ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' || Pushpavasagan || [[Suriya]], [[Shruthika]], [[Gayatri Jayaraman]] || Venkateswaralayam
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov203.asp |title=SRI |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807105707/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov203.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' || [[Vincent Selva]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Shaheen Khan (Indian actress)|Sandhiya]], [[Sindhu Menon]] || [[T. Rama Rao|Lakshmi Productions]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov201.asp |title=Youth |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807104652/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov201.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- August!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#c2b280; textcolor:#000;" | '''A U G'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Karmegham]]'' || [[S. P. Rajkumar]] || [[Mammooty]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] || SSR Movies
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov206.asp |title=Kaarmegham |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603212402/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov206.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' || [[Suresh Krishna (director)|Suresh Krishna]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] || [[Rajinikanth|Lotus International]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov204.asp |title=BABA |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040920140221/http://www.chennaionline.com/moviereviews/tammov204.asp |archive-date=20 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]'' || [[R. Parthiban]] || [[R. Parthiban]], [[Soundarya]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] || [[Bioscope Film Framers]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov205.asp |title=IVAN |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803215453/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov205.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''29'''
| ''Plus 2'' || Krithik || Krithik, [[Suja Varunee]] || Friendship Creations
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Naina (2002 film)|Naina]]'' || [[Manobala]] || [[Jayaram]], [[Manya (actress)|Manya]] || VSK Films
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov207.asp |title=Naina |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807113032/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov207.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' || Thaha || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]] || Yuvasree Creations
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov208.asp |title=Sundara Travels |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807113449/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov208.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- September!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;"| '''S E P'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || [[N. Lingusamy]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]] || [[A. M. Rathnam|Sri Surya Movies]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov209.asp |title=RUN |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803191803/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov209.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || [[Prabu Solomon]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] || Indian Theatre Production
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov210.asp |title=King |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803192156/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov210.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
| ''[[Arputham]]'' || R. S. Venkatesh || [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Kunal (actor)|Kunal]] || [[Super Good Films]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov212.asp |title=Arputham |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803193501/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov212.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' || [[Vinayan]] || [[Jayasurya]], [[Kavya Madhavan]] || [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Oscar Films]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov211.asp |title=En Mana Vaanile |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803192805/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov211.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Maaran (2002 film)|Maaran]]'' || A. Jawahar || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Abhinayashree]] || Power Media
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov213.asp |title=Maran |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803193949/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov213.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' || [[V. Sekhar]] || [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], [[Vadivelu]] || [[V. Sekhar|Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov214.asp |title=Namma Veettu Kalyanam |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803194556/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov214.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''[[Samasthanam]]'' || [[Rajkapoor]] || [[Suresh Gopi]], [[R. Sarathkumar|Sarath Kumar]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]] || [[Roja Combines]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov215.asp |title=Samasthanam |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803195221/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov215.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Jjunction]]'' || R. S. Ramanathan || [[Abhinay]], Kanishka Sodhi, [[Aamna Sharif]] || Hi-Tec Media
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov219.asp |title=Jjunction |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803201734/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov219.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

===October—December===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5; textcolor:#000;"| '''O C T'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]'' || [[Vasanthabalan]] || [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Shrutika]] || [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov217.asp |title=Album |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803200519/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov217.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Five Star (film)|Five Star]]'' || [[Susi Ganesan]] || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Kanika Subramaniam|Kanika]], [[Five Star Krishna|Krishna]] || [[Madras Talkies]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov216.asp |title=Five Star |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803200236/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov216.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[University (film)|University]]'' || Pragahdeesh || [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]], [[Gajala]] || Maayaburi Screens
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov218.asp |title=University |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040803201330/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov218.asp |archive-date=3 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- November!
| rowspan="11" style="text-align:center; background:#ace1af; textcolor:#000;"| '''N O V'''
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' || Dhananjeyan || [[Pandiarajan]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], Visalini, Srilekha || Meena Cine Combines
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov226.asp |title=Aandipatti Arasampatti |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807094933/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov226.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bagavathi]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Reemma Sen]], [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Monica (actress)|Monika]] || [[Lakshmi Movie Makers]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov224.asp |title=Bhagavathi |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807094111/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov224.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]'' || John Amritraj || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]], [[Divya Dutta]] || Srimasani Amman Pictures
|
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Azhivathillai]]'' || [[T. Rajendar]] || [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Simbhu]], [[Charmee Kaur|Charmy]] || [[T. Rajendar|Simbhu Cine Arts]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov222.asp |title=Kaadhal Azhivathillai |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807092440/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov222.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padai Veetu Amman]]'' || Pugazhmani || [[Ramki (actor)|Ramki]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] || Televista Digitals
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov225.asp |title=Padai Veettu Amman |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040917085416/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov225.asp |archive-date=17 September 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramanaa]]'' || [[A. R. Murugadoss]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Ashima Bhalla]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] || [[V. Ravichandran (film producer)|Oscar Films]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov223.asp |title=Ramana |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807093219/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov223.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]'' || [[Thangar Bachan]] || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]] || [[Panchu Arunachalam|P A Art Productions]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov228.asp |title=Solla Marantha Kathai |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807100112/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov228.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Kiran Rathod|Kiran]] || [[S. S. Chakravarthy|NIC Arts]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov227.asp |title=Villain |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807095914/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov227.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''29'''
| ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' || [[S. S. Stanley]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] || [[Jayaprakash (actor)|G. J. Cinema]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov230.asp |title=April Maathathil |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807100523/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov230.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gummalam]]'' || Sughi S. Moorthy || [[Mithun Tejaswi]], [[Rathi (actress)|Rathi]] || Sharmadha Productions
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov231.asp |title=Gummalam |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603201932/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov231.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[I Love You Da]]'' || C. Rajadurai || [[Raju Sundaram]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] || [[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Guru Films]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov232.asp |title=I Love You da |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807101722/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov232.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|- December!
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#b8860b; textcolor:#000;"| '''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Jaya (film)|Jaya]]'' || Rathnaraj || [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Sherin]], [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]] || Ratna Films
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov234.asp |title=JAYA |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807102719/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov234.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mutham]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || [[Arun Vijay]], [[Nagendra Prasad]], Charulatha, [[Nanditha Jennifer|Nanditha]] || Digital Magic Productions
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov233.asp |title=Mutham |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807102203/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov233.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''13'''
| ''[[Bala (2002 film)|Bala]]'' || Deepak || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Meera Jasmine]] || Goldmine Pictures
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov235.asp |title=Bala |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807103140/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov235.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' || [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] || [[Suriya]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]] ||
Aparajeeth Films
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov236.asp |title=Mounam Pesiyathe |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807103551/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov236.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''20'''
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || [[Kathir]] || [[Richard Rishi]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] || [[Kathir|Sound & Light Studios]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov239.asp |title=Kaadhal Virus |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807105055/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov239.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]'' || Sibi Chakravarthy || [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Gayathri Raguram]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] || Thiru Films
|
|-
| ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' || [[Susi Ganesan]] || [[Prashanth]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] || V. M. Creations
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov238.asp |title=Virumbukiren |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807104539/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov238.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| '''27'''
| ''Iravu Padagan'' || Roshan || [[Babu Ganesh]], Gumtaj || Tamizhalaya Cine Circuit
|
|-
| ''Kalai Kalluri'' || Chandrasekhar || Madoo, Swetha Rao || Gold Star Pictures
|
|-
| ''[[Nanba Nanba]]'' || [[Jayabharathi (director)|Jayabharathi]] || [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Charle]] || Media Works
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov237.asp |title=Nanba Nanba |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040807104156/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov237.asp |archive-date=7 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

;Other releases
The following films also released in 2002, though the release date remains unknown.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120525074938/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2002.asp Article title]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/tamil_cinema/tamil_cinema.html |title=TANTIS |website=tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901025927/http://tamilfilmdirectorsassociation.com/tamil_cinema/tamil_cinema.html |archive-date=1 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title!! Director !! Cast !! Production
|-
| ''En Kadhali'' || Malai || || SBS Art Productions
|-
| ''Gowri'' || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || || Cine Bharath
|-
| ''Isthri'' || Anil || || Saravana Film Creations
|-
| ''Needhiyin Vasalile'' || K. Maniyarasu || || MM Creations
|-
| ''Pudhiya Alai'' || Rajkathir || Jeevan Ravi, [[Abitha]] || Bhuvaneswari Cinemalayaa<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/31-5-98/nepolian.htm |title=Dinakaran |website=www.dinakaran.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980615070015/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/31-5-98/nepolian.htm |archive-date=15 June 1998 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Veetil Poochigal'' || || || Karunya Kalaikoodam
|}

==Dubbed films==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Opening
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Director(s)
! scope="col" colspan="2"| Original film
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Cast
! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Language
|-
|February 6||''Rahasyam'' ||[[Vikram Bhatt]]||''[[Raaz (2002 film)|Raaz]]''||Hindi||Dino Morea, Bipasha Basu ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov172.asp |title=Rahasyam |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819040606/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov172.asp |archive-date=19 August 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|October 22||''Vasu''||[[V. M. Vinu]]||''Akashathile Paravaigal''||Malayalam||Kalabhavan Mani||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov220.asp |title=Vasu |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034459/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov220.asp |archive-date=19 August 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|October 28||''H2O Kaveri''||Lokanath-Rajaram||''[[H2O (2002 film)|H2O]]'' ||Kannada||Upendra, Prabhu Deva ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov221.asp |title=Kaveri |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030819034416/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov221.asp |archive-date=19 August 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:20px;"| Category/Organization !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Cinema Express Awards]] 21 December 2002<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |title=The Hindu : 'Kannathil Muthamittal' bags 6 Cinema Express awards |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20171024031916/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/22/stories/2002122206330300.htm |archive-date=24 October 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| Dinakaran Cinema Awards 17 August 2003<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/2003/augu/17-08-03.htm |title=17-08-03 |access-date=20 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030820214111/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/2003/augu/17-08-03.htm |archive-date=20 August 2003 |url-status=live }}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[50th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] 24 May 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-25/news/27553609_1_actor-award-film-award-playback-singer|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130903050325/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-05-25/news/27553609_1_actor-award-film-award-playback-singer|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-09-03|title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 - Economic Times}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] 30 September 2004<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/six-film-artistes-win-awards/article27676271.ece | title= Six film artistes win awards | date=1 October 2004 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=18 July 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| Best Film || ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]'' || ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' || ''[[Ramanaa (film)|Ramanaa]]''
|-
| Best Director || [[Bala (director)|Bala]] ''[[Nandhaa]]'' (2001) || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || [[Mani Ratnam]] ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
|-
| Best Actor || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] ''[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]'' (2001) || [[Ajith Kumar]] ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || [[Ajith Kumar]] ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' || [[R. Madhavan]] ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003), ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'', ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] ''[[Virumbugiren]]'' || [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' || [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] ''[[Ivan (2002 film)|Ivan]]''
|-
| Best Music Director || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' || [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] ''[[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|Gemini]]'' || [[Sirpy]] ''[[Unnai Ninaithu]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema|horiz}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2002 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 2002}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2002]]
[[Category:2002 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 2002 films by language]]
[[Category:2002 Tamil-language films| ]]

List of Hindi television actresses

2026-03-15T07:05:54Z

NXHLillian:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}

<div style="float:left; clear:both; width:290px; margin:0 0.5em 0 0.5em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em;">
'''Established actresses of Hindi television'''

'''1990s'''
 
[[File:The actress Roopa Ganguli at a Press Conference at 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on November 30, 2005.jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Smt. Smriti Irani in April 2023.jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Sakshi Tanwar graces the Ganesha puja at Ekta Kapoor’s house (05) (cropped).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Shweta Tiwari 2024.jpg|80x80px]]
 (left to right) [[Roopa Ganguly]], [[Smriti Irani]], [[Sakshi Tanwar]] and [[Shweta Tiwari]]

'''2000s'''
 
[[File:Rupali Ganguly in 2023 (cropped).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:DivyankaTripathi.jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Jennifer Winget snapped promoting her web series Code M.jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Hina Khan snapped promoting her film 'Hacked' (2).jpg|80x80px]]
 (left to right) [[Rupali Ganguly]], [[Divyanka Tripathi]], [[Jennifer Winget]] and [[Hina Khan]]

'''2010–2020s'''
 
[[File:Mouni Roy graces the Star Screen Awards 2018 (10) (cropped).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Drashti Dhami snapped promoting her show 'The Empire'(9).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Sanaya Irani in 2019.jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Nia at ITA Awards.jpg|80x80px]]
 (left to right) [[Mouni Roy]], [[Drashti Dhami]], [[Sanaya Irani]] and [[Nia Sharma]]
 
[[File:Sriti Jha zt Zee-Rishtey-Awards 2018 (cropped 1).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Rubina Dilaik snapped at Filmcity (8).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Shivangi Joshi snapped attending a calendar launch (cropped).jpg|80x80px]]
[[File:Surbhi Jyoti in 2022.jpg|80x80px]]
 (left to right) [[Sriti Jha]], [[Rubina Dilaik]], [[Shivangi Joshi]] and [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
</div>

The following is a list of notable actresses who have appeared in [[Hindi language|Hindi]]-language [[Entertainment industry in India|television]], encompassing daily soaps, serials, reality shows, and streaming-based dramas primarily produced in [[Mumbai]], India. Hindi television, often referred to as the “small screen,” has been a crucial part of Indian broadcasting since the 1980s, providing a platform for numerous actresses to achieve widespread popularity and shape popular culture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Evolution of Indian Television |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tv/television-turns-60-a-look-back-at-how-it-shaped-india/article38293788.ece
|work=The Hindu |date=15 January 2022 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>{{Sfn|''ABP News'', Oct. 14,|2015}}{{Sfn|''Express'' Web Desk, Dec. 1,|2016}}{{Sfn|''Express'' Web Desk, Sep. 18,|2016}}{{Sfn|''Times of India'', Feb. 19,|2017}}{{Sfn|''Times of India'', Apr. 5,|2017}}{{Sfn|''Times of India'', Jul. 14,|2017}}{{Sfn|Roy, Sep. 11,|2014}}

During the early years of [[Doordarshan]], India’s public broadcaster, series such as ''[[Hum Log (TV series)|Hum Log]]'' (1984), ''[[Buniyaad]]'' (1986), and ''[[Udaan (1989 TV series)|Udaan]]'' (1989) introduced some of the first prominent women on Hindi television, including [[Seema Pahwa]], [[Anita Kanwal]], and [[Kavita Chaudhary]], who were praised for portraying middle-class women with realism and social relevance.<ref>{{cite news |title=The women who defined Indian TV’s early years |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/the-women-who-defined-indian-tvs-early-years-12394752.html
|work=Firstpost |date=12 August 2023 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

In the 1990s, the liberalization of Indian media and the rise of private satellite channels like [[Zee TV]], [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] and [[Star Plus]] revolutionized the medium. Actresses such as [[Renuka Shahane]] (''[[Surabhi]]''), [[Mandira Bedi]] (''[[Shanti (TV series)|Shanti]]''), and [[Roopa Ganguly]] became household names for their roles in strong, independent female-led narratives. This era also marked the early stardom of actresses like [[Smriti Irani]] and [[Sakshi Tanwar]], who emerged as faces of the daily soap boom at the turn of the millennium.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of women-centric television in India |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1040728/the-rise-of-women-centric-television-in-india
|work=Scroll.in |date=5 January 2023 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

The early 2000s were defined by the dominance of [[Ekta Kapoor]]’s serials under [[Balaji Telefilms]], which created a generation of iconic characters and long-running family dramas such as ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'', ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]'' and ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''. Actresses like Irani, Tanwar, [[Shweta Tiwari]], [[Urvashi Dholakia]] and [[Gauri Pradhan Tejwani]] became some of the most recognized faces on Indian television, achieving film-level fame and national awards.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Ekta Kapoor changed the face of Indian TV |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ekta-kapoor-birthday-serials-kasautii-zindagii-kay-naagin-kundali-bhagya-1596871-2019-09-07
|work=India Today |date=7 September 2019 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> The 2010s saw the rise of a new wave of leading ladies such as [[Hina Khan]], [[Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya]], [[Jennifer Winget]], [[Drashti Dhami]], [[Sanaya Irani]], [[Sriti Jha]], [[Rubina Dilaik]], [[Shivangi Joshi]] and [[Surbhi Jyoti]], who not only headlined top-rated shows like ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]'', ''[[Beyhadh]]'', and ''[[Shakti — Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]'', but also gained recognition through reality formats such as ''[[Bigg Boss]]'' and ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Television divas who ruled the 2010s |url=https://www.timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-actresses-who-ruled-the-2010s/articleshow/73045872.cms
|work=The Times of India |date=31 December 2019 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

Hindi television has also served as a launchpad for many crossover stars who later achieved success in film or digital media, including [[Yami Gautam]], [[Prachi Desai]], [[Mrunal Thakur]], and [[Mouni Roy]]. As the medium continues to evolve, Hindi television actresses remain at the forefront of entertainment, shaping narratives that reach millions of homes daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=From TV to Bollywood: Actresses who made a successful crossover |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/from-tv-to-bollywood-actresses-who-made-a-successful-crossover-3789613
|work=NDTV |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref> The following list highlights some of the most prominent Hindi television actresses and the decades during which they were most active or influential.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most Popular TV Actresses of All Time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-features/the-most-popular-indian-tv-actresses-of-all-time-1249774
|work=Pinkvilla |date=3 March 2024 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Top actresses who shaped Indian television |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/top-television-actresses/20220304.htm
|work=Rediff.com |date=4 March 2022 |access-date=21 October 2025}}</ref>

== Television actresses ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Debut year
! Name
! Known for
|-
|1987
|[[Deepika Chikhalia]]
| [[Ramayan (1987 TV series) |''Ramayan'']]
|-
|1988
|[[Roopa Ganguly]]
| [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series) |''Mahabharat'']]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990
| rowspan="3" | [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
| ''[[Tu Tu Main Main]]''
|-
| ''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|-
| ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]''
|-
|1993
|[[Deepshikha Nagpal]]
| ''[[Shaktimaan]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 | 1995
| rowspan="5"| [[Neha Pendse]]
|''[[Hasratein]]''
|-
|''[[Rishtey (TV series)]]''
|-
|''[[May I Come In Madam?|May I Come in Madam?]]''
|-
|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|-
|''[[May I Come In Madam? 2]]''
|-
|rowspan=7 | 1998
|rowspan="3" | [[Gauri Pradhan]]
| ''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
|-
|''[[Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Shweta Salve]]
| ''[[Hip Hip Hurray (TV series)|Hip Hip Hurray]]''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Juhi Parmar]]
|''[[Kumkum – Ek Pyara Sa Bandhan]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1999
|[[Sheetal Agashe]]
| ''[[Yes Boss (TV series)|Yes Boss]]''
|-
|[[Eva Grover]]
| ''[[Office Office]]''
|-
|rowspan="7" | 2000
|[[Smriti Irani]]
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|-
|[[Mouli Ganguly]]
|''[[Kaahin Kissii Roz]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sakshi Tanwar]]
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|-
| ''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Kiran Dubey]]
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|-
| ''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Kii]]''
|-
| ''[[Kkusum]]''
|-
| rowspan="26" |2001
| rowspan=7 | [[Shweta Tiwari]]
| [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']]
|-
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|''Bigg Boss 4'']]
|-
|''[[Parvarrish - Kuchh Khattee Kuchh Meethi]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]''
|-
|''[[Baal Veer]]''
|-
|''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''
|-
|''[[Main Hoon Aparajita]]''
|-
|rowspan=6 | [[Jennifer Winget]]
| [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']]
|-
|''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|-
| [[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|''Saraswatichandra'']]
|-
| ''[[Beyhadh]]''
|-
| ''[[Bepannah]]''
|-
| ''[[Beyhadh 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Kavita Kaushik]]
|''[[Kutumb (TV series)|Kutumb]]''
|-
|''[[Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki]]''
|-
|[[F.I.R. (TV series)|''F.I.R'']]
|-
|''[[Dr. Bhanumati On Duty]]''
|-
|''[[Savdhaan India]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Anita Hassanandani]]
|''[[Kabhii Sautan Kabhii Sahelii]]''
|-
|''[[Kkavyanjali]]''
|-
|''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
|''[[Naagin 3]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Shilpa Shinde]]
|''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Urvashi Dholakia]]
|[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|''Kasautii Zindagii Kay'']]
|-
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|''Bigg Boss 6'']]
|-
| rowspan="17" |2003
| rowspan=4 | [[Aamna Sharif]]
|''[[Kahiin to Hoga]]''
|-
|''[[Hongey Judaa Na Hum]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Thhi Naayka]]''
|-
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2]]''
|-
|rowspan=4 | [[Divyanka Tripathi]]
| ''[[Ye Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
| ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
|-
|''[[Nach Baliye 8]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Sheena Bajaj]]
| ''[[Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin]]''
|-
| ''[[Best Of Luck Nikki]]''
|-
| ''[[Thapki Pyar Ki]]''
|-
| ''[[Mariam Khan Reporting Live]]''
|-
| ''[[Vanshaj]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Tina Datta]]
| ''[[Uttaran]]''
|-
| ''[[Koi Aane Ko Hai]]''
|-
| ''[[Hum Rahe Na Rahe Hum]]''
|-
| [[Shruti Seth]]
| [[Shararat (TV series)|''Shararat'']]
|-
| rowspan="12" |2004
| rowspan=4 | [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
|''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]''
|-
|''[[Gangaa]]''
|-
|''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Katha Ankahee]]''
|-
| [[Barkha Bisht]]
|''[[Kitni Mast Hai Zindagi]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Shraddha Arya]]
| ''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
|-
| ''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]''
|-
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Himanshi Choudhry]]
| ''[[Des Mein Niklla Hoga Chand]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|-
| [[Nandini Singh]]
|''[[Kesar]]''
|-
| [[Ankita Lokhande]]
| ''[[Pavitra Rishta]]''
|-
|rowspan=4 |2005
|rowspan="4" | [[Digangana Suryavanshi]]
|''[[Ruk Jaana Nahin]]''
|-
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Veer Ki Ardaas...Veera]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
|-
| rowspan="17" |2006
| rowspan=8 |[[Rashami Desai]]
|''[[Pari Hoon Main]]''
|-
|''[[Meet Mila De Rabba]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss 15]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss 13]]''
|-
|''[[Uttaran]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 6]]''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 5)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Aditi Bhatia]]
|[[Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series)|''Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna'']]
|-
|''[[Tashan-e-Ishq]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
|''[[Comedy Circus]]''
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Prachi Desai]]
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|-
| [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa |''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 2'']]
|-
|[[Shubhangi Atre]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!]]''
|-
|[[Saumya Tandon]]
|-
| rowspan="40" |2007
|[[Sneha Wagh]]
|[[Jyoti (TV series)|''Jyoti'']]
|-
|[[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Sapna Babul Ka...Bidaai]]''
|-
|[[Parul Chauhan]]
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Sriti Jha]]
|''[[Jiya Jale]]''
|-
|''[[Shaurya Aur Suhani]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Se Di Dua...Saubhagyavati Bhava?]]''
|-
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Navika Kotia]]
|''[[Kasamh Se]]''
|-
|''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]''
|-
|''[[Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
|''Kyunki Saas Maa Bahu Beti Hoti Hai''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Mouni Roy]]
|''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
|-
|''[[Do Saheliyaan]]''
|-
|''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
|-
|[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|''Naagin'']]
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
|-
|rowspan=5 | [[Kratika Sengar]]
|''[[Kya Dill Mein Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Jhansi Ki Rani (2009 TV series)|Jhansi Ki Rani]]''
|-
|''[[Punar Vivah]]''
|-
|''[[Service Wali Bahu]]''
|-
|''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''
|-
|rowspan=4 | [[Sukirti Kandpal]]
| ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|-
| ''[[Pyaar Kii Ye Ek Kahaani]]''
|-
| ''[[Dilli Wali Thakur Gurls]]''
|-
| ''[[Story 9 Months Ki]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Madhurima Tuli]]
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
| [[Chandrakanta (2017 TV series)|''Chandrakanta'']]
|-
| ''[[Qayamat Ki Raat]]''
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye 9]]''
|-
| [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|''Bigg Boss 13'']]
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Sanaya Irani]]
| ''[[Miley Jab Hum Tum]]''
|-
| ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
|-
| ''[[Rangrasiya]]''
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Kashmira Irani]]
|''[[Amber Dhara]]''
|-
|''[[Dharmakshetra]]''
|-
| [[Priyanka Bassi]]
|''[[Left Right Left (TV series)|Left Right Left]]''
|-
| rowspan="31" |2008
|[[Disha Vakani]]
| rowspan="5" |''[[Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah]]''
|-
|[[Neha Mehta]]
|-
|[[Jennifer Mistry Bansiwal]]
|-
|[[Munmun Dutta]]
|-
|[[Sonalika Joshi]]
|-
|[[Ragini Khanna]]
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Drashti Dhami]]
| ''[[Geet – Hui Sabse Parayi]]''
|-
| ''[[Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon]]''
|-
|''[[Pardes Mein Hai Mera Dil]]''
|-
|''[[Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Rubina Dilaik]]
|''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
|-
|''[[Chotti Bahu|Chotti Bahu 2]]''
|-
|''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''
|-
|''[[Shakti - Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki]]''
|-
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|''Bigg Boss 14'']]
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 10)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 10]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Hiba Nawab]]
| ''[[Crazy Stupid Ishq]]''
|-
| ''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''
|-
| ''[[Meri Saasu Maa]]''
|-
| ''[[Bhaag Bakool Bhaag]]''
|-
| ''[[Jijaji Chhat Per Hain]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Mahima Makwana]]
|''[[Sapne Suhane Ladakpan Ke]]''
|-
|''[[Rishton Ka Chakravyuh]]''
|-
|''[[Mariam Khan Reporting Live]]''
|-
|''[[Shubharambh]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Avika Gor]]
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[Neha Marda]]
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
|''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]''
|-
| rowspan="32" |2009
| rowspan="5" | [[Adaa Khan]]
| ''[[Behenein]]''
|-
| ''[[Amrit Manthan]]''
|-
| '' [[Naagin (2015 TV series) |Naagin]]''
|-
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Surbhi Chandna]]
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|-
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''
|-
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Sanjivani (2019 TV series)|Sanjivani]]''
|-
|''[[Sherdil Shergill]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Hina Khan]]
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]''
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 11)|Bigg Boss 11]]''
|-
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagi Kay]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Avantika Hundal]]
|''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]''
|-
|''[[Mose Chhal Kiye Jaaye]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Sargun Mehta]]
|''[[12/24 Karol Bagh]]''
|-
|''[[Phulwa]]''
|-
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
|''[[Nach Baliye 6]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 |[[Anushka Sen]]
|''[[Baalveer]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 11]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Ashnoor Kaur]]
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Patiala Babes]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Mugdha Chaphekar]]
|''[[Satrangi Sasural]]''
|-
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
| [[Supriya Kumari]]
| '' [[Bairi Piya (TV series) |Bairi Piya]]''
|-
|[[Meghna Malik]]
|''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
|-
|[[Natasha Sharma]]
|''[[Na Aana Is Des Laado]]''
|-
| [[Pooja Gor]]
| ''[[Mann Kee Awaaz Pratigya]]''
|-
| [[Aasiya Kazi]]
| ''[[Dharampatni]]''
|-
| rowspan="51" |2010
| rowspan=6 | [[Yukti Kapoor]]
|''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
|-
|''[[Agniphera (TV series)|Agniphera]]''
|-
|''[[Siya Ke Ram]]''
|-
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
|''[[Maddam Sir]]''
|-
|''[[Keh Doon Tumhein]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Nia Sharma]]
|''[[Kaali - Ek Agnipariksha]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
|-
| [[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|''Jamai Raja'']]
|-
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|-
|''[[Naagin 4 ]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Surbhi Jyoti]]
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|-
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]''
|-
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|-
|''[[Koi Laut Ke Aaya Hai]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Helly Shah]]
|''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9]]''
|-
|''[[Devanshi (TV series)|Devanshi]]''
|-
|''[[Sufiyana Pyaar Mera]]''
|-
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Jannat Zubair Rahmani]]
|''[[Phulwa]]''
|-
|''[[Matti Ki Banno]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|-
|''[[Aap Ke Aa Jane Se]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Dipika Kakar]]
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Nach Baliye 8]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 12)|Bigg Boss 12]]''
|-
|''[[Kahaan Hum Kahaan Tum]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Reem Shaikh]]
|''[[Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat]]''
|-
| ''[[Tujhse Hai Raabta]]''
|-
| ''[[Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|-
| ''[[Tere Ishq Mein Ghayal]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]]
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|-
| ''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Niti Taylor]]
|''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]''
|-
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Anjum Fakih]]
|''[[Tere Sheher Mein]]''
|-
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Avneet Kaur]]
|''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters]]''
|-
|''[[Chandra Nandini]]''
|-
|''[[Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Giaa Manek]]
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|-
|''[[Jeannie Aur Juju]]''
|-
|[[Rucha Hasabnis]]
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|-
| [[Pratyusha Banerjee]]
| ''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
| [[Anupriya Kapoor]]
|''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]''
|-
| rowspan="17" |2011
|[[Soumya Seth]]
|''[[Navya..Naye Dhadkan Naye Sawaal]]''
|-
| rowspan=1 | [[Mayuri Deshmukh]]
|''[[Imlie]]''
|-
|[[Deepika Singh]]
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|-
|[[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]]
|''[[Saath Nibhaana Saathiya]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha|Jayashree Venketaramanan]]
|''[[Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha|Na Bole Tum Na Maine Kuch Kaha 2]]''
|-
|''[[Beend Banoongaa Ghodi Chadhunga]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | Dolphin Dwivedi
| ''[[Udaan Sapnon Ki]]''
|-
| ''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|-
| [[Esha Kansara]]
| ''[[Zindagi Mere Ghar Aana]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Anchal Sahu]]
| ''[[Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]''
|-
|''[[Lajwanti (TV series)|Lajwanti]]''
|-
| ''[[Barrister Babu]]''
|-
| ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Jasmin Bhasin]]
|''[[Tashan-E-Ishq]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''
|-
| rowspan="44" |2012
| rowspan=7 | [[Tejasswi Prakash]]
|''[[Swaragini - Jodein Rishton Ke Sur]]''
|-
|''[[Karn Sangini]]''
|-
|''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]''
|-
|''[[Pehredaar Piya Ki]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|-
|''[[Naagin 6]]''
|-
| rowspan=6 | [[Mansi Srivastava]]
|''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''
|-
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Divya Drishti]]''
|-
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|-
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Shrenu Parikh]]
|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]''
|-
|''[[Ishqbaaaz]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Boley Oberoi]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Bhram...Sarvagun Sampanna|Ek Bhram Sarvagun Sampanna]]''
|-
|''[[Maitree (TV series)|Maitree]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Ekta Kaul]]
|''[[Rab Se Sohna Isshq]]''
|-
|''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 6)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|-
|''[[Mere Angne Mein]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Disha Parmar]]
|''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
|-
|''[[Woh Apna Sa]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 2]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Akshita Mudgal]]
| ''[[Yeh Moh Moh Ke Dhaagey]]''
|-
| ''[[Bhakharwadi (TV series)|Bhakharwadi]]''
|-
| ''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
|-
| ''Iss Mod Se Jaate Hain''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Gulki Joshi]]
|''[[Piya Rangrezz]]''
|-
|''[[Piyaa Albela]]''
|-
|''[[Maddam Sir]]''
|-
|''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]''
|-
|''[[Vanshaj]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Aalisha Panwar]]
|''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]''
|-
|''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
|-
|''[[Meri Gudiya]]''
|-
|''[[Teri Meri Ikk Jindri]]''
|-
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Aneri Vajani]]
|''[[Nisha Aur Uske Cousins]]''
|-
|''[[Beyhadh]]''
|-
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|-
| rowspan="26" | 2013
| rowspan="4" | [[Shivangi Joshi]]
|''[[Begusarai (TV series)|Begusarai]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Balika Vadhu 2]]''
|-
|''[[Barsatein - Mausam Pyaar Ka]]''
|-
| rowspan="3" |Shivangi Verma
|-
|''[[Nach Baliye|Nach Baliye 6]]''
|-
|''[[TV Biwi Aur Main]]''
|-
|[[Amrapali Gupta]]
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|-
|[[Toral Rasputra]]
|''[[Balika Vadhu]]''
|-
|[[Harshita Gaur]]
|''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
|-
|[[Preetika Rao]]
|''[[Beintehaa]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Shiny Doshi]]
|''[[Sarojini - Ek Nayi Pehal]]''
|-
|''[[Saraswatichandra (TV series)|Saraswatichandra]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8]]''
|-
|''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]''
|-
|''[[Pandya Store]]''
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Jiya Shankar]]
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|-
|''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]''
|-
|''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]''
|-
|''[[Pishachini]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Erica Fernandes]]
|''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]]''
|-
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay 2]]''
|-
| ''[[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi|Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi:Nayi Kahani]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Ketki Kadam]]
|''[[Qubool Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Mahabharat (2013 TV series)|Mahabharat (2013)]]''
|-
| ''[[Rang Jaun Tere Rang Mein]]''
|-
| rowspan="42" |2014
| rowspan="8" |[[Sumbul Touqeer]]
|[[Jodha Akbar]]
|-
|[[Waaris (2016 TV series)]]
|-
|[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)]]
|-
|[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]
|-
|[[Imlie]]
|-
|[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]
|-
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)]]
|-
|[[Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]
|''[[Kyaa Hoga Nimmo Kaa]]''
|-
|''[[Kayamath]]''
|-
|''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Hasina Thi (TV series)|Ek Hasina Thi]]''
|-
|''[[Kya Dil Mein Hai]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Pankhuri Awasthy]]
|''[[Razia Sultan (TV series)|Razia Sultan]]''
|-
|''[[Suryaputra Karn]]''
|-
|''[[Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
| rowspan=5| [[Aditi Rathore]]
|''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''
|-
|''[[Naamkarann]]''
|-
|''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]''
|-
| ''Aangan – Aapno Kaa''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Meera Deosthale]]
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Udaan (2014 TV series)|Udaan]]''
|-
|''[[Vidya (TV series)|Vidya]]''
|-
|''[[Gud Se Meetha Ishq]]''
|-
| rowspan=4| [[Aishwarya Khare]]
|''[[Jaane Kya Hoga Rama Re]]''
|-
|''[[Vishkanya Ek Anokhi Prem Kahani]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|-
|''[[Bhagya Lakshmi]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Rhea Sharma]]
| ''[[Itna Karo Na Mujhe Pyaar]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh, Piyaji]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
|-
| rowspan=8| [[Shivya Pathania]]
| ''[[Humsafars]]''
|-
|''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Dhoondta Hai]]''
|-
|''[[RadhaKrishn (TV series)|RadhaKrishn]]''
|-
|''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''
|-
|''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''
|-
| ''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
|-
| ''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''
|-
|[[Palak Purswani]]
|[[MTV Splitsvilla|MTV Spitsvilla]]
|-
| rowspan="33" |2015
| rowspan="4" | [[Aishwarya Sharma ]]
|''[[Meri Durga]]''
|-
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 13]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss 17]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Shagun Sharma]]
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|-
|''[[Ishk Par Zor Nahi]]''
|-
|''[[Sasural Genda Phool 2]]''
|-
|''[[Harphoul Mohini]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Sana Sayyad]]
|''[[Divya Drishti]]''
|-
|''[[Lockdown Ki Love Story]]''
|-
|''[[Spy Bahu]]''
|-
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Kanika Mann]]
|''[[Badho Bahu]]''
|-
|''[[Guddan Tumse Na Ho Payega]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 12]]''
|-
|''[[Chand Jalne Laga]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Eisha Singh]]
|''[[Ishq Ka Rang Safed]]''
|-
|''[[Ishq Subhan Allah]]''
|-
|''[[Sirf Tum (TV series)|Sirf Tum]]''
|-
|''[[Bekaboo]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Mallika Singh]]
|''[[Janbaaz Sindbad]]''
|-
|''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
|-
|''[[Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki (2021 TV series)|Jai Kanhaiya Lal Ki]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Krissann Barretto]]
|''[[Kaisi Yeh Yaariaan]]''
|-
|''[[Sasural Simar Ka]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Aashiqui]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Bhavika Sharma]]
|''[[Maddam Sir]]''
|-
|''[[Jiji Maa]]''
|-
|''[[Ghum Hai Kisikey Pyaar Meiin]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Donal Bisht]]
|''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
|-
|''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
|-
| rowspan="24" |2016
| rowspan="5" | [[Srishti Jain]]
|''[[Suhani Si Ek Ladki]]''
|-
|''[[Meri Durga]]''
|-
|''[[Main Mayke Chali Jaungi]]''
|-
|''[[Hamari Wali Good News]]''
|-
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 3]]''
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Chahat Pandey]]
|''[[Hamari Bahu Silk]]''
|-
|''[[Dwarkadheesh Bhagwan Shree Krishn – Sarvkala Sampann]]''
|-
|''[[Durga – Mata Ki Chhaya]]''
|-
|''[[Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 18|Bigg Boss 18]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Ridhima Pandit]]
|''[[Bahu Hamari Rajni Kant]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 9]]''
|-
|''[[Haiwaan : The Monster]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Debattama Saha]]
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]''
|-
|''[[Ishaaron Ishaaron Mein]]''
|-
|''[[Mithai (Hindi TV series)|Mithai]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Tanvi Dogra]]
|''[[Ek Bhram...Sarvagun Sampanna]]''
|-
|''[[Jiji Maa]]''
|-
|''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Samiksha Jaiswal]]
|''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek]]''
|-
|''[[Bahu Begum (2019 TV series)|Bahu Bagum]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Niyati Fatnani]]
|''[[Nazar (TV series)|Nazar]]''
|-
|''[[Channa Mereya (TV series)|Channa Mereya]]''
|-
|[[Shivani Surve]]
|''[[Jaana Na Dil Se Door]]''
|-
| rowspan="12" |2017
| rowspan="4" | [[Anjali Anand]]
|''[[Dhhai Kilo Prem]]''
|-
|''[[Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala]]''
|-
|''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 11)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 11]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Kaveri Priyam]]
|''[[Yeh Rishtey Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
|-
|''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
|-
|''[[Dil Diyaan Gallaan]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Sargun Kaur Luthra]]
|''[[Kaal Bhairav Rahasya]]''
|-
|''[[Tantra]]''
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Ashi Singh]]
|''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''
|-
|''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
|-
| rowspan="18" |2018
| rowspan=5 | [[Amandeep Sidhu]]
| ''[[Tantra (TV series)|Tantra]]''
|-
| ''[[Teri Meri Ikk Jindri]]''
|-
| ''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
|-
| ''[[Chashni (TV series)|Chashni]]''
|-
| ''[[Saubhagyavati Bhava: * Niyam Aur Shartein Laagu]]''
|-
| rowspan=4 | [[Riya Sharma]]
| ''[[Pinjara Khubsurti Ka]]''
|-
| ''[[Kashibai Bajirao Ballal]]''
|-
| ''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
|-
|''[[Dhruv Tara - Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Pranali Rathod]]
| ''[[Barrister Babu]]''
|-
| ''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
|-
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Megha Chakraborty]]
| ''[[Krishna Chali London]]''
|-
| ''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]''
|-
| ''[[Imlie]]''
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Anjali Tatrari]]
| ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''
|-
| ''[[Tere Bina Jiya Jaye Na]]''
|-
| ''[[Vanshaj]]''
|-
| rowspan="8" |2019
| rowspan=2 | [[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 13)|Bigg Boss 13]]''
|-
| ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karoge|Mujhe Shaadi Karoge]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia]]
|''[[Choti Sarrdaarni]]''
|-
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Bigg Boss 16]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Aditi Sanwal]]
|''[[Baalveer]]''
|-
|''[[Deewani]]''
|-
|rowspan=2 | [[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]]
|''[[Gathbandhan]]''
|-
|''[[Namak Issk Ka]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| [[Madalsa Sharma Chakraborty]]
|''[[Anupamaa]]''
|-
|[[Pratibha Ranta]]
|''[[Qurbaan Hua]]''
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
| [[Aetashaa Sansgiri]]
|''[[Punyashlok Ahilyabai]]''
|-
| Isha Malviya
|''[[Udaariyaan]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss 17]]''
|-
| [[Sonia Rathee]]
|''[[Broken But Beautiful]]'' ''[[Decoupled]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Neha Rana]]
|''[[Junooniyatt]]''
|-
|[[Megha Barsenge|''Megha Barsenge'']]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2022
| rowspan="3" | [[Adrija Roy]]
| ''Durga Aur Charu''
|-
| ''[[Imlie]]''
|-
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Samridhii Shukla]]
| ''[[Saavi Ki Savaari]]''
|-
| ''[[Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai]]''
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Rachi Sharma]]
| ''[[Woh Toh Hai Albelaa]]''
|-
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
|-
| Rowspan="2"| [[Twinkle Arora]]
| ''[[Udaariyaan]]''
|-
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Hindi television actors]]
*[[List of Indian television actresses]]
*[[List of Hindi film actresses]]

== Bibliography ==
=== Notes ===
{{Reflist|25em}}

=== References ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=}}

* {{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''ABP News'', Oct. 14,|2015}} |date=October 14, 2015 |last1=''ABP News'' staff |title=Top 5 Highest Paid Indian Television Actresses |url=http://www.abplive.in/television/top-5-highest-paid-indian-television-actresses-11625 |access-date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[ABP News]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215061829/http://www.abplive.in/television/top-5-highest-paid-indian-television-actresses-11625|archive-date=February 15, 2017}} {{free access}}


* {{cite book |title='''[[The Indian Express|Express, The Indian]]''''':'' |postscript=none}} {{OCLC|1113321837|show=all}}.
<ol type="i" start="1">
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Express'' Web Desk, Dec. 1,|2016}} |date=1 December 2016 |last1=''Express'' Web Desk |title=From Kapil Sharma to Sriti Jha, Here's What TV's Top Stars Earn |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/from-kapil-sharma-to-divyanka-tripathi-heres-what-tv-top-stars-earn-4405114/ |access-date=17 December 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205023408/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/from-kapil-sharma-to-divyanka-tripathi-heres-what-tv-top-stars-earn-4405114/ |archive-date=December 5, 2016 }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Express'' Web Desk, Sep. 18,|2016}} |date=18 September 2016 |last1=''Express'' Web Desk |title=11 Television Stars Who Earn More than Bollywood Actors per Month! |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925114453/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-television-actors-salary-per-month-3037560/ |archive-date=September 25, 2016}} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>


* {{cite book |title='''''[[The Times Group]]:''''' |postscript=none}}
<ol type="A" start="1">
<li>{{cite book |title=[[Times of India]] |location=[[Mumbai]] |lang=en }} {{ISSN|0971-8257}}; {{OCLC|23379369|show=all}}.</li>
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Times of India'', Feb. 19,|2017}} |date=February 19, 2017 |last1=''Times of India'' |title=Top Actress by ''The Times of India'' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bikini-television-actresses-in-bikini/top-tv-actresses-in-bikini/photostory/57234536.cms |access-date=22 June 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220101348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bikini-television-actresses-in-bikini/top-tv-actresses-in-bikini/photostory/57234536.cms |archive-date=February 20, 2017}} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|''Times of India'', Apr. 5,|2017}} |date=5 April 2017 |last1=''Times of India'' |title=These TV Actresses Are More Popular Than Our Bollywood Heroines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/these-tv-actresses-are-more-popular-than-our-bollywood-heroines/photostory/58021849.cms |access-date=22 June 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904051510/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/these-tv-actresses-are-more-popular-than-our-bollywood-heroines/photostory/58021849.cms |archive-date=September 4, 2023 }} {{free access}}</li>
<li>{{Cite web |ref={{SfnRef|''Times of India'', Jul. 14,|2017}} |date=14 July 2017 |last1=''Times of India'' |title=Jennifer Winget to Hina Khan: TV's Highest Paid Actors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/photostory/32607870.cms |url-status=live |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604231037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/jennifer-winget-ram-kapoor-maniesh-paul-tvs-highest-paid-actors/photostory/32607870.cms |archive-date=4 June 2018 }} {{free access}}</li></ol>
<li>{{cite book |title=[[Times Internet|MensXP]] |location=[[Delhi]] |lang=en }} {{OCLC|854909009|show=all}}.</li>
<ol type="i" start="1">
<li>{{cite web |ref={{SfnRef|Roy, Sep. 11,|2014}} |date=11 September 2014 |orig-date=Updated September 1, 2023 |last1=Roy |first1=Deb |title=List of Top 35 Hottest TV Actresses in India |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television.html |access-date=22 June 2017 |magazine= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002150239/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/23861-35-hottest-actresses-in-indian-television.html |archive-date=October 2, 2022 }} {{free access}}</li></ol></ol>

{{refend}}

[[Category:Hindi television content related lists]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian actresses|Hindi]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

Boss Engira Bhaskaran

2026-03-14T04:18:50Z

NXHLillian: Started new stub v1 - done

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Boss Engira Bhaskaran.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Rajesh]]
| writer = M. Rajesh
| producer = K. S. Sreenivasan
| starring = [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] [[Nayanthara]] [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
| cinematography = [[Sakthi Saravanan]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| music = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| studio = Vasan Visual Ventures
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]] [[The Show People]] [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2010|9|10}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Boss Engira Bhaskaran''''' ({{Translation|Boss alias Bhaskaran}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[M. Rajesh]]. The film stars [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], [[Nayanthara]] and [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], with [[Subbu Panchu]], [[Chitra Lakshmanan]], [[Rajendran]], [[Ashvin Raja]], [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] and [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] in supporting roles. It revolves around an unemployed man who lives an easygoing life, neglecting his career and future. When he meets a woman with whom he falls in love, he decides to change his lifestyle, to marry her eventually.

''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' was produced by K. S. Sreenivasan and features music scored by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], editing handled by [[Vivek Harshan]] and cinematography by [[Sakthi Saravanan]]. The film, shot between December 2009 and August 2010, was released on 10 September 2010 and became commercially successful. It was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Parijatha]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parijata : Akshay Kumar's Mein Khiladi |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/parijata-akshay-kumars-mein-khiladi/articleshow/21427153.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615144200/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/parijata-akshay-kumars-mein-khiladi/articleshow/21427153.cms |archive-date=15 June 2018 |access-date=15 June 2018 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bhaskaran "Boss" is a happy-go-lucky youth in [[Kumbakonam]] who is yet to complete his [[Bachelor of Arts|B. A. Degree]], writing [[Arrears|arrear]] examinations for years. His only friend, Nallathambi, owns a saloon which he received as a dowry for marrying a woman who was two months pregnant. Boss, during an arrear examination, happens to meet Chandrika, a lecturer and instantly gets attracted to her, though she disapproves of him because he attempted to [[Academic dishonesty|copy]] during an examination she was invigilating.

Boss lives with his widowed mother Sivakami, elder brother Saravanan, and younger sister Nithya, a college student. When Saravanan falls in love with, and marries Nandhini, Boss discovers that Nandhini's younger sister is Chandrika. Though Chandrika is older than him, he wishes to marry her. He proposes to her and she mocks him but he remains resolute. When he approaches her family for the alliance, his unemployment is repeatedly mentioned, rankling him, so he leaves his house to prove himself.

Boss faces many obstacles in his path to prove himself. He is insulted by Chandrika's father, Shanmugasundaram, and does not even have a place to live. After many difficulties, Boss, with the support of Nallathambi, establishes a tutorial centre for [[tenth grade|Class X]] students. Nallathambi gets money from Velpandi, a local don, who signs an agreement that if his son Paalpandi does not pass the examination, he will take Nallathambi's property and make him work in his cow dung place.

Velpandi reveals his family history: his father, in his Class X examination, forced his teacher to write the examination. Velpandi, during his exam, wrote only four words in his paper with an [[aruval]] symbol, blackmailing the teacher into making him pass or risk being killed. Paalpandi sleeps in the examination hall and if anybody tries to wake him, he will bite the teacher's hand. However, Paalpandi eventually starts to study and makes others listen in the class when Boss appoints a blind teacher. Despite early setbacks, Boss makes a very heavy profit on the deal, while his students top the examinations in the state and Paalpandi passes the examination with favourable marks. Velpandi tears the agreement, offers Nallathambi a huge amount of money with no interest, and appreciates him for making Paalpandi pass the exams. It also convinces Chandrika, who eventually reciprocates his love. However, Shanmugasundaram opposes their marriage as he had once been insulted by Nallathambi and Boss as revenge for not having sanctioned a loan to Boss.

Shiva, a supposed [[teetotalism|teetotaller]] and the son of a businessman who is Shanmugasundram's friend is introduced as Chandrika's prospective groom. Boss then confronts Shiva, revealing to him that he loves Chandrika. The two get into a fight soon after, but when Shanmugasundaram arrives at the spot, he learns the truth: Shiva and Boss are now friends and the whole fight was just a drama set by Nallathambi. Shiva supports Boss and Chandrika. Under Shiva and Boss's orders, a disappointed Shanmugasundaram is forced to unite Boss and Chandrika. It is revealed that [[M. Rajesh]] called Shiva and told him to stop fighting and unite Boss and Chandrika.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as Bhaskaran "Boss"
* [[Nayanthara]] as Chandrika
* [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as "Thala Thalapathy" Nallathambi
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Saravanan
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Shanmugasundaram
* [[Rajendran]] as Velpandi
* [[Swaminathan]] as Venkat
* [[Ashvin Raja]] as Paalpandi
* [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Nandhini Saravanan
* [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Sivakami
* [[Shakeela]] as Parimala (guest appearance)
* Monisha as Nithya
* [[Jiiva]] as Shiva (guest appearance)
* Annapoorani as the blind teacher (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajkumar |date=9 September 2021 |title=பாஸ் என்கிற பாஸ்கரன் படத்தில் வந்த Blind டீச்சர் இந்த நடிகை தானா - பாத்தா ஷாக்காகிடுவீங்க. |trans-title={{em|This}} actress played the blind teacher in the film ''Boss Engira Bhaskaran''? – You will be shocked if you see her. |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/boss-engira-baskaran-movie-blind-teacher-name-and-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328062737/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/boss-engira-baskaran-movie-blind-teacher-name-and-details/ |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Tamil Behind Talkies |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[M. Rajesh]] as himself (voice; uncredited)
}}

== Production ==

After the release of his directorial debut ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' (2009), [[M. Rajesh]] decided to make his next film with [[Arya (actor)|Arya]], who appeared in a cameo in ''Siva Manasula Sakthi'', in the lead role. Rajesh said he chose the title ''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' as he felt it was a "common practice to call everyone as Boss these days".<ref name="fight">{{Cite web |last=Inian |title=Hero and heroine don't fight in BEB |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/director-rajesh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120447/http://www.behindwoods.com/new-videos/videos-q1-09/director-interview/director-rajesh.html |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=Behindwoods.com}}</ref> Arya revealed that the script went through changes during production, with Rajesh eventually opting not to include portions where the lead character's brother gets killed. Instead of implementing a revenge script, Rajesh chose to make it a full-length comedy.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjzbu0-et-0 |title=BOFTA's Masterclass with Actor Arya – Part 2 – BW |date=6 July 2015 |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |language=ta |publisher=BehindwoodsTV |access-date=20 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216142132/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjzbu0-et-0 |archive-date=16 December 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Rajesh cast [[Nayanthara]] as the lead actress after being impressed with her performance in ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' (2008),<ref name="nervous">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2010 |title=Rajesh nervous for Boss Engira Baskaran |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajesh-nervous-for-boss-engira-baskaran/articleshow/6261600.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250327182827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajesh-nervous-for-boss-engira-baskaran/articleshow/6261600.cms |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Arya's mother after being impressed with her performance in ''[[Naadodigal]]'' (2009).<ref name="fight" /> [[Subbu Panchu]] sought a role in the film, and was cast as the lead character's brother.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=12 February 2011 |title=My First Break: Subbu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Subbu/article15411774.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518190115/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Subbu/article15411774.ece |archive-date=18 May 2018 |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film was officially launched on 19 November 2009 at [[AVM Studios]], with [[principal photography]] beginning in the first week of December.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2009 |title=Arya's Boss Engira Bhaskaran launched! |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14920455 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716233553/http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14920455 |archive-date=16 July 2012 |access-date=4 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> It was shot at various locations including [[Chennai]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mysore]], [[Thanjavur]] and [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]].<ref name="nervous" /> Shooting also took place at the [[Swiss Alps]], for some song sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2010 |title=Arya & Nayan goes to Swiss Alps |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14946085 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713234701/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14946085 |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=4 August 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2010 |title=Aarya and Nayantara to romance in Switzerland |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/preview/Aarya-and-Nayantara-to-romance-in-Switzerland/20103925013912.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810144227/http://chennaionline.com/movies/preview/Aarya-and-Nayantara-to-romance-in-Switzerland/20103925013912.col |archive-date=10 August 2010 |access-date=4 August 2010 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Rajesh lauded Nayanthara's dedication to the film and punctuality, contrary to rumours of her being unruly during film shoots, and said the only issue he had with her was that she would often arrive too early, even before the shooting location was ready.<ref name="fight" /> Principal photography ended on 3 August 2010 with the completion of a song sequence that was canned at a set erected at [[Buckingham and Carnatic Mills|Binny Mills]] near Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2010 |title=Boss Engira Bhaskaran shoot is complete |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boss-engira-bhaskaran-shoot-is-complete-news-tamil-kkguTvjcabh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008165915/http://www.sify.com/movies/boss-engira-bhaskaran-shoot-is-complete-news-tamil-kkguTvjcabh.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2010 |title=Rajesh, the boss of 'Boss Engira Baskaran' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/Aug/04/rajesh-the-boss-of-boss-engira-baskaran-175509.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328104336/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2010/Aug/04/rajesh-the-boss-of-boss-engira-baskaran-175509.html |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> While Vasan Visual Ventures that produced Arya's ''[[Naan Kadavul]]'', produced this film as well,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 October 2009 |title=Boss, Nayan's back in Tamil! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-21/news-interviews/28090954_1_malayalam-film-arya-tamil-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025102148/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-21/news-interviews/28090954_1_malayalam-film-arya-tamil-film |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=21 October 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Arya purchased the rights in the midst to release it under his own production banner [[The Show People]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2010 |title=Arya scores a century |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-scores-a-century-news-tamil-kmrtuTgeefd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219023307/http://www.sify.com/movies/arya-scores-a-century-news-tamil-kmrtuTgeefd.html |archive-date=19 December 2010 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2011 |title=Calculated moves |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/calculated-moves-2413999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327175632/https://www.deccanherald.com/features/calculated-moves-2413999 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> The film's distribution rights, however, were later acquired by [[Red Giant Movies]], then led by [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=12 June 2015 |title=Son Rises on the Cinematic Screen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Jun/13/son-rises-on-the-cinematic-screen-768749.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250327180341/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/Jun/13/son-rises-on-the-cinematic-screen-768749.html |archive-date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music of ''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' was composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], with lyrics by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=BOSS ENGIRA BHASKARAN – (2CD PACK) – Yuvan Shankar Raja Tamil Audio CD |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/boss-engira-bhaskaran-2cd-pack-yuvan-shankar-raja-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009051840/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/boss-engira-bhaskaran-2cd-pack-yuvan-shankar-raja-tamil-audio-cd-2/ |archive-date=9 October 2025 |access-date=25 January 2026 |work=Audio CDs World |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2010 |title=Boss n' Baskaran (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/boss-n-baskaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1112067281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260126110845/https://music.apple.com/in/album/boss-n-baskaran-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1112067281 |archive-date=26 January 2026 |access-date=26 January 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 27 August 2010 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2010 |title=Suriya launches Boss Engira Baskaran audio |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14954826 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100831011202/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14954826 |archive-date=31 August 2010 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "''Boss (A) Baskaran'' is one of those soundtracks where Yuvan sounds largely uninterested and churns out material that belies his true potential. That is unfortunate".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=27 August 2010 |title=Boss (A) Baskaran (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/08/27/boss-a-baskaran-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250210152832/https://milliblog.com/2010/08/27/boss-a-baskaran-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=10 February 2025 |access-date=5 April 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ada Boss Boss
| extra1 = [[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]
| length1 = 3:59
| title2 = Yaar Intha Penthan
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]
| length2 = 5:04
| title3 = Thathi Thaavum Paper Naan
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 4:44
| title4 = Iyley Iyley
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length4 = 5:04
| title5 = Mama Mama
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length5 = 4:18
| total_length = 23:09
}}

== Release ==
''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' was released on 10 September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2010 |title=Before the superstar steals the show |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/04/before-the-superstar-steals-the-show-184087.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250328100354/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Sep/04/before-the-superstar-steals-the-show-184087.html |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite not being eligible for [[entertainment tax]] relief due to the presence of a non-Tamil word in the title, the makers still sought it, alleging that "Boss" was a diminutive of the lead character's name Bhaskaran.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=28 September 2010 |title=Only films with Tamil names get tax waiver, says TN govt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/only-films-with-tamil-names-get-tax-waiver-says-tn-govt/articleshow/6639621.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126120405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Only-films-with-Tamil-names-get-tax-waiver-says-TN-govt/articleshow/6639621.cms |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In November 2011, it was shown at the International Tamil Film Festival held in Uglich, Russia, alongside ''[[Thillana Mohanambal]]'' (1968), ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005), ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007), ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010), ''[[Thenmerku Paruvakaatru]]'' (2010) and ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=K. |date=5 October 2011 |title=Taste of Sivaji magic for Russian film buffs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/taste-of-sivaji-magic-for-russian-film-buffs/article2513543.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923041749/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/taste-of-sivaji-magic-for-russian-film-buffs/article2513543.ece |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=25 September 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Box office ===

''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' sold 7.3 million tickets worldwide. It released on [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] day, the end of [[Ramadan]], opening across 240 screens in [[Tamil Nadu]] with reportedly 95.5% average theatre occupancy, which, according to trade sources, was the best ever first day opening for Arya then,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2010 |title=Boss Engira Baskaran- Super Opening |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14956576 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915085628/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14956576 |archive-date=15 September 2010 |access-date=8 November 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> which resulted in an increase of the number of shows and screens.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=13 September 2010 |title=A big fat K'wood opening |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/A-big-fat-Kwood-opening/articleshow/6541114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105172316/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-13/news-interviews/28235592_1_screens-release-tamil-film |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=15 September 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2010 |title=Chennai box office (Sep 10 – 12) |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14956894&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918094247/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14956894&cid=13525926 |archive-date=18 September 2010 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In its opening weekend, the film was said to have earned {{INR}}65 lakh in Chennai, as reported by ''[[Sify]]''.<ref name="sify.com" /> At the end of the second weekend, the film had netted {{INR}}10 crore from 275 screens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2010 |title=Chennai Box-office (Sep 17-19) |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14957364&cid=13525926 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925053453/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14957364&cid=13525926 |archive-date=25 September 2010 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to an estimate by journalist Sridevi Sreedhar, the film, made on a budget of ₹6 crore, collected ₹20 crore as of late September 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sreedhar |first=Sridevi |date=23 September 2010 |title=Arya- The man of the moment |url=http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14957428 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230035345/http://www.sify.com/entertainment/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14957428 |archive-date=30 December 2013 |access-date=22 December 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Sify'' stated that "Rajesh has pulled off the impossible, making a family comedy work a second time armed with nothing more than a few situational gaffes and couple of funny dialogues. It's pure escapist fare and will work big time, as there is paucity of healthy entertainment for the family audiences."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2010 |title=Boss Engira Bhaskaran |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boss-engira-bhaskaran-review-tamil-pclxGsciajfce.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215000520/http://www.sify.com/movies/boss-engira-bhaskaran-review-tamil-pclxGsciajfce.html |archive-date=15 December 2017 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' specially pointed out the plus points of the film "The comic scenes aided by dialogues and the bonding between the two friends are a huge plus and reason enough to see the movie. The casting of each character has been aptly done with no room for excess anywhere making for one smooth ride all through. Nayan and Arya make an adequate pair though there are no great sparks of chemistry between them. However Nayan does make a pretty picture throughout".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2010 |title=Movie Review: 'Boss Engira Baskaran' |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20105310055327/Movie-Review-Boss-Engira-Baskaran.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725004835/http://chennaionline.com/movies/movie-reviews/20105310055327/Movie-Review-Boss-Engira-Baskaran.col |archive-date=25 July 2012 |access-date=5 August 2012 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Bhama Devi Ravi from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and said, "Director Rajesh has hit upon a surefire formula to get families audience tripping into theatres during the holiday weekend", and appreciated it for taking "a slight dig at the formulaic films [...] The tutorial college angle may be predictable, but soon humour is back on track, and it is enjoyable. You will also come away with some amazing performances".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=Bhama Devi |date=10 September 2010 |title=Boss Engira Bhaskaran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Boss-Engira-Bhaskaran/movie-review/6547029.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105171521/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Boss-Engira-Bhaskaran/movie-review/6547029.cms |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=1 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Event !! Category!! Recipient
!Result!! {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[58th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|[[Nayanthara]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=58th South Filmfare Awards – Nominees (Tamil) |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704031228/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/58th-south-filmfare-awards-nominees-10839/slide/38 |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[NDTV]] |pages=37–38}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]]
|[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[5th Vijay Awards]] || [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] || Santhanam
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cl0sMfvSm_M |title=Vijay Awards 07/15/11 |date=6 June 2012 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay Television]] |access-date=28 March 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/vijay-awards-2011 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favorite Heroine]]
|Nayanthara
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Legacy ==
''Boss Engira Bhaskaran'' became a major breakthrough for Arya.<ref name=":0" /> The dialogue "Nannbenda" ({{Translation|You are truly my friend}}) spoken by Santhanam in the film became famous and went viral after release. It inspired the title of a [[Nannbenda|2015 film]] directed by Jagadish, a former associate of Rajesh, and again featuring Santhanam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2014 |title=South follows Bollywood: Popular dialogues, songs inspire film titles |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/south-follows-bollywood-popular-dialogues-songs-inspire-film-titles/article1-1281682.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112182610/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/regional/south-follows-bollywood-popular-dialogues-songs-inspire-film-titles/article1-1281682.aspx |archive-date=12 November 2014 |access-date=28 December 2014 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> Another term used by Santhanam in the film, "Appatakkar" ({{Translation|Know-all}}) also gained popularity.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=14 October 2015 |title=Therikavidalama to Senjiduven: Quirky K'wood dialogues |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Therikavidalama-to-Senjiduven-Quirky-Kwood-dialogues/articleshow/49337190.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017043342/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Therikavidalama-to-Senjiduven-Quirky-Kwood-dialogues/articleshow/49337190.cms |archive-date=17 October 2015 |access-date=3 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2016 |title='Tamil is semma gethu language machi' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-is-semma-gethu-language-machi/articleshow/50884605.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208081821/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-is-semma-gethu-language-machi/articleshow/50884605.cms |archive-date=8 February 2016 |access-date=3 September 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Rajesh}}
{{The Show People}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about unemployment]]
[[Category:Films about examinations and testing]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. Rajesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
[[Category:Films set in Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
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[[Category:Films shot in Kumbakonam]]

{{Improve categories|date=April 2025}}

Gurjaradesha

2026-03-12T20:46:08Z

NXHLillian: Started first data basic info

{{Other uses|Gurjara (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Historical region of northwestern India }}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
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'''Gurjaradesa''' ({{lit|Gurjara country}}, or '''Gurjaratra''')<ref name=":0">* {{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=B. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&dq=Gurjaratra+or+Gurjar+country&pg=PA121 |title=Constitutional languages |date=1989 |publisher=Presses Université Laval |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |pages=20 |language=en |quote=The name "Gujarat" is derived from the Sanskrit Gurjaratra through the intermediate Prakrit form "Gujjaratta", which apparently means "the country of the Gujars".}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Sita Ram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IVhAAAAMAAJ&q=Gurjaratra+or+Gurjar+country |title=Gujarati |date=1992 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-545-9 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> is a historical region in [[India]] comprising southern [[Rajasthan]] and northern [[Gujarat]] during the period of 6th–12th century CE. The predominant power of the region, [[Gurjara Pratihara]], eventually controlled a major part of North India centered at [[Kannauj]]. The current Indian state of [[Gujarat]] derives its name from the ancient Gurjaratra.{{sfn|Puri|1986|loc=Chapter 1}}<ref name=":0" />

== Early references to Gurjara country ==
[[File:Arabsum5.png|thumb|300px|Campaigns of [[Mohammad bin Qasim]] (712–715), including attacks on [[Bhinmal]].]]
[[File:Arab-Gujarat campaigns 724-740 CE.png|thumb|300px|Arab campaigns from the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] into Gujarat and Gurjaradesa in 724–740 CE.]]
''Gurjaradēśa'', or Gurjara country, is first attested in [[Banabhatta|Bana]]'s ''[[Harshacharita]]'' (7th century CE). Its king is said to have been subdued by [[Harshavardhana|Harsha]]'s father [[Prabhakaravardhana]] (died c. 605 CE).{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=9}} The bracketing of the country with [[Sindh]]a (Sindh), [[Gurjaras of Lata|Lāta]] (southern Gujarat) and [[Malwa|Malava]] (western Malwa) indicates that the region including the northern Gujarat and Rajasthan is meant.<ref>{{citation |first=Shankar |last=Goyal |title=Recent Historiography of the Age of Harṣa |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=72/73 |number=1/4 |year=1991 |pages=331–361 |jstor=41694902}}</ref>

[[Hieun Tsang]], the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India between 631–645 CE during Harsha's reign, mentioned the Gurjara country (''Kiu-che-lo'') with its capital at [[Bhinmal]] (''Pi-lo-mo-lo'') as the second largest kingdom of Western India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wink |first1=André |title=Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World |date=1991 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09249-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA279 |language=en}}</ref> He distinguished it from the neighbouring kingdoms of [[Bharukaccha]] (Bharuch), [[Ujjayini]] (Ujjain), [[Malava]] (Malwa), [[Valabhi]] and [[Surashtra]].{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=9}} The Gurjara kingdom was said to have measured 833 miles in circuit and its ruler was a 20-year old [[kshatriya]], who was distinguished for his wisdom and courage.{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=35}} It is known that, in 628 CE, the kingdom at Bhinmal was ruled by a [[Chapa dynasty]] ruler ''Vyāgrahamukha'', under whose reign the mathematician-astronomer [[Brahmagupta]] wrote his famous treatise. It is believed that the young ruler mentioned by Hieun Tsang must have been his immediate successor.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Vincent A. |last=Smith |title='White Hun' Coin of Vyagrahamukha of the Chapa (Gurjara) Dynasty of Bhinmal |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |date=October 1907 |pages=923–928 |doi=10.1017/S0035869X00036868 |jstor=25210490 |s2cid=161891450 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/2131068|doi-access=free }}</ref>
It appears that the Gurjara country at that time comprised modern Rajasthan.{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=9}} Following the death of [[Harsha]], his empire split up into small kingdoms. Gurjaradesa is believed to have become independent.

The Arab chroniclers of [[Sindh]] (an Arab province from 712 CE onward), narrated the campaigns of Arab governors on ''Jurz'', the Arabic term for Gurjara. They mentioned it jointly with ''Mermad'' (Marumāda, in Western Rajasthan) and ''Al Baylaman'' (Bhinmal).<ref>{{harvnb|Bhandarkar|1929|pp=29–30}}; {{harvnb|Wink|2002|p=208}}; {{harvnb|Blankinship|1994|pp=132–133}}</ref> The country was first conquered by [[Mohammad bin Qasim]] (712-715) and, for a second time, by Junayd (723-726).{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=133}} Upon bin Qasim's victory, [[Al-Baladhuri]] mentioned that the Indian rulers, including that of Bhinmal, accepted Islam and paid tribute.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=319}} They presumably recanted after bin Qasim's departure, which made Junayd's attack necessary. After Junayd's reconquest, the kingdom at Bhinmal appears to have been annexed by the Arabs.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=133}}

== Successor Gurjara kingdoms ==
{{main|Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty}}

A Gurjara kingdom was founded by Harichandra Rohilladhi at [[Mandore]] (''Mandavyapura'') in about 600 CE. This is expected to have been a small kingdom.{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=34}} His descendant, Nagabhata, shifted the capital to [[Merta City|Merta]] (Medāntakapura) in about 680 CE.{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=35}} Eventually, this dynasty adopted the designation of "Gurjara Pratihara" in line with the [[ Gurjara Pratihara]]s, to whom it became feudatory.{{sfn|Puri|1986|pp=37-39}}{{sfn|Sanjay Sharma|2006|p=191}} They are often referred to as Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty by historians.

The Bharuch line of Gurjaras ([[Gurjaras of Lata]]) was founded by [[Dadda|Dadda I]], who is identified with Harichandra's youngest son of the same name by many historians. These Gurjaras were always recognized as vassals (''sāmanthas'') though their allegiance might have varied over time. They are believed to have wrested a fair portion of the Lata province of the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]] and their kingdom also came to be regarded as part of Gurjaradesa.{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=41}}

A final line of [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Gurjars]] was founded by [[Nagabhata I]] at [[Jalore]], in the vicinity of Bhinmal, in about 730 CE, soon after Junayd's end of term in Sindh. Nagabhata is said to have defeated the "invincible Gurjaras," presumably those of Bhinmal.{{sfn|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012|p=8}} Another account credits him for having defeated a "Muslim ruler."{{sfn|Sanjay Sharma|2006|p=204}} [[Nagabhata I|Nagabhata]] is also known to have repelled the Arabs during a later raid.{{sfn|Blankinship|1994|p=188}} His dynasty later expanded to [[Ujjain]] and called itself [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]]. The rival kingdoms of Pratiharas, the [[Rashtrakuta]]s and [[Pala Empire|Palas]], however continued to call them [[Gurjar|Gurjaras]] or kings of Gurjaras (''Gurjaresa''). The [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]] became the dominant force of the entire Rajasthan and Gujarat regions, establishing a powerful empire centered at [[Kannauj]], the former capital of [[Harsha|Harshavardhana]].{{sfn|Puri|1986|loc=chapters 3–4}}

== Later references ==
Udyotana Suri's ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'' composed in [[Jalore]] in 778 CE describes in detail the Gurjara country as a beautiful country, whose residents are also referred to as Gurjaras.{{sfn|V. B. Mishra|1954|pp=50-51}} They were differentiated from the ''Saindhavas'' (people of [[Sindh]]), ''Latas'' (in [[South Gujarat|southern Gujarat]]), ''Malavas'' (people of [[Malwa]]) and ''Meravas''. They were mentioned to be devotees of [[dharma]] and clever in matters of peace as well as war.<ref>{{citation |last=Manglani |first=J. J. |title=Kuvalayamala - A source of Social and Cultural History of Rajasthan |journal=International Journal of Recent Research and Review |volume=1 |date=March 2012 |url=http://ijrrr.com/papers/7%20Samaraiccakaha.pdf }}</ref>

The term ''Gurjaratra'' is first mentioned in the [[Ghatiyala]] inscription of Kakkuka (Mandore Pratihara) in 861 CE. Kakkuka is said to have won the love of the people of Gurjaratra along with those Marumada, [[Vallabhi|Valla]] and Travani.<ref>{{harvtxt|Puri|1986|p=8}}; {{harvtxt|Krishna Gopal Sharma|1993|p=15}}</ref> Later records suggest that this Gurjaratra mandala was in the region of [[Didwana]] in the old [[Jodhpur State]].{{sfn|Puri|1986|p=8}}

In later times, the term Gurjaratra is used to connote the present day [[Gujarat]]. [[Jinadattasuri|Jinadatta Suri]] (1075-1154 CE) mentions a country of ''Gujaratta'' with its capital at [[Anahilapataka]] ([[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]) in northern Gujarat. The [[Chaulukya]]s ([[Solanki dynasty|Solankis]]) are also referred to as [[Gurjar|Gurjaras]] in inscriptions and their country as ''Gurjaradesa''.{{sfn|Puri|1986|pp=8-9}}

== Culture and science ==
[[Bhinmal]] was a great centre of learning. According to ''[[Kanhadade Prabandha]]'', it had 45,000 [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] who never tired of studying the ancient sacred books.<ref name="Padmanābha1991">{{citation|author=Padmanābha|title=Kānhaḍade Prabandha, India's Greatest Patriotic Saga of Medieval Times: Padmanābha's Epic Account of Kānhaḍade|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsdjAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=978-81-85179-54-4 |page=165}}</ref>

[[Brahmagupta]], the well-known mathematicians astronomer, was born in 598 CE in Bhinmal. He is likely to have lived most of his life in the town, during the empire of [[Harsha]]. He wrote two texts on mathematics and astronomy: The [[Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta]] in 628, and the Khandakhadyaka in 665. He made seminal contributions to mathematics, including the first mathematical treatment of [[zero (number)|zero]], rules for manipulating positive and negative numbers, as well as algorithms for algebraic operations on decimal numbers.<ref name="SenAgarwal2015">{{citation|last1=Sen|first1=Syamal K.|last2=Agarwal|first2=Ravi P.|title=Zero: A Landmark Discovery, the Dreadful Void, and the Ultimate Mind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwBaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|date=6 November 2015|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-12-804624-1|pages=39–}}</ref> His work on astronomy and mathematics was transmitted to the court of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] (r. 754-775 CE), who had the Indian astronomical texts translated into [[Arabic]]. Through these texts, the decimal number system spread through the Arab world and later Europe.<ref>{{citation |last=Avari |first=Burjor |author-link=Burjor Avari |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-58061-8 |page=32}}</ref>

The Sanskrit poet [[Magha (poet)|Magha]], the author of ''[[Shishupala Vadha|Sisupalavadha]],'' lived here in 680 CE.
The Jain scholar Siddharshi Gani, a resident of Bhinmal wrote
''Upmitibahava prapancha katha'' in 905 CE. The ''[[Jain Ramayana]]'' was written by Jain monk Vijayagani in 1595 CE. [[Jain acharya]] Udyotana Suri wrote ''[[Kuvalayamala]]'' here.

== See also ==
* [[Rajasthani people]]
* [[Architecture of Rajasthan]]
* [[Brahmagupta]]
* [[Hindu-Arabic numerals]]
* [[Mandore]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
; Sources
* {{cite journal |last=Bhandarkar |first=D. R. |author-link=D. R. Bhandarkar |title=Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=10 |number=1/2 |year=1929 |pages=25–44 |jstor=41682407 }}
* {{cite book |last=Blankinship |first=Khalid Yahya |author-link=Khalid Yahya Blankinship |title=The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz0Yy053WS4C |access-date=10 May 2015 |year=1994 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-1827-7 }}
* {{cite journal |first=V. B. |last=Mishra |title=Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras? |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=35 |number=1/4 |year=1954 |pages=42–53 |jstor=41784918 |ref={{sfnref|V. B. Mishra|1954}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |location=Delhi |year=1986 }}
** {{citation |first=Baij Nath |last=Puri |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal }}
* {{cite book |first=Krishna Gopal |last=Sharma |title=Early Jaina inscriptions of Rajasthan, Volume 1 |publisher=Navrang |year=1993 |isbn=8170130816 |ref={{sfnref|Krishna Gopal Sharma|1993}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Sanjay |title=Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj |journal=Studies in History |volume=22 |number=22 |year=2006 |pages=181–220 |doi=10.1177/025764300602200202 |s2cid=144128358 |ref={{sfnref|Sanjay Sharma|2006}}}}
* {{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Shanta Rani |title=Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=39 |number=1 |year=2012 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1177/0376983612449525 |s2cid=145175448 |ref={{sfnref|Shanta Rani Sharma|2012}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World |publisher=Brill |year=2002 |orig-year=first published 1996 |isbn=0391041738 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Glory That was Gurjardesha, Part 3 |last=Munshi |first=K.M.|publisher=Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1944 |location=Bombay}}

[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Geography of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Geography of Gujarat]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]

INFLIBNET Centre

2026-03-12T07:04:42Z

NXHLillian: Added The Article First Draft

{{short description|Education organization in Gandhinagar, India}}
{{Notability|1=Companies|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox library
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'''INFLIBNET Centre''' ('''Information and Library Network Centre''') is an Inter-University Centre of the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] under the [[Ministry of Education (India)]]. The organisation promotes and facilitates libraries and information resources for Indian further education. Its premises are in [[Gandhinagar]], Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/inflibnet-shodhganga-access-1-35-lakh-theses-online-now-1679587|title=INFLIBNET Shodhganga: Access 1.35 Lakh Theses Online Now|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

[[Shodhganga]], the digital repository of theses and dissertations submitted to universities in India is maintained by INFLIBNET Centre. INFLIBNET also performed an important role as an online learning resources by [[Ministry of Education (India)|HRD Ministry]] during [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/featurephilia/story/ugc-students-teachers-utilise-time-online-learning-1660021-2020-03-26|title=10 online learning resources by HRD Ministry you can use during Coronavirus lockdown|publisher=[[India Today (TV channel)|India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/let-covid-19-not-stop-you-from-learning-10-hrd-ugc-initiatives-for-online-learning-2200664|title=10 HRD-UGC Initiatives For Online Learning| publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

==History==

INFLIBNET is a major National Programme initiated by the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] on 27th February, 1991 as a project under the [[Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics]] (IUCAA). It became an independent Inter-University Centre in June 1996. INFLIBNET runs a nationwide high speed data network connecting university libraries and other information centres.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/varsity-eyes-access-to-digital-libraries/cid/1675065|title=10 Varsity eyes access to digital libraries|publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]]}}</ref>

INFLIBNET is involved in modernizing university libraries in India using the state-of-art technologies for the optimum utilisation of information. In 2022, [[University Grants Commission (India)]] launched an initiative with the Information and Library Network (INFLIBNET) Centre to assist research scholars and their supervisors in conducting their research.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/ugc-launches-shodh-chakra-to-help-scholars-guides-in-research-work-101652183176397.html|title=UGC launches Shodh Chakra to help scholars, guides in research work| publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

==Activities==

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==Further reading==
#{{cite web|last1=Shahaji Shankar Waghmode|title=Role of INFLIBNET in Growth and Development of Higher Education in India|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/22816/1/Role%20of%20INFLIBNET%20in%20Growth%20and%20Development%20of%20Higher%20Education%20in%20India.pdf|website=e-LiS|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
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Jyotiraditya Scindia

2026-03-07T14:25:31Z

NXHLillian:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jyotiraditya Scindia
| image = The official portrait of Minister Jyotiraditya Scindia.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| image_size = 220px
| office = 43rd [[Minister of Communications (India)|Union Minister of Communications]]
| term_start = 9 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| successor =
| office1 = 10th [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Union Minister of the Development of North Eastern Region]]
| term_start1 = 9 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| successor1 =
| office2 = 34th [[Ministry of Steel|Union Minister of Steel]]
| term_start2 = 6 July 2022
| term_end2 = 9 June 2024
| primeminister2 = Narendra Modi
| predecessor2 = [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
| successor2 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| office3 = 32nd [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| term_start3 = 7 July 2021
| primeminister3 = Narendra Modi
| term_end3 = 9 June 2024
| predecessor3 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] (as MoS I/C)
| successor3 = [[Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu]]
| office4 = 30th [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Union Minister of State (''Independent Charge'')]] for [[Ministry of Power (India)|Power]]
| primeminister4 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start4 = 28 October 2012
| term_end4 = 26 May 2014
| predecessor4 = [[Veerappa Moily]] (as Minister)
| successor4 = [[Piyush Goyal]]
| office5 = [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce and Industry]]
| primeminister5 = Manmohan Singh
| minister5 = [[Anand Sharma]]
| term_start5 = 28 May 2009
| term_end5 = 28 October 2012
| predecessor5 = [[Jairam Ramesh]]
| successor5 = [[Daggubati Purandeswari]]
| office6 = [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Union Minister of State]] for [[Minister of Communications (India)|Communications and Information Technology]]
| primeminister6 = Manmohan Singh
| minister6 = [[A. Raja|Andimuthu Raja]]
| term_start6 = 6 April 2008
| term_end6 = 22 May 2009
| predecessor6 = [[Shakeel Ahmad]]
| successor6 = [[Gurudas Kamat]]
| constituency7 = [[Guna (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Guna, Madhya Pradesh]]
| office7 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start7 = 4 June 2024
| term_end7 =
| predecessor7 = [[Krishna Pal Singh Yadav|Dr. K. P. Yadav]]
| successor7 =
| term_start8 = 24 February 2002
| term_end8 = 23 May 2019
| predecessor8 = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| successor8 = [[Krishna Pal Singh Yadav|Dr. K. P. Yadav]]
| constituency8 = [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna, Madhya Pradesh]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start9 = 20 June 2020
| term_end9 = 4 June 2024
| constituency9 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| predecessor9 = [[Satyanarayan Jatiya]]
| successor9 = [[George Kurian (politician)|George Kurian]]
| module = {{Infobox person|embed=yes|family=[[Scindia family]]}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2020)
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]) [[Stanford University]] ([[MBA]])
| spouse = {{marriage|Priyadarshini Raje Scindia|1994}}
| children = * Mahanaaryman Scindia (son)
* Ananya Raje (daughter)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (2001–2020)
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|social worker}}
| father = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
| birth_name = Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|01|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India (present-day Mumbai)
| residence = {{bulletedlist|[[Jai Vilas Palace]], [[Gwalior]]|Samudra Mahal, [[Mumbai]]|[[Gwalior House]], [[New Delhi]]|27, [[Safdarjung Road]], [[New Delhi]]}}
}}

'''Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia''' (born 1 January 1971; {{IPA|hi|d͡ʒjoːt̪ɪɾaːd̪ɪt̪jə maːd̪ʱəʋ.ɾaːʋ sɪn̪d̪ʱɪjaː}}) is an [[Indian politician]] who is serving as the 56th [[Ministry of Communications (India)|Minister of Communications]] and 10th [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]] since 2024. He was a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] representing the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] from 2020 till his win in the [[2024 Indian general elections|2024 Lok Sabha elections]].<ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref> He was a [[Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Guna (Lok Sabha constituency)|Guna constituency]] in Madhya Pradesh from 2002 until his defeat in the [[2019 Indian general election]], and then since 4 June 2024. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) since 2020 and was a former member of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) from 2001 to 2020. While a member of the INC, he was the Union Minister for Power and Corporate in the [[second Manmohan Singh ministry]] from 2012 to 2014.

Scindia is the son of politician [[Madhavrao Scindia]], and a grandson of [[Jiwajirao Scindia]], the last ruler of the [[princely state]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] during the [[British Raj]] in India. Jyotiraditya was briefly the titular Crown Prince of Gwalior in 1971, until the privy purses and titles of Indian royals were abolished by the government in 1971.

==Early life and education==
Scindia was born on 1 January 1971 in [[Mumbai]] to [[Madhavrao Scindia]] and Madhavi Raje Scindia. He originally belongs to [[Kurmi]] caste.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=M|first1=Dilip|last2=al|date=12 March 2019|title=Congress has never been a party of OBCs, but something's changing now|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/congress-has-never-been-a-party-of-obcs-but-somethings-changing-now/204518/|access-date=10 July 2020|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710064601/https://theprint.in/opinion/congress-has-never-been-a-party-of-obcs-but-somethings-changing-now/204518/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Scindia was educated at [[Campion School, Mumbai]] and at [[The Doon School]], [[Dehradun]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The evolution of Honorable Shri. Jyotiraditya Scindia|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/the-evolution-of-jyotiraditya-scindia/articleshow/11710390.cms|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=2 June 2002|access-date=21 June 2009|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/the-evolution-of-jyotiraditya-scindia/articleshow/11710390.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> At Doon School, Scindia was a contemporary of [[Rahul Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/the-prince-who-will-be-king/articleshow/970673762.cms|title=The prince who will be king|newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 October 2001}}</ref> He then studied at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]. He later went to [[Harvard College]], the undergraduate [[liberal arts college]] of [[Harvard University]], where he graduated with BA degree in [[Economics]] in 1993. In 2001, he received a [[Master of Business Administration]] from the [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commerce.nic.in/bio/stateminister.asp|title=Honorable Shri. Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia - Minister of State for Commerce & Industry|publisher=Department of Commerce, Government of India|access-date=8 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163607/http://www.commerce.nic.in/bio/stateminister.asp|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dipp.nic.in/CV_MOS.htm|title=Jyotiraditya M. Scindia - Minister of State for Commerce & Industry|publisher=Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion, Government of India|access-date=8 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322024448/http://www.dipp.nic.in/CV_MOS.htm|archive-date=22 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=maDlGagoF-I |title=Jyotiraditya Scindia ने Saurabh Dwivedi को PM Modi, Rahul Gandhi, 'तहखाने' पर क्या बताया? {{!}} Jamghat |date=2024-02-17 |last=The Lallantop |access-date=2024-07-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

Scindia is a grandson of [[Jiwajirao Scindia]], the last Maharaja of the [[princely state]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]. His father Madhavrao was a politician and a minister in the government of [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. His mother, Madhavi Raje (Kiran Rajya Lakshmi Devi), hails from the [[Rana dynasty]] of [[Nepal]]. He is married to Priyadarshini Raje of the prominent [[Gaekwad dynasty]] of [[Baroda]] (who studied at [[Fort Convent School, Mumbai]] and later [[Sophia College for Women|Sophia College]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/jyotiraditya-scindias-complete-family-tree-explained-3048366.html|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia's complete family tree explained|work=[[Oneindia]]|date=11 March 2020|access-date=26 July 2023}}</ref>

==Political career==
===Indian National Congress===
[[File:Shri Jyotiraditya Madhavrao Scindia taking charge as Minister of State for Communications & Information Technology, in New Delhi on April 09, 2008.jpg|thumb|Scindia in 2008 as Minister of State for Communications & Information Technology|left]]

On 30 September 2001, the Guna constituency fell vacant due to the death of Scindia's father, the sitting MP Madhavrao Scindia, in an aeroplane crash in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Madhavrao Scindia Dies In Plane Crash |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/madhavrao-scindia-dies-in-plane-crash/213264 |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |date=30 September 2001 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626091103/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/madhavrao-scindia-dies-in-plane-crash/213264 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 December, he formally joined the INC and pledged to uphold the "secular, liberal and social justice values" of his father.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prasad |first1=K.V. |title=Like father, like son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/12/18/stories/2001121801521200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=14 February 2019 |date=18 December 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On 24 February, he won the [[by-election]] in Guna, defeating his nearest rival, Desh Raj Singh Yadav of the BJP, by a margin of approximately 450,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jyotiraditya Scindia wins Guna by 4.5 lakh votes |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2002/feb/24_bye_agen_rep_10.htm |work=Rediff.com |access-date=14 February 2019 |date=24 February 2002 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050455/https://www.rediff.com/election/2002/feb/24_bye_agen_rep_10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He was re-elected in May 2004,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jyotiraditya Scindia wins Guna by 4.5 lakh votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040524-lok-sabha-polls-2004-power-families-in-parliament-790044-2004-05-24 |publisher=India Today.com |access-date=17 September 2019 |date=24 May 2004 |archive-date=19 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171310/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20040524-lok-sabha-polls-2004-power-families-in-parliament-790044-2004-05-24 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was introduced to the Union Council of Ministers in 2007 as Minister of State for Communications and Information Technology. He was then re-elected in 2009 for a third consecutive term and became Minister of State for Commerce and Industry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia became Minister of State for Commerce and Industry.|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/jyotiraditya-scindia|publisher=business.standard.com|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171521/https://www.business-standard.com/topic/jyotiraditya-scindia|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was appointed Minister of State for Communication in 2007 later as minister of state independent charge for Power in a cabinet reshuffle which drafted a number of younger politicians into the Indian cabinet, including two other scions of princely families, [[R. P. N. Singh]] and [[Jitendra Singh (INC politician)|Jitendra Singh]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Hartosh Singh Baal|title=The Princelings of India|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=5 November 2012|url=http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/05/the-princelings-of-indias-congress-party|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614045554/https://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/11/05/the-princelings-of-indias-congress-party|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was among the richest ministers in the [[UPA government]] with assets valued at {{INR convert|25|c}} including investments in Indian and foreign securities worth over {{INRConvert|16|c|0}} and jewellery worth over {{INRConvert|5.7|c|0}}.<ref name=scindia-assets1>{{cite web|title=Patel, Scindia among richest ministers in India|date=10 September 2010|publisher=Rediff Business|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/report/patel-scindia-among-richest-ministers-in-india/20100910.htm|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171526/https://www.rediff.com/money/report/patel-scindia-among-richest-ministers-in-india/20100910.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, he filed a legal claim to be the sole inheritor of the property belonging to his late father worth {{INRConvert|20000|c|0}}, however this was challenged in court by his aunts.<ref name=scindia-assets2>{{cite web|title=Scindia Feud: Castles in the heir|author=Ambreesh Mishra|date=13 November 2010|publisher=India Today Magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20101122-scindia-feud-castle-in-the-heir-744753-2010-11-12|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211201113/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/scindia-feud-castle-in-the-heir/1/119732.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{clarify|reason= so what happened? this is a decade ago|date=July 2020}}

He was tasked by the [[Planning Commission (India)|Indian Planning Commission]] with preventing a repetition of the [[July 2012 India blackout]], the [[List of power outages|largest power outage in history]], which affected over 620 million people (about 9% of the world population).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/31/india-blackout-electricity-power-cuts|title=India blackouts leave 700 million without power|date=31 July 2012|author=Helen Pidd|access-date=31 July 2012|work=The Guardian|archive-date=5 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605230637/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jul/31/india-blackout-electricity-power-cuts|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's Mass Power Failure Worst Ever in World History |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=770631 |work=Outlook |agency=Press Trust of India |date=1 August 2012 |access-date=1 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801052804/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=770631 |archive-date= 1 August 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Grid safety tops Montek Singh Ahluwalia's wish list for Jyotiraditya Scindia|author=Sanjay Datta|date=20 November 2012|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/energy/power/grid-safety-tops-montek-singh-ahluwalias-wish-list-for-jyotiraditya-scindia/articleshow/17291823.cms|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-date=23 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423022054/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/energy/power/grid-safety-tops-montek-singh-ahluwalias-wish-list-for-jyotiraditya-scindia/articleshow/17291823.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2013, he claimed that checks and balances had been put in place to prevent any recurrence of grid collapse and that India would have the world's largest integrated grid by January 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's power grid set to be world's largest|author=Anupama Airy|publisher=Hindustan Times|date=13 May 2013|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/India-s-power-grid-set-to-be-world-s-largest/Article1-1059607.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618012255/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/India-s-power-grid-set-to-be-world-s-largest/Article1-1059607.aspx|archive-date=18 June 2013}}</ref>

In 2014, he was elected from Guna.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia wins Guna seat|publisher=Economic Times|date=16 May 2014|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2014-lok-sabha-elections-results-jyotiraditya-scindia-wins-guna-seat/articleshow/35217932.cms|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501223458/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2014-lok-sabha-elections-results-jyotiraditya-scindia-wins-guna-seat/articleshow/35217932.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, he lost his seat to [[Krishna Pal Singh Yadav]]. In 2019, he was appointed as General Secretary in-charge for Uttar Pradesh West along with [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka Gandhi Vadra.]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Guna Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Krishna Pal Singh of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/guna-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154581.html |work=News18 |date=23 May 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902104925/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/guna-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154581.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Bharatiya Janata Party===
[[File:Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia assumed charge as the Union Minister of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), in New Delhi on June 12, 2024.jpg|thumb|Jyotiraditya M. Scindia assumed charge as the Union [[Minister of Development of North Eastern Region]] (DoNER), in New Delhi on June 12, 2024.]]
Citing disgruntlement with the INC leadership, Scindia quit the Congress party on {{dts|10 March 2020}}. The Congress party then released a statement claiming that he had been expelled for "anti-party activities." He joined the BJP on 11 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stung by Scindia resignation congress claims it expelled guna royal for anti party activities|publisher=News18|date=10 March 2020|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/stung-by-scindias-resignation-congress-claims-it-expelled-guna-royal-for-anti-party-activities-2532049.html|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171521/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/stung-by-scindias-resignation-congress-claims-it-expelled-guna-royal-for-anti-party-activities-2532049.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia resigns from congress|author=Deepak Upadhyay|publisher=Live Mint|date=10 March 2020|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mp-political-crisis-jyotiraditya-scindia-meets-pm-narendra-modi-amit-shah-11583822170775.html|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171521/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/mp-political-crisis-jyotiraditya-scindia-meets-pm-narendra-modi-amit-shah-11583822170775.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Other MLAs loyal to him also resigned from the INC and their MLA posts. This led to the [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]] which in turn resulted in the resignation of [[Kamal Nath]] as [[Chief minister (India)|chief minister]] on 23 March 2020. Nath's replacement, [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]], was sworn in as [[chief minister of Madhya Pradesh]] on 23 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title =22 rebel Cong MLAs, whose resignation led to fall of Kamal Nath govt, join BJP|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/22-rebel-cong-mlas-whose-resignation-led-to-fall-of-kamal-nath-govt-join-bjp-11584797981690.html|publisher=Live Mint}}</ref>

On 19 June 2020, Scindia was elected a BJP [[Rajya Sabha]] MP from Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia, Digvijaya Singh among 19 elected to Rajya Sabha|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 June 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-elections-2020-results/article31871383.ece|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719171310/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajya-sabha-elections-2020-results/article31871383.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 July 2021, he was appointed as the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]] in [[Second Modi ministry]] after a cabinet reshuffle in July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|title=Modi cabinet rejig: Full list of new ministers|website=India Today|date=7 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707132605/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-cabinet-rejig-full-list-of-new-ministers-1825111-2021-07-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2022, he was appointed Prime Minister Modi's special envoy to Romania to oversee the evacuation of Indian nationals in Ukraine resulting from the ongoing [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. As a part of [[Operation Ganga]], he oversaw the evacuation efforts of students and Indian professionals through [[Bucharest]] and [[Suceava]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Operation Ganga in full gear!': Jyotiraditya Scindia meets Indian Ambassador to Romania, Moldova on evacuation of Indian nationals in Ukraine |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/operation-ganga-in-full-gear-jyotiraditya-scindia-meets-indian-ambassador-to-romania-moldova-on-evacuation-of-indian-nationals-in-ukraine |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302025234/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/operation-ganga-in-full-gear-jyotiraditya-scindia-meets-indian-ambassador-to-romania-moldova-on-evacuation-of-indian-nationals-in-ukraine |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Other roles==
Scindia is the chairman of the regional [[Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association]] (MPCA).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpcaonline.com/details.php?bWVudT1tYW5hZ2luZ19jb21taXR0ZWVzLnBocA== |title=MPCA, Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association, Indore | Cricket in Madhya Pradesh | Cricket | Indore | MPCA | CK Naidu | Holkar Cricket | Holkar Stadium |publisher=Mpcaonline.com |access-date=18 July 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719001052/http://mpcaonline.com/details.php?bWVudT1tYW5hZ2luZ19jb21taXR0ZWVzLnBocA== |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the [[spot fixing]] scandal in the [[Indian Premier League]] was made apparent and [[Sanjay Jagdale]], a member of the MPCA, resigned from his post as secretary in the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], Scindia spoke out against corruption in Indian cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/scindia-calls-for-time-frame-to-complete-spot-fixing-enquiry_763971.html|title=Scindia calls for time-frame to complete spot-fixing enquiry|publisher=Z-News, India|date=24 June 2013|access-date=13 August 2013|archive-date=1 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501044247/https://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/scindia-calls-for-time-frame-to-complete-spot-fixing-enquiry_763971.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is the president of the Board of Governors of [[Scindia School]] and [[Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya]] which was founded by his great-grandfather, [[Madho Rao Scindia]], in 1897.<ref>{{cite news |title=Public schools in India woo British Asian pupils|author=Amit Roy|date=1 January 2006|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4199939/Public-schools-in-India-woo-British-Asian-pupils.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/4199939/Public-schools-in-India-woo-British-Asian-pupils.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=The Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Scindia School: Fees and Funding|year=2013|url=http://www.scindia.edu/pros-students.php?CId=23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101142813/http://www.scindia.edu/pros-students.php?CId=23|archive-date=1 November 2013}}</ref> He is a hereditary patron of [[Daly College]], Indore which was established in 1870 to educate the children of the royalty, [[nobility]], and aristocracy of Central Indian princely states of the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Rajput]]s and [[Bundela]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dalycollege.org/patrons.html|title=Patrons|website=Daly college|access-date=9 September 2019|archive-date=3 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703112702/https://www.dalycollege.org/patrons.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is also the chairman of [[Madhav Institute of Technology and Science]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mitsgwalior.in/BOG.php|title=Chairman|website=MITS Gwalior|access-date=28 May 2020|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327030311/https://mitsgwalior.in/BOG.php|url-status=live}}</ref> and President of [[Samrat Ashok Technological Institute]] (SATI, Vidisha)<ref name="p822">{{cite web | title=Samrat Ashok Technological Institute, Vidisha | website=Society | url=https://www.satiengg.in/about-us/society | access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jai Vilas Mahal]]
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3958 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173054/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=3958 |date=15 December 2018 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Madhavrao Scindia]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Member of Parliament for [[Guna Lok Sabha constituency|Guna]]
| years = 2002 – 2019
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Krishna Pal Singh Yadav]]
}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Veerappa Moily]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ministry of Power (India)|Minister of Power]]
| years = 29 October 2012 - 26 May 2014 ''(Minister of State with Independent charge)''
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Piyush Goyal]] ''(Minister of State with Independent charge)''
}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] ''(Minister of State with Independent charge)''
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| years = 7 July 2021 – Present
}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-bef
| before = [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Ministry of Steel|Minister of Steel]]
| years = 6 July 2022 – Present
}}
{{s-inc}}
|-
{{s-end}}

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}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Politics|Royalty|Hinduism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Scindia, Jyotiraditya}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:People from Gwalior]]

Anyarku Praveshanamilla

2026-03-03T20:36:02Z

NXHLillian: expand content further and corrected details

{{Primary sources|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anyarku Praveshanamilla
| native_name = [[Malayalam]]: അന്യർക് പ്രവേശനമില്ല
| alt =
| image =
| caption =
| director = V.S Jayakrishna
| producer = Dhanesh Prabha Kakkad
| writer = Jayaraj Madai, Hari Madai
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Tini Tom]] | [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] | [[Sunil Sukhada]] | [[Idavela Babu]] | [[Sreejith Ravi]] | [[Bijukuttan]] | Aditi Rai}}
| music = V.S Jayakrishna Varun Raghav
| cinematography = Shaji Jacob Rajesh narayanan
| studio = DD Entertainment Grammy Entertainment
| editing = Kapil Gopalakrishnan
| distributor = Cinema Paradiso
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|06|17}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''Anyarku Praveshanamilla''' ({{translation|No entry for strangers}}) is a 2016 [[Malayalam]] language [[family drama|family]] [[comedy thriller]] film directed by V.S Jayakrishna and produced by Dhanesh Prabha Kakkad<ref name="Dhanesh Prabha Kakkad">{{cite news |title=Official Facebook Page-Producer |url=https://www.facebook.com/dhanesh.prabha.5?fref=ts}}</ref> and Sajesh Nair under the banner DD entertainment<ref name="Official Facebook Page">{{cite news |title=Official Facebook Page-Production Company |url=https://www.facebook.com/ddentertainments2014/?fref=ts}}</ref> and Grammy entertainment. The film features [[Tini Tom]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Idavela Babu]], [[Sunil Sukhada|Sunil Sugatha]] in the lead roles. The film was released on 17 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaihindtvonline.in/2016/05/09/1959.html |title=Release date |work=www.jaihindtvonline.in}}</ref>

The film explains the critical issues, when friends and outsiders are given undue importance and involvement in a family's personal space. Every issue is shared meaningfully and with humor touch throughout the film. The film's title, "Anyarku Praveshanamilla" is thus given appropriately to safeguard family's personal space.

==Synopsis==
Priyadarshan is a dubbing artist for TV serials and Ad-Films. He married Anjana for four years. They were concerned about not having a child. To overcome that, they socialised without realizing where to control and restrict their friends in their personal family space. Priyadarshan and Anjana are such couple who openly speaks their issues each other and resolve the same. Meera and Valanja Vazhi Sinjo are their intimate friends during college time. It was a surprise for Priyadarshan and Anjana to meet their old friends again after many years. Gradually these old friends started visiting the couple very frequently in their apartment. In one of their neighboring flats stay Chacko, David, and Kaimal. They lead a lavish life. Priyadarshan befriends them. Meanwhile, Anjana smells something fishy about Priyadarshan's behavior. The resulting incidents are narrated in ‘Anyarku Praveshanamilla’ through suspense comedy track. The moral is friends and outsiders should not be overly involved in one family's personal space.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Tini Tom]] as Priyadarshan
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodu-play-basketball-coach-anyarkku-praveshanamilla/article18598.htm/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404011459/http://www.desimartini.com/news/malayalam/suraj-venjaramoodu-play-basketball-coach-anyarkku-praveshanamilla/article18598.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2015 |title=Movie News |work=Desimartini|date=10 March 2015 }}</ref> as Valanja Vazhi Sinjo
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Black Mani
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Chako
* [[Chali Pala]] as Kaimal
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as David
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Shefi
* Aditi Rai as Anjana (Priyadarshan's Wife)
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Mary
* Jeena Riju as Meera
* Shruti as Kavitha Nair
* [[Kottayam Pradeep]] as Director Ittikandom
* [[Saji Surendran]] as himself
* Kalabhavan Rahman as Ratheesh
* Shreyani
* Master Koustubh
* Baby Adisha
*Harisree Yousof as Priest
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film is produced by Dhanesh Prabha Kakkad and Sajesh Nair under the banner of DD Entertainment & Grammy Entertainment. Cinematography was done by Rajesh Narayanan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jac-ifjqEiU |title=On Location Videos |work=Visagaar malayalam Youtube Page}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2yIEQwFzU4w |title=On Location Videos |work=Indiaglitz Youtube Page|date=12 June 2015 }}</ref>
and music direction by VS Jayakrishna & Varun Raghav. Stills were done by Premlal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala9.com/movie/anyarkku-praveshanamilla/stills |title=Movie Stills |work=www.kerala 9.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacinemanews.com/malayalam/anyarkku-praveshanamilla-malayalam-movie-photos/ |title=Posters |work=www.indiacinemanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://sharestills.com/movies/malayalam/anyarkku-praveshanamilla-movie-stills/ |title=Film Stills |work=www.sharestills.com |access-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428160604/http://sharestills.com/movies/malayalam/anyarkku-praveshanamilla-movie-stills/ |archive-date=28 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movie/anyarkku-praveshanamilla-4910/ |title=Pictures |work=www.metromatinee.com }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/anyarkku-praveshanamilla/photos.html/ |title=Stills |work=www.filmibeat.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The film was shot<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPEPFlhQ3Ro |title=Making Video |work=HOTNSOURTV Youtube Page|date=17 May 2016 }}</ref> at various locations in Aluva, Ernakulam, Thodupuzha, Vagamon.

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Anyarku praveshanamilla
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = VS Jayakrishna, Varun Raghav
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{Start date|2016|05|22|df=yes|}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=10|s=17}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
| producer = Dhanesh Prabha Kakkad
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
Two songs were composed for the film. The title song is composed by Varun Raghav and sung by [[Jassie Gift]]. The second song, "Dhekho mein thumse" was marked as a highlight of the film, the song was written by the renowned Film director [[Major Ravi]] and sung and acted by actor [[Tini Tom]] himself,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/malayalam/marunadan-malayali-epaper-marunada/mangleeshinu-shesham-dini-dom-veendum-pinnani-gayakanakunnu-anyarkku-praveshanamillayil-tharam-padiya-ganam-kanam-newsid-53570692 |title=Tini Tom Sung a Song |work=Dailyhunt.in}}</ref> and is composed by director V.S Jayakrishna.

{{track listing
| headline = Anyarku praveshanamilla (soundtrack)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:17
| title1 = Dhekho mein thumse-(Hindi)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCjaf6dIKfA |title=Official Song Launch |work=MUZIK 247 Youtube Page|date=22 May 2016 }}</ref>
| lyrics1 = [[Major Ravi]]
| music1 = V.S Jayakrishna
| extra1 = [[Tini Tom]], Sheen Shah
| length1 = 5:24
| title2 = Kalla Kannaal Karalinakath
| lyrics2 = Shabi Panangat
| music2 = Varun Raghav
| extra2 = [[Jassie Gift]], Anjali Sugunan
| length2 = 4:53
}}

==Release==
The film was initially planned for a release in February 2016. But the post-production works did not complete, which postponed the film to open during the [[Hindu]] festival of [[Vishu]] in April 2016. But the release date was again pushed to May as the post-production work had only completed on May first week. ''Anyarku Praveshanamilla'' was finally scheduled to release on 17 June 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemonmoviemedia.com/anyarkku-praveshanamilla-ready-to-release/ |title=Release date |work=www.lemonmoviemedia.com |access-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512181244/http://www.lemonmoviemedia.com/anyarkku-praveshanamilla-ready-to-release/ |archive-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Expand section|date=July 2018}}
The movie had a limited release and was a disaster at the box office.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=5659154}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/AnyarkkuPraveshanamilla/?fref=ts Official Facebook Page]

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]

Johnny (2003 film)

2026-03-03T18:06:29Z

NXHLillian: reworked information also and updated info to improve readability

{{short description|2003 film by Pawan Kalyan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Johnny
| image = Johnny 2003 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| producer = [[Allu Aravind]]
| writer = Pawan Kalyan
| starring = Pawan Kalyan [[Renu Desai]] [[Raghuvaran]]
| music = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]] [[Shyam Palav]]
| editing = Yusuf Khan
| studio = [[Geetha Arts]]
| distributor = K. A. D. Movies
| released = {{Film date|2003|04|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 178 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Johnny''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[martial arts film]] written and directed by [[Pawan Kalyan]]. Produced by [[Allu Aravind]], the film starred Pawan Kalyan in the [[Title character|title role]], while [[Renu Desai]], [[Raghuvaran]], and [[Raza Murad]] played pivotal roles. The film revolves around a martial arts coach who decides to use his skills to earn prize money in competitions required to save his wife suffering from [[blood cancer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review - Johnny |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-johnny.html| date=25 April 2003 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The theatrical distribution rights of ''Johnny'' were sold for over {{Indian Rupee}}21 [[crore]], the highest price ever for a [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] at the time.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Vijayalaxmi |date=23 April 2003 |title=Pawan Kalyan sets a record |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/23pawan.htm |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film was released on April 25, 2003.<ref name=":0" /> It also became the first-ever Telugu film to be released with over 250 prints worldwide including the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-28 |title=Pawan Kalyan and Renu Desai's Johnny completes 17 Years today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pawan-kalyan-and-renu-desais-johnny-completes-17-years-today/photostory/75373720.cms |access-date=2024-07-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Its most significant accomplishment was being the first Telugu movie to be released with over 250 prints worldwide, including the United States.}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-02 |title=Pawan Kalyan Birthday: As Actor Turns 48, Here are 5 of His Best Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/pawan-kalyan-birthday-as-actor-turns-48-here-are-5-of-his-best-films-2293883.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=News18 |language=en |quote=Johnny became the first ever Telugu film to be released with over 250 prints worldwide including the United States. Johnny was screened at the International Film Festival of India (IFFI).}}</ref> The film was a disaster. It became the first flop in Pawan Kalyan's career after seven consecutive hits.<ref name="johnny" /> The film was acknowledged for its stylish presentation and fight sequences, but the writing was criticised.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2013-09-03 |title=Poor screenplay messed up Johnny : Pawan Kalyan |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/poor-screenplay-messed-up-johnny-pawan-kalyan.html |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=[[123Telugu.com]] |language=en}}</ref> Despite the film's commercial failure, its [[Stage combat|action choreography]] is considered to have set new standards in Telugu cinema reflecting a more grounded and believable approach to action.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Padhi |first=Sandeep |date=2021-05-23 |title=The Action In Pawan Kalyan's Johnny |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/readers-articles/johnny-telugu-movie-pawan-kalyan-the-action |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name=":2" />

== Plot ==
Johnny loses his mother when he was a kid. He runs away from his alcoholic father Ravishankar and dysfunctional family. Years later, from a small time [[club fighter]], Johnny becomes a [[mixed martial arts]] coach. One day, a woman named Geetha lodges a police complaint on Johnny for beating up a man. Later, she discovers that it was a misunderstanding. Both become friends and eventually get married.

After marriage, Johnny finds out that his wife is suffering from [[leukemia]]. He relocates to [[Mumbai]] to pay for her medical treatment and finds himself in dire need to pay for the medical expenses. While competing at an amateur [[kickboxing]] competition, Johnny is bought out by the organizer Tatya for a lump sum offer to compete with two international martial artists. Johnny defeats them and earns a sum of {{Indian Rupee}}{{formatnum:200000}} overnight, which he uses for Geeta's treatment.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Pawan Kalyan]] as Johnny Damle
** [[Panja Vaisshnav Tej]] as Young Johnny
* [[Renu Desai]] as Geetanjali "Geeta" Damle, Johnny's wife
* [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Johnny's mother and Ravi's first wife
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Ravishankar "Ravi" Damle, Johnny's father
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Ravi's second wife and Johnny's stepmother
* [[Ali_(actor)|Ali]] as Pathan Babu Lal
* [[Raza Murad]] (credited as Raja Murad) as Tatya
* [[Brahmaji]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]]
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Appalraju alias Anthony
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Lingam
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as a goon who harasses women
* [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]] as Karate Satti
* Harish Pai as Pandu
* Yaadi as Dayanand
* Aryan Khan (Parvez) as Nazir
* Shoaib as Laddu Yadav
* Usman as Mahesh
* Devi Charan as Chinna Ghouse
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Ramana Gogula]]. The song "Ee Reyi Theyanadi" is based on the ''[[Chitti Chellelu]]'' (1970) song of the same name which itself was based on the French song ''[[L'amour est bleu]]'' (1967).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2018-08-28 |title=How A 1967 Eurovision Song Was Ripped Off By A Pawan Kalyan Movie |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-a-1967-eurovision-song-was-ripped-off-by-a-pawan-kalyan-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603031755/https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/how-a-1967-eurovision-song-was-ripped-off-by-a-pawan-kalyan-movie/ |archive-date=3 June 2020 |access-date=2019-03-12 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' in an audio review, "Overall, this album with 10 numbers in it calls in for a decent hearing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/johnny.html|title=Audio review of Johnny - Hodgepodge of solos, duets and music bits|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030415204151/https://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/johnny.html|archive-date=15 April 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Sunil|first=Sreya|access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Johnny
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = January 1, 2003<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/johnny-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928891252 |title=Johnny (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Ramana Gogula |website=[[iTunes]] |access-date=14 April 2018 |archive-date=15 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415070646/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/johnny-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/928891252 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:33
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Mounamelanoyi]]
| prev_year = 2002
| next_title = [[Relax (film)|Relax]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:35
| title1 = Go Johnny
| length1 = 1:21
| lyrics1 = [[Ramana Gogula]]
| extra1 = Ramana Gogula
| title2 = Dojo Music
| length2 = 3:42
| lyrics2 = {{Emdash}}
| extra2 = Instrumental
| title3 = Nuvvu Saara
| length3 = 1:57
| lyrics3 = Masterji
| extra3 = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| title4 = Ravoyi Maa Country Ki
| extra4 = [[Pawan Kalyan]]
| length4 = 2:00
| lyrics4 = Masterji
| title5 = Dharmardha Kamamulalona
| extra5 = [[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]]
| length5 = 1:03
| lyrics5 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| title6 = Cool and Lovely
| extra6 = Ramana Gogula
| length6 = 2:18
| lyrics6 = Ramana Gogula
| title7 = Naaraz Kaakuraa
| extra7 = Ramana Gogula
| length7 = 5:08
| lyrics7 = Masterji
| title8 = Ee Reyi Theyanadi
| extra8 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] & [[Nanditha]]
| length8 = 4:54
| lyrics8 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| title9 = Ye Chota Nuvvuna
| extra9 = Rajesh & Nanditha
| length9 = 4:08
| lyrics9 = Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry
| title10 = Naalo Nuvokasagami
| extra10 = [[K. K.]] & [[Singer Usha|Usha]]
| length10 = 4:04
| lyrics10 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
}}

== Release ==
''Johnny''<nowiki/>'s worldwide distribution rights were sold for a record breaking amount of over {{Indian Rupee}}21 [[crore]], the highest price ever for a [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] at the time surpassing the previous record of ''[[Chennakesava Reddy]]'' (2002), which was sold for {{Indian Rupee}}19.5 crore.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="johnny">{{Cite web |date=15 May 2003 |title=Johnny sinks, but Pawan Kalyan remains afloat |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100721144324/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/17pawan.htm |archive-date=21 July 2010 |access-date= |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> It was sold for {{Indian Rupee}}7.5 crore in the [[Telangana|Nizam region]], {{Indian Rupee}}4.5 crore in [[Ceded Districts|Ceded]] and for {{Indian Rupee}}9 crore for the rest of Andhra Pradesh.

''Johnny'' was released in over 310 theaters worldwide with digital print quality.<ref name="johnny" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2003 |title=Simran to quit films? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/apr/28south.htm |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |quote=After opening to a positive response in over 310 theatres, Johnny lost its magic on Friday night itself.}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film was released to negative reviews. [[Gudipoodi Srihari]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "There seems to be more eccentricity than sense in the film directed by Pavan Kalyan. He also plays the title role of ''Johnny''".<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |first=Gudipoodi|last= Srihari|author-link=Gudipoodi Srihari |date=2003-04-28 |title=Tedious fare |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042801100400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030730095640/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/28/stories/2003042801100400.htm |archive-date=2003-07-30 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "One can watch this film with an academic interest to study how not to direct a film. This film has all style and no substance".<ref name=":0" /> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "On the whole Johnny lacks style, story or soul".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13048949&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Johnny|work=[[Sify]]|last=Moviebuzz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050125164233/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13048949&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=25 January 2005}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
In 2003, Pawan Kalyan's styling from the film became a trend, with ''Johnny'' T-shirts, [[Kerchief|bandanas]], [[Armband|armbands]], and caps becoming very popular.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 May 2012 |title=Some 'power' dressing this! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/some-power-dressing-this/articleshow/13485927.cms |access-date=2024-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''Johnny'' is noted for its realistic and innovative action sequences, which were praised for their authenticity and integration into the storyline.<ref name=":3" /> Despite the film's commercial failure, its [[Stage combat|action choreography]] set new standards in Telugu cinema reflecting a more grounded and believable approach to action. The film's failure led Kalyan to move to more conventional, larger-than-life roles, impacting the innovation in his action sequences in subsequent films.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0316062}}

[[Category:2000s action drama films]]
[[Category:2000s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2003 sports films]]
[[Category:2003 drama films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 martial arts films]]
[[Category:Films about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Geetha Arts films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Indian martial arts films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Kickboxing films]]
[[Category:Mixed martial arts films]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]

Wife Off

2026-03-03T09:08:24Z

NXHLillian: put up details

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Bhanu Yerubandi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Wife Off poster.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| director = Bhanu Yerubandi
| writer = Bhanu Yerubandi
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plain list|
* Divya Sree Gurugubelli
* Abhinav Manikanta
* Nikhil Gajula
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* Divya Sree Gurugubelli
* Abhinav Manikanta
* Nikhil Gajula
}}
| cinematography = Ashkar Ali
| editing = Sai Krishna Ganala
| music = Praneeth Muzic
| studio = Tamada Media
| distributor = [[ETV Win]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|1|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 80 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Wife Off''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Crime film|crime]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Bhanu Yerubandi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pulagam |first=Satya |date=2025-01-23 |title='వైఫ్ ఆఫ్' రివ్యూ: రాత్రికొచ్చే అమ్మాయి... గంజాయి... ఎఫైర్లు... ETV Winలో కొత్త సస్పెన్స్ డ్రామా ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-wife-off-movie-review-in-telugu-divya-sree-abhinav-manikanta-nikhil-gajula-suspense-drama-streaming-on-etv-win-195118 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123025901/https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-wife-off-movie-review-in-telugu-divya-sree-abhinav-manikanta-nikhil-gajula-suspense-drama-streaming-on-etv-win-195118 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film features Divya Sree Gurugubelli, Abhinav Manikanta and Nikhil Gajula in lead roles.

The film was released on 23 January 2025 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-23 |title=Wife Off OTT release date: Here's when and where you can watch Divya Sree and Abhinav Manikanta's crime thriller online |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/wife-off-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-divya-sree-and-abhinav-manikantas-crime-thriller-online-1368935 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124221357/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/wife-off-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-you-can-watch-divya-sree-and-abhinav-manikantas-crime-thriller-online-1368935 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Avani, a budding actress and Abhi, a short film director fall in love. Unfortunately, Avani marries her Uncles son, Ram. In a serious events, Avani gets involved in prostitution and a series of murders.

==Cast==
* Divya Sree Gurugubelli as Avani
* Abhinav Manikanta as Abhi
* Nikhil Gajula as Ram
* Sai Swetha
* Veera Manohar Kaavali
* Kiran Putakala

== Release and reception ==
''Wife Off'' was originally scheduled to have a theatrical release, but had a [[direct-to-video]] release on 23 January 2025 on [[ETV Win]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wife Off OTT release date: When, where to watch Divya Sree's social thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/wife-off-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-divya-srees-social-thriller/e521dc7c4c508 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

Bhavana Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' was critical of screenplay and wrote in her review, "''Wife Off'' had the potential to deliver a gripping thriller but ultimately falls short due to lackluster storytelling, clichéd themes, and poor technical execution".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2025-01-26 |title=Wife Off Review: A Thriller That Falls Short of Expectations |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/wife-off-review-a-thriller-that-falls-short-of-expectations-1856777 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Avad Mohammad of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and wrote, "''Wife Off'' is a film that has decent twists. But to enjoy them one has to sit through some silly scenes and predictable drama".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wife Off Review: Divya Sree's ETV Win original is a half-baked thriller |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/wife-off-review-divya-srees-etv-win-original-is-a-half-baked-thriller/0c071cc57f970 |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250130102437/https://www.ottplay.com/review/wife-off-review-divya-srees-etv-win-original-is-a-half-baked-thriller/0c071cc57f970 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2025 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:ETV Win original films]]

Bulak

2026-02-27T00:54:36Z

NXHLillian:

{{other uses|Bulak (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2023}}
A '''bulak''' or '''bulaki''' is an [[Jewellery|ornament or jewellery]] item that is a part of traditional attire of women in Northern India and Nepal.

==Design==
Bulak is a type of [[nose piercing|nose ring]] worn at the nasal septum. It is usually worn by married women and is generally made out of 10-12 gram pure gold. It is peculiarly designed by the skillful [[goldsmith]]s who carve intricate motif designs on it.
The average length of a bulak can be up to 4–5 cm along with a hook-like end, so that it could be worn easily.
The bottom part of a bulak has intricate carving on it and the pearls are in a conical shape giving it an elegant look.
The hook at which the bulaq is worn, resembles the inverted 'U' of the English alphabet.

Bulaks previously on display at the V&A museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Victoria and Albert |title=Nose Ring, Bulak {{!}} V&A Explore The Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1313360/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Museum |first=Victoria and Albert |title=Nose Ring, Bulak {{!}} V&A Explore The Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1313361/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections |language=en}}</ref>

==Other names for bulak==
* Bulankh (in [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]] and [[Himachali language|Himachali]])
* Besar (in [[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]])
* Bulaki (in [[Nepali language|Nepali]])

==Region==
In former years, it was adorned by the women of [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], [[Kumaon division|Kumaon]] and of [[Jaunsar-Bawar|Jaunsar]] belt. But nowadays the trend for bulak is diminishing and considered an old fashion. Apart from Uttarakhand, it is also worn in the state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and in [[Nepal]].

==See also==
* [[Nose piercing]]
* [[Nose piercing|Nose ring]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Body piercing jewellery]]

Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry

2026-02-24T23:59:59Z

NXHLillian: Added New Bio V1

{{Short description|Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers headed by N. Kiran Kumar Reddy (2010–2014)}}{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number = 25th
| jurisdiction = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| flag = Emblem of Andhra Pradesh before 2014.svg
| flag_border =
| incumbent =
| image = Kiran Kumar Reddy.JPG
| caption = [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| image_size =125
| date_formed = 25 November 2010
| date_dissolved = 21 February 2014
| government_head = [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|border=darkgray}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government|Majority]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = {{Color box|{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| opposition_leader = [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] ({{small|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Leader of the opposition]]}})
| election = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| last_election = [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| legislature_term = {{Ayd|25 November 2010|21 February 2014}}
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation =
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = [[Konijeti Rosaiah ministry]]
| successor = [[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]]
|flag_width=125|state_head_title=[[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor]]|government_head_title=[[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]|deputy_government_head_title=[[List of deputy chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]]|deputy_government_head=[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}The '''Kiran Kumar Reddy ministry''' (or also known as '''25th''' '''ministry of Andhra Pradesh''') was formed on 25 November 2010 headed by [[N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]] after the resignation of the incumbent [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] [[Konijeti Rosaiah]].

==Council of Ministers==

The following is a list of the ministers<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-08 |title=:: Council of Ministers :: |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/contact/listofcontacts.asp?id=01 |access-date=2022-05-20 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008000758/http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/contact/listofcontacts.asp?id=01 |archive-date=8 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/n-kiran-kumar-reddy-takes-oath-as-new-andhra-pradesh-cm/articleshow/6987374.cms?from=mdr|title=N Kiran Kumar Reddy takes oath as new Andhra Pradesh CM|via=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/12/01/39member-andhra-pradesh-cabinet-sworn-in.html|title=39-member Andhra Pradesh Cabinet sworn-in|first=Abdul|last=Nisar|date=1 December 2010|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. Nagesh |date=19 January 2012 |title=Two Ministers inducted into Kiran Kumar's Cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Two-Ministers-inducted-into-Kiran-Kumars-Cabinet/article13372146.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 January 2012 |title=Kiran Reddy inducts two ministers, drops one |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/220502/kiran-reddy-inducts-two-ministers.html |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 February 2012 |title=Deputy CM, DL cut to size |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/deputy-cm-dl-cut-to-size/article2866541.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|1.
|'''[[Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy|N. Kiran Kumar Reddy]]''' [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
|[[Pileru (Assembly constituency)|Pileru]]
|
*General Administration.
*Law & Order.
*Energy.
*Coal & Boilers.
*Public Enterprises.
*Home.
*Jails.
*Fire Services.
*Sainik Welfare.
*Printing & Stationery.
*'''Other departments not allocated to any Minister.'''
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''[[List of current Indian deputy chief ministers|Deputy Chief Minister]]'''
|-
|2.
| '''[[Damodar Raja Narasimha]]''' [[Deputy Chief Minister]]
| [[Andole (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Andole]]
|
*Higher Education.
*Technical Education.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=6|'''Cabinet Ministers'''
|-
|3.
| '''[[D. K. Aruna]]'''
| [[Gadwal (Assembly constituency)|Gadwal]]
|
*Information.
*Public Relations.
*Cinematography.
*A.P. Film.
*TV & Theatre Development Corporation.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|4.
| '''[[Anam Ramanarayana Reddy]]'''
| [[Atmakur (Assembly constituency)|Atmakur]]
|
*Finance & Planning.
*Small Savings.
*State Lotteries.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|5.
| '''[[Aruna Kumari Galla|Galla Aruna Kumari]]'''
| [[Chandragiri (Assembly constituency)|Chandragiri]]
|
*Mines.
*Geology.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|6.
| '''[[Botsa Satyanarayana]]'''
| [[Cheepurupalli (Assembly constituency)|Cheepurupalli]]
|
*Transport.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|7.
| '''Earasu Prathap Reddy'''
| [[Srisailam (Assembly constituency)|Srisailam]]
|
*Law & Courts.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|8.
| '''[[J. Geeta Reddy]]'''
| [[Zahirabad (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Zahirabad]]
|
*Major Industries.
*Sugar.
*Commerce.
*Export Promotion.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|9.
| '''[[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]'''
| [[Nagarjuna Sagar (Assembly constituency)|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
|
*Panchayat Raj.
*Rural Water Supply.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|10.
| '''[[Kanna Lakshminarayana]]'''
| [[Guntur West (Assembly constituency)|Guntur West]]
|
*Agriculture.
*Agriculture Technology Mission.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|11.
| '''[[Kasu Venkata Krishna Reddy]]'''
| [[Narasaraopet (Assembly constituency)|Narasaraopet]]
|
*Cooperation.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|12.
| '''[[Pasupuleti Balaraju]]'''
| [[Paderu (ST) (Assembly constituency)|Paderu]]
|
*Tribal Welfare
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|13.
| '''[[Basavaraju Saraiah]]'''
| [[Warangal East (Assembly constituency)|Warangal East]]
|
*Backward Classes Welfare.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|14.
| '''Manugunta Mahidhar Reddy'''
| [[Kandukur (Assembly constituency)|Kandukur]]
|
*Municipal Administration.
*Urban Development.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|15.
| '''[[Nalamada Uttam Kumar Reddy]]'''
| [[Huzurnagar (Assembly constituency)|Huzurnagar]]
|
*Housing.
*Weaker Section Housing Programme.
*AP Cooperative Housing Societies Federation.
*AP Housing Board.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|16.
| '''[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]'''
| [[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru]]
|
*Secondary Education.
*Government Exminations.
*AP Residential Educational Institutions Society.
*Hyderabad Public School.
*Intermediate Education.
*Prohibition & Excise.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|17.
| '''[[Satyanarayana Pithani]]'''
| [[Achanta (Assembly constituency)|Achanta]]
|
*Social Welfare.
*Roads & Buildings.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|18.
| '''[[Ponnala Lakshmaiah]]'''
| [[Jangaon (Assembly constituency)|Jangaon]]
|
*Information Technology.
*Communications.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|19.
| '''[[Raghu Veera Reddy]]'''
| [[Kalyandurg (Assembly constituency)|Kalyandurg]]
|
*Revenue.
*Relief.
*Rehabilitation.
*Disaster Management.
*ULC.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|20.
| '''[[T. G. Venkatesh]]'''
| [[Kurnool (Assembly constituency)|Kurnool]]
|
*Minor Irrigation.
*APIDC.
*Lift Irrigation.
*WALAMTARI.
*Ground Water Development.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|21.
| '''[[Thota Narasimham]]'''
| [[Jaggampeta (Assembly constituency)|Jaggampeta]]
|
*Stamps.
*Registration.
*DD & Fisheries.
*Veterinary University.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|22.
|'''Ramreddy Venkat Reddy'''
| [[Palair (Assembly constituency)|Palair]]
|
*Horticulture
*Sericulture.
*RSAD.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|23.
| '''[[Sake Sailajanath]]'''
| [[Singanamala (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Singanamala]]
|
*Primary Education.
*SSA.
*Adult Education.
*AP Open Schools Society.
*Jawahar Bal Bhavan.
*AP Mahila Samata Society.
*SIET.
*Public Libraries.
*SCERT.
*AP Text Book Press.
*Legislative Affairs.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|24.
| '''[[Vijaya Ramaraju Setrucharla]]'''
| [[Pathapatnam (Assembly constituency)|Pathapatnam]]
|
*Forest.
*Environment.
*Science & Technology.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|25.
| '''[[Sridhar Babu|Duddilla Sridhar Babu]]'''
| [[Manthani (Assembly constituency)|Manthani]]
|
*Civil Supplies.
*Food & Consumer Affairs.
*Legal Metrology.
*Commercial Taxes.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|26.
| '''[[Danam Nagender]]'''
| [[Khairatabad (Assembly constituency)|Khairatabad]]
|
*Labour.
*Employment.
*Training & Factories.
*Industrial Training Institutes & Boilers.
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|27.
| '''[[Dokka Manikya Vara Prasad]]'''
| [[Tadikonda (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Tadikonda]]
|
*Rural Development.
*NREGS.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|28.
| '''Podduturi Sudarshan Reddy'''
| [[Bodhan (Assembly constituency)|Bodhan]]
|
*Major & Medium Irrigation.
*A.P. Water Resources Development Corporation.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|29.
| '''[[Vakiti Sunitha Laxma Reddy]]'''
| [[Narsapur (Assembly constituency)|Narsapur]]
|
*Indira Kranthi Patham.
*Pensions.
*Self Help Groups & Women Development.
*Child Welfare & Disabled Welfare.
*Juvenile Welfare.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|30.
| '''Ahmadullah Mohammad Syed'''
| [[Kadapa (Assembly constituency)|Kadapa]]
|
*Minority Welfare.
*Wakf.
*Urdu Academy.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|31.
| '''Vatti Vasant Kumar'''
| [[Unguturu (Assembly constituency)|Unguturu]]
|
*Tourism & Culture.
*Archaeology & Museums.
*Archives & Youth Services & Sports.
*NCC.
*Language & Culture.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|32.
| '''[[Ganta Srinivasa Rao]]'''
| [[Anakapalle (Assembly constituency)|Anakapalle]]
|
*Infrastructure.
*Investments.
*Sea Ports.
*Airports.
*Natural Gas.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|33.
| '''[[C. Ramachandraiah]]'''
| [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
*Endowments.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|34.
| '''[[Mukesh Goud|Mula Mukesh Goud]]'''
| [[Goshamahal (Assembly constituency)|Goshamahal]]
|
*Marketing.
*Warehousing.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|35.
| '''Kondru Murali Mohan'''
| [[Rajam (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Rajam]]
|
*Health.
*Medical Education.
*Drug Control Administration.
*APVVP.
*AP Aids Control Society
*Arogyasree.
*Family Welfare.
*Health Insurance.
*104 & 108.
*Medical Infrastructure.
*Ayush.
*Yogadhyayana Parishad.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|36.
| '''[[Gaddam Prasad Kumar]]'''
| [[Vikarabad (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Vikarabad]]
|
*Handlooms & Textiles.
*Spinning Mills.
*Small Scale Industries.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|

|}

===Former Ministers===
The Following Ministers Has Resigned Due To Various Reasons<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/komatireddy-resigns/article2504180.ece|title=Komatireddy resigns|date=2 October 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Andhra-minister-Y-S-Vivekananda-Reddy-resigns/article14967412.ece|title=Andhra minister Y S Vivekananda Reddy resigns|date=30 March 2011|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/03/22/ap-health-minister-d-l-reddy-submits-resigantion.html|title=AP Health Minister DL Reddy resigns | Sonia Gandhi | Submitted Resignation | Bypoll loss|date=22 March 2012|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/andhra-pradesh-cm-kiran-kumar-reddy-sacks-shankar-rao-90241-2012-01-19|title=Andhra CM Kiran Kumar Reddy sacks textiles minister Shankar Rao|author=Amarnath K. Menon |date=January 19, 2012 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/minister-quits-over-telangana/story-wTXsIGYHMpAYtO9uUgY8OJ.html|title=Minister quits over Telangana|date=4 March 2011|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/mopidevi-venkata-ramana-resigns-after-arrest-in-vanpic-land-scam-6545.html|title=Mopidevi Venkata Ramana Resigns After Arrest In VANPIC Land Scam - Hyderabad News on fullhyd.com|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409105157/https://news.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/mopidevi-venkata-ramana-resigns-after-arrest-in-vanpic-land-scam-6545.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/AP-Governor-accepts-resignation-of-two-ministers/article20618012.ece|title=AP Governor accepts resignation of two ministers|website=@businessline}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!S.No
!Name
!Constituency
!Department
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party
|-
|1.
| '''[[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]]'''
| [[Nalgonda (Assembly constituency)|Nalgonda]]
|
*Infrastructure.
*Investment.
*Sea Ports.
*Airports.
*Natural Gas.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 2.
| '''[[Y. S. Vivekananda Reddy]]'''
| [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|MLC]]
|
*Agriculture.
*Agriculture Technology Mission.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 3.
| '''DL Ravindra Reddy'''
| [[Mydukur (Assembly constituency)|Mydukur]]
|
*Health.
*Aaryoga Sree.
*Health Education.
*Family Welfare.
*APVVP.
*AP Aids Control Society.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 4.
| '''[[P. Shankar Rao]]'''
| [[Secunderabad Cantonment (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Secunderabad Cant]]
|
*Textiles.
*Handlooms.
*Spinning Mills.
*Small Scale Industries.
*Public Enterprises.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 5.
| '''[[Jupally Krishna Rao]]'''
| [[Kollapur (Assembly constituency)|Kollapur]]
|
*Endowments.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 6.
| '''[[Mopidevi Venkataramana]]'''
| [[Repalle (Assembly constituency)|Repalle]]
|
*Excise & Prohibition.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 7.
| '''[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]'''
| [[Maheshwaram (Assembly constituency)|Maheshwaram]]
|
*Home Affairs.
*Disaster Management.
*Jails.
*Fire Services.
*Sainik Welfare.
*Printing & Stationery.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
| 8.
| '''[[Dharmana Prasada Rao]]'''
| [[Srikakulam (Assembly constituency)|Srikakulam]]
|
*Roads & Buildings.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
|9.
| '''[[Pinipe Viswarup]]'''
| [[Amalapuram (SC) (Assembly constituency)|Amalapuram]]
|
*Animal Husbandry.
*Fisheries.
*Dairy Development.
*Veterinary University.
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh ministries]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Andhra Pradesh|Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2010|Kiran]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in India]]

History of Mangalorean Catholics

2026-02-24T06:19:31Z

NXHLillian: Added Basic Stub From Scratch

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
The '''History of Mangalorean Catholics''' begins with the legacy of [[Lusitanian culture]] or the [[Christianisation of Goa|Christianisation]] in [[Portuguese in Goa and Bombay]], followed by the migration of the [[New Christians]] of Portuguese Goa, to the [[Canara]] subregion then under the [[Kingdom of Bednore]] from the mid-16th to mid-18th centuries and the subsequent formation of a unique [[Mangalorean Catholic]] community and identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=xiii|Ref=mac}}: "In fact the Aryan inheritance and the Lusitanian legacy may be regarded as the first two of the three major eras in the history of our community, the third and final era being the southward migration to Mangalore and other parts of Kanara between the mid 16th and mid 18th centuries, and the subsequent growth and development of the fledgling community."</ref> Four centuries of living in [[South Canara]] gave these [[Catholic Christian]]s an identity of their own,<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=299|}}: "Four centuries of living in South Kanara gave these Catholics an identity of their own. Thus they are commonly known as ''Mangalorean Catholics''."</ref> distinct from [[Goans]] and [[Bombay East Indian]]s ([[Bombayers]]).

Catholic Christians of Goa migrated to [[Mangalore]] and the neighbouring areas of Mangalore in three major waves; the first after 1560, the second after 1570, and the third in about 1683. The first wave of migrants left due to the [[Goan Inquisition]] that {{citation needed span|made the use of [[Konkani language|Konknni]], a punishable offence for converts to [[Western Christianity]].|date=October 2021}} The second wave left Goa because of [[famine]]s, [[epidemic]]s and political upheavals. The third and last wave resulted from the violent [[Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay]].<ref>{{cite book|last1= Kanjamala|first1=Augustine|author2=Commission for Proclamation and Communication ([[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]])|year=1997|title=Paths of mission in India today|publisher=St Pauls BYB|isbn=978-81-7109-286-4|page=160}}</ref> Until the time of [[Hyder Ali]]'s regime, the community had flourished. Soon after his son [[Tippu Sultan]] gained possession of Mangalore in January 1784, he issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates, and deport them to Seringapatam. They had to suffer extreme hardships, torture, death by execution and other kinds of persecution during the [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|captivity]], in which many were forcibly converted to [[Sunni Islam]]. Of the 60,000–80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 made it out alive as Christians.<ref name="mc33">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=xiv|Ref=mac}}</ref> The captivity ended with the defeat and death of Tippu at the [[Battle of Seringapatam]] (1799).

==Ancestral roots==
{{main|Christian Brahmins|Christian Cxatrias|Gaud Saraswat Brahmins|Arya}}
Traditional accounts of the ancestral roots of [[Mangalorean Catholics]] have taught that they are descended from the [[Indo-Aryans]] who lived on the banks of the now extinct [[Saraswati River (Bengal)|Saraswati River]]. Most historians agree that the Aryans descended into India from what is present-day [[Iran]], and some came by themselves, while others came with their leaders in search of territorial expansions. {{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} The Saraswati river dried up in long stretches around 1500 [[BCE]], when its source in the [[Himalayas]] got diverted into the [[Yamuna River]] due to sand deposition and river piracy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/sartxt.PDF|title=Sarasvati RIver (circa 3000 to 1500 B.C.)|last=Kalyanaraman
|first=S.|date=October 1997|access-date=2008-07-08|page=3|publisher=Sarasvati Sindhu Research Centre|quote=The river dried up in long stretches due to sand deposition (''àndhi'') and due to river piracy (Yamuna captured Sarasvati at PaontaSaheb and carried her to Prayag, Allahabad to join the Ganga; hence the myth of the sangamam of the three rivers, Sarasvati, Yamuna and Ganga).}}</ref> Due to the harshness in their native environments, several Indo-Aryan groups migrated to various different locations across India. According to Historian Alan Machado Prabhu, the modern Mangalorean Catholic community is mainly descended from two Indo-Aryan groups: the group which migrated to the [[Konkan]] region; and the group which migrated to [[Bengal]].<ref>{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=xiii|Ref=mac}}: "Originating, so far as is known, from the banks of the legendary Sarasvati river, some members of this group moved south towards the Konkan coast and Goa, others moved east towards Bengal. Linguistic research provides ample evidence of the common origin of the two groups. It is from these two groups that the ancestry of the modern Mangalorean Catholic community derives."</ref>

==Pre-migration era==
{{Main|Ancient Christianity in the Indian Subcontinent|pre-Portuguese Christianity in Goa|Persian Crosses in India}}
[[File:Stmarys udupi 1.JPG|thumb|right|[[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Island]]s in South Canara, where the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco Da Gama]] landed in 1498]]
All records of an early existence of Christians in South Canara were lost at the time of their deportation by [[Tippu Sultan]] in 1784. Hence, it is not known when exactly Christianity was introduced in South Canara, although it is possible that [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] settled in South Canara just as they did in [[Kerala]], a state south of Canara.<ref name="sf4">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=4|Ref=2}}</ref> The Italian traveler [[Marco Polo]] recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the [[Red Sea]] and the Canara coast in the 13th century. It can be surmised that foreign Christian merchants were visiting the coastal towns of South Canara during that period for commerce and possibly some Christian priests might have accompanied them for evangelistic work.<ref name="sc101">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=101|Ref=sc}}</ref> In April 1321, the French [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] friar [[Jordan Catala|Jordanus Catalani]] of Severac (in south-western France) with four other friars landed at [[Thane|Thana]].<ref name="mc3">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=78|Ref=mac}}</ref> He then travelled to [[Bhatkal]] in [[North Canara]], a port town on the coastal route from Thana to [[Quilon]] in 1328.<ref name="mc2"/> About 1493, a cross was caught in the net by some fishermen off Mangalore. It was made of Olive wood, well finished and one span and a half in length, indicating the possibility of a Christian community in Mangalore.<ref name="sb254">{{harvnb|Shastry|Borges|2000|p=254}}</ref> Some crosses painted black and red were discovered by the Portuguese in 1505 while digging up for laying the foundation for a fortress at [[Anjadip Island|Anjediva]] in North Canara. According to Paulo da Trinidade, they appeared to have belonged to a chapel or church of Christians. It is difficult to say whether these findings were Christian crosses or some other objects which looked like crosses and actually were instruments used by Hindus for astronomical observations.<ref name="sb255"/> According to Historian Severine Silva, no concrete evidence has yet been found that there were any permanent settlements of Christians in South Canara before the 16th century.<ref name="sc101"/> Even if it is assumed that Christianity existed in South Canara before the arrival of the Portuguese, the Christian community must have disappeared by 1498.<ref name="sb255">{{harvnb|Shastry|Borges|2000|p=255}}</ref>

[[File:Pedro Álvares Cabral - steel engraving by American Bank Note Company.jpg|thumb|left|[[Pedro Álvares Cabral]] converted 22 or 23 natives to Christianity in the Mangalore region in 1500.]]
It was only after the advent of the Portuguese in the region that Christianity began to be propagated.<ref name="sc101"/> In 1498, the Portuguese explorer [[Vasco Da Gama]] landed on a group of islands in South Canara on his voyage from Portugal to India. He named them ''El Padron de Santa Maria'', which later came to be known as [[St Mary's Island, Karnataka|St Mary's Islands]].<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2002/09/16/stories/2002091600170300.htm|title= Where rocks tell a tale
|first= J.|last= Kamath|date=2002-09-16|access-date=2008-07-08|newspaper=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref> In 1500, [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]], a Portuguese explorer, arrived at Anjediva with eight [[Franciscan]] missionaries. These missionaries under the leadership of Henrique Soares de Coimbra converted 22 or 23 natives to Christianity in the Mangalore region.<ref name="mc2">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=81|Ref=mac}}</ref> On 19 November 1502, some Christians of Mangalore and other interior places went with presents to meet Vasco da Gama, who was in [[Cochin]]. These Christian ambassadors told da Gama that they had their bishops and all of them said mass. They also told him that they undertook pilgrimages to the sepulcher of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]].<ref name="sb254"/> During the early part of the 16th century, Canara was ruled by [[Krishnadevaraya]] (1509–1529), the ruler of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. As it was not possible for the Portuguese to enter Canara with Krishnadevaraya as ruler, a Portuguese alliance with Krishnadevaraya was the only way to enter Canara.<ref name="f24">{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=24}}</ref> Even before [[Alfonso de Albuquerque]]'s conquest of Goa in 1510, the Portuguese had [[factories (trading posts)]] in Canara, as Krishnadevaraya had granted commercial privileges to the Portuguese on the Canara coast and there was complete freedom of worship, belief and propagation of religious tenets in the Vijaynagara Empire.<ref name="sc101"/> It was easy for the Portuguese to send re-inforcements of missionaries to the existing trading posts in Canara to advance the work of evangelisation.

In 1526, under the viceroyship of [[Lopo Vaz de Sampaio]], the Portuguese took possession of [[Mangalore]].<ref name="sch52">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=52|Ref=sch}}</ref> During the rule of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, a regular mission was established in Mangalore by some Franciscans who came from Goa, where they had been established in 1517.<ref name="f24"/> The Portuguese Franciscans slowly started spreading Christianity in Mangalore.<ref name="sch52"/> On 31 January 1533, the [[Diocese of Goa]] was created by a bull of [[Pope Clement VII]], and confirmed in 1534 by [[Pope Paul III]] by his bull ''Aequum Reputamus'' dated 3 November 1534.<ref>{{harvnb|Shastry|Borges|2000|p=256}}</ref> The Franciscan friar, Father John of Albuquerque, became the first Bishop of Goa in 1537.<ref>{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=96|ref=mac}}</ref> In 1534, Canara was placed under the ecclesiastic jurisdiction of the Bishop of Goa, where the Portuguese had a strong presence. Missionaries soon arrived and gained converts. The number of local converts in South Canara started increasing.<ref name="sf4"/> During the mid–16th century, the Portuguese faced resistance from [[Abbakka Rani]] of [[Ullal]], the Queen of the Bednore dynasty. The first battle between Abbakka Rani and the Portuguese was fought in 1546, where she emerged victorious, and succeeded in driving the Portuguese out of South Canara.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2007/10/23/stories/2007102350570200.htm |last=Raghuram |first=M |title=Abbakka's legacy being revived |access-date=2008-08-24 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |date=2007-10-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226082815/http://hindu.com/2007/10/23/stories/2007102350570200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Migrations from Goa==
{{main|Christianisation of Goa|Goa Inquisition|Mahratta Invasion of Goa and Bombay}}
Many of the Goan ancestors of the present Mangalorean Catholics fled Goa because of the [[Goa Inquisition]] introduced by the Portuguese in 1560 aimed to eradicate all culturally Hindu practices from the lives of the native converts.<ref name="sf4"/>{{vn|date=October 2021}} The Inquisition characterised any vestige of [[Hindu culture]] or [[Indian culture]] as heretical.{{cn|date=July 2025}} Christian converts were banned from using Hindu names, attending any Hindu ceremonies including weddings, engaging the services of a Hindu doctor or midwife, wearing ''[[dhoti]]s'' or ''[[choli]]s'' and planting ''[[tulsi]]s'' (holy basils).<ref>{{cite book|last=Russell-Wood|first=A. J. R.|year=1998|title=The Portuguese empire, 1415-1808: a world on the move|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-5955-7|edition=2, reprint, illustrated|page=188}}</ref> Those Christians who were not prepared to give up completely their former Hindu practices were declared heretics and apostates and could be condemned to death. But some Christians of Goa were attached to some of their ancient Hindu customs, and refused to abandon them. Consequently, they lived in constant danger for their lives. Those who refused to comply with the rules laid down by the Inquisition were forced to leave Goa and to settle outside the Portuguese dominion.<ref name="sf4"/> This migration is referred as the "First Wave of Migration".

<blockquote>
It is interesting and instructive, in this light, to view the rituals and practices of Mangalorean Catholics. These Catholics of South fled from Goa (mainly from its northern districts) in successive waves. A large number fled to escape the scrutiny of the Inquisition. Among them the ritual substances banned by the Inquisition such as [[betel leaves]], areca nuts, rice and flowers, continue to be employed in domestic celebrations and the pattern of ritual practices appears much more resemble forms described in the Inquisitorial edict.— A.P.L. D'Souza, ''Popular Christianity: A Case Study among the Catholics of Mangalore''<ref>{{Cite book|last1 = Borges |first1 = Charles J.|last2 = Stubbe|first2 = Hannes|title = Goa and Portugal: history and development|issue = Issue 10 of XCHR studies series |series = Xavier Centre of historical research studies series|year = 2000|publisher = [[Xavier Centre of Historical Research]]|isbn = 978-81-7022-867-7|page=314}}</ref></blockquote>

Under the provisional treaties between the Portuguese and the rulers of neighboring [[Keladi Nayakas|Bednore]], the Christians were allowed to build churches and help the growth of Christianity in South Canara.<ref name="sc102"/> In 1568, the Church of ''[[Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Mangalore]]'' (Our Lady of the Rosary of Mangalore) was erected by the Portuguese at [[Bolar (Location)|Bolar]] in Mangalore. The Churches of ''[[Nossa Senhora de Mercês de Velala]]'' (Our Lady of Mercy of [[Ullal]]) and ''[[São Francisco de Assis Igreja]]'' (St. Francis of Assisi) at Farangipet were also erected by the Portuguese during the same time in South Canara. These three churches were highlighted by the Italian traveller [[Pietro Della Valle]], who visited Mangalore in 1623.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/27/stories/2004112702480100.htm
|title=The holy heritage
|author=Raviprasad Kamila
|date=2004-11-27
|access-date=2008-08-23
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103043155/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/11/27/stories/2004112702480100.htm
|archive-date=3 November 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref>

[[File:Milagres Hampankatta.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]], one of the oldest churches in South Canara, was built in 1680.]]
The [[Sultan]] of [[Adil Shahi|Bijapur]] [[War of the League of the Indies|attacked Goa in 1571]]. The Bijapur sultans were especially known for their loathing of Christianity. Fearing persecution, many Catholics from Goa migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred as the "Second Wave of Migration".

The Christians who left Goa were skilled cultivators who abandoned their irrigated fields in search of peace and freedom. At the time of migration, Canara was ruled by the [[Keladi Nayaka|Bednore]] King [[Shivappa Nayaka]] (1618–1663). He evinced great interest in the development of agriculture in his empire and welcomed these farmers to fertile lands.<ref name="sf5"/> This was confirmed by [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]], a Scottish physician, when he visited Canara in 1801. In his book, ''A Journey from Madras through the Countries of Mysore, Canara and Malabar'' (1807), he stated that "The princes of the house of Ikeri had given great encouragement to the Christians, and had induced 80,000 of them to settle in ''[[Tulu Nadu|Tuluva]]''."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Francis|author-link=Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|title= A Journey from Madras Through the Countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar: For the Express Purpose of Investigating the State of Agriculture, Arts and Commerce, the Religion, Manners, and Customs, the History Natural and Civil, and Antiquities|orig-year=1807|year=1988|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=81-206-0386-9|pages=23–24}}</ref> Later, this was identified as a probable mistake and should have read "8,000". However even this figure included the second emigration of Christians from Goa.<ref name="sf5">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=5|Ref=2}}</ref> Christians were also recruited into the armies of the Bednore dynasty.<ref name="sc102">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=102|Ref=sc}}</ref> In the 16th and 17th centuries following the migration, local upper-caste Hindus like the [[Tulu Brahmin]]s ignored the Christians. On account of their change of religion, they refused to associate with them and did not admit them into their houses. The Tulu [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] castes, who were largely self-sufficient in South Canara, also never associated themselves with the Christians.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} More social contacts and cultural exchanges were however maintained with [[Konkani people|Konkani]] Hindus of the same castes as them, who like the Christians were refugees from Goa. The Christians would invite these Hindu relatives and neighbours to festivities and ceremonies such as births, weddings and funerals, and the Hindus used to accept such invitations.<ref name="sf6">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=6|Ref=2}}</ref><ref name="pra"/>

The [[Milagres Church (Mangalore)|Milagres Church]], one of the oldest churches in [[South Canara]], was built in 1680 by Bishop [[Thomas de Castro]], a Goan Catholic [[theatines|theatine]] priest who was appointed by [[Pope Clement X]] as the [[Apostolic vicariate|Vicar Apostolic]] of [[Kanara|Canara]].<ref name="dm"/><ref name="sf 9">{{harvnb|Silva|Fuchs|1965|p=9|Ref=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113018370300.htm
|title=Jubilee celebrations at Milagres Church on Tuesday
|author=Raviprasad Kamila
|date=2005-11-30
|access-date=2009-03-01
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai, India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103222636/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/30/stories/2005113018370300.htm
|archive-date=3 November 2012
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref> The arrival of the [[English East India Company]] and the [[Dutch East India Company]] halted the activity of the Portuguese and gradually the Portuguese were unable to send the required number of missionaries to Mangalore.<ref name="dm"/> The attacks of the [[Mahratta Confederacy]] on Goa, during the mid 17th century, was also a cause of migration. In 1664, [[Shivaji]], the founder of the Maratha empire, attacked [[Kudal]], a town north of Goa, and began his campaign for Goa. After Shivaji's death on 3 April 1680, his son [[Sambhaji]] wrested control of the Confederacy.<ref name="pra"/> The onslaught of Sambhaji, along the northern parts of Goa drove many Christians from their hometowns and villages, most of them migrated to South Canara. This migration is referred as the "Third Wave of Migration". From the [[Salcette]] area of Goa, according to one estimate, emigrations were around at the rate of 2,000 annually. From the [[Bardes]] area of Goa, Jesuit priests estimated that 12,000 Christians emigrated from Goa between 1710 and 1712, most of them going southward. A Portuguese era annul of 1747 presently in the Panjim archives recorded that around 5,000 Christians fled from the Bardes and [[Tiswadi]] areas of Goa during the invasion of the [[Marathas|Mahrattas]] and [[Peshva]] Brahmins.<ref name="mc22">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=132|Ref=mac}}</ref> It was estimated that during the Maratha raids on Goa, about 60,000 Christians migrated to South Canara.<ref>{{harvnb|Kurzon|2003|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC&pg=PA77 77]|Ref=den}}</ref> The migration slowed during the [[Moghul-Mahratta War in Konkan]], because it kept Sambhaji busy, and some 10,000 Christians returned to Goa.<ref name="pra">{{Cite book
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8
}} Contents taken from [http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi.. Sarasvati's Children]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} article, written by Joe Lobo, the President of the Goan Catholic Association in Florida. This article has been borrowed mainly from Alan Machado's above book.</ref> According to Alan Machado Prabhu, the Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by 1765.<ref name="mc65">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=167|Ref=mac}}</ref>

==Hyder Ali==
[[Hyder Ali]] occupied [[Mangalore]] in 1763.<ref name="sch62"/> From 1766 to 1772, Hyder Ali took de facto control of the throne of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]] through the [[Wodeyar|Wodeyar dynasty]]. In February 1768, the English captured Mangalore from Hyder.<ref name="sch62">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=62|Ref=sch}}</ref> The Portuguese had offered to help Hyder against the English. But when the Portuguese betrayed Hyder, he directed his anger towards the Mangalorean Catholics, who had been converted to Christianity by the Portuguese. Towards the end of 1768, Hyder defeated the English and captured Mangalore fort, where the Mangalorean Catholics were taking refuge. Around 15,675 of them were taken as prisoners to Mysore by Hyder. Only 204 returned; the rest died, were killed, or converted to Islam.<ref name="pra"/> After Hyder's death in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]] in December 1782, the British captured the fort again. Hyder was succeeded by his son [[Tippu Sultan]].<ref name="sch63"/> The Mangalorean Catholics helped the British in the fort by providing them rice, vegetables, and money. Tippu decided to come down heavily upon these Christians for providing aid to the British.<ref name="dm"/> On 20 May 1783, Tippu Sultan laid siege to the Mangalore fort, where the Mangalorean Catholics and English army were taking refuge.<ref name="sch63">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=63|Ref=sch}}</ref> The fort was finally delivered to Tippu when the British capitulated it on 30 January 1784.<ref name="sch64">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=64|Ref=sch}}</ref> More than 5,600 Mangalorean Catholics, who were condemned for treachery, were killed.<ref name="pra"/>

==Captivity at Seringapatam==
{{main|Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam}}
[[File:JamalabadFortPassage.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Jamalabad|Jamalabad fort]] route. Mangalorean Catholics had traveled through this route on their way to [[Seringapatam]].]]
The captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at [[Seringapatam]], which began on 24 February 1784 and ended on 4 May 1799, remains the most disconsolate memory in their history. Soon after the [[Treaty of Mangalore]] in 1784, Tippu gained control of Canara.<ref>{{harvnb|Forrest|1887|pp=[http://projectsouthasia.sdstate.edu/docs/history/primarydocs/Tipu_Sultan/TreatyofMangalore1784.htm 314–316]|Ref=8}}</ref> He issued orders to seize the Christians in Canara, confiscate their estates,<ref>{{harvnb|The Gentleman's Magazine|1833|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC&pg=PA388 388]|Ref=ge}}</ref> and deport them to Seringapatam, the capital of his empire, through the [[Jamalabad|Jamalabad fort]] route.<ref name="dm">{{cite web
|url=http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp
|title= Christianity in Mangalore
|access-date=2008-07-30
|publisher=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]] |url-status=usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080622155343/http://www.dioceseofmangalore.org/history.asp  |archive-date = 2008-06-22}}</ref> The account of the number of captives differ ranging from 30000 to 80,000. According to [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Thomas Munro]], a Scottish soldier and the first collector of Canara, around 60,000 of them,<ref name="mc687">{{harvnb|Machado|1999|p=231|Ref=mac}}</ref> nearly 92 percent of the entire Christian community of Canara, were captured, only 7,000 escaped.<ref name="pra"/> [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Buchanan]] gives the numbers as 70,000 captured, from a population of 80,000, with 10,000 escaping.<ref name="orx"/> They were forced to climb nearly {{convert|4000|ft|m}} through the dense jungles and [[Canyon|gorges]] of the [[Western Ghats|Western Ghat]] mountain ranges along the [[Kulshekar]]-[[Virajpet]]-[[Coorg]]-[[Mysore]] route.<ref name="mloreans"/> It was {{convert|210|mi|km}} from Mangalore to Seringapatam, and the journey took six weeks. According to the ''Barkur Manuscript'', written in [[Canarese]] by a Mangalorean Catholic from [[Barkur]] after his return from Seringapatam, 20,000  of them (one-third) died on the march to Seringapatam due to hunger, disease and ill treatment by the soldiers.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|loc=p. 74: "More than '''one third''' of the number succumbed before the party reached Seringapatam. This account of the siege and captivity of the Kanara Catholics is taken from old Kanarese manuscript written by a Catholic of the Barkur Taluka after his return from Seringapatam at the defeat and death of Tipu."}}</ref> Those who resisted were thrown down from the Jamalabad fort route.<ref name="dm"/> According to James Scurry, a British officer, who was held captive along with Mangalorean Catholics, 30,000 of them were captured.<ref>{{harvnb|Scurry|Whiteway|1824|p=[https://archive.org/details/captivitysuffer00whitgoog  103]|Ref=jam}}</ref> The young women and girls were forcibly made wives of the Muslims living there. The young men who offered resistance were disfigured by cutting their noses, upper lips, and ears and paraded in the city.<ref>{{harvnb|Scurry|Whiteway|1824|p=[https://archive.org/details/captivitysuffer00whitgoog 104]|Ref=jam}}</ref> According to Mr. Silva of [[Gangolim]], a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment under the orders of Tipu was the cutting off of the ears, nose, the feet and one hand.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201151859/http://geocities.com/prakashjm45/seringapatnam2.html Account of a Surviving Captive, A Mr. Silva of Gangolim] (Letter of a Mr. L.R. Silva to his sister, copy of which was given by an advocate, M.M. Shanbhag, to the author, Severino da Silva, and reproduced as Appendix No. 74: ''History of Christianity in Canara'' (1965))</ref>

==British era (1799–1947)==
{{Main|British occupation of Goa|British Bombay}}
[[File:David Baird Discovering Body of Tipoo Saib.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sir David Baird, 1st Baronet|David Baird]], a British officer, discovering the body of [[Tipu Sultan]] on 4 May 1799]]
In the [[Battle of Seringapatam]] on 4 May 1799, the British stormed the fortress, breached the town of Seringapatam, and killed Tippu.<ref name="dis39">{{harvnb|Wellington|Gurwood|1834|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b34BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA39 39]|Ref=dis}}</ref> After his death in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], the Mangalorean Catholics were freed from his captivity.<ref name="free">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=381 |title=Canara Catholics In Freedom Quest |author=John B Monteiro |date=2006-08-15 |publisher=[[Daiji World|Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore]] |access-date=2009-06-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825220037/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=381 |archive-date=25 August 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Of the 60,000–80,000 Mangalorean Catholics taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 made it out as Christians.<ref name="mc33" /> After deliverance from captivity, while returning home to South Canara the King of [[Coorg]] offered the Mangalorean Catholics safe stay in their lands and many of them settled in Coorg.<ref name="pra"/> British general [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] helped 10,000 of them return to South Canara and resettle on their lands.<ref name="dis39"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indiancatholic.in/churchinindia/churchindia.php?id=46 |title= The Konkani Christians |access-date= 2008-03-01 |publisher= Indian Catholic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815063813/http://www.indiancatholic.in/churchinindia/churchindia.php?id=46 |archive-date=2009-08-15}}</ref> According to the [[Mangalorean]] [[Genealogy|genealogist]] Michael Lobo, the present Mangalorean Catholic community is descended almost entirely from this small group of survivors.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.ucanews.com/1999/05/26/mangalore-catholics-commemorate-bicentenary-of-their-liberation/
|title=Mangalore Catholics commemorate bicentenary of their liberation
|publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News
|date=1999-05-26
|access-date=2008-11-02
|archive-date=26 August 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826034903/https://www.ucanews.com/1999/05/26/mangalore-catholics-commemorate-bicentenary-of-their-liberation/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> Later, the British took over South Canara. In 1800, they took a census of the region. Of the 396,672 people living in South Canara,<ref>{{harvnb| A Gazetteer of the World|1856|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sLgNAAAAQAAJ&dq=396,672+christians+mangalore&pg=PA254 254]|Ref=rgs}}</ref> 10,877 were Christians.<ref>{{harvnb|Pai|Supriya|1981|p=217|Ref=pai}}</ref> Padre José Miguel Luis de Mendes, a Goan Catholic priest, was appointed Vicar of Our Lady of Rosary at Mangalore on 7 December 1799. He took a lot of interest in the re-establishment of the community from 1799 to 1808.<ref name="si"/> Later, British general [[John Goldsborough Ravenshaw II]] was appointed collector of [[South Canara]]. He took active part in the re-establishment of their former possessions and recovery of their estates. He constructed a church for them, which was completed in 1806.<ref>{{harvnb|The Gentleman's Magazine|1833|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC&pg=PA389 389]|Ref=ge}}</ref> Their population almost doubled in 1818. According to various parish books existing that time, Mangalorean Catholics numbered 19,068 in South Canara (12,877 in [[Mangalore]] and [[Bantwal]],<ref name="orx">{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA14 14]|Ref=or}}</ref> 3,918 in [[Mulki, India|Moolki]], 2,273 in [[Kundapura|Cundapore]] and [[Barkur|Barcoor]]).<ref name="ory">{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA15 15]|Ref=or}}</ref> Seventeen churches which were earlier destroyed by Tippu were rebuilt.<ref name="or16">{{harvnb|The Oriental Herald|1824|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA16 16]|Ref=or}}</ref> After relocation, the community prospered under the British, and the jurisdiction of the Archbishop of Goa commenced again.<ref name="si">{{harvnb|Silva|1961|p=165|Ref=hc}}</ref> Regarding the Christians, Stokes mentioned, "They have raised themselves to a name unquestionably the most respectable in every situation in which they move in Kanara, whether as holding high public". The Mangalorean Catholics gradually prospered under the British.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=90}}</ref>

[[File:St. Aloysius Church Mangalore.jpg|thumb|left|The [[St Aloysius Chapel]] in Mangalore, built by the Italian Jesuit [[Antonio Moscheni]] in 1884, during the Mangalore Mission (1878)]]
The opening of the Protestant German [[Basel Mission]] of 1834 in [[Mangalore]] brought many handicraft and tile-manufacturing industries to the region and led to a large-scale rise in employment.<ref name="sc103">{{harvnb|South Kanara District Gazetteer|1973|p=103|Ref=sc}}</ref> In 1836–7, when the political situation in [[Portugal]] was in turmoil, Antonio Feliciano de Santa Rita Carvalho, a Portuguese priest, was appointed Archbishop-elect of Goa in September 1836 without authorization from the Pope.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=91}}</ref> Many Mangalorean Catholics did not accept the leadership of Carvalho but instead submitted to the [[Vicar Apostolic]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Verapoly]] in [[Travancore]], while some of them continued to be under the jurisdiction of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Goa]]. The parishes in South Canara were divided into two groups—one under Goa and the other under Verapoly.<ref name="dm"/> Under the leadership of Joachim Pius Noronha, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, and John Joseph Saldanha, a Mangalorean Catholic judge, the Mangalorean Catholics sent a petition to the [[Holy See]] in 1840 to establish Mangalore as a separate Vicariate to ward off the differences.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=92}}</ref> Conceding to their request, [[Pope Gregory XVI]] established Mangalore as a separate Vicariate on 17 February 1845 under the Verapoly [[Carmelites]]. The Mangalore Mission was then transferred to the French Carmelites by a Bull dated 3 January 1870.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=108}}</ref> During the regime of Carmelites, the Mangalorean Catholics constantly sent memorandums to the Holy See to send Jesuits to Mangalore to start institutions for higher education, since the youth frequently had to go to Bombay and Madras for educational purposes. The [[Roman Catholic Church]] studied the situation and [[Pope Leo XIII]] by the ''Brief of 27 September 1878'' handed over the Mangalore mission to the Italian [[Jesuit Asia missions|Jesuit]] of [[Naples]], who reached Mangalore on 31 December 1878.<ref name="dm"/><ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=113}}</ref> The Italian [[Jesuits]] played an important role in education, health, and social welfare of the community<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm|title=College all set to celebrate 125th anniversary|date=2004-01-08|access-date=2008-10-30|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820080919/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010810180300.htm|archive-date=20 August 2009 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and built the [[St. Aloysius' College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]] in 1880,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/aboutus/index.php|title= About St. Aloysius College|access-date= 2008-09-05|publisher=[[St. Aloysius' College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080527101359/http://www.staloysius.ac.in/campus/aboutus/index.php  |archive-date = 2008-05-27}}</ref> [[St Aloysius Chapel]] in 1884,<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://staloysius.edu.in/articles.php?linkId=330&parentId=132&mainId=&facId=330
|title= About Chapel
|access-date= 2008-09-05
|publisher=[[St. Aloysius' College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228183700/http://www.staloysius.edu.in/articles.php?linkId=330&parentId=132&mainId=&facId=330
|archive-date=2008-12-28}}</ref> and many other institutions and churches. On 25 January 1887, [[Pope Leo XIII]] established the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Mangalore|Diocese of Mangalore]], which is considered to be an important landmark in the community's history.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.cbcisite.com/Mangalore.htm
|title = Mangalore Diocese
|publisher = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] (C.B.C.I)
|access-date = 2008-12-05
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081023185739/http://www.cbcisite.com/Mangalore.htm
|archive-date = 23 October 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> In 1901, Mangalorean Catholics accounted for 76,000 of the total 84,103 Christians in South Canara.,<ref name="i14">{{harvnb|The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 14|p=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V14_366.gif 360]|Ref=imp}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Oddie|1991|p=127|Ref=odd}}</ref> while in 1962, they numbered 186,741.<ref>{{harvnb|Pious Society of St. Paul|Catholic Church Bishops' Conference of India|1962|pp=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073241/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a253.pdf 191]|Ref=pious}}</ref> During the mid-nineteenth century, [[Bishop Victor R. Fernandes]], a Mangalorean Catholic priest, erected a large [[Christian cross|cross]] at former outskirts of Mangalore in [[Nanthoor]] near [[Padav hills]] to honour the memory of Mangalorean Catholic martyrs who died on the march and during their [[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|15-year captivity at Seringapatam]].<ref name="mloreans">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990503/iex03030.html|title=We the Mangaloreans|date=1999-05-03|access-date=2009-06-01|first=Maxwell|last=Pereira|newspaper=[[The Indian Express|Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Ltd.]] ([[Indian Express Group]])|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815111148/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990503/iex03030.html|archive-date=15 August 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the later 20th century, they started migrating to other parts of India, especially [[Bombay]]{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} and [[Bangalore]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} Till 1930 it was boom time when
educated young Mangalorean Catholic men were drawn to Bombay from Mangalore in search of lucrative employment. The lower working class received no support from those of the upper class of their community in Bombay, Westernisation of habits and the rejection of the mother tongue was the reason for a sharp cleavage between the two classes. In 1930s, the profession taken up by the lower classes were as taxi drivers and fitters and as domestic service in homes. The men lived in {{lang|kok|koods}} mainly in Central and South Bombay. There were about 400 Mangalorean Catholics then in Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=290}}</ref> The first Mangalorean Catholic to settle down in Madras in the 1940s was ''Dewan Bahadur''{{which lang|date=June 2021}} Alexio Pinto.<ref>{{harvnb|Farias|1999|p=295}}</ref>

==Independent India (1947–present)==
During the 1970s, coastal communication increased between Bombay and Mangalore, after introduction of ships by the [[London]] based trade firm Shepherd. These ships facilitated the entry of Mangalorean Catholics to Bombay.<ref>{{harvnb|Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture|1983|p=113|Ref=xav}}</ref> The bicentenary anniversary of the release from captivity was widely celebrated on 4 May 1999 by the Mangalorean Catholic community. Five Catholics walked from Seringapatam to Mangalore to retrace the 278 km route that Tippu Sultan forced the Christians to take in 1784. The commemorative march ended on 11 May at the [[Rosario Cathedral, Mangalore]].<ref name="freed">{{cite news|url=http://www.ucanews.com/1999/05/26/mangalore-catholics-commemorate-bicentenary-of-their-liberation/|title=Mangalorean Catholics commemorate bicentenary of their liberation|publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News|date=1999-05-26|access-date=2008-11-02|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826034903/https://www.ucanews.com/1999/05/26/mangalore-catholics-commemorate-bicentenary-of-their-liberation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Events related to Mangalorean Catholics that took place in Mangalore, and made national headlines were the [[September 2008 attacks on Christians in Mangalore|attacks on Christian churches in September 2008]].<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep152008/state2008091590105.asp?section=updatenews|title= Mangalore shut as Christians protest attack on church|access-date= 2008-09-20|date=2008-09-15|newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917223202/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Sep152008/state2008091590105.asp?section=updatenews |archive-date=2008-09-17}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Farias |first=Kranti |title=The Christian Impact in South Kanara |publisher=Church History Association of India |year=1999}}
*{{Cite book |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]]) |year=1973 |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |pages=33–85 |chapter=History |ref=sch |chapter-url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_2.pdf }}
*{{Cite book |title=South Kanara District Gazetteer |publisher=Gazetteer Department ([[Government of Karnataka]]) |year=1973 |series=Karnataka State Gazetteer |volume=12 |pages=86–125 |chapter=People |ref=sc |chapter-url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325022809/http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/data/gazetteer/postind/11_1973_3.pdf |archive-date=25 March 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
*{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Alan Machado |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-86778-25-8 |ref=mac}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Shastry |first1=Bhagamandala Seetharama |title=Goa-Kanara Portuguese relations, 1498-1763 |last2=Borges |first2=Charles J. |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-7022-848-6}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Silva |first1=Severine |url=http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf |title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara, India |last2=Fuchs |author-link2=Stephen Fuchs |first2=Stephen |publisher=Asian Folklore Studies, [[Nanzan University]] ([[Japan]]) |year=1965 |series=2 |volume=24 |ref=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320030443/http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/publications/afs/pdf/a173.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Anvita Abbi |title=Linguistic Structure and Language Dynamics in South Asia: Papers from the Proceedings of SALA XVIII Roundtable |last2=R. S. Gupta |last3=Ayesha Kidwai |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-208-1765-4 |ref=lin .|author1-link=Anvita Abbi |author3-link=Ayesha Kidwai }}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayyappapanicker |first=K. |title=Medieval Indian Literature: An Anthology |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1997 |isbn=81-260-0365-0 |ref=ayy }}
*{{Cite book |last=Baptista |first=Elsie Wilhelmina |year=1967 |title=The East Indians: Catholic Community of Bombay, Salsette and Bassein |publisher=Bombay East Indian Association |ref=bap }}
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*{{Cite book |last1=Pious Society of St. Paul |last2=Catholic Church Bishops' Conference of India |author-link2=Catholic Bishops' Conference of India |year=1972 |title=The Catholic Directory for India |publisher=St. Paul Publications |ref=pious}}
*{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=George W. |authorlink=George William Forrest |year=1887 |title=Selections from the Letters, Despatches, and Other State Papers Preserved in the Bombay Secretariat |location=[[Mumbai|Bombay]] |publisher=Government Central Press |volume=2 |ref=8 }}
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*{{Cite book |last=Giriappa |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8j7tyiCAFkC |title=Rural Industrialisation in Backward Areas |publisher=Daya books |year=1994 |isbn=81-7035-125-1 |ref=appa . |access-date=2009-01-31 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Anirudha |title=Minorities on India's West Coast: History & Society |publisher=Kalinga Publications |year=1991 |isbn=81-85163-22-7 |ref=ped }}
*{{Cite book |last=Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture |year=1983 |title=Indica |publisher=[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College (Bombay)]] |volume=20 |ref=xav }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |last2=James Sutherland Cotton |last3=Richard Burn |last4=William Stevenson Meyer |last5=Great Britain India Office |year=1909 |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ |publisher=Clarendon Press |access-date=2009-01-07 |ref=imp }}
*{{Cite book |last1=James Scurry |url=https://archive.org/details/captivitysuffer00whitgoog |title=The Captivity, Sufferings, and Escape of James Scurry, who was Detained a Prisoner During Ten Years, in the Dominions of Hyder Ali and Tippoo Saib |last2=William Whiteway |publisher=H. Fisher |year=1824 |ref=jam |access-date=2009-01-18 }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Kelley |first1=Gerald B. |title=Dimensions of Sociolinguistics in South Asia: Papers in Memory of Gerald B. Kelley |last2=Edward C. Dimock |last3=Braj B. Kachru |publisher=Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-204-0573-8 |ref=kelly }}
*{{Cite book |last=Kurzon |first=Dennis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5iK3CmIW6EC |title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=2003 |isbn=1-85359-673-6 |ref=den |access-date=2008-12-05 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Lobo |first=Michael |title=Mangaloreans World-wide: An International Directory of the Mangalorean Catholic Community |publisher=Camelot Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=81-87609-00-1}}
*{{Cite book |last=Maffei |first=Angelus Francis Xavier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZv6UyynBPgC |title=A Konkani Grammar |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-206-0087-4 |location=Mangalore |ref=maf . |access-date=2009-01-22 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Maffei |first=Angelus Francis Xavier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YheuhLoHKsUC |title=English-konkani Dictionary |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2001 |isbn=81-206-0626-4 |location=Mangalore |ref=ma . |access-date=2008-08-24 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Naimpalli |first=Sadanand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z63zvthhbhAC |title=Theory and Practice of Tabla |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2005 |isbn=81-7991-149-7 |ref=nai . |access-date=2008-09-15 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=P. Thankappan |title=South Indians in Kolkata: History of Kannadigas, Konkanis, Malayalees, Tamilians, Telugus, South Indian Dishes, and Tippoo Sultan's Heirs in Calcutta |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=2004 |isbn=81-86791-50-7 |ref=nair }}
*{{Cite book |last=Oddie |first=Geoffrey A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qbf83q7MjlYC |title=Hindu and Christian in South-east India: Aspects of Religious Continuity and Change, 1800-1900 |publisher=Routledge |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-913215-55-5 |ref=odd2 |access-date=2008-10-15 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Oddie |first=Geoffrey A. |year=1991 |title=Religion in South Asia: Religious Conversion and Revival Movements in South Asia in Medieval and Modern Times |publisher=Manohar |ref=odd }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Pai |first1=C. C. A. |last2=Supriya |year=1981 |title=Konknni Huminnyom (Konkani Riddles): an Anthropological Analysis of the Konkany Riddles of Mangalore Catholics |publisher=Satabdi Prakasan |ref=pai }}
*{{Cite book |last=[[Royal Geographical Society]] (Great Britain) |year=1856 |title=A Gazetteer of the World: Or, Dictionary of Geographical Knowledge, Compiled from the Most Recent Authorities, and Forming a Complete Body of Modern Geography — Physical, Political, Statistical, Historical, and Ethnographical |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sLgNAAAAQAAJ |publisher=A. Fullarton |access-date=2009-01-20 |ref=rgs }}
*{{Cite book |last=Saradesaya |first=Manohararaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC |title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=2000 |isbn=81-7201-664-6 |ref=sar . }}
*{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Colleen Taylor |title=Food Culture in India |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2004 |isbn=0-313-32487-5 |ref=sen }}
*{{Cite journal |last=D'Sa |first=Victor |year=1972 |title=The Marriage Customs of the Christians in South Canara (India) |url=http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a253.pdf |url-status=dead |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]], 0.2803 MB |series=1 |journal=Asian Folklore Studies |publisher=[[Nanzan University]] ([[Japan]]) |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=71–87 |doi=10.2307/1177538 |jstor=1177538 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722073241/http://www.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/afs/pdf/a253.pdf |archive-date=22 July 2011 |ref=1 |df=dmy-all |access-date=11 August 2009 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Severine |year=1961 |title=History of Christianity in Canara |location=[[Kumta|Coompta]], [[North Canara]] |publisher=Star of Kanara Press |volume=I |ref=hc}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Somerset |first1=Playne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC |title=Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources |last2=Bond, E. W. |last3=Wright, Arnold |last4=Wright, Playne |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2004 |isbn=81-206-1344-9 |ref=24 |access-date=2008-06-18 }}
*{{Cite book |last1=Wellesley |first1=Arthur (Arthur Wellesley Wellington) |author-link=Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington |last2=John Gurwood |year=1834 |title=The dispatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, during his various campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b34BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 |edition=New |location=[[London]], [[Great Britain]] |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |volume=1 |access-date=2009-07-01 |quote=compiled from official and authentic documents by Lieutenant Colonel Gurwood |ref=dis }}
*{{Cite magazine |year=1833 |title=Sufferings of the Canarese Christians |magazine=The Gentleman's Magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnSrSlq_ckcC |publisher=F. Jefferies |volume=CIII |access-date=2008-10-15 |ref=ge }}
*{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ihgYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Oriental Herald |year=1824 |volume=3 |ref=or |access-date=2008-10-15 }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:History of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]
[[Category:History of Christianity in India]]

Madhurima Patni

2026-02-23T07:37:04Z

NXHLillian: New Some Article Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian designer and educator}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Madhurima Patni
| image =
| landscape = 200
| caption = (L- R) Madhurima Patni Bhowmick (also called Gitto), [[Charles Eames]], [[Aditi Ranjan]] at NID c.1980
| other_names = Gitto
| occupation = [[Designer]]
| employer = [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]], [[Indian Institute of Crafts and Design|IICD]]
| known_for = Textile Design & Craft Documentation
}}

'''Madhurima Patni Bhowmick''', also known as Gitto, was one of the first student-faculty members, along with [[Aditi Ranjan]] and others, in the department of Textile Design at [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Quarterly – A Literary & Cultural Magazine – Prophets of Loom |url=https://indianquarterly.com/?p=1071 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=indianquarterly.com}}</ref> She guided several students during her tenure as a faculty member, and is responsible for several craft and textile related projects and publications.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Singh ghai |first=Swasti |date=December 2010 |title=A PROJECT ON THE EMBROIDERY OF THE TODAS |url=https://www.academia.edu/37433817 |journal=The Trellis |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=68 |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> She is a practicing designer, based in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Globe-Trotter |url=https://www.craftcouncil.org/magazine/article/globe-trotter |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=American Craft Council |language=en}}</ref>

== Work ==

Gitto was a faculty member at [[National Institute of Design]], who along with [[Helena Perheentupa]] and others was responsible for structuring the 6-week craft documentation exercise for students.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Culture of Indigo in Asia : plant, product, power |date=2014 |others=Kapila Vatsyayan |isbn=978-93-83098-23-1 |location=New Delhi |oclc=879958887}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pune |first=Film and Television Institute of India |title=Balancing the Wisdom Tree: ANTHOLOGY OF FTII'S WOMEN ALUMNI |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |year=2021 |isbn=9789354094736 |editor-last=Roma |editor-first=Chatterjee |edition=2nd |location=Pune}}</ref> After the 2001 earthquake in Gujarat, while working with ''Gurjari,'' Gitto gave a set of designs to the artisans in [[Kutch district|Kutch]] that eventually became a part of the repertoire for contemporary [[Ajrak]]h artisans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dua |first=Sharmila |date=2016-01-01 |title=Title: AJRAKH- A Textile Tradition in Transition |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tsaconf/955 |journal=Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Jyotindra Jain]]
* [[Aditi Ranjan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patni, Madhurima}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Designers at National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Academic staff of National Institute of Design]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Indian women designers]]

Anjali Appadurai

2026-02-22T00:36:00Z

NXHLillian: enhance information additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Canadian politician}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Appadurai
| image = Appadurai speaking with press 2069 (Cropped).jpg
| caption = Appadurai in 2021
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|May 27, 1990}}
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[United World College, USA]] [[College of the Atlantic]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = [[Activist]]
| party = [[New Democratic Party|New Democratic]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
}}

'''Anjali Appadurai''' (born May 27, 1990) is a Canadian politician and climate activist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Burgess |first=Steve |date=2022-08-18 |title=Anjali Appadurai: 'A Total Reframing Is Needed' |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/08/18/Anjali-Appadurai-Total-Reframing-Needed/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Tyee |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Appadurai's family immigrated to [[Canada]] from [[India]] and settled in [[Coquitlam]], [[British Columbia]], when she was six, to access better education.<ref name=":0" />

Appadurai attended [[Gleneagle Secondary School]] in Coquitlam. She formed a global issues club in high school and became interested in trade issues and their relationship to climate justice.<ref name=":0" />

Appadurai attended the [[United World Colleges|United World College]], a two-year international baccalaureate program in [[Montezuma, New Mexico|Montezuma]], [[New Mexico]]. She obtained a Bachelor's degree in Global Politics, International Trade Law and Climate Policy from the [[College of the Atlantic]] in [[Maine]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mall |first=posted by: Rattan |date=2022-08-10 |title=Former federal NDP candidate Anjali Appadurai will give David Eby rough time |url=https://voiceonline.com/former-federal-ndp-candidate-anjali-appadurai-will-give-david-eby-rough-time/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Indo-Canadian Voice |language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Mckenzie |first=Kevin Hinton & Ryan |title=BCBusiness |url=https://www.bcbusiness.ca/Leadership-2022-Despite-losing-the-BC-NDP-leadership-race-Anjali-Appadurai-isnt-going-anywhere |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=BCBusiness |date=December 19, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Climate activism ==
In 2011, at 21 years old, Appadurai spoke at the [[United Nations|UN]] Climate Change Conference in [[Durban]], [[South Africa]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |title="Get It Done": Urging Climate Justice, Youth Delegate Anjali Appadurai Mic-Checks UN Summit | date=December 9, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ko3e6G_7GY4 |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2014, she worked for [[West Coast Environmental Law]] where she worked on the Sue Big Oil campaign. She also worked for the [[Sierra Club]] and the [[David Suzuki Foundation]]’s Climate Emergency Unit.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Narwhal |first=The |title=How a 32-year-old climate activist is shaking up the race to be B.C.'s next premier |url=https://thenarwhal.ca/anjali-appadurai-bc-premier-race/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Narwhal |date=August 29, 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Appadurai was mentored by [[Martin Khor]] and Yeb Saño, the later of which she met at a UN Climate Conference in [[Warsaw]] in 2013.<ref name=":2" />

== Politics ==
At age 31, Appadurai ran as the [[New Democratic Party|federal New Democratic Party]] candidate for [[Vancouver Granville]] in the 2021 election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-19 |title=Anjali Appadurai nominated as NDP candidate in Vancouver Granville |url=https://www.straight.com/news/anjali-appadurai-nominated-as-ndp-candidate-in-vancouver-granville |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Georgia Straight |language=en}}</ref> She lost to [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] candidate [[Taleeb Noormohamed]] by 431 votes.<ref name=":1" />

Appadurai was the only challenger to [[David Eby]], until she was disqualified, in the [[2022 British Columbia New Democratic Party leadership election|2022 BC New Democratic Party leadership race.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=Oct 19, 2022 |title=B.C. NDP ousts Anjali Appadurai from leadership race, paving way for David Eby to become premier |work=CBC |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/anjali-appadurai-ndp-leadership-campaign-elections-bc-1.6621526 |access-date=March 28, 2023}}</ref> The BC NDP executive voted to disqualify her on the grounds of collusion with [[Dogwood BC]], following a report by chief electoral officer [[Elizabeth Cull]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Avi |date=2022-10-20 |title=The desperate disqualification of Anjali Appadurai |url=https://www.nationalobserver.com/2022/10/20/opinion/desperate-disqualification-anjali-appadurai |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Canada's National Observer |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=BC NDP chief electoral officer recommends disqualifying Anjali Appadurai from leadership race {{!}} Globalnews.ca |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9208914/bc-ndp-chief-electoral-officer-recommends-disqualifying-anjali-appadurai/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Global News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=InvestigationReport.pdf |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1f2jWbQjam94dn9LLcfQ9E5nMg4SloCfj/view?usp=embed_facebook |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Google Docs}}</ref> Appadurai's involvement in the leadership race is thought to have prompted an estimated 14,000 individuals to become BC NDP members in 25 days, more than doubling the previous membership of 11,000.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=MacLeod |first=Andrew |date=2022-10-19 |title=NDP Report Says Appadurai Should Be Kicked Out of Leadership Race |url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2022/10/19/BC-NDP-Report-Says-Appadurai-Should-Be-Kicked-Out-Race/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Tyee |language=English}}</ref>

Appadurai criticized BC NDP executive's decision and Cull's report, calling it: "an investigation to support a predetermined conclusion."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-21 |title=Why B.C.'s NDP disqualified leadership contender, and how she responds - Vancouver Island Free Daily |url=https://www.vancouverislandfreedaily.com/news/why-b-c-s-ndp-disqualified-leadership-contender-and-how-she-responds/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.vancouverislandfreedaily.com |language=en-US}}</ref> She said it was "clearly a new interpretation" of the rules of a leadership contest and also called the decision to disqualify her “undemocratic” and a "nuclear option."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CityNews |url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2022/10/19/appadurai-bc-ndp-report/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=vancouver.citynews.ca|date=October 19, 2022 }}</ref>

==Electoral history==
{{2021 Canadian federal election/Vancouver Granville}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Appadurai, Anjali}}
[[Category:Canadian activists]]
[[Category:Canadian climate activists]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British Columbia candidates for Member of Parliament]]
[[Category:New Democratic Party candidates in the 2021 Canadian federal election]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:People from Coquitlam]]
[[Category:People educated at a United World College]]
[[Category:College of the Atlantic alumni]]

Nistar-class diving support vessel

2026-02-21T04:20:39Z

NXHLillian: Starting first info and citations

{{short description|Diving support vessels for the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{distinguish|text=[[INS Nistar (1969)|INS Nistar]], which served in Indian Navy from 1969 to 1989}}
{{Infobox ship 
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Nistar (A16), diving support vesssel during Yoga day practise.jpg
| image_caption = ''Nistar'' personnel performing Yoga
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| builders = [[Hindustan Shipyard]] (HSL)
| operators = {{navy|India}}
| class_before =
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned = 2
| total_ships_completed = 2
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 1
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired =
| total_ships_scrapped =
| cost = *{{INRConvert|2392.94|c|lk=on|year=2018}}
*{{INRConvert|1196.47|c|lk=on|year=2018}} per unit (FY 2018)
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = [[Diving support vessel]]
| displacement = {{convert|9350|t|LT|lk=on|0|abbr=on}}<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| length = {{convert|118.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| beam = {{convert|22.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| draft =
| draught =
| propulsion = 2 × diesel engine
| speed =
| range =
| endurance =
| complement = 1 × [[Deep-submergence rescue vehicle#India|Deep-submergence rescue vehicle]]<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| sensors = *Navigation radar
*2 × [[Bharat Electronics|BEL]] Lynx-U2
*2 × EOIRST [[fire-control system]] for [[CIWS]]
| EW = *1 × EW Suite
| armament = *2 × 30 mm/65 [[AK-630]] [[CIWS]]
| aircraft = 1 × {{convert|15|t|LT|lk=on|abbr=on}} helicopter.
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
The '''''Nistar'' class''' is a series of two [[diving support vessel]]s being built by [[Hindustan Shipyard]] (HSL) for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="FPJ-171220">{{cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=Defence Ministry clears 11 advance warships for Navy, 6 surveillance planes for IAF|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/defence-ministry-clears-11-advance-warships-for-navy-6-surveillance-planes-for-iaf|publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> The deal was signed on 20 September 2018 with the delivery of the ships is scheduled to commence from July 2023. The primary role of the vessels to support the Indian Navy's submarine fleet and meet various operational requirements such as [[submarine rescue]], [[Deep diving|deep sea diving]] operations, sustained patrolling, [[Non-combatant evacuation operation#India|non combatant evacuation operations]] and [[search and rescue]] (SAR).<ref name="PIB-220922"/> The induction of the vessels helps the Indian Navy to prioritize submarine operations in the [[Indo-Pacific]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=Indian Navy Prioritises Submarine Operations in the Indo-Pacific with Diving Support Vessels (DSVs) |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indian-navy-prioritises-submarine-operations-in-the-indo-pacific-with-diving-support-vessels-dsvs-3522845/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The ''Nistar''-class project is a series of two [[diving support vessel]]s being built to support [[Indian Navy]]'s expanding [[List of submarines of the Indian Navy|submarine fleet]]. These ships will act as a [[mother ship]] to the recently acquired [[Deep-submergence rescue vehicle#Indian models|deep-submergence rescue vehicle]] (DSRV) for rescuing and aiding submarines in need. In December 2017, [[Hindustan Shipyard]] (HSL) won a bid to build two ships for {{INRConvert|2019|c|lk=on|year=2017}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=16 September 2017|title=Indian Navy's Rs 1010 cr vessel contract bagged by Hindustan Shipyard; L&T puts in highest bid|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indian-navys-rs-1010-cr-vessel-contract-bagged-by-hindustan-shipyard-lt-puts-in-highest-bid/857364/|access-date=26 December 2017|website=Financial Express|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref> The Indian Navy signed a contract with the HSL to indigenously design, develop and manufacture these ships on 20 September 2018.<ref name="FE-260918">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-hindustan-shipyard-limited-to-construct-diving-support-vessels-for-indian-navy-here-are-details-1327835/|title=Hindustan Shipyard Limited to construct Diving Support Vessels for Indian Navy |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|date=26 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="HSDSV">{{cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Contract for construction of diving support Vessels(DSV) signed |url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1547291 |access-date=26 September 2018 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> Initially, the displacement of the vessel was limited to {{convert|7650|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} which later increased to {{convert|9350|t|LT|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="IN-200918">{{cite news|title=Contract for Construction of Diving Support Vessels (DSV) Signed
|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/20831|work=[[Indian Navy]]|date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="PIB-200918">{{cite report|title=Contract for Construction of Diving Support Vessels (DSV) Signed|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1547291|date=2018-09-20}}</ref><ref name="TH-070718">{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title= HSL to sign contract to build two Diving Support Vessels soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hsl-to-sign-contract-to-build-two-diving-support-vessels-soon/article24362154.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2018-07-07}}</ref>

The deal that was signed in September 2018 had a value of {{INRConvert|2392.94|c|lk=on|year=2018}}. The aim was to deliver the first vessel within 36 months of signing the deal. However, there was considerable delay due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] with the [[Ceremonial ship launching|launching]] of the ships done in September 2022 and the first delivery expected in July 2023, this tantamount to a delay of two years.<ref name="PIB-210922">{{cite report|title=Launch Of Two Diving Support Vessels At Hindustan Shipyard Ltd, Vizag On 22 Sep 2022|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1861273|date=2022-09-21}}</ref>

The project was awarded to HSL on a nomination basis to improve the financial standing of the shipyard. HSL began construction activities for the project in 2019.<ref name="TH-090219">{{cite news |last1=Patnaik |first1=Santosh |title= HSL begins work for DivingSupport Vessels project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hsl-begins-work-for-diving-support-vessels-project/article26219522.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2019-02-09}}</ref>
=== Namesake ===
The class of ships and the first ship is named after {{INS|Nistar}}, a [[submarine rescue ship]], which was acquired from the erstwhile [[Soviet Navy]] in 1969 and had served until 1989. From then onwards, until the commissioning of this class of diving support vessels, the Indian Navy relied on commercially-leased vessels, like SCI ''Sabarmati'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2025-07-19 |title=Indian Navy Inducts New Diving Support Vessel, To Serve As Mothership For DSRV |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/07/indian-navy-inducts-new-diving-support-vessel-to-serve-as-mothership-for-dsrv/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref> to accomplish these roles.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-19 |title=How newly commissioned INS Nistar will help save lives in deep sea |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/all-about-ins-nipun-how-it-will-help-save-lives-in-deep-sea-10135689/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723181704/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/all-about-ins-nipun-how-it-will-help-save-lives-in-deep-sea-10135689/ |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==

The ships will have a displacement of {{convert|9350|t|LT|0|abbr=on}} which has considerably increased from the contracted weight of {{convert|7650|t|LT|abbr=on|0}}. The reason for the substantial increase in weight has not been disclosed but it can be corroborated to increased role of the ship.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} The length of {{Convert|118.4|m|ftin}} and a [[Beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|22.8|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The ships have an endurance of 60 days without replenishment. The diving support vessels (DSVs) are first of the kind ship, indigenously designed and built at Indian shipyard for the Indian Navy.<ref name="PIB-220922"/><ref name=":3" />

The ship has been designed by HSL with design consultancy from Vik-Sandvik design similar to the {{INS|Dhruv}}, another specialty ship manufactured by HSL.<ref name="AR-2021">{{cite web|url=https://www.hslvizag.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/AnnualReports/69AR_2020-21_E.pdf|title=69th Annual Report HSL 2020-21|date=2021-12-27|page=15}}</ref><ref name="NT-220922">{{cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/indian-navy-diving-support-vessels/|title=Indian Navy launches two diving support vessels Nistar and Nipun|work=Naval Technology|date=2022-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/research-vessel-and-missile-tracking-ship-ins-dhruv-1631107949-1|title=INS Dhruv to be commissioned on September 10 by NSA Doval: All you need to know about the N-missile tracking ship|publisher=Jagran Josh|date=2021-09-08}}</ref>

These ships will be able to perform carry out [[submarine rescue]], [[Deep diving|deep sea diving]] operations along with [[Search and rescue|search and rescue missions]], sustained patrolling and helicopter operations at the sea.<ref name="TH-260918">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/navy-inks-contract-with-hindustan-shipyard/article25049216.ece|title= Navy inks contract with Hindustan Shipyard |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2018-09-26}}</ref>

The ships will be fitted with [[Dynamic Positioning]] System (DP-II) to automatically maintain its position and heading during underwater operations in harsh conditions. Other equipment also includes a six-person [[Decompression chamber|Decompression Chamber]]; a Submersible Decompression Chamber (SDC), or Diving Bell, which is launched through a [[moon pool]] for diver safety; and a [[Self-propelled hyperbaric lifeboat|Self-Propelled Hyperbaric Lifeboat]] (SPHL). Diving vessel carried by the ships include two [[Observation-class]] [[Remotely Operated Vehicle]]s (OROVs) and a [[Deep-submergence rescue vehicle#India|Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle]] (DSRV) along with a [[helipad]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The ships are also equipped with [[side-scan sonar]] and 15-tonne subsea crane.<ref name=":3" />

== Construction ==

HSL started the construction activities months after signing the deal. The beleaguered shipyard won this project on a nomination basis to bolster its financial position.<ref name="TH-090219"/> The first ship (Yard-11190) was [[Keel laying|laid down]] on 28 December 2019, a year after signing the deal whilst the keel of the second ship (Yard-11191) was laid down three months later on 23 March 2020.<ref name="AR-1920">{{cite web|url=https://www.hslvizag.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/AnnualReports/68AR_2019-20_E.pdf|title=68th Annual Report - 2019/20|work=[[Hindustan Shipyard]]|date=2021-04-10|page=44}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mazumdar|first=Mrityunjoy|date=2020-01-12|title=India lays down keel for first dive support vessel|url=https://www.janes.com/article/93650/india-lays-down-keel-for-first-dive-support-vessel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131061810/https://www.janes.com/article/93650/india-lays-down-keel-for-first-dive-support-vessel|archive-date=31 January 2020|publisher=Janes}}</ref>

The contract obligated the shipyard to deliver the ships within 36 months from signing the deal but there has been considerably delays owing to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|lock down]] in India. Both the ships were concurrently launched on 22 September 2022.<ref name="PIB-220922">{{cite report|title=MRS KALA HARI KUMAR LAUNCHES (YARD 11190 - NISTAR) & (YARD 11191 - NIPUN), DIVING SUPPORT VESSELS AT HINDUSTAN SHIPYARD LTD, VISAKHAPATNAM ON 22 SEP 22|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1861514|date=2022-09-22}}</ref>

A minimum delay of a year was expected with the first ship, which is expected to be delivered in July 2023 while the second ship will be delivered six months later, around January 2024. Owing to this delay, the Indian Navy has released a Request for Information (RFI) to lease a mother ship to operate their [[Deep-submergence rescue vehicle#Indian models|deep-submergence rescue vehicle]] (DSRV).<ref name="SN-260922">{{cite news|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/indian-navy-beefs-up-diving-support-and-submarine-rescue-capability/|title=Indian Navy beefs up diving support and submarine rescue capability|work=Shephard Media|first=Gordon|last=Arthur|place=[[Christchurch]]|date=2022-09-26 }}</ref>

The ship will have at least 80% indigenous content contributing significantly to the [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] mission of the Government of India and further bolstered the Indian economy.<ref name="IT-220922">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/diving-support-vessels-indian-navy-launch-visakhapatnam-2003145-2022-09-21|title=2 Diving Support Vessels of Indian Navy all set to be launched in Visakhapatnam |work=[[India Today]]|first=Manjeet|last=Negi|date=2022-09-22 }}</ref> In addition, the steel used the their construction has been wholly manufactured by [[Steel Authority of India Limited|SAIL]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=INS Ajay and INS Nistar: Latest Milestones in SAIL’s Strategic Steel Support to Defence Indigenization |date=2025-08-04 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2152092 |access-date=2025-08-11}}</ref>

As of December 2022, 46% of the physical construction has been complete on both the ships with deliveries expected to be completed by 2024.<ref name="AR-2122">{{cite web|url=https://www.hslvizag.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/file/AnnualReports/HSL%20English%20Annual%20Report%202021-22.pdf|title=70th Annual Report 2021-22|work=[[Hindustan Shipyard]]|date=2022-12-03|page=10}}</ref>

On 27 May 2024, ''Nistar'' completed its maiden [[sea trials]]. The trials included assessment of the ship's maneuverability, propulsion systems, and onboard equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=IADN Editorial |date=2024-05-29 |title=Nistar Class DSV aces maiden sea trials - IADN |url=https://iadnews.in/nistar-class-dsv-aces-maiden-sea-trials/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=- IADN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-28 |title=HSL's first warship in three decades sails through maiden sea trials |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dsv-vessel-sent-for-sea-trials/article68224958.ece |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maritime |first=Baird |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sea trials begin for Indian Navy dive support vessel |url=https://www.bairdmaritime.com/security/naval/naval-auxiliary-support/sea-trials-begin-for-indian-navy-dive-support-vessel |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Baird Maritime / Work Boat World |language=en}}</ref> Between 24 March and 12 April 2025, the [[Gas blending for scuba diving|air/mix gas diving system]] trials of the ship was completed which included unmanned and manned dives at varying depths as well as trials of its Observation-class Remotely Operated Vehicle (OROV). This will be followed by "saturation diving trials".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title=INS Nistar in its final stages of construction |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ins-nistar-in-its-final-stages-of-construction/article69368977.ece |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Aritra |date=2025-04-12 |title=HSL Completes Key Trials For Indian Navy's Diving Support Vessel 'Nistar' |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/hsl-completes-key-trials-for-indian-navys-diving-support-vessel-nistar-4122153.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Oneindia |language=en}}</ref>

HSL delivered INS ''Nistar'', with an indigenous content of 80%, to Indian Navy on 8 July 2025.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title=HSL delivers INS Nistar to Navy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/hsl-delivers-ins-nistar-to-navy/articleshow/122326240.cms |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-09 |title=First indigenously designed, constructed Diving Support Vessel 'Nistar' delivered to Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-indigenously-designed-constructed-diving-support-vessel-nistar-delivered-to-navy/articleshow/122342727.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The ship, nicknamed as "Guardian of the Deep",<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy Shares Glimpses Of First Homegrown Nistar-Class Diving Support Vessel |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/navy-shares-glimpses-of-first-homegrown-nistar-class-diving-support-vessel-8885274 |access-date=2025-07-17 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> was commissioned into the [[Eastern Naval Command]] on 18 July 2025.<ref name="PIB-180725">{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2145766|title=INS Nistar, first indigenously designed & constructed Diving Support Vessel, commissioned in Vizag in the presence of Raksha Rajya Mantri|work=PIB|date=2025-07-18}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-06-16 |title=Indian Navy to commission 'Nistar': All you need to know about first indigenous diving support vessel |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/indian-navy-to-commission-nistar-all-you-need-to-know-about-first-indigenous-diving-support-vessel-13284884.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

== Service history ==

=== INS ''Nistar'' ===
On 14 September 2025, INS ''Nistar'' made her maiden port call at [[Changi Naval Base]], [[Singapore]] to participate in Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 (XPR 25) which would start on the next day. The mothership would deploy the Submarine Rescue Unit (East) for the biennial exercise which would be hosted in the [[South China Sea]].<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Naval Ship Nistar enters Changi Naval Base, Singapore to participate in Exercise Pacific Reach 2025 |date=2025-09-15 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2166790 |access-date=2025-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-09-15 |title=INS Nistar makes maiden port call at Singapore for multinational submarine rescue exercise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-nistar-makes-maiden-port-call-at-singapore-for-multinational-submarine-rescue-exercise/article70053202.ece |access-date=2025-09-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The exercise included a harbour phase, between 15 and 20 September, where the Indian Navy presented their DSRV philosophy and post-rescue medical preparedness through an international medical symposium.<ref name=":5" />

This was followed by a sea phase from 21 to 25 September. During this phase, two other rescue units were also embarked on {{Ship|MV|Swift Rescue}} of the [[Republic of Singapore Navy]] (RSN) and {{JS|Chiyoda|2016|6}} of the [[Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force]] (JMSDF). The three rescue units and their [[submarine rescue ship]]s operated along with submarines of [[Republic of Korea Navy]], RSN and JMSDF which simulated as Disabled Submarines (DISSUBs). On 23 and 24 September, the DSRV ''Tiger X'' was deployed from ''Nistar'' to rescue {{ROKS|Shin Dol-seok|SS-082}} and {{RSS|Invincible}}, respectively.<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy demonstrates global submarine rescue capability at Exercise Pacific Reach (XPR-25) |date=2025-10-01 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2173604 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref> Overall, the DSRV conducted mating exercise with three foreign submarines on three consecutive days also marking the Navy's first such exercise. The exercise included ROV operations for over three days. The deployment the Navy's interoperability with foreign maritime forces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2025-09-28 |title=Indian Navy completes maiden submarine intervention, rescue exercise in South China Sea |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/28/indian-navy-completes-maiden-submarine-intervention-rescue-exercise-in-south-china-sea |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1971934353422012891 |user=indiannavy |title=Three Subs Three Mates Three Days… |date=2025-09-27 |access-date=2025-09-29}}</ref> On 25 September, a coordinated rescue drill was hosted by RSN. This was the first "three-asset rescue (R3)" in the history of Pacific Reach. ''Nistar'' led the formation, assisting the other rescue ships by localising and surveying the datum and passing requisite information to ''Swift Rescue'' and ''Chiyoda''. While ''Invincible'' simulated as the DISSUB, India's ROV and DSRV were deployed and the mating was completed within an hour.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-01 |title=Indian Navy demonstrates global submarine rescue capability at Exercise Pacific Reach |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-demonstrates-global-submarine-rescue-capability-at-exercise-pacific-reach/articleshow/124263940.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

She also participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref> As part of the Harbour Phase, on 19 February 2026, the Indian Navy demonstrated the capabilities of the ship and the DSRV to the naval delegates of friendly foreign countries.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=2024328196351807897 |user=IN_HQENC |title=As part of the Harbour phase of #MILAN2026, delegates from Friendly Foreign Countries witnessed demonstration of the Deep Submergence Rescue Vehicle (DSRV) onboard #INS_NISTAR. |date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-21 |archive-url=}}</ref>

== Ships of the class ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Name
! Pennant
! Yard No
! Keel laid
! Launched
! Delivered
! Commissioned
! Home-port
! Status
|-
! colspan="9" |{{navy|India}}
|-
| ''Nistar''
| align='center'|A16
| 11190<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| 28 December 2019<ref name="AR-1920"/>
| rowspan='2'|22 September 2022<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| 8 July 2025<ref name=":2" />
|18 July 2025<ref name="PIB-180725"/>
|[[Visakhapatnam]]
|Active
|-
| ''Nipun''
| align='center'|A17
| 11191<ref name="PIB-220922"/>
| 23 March 2020<ref name="AR-1920"/>
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
| [[Mumbai]]<ref name=":4" />
|Launched
|}

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Nistar and Nipun diving support vessels launched at HSL.jpg
|''Nistar'' and ''Nipun'' diving support vessels launched at HSL.
|File:Launch ceremony of Nistar diving support vessel at Hindustan shipyard.jpg
|Launch ceremony of ''Nistar'' and ''Nipun'' at Hindustan shipyard.
|File:Model of Diving support vessles being built at Hindustan shipyard.jpg
|Model of diving support vessels being built at Hindustan shipyard.

}}

== See also ==
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[Diving support craft (Indian navy)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Diving support vessels]]

Ruchita Prasad

2026-02-10T03:09:21Z

NXHLillian: Starting initial data basic info

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ruchita Prasad
| image =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| other names =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1996-2008
| known_for =
}}

'''Ruchita Prasad''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and Telugu language films in the 1990s and early 2000s.

==Career==
Ruchita began her career as a model, first competing in the Princess of Indira Nagar Club contest. She began to take modelling seriously and subsequently won the [[Miss Bangalore]] beauty pageant in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Event - The Queens | url=http://www.missbangalore.in/SP.asp?P=3 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408085358/http://www.missbangalore.in/SP.asp?P=3 | archive-date=2023-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?p=7091 |title=Gear up for Miss Bangalore {{pipe}} Bangalore First |date=6 October 2013}}</ref>

Ruchita started her acting career through the unreleased Tamil film ''[[Kanden Seethaiyai (unreleased film)|Kanden Seethaiyai]]'' starring [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Ramesh Aravind]]. Ruchita cleared several rounds of auditions and had started shooting for her part, but the film was later dropped after the director and lead actors fell out. She subsequently first appeared in ''Rangoli'' in Kannada, before playing a dual role in her first Telugu film, ''[[Jabilamma Pelli]]'' (1996) opposite [[Jagapati Babu]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/on-screen-romance-can-be-a-put-off-ruchita/articleshow/35149103.cms |title=On screen romance can be a put-off: Ruchita {{pipe}} Hindi Movie News - Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://article.wn.com/view/2001/03/15/Knowing_me_knowing_you/ |title=Knowing me_ knowing you |website=article.wn.com}}</ref>

She eventually made her first appearance in a Tamil film through the romantic drama ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' (1999), featuring in an ensemble cast including [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Sonali Bendre]] and [[Suchindra Bali]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kannodu-kaanbathu-ellam-review-tamil-pcltQteehijde.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202929/https://www.sify.com/movies/kannodu-kaanbathu-ellam-review-tamil-pcltQteehijde.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2021 |title=Kannodu Kaanbathu Ellam |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In the late 1990s, Ruchita became one of the first Indian actresses to call out directors regarding [[casting couch]] practices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zahidjavali.com/index.php/the-casting-couch-and-actress-ruchita-prasad/ |title=The 'casting couch' and actress Ruchita Prasad - Zahid H Javali |website=zahidjavali.com |date=2 November 2008}}</ref>

In 2002, she signed on to appear in a Hindi film directed by [[M. F. Husain]] with music by [[A. R. Rahman]], but the project did not develop.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/Bollywood-here-she-comes/articleshow/1330923163.cms |title=Bollywood, here she comes |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2002 }}</ref> By 2004, Ruchita had worked on over 500 commercials and in all four South film industries.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/its-tough-without-a-godfather/articleshow/471236.cms |title='It's tough without a godfather' |website=The Times of India|date=3 February 2004 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 1996 || ''Rangoli'' || || [[Kannada]]||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Jabilamma Pelli]]'' ||Madhura Vani / Lakshmi|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Devudu]]'' ||Madhavi|| Telugu
|
|-
| 1997 || ''Encounter'' || || Telugu||
|-
| 1997 || ''Chelikaadu'' || || Telugu||
|-
| 1997 || ''Saradala Samsaram'' || || Telugu||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Kannodu Kanbathellam]]'' ||Akhila|| Tamil
|
|-
| 1999 || ''Chennappa Channegowda'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 1999 || ''Coolie Raja'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Mister Butler|Mr Butler]]'' ||Radhika Menon|| [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Kurigalu Saar Kurigalu]]'' ||Vijayalakshmi|| Kannada
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Bahala Chennagide]]'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2001 || ''Kalla Police'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Hoo Anthiya Uhoo Anthiya]]'' || || Kannada|| Guest appearance
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Nettru Varai Nee Yaaro]]'' || || Tamil||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Simhadriya Simha]]'' ||Teacher|| Kannada
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Ninagoskara]]'' ||Varsha|| Kannada
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Olu Saar Bari Olu]]'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Don (2003 film)|Don]]'' || || Kannada || Guest appearance<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/chow_jogula.asp|title= Ruchitaprasad joined Jogula|work=Viggy}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Pakka Chukka]]'' || Meena || Kannada||
|-
| 2003 || ''Onnam Raagam'' || || Malayalam||
|-
| 2003 || ''Anka'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2003 || ''Jogula'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Monalisa (film)|Monalisa]]'' || || Kannada|| Guest appearance
|-
| 2004 || ''Target'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2004 || ''Aliya Mane Tholiya'' || || Kannada||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Neenello Naanalle]]'' || Maya || Kannada||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Navashakthi Vaibhava]]'' ||Annamma Devi|| Kannada
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7541029|name=Ruchita Prasad}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Female models from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Female models from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Rohit Raut

2026-02-10T03:07:42Z

NXHLillian: Starting some post w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Shyam Raut
| image = Rohit Raut.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Raut at live concert
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Latur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|composer}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| website =
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]''
*''[[Indian Idol#Season 11|Indian Idol 11]]''
*''[[I-Popstar#Season 1|I-PopStar winner]]''
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Juilee Jogalekar|2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-24 |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Little Champs Fame Rohit Raut Ties Knot With Juilee Joglekar |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-little-champs-fame-rohit-raut-ties-knot-with-juilee-joglekar-4692722.html |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| module = {{infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
| genre = [[Indian pop]] [[playback singing]]
}}
}}

'''Rohit Shyam Raut''' (born 18 November 1995) is an [[List of Indian playback singers|Indian singer]] and [[List of Indian film music directors|music director]], who primarily works in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi]] film industry.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rohit Raut becomes a music guru - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/rohit-raut-becomes-a-music-guru/articleshow/63921270.cms|access-date=2021-01-03|website=The Times of India|date=26 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He appeared in the Indian singing reality show [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol'']] and was the runner-up of its eleventh season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 February 2020|title=Rohit Raut was the runner up of Indian Idol 11|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/television/indian-idol-11-grand-finale-sunny-hindustani-is-the-winner-rohit-raut-was-the-runner-up-of-sony-tv-show-45730|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Mumbai Live|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=24 February 2020|title=Indian Idol 11 Grand Finale: Rohit Raut Bags The Second Place!|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2020/indian-idol-11-grand-finale-sunny-hindustani-wins-the-trophy-rohit-raut-bags-the-second-place-295340.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-12-20|website=Filmibeat|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Rohit Shyam Raut was born on 18 November 1995 in [[Latur]]. He completed his secondary education at Shri Deshikendra School. Raut lives with his father Shyam Raut, who works as the cultural head of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], Latur District, and younger brother Yugal Raut, who owns a sales business. In 2022, Raut married his longtime girlfriend Juilee Joglekar, who is also a singer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-30|title=गायक रोहित राऊतने गर्लफ्रेंडसोबत शेअर केला फोटो?|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/singer-rohit-raut-is-no-more-single-now-share-photo-with-his-girlfriend-1502603/|access-date=2020-12-21|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Career ==
Earlier in his life, Raut started participating in district, state, and national level music competitions. He was selected at ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'' on [[Zee Marathi]] and started to gain popularity from the show.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-24|title=Rohit Raut to Ketaki Mategaonkar, here's what Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l champs singers are doing now|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rohit-raut-to-ketaki-mategaonakar-heres-what-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-singers-are-doing-now/photostory/75940402.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> He was one of the finalists of the show and was known as "Future Music Director". He made his debut from the song ''Yaara Yaara'' in ''[[Duniyadari]]''. After that, he appeared in many Marathi films including ''[[Triple Seat]]'', ''[[Muramba]]'', and ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''.

The 2019 film [[Mogra Phulaalaa]], marked Raut's debut as a music director. He has won couple of awards at the [[Mirchi Music Awards]] Marathi and was nominated for the best playback singer at the [[Filmfare Marathi Awards]] 2020 for the song Manmohini.

He sang most of the title tracks and songs of TV shows like ''[[Ka Re Durava]]'', ''[[Sang Tu Aahes Ka?]]'', ''[[Majha Hoshil Na]],'' [[Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla]], ''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (TV series)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]'', ''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=सूरज्योत्स्ना संवादात आज इंडियन आयडॉल फेम रोहित राऊत|url=https://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/indian-idol-fame-rohit-raut-surajyotsna-dialogue-today/|access-date=2020-12-20|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=How did Rohit get his big break? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/How-did-Rohit-get-his-big-break/articleshow/45658255.cms|access-date=2020-12-20|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> etc. Raut participated and became popular from his appearance on the eleventh season of [[Indian Idol (Hindi TV series)|''Indian Idol'']], where he was the runner-up of the show.

== Discography ==
[[File:Rohit Raut with adarsh shinde and anandi joshi (cropped).jpg|thumb|180px|
Rohit (in middle)]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
|-
|2013
|''[[Duniyadari]]''
|"Yaara Yaara"
|Pankaj Padghan
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Candle March (film)|Candle March]]''
|"Sehar"
|[[Amitraj]]
|-
|''[[Raakhandaar]]''
|"Angai"
|Kanakraj
|-
|''[[Surajya]]''
|"Ha Nava Bahana"
| rowspan="2" |Pankaj Padghan
|-
|''[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]]''
|"Shutter Ka Tala"
|-
| rowspan="7" |2015
|''Prime Time''
|"Reshmi"
|Niranjan Pedgaonkar
|-
|''[[Coffee Ani Barach Kahi]]''
|"Coffee Ani Barach Kahi"
|Aditya Bedekar
|-
|''Kay Rao Tumhi''
|"Sod Na Ga Rag Ha"
|Sameer Fatarpekar
|-
|''[[Shutter (2014 film)|Shutter]]''
|"Jantar Mantar"
|Ousepphachan
|-
|''Shinma''
|"Asa Kasa"
|Varun Likhate
|-
|''Dabba Ais Paise''
|"Kaawlaancha Shalet Adda"
|Shrihari Vaze
|-
|''Vajlach Pahije''
|"Tuch Tu"
|Praful Karlekar
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|''[[Phuntroo]]''
|"Ka Watate"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj]]-Saurabh-Rishikesh
|-
|''[[One Way Ticket (2016 film)|One Way Ticket]]''
|"Befikar"
|[[Gaurav Dagaonkar]]
|-
|''Bernie''
|"Bernie"
|[[Amitraj]]
|-
|''[[Mr. and Mrs. Sadachari]]''
|"Mr. & Mrs. Sadachari"
|Pankaj Padghan
|-
|''[[Vazandar]]''
|"Golu Polu"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
|''[[Kanha (film)|Kanha]]''
|"Chadh Mitra"
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|-
| rowspan="9" |2017
|''Happy Birthday''
|"Tu Yetana Samori"
| rowspan="2" |Vikrant Warde
|-
|''Undga''
|"Mann Zimmad Zhala Ji"
|-
|''[[Bus Stop (2017 film)|Bus Stop]]''
|"Move On"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj]]-Saurabh-Rishikesh
|-
|''Conditions Apply- Ati Lagu''
|"Kahi Kalena"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
|''TTMM-Tujha Tu Majha Me''
|"Kshan Mohare"
|Pankaj Padghan
|-
|''[[Muramba]]''
|"Aga Aik Na"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj]]-Saurabh-Rishikesh
|-
|''[[Gaon Thor Pudhari Chor]]''
|"Name Dharun Mara Shikka"
|Nandu Honap
|-
|''[[Hrudayantar]]''
|"Datlele Dhuke"
|Praful Karlekar
|-
|''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''
|"Hrudayat Vaje Something"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
| rowspan="11" |2018
|''Gat-Mat''
|"Bindasss Tu"
|Sameer Saptiskar
|-
|''[[Boyz 2]]''
|"Goti Soda Batli Foda"
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|-
|''Unch Bharari''
|"Sona Samjun Ghe Roop"
|Nandu Honap
|-
|''Vantas''
|"Tipur Tipur"
| rowspan="2" |Pankaj Padghan
|-
|''Raja''
|"Raja"
|-
|''[[Mantr (film)|Mantr]]''
|"Zhing Thing"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
|''Ashi Hi Amchi College Journey''
|"College Journey- Title Track"
|Sai-Piyush
|-
|''Barayan''
|"Charger"
|Pankaj Padghan
|-
|''Looose Control''
|"Bharaari"
|Rohit Nagbhide
|-
|''Kay Zala Kalana''
|"Kay Zala Kalana - Title Track"
|Pankaj Padghan
|-
|''Odh''
|"Na Jane Kya Hua Hai"
|Pravin Kuwar
|-
| rowspan="9" |2019
|''[[Triple Seat]]''
|"Naate He Konte"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
|''Baala''
|"Duniyadaari"
|Mahesh-Rakesh
|-
|''H2O''
|"Dil Dosticha Vaada"
|Nikhil Vispute
|-
|''[[Mogra Phulaalaa]]''
|"Manmohini"
|Kaushik Deshpande
|-
|''Amhi Befikar''
|"Haravale"
|Kunal-Karan
|-
|''Ek Hota Pani''
|"Bhan Rahil"
|Vikas Joshi
|-
|''[[Ti and Ti]]''
|"Silly Silly"
|Sai-Piyush
|-
|''[[Anandi Gopal (film)|Anandi Gopal]]''
|"Tu Ahes Na"
|[[Jasraj Jayant Joshi|Jasraj]]-Saurabh-Rishikesh
|-
|''[[Rampaat]]''
|"Rampaat- title song"
|Chinar-Mahesh
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''OMG - Oh My Ghost''
|"Nave Nave Ishare"
|Rohit Raut
|-
|''Befaam''
|"Porga Vaya Gelay"
|[[Amitraj]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Hashtag Prem''
|"Thoda Thoda"
| rowspan="2" |Pravin Kuwar
|-
|"Kahi Tari"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
| ''[[Coffee (2022 film)|Coffee]]''
| "Coffee Title Track"
|Trupti Chavan
|-
|''[[Tamasha Live]]''
|"Gammat Gadya"
|Pankaj Padghan
|-
| rowspan="12" |2023
|''[[Himesh Ke Dil Se]]''
|"Tu Mera Aitbaarr"
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
|''[[Bamboo (2023 film)|Bamboo]]''
| "Mi Tula Tya Najrene"
|Sameer Saptiskar
|-
|''[[Gadad Andhar]]''
|"Dariya"
|Rohit Raut
|-
|''[[Dhishkyaoon]]''
|"Dhishkyaoon"
|Sanmit Waghmare & Shreyash Deshpande
|-
|''Aalay Mazya Rashila''
|"I Love You Baby"
|Pravin Kuwar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Tarri]]''
| "Kshan Halwa"
| rowspan="2" |Praful-Swapnil
|-
|"Ye Na Tu Aata"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[School College Ani Life]]''
| "Sugandhi Hawa Rock Version"
| rowspan="2" |Pankaj Padghan
|-
|"Chandanzula"
|-
|''[[Aathvani]]''
|"Tu Jara Thamb Na"
|Suhit Abhyankar
|-
|''[[London Misal]]''
|"Bhanda Fod"
|Rohit Raut
|-
|''Pillu Bachelor''
|"Phulawani Phulawani"
|Chinar-Mahesh
|-
|2024
|''[[Ole Aale]]''
|"Phulpakharu"
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|-
|Rowspan="4"|2025
|''[[ChikiChiki BooBoomBoom]]''
|"Mitra"
|[[Rohan-Rohan]]
|-
|''[[GauriShankar (film)|GauriShankar]]''
|"Basti"
|Prashant - Nishant
|-
|''[[Mumbai Local]]''
|"Radha Krishna"
|Dev Aashish
|-
|''[[Premachi Goshta 2]]''
|"Ye Na Punha"
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm7798291}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/rohit-raut/ Rohit Raut] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raut, Rohit}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Indian Idol participants]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:People from Latur district]]
[[Category:Singers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Mega Challenge winners]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi L'il Champs winners]]

List of tourist attractions in Shimla

2026-02-09T18:19:55Z

NXHLillian: refine structure based on references

{{short description|None}}
{{onesource|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

This is list of tourist attractions in [[Shimla]] a city in [[Himachal Pradesh]] state of [[India]].

* [[Mall Road, Shimla|The Mall]]: The Mall is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices, and tourist offices. The lower part of [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]] lies there.
*[[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]]: The Ridge is a large open space, which is situated alongside the Mall Road and hosts all the cultural activities in the city. [[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]] situated on the Ridge, is the second oldest church in [[Northern India]]. Inside there are stained glass windows that represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience, and humility. There are State Library and [[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Heritage Cultural Complex]] too which are some of the notable buildings located here.
*[[Jakhoo]]: {{cvt|2|km|mi}} from Shimla, at a height of {{cvt|8,000|ft|m|order=flip}}, Jakhu Hill is the highest peak in the city and has views of the city and of the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the hill is an old temple of [[Hanuman]], a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] which is popular among tourists and locals alike. A {{cvt|108|ft|m|order=flip}} statue of Hanuman, at {{cvt|8,500|ft|m|order=flip}} above sea level, is the statue standing at the highest altitude among several other masterpieces in the world, overtaking the [[Christ Redeemer]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tallest-highaltitude-statue-puts-shimla-in-the-spotlight/707360|title=Tallest high-altitude statue puts Shimla in the spotlight |newspaper=Indian Express |date=5 November 2010 |accessdate=14 October 2012}}</ref> Jakhoo has ropeway also which connects Jakhoo temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.
*[[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari]]: Kali Bari is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kali's fearless incarnation Shyamala on which Shimla city is named. The extensive views from the temple include such sights as [[Annadale, Shimla|Annandale]], [[Shimla railway station|Shima Railway Station]], Railway Board Building, Old Bus Stand, [[Army Training Command|ARTRAC]], TV Tower, etc.
*[[Annadale, Shimla|Annandale]]: Developed as the [[racecourse]] of Shimla, Annandale is {{cvt|2|km|mi}}–{{cvt|4|km|mi}} from the Ridge at a height of {{cvt|6,117|ft|m|order=flip}}. It is now used by the Indian Army. It has an Army Heritage Museum and a helipad. Every VVIP, VIP, or celebrity who visits Shimla comes by nhelipad. Annandale is one of the prime tourist sites of Shimla. First [[Durand Cup|Durand Cup Football Tournament]] was organised here in 1888 by [[Mortimer Durand]].
*[[Indian Institute of Advanced Study]]: This institute is housed at the former [[Rashtrapati Niwas|Viceregal Lodge]], built-in 1884–88.
*[[Himachal State Museum|Himachal Pradesh State Museum]]: The museum, which was opened in 1974, has tried to protect hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles, and jewellery of the region.
*[[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]]: The township of Summer Hill is at a height of {{cvt|6,500|ft|m|order=flip}} on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. [[Himachal Pradesh University]] is situated here.
*[[Sankat Mochan Temple, Shimla|Sankat Mochan]]: It is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Hanuman.
*[[Tara Devi Temple]] : {{cvt|11|km|mi}} from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
*[[Jutogh]]: Located {{cvt|8|km|mi}} centre, this army cantonment is near Tutu, an important suburb of Shimla city.
*[[Dhingu Mata Temple]]: A Hindu temple located atop of Dhingu Dhar, above Sanjauli, a posh neighborhood of the city
*[[Kamna Devi Temple]]: Another prominent Hindu temple situated atop of Prospect Hill, which is one of the [[seven Hills of Shimla]].

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100">
File:The Mall Road, Shimla.jpg|[[Mall Road, Shimla]] seen from the Scandal Point
File:Ridge, Shimla.JPG|[[The Ridge, Shimla|The Ridge]], covered in snow
File:Kali Bari( Temple ).jpg|[[Kali Bari, Shimla|Kali Bari temple]] front view at night
File:Ridge shimla.jpg|[[Christ Church (Shimla)|Christ Church]] in winter
File:Gaiety Theater - Mall Road - Shimla 2014-05-07 1290.JPG|[[Gaiety Theatre, Shimla|Gaiety Theatre]]
File:Town Hall Shimla, at evening.JPG|[[Mall Road, Shimla#Town Hall|Shimla Town Hall]]
File:Rashtrapati Niwas, Shimla.jpg|[[Rashtrapati Niwas]], Shimla, former "Viceregal Lodge", built 1888. Now Indian Institute of Advanced Study
File:Annadale, Shimla.jpg|[[Annadale, Shimla|Annadale]] ground and suburb hilltop view
File:Himachal Pradesh state museum.jpg|[[Himachal Pradesh State Museum]]
File:View from Summer Hill, HP University, Shimla.jpg|Uphill view of [[Summer Hill, Shimla|Summer Hill]]
File:Tara Devi temple Shimla.jpg|alt=Tara Devi Temple Side View from ground|[[Tara Devi Temple]] side view
File:Kufri Simla Himachal India (4).jpg|[[Kufri, India|Kufri]]
File:Jhakoo Temple Hanuman.jpg|[[Jakhoo]] Temple situated on Jakhoo hill,
File:Summer palace of Maharaja Patiala of erstwhile Patiala princely state, Chail.jpg|[[Chail, Himachal Pradesh|Chail Palace]],
File:Dhingu Mata Temple.jpg|[[Dhingu Mata Temple]] atop of a hill
File:Kamna Devi Temple Shimla.jpg|[[Kamna Devi Temple]] from its main gate
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in India by populated place|S]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla| ]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh|Shimla]]

Meharban Singh

2026-02-08T17:40:25Z

NXHLillian: New New Bio First Draft - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Resume-like|date=June 2021}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=June 2021}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Meharban Singh
| image = Dr. Meharban Singh (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| caption = Dr. Meharban Singh with Lifetime Achievement award.
| birth_date = 14 October 1937
| birth_place = [[Rawalpindi]], [[British Punjab|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship = India
| ethnicity =
| fields = [[Neonatology]]
| workplaces = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
| alma_mater =
| doctoral_advisor =
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
| spouse =
}}

'''Meharban Singh''' is an Indian [[pediatrician]], [[neonatologist]] and [[medical writer]], who has published on child care. He was WHO consultant on Newborn Care in South-East Asia for longtime. He has served for more than 3 decades in [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]. He was president of the [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=IAP-Past office beares |url=https://iapindia.org/iap-past-office-bearers/ |website=Indian Academy of Pediatrics |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref>

==Positions held==
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting an award, at the 45th Institute Annual Convocation of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), at AIIMS, in New Delhi.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri [[Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting lifetime achievement award, at the 45th Institute Annual Convocation of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, at AIIMS, in New Delhi, in 2018.]]

Professor and Head, Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology Division, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |last1=AIIMS, New Delhi |title=Ex-faculty of Pediatrics |url=https://aiims.edu/en/2014-12-11-06-20-18/paediatrics_ex_faculty.html |website=All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref> He has also been a visiting professor of pediatrics at various institutions{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}.

Singh was formerly the director of the Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health in [[Kabul]], Afghanistan during 1979–83.<ref>https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/105/1/160/65663/Health-Care-for-Children-in-Afghanistan?redirectedFrom=fulltext</ref>

Secretary-General and President of the National Neonatology Forum of India and President of the [[Indian Academy of Pediatrics]].<ref>https://iapindia.org/list-of-iaps-presidents/</ref>

==Medical writer==
He is a medical writer and teacher who has published 10 books on various aspects of Pediatrics and Neonatology, 40 chapters in Pediatric textbooks, 5 Monographs on various aspects of Neonatology, and over 325 research papers, reviews and editorials in National and International Medical Journals.

===Books authored===
* A Manual of Essential Pediatrics (Second edition, 2013), Theme medical and scientific publishers, Noida, ({{ISBN|978-93-82076-29-2}}).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Satinder Aneja |title=A Manual of Essential Pediatrics: Meherban Singh |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |date=July 2014 |volume=81 |issue=7 |page=741 |url=https://www.academia.edu/36828759 |access-date=20 June 2021}}</ref>
* Care of the Newborn (Revised eighth edition, 2017), CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi ( {{ISBN|978-81-239-2588-2}})<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Wv9qDwAAQBAJ&q=meharban+singh Care of the Newborn in Google books complete view.]</ref>
* Drug Dosages in Children (along with Ashok K. Deorari, Tenth edition, 2019) CBS publishers and distributors, New Delhi ({{ISBN|9789388902663}})
* Essential Pediatrics for Nurses (Third edition, 2014), CBS publishers and distributors, ({{ISBN|978-8123924489}})
* Medical Emergencies in Children (Fifth edition, 2018), CBS publishers and distributors, ({{ISBN|978-8123928982}})
* Medical Quotations (2009), Sagar publications, New Delhi ({{ISBN|978-8170820321}})
* Pearls of Wisdom and Art of Living (2009), Sagar publications, New Delhi.
* Pediatric Clinical Methods (Fourth edition, 2011), Sagar publications, New Delhi. ({{ISBN|81-7082-060-X}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ashok Kumar Dutta |title=Book entitled Pediatric Clinical Methods: Meharban Singh (ed) |journal=Indian Journal of Pediatrics |date=October 2011 |volume=78 |issue=10 |page=1301 |doi=10.1007/s12098-011-0462-5 |s2cid=67883015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241027811 |access-date=20 June 2021|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The art and science of baby & child care : a complete book on parenting.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Meharban}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]
[[Category:Indian neonatologists]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

NeuralGarage

2026-01-22T03:54:49Z

NXHLillian: Starting some data initial version

{{Short description|Generative AI company based in India}}
{{Infobox company
| name = NeuralGarage
| logo =
| type = Private
| industry = Artificial intelligence
| founded = {{start date|df=y|2021|07|27}}
| founders = Mandar Natekar, Subhabrata Debnath, Anjan Banerjee, Subhashish Saha
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], India
| products = [[VisualDub]]
| website = {{URL|https://visualdub.ai}}
}}

'''NeuralGarage''' is a [[generative artificial intelligence]] company founded in 2021 in [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], India. It develops AI technologies related to [[audiovisual]] content. Its core technology is '''VisualDub''', a system designed to synchronize dubbed audio with lip and facial movements.<ref name="AIM"/><ref name="Variety"/>

== History ==
NeuralGarage was founded in 2021 in Bangalore, India, by Mandar Natekar, Subhabrata Debnath, Anjan Banerjee, and Subhashish Saha.<ref name="Entrepreneur"/>

In 2022, NeuralGarage raised US$1.45 million in a [[Seed funding|seed funding]] round led by Exfinity Venture Partners, along with participation from Amit Patni’s family office and other investors.<ref name="Entrepreneur"/><ref name="FinancialExpress"/>

In 2024, NeuralGarage was selected for the [[Google for Startups]] Accelerator: AI First, was one of 80 startups chosen for the [[Amazon Web Services]] Generative AI Accelerator cohort, and was included in ''[[TechCrunch]]’s'' "Startup Battlefield 200" at Disrupt.<ref name="Google"/><ref name="AWS"/><ref name="TechCrunch"/>

In 2025, NeuralGarage won the "Entertainment, Media, Sports & Content" category at the [[SXSW]] Pitch competition, becoming the first Indian startup reported to have received this award.<ref name="SXSW"/><ref name="ETtech"/>

== Applications ==
VisualDub has been used in ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'', episodes of ''[[Special Ops (Indian TV series)|Special Ops]]'', the "Chikitu" song in ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'', and ''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''.<ref name="IndianExpress"/><ref name="Variety"/>

== See also ==
* [[Generative artificial intelligence]]
* [[Lip-sync]]
* [[Audiovisual translation]]
* [[Machine translation]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="AIM">{{cite web
|title=This AWS-backed Indian AI startup is transforming the dubbing industry
|website=Analytics India Magazine
|date=17 January 2025
|url=https://analyticsindiamag.com/ai-startups/this-aws-backed-indian-ai-startup-is-transforming-the-dubbing-industry/
}}</ref>

<ref name="Variety">{{cite web
|title=Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' showcases AI lip-sync revolution as India's NeuralGarage eyes global expansion
|website=Variety
|author=Naman Ramachandran
|date=14 August 2025
|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/rajinikanth-coolie-ai-lip-sync-tech-neuralgarage-1236489179/
}}</ref>

<ref name="Entrepreneur">{{cite web
|title=Deep Tech Startup NeuralGarage Raises $1.45 Million In Seed Funding
|website=Entrepreneur India
|author=Teena Jose
|date=18 November 2022
|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/deep-tech-startup-neuralgarage-raises-145-million-in-seed/439468
}}</ref>

<ref name="FinancialExpress">{{cite web
|title=Bengaluru startup Neural Garage expands to Hollywood with AI-powered visual dubbing technology
|website=The Financial Express
|author=Gopika Nair
|date=4 October 2024
|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-bengaluru-startup-neural-garage-expands-to-hollywood-with-ai-powered-visual-dubbing-technology-3630092/
}}</ref>

<ref name="Google">{{cite web
|title=Google for Startups Accelerator: AI First
|website=Google for Startups
|date=2024
|url=https://startup.google.com/programs/accelerator/ai-first/
}}</ref>

<ref name="AWS">{{cite web
|title=Meet the 80 startups selected for the 2024 AWS Generative AI Accelerator
|website=Amazon Web Services
|date=2024
|url=https://aws.amazon.com/startups/generative-ai/accelerator/
}}</ref>

<ref name="TechCrunch">{{cite web
|title=NeuralGarage — Startup Battlefield 200
|website=TechCrunch
|date=2024
|url=https://techcrunch.com/startup-battlefield/company/neuralgarage/
}}</ref>

<ref name="SXSW">{{cite web
|title=2025 SXSW Pitch Winners Announced
|website=SXSW
|date=9 March 2025
|url=https://www.sxsw.com/news/2025/sxsw-pitch-winners-announced/
}}</ref>

<ref name="ETtech">{{cite web
|title=GenAI startup NeuralGarage becomes first Indian startup to win SXSW Pitch competition
|website=The Economic Times
|date=24 March 2025
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/genai-startup-neuralgarage-has-becomes-first-indian-startup-to-win-sxsw-pitch-competition/articleshow/119409418.cms
}}</ref>

<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite web
|title=With AI vubbing, Indian cinema goes toe-to-toe with Hollywood
|website=The Indian Express
|author=Satyen K Bordoloi
|date=4 November 2025
|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ai-vubbing-indian-cinema-hollywood/
}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Artificial intelligence companies]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2021]]

Ghoswari

2026-01-21T11:13:58Z

NXHLillian: Started basic data needs work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghoswari
| official_name = Ghoswari Community Development Block
| settlement_type = Town
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Division
| subdivision_name3 = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadh]]
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.36116|N|85.89491|E|display=inline,title}}
| government_type = Municipal Council and Panchayat
| governing_body = Chairman and Gram Panchayats
| population_total = 74,898
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 803302
| area_code = +91-6132
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = BR 01
| demographics1_footnotes =
}}

'''Ghoswari''' is a town and a municipal council in barh of [[Patna district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghoswari {{!}} CD Block {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Ghoswari/CD-Block |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=geoiq.io}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Block Ghoswari, Patna - Provisional merit list of Panchayat Teacher Employment 2019-20 (Ghoswari / Paijuma / Kurmichk) {{!}} District Patna, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://patna.nic.in/notice/block-ghoswari-patna-provisional-merit-list-of-panchayat-teacher-employment-2019-20-ghoswari-paijuma-kurmichk/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghoswari Block - Find My Government |url=https://findmygov.in/en/bihar/patna/ghoswari-block |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=findmygov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Panchayat Election: घोसवरी प्रखंड में बदल गई पूरी पंचायत सरकार, नए चेहरों ने जीता भरोसा, पुराने को शिकस्त |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-panchayat-election-entire-panchayat-government-changed-in-ghoswari-block-new-faces-won-trust-defeated-old-ones-5300933.html |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=घोसवरी प्रखंड अंतर्गत शारीरिक शिक्षा एवं स्वास्थ्य अनुदेशक का अंतिम मेधा सूची {{!}} ( प्रखंड- घोसवरी ) {{!}} जिला पटना, बिहार सरकार {{!}} भारत |url=https://patna.nic.in/hi/notice/%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%a1-%e0%a4%b5%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b8-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%98/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |language=hi-IN}}</ref> The postal index number of Ghoswari is 803212.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ghoswari Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Ghoswari, Patna, Bihar, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/bihar/patna/ghoswari |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar News: घोसवरी टाल की तीनों नदियां उफान पर, कई गांवों का संपर्क टूटा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-news-three-rivers-of-ghoswari-tall-are-in-spate-many-villages-lost-contact-rdy |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=4 October 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Ghoswari block has a total population of 74,898 as per census of 2011, in which 39,776 are males and 35,122 are females. Ghoswari had a literacy rate of 50.6%, lower than the state average of 61.8%. 98.85% of the population were Hindus, with the remaining 1.15% from ethnic minorities; .16% of the population were Muslims.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

== Villages ==

* [[Samya Garh, Bihar|Samya Garh]]
* Daudpur Tirmohani
* Dhanak Dobh
* Gorhiari
* Goshain Gaon
* Karara
* Keoti
* Mohanpur
* Alinagar
* Paijuna
* Sahri
* Ghoswari
* Balwa
* Chak Lodi
* Ishanagar
* Kurmichak
* Mor (part In Mokameh)
* Sahri
* Malpur
* Milki
* Masume Chak
*Milki

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Patna district]]

{{Patna-geo-stub}}

Chayanika Shah

2026-01-18T23:36:25Z

NXHLillian: Started initial article basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian queer feminist, activist and educator}}
{{Fan POV|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chayanika Shah
| alma_mater = IIT-Bombay
| organization = LABIA – A Queer Feminist LBT Collective
Forum Against Oppression of Women
Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Preselection (FASDSP)
| known_for = Work and activism at the intersection of science, feminism, and queer rights.
| notable_works = Bharat ki Chaap
We and Our Fertility: The politics of technological intervention
No Outlaws in the Gender Galaxy (Zubaan Books)
Space, Segregation, Discrimination: The Politics of Space in Institutions of Higher Education (Yoda Press)
| movement = People’s science movement, Feminist and queer rights movement, Feminist science studies, Women in STEM
}}

'''Chayanika Shah''' is a queer feminist, activist,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aleya |first=Shikha |date=2019-06-01 |title=Interview: Chayanika Shah |url=https://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/interview-chayanika-shah/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=In Plainspeak |language=en-US}}</ref> [[educator]] involved in various women's rights movements in India since the late 1970s. She is known for her work in feminist science studies, initiating courses where science is explored using the lens of gender. Shah's work in science, feminism and [[queer rights]], has involved a critique of science's control over women's bodies and sexualities. Shah has published several essays and publications on topics of gender, science and [[feminism]] and is a contributor in the field of feminism, [[queer rights]] and science.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bazzul |first1=Jesse |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afaEDwAAQBAJ&dq=chayanika+shah&pg=PA29 |title=Critical Voices in Science Education Research: Narratives of Hope and Struggle |last2=Siry |first2=Christina |date=2019-01-23 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-99990-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Rosario">{{Cite news |last=Rosario |first=Kennith |date=2020-02-25 |title=No NRC-NPR in State, say women, queer collectives, demand assurance from CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/no-nrc-npr-in-state-say-women-queer-collectives-demand-assurance-from-cm/article30917613.ece |access-date=2023-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Shah was one of the earliest members of the [[Forum against Oppression of Women|Forum Against Oppression of Women]], Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Preselection (FASDSP),<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Resistance |url=https://fiftytwo.in/story/resistance/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Fifty Two (52)}}</ref> a coalition of women's organisations. She is one of the founding members of a queer collective called [[LABIA|LABIA – A Queer Feminist LBT Collective]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-07 |title=Legal battle reflects a broader rights struggle: LGBT activists |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/legal-battle-reflects-a-broader-rights-struggle-lgbt-activists/story-hIDGc9ad7ytTniXPWKWW7N.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Chayanika Shah, 2019 – QAMRA |url=https://qamra.in/collections/377interviews/chayanika-shah-2019/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shah grew up in [[Nagpur]] (now a part of Maharashtra) in the 1960s-1970s. In 1977, she entered [[IIT Bombay|IIT-Bombay]] to earn a master's degree in physics, and receiving her PhD in 1986.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-27 |title=Chayanika Shah |url=https://fundamatics.net/author/chayanika-shah/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=Fundamatics |language=en-US}}</ref> She published her dissertation titled "Many Body Effects in Homogenous and Inhomogenous Electron Systems" in the mid-1980s, followed by a stint at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy, where she attended summer school for researchers from developing countries.<ref name=":02" />

She was one of the 70 women on IIT campus amongst 3000 men at a time when [[sexual harassment]] from colleagues and professors was rampant, despite efforts to make the campus a safe and equitable space.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Vellanki |first=Vivek |date=2014-03-01 |title=Feminism and Science: Teaching and Learning 'Science in the Making' • In Plainspeak |url=https://www.tarshi.net/inplainspeak/feminism-science-teaching-learning-science-making/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=In Plainspeak |language=en-US}}</ref> Shah, along with other women on campus, campaigned to rename the "Ladies’ Hostel" as "Hostel Number 10."<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2017-04-26 |title=Chronicles of a Queer Relationship with Science |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/17/review-womens-studies/chronicles-queer-relationship-science.html |language=en |volume=52 |issue=17}}</ref><ref name=":02"/> In tandem, she helped reform the hostel's regulations as they restricted women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sayantan |title=Indian Science Institutes' Curious Penchant for Gendered Hostels – The Wire Science |date=20 September 2022 |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/gendered-segregated-hostels-science-institutes/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 1980, when the National Forum Against Rape (which later became the [[Forum against Oppression of Women]]) was set up in response to the [[Mathura rape case]], Shah was among 200 women who attended the forum's first conference to discuss the importance of drafting laws for women.<ref name=":1"/> Around the same time, the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]], [[Bhopal disaster|the Bhopal Gas tragedy]] and the heavily contested [[Narmada Bachao Andolan|Sardar Sarovar dam Project]] were raising questions about technological progress in India. Scientists and activists around the country started organizing under the banner of [[People's science movement|People's Science Movement]] (PSM) and questioning science's emancipatory versus oppressive potential. As part of PSM, Shah volunteered for the Hoshangabad Science Teaching Programme<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOSHANGABAD SCIENCE TEACHING PROGRAMME |url=http://www.cisl.columbia.edu/grads/presi/EKLAVYA/HSTP_5fNote.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.cisl.columbia.edu}}</ref> which encouraged children to step outside the classroom and get their hands dirty. The idea was to inculcate “[[Learning-by-doing|learning by doing]]” and deploy science in pursuit of social justice.<ref name=":02"/>

== Work ==
=== Feminist science studies ===
Shah is one of the earliest academics working in feminist science studies in India. She was a lecturer of physics (now retired) at K. J. Somaiya College of Science and Commerce, Mumbai. At the Advanced Centre for Women's Studies at Mumbai's [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]], Chayanika co-designed and co-taught a course on Feminist Science Studies, with sociologist Gita Chadha.<ref name=":02"/> She also designed and taught a course on Science Education at Tata Institute of Social Science, Mumbai. In association with various movements, she has campaigned, researched, taught, and written on the politics of [[Population control in india|population control]] and reproductive technologies, feminist studies of science, and [[sexuality]] and sexual rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Calendar |first=The Events |title=Atelier: Talking Policy Through Cinema – Ashank Desai Centre for Policy Studies, IIT Bombay |url=https://www.cps.iitb.ac.in/cps-events/atelier-talking-policy-through-cinema/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Autonomous collectives ===
She has been part of two urban, autonomous collectives in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. The first, [[Forum against Oppression of Women|Forum Against Oppression of Women]] (The Forum), was founded in 1979, and the second, [[LABIA|LABIA – A Queer Feminist LBT Collective]], was founded in 1995.<ref name="Rosario"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Understanding Trans & Queer Issues in Women's Movements – An Interview with Chayanika Shah – The YP Foundation |url=https://theypfoundation.org/resources/interview-chayanika-shah/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Forum was founded in January 1980 and Chayanika has been a member since 1983.<ref name=":1" /> Issues they have tackled include rape, domestic violence, personal laws, family laws, health issues, communalism, and most recently, concerns relating to civil rights and liberties.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='Autonomy as Resistance': A conversation with Chayanika Shah {{!}} AWID |url=https://www.awid.org/news-and-analysis/autonomy-resistance-conversation-chayanika-shah |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=www.awid.org}}</ref> To tackle cases of [[domestic violence]], members of the Forum set up another organisation called the Women's Centre in 1982, which was imagined to run in tandem with the Forum but has since become a separate organisation. The Forum was also a member of the Forum Against Sex Determination and Sex Preselection, which was a coalition of organisations formed in 1986.<ref name=":02" />

Originally known as Stree Sangam, [[LABIA]] was founded by ten queer women at a cafe in Mumbai in 1995. Some of the initiatives they took include working to equip organisations working on domestic violence to take on cases of lesbian women and transgender people in particular, raising funds from people who are financially better off in the queer community for those in crisis, for education, for queer people living in isolated areas to travel and meet others like them.<ref name=":2" /> Chayanika conducted sexuality workshops through LABIA, and would open her workshops by questioning who a woman is, discussing gender, and leading debates that led to larger questions about how science produces knowledge.<ref name=":02" />

=== Activism ===
As a queer feminist activist and member of LABIA, Chayanika has been an advocatie for decriminalisation, partnership rights, and anti-discrimination legislation for the LGBT community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-09 |title=Why Section 377 must go: The Leafet talks to Chayanika Shah – The Leaflet |url=https://theleaflet.in/why-section-377-must-go-the-leafet-talks-to-chayanika-shah/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=theleaflet.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Since 1995, she has been an active participant in the petition to repeal Section 377. Chayanika had been involved the Lawyers' collective case challenging the constitutionality of Section 377 since 2004.<ref name=":0" />

In 1986, she, along with other activists advocated against population control<ref name=":02" /> methods such as hormonal implants and anti-fertility vaccines, and emphasised the need for transparency in contraceptive trials conducted by pharmaceutical companies and government. As part of [https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/UNFPA_Publication-39860.pdf FASDSP forum] in 1988, they successfully lobbied for state bans on sex-selective abortions and sex determination tests in all hospitals, government-run or not.

She has also advocated for inclusive education in Indian Higher Education institutions. As a part of the research team at The Advanced Centre for Women's Studies, TISS, Mumbai, she and her peers documented discriminatory practices faced by queer students on campus across five areas, namely health, education, housing, public accommodation and political formations in a blog titled The Glass Closet.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://tiss.edu/uploads/files/An_Exploratory_study_of_Discrimination_16_March_2020_compressed.pdf |title=An Exploratory Study of Discriminations based on Non-Normative Genders and Sexualities |publisher=Advanced Center for Women's Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences |year=2019}}</ref> Shah has also questioned [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|NCERT]] and [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights|NCPCR]] when they dropped a teacher training manual on school education that was inclusive of trans and other gender-nonconforming people on grounds that it would affect school children badly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=What furore over NCERT's teacher sensitisation manual reveals |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/ncert-teacher-sensitisation-manual-reveals-7630029/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Publications ==
Shah has co-authored several books, including “Bharat ki Chaap”, “We and Our Fertility: The politics of technological intervention”,<ref name=":3" /> “No Outlaws in the Gender Galaxy” ([[Zubaan Books]]), and “Space, Segregation, Discrimination: The Politics of Space in Institutions of Higher Education” ([[Yoda Press]]). She has also authored and co-authored several research papers published in journals such as [[Economic and Political Weekly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chayanika Shah |url=https://www.epw.in/author/chayanika-shah |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Chayanika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]

What Is a Madrasa?

2025-12-27T19:57:04Z

NXHLillian: put up a details

{{Short description|2015 book by Ebrahim Moosa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
|image = What Is a Madrasa? (cover art).jpg
|caption = Official cover art
|author = [[Ebrahim Moosa]]
|publisher = [[University of North Carolina Press]]
| country = United States
|language = English
|pages = 304
|isbn = 978-1-4696-2013-8
|pub_date = April 2015
| website = [https://uncpress.org/book/9781469620138/what-is-a-madrasa/ uncpress.org]
}}
'''''What Is a Madrasa?''''' is a book authored by Islamic scholar and intellectual [[Ebrahim Moosa]]. The book is a blend of autobiography, advocacy, ethnography, and history and gives an insider perspective of the [[List of Deobandi madrasas|Deobandi madrasas]] in the Indian subcontinent. It was published by [[University of North Carolina Press]] in April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is a Madrasa? By Ebrahim Moosa |url=https://uncpress.org/book/9781469620138/what-is-a-madrasa/ |website=The University of North Carolina Press |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422172343/https://uncpress.org/book/9781469620138/what-is-a-madrasa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Overview==
The book consists of four parts,{{Sfn|Kashani|2016|p=566}} and is a blend of autobiography, advocacy, ethnography, and history.{{Sfn|Mirza|2019|p=272}} The purpose of the book is to provide an insider perspective of the Deobandi madrasas in the Indian subcontinent.{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=118}}

Moosa has presented his six-year account of being in the [[madrasa]] system in the first part.{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=118}} The section concludes with examples about how the [[Hanafi school|Hanafi]] legal precedent was used as a counterintuitive during the colonial period by senior [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] scholars such as [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Qasim Nanawtawi]].{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=118}} The second part is titled ''History and Contexts'', in which Moosa uses biographical approach towards reaching social, political and historical contexts that surround the formation of the madrasa network in India and Pakistan.{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=118}} It outlines the history of familial and theological differences that helped in the formation and development of the [[Ahl-i Hadith]], [[Barelvi movement|Barelwi]] and the Deobandi schools.{{Sfn|Kashani|2016|p=567}}

Moosa "focuses on debates and practices regarding the categorization and substance of knowledge" in the third part of the book, which has been titled ''Politics of Knowledge''.{{Sfn|Kashani|2016|p=567}} The part concludes with "unravelling the complexity of Islamic and modern epistemology."{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=119}} As contended by the author, Islamic epistemology is "entangled between modern binaries", and makes no explicit division in disciplines of knowledge.{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=119}}

The fourth part ''Madrasas in Global Context'' deals with addressing the negative image of madrasas created by media.{{Sfn|Pervaiz|2017|p=119}} Moosa concludes this part with two letters: one to the U.S. policymakers and the second to his former teachers at the madrasa.{{Sfn|Kashani|2016|p=568}} In the former letter, he argues for the suspension of drone program and other U.S. policies which are aimed at shaping Muslim societies and Islamic orthodoxies, and in the latter, he has urged to his teachers to make certain reforms in the madrasa system.{{Sfn|Kashani|2016|p=568}} This part is heavily critical of both the media narratives about madrasas, government policies concerning madrasas, and also "the decline in intellectual sophistication of madrasa culture, and the administrators within madrasas who are either unwilling or incapable of leading reform efforts."{{Sfn|Mirza|2019|p=272}}
== Reception ==
Sabith Khan, affiliated with [[California Lutheran University]], praises it as a "scholarly and sensitive response," offering a thorough exploration of the enduring institution of madrasas.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khan |first1=Sabith |date=2019 |title=What Is a Madrasa? by Ebrahim Moosa (review) |url=https://www.academia.edu/48209656 |journal=Journal of Education in Muslim Societies |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=27 |access-date=11 November 2023 |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111153457/https://www.academia.edu/48209656/What_is_a_Madrasa_By_Ebrahim_Moosa |url-status=live }}</ref> Maryam Kashani, associated with [[Washington University in St. Louis]], commends the book for its contribution to understanding madrasas in India and Pakistan, providing a unique South Asian perspective on Islamic education.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kashani |first1=Maryam |date=2016 |title=What Is a Madrasa? By Ebrahim Moosa |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=568 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfw004 |jstor=43900208}}</ref> From [[Virginia Tech]], Mohammed Pervaiz emphasizes the author's proficiency in comparing madrasa knowledge with modern studies, appreciating the book's articulation of the complex South Asian madrasa network.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pervaiz |first1=Mohammed |date=February 2017 |title=What is a Madrasa? by Moosa Ebrahim |journal=Review of Middle East Studies |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=120 |doi=10.1017/rms.2017.5 |jstor=26374457 |s2cid=164333335}}</ref> Mahan Mirza, a representative from the [[University of Notre Dame]], acknowledges the author's lifelong study and activism, portraying the book as a product of a "friendly critic" approach.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirza |first1=Mahan |url=https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2019/what-is-a-madrasa/ |title=The 500 Most Influential Muslims |date=2019 |publisher=[[Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre]] |page=272 |chapter=What is a Madrasa? by Ebrahim Moosa |access-date=22 April 2023 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165710/https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2019/what-is-a-madrasa/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== See also ==
* [[Bibliography of Deobandi movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Google Books|I7nkoQEACAAJ}}
{{Deobandi movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Works about Deobandism]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina Press books]]
[[Category:Books about Islam]]
[[Category:History books about India]]

Ponram

2025-12-21T23:14:03Z

NXHLillian: Starting the page more to come

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ponram
| image = DIR PONRAM.jpg
| caption = Ponram in 2025
| birth_date =
| occupation = Director, screenwriter
| years_active = 2007-present
}}
'''Ponraman Perumal''', known professionally as '''Ponram''', is an Indian film director, screenwriter and has worked in [[Tamil films]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-ponram-promises-varuthapadatha-valibar-sangam-sequel/articleshow/86840472.cms|title=Director Ponram promises 'Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam' sequel|date=7 October 2021|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2007, he directed ''[[Thirutham]]'' who has also written the story, screenplay and dialogue.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thirutham has average music|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/25ssthiru.htm |access-date=2007-06-25 |work=Rediff}}</ref>

He directed [[Sivakarthikeyan]] in the comedy film ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''. In a review of the film, a critic stated that the film is a "jolly good fun ride".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/varuthapadatha-valibar-sangam-review-tamil-pcmbaggijfeea.html|title=Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030173743/https://www.sify.com/movies/varuthapadatha-valibar-sangam-review-tamil-pcmbaggijfeea.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/7yearsofvaruthapadathavalibarsangam-it-has-been-seven-years-since-the-sivakarthikeyan-film-released/articleshow/77958695.cms|title=#7yearsofVaruthapadathaValibarSangam: Seven years since the Sivakarthikeyan-starrer hit screens|website=The Times of India|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111050042/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/7yearsofvaruthapadathavalibarsangam-it-has-been-seven-years-since-the-sivakarthikeyan-film-released/articleshow/77958695.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Ponram went on to work with Sivakarthikeyan in ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' (2016) and ''[[Seemaraja]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajini-murugan-is-here/article7325863.ece|title=Rajini Murugan is here|first=Srinivasa|last=Ramanujam|date=17 June 2015|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030102033/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajini-murugan-is-here/article7325863.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-samantha-ruth-prabhu-resume-shooting-for-ponram-film-4946512/|title=Sivakarthikeyan, Samantha Ruth Prabhu resume shooting for Ponram's film|date=20 November 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=15 February 2018|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201034652/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sivakarthikeyan-samantha-ruth-prabhu-resume-shooting-for-ponram-film-4946512/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Rajinimurugan'' and ''Seemaraja'' received mixed reviews upon release although the former ended up as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Rajini-Murugan-Sivakarthikeyan-lifts-an-average-film/article14001402.ece|title=Rajini Murugan: Sivakarthikeyan lifts an average film|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|date=14 January 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030143914/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Rajini-Murugan-Sivakarthikeyan-lifts-an-average-film/article14001402.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150918/seemaraja-movie-review-lacks-a-fresh-storyline.html|title=Seemaraja movie review: Lacks a fresh storyline|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=15 September 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030134746/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/150918/seemaraja-movie-review-lacks-a-fresh-storyline.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajini-murugan-box-office-collection-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-holding-well-weekdays-664047|title=Rajini Murugan box office collection: Sivakarthikeyan-starrer holding well on weekdays|date=21 January 2016|website=ibtimes.co.in|access-date=27 October 2020|archive-date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030083324/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajini-murugan-box-office-collection-sivakarthikeyan-starrer-holding-well-weekdays-664047|url-status=live}}</ref> Ponram also directed ''Town Bus'', starring [[Gautham Karthik]], for the nine-episode anthology series ''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''; the episode, despite being filmed in October 2020, was not included in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Llewellyn |first=Tom |date=2021-08-06 |title=Navarasa season 2: Will the emotional anthology series return to Netflix? |url=https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2021/08/06/navarasa-season-2-will-the-emotional-anthology-series-return-to-netflix/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=[[HITC]] |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621115323/https://www.hitc.com/en-gb/2021/08/06/navarasa-season-2-will-the-emotional-anthology-series-return-to-netflix/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=3 November 2021 |title=Sasikumar discusses 'MGR Magan', Ponram on why he was ousted from 'Navarasa' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sasikumar-on-mgr-magan/article37319047.ece |access-date=2022-06-21 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118003336/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sasikumar-on-mgr-magan/article37319047.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ponram teamed up with [[M. Sasikumar]] and [[Sathyaraj]] for ''[[MGR Magan]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive! Director Ponram: It is quite disheartening to see MGR Magan going the OTT way, but we are left with no option|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-director-ponram-it-is-quite-disheartening-to-see-mgr-magan-going-the-ott-way-but-we-are-left-with-no-option/67673df0a4889 |access-date=2021-10-19 |work=OTT Play}}</ref> Then, he directed ''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]'' starring [[Vijay Sethupathi]]. Ponram makes tame attempts to tap into hIs ability for quirky characters while also trying to deliver a typical revenge drama. He fails at both.<ref>{{Cite news |title=DSP review: For ardent Vijay Sethupathi fans, this cop drama is a letdown|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dsp-review-ardent-vijay-sethupathi-fans-cop-drama-letdown-170550 |access-date=2022-12-02 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> In 2025, the next film was ''[[Kombuseevi]]'' stars [[Shanmuga Pandian]] and [[R. Sarathkumar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ponram on Kombuseevi's story: 'I got inspired by an incident I saw in the Vaigai dam…' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/15/ponram-on-kombuseevis-story-i-got-inspired-by-an-incident-i-saw-in-the-vaigai-dam |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
;As director
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
|2007
|''[[Thirutham]]''
|credited as Ponraman
|-
|2013
|''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
|
|-
|2016
|''[[Rajinimurugan]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Seemaraja]] ''
|
|-
|2021
|''[[MGR Magan]]''
|
|-
|2022
|''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]''
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Kombuseevi]]''
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=5974331|name=Ponram}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for Dogri

2025-12-16T18:20:09Z

NXHLillian: New New Data W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|Winners of a literary honour in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]''' is given each year to writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2010.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Dogri language|Dogri]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Genre
! class="unsortable" |References
|-
| 2010 || Gianeshwar Sharma|| Phi Keh Hoa|| Novel||
|-
| 2011 || Shyam Dutt ‘Parag’|| || ||
|-
| 2012 || Bansi Lai Sharma|| Dikho Te Sikho|| Poetry||
|-
| 2013 || Krishan Sharma|| Khadaune|| Stories || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/October-December_2013_Newsletter.pdf |title=Fourth Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar for 2013 were presented to twenty four writers in Indian languages recognised by the Akademi in a grand function held on 15 November 2013 at Goa State Museum Auditorium, Panaji, Goa |access-date=29 June 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Dhian Singh|| Pardhe Nyaane Gurdhe Syaane || Poetry || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar November 2014, Awards Presentation Ceremony |access-date=6 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714091455/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/e-newsletter/Nov-Dec_2014_NewsLetter.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Tara Chand Kalandri|| Satrangi Peengh|| Poetry|| <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=|page=4-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announced Bal Sahitya Puraskar for the year 2015 |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/sahitya-akademi-announced-bal-sahitya-puraskar-for-the-year-2015-1435216949-1 |website=www.jagranjosh.com |date=25 June 2015 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Om Goswami|| Jangal Ch Mangal|| Novel||
|-
| 2017 || Sudesh Raj|| Jangal Di Sair|| Short Stories||
|-
| 2018 || colspan="3" | NO AWARD|| <ref name="the quint"/>
|-
| 2019 || Vijay Sharma|| Larjaan|| Poetry||
|-
| 2020 || Shiv Dev Sushil|| Dadi Da Hirkh|| Short Stories||
|-
| 2021 || Narsingh Dev Jamwal|| Khadak Singh Te Usda Guglu|| Short Novel||
|-
| 2022 || Rajeshwar Singh ‘Raju’|| Sikh-Mat|| Short Stories ||
|-
| 2023 || Balwan Singh Jamoria || Kanjkan || Petry || <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2023 |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_BSP-2023.pdf |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Bishan Singh 'Dardi' || ''Kukdu Kadoon'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || P. L. Parihar “Shaad” || ''Nanhi Tor'' || Poetry || <ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2138824 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Arora |first1=Sumit |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2025 Winners Announced |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bal-sahitya-puraskar-2025-winners-announced-complete-list-of-24-award-recipients/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |agency=Adda 24x7 Current Affairs |date=19 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Dogri]]

== References ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp Bal Sahitya Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]

[[Category:Bal Sahitya Puraskar by language]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Agencies of British India

2025-12-13T08:39:09Z

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{{Short description|Fully- or semi-autonomous administrative region of British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{distinguish|Agency Houses in British India}}
{{Colonial India}}

An '''[[agency (country subdivision)|agency]] of British India''' was an internally autonomous or semi-autonomous unit of [[British India]] whose external affairs were governed by an agent designated by the [[Viceroy of India]].<ref>Great Britain India Office. ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]''. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2020}}

== Description ==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
The agencies varied in character from fully autonomous self-governing dependencies such as [[princely states]], where the agent functioned mainly as a representative of the Viceroy, to tribal tracts which were integral parts of the [[British Empire]] and where the agent was completely in charge of law and order. The agent of a protected tract or princely state usually lived outside the territory in his charge, as opposed to a Resident who usually lived within his confines and was frequently the [[District Collector]] of the adjoining British district.

Civil and criminal justice in agencies were usually administered through locally made laws, and the [[Indian Penal Code]] was not applicable by default in these agencies.

==List of agencies==
{{Princely states topics}}
Political agencies were created, merged or abolished at different times during the history of the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=British Empire}}</ref> This list includes all agencies, regardless of the historical period.
*Aden Agency (1839 – 1859)
*[[Alwar Agency]] (belonging to Rajputana Agency)
*[[Bagelkhand Agency]] March 1871 / 1933
*[[Baluchistan Agency]]
*[[Banas Kantha Agency]]
*[[Baroda Agency]]
*Baroda and Gujarat Agency
*Baroda, Western States, and Gujarat Agency
*[[Bengal States Agency]]
*[[Bhopal Agency]] 1818 / 1947-08-15
*[[Bhopawar Agency]] 1882 / 1925 (merged with Malwa to form Malwa and Bhopawar Agency)
*[[Bikaner Agency]] (belonging to Rajputana Agency)
*[[Bundelkhand Agency]] 1811
*[[Central India Agency]] 1854
*Chhattisgarh Agency
*[[Cutch Agency]]
*[[Deccan States Agency]] 1930s
*Delhi Agency
*Eastern Rajputana States Agency (belonging to Rajputana Agency)
*[[Eastern States Agency]] 1930s
*[[Ganjam Hill Tracts Agency]] (Madras Presidency)
*[[Gilgit Agency]] 1889
* Kotah-Jhalawar Agency (belonging to Rajputana Agency)
*Haraoti Agency
* Haraoti-Tonk Agency (belonging to Rajputana Agency)
*[[Kaira Agency]]
*[[Kathiawar Agency]] (Bombay Presidency)
*[[Kolaba Agency]]
*Kolhapur Agency
*[[Madras States Agency]] 1930s
*[[Mahi Kantha Agency]] (Bombay Presidency)
*[[Malwa Agency]]
** 1895 / 1925 (merged with Bhopawar Agency to form Malwa and Bhopawar Agency)
** 1934 / 1947
*Malwa and Bhopawar Agency 1925 / 1927 rename to Malwa and Southern States Agency
*Malwa and Southern States Agency 1927 renamed from Malwa and Bhopawar Agency / 1934 renamed to Malwa
*[[Nasik Agency]]
*[[North-East Frontier Agency]] (NEFA)
*[[North-West Frontier States Agency]]
*Orissa Agency 1905
*[[Palanpur Agency]] 1819 (belong to Bombay Presidency, merged 10 October 1924 in WISA)
*[[Punjab States Agency]] 1930s
*[[Rajputana Agency]] (consisting of three residencies and six agencies)
*[[Rewa Kantha Agency]] (Bombay Presidency)
*[[Sabar Kantha Agency]]
*[[South-West Frontier Agency]] (1833–1854)
*[[Surat Agency]]
*[[Thana Agency]]
*[[Vizagapatam Hill Tracts Agency]] (Madras Presidency)
*[[Western India States Agency]] (WISA)
* Western Rajputana States Agency (belonging to Rajputana Agency, part of [[Mewar Residency]] until 1906, when it was separated)

==See also==
*[[Indian Political Service]] (IPS)
*[[Subdivisions of British India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources and external links==
* [https://archive.today/20140717212144/http://princelystates.com/CurrentIssue/fa-04-01d.shtml IPS Index, First Edition – Princely States Report]

[[Category:Agencies of British India| ]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Sauda (clan)

2025-12-05T15:08:05Z

NXHLillian: put up a stub

{{Short description|Charan clan}}

'''Sauda''' ([[Devanagari|Devnagari]]: सौदा चारण; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Saudā) (also spelled '''Soda''', '''Souda''') is a clan of the [[Charan|Charana]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gahlot |first1=Sukhvir Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuAtAAAAMAAJ |title=Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan |last2=Dhar |first2=Banshi |date=1989 |publisher=Jain Brothers |isbn=978-81-85287-00-3 |language=en}}</ref> They are also known as '''Sauda-Barhath'''. Sauda Charans came to prominence in the kingdom of [[Udaipur State|Mewar]] with the establishment of [[Sisodias of Mewar|Sisodia dynasty]] in 1326.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhry |first=P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5K-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Rajasthan Between the Two World Wars, 1919-1939 |date=1968 |publisher=Sri Ram Mehra |language=en |quote=The Sodas for example were the polpatras of the Maharanas of Mewar.}}</ref>

== History ==
The founder of the Sauda clan was Baruji, a [[Charan]] from Khod village of [[Kutch district|Kutch]] ([[Gujarat]]). Baruji was a wealthy [[horse trader]]. When the [[Gahlot|Guhilot dynasty]] was displaced from Mewar following an [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|invasion]] by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] at the turn of the 13th century,<ref name="sen22">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=116–117}}</ref> Baruji provided [[Military aid|military assistance]] to [[Hammir Singh|Rana Hammir]] and lent him 500 of his [[horse]]s. Baruji and his men fought alongside Rana Hammir in the invasion of Chittor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadur) |first=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXF5JmmpqeEC |title=Speeches and Writings |date=1935 |publisher=Vedic Yantralaya |language=en |quote="Baru was a rich dealer in horses and had a large number of them in his stables. He purchased some more and making up the number came to Kailwara. Hammir was waiting for the caravan and at once took the horses and treated Baru with respect, and gave him the confidential post of " Keeper of the gate." He made him his Barhat and bestowed on him the village of Antri with several other villages, which are still enjoyed by his descendants."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadhvi |first=Priyvrat |date=2020-05-26 |title=HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO THE HORSE IN INDIA |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341655308 |journal= |quote="Influx of the Kathiawari into Mewar was historically older, and apart from Charan traders regularly [[horse trading]] (a sub-class of Charans are known as ‘sauda’ barhats, such as those from Soniyana village in Mewar), a big example of the coming of Kathiawari horses into Mewar and beyond is the [[myth]] of the help provided by the Charan devi Aai Varvadi to Rana Hammir singh of the Sisodia clan when he reclaimed Chittor from Maldev of Jalore (under whom it was placed by Alauddin Khilji after sack of Chittor), by sending an army of 500 Kathiawari cavalry under her son Baruji to assist Hammir Singh in retaking Chittor. This was in early 14th century."}}</ref>

After successfully capturing [[Chittorgarh|Chittor]], Rana Hammir awarded the position of Prolpat (Barhath) of [[Udaipur State|Mewar kingdom]] to Baruji, to be held by his descendants "for posterity".<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Pratibha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dufZAAAAMAAJ |title=Honour, Status & Polity |last2=Śarmā |first2=Saṅgītā |date=2004 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-859-8 |language=en |quote="The Charans who occupied significant positions in the courts of the rulers were known as Barhats. In Mewar, the descendants of Baru Charan, who came to be known as Sauda Barhats, acquired prominence on account of Baru's timely military assistance to Hammir in regaining his lost throne."}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Balwant Sinha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGk_AAAAMAAJ |title=Pratap, the Patriot: With a Concise History of Mewar and Its Missing Links |last2=Mehta |first2=Jodh Sinha |date=1971 |publisher=Pratap Institute of Historical Research |language=en |quote="Baru, too, accompanied Hamir and after independence of Mewar, he was made the Barhat (the premier Charan) whose descendants are known as Sauda Barahats of Mewar."}}</ref>

Baruji's descendants came to be known as 'Sauda', a [[title]] given by Rana Hammir as they were large [[Horse trading|horse traders]] ''(saudagar)''. In Mewar, the descendants of Baruji reside in Soniyana (near [[Kankroli]]), Paaner, Aantri, Panod, Barwara, Tallai, Bikakheda and Rabachha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7X23AAAAIAAJ |title=Mahārāṇā Pratāpa ke pramukha sahayogī |date=1997 |publisher=Rājasthānī Granthāgāra |language=hi}}</ref>

== Notable people ==

* [[Thakur Kesari Singh Barhath]]
* [[Thakur Zorawar Singh Barhath]]
* [[Kunwar Pratap Singh Barhath]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}{{Charan Clans}}
[[Category:Charan]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Charan clans]]

Mopidevi

2025-11-28T05:14:10Z

NXHLillian: slightly fix citations for accuracy additionally and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Village in Krishna district (Andhra Pradesh), India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mopidevi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Utsav Idols of Sri Sakaleshwara Swamy.JPG
| image_alt = Subrahmanya shasti
| image_caption = Utsav Idols of Sri Sakaleshwara Swamy
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|03|51|N|80|55|33|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mopidevi mandal|Mopidevi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=13 February 2016|page=16,466|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.15
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7438
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629144|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=26 July 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521125
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–8671
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Mopidevi''' is a village in [[Krishna district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the mandal headquarters of [[Mopidevi mandal]] in [[Machilipatnam revenue division]].<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/krishna.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010053343/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/krishna.pdf|archivedate=10 October 2014|page=9|format=PDF}}</ref> It is one of the villages in the mandal to be a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region|url=https://andhranation.files.wordpress.com/2014/12/new-mandals-added-in-crda.pdf|website=Andhra Nation|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|accessdate=5 October 2015|format=PDF|date=22 September 2015}}</ref> The village is known for its famous Lord Subrahmanyeswar Swamy Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mopidevi Lord Subrahmanyeswar Swamy Temple|url=http://www.mopidevitemple.org/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=www.mopidevitemple.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mopidevi Shree Subramaniya Swamy Temple|url=https://tms.ap.gov.in/ssmpdv/cnt/about-temple/}}</ref> The village is situated 80Km from [[Vijayawada]] and 30Km from [[Machilipatnam]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-04|title=Mopidevi Temple Abhishekam Timings, Accommodation, Temple Timings -|url=https://templesinindiainfo.com/mopidevi-temple-abhishekam-timings-accommodation-temple-timings/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=Temples In India Info|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=AP Temples|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/koduru-beach-sees-a-swell-in-holiday-goers/article34126438.ece}}</ref>

== Transportation ==

[[National Highway 216 (India)|NH216]], a [[Spur route|spur road]] of [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH16]] passes through this village. This road connects [[ongole]] and [[Kattipudi|Kathipudi]] village in [[East Godavari district|East godavari district]] .

[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] runs buses from [[Avanigadda]], [[Gudivada]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Movva]], [[challapalli]], [[Machilipatnam]], [[Repalle]], [[Ghantasala, Krishna district|Ghantasala]] by connecting mopidevi village.

=== Nearest Railway Stations ===
[[Machilipatnam railway station]] (MTM), [[Gudivada Junction railway station]] (GDV), [[Repalle railway station]] (RAL), [[Vijayawada Junction railway station]] (BZ) are the nearest railway stations to this village.

==Economy==
[[Paddy (unmilled rice)|Paddy]] is the main cultivated crop in the village.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Venkataramanarao|first1=G|title=Paddy farmers bitter over paltry increase in MSP|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/paddy-farmers-bitter-over-paltry-increase-in-msp/article7328361.ece|accessdate=5 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=18 June 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Krishna district#M|Villages in Mopidevi mandal]]
*[https://templesblog.com/mopidevi-subramanya-swamy-temple/ Mopidevi Temple]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}{{Murugan temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Krishna district]]

Elamgulam Sree Dharma Shastha Temple

2025-11-22T05:47:43Z

NXHLillian: fix details additionally and updated info

{{More citations needed|date=January 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Elamgulam Sree Dharma Sastha Temple
|image = File:Elamgulam Sree dharma sastha Temple.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Temple from its ground, where ''Gajamela'' is conducted
|map_type = Kerala
|coordinates = {{coord|09|35|39.2|N|76|43|48.3|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_caption = Location within Kerala
| native_name = ഇളങ്ങുളം ശ്രീധർമ്മശാസ്താ ക്ഷേത്രം
|country = [[India]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|district = [[Kottayam District]]
|locale = [[Elamgulam]]
|elevation_m =
|elevation_footnotes =
| deity = [[Ayyappan|Sree Dharma Sasthavu]]
|festivals = Gajamela
|architecture = [[Architecture of Kerala]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thiruutsavam 2021|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2021/12/elamgulam-sree-dharma-sastha-temple.html?m=1|website=hindu-blog.com
| date=8 December 2021 }}</ref>}}
''' Elamgulam Sree Dharma Sastha Temple''' is a Hindu temple in [[India]], located in the state of [[Kerala]]. It is situated on [[Main Eastern Highway]] (SH-8) with its landmark temple ground in the village of [[Elamgulam]] in [[Kottayam district]]. The temple's annual festival features the captivating ''Gajamela'' (Elephant congregation) and ''Aanayoottu'' (Elephant feeding) ceremonies with around 15 elephants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thiru Utsavom 2016 |url=http://www.festivaldays.in/festival/-thiru-utsavom-2016-elangulom-sree-dharma-shasta-temple |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413103417/http://www.festivaldays.in/festival/-thiru-utsavom-2016-elangulom-sree-dharma-shasta-temple |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=30 March 2016 |website=festivaldays.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thiruutsavam|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507707707-0.pdf
|website=kerala tourism.org}}</ref>

==History==
The worship of [[Shasta (deity)|Sastha]] forms part of the ancient history of South India.The deity here is believed to be 800 years old. The written history is available since the temple management came under the [[Edapally royal family]]. Post-monarchy, the temple was managed by local landlords and [[Nair Service Society]] (NSS) Karayogam until 1978 when it was transferred to a broad committee with members from various Hindu sects.

In 2018, as part of a major renovation, the ''Chuttambalam'', the outer structure surrounding the sanctum sanctorum([[Garbhagriha]]) within the temple walls, was removed. After 5 years, in January 2023 the new temple entirely made of stone, wood and [[copper]] was inaugurated with ''Brahmakalashabhisheka''. Built to sustain for ages, the temple in its new avatar itself is a milestone in the history of the village.

==Architecture==
Until 2018, the temple structure was made of bricked walls and clay tile roofs supported on wooden battens. During the major renovation, the walls of ''Chuttambalam'' and sub-deities were completely made of ''Krishnashila''(Black natural stone). The roofs are covered with [[copper]] sheets and the ''Balikkalpura''{{'s}} ceiling has carvings on wood and the entablature has layers and the corners have dragon shapes spectacularly painted.

The ''Aanakkottil''(a structure found in the courtyards of temples across [[Kerala]]) has 10 pillars with each pillar having a projected standalone [[Dashavatara]](the 10 incarnations of lord [[Vishnu]]) sculpture beautifully mural painted. The temple compound walls are built in ''Aanappalla'' style(the vertical cross-section of the wall resembles an elephant viewed from its back) which is an ancient style found in temples.

==Gajamela==

On the last day of the temple festival, ''Gajamela'' is usually conducted in the East ''Panthal''(pavilion) of the temple followed by the famous ''Aanayoottu''. Elephants are given [[rice]] balls mixed with fruits and nuts.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==

[[Elamgulam]]

[[Temples of Kerala]]

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/Elamgulam-Sree-Dharma-Sasta-Temple-322014331178636/ Official Facebook page of temple]

*[https://youtube.com/watch?v=9TDLbTb1OVw&feature=youtu.be/ A video of Gajamela conducted in 2007]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]

Ambashtha

2025-11-13T11:25:59Z

NXHLillian: cleanup intro for consistency and updated info

{{Short description|Indian Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha clan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
'''Ambashtha''' or '''Ambastha''' is a [[caste]] or sub-caste or a community of [[Hindu]]s in [[India]]. According to Hindu scriptures, the term Ambastha refers to the offspring of a [[Brahmin]] father and a [[Vaishya]] mother, whose traditional occupation was the practice of medicine.<ref name="Ridgeon">{{cite book|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd|title=Major World Religions: From Their Origins To The Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HFKBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|year=2003|page=45|isbn=978-1-13442-935-6}}</ref><ref name="Manu">{{cite book|author =Manu, Patrick Olivelle |author2=Suman Olivelle|title=Manu's Code of Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnHo02RtONMC&pg=PA208|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|page=208|isbn=978-0-19517-146-4}}</ref>

The term Ambastha is now used to describe a particular sub-caste within the [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha]] community, now found mainly in [[North India|North-Indian region]] ([[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]]).<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MihuAAAAMAAJ|title=The Kāyasthas: a study in the formation and early history of a caste|last=Gupta|first=Chitrarekha|date=1996|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|isbn=9788170741565|location=|pages=60|language=en|quote=But Bihar was not the original homeland of the Ambashthas. The Ambashthas were a famous tribe from Western Punjab and have been mentioned in the Mahabharata.}}</ref>

==Origin==

=== Hindu Scriptures ===
In the ancient Indian epic [[Mahabharata]], a warrior tribe named Ambastha has been mentioned. During Alexander's invasion, they had 60000 infantry, 6000 horsemen and 500 chariots. They have been described as inhabitants of northwestern part of Indian subcontinent (near Lahore), and they were conquered by Nakula and paid tribute to Yudisthira. They fought in the Kurukhetra war (initially for the Pandavas but later for Drona). They took to different professions like priesthood, farming and medicine, and are assumed to have migrated to eastern India later on.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sircar |first=Dineschandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC |title=Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India |date=1971 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-2790-5 |language=en}}</ref>

The term Ambastha also gets mentioned in Hindu text [[Manusmriti]] as the offspring of a union between Brahmin male and Vaishya female.<ref name="Ridgeon" />

== Varna status ==
Ridgeon mentions about the myth related to the origin of the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]] in the [[Rigveda]],<ref name="Ridgeon" /> and says that in order to explain "the great number of castes, a theory was developed that unions between men and women of different varnas produced offspring of various castes".<ref name="Ridgeon" />

Citing the Hindu text ''Parasara'', Leslie mentions that the Ambastha is supposed to treat the Brahmins only, and hence considered as "a clean caste, definitely below the brahman, but certainly well within the [[Dvija|twice-born]] group".<ref name="Leslie">{{cite book |last=Leslie |first=Charles M. |title=Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study |year=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-52003-511-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/asianmedicalsyst00lesl/page/37 37] |url=https://archive.org/details/asianmedicalsyst00lesl|url-access=registration }}</ref> This differentiates the Ambasthas from the average Vaidyas, who were considered "unclean" and were denied the status accorded to the Ambastha.<ref name="Leslie"/>

== Ambashthas of Bihar ==
According to [[Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha]] the ancient Ambasthas migrated to Bihar and created a sub-division of the greater Kayastha caste of this region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryhuAAAAMAAJ |title=Kayasthas in Making of Modern Bihar |date=2003 |publisher=Impression Publication |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Early medieval Bengal==
In the ''Brihaddharma Purana'' the Ambashthas and the [[Baidya]]s/Vaidyas were considered as the same caste in its list of 36 castes but another text, the [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]] considered them as two separate sub-castes. Bharatmallik (17th century), the author of the ''Chandraprabha'' and ''Bhattitika'' has introduced himself as both Vaidya and Ambashtha, which indicates both the castes may have been considered as one in early medieval Bengal.<ref>Roy, Niharranjan (1993). ''Bangalar Itihas:Adiparba'' (in Bengali), Kolkata:Dey's Publishing, {{ISBN|81-7079-270-3}}, pp.227,246-7</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Ambastha Kayastha (The Evolution of a Family and Its Socio-Cultural Dimensions)/K.N. Sahay. New Delhi, Commonwealth, 2001, xxi, 344 p. 42. {{ISBN|81-7169-660-0}}.

[[Category:Kayastha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]