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Jind Kaur

2026-05-06T17:07:05Z

NWIMuoi623534: Creating a entry v1

{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[Sikh Empire|Maharani of the Sikh Empire]]
| reign = {{circa}} 1847 (nominal power)
| reign-type = Tenure
| predecessor = [[Duleep Singh]] (as Maharaja)
| reign-type2 = [[Regency]]
| reign2 = {{circa}} 1843 – {{circa}} 1847
| pre-type2 = Monarch
| predecessor2 = [[Duleep Singh]]
| succession2 = [[Regent]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]
| name = Maharani Jind Kaur
| title = [[Maharani]] of the [[Sikh Empire]] [[Rajmata]] of the [[Sikh Empire]]
| image = Maharani Jind Kaur.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Portrait by [[George Richmond (painter)|George Richmond]], {{circa|1862}}
| successor = ''Office abolished''{{efn|Sikh Empire annexed by [[Company rule in India|East India Company]]}}
| birth_date = {{birth-date|1817}}
| birth_place = Chichrianwali, [[Gujranwala]], [[Sikh Empire]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahluwalia|first1=M. L.|title=Maharani Jind Kaur|date=2001|publisher=Singh Brothers|url=https://indiabookworld.ca/products/maharani-jind-kaur|page=13|quote=Since she was the daughter of his friend-officer who hailed from a nearby village (Chichrianwali) of his own birth-place, Gujranwala}}</ref> {{small|(present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1863|08|1|1817|9|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kensington]], [[Middlesex]], [[United Kingdom]]
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| house = [[Sukerchakia]] (by marriage)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]|1829|1839|end=died}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Atwal|first1=Priya |title=Royals and Rebels:The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire |date=2020|publisher= C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited|location=London|isbn=9781787383081}}</ref>
| issue = [[Maharaja Duleep Singh]]
| mother =
| father = Manna Singh Aulakh
}}

'''Maharani Jind Kaur''' ({{Circa|1817}} – 1 August 1863), also known as '''Rani Jindan Kaur''', was regent and, shortly the regnant of the [[Sikh Empire]] from 1843 until 29 March 1847. After the [[Sikh Empire]] was dissolved on 29 March 1847, the Sikhs claimed her as the [[Maharani]] and successor of Maharaja [[Duleep Singh]]. However, on the same day the British took full control and refused to accept the claims.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Bance |first=Bhupinder Singh |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/73521 |title=Jind Kaur (1817–1863), maharani and regent of Lahore |date=2004-09-23 |series=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/73521 }}</ref>

She was the youngest of [[Wives of Ranjit Singh|the wives of the first Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]], [[Ranjit Singh]], and the mother of the last Maharaja, [[Duleep Singh]]. She was renowned for her beauty, energy and strength of purpose and was popularly known as ''Rani Jindan'', but her fame is derived chiefly from the fear she engendered in the British in India, who described her as "the [[Messalina]] of the Punjab".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/31/rebel-queen-thorn-crown|title=Rebel Queen – a thorn in the crown|author=Herpreet Kaur Grewal|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=31 December 2010 |access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref>

After the assassinations of Ranjit Singh's first three successors, Duleep Singh came to power in September 1843 at the age of 5 and Jind Kaur became Regent on her son's behalf.
After the Sikhs lost the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] she was replaced in December 1846 by a Council of Regency, under the control of a British Resident. However, her power and influence continued and, to counter this, the British imprisoned and exiled her. Over thirteen years passed before she was again permitted to see her son, who was taken to England.<ref name=Campbell5/>

In January 1861 Duleep Singh was allowed to meet his mother in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and took her with him back to England, where she remained until her death in [[Kensington, London]], on 1 August 1863 at the age of 46. She was temporarily buried in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]] and cremated the following year at [[Nashik]], near [[Bombay]]. Her ashes were finally taken to the ''samadh'' (memorial) in Lahore of her husband, Maharaja Ranjit Singh, by her granddaughter, [[Bamba Sutherland|Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Duleep Singh]].<ref>Anglo-Sikh Heritage Trail – [http://www.asht.info/anglosikh/865/maharani-jindan-kaur.html Maharani Jind Kaur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721184845/http://www.asht.info/anglosikh/865/maharani-jindan-kaur.html |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

== Family ==
[[File:A wall painting of Maharani Jind Kaur from the old haveli of Sandhanwalia Sardars at Raja Sansi in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|A wall painting of Maharani Jind Kaur from the old [[haveli]] of Sandhanwalia Sardars at [[Rajasansi|Raja Sansi]] in [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]]]
Jind Kaur was born in Chachar, Gujranwala, the daughter of Manna Singh, into an [[Aulakh]] [[Jat]] family the overseer of the royal kennels.<ref name=Hasrat /> She had an elder brother, [[Jawahar Singh (wazir)|Jawahar Singh Aulakh]] and an elder sister, Bibiji Aas Kaur Ji, who married Sardar Jawala Singh Padhania, the Chief of Padhana in the Lahore District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padhana |url=https://jatchiefs.com/jagir/padhania/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=Jat Chiefs |language=en-US}}</ref> Manna Singh extolled Jind Kaur's beauty and virtues to Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who summoned and married her in 1835 by sending his 'arrow and sword' to the village.<ref>B S Nijjar' – p10</ref> On 6 September 1838 she gave birth to her only child, Duleep Singh.

On 7 June 1864 Duleep Singh married Bamba Müller, daughter of Ludwig and Sofia Müller, by whom he had four sons, one of whom died in infancy, and three daughters. After the death of his first wife he married Ada Wetherill, daughter of Charles and Sarah Wetherill, and had two more daughters.<ref>Christy Campbell – preface</ref> All his children died without issue. [[Sophia Duleep Singh|Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh]], Duleep Singh's daughter from his first marriage, was active in the [[suffragette]] movement in the United Kingdom.<ref>ODNB – Duleep Singh</ref>

== Regency ==
[[File:Jind Kaur with son, Duleep Singh.jpg|left|thumb|170x170px|Jind Kaur with her son, Duleep Singh]]
After the death of Ranjit Singh, Jind Kaur and her son lived in relative obscurity under the care of Raja [[Dhian Singh|Dhian Siṅgh]] at [[Jammu]] that was governed by his brother [[Gulab Singh]]. On 16 September 1843, after the assassination of Maharaja [[Sher Singh]] and his ''[[Vizier|wazir]]'' (vizier), the army proclaimed the 5-year-old Duleep Singh as sovereign. At first the new wazir, Hira Singh, took little notice of the young Maharaja and his mother. Jind Kaur became fiercely defensive of the rights of her son and pleaded with the regimental committees to protect his position asking 'who is the real sovereign, Duleep Singh or Hira Singh? If the former, then the Khālsā should ensure that he was not a king with an empty title.' The council supported her and she gradually became the symbol of sovereignty. She took control of the government with the approval of the army and cast off her veil. As Regent, she reconstituted the Supreme Council of the [[Khalsa]] and restored a balance between the army and the civil administration. She held court, transacted State business in public and reviewed and addressed the troops.<ref name=Hasrat>{{cite book |last=Hasrat |first=B.J. |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The encyclopaedia of Sikhism: Volume II: E–L |date=2011 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-8173802041 |pages=381–383 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUhOAQAAMAAJ |access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

The young Maharani was faced with many problems. [[Pashaura Singh|Pashaura Singh Kanvar]], half brother of Duleep Singh, was seeking to replace Duleep Singh as Maharaja. The feudal chiefs wanted a reduction in the taxation imposed on them by Hira Singh and the restoration of their ''[[jagir]]s'', land grants from which they received income. The army wanted an increase in pay. The cost of the civil and military administration had increased and [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh Dogra]], Raja of [[Jammu]] and uncle of Hira Singh, had taken most of the Lahore Treasury. The power struggle between the various Sikh factions was continuing and some were secretly negotiating with the British [[East India Company]] forces amassing on the border.

In tackling these problems, the Maharani had the advice and support of the newly appointed council of elder statesmen and military leaders. To strengthen her power base, Jind Kaur betrothed Duleep Singh to the daughter of [[Chattar Singh Attariwalla]], the Governor of [[Hazara region|Hazara]] province and a powerful and influential member of the Sikh nobility. Army pay was increased. Gulab Singh was brought to Lahore to face charges of treachery and his nephew, Hira Singh, was replaced as wazir by Jawahar Singh. Gulab Singh was allowed to return to Jammu after paying a fine of {{formatnum:6800000}} rupees (68 ''[[lakh]]'') and promising future good behaviour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title= Gulab Singh (1792-1857) |last1=Jagjit Singh |first1=K. |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>

[[File:War-elephant-illustrated-london-news.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The killing of Jawahar Singh on 21 September 1845, as portrayed in the ''[[Illustrated London News]]'']]
Pashaura Singh arrived in Lahore in January 1845. He was received with honour but was persuaded to return to his estates by the army and with the promise of an increase in his jagir. However, in July he took the fort at [[Attock]] and declared himself the ruler of the Punjab. A force commanded by Chatar Singh besieged the fort and forced him to surrender on the promise of a safe conduct. However Jawahar had decided that Pashaura posed too great a risk to the young Maharaja and he was secretly taken back to Attock and strangled. For his involvement in this, Jawahar Singh was stabbed to death in front of his sister, the agonised Maharani.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx |title= Pashaura Singh Kanvar (1821-1845) |last1=Khurana |first1=J. S. |website=Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University Patiala |access-date=18 August 2015}}</ref>

On 13 December 1845 the British [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]], [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]], issued a proclamation declaring war on the Sikhs. The causes and conduct of the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] are described fully elsewhere. The Sikhs lost the war, due, they claimed, to the treachery of their commander-in-chief, [[Lal Singh]] and [[Tej Singh]], who failed to attack when the British were at his mercy during the battle of Ferozeshah and later sank the Sikh bridge of boats in the [[battle of Sobraon]]. The terms of the [[Treaty of Lahore]], signed in March 1846, were punitive but the seven-year-old Duleep Singh remained as Maharaja and Jind Kaur was to remain as regent. However, in December, she was replaced by a Council of Regency, controlled by a British Resident, and awarded an annual pension of 150,000 rupees.

== Imprisonment ==
[[File:Drawing of Maharani Jind Kaur rallying the Sikh troops.jpg|thumb|Drawing of Maharani Jind Kaur rallying the Sikh troops]]
After the war the British rewarded the leaders who had helped them, including Lal Singh and Tej Singh. However, the Sikh commanders were seething at what they saw as his treachery. When in August 1847 Duleep Singh refused to invest [[Tej Singh]] as Raja of Sialkot, the British Resident, [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], imprisoned the Maharani in the Samman Tower of the [[Lahore Fort]] and, ten days later, moved her to the fortress in [[Sheikhupura]] and reduced her pension to 48,000 rupees.<ref name=Hasrat /> The bitterest blow to the Maharani was the separation from her 9-year-old son. She wrote to Lawrence imploring him to return Duleep to her. "He has no sister, no brother. He has no uncle, senior or junior. His father he has lost. To whose care has he been entrusted?"
She did not see her son again for thirteen and a half years.<ref name=Campbell5/>

The following year, the new British Resident, [[Sir Frederick Currie, 1st Baronet|Sir Frederick Currie]], described her as "the rallying point of rebellion" and exiled her from Punjab. She was taken to the [[Chunar Fort]], about 45 km from [[Varanasi]], and her jewellery was taken from her. Her treatment by the two Residents caused deep resentment among Sikhs. The Muslim ruler of neighbouring Afghanistan, [[Dost Mohammad Khan]], protested that such treatment is objectionable to all creeds.<ref>All About Sikhs – [http://www.allaboutsikhs.com/historical-events/annexation-of-punjab-1849 The Annexation of the Punjab]</ref>

A year later she escaped from the Chunar Fort, disguised as a servant, and travelled through 800 km of forest to ask for sanctuary in Nepal. She arrived at [[Kathmandu]] in April 1849.

== Exile in Nepal ==
The mid-19th century was a time of great political upheaval in the [[Indian subcontinent]] with expanding British power. Noting a common adversary in the British, Nepal's Prime Minister [[Bhimsen Thapa]] and Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] forged a secret alliance against the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]. However, Maharaja Ranjit Singh died suddenly in 1839 and the [[Sikh Empire]] started to disintegrate.

Rani Jind Kaur became the [[regent]] in 1843, as her son King [[Duleep Singh]] was still an infant. Led by her, [[Punjab]] went to war with the British in 1845. [[Lahore]] sought help from [[Kathmandu]], but the Nepalese court in Kathmandu was divided and King, [[Rajendra Bikram Shah]] did not respond positively.

Following Punjab's annexation, the British imprisoned the Rani Jind Kaur in [[Chunar Fort]] near [[Varanasi]]. However, two years later in 1849, she managed to escape from the fort disguised as a maid and traveled 800 km north to reach [[Kathmandu]]. Initially, she stayed at the residence of Amar Bikram Shah, son of [[Chautariya Pushkar Shah|General Pushkar Shah]], who had briefly served as Prime Minister of Nepal (1838–1839). Amar Bikram Shah's residence in the Narayanhiti area provided her with the facilities and dignity offered to royalty. But whenever outsiders came, she would disguise herself and was introduced as a “maid from Hindustan.” Rani Jind Kaur had chosen to stay at Amar Bikram Shah's residence because [[Chautariya Pushkar Shah|General Pushkar Shah]] was one of the key officials engaged in forging an alliance between Nepal and Punjab against the British when Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alive. She stayed in Amar Bikram Shah's house for a few months before she decided to come out of her hiding and approach the then Prime Minister of Nepal, [[Jung Bahadur Rana]].

The Rani Jind Kaur was given refuge by the then Prime Minister of Nepal, [[Jung Bahadur Rana]], and was treated with full dignity as a Queen consort of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A brand new residence, [[Charburja Durbar]], was built within the [[Thapathali Durbar|Thapathali Durbar complex]] and an allowance was set by the Nepalese government.<ref name=Hasrat /> The British Resident in Kathmandu kept an eye on her, believing that she was still intriguing to revive the Sikh dynasty.<ref name="PurushottamShamsher2007">{{cite book |last=JBR|first=PurushottamShamsher|date=2007 |title=Ranakalin Pramukh Atihasik Darbarharu|trans-title=Chief Historical Palaces of the Rana Era|url=https://www.amazon.com/Ranakalin-Pramukh-Atihasik-Darbarharu-Historical/dp/B00CWSP1U2/ |language=ne|publisher=Vidarthi Pustak Bhandar|isbn=978-9994611027}}</ref> She lived in Nepal for 11 years.

== Reunion and final years ==
[[File:Dalip Singh Sukerchakia 1861.png|thumb|left|140px|Duleep Singh, 1861]]In November 1856 [[Jung Bahadur Rana]] sent the Governor-General of India a letter which he had intercepted from Duleep Singh to Jind Kaur, suggesting that she come to England. The letter was dismissed as a forgery. However, shortly afterwards Duleep Singh commissioned Pundit [[Nehemiah Goreh]] to visit [[Kathmandu]] on his behalf and find out how his mother was managing. This attempt was also doomed to failure and the Pundit was forbidden to contact the Maharani. Duleep Singh then decided to go himself, using the pretext of a tiger shoot in Bengal. In 1860 he wrote to the British Resident in Kathmandu, enclosing his letter in one from Sir John Login so that it would not be intercepted or dismissed as a forgery.<ref name=Login>Lady Login, Chapter 14</ref> The Resident reported that the Rani had 'much changed, was blind and had lost much of the energy which formerly characterised her.' The British decided that she was no longer a threat and on 16 January 1861 she was permitted to join her son at [[Spence's Hotel]], in Calcutta. At the time several Sikh regiments were returning home via Calcutta at the end of the Chinese war. The presence of Sikh royalty in the city gave rise to demonstrations of joy and loyalty. The hotel was surrounded by thousands of armed Sikhs and the Governor-General, [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]], requested Duleep Singh, as a favour, to leave for England with his mother by the next boat.<ref name=Login/>

During the passage to England, Duleep Singh wrote to Sir John Login, who had been his guardian throughout his adolescence in British hands, asking him to find a house for his mother near [[Lancaster Gate]]. Soon after her arrival, Lady Login visited with her three youngest children. She had heard tales of the Maharani's beauty and influence and strength of will and was curious to meet the woman who had wielded such power. Her compassion was aroused when she met a tired half-blind woman, her health broken and her beauty vanished. ''"Yet the moment she grew interested and excited in a subject, unexpected gleams and glimpses through the haze of indifference and the torpor of advancing age revealed the shrewd and plotting brain of her, who had once been known as the 'Messalina of the Punjab'."''<ref name=Login/>

While in India Duleep Singh had negotiated the return of the Maharani's jewellery, which had been kept in the treasury at [[Varanasi|Benares]]. These arrived at Lancaster Gate just before the Maharani returned Lady Login's visit, and her delight was so great that ''"she forthwith decorated herself, and her attendants, with an assortment of the most wonderful necklaces and earrings, strings of lovely pearls and emeralds"'', to wear during the visit. The portrait of the Maharani by [[George Richmond (painter)|George Richmond]] shows her wearing some of the jewels, including the emerald and pearl necklace, which was sold by auction on 8 October 2009 at [[Bonhams]] for £55,200.<ref>Description of the [http://www.internetstones.com/maharani-jindan-kaur-emerald-and-seed-pearl-necklace-one.html emerald and pearl necklace]</ref>

For a while Duleep Singh moved with his mother to [[Mulgrave Castle]] in Yorkshire. Attempts were made to arrange a separate establishment for her on the estate, but she was determined not to be separated from her son again. In the last two years of her life she reminded the Maharaja of his Sikh heritage and told him of the empire that had once been his, sowing the seeds that twenty years later led him to research for weeks in the British Library and to petition Queen Victoria, hoping naïvely to remedy the injustice he had suffered.<ref name=Campbell5>Christy Campbell – Chapter 5</ref>
[[File:Telegram on Maharani Jind Kaur's death, sent by Duleep Singh to his guardian Sir John Login, 1863.jpg|thumb|Telegram on Maharani Jind Kaur's death, sent by Duleep Singh to his guardian Sir John Login, 1863 [Peter Bance Collection]]]
On the morning of 1 August 1863 Maharani Jind Kaur died peacefully in her sleep in Abingdon House, Kensington. [[Cremation]] was illegal in Great Britain before 1885 and Duleep Singh was refused permission to take his mother's body to the Punjab, so it was kept for a while in the Dissenters' Chapel in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]]. In the spring of 1864 the Maharaja obtained permission to take the body to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in India, where it was cremated, and he erected a small samadhi in memory of his mother on the [[Panchavati]] side of the [[Godavari River]]. Jind Kaur's wishes to be cremated in [[Lahore]] had been denied by British authorities.<ref name=bansal>{{cite book|last1=Bansal|first1=Bobby|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|date=2015|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-9384544935}}</ref> The memorial in Bombay was maintained by the Kapurthala State authorities until 1924, when [[Princess Bamba Sutherland]] moved her remains and the memorial to the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh]] in Lahore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maharajaranjitsingh.com/maharaja_ranjit_singh_information.html|title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh Information|work=maharajaranjitsingh.com|access-date=4 October 2015}}</ref> In 1997, a marble headstone with her name was uncovered during restorations at the Dissenters' Chapel in Kensal Green and in 2009 a memorial to the Maharani was installed at the site.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Basu|first=Shrabani|newspaper=The Telegraph|title=Rebel With a Cause|date=26 July 2009|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/7days/story_11282837.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630094442/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/7days/story_11282837.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh#Associated monuments|samadhi of Jind Kaur]] was located in Lahore near the samadhis of her husband, Ranjit Singh. However, her samadhi has since been demolished and replaced with a recent construction.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Butalia|first=Tarunjit Singh|url=https://jeevaysanjhapunjab.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/01/Sikh-Historical-Shrines-in-Pakistan-Lahore-District.pdf|title=Sikh Historical Shrines in Pakistan: Lahore District|date=April 2025|publisher=Jeevay Sanjha Punjab|edition=1st|pages=14|chapter=}}</ref> A photograph of Jind Kaur was taken by [[John McCosh]] but is now lost.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Madra |first=Amandeep Singh |title=Warrior Saints |last2=Singh |first2=Parmjit |publisher=Kashi House: Four Centuries of Sikh Military History |isbn=9780956016867 |edition=illustrated |volume=1 |pages=153 |chapter=73. The Siege of Multan: Diwan Mul Raj}}</ref>

== Popular media ==
In 2010, ''The Rebel Queen'', a docudrama short was released by Michael Singh and starred Indian actress Diana Pinto as the Maharani.<ref>The Guardian, 31 December 2010, [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/dec/31/rebel-queen-thorn-crown Rebel Queen]</ref> In January 2020, [[Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni]] released ''The Last Queen'' a book inspired of her life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=In conversation with Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni: The bestselling author on new book The Last Queen, and her craft|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/in-conversation-with-chitra-banerjee-divakaruni-the-bestselling-author-on-new-book-the-last-queen-and-her-craft-9297111.html|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Firstpost}}</ref> She is also a major character in George MacDonald Fraser's comic historical novel ''[[Flashman and the Mountain of Light]]''.

Maharani Jind Kaur is also portrayed in [[The Black Prince (film)|The Black Prince]] by [[Shabana Azmi]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3962984/?ref_=vp_vi_tt | title=The Black Prince | website=[[IMDb]] }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jung Bahadur Rana]]
* [[Charburja Durbar]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* ''The Encyclopedia of Sikhism'', Harbans Singh, Editor-in-Chief, Punjabi University, 2002
* ''The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, January 2012 edition
* B S Nijjar, ''Maharani Jind Kaur'', Punjab Govt. Records
* Christy Campbell, ''The Maharajah's Box'', Harper Collins, 2010, {{ISBN|9780730446415}}
* E Dalhousie Login, ''Lady Login's Recollections'', Smith Elder, 1916

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jind, Kaur}}
[[Category:Indian female royalty]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1863 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century women regents]]
[[Category:19th-century regents]]
[[Category:Women from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:People from the Sikh Empire]]
[[Category:Regents in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:19th-century women monarchs]]

INS Subhadra

2026-05-06T11:56:40Z

NWIMuoi623534:

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}}
}}

'''INS ''Subhadra'' (P51)''' is a [[Sukanya class patrol vessel]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="IN-Sukanya">[http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm Indian Naval Ships-OPV-Sukanya Class] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084015/http://indiannavy.nic.in/opv_sukanya.htm |date=2009-06-19 }}, indiannavy.nic.in, 2011-10-20</ref> Since her commissioning, she has been under the operational command of Flag Officer Commanding [[Western Fleet (India)]] (FOCWF). The ship has changed its base port to Karwar, Karnataka in Mar 2012 from Mumbai. During the operational service, the ship has evolved in two major roles – Strategic and Conventional.

== Service history ==

=== Operation Sankalp ===
{{Further|Operation Sankalp}}
''INS Subhadra'' played a crucial role in the rescue of 17 sailors from the ''former-MV Ruen'' as she, along with [[INS Kolkata]], [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I Neptune]] [[Maritime patrol aircraft|patrol aircraft]], [[General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper|SeaGuardian]] drones and [[MARCOS]] Commandos air-dropped from an [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster III]] .The ship managed to capture 35 pirates in a mammoth 40 hour operation about 700 miles from Indian Coastlines.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Navy forces Somali pirates to surrender; rescues 17 hostages |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/navy-forces-somali-pirates-to-surrender-rescues-17-hostages-101710614105277.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Indian navy recaptures Somali pirate ship and frees crew |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/17/india-recaptures-somali-pirate-ship-and-frees-crew |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian navy captures ship from Somali pirates, rescuing 17 crew members |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/16/indian-navy-captures-ship-from-somali-pirates-rescues-crew-members |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian navy rescues hijacked vessel MV Ruen from 35 pirates; all crew-members safe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-rescues-hijacked-vessel-mv-ruen-from-35-pirates-all-crew-members-safe/articleshow/108551973.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian navy rescues hijacked vessel MV Ruen from 35 pirates; all crew-members safe |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/143338-indian-navys-daring-arabian-sea-operation-35-pirates-surrender-17-crew-members-rescued |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of Oman |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|INS Subhadra (P51)}}
<references/>

{{Sukanya-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhadra (P51)}}
[[Category:Sukanya-class patrol boats]]
[[Category:1988 ships]]

{{india-mil-stub}}
{{mil-ship-stub}}

Preethiyinda

2026-04-30T08:54:04Z

NWIMuoi623534: created a entry!

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Preethiyinda
| image = Preethiyinda.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Raju Halaguru
| writer = Raju Halaguru
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = [[Rakesh Adiga]] [[Sonia Gowda]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = S. Ramesh
| editing = N M Vishwa
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| studio = Sri Guru Anugraha Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|7|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Preethiyinda''''' ({{translation|With love}}) is a 2015 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Raju Halaguru and starring [[Rakesh Adiga]] and [[Sonia Gowda]] with [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] in a supporting role.

== Cast ==
*[[Rakesh Adiga]] as Karthik
*[[Sonia Gowda]] as Bhoomika a.k.a. Amrutha
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Amar Kumar Pandey
*[[Girija Lokesh]] as Bhoomika's mother
* Ninasam Ashwath
*[[Lakshmi Chandrashekar]] as Karthik's mother

== Production ==
The film was in production for two years.<ref name="T"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]].<ref name="T">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakesh-adigas-preethiyinda-audio-released/articleshow/24135403.cms?from=mdr|title=Rakesh Adiga's Preethiyinda audio released|date=14 October 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204053420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakesh-adigas-preethiyinda-audio-released/articleshow/24135403.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Preethiyinda
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:40
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]
| prev_title = [[Sachin! Tendulkar Alla]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Bettanagere]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|_Ny7aGR1Wgw|Preethiyinda – Jukebox}}}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Preethiyinda Preethisuvanta
| length1 = 4:31
| lyrics1 = Preethiyinda Mahesh
| extra1 = [[Santhosh Venky]]
| title2 = Aamanthrana Needuve
| length2 = 4:55
| lyrics2 = Vishwaradhya
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| title3 = Usiraane Nanna Olave
| length3 = 4:55
| lyrics3 = Usiraane Ajay
| extra3 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title4 = Aanu Male Maadesha
| length4 = 4:45
| lyrics4 = Ravikumar
| extra4 = [[B. Jayashree]]
| title5 = Kannachinalli Neenu
| length5 = 5:34
| lyrics5 = Preethiyinda Mahesh
| extra5 = Aakanksha Baadami
| total_length = 24:40
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "Overall, it is a below average movie and can be skipped!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/preethiinda-review-kannada-phsuzXfebdhej.html|title=Review: Preethiinda|last=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814101221/https://www.sify.com/movies/preethiinda-review-kannada-phsuzXfebdhej.html|archive-date=14 August 2015}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Preetiyinda'' creates its own nonsensical universe. The film heightens stereotypes of the ideal son, the lover and the idea of love itself. Far from earning applause, ''Preetiyinda'' is a distressing experience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/preetiyinda-review-impossible-to-love/article7443509.ece|title=Preetiyinda review: Impossible to love|first=Archana|last=Nathan|work=[[The Hindu]]|date= 20 July 2015|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205110356/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/preetiyinda-review-impossible-to-love/article7443509.ece|archive-date=5 December 2023}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Seeped in myriad of sentiments, debutant director Raju Halagur’s Preethiyinda turns out to be one of missed opportunity. Halagur’s honest intentions of a clean, message-oriented movie is appreciable".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/490125/soaked-syrupy-sentiment-mushy-romance.html|title=Soaked in syrupy sentiment, mushy romance|date=18 August 2015|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205111515/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/490125/soaked-syrupy-sentiment-mushy-romance.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|15839654}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic drama films]]

Shraddha Jain

2026-04-22T14:01:09Z

NWIMuoi623534: done...

{{Short description|Indian stand-up comedian (born 1990)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shraddha Jain
| image =
| caption =
| other_names = Aiyyo Shraddha ji
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Stand-up comedian]], [[Content creator]], [[Radio jockey]], [[Actress]], [[Television host]]
| years_active = 2008–present
| known_for = Stand-up comedy and online sketches in multiple languages
| notable_works = ''Aiyyo So Mini Things'' (2025 Tour)
}}

'''Shraddha Jain''' (born 25 October 1990),<ref>{{Cite web |title=TA Leadership League |url=https://taconference.peoplematters.in/site/aboutSpeaker?s=495&i=4553&name=Aiyyo+Shraddha+aka+Shraddha+Jain |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=taconference.peoplematters.in}}</ref> also known as ''Aiyyo'' Shraddha, is an [[Standup comedian|Indian standup comedian]], content creator and a former radio jockey from [[Karnataka]]. She is also an actress and TV host.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Rupam |date=2024-10-16 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} Aiyyo! Shraddha on carving her own niche in stand-up |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/Oct/16/interview-aiyyo-shraddha-on-carving-her-own-niche-in-stand-up |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jain was born in [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]], Karnataka, India on 25 October 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Shraddha Jain : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/shraddha-jain |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en|date=16 January 2024}}</ref> She learnt Kannada while doing her graduation in engineering in Bengaluru, where she lives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ram |first=Anjali |date=2025-07-30 |title=I question my intentions when I'm writing: Aiyyo Shraddha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2025/Jul/30/i-question-my-intentions-when-im-writing-aiyyo-shraddha |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-18 |title='She got it all wrong': Kannadigas slam stand-up comic Aiyyo Shraddha over 'Mile Sur' satire on Hindi imposition |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/she-got-it-all-wrong-kannadigas-slam-aiyyo-shraddha-over-mile-sur-satire-on-hindi-imposition-101755498026045.html |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> She was a techie, but resigned her job in 2008, to join [[Fever 104 FM|Fever 104FM]] as a radio jockey. She speaks and creates content in five languages [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[English language|English]].<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==
In July 2025, she completed her Indian tour of the show, “Aiyyo So Mini Things” in Chennai and later in August, she did three shows in Bengaluru, the last leg of her global tour where she did 80 shows visiting 10 countries and 45 cities including Singapore, Dubai, Australia, and many in Europe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Sangita |date=2025-07-18 |title=Inside Aiyyo Shraddha's wildly relatable comedy journey |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/inside-aiyyo-shraddhas-wildly-relatable-comedy-journey/article69822423.ece |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-23 |title=A comedian's got to be a little impractical, says Aiyyo Shraddha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/122004207.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She was influenced by [[Johnny Lever]], [[Jerry Seinfeld]] and [[Dave Chappelle]].<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.linkedin.com/in/shraddha-jain-aiyyoshraddha-bb6826225/?originalSubdomain=in Shraddha Jain] on [[LinkedIn]]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain, Shraddha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedians]]

Mohammed Irfan (singer)

2026-04-20T13:10:51Z

NWIMuoi623534: added first stub w/ sources

{{short description|Indian playback singer (born 1985)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Mohammad Irfan performing in BCKV 2017.jpg
| caption = Irfan performing at BCKV in 2017
| name = Mohammed Irfan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|07|01|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| origin = [[Telangana|Hyderabad, Telangana]], India
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Filmi]]
* Pop
}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|musician}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 2010–2025
}}

'''Mohammed Irfan''' (born 1 July 1985) is an Indian playback singer who sings predominantly in [[Hindi]]. He has also sung in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].

== Life and career ==

=== Early life ===
Irfan was born in [[Hyderabad]] and completed his schooling at [[All Saints High School (Hyderabad)|All Saints High School, Hyderabad]]. His teacher [[Ramachari Komanduri|Ramachari]] identified Irfan's talent and trained him in music. He used to come back after completing his school to perform in annual events. He won the title of ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.starplus.in/jo-jeeta-wohi-superstar/showcelebrity.aspx?cid=804&tid=22 |title=Mohammed Irfan- Winner |work=[[Star Plus]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref> He was also one of the contestants of ''[[Amul STAR Voice of India]]'', as well as [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2005]], where he was on [[Ismail Darbar]]'s Yalgaar Ho Gharana.<ref>[https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2012/jo-jeeta-wohi-superstar-2-small-town-big-hope-060412.html Small town's big hope on Jo Jeeta Wohi Superstar 2!] entertainment.oneindia.in (6 April 2012) Shekhar</ref>

=== Bollywood career ===
Irfan caught the attention of [[veteran]] singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] during a concert at a musical institute in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/TV-shows-dont-help-in-playback-singing-Irfan-Ali/articleshow/18043905.cms |title=TV shows don't help in playback singing: Irfan Ali |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 January 2013 |accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref> Balasubramaniam recommended him to [[A.R. Rahman]], after which Rahman asked Irfan to provide [[background vocals]] for the [[Mani Ratnam]]-directed 2010 film ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/i-will-never-sing-crass-lyrics-irfan-ali/article1-1245564.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729080057/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/i-will-never-sing-crass-lyrics-irfan-ali/article1-1245564.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2014 |title=I will never sing crass lyrics: Irfan Ali |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=28 July 2014 |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref> Irfan recorded the song "Behene De" for the film alongside [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]. The track, which topped music charts for many continuous weeks, also received rave critical reviews.<ref name="BeheneDe">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Karthik-is-on-a-high/articleshow/5962828.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103220307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-23/news-and-interviews/28314644_1_hindi-version-tamil-number-lyrics |url-status=live |archive-date=3 November 2012 |title=Karthik is on a high |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 May 2010 |access-date=16 September 2011}}</ref> The same year, he recorded two songs for [[Mithoon]]'s ''[[Lamhaa]]'', titled "Salaam Zindagi" and "Rehmat Zara", where for the latter he received the best male singer debut award.

Irfan performed "Phir Mohabbat" along with [[Arijit Singh]] and Saim Bhat in the [[Mukesh Bhatt]]-produced 2011 film ''[[Murder 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/banjaara-comes-home/article6287475.ece |title=Banjaara comes home|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 August 2014 }}</ref> The song was commercially successful and received radio airplay.<ref name="Phir Mohabbat">{{cite web |title=The Playback Sensation: Arijit Singh |url=http://www.actfaqs.com/Arijit-Singh-Playback-Sensation |accessdate=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905053622/http://www.actfaqs.com/Arijit-Singh-Playback-Sensation|archive-date=5 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He collaborated with the music directors [[Sajid–Wajid]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], [[Jeet Ganguly]].{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

His song ‘Dil Sambhal Ja Zara’ in film ‘Murder 2’ that made him establish himself as a singer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammed Irfan |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/singer/mohammed-irfan |website=Net TV 4 U |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

In 2014 his songs included "Baarish" from ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]'', "Muskurane" from ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|Citylights]]'', "Banjaara" from ''[[Ek Villain]]'', "Dard Dilo Ke" from [[The Xpose]] and "Tu Hi Tu" from ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/109886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023153648/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/109886 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 October 2014 |title=Mohammed Irfan |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref> The song "Banjaara", composed and written by Mithoon Sharma, was commercially successful.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/jun/25-news-mohammed-irfan-usp-of-banjara-is-mithoon-061409.asp |title=Mohammed Irfan: USP of EK VILLAIN's 'Banjara' is Mithoon |work=Glamsham |date=25 June 2014 |accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref> Reviewing the song, [[Rediff.com]] wrote Irfan "is another singer making an impression in the Bollywood musical arena, and is sure to be noticed with this number".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ek-villain-music-is-magical/20140608.htm |title=Review: Ek Villain music is magical |work=[[Rediff.com]] |accessdate=16 September 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Hindi songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! width="5%" | Year
! width="20%" | Film
! width=22%| Song
! width=19%| Composer(s)
! width=16%| Writer(s)
! width=17%| Co-singer(s)
! width=1% | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Raavan (2010 Hindi film)|Raavan]]''
| "Behene De"
| [[A.R. Rahman]]
| [[Gulzar]]
| [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Behene De song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/behene-de-mujhe-behene-de/id511471035?i=511471121 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204232912/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/behene-de-mujhe-behene-de/id511471035?i=511471121 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[Lamhaa]]''
| "Rehmat Zara"
| rowspan="3"|[[Mithoon]]
| [[Sayeed Quadri]], Mithoon
| Mithoon
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Rehmat Zara song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/rehmat-zara-hum-par/id511427439?i=511427859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033047/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/rehmat-zara-hum-par/id511427439?i=511427859 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Salaam Zindagi"
| rowspan="2"| Sayeed Quadri
| Arun Daga
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Salaam Zindagi song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/salaam-zindagi-hum-se/id511427439?i=511427447 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202054650/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/salaam-zindagi-hum-se/id511427439?i=511427447 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Murder 2]]''
| "Phir Mohabbat"
| [[Arijit Singh]], Saim Bhat
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Phir Mohabbat song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/phir-mohabbat/id508309440?i=508309468 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823121452/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/phir-mohabbat/id508309440?i=508309468 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 August 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]''
| "Sun Soniye"
| rowspan="2"| [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Kausar Munir]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Antara Mitra]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun Soniye song details |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sun-soniye/563292750?i=563292753 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Sun Soniye" (Remix Version)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sun Soniye (Remix) song details |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sun-soniye-dj-kiran-kamath-remix/563292750?i=563292766 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| ''[[OMG: Oh My God!]]''
| "Tu Hi Tu"
| rowspan="2"| [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| rowspan="2"|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tu Hi Tu song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu/id561402027?i=561402133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033034/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu/id561402027?i=561402133 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Tu Hi Tu" (Remix Version)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tu Hi Tu (Remix) song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu-remix/id561402027?i=561402141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033043/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu-remix/id561402027?i=561402141 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''Ishk Actually''
| "Tum Jo Mile Ishq Me"
| rowspan="2"| Shahdaab Bhartiya
| rowspan="2"| Sanjay Mishra
| Chandreyee Bhattacharya
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tum Jo Mile Ishq Me song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tum-jo-mile-ishq-me/id722202611?i=722202640 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106054049/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tum-jo-mile-ishq-me/id722202611?i=722202640 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Tum Jo Mile Ishq Me" (Male Version)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tum Jo Mile Ishq Me (Male) song details |url=http://myswar.com/song_details/ishk-actually-2013-tum-jo-mile-ishq-me-male-9 |publisher=MySwar |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Satya 2]]''
| "Veerani"
| [[Sanjeev-Darshan]]
| [[Kumaar]]
| Payel Aditiya Dev
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Veerani song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/veerani/id726211300?i=726211373 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033014/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/veerani/id726211300?i=726211373 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2014
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
| "Baarish"
| rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Mithoon
| rowspan="3"|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Baarish song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baarish/id775962494?i=775962597 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913022253/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baarish/id775962494?i=775962597 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Baarish" (Remix Version)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Baarish (Remix) song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baarish-remix/id775962494?i=775962608 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033007/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/baarish-remix/id775962494?i=775962608 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| ''[[The Xpose]]''
| "Dard Dilo Ke"
| rowspan="3"| Himesh Reshammiya
| rowspan="3"| Sameer
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dard Dilo Ke song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dard-dilo-ke/id860547672?i=860547674 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913022443/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dard-dilo-ke/id860547672?i=860547674 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Dard Dilo Ke" (Remix Version)
| rowspan="2"| [[Neeti Mohan]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dard Dilo Ke (Remix) song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dard-dilo-ke-remix/id860547672?i=860547685 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003034501/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dard-dilo-ke-remix/id860547672?i=860547685 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Dard Dilo Ke" (Reprise Version)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dard Dilo Ke (Reprise) song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dard-dilo-ke-reprise/id860547672?i=860547682 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141003034450/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/dard-dilo-ke-reprise/id860547672?i=860547682 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Angry Young Man''
| "Tere Bin Jiya"
| Amjad-Nadeem
| Ankur Tewari, Shabbir Ahmed
| Shivranjani Singh
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tere Bin Jiya song details |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/tere-bin-jiya/858508986?i=858509052 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[CityLights (2014 film)|Citylights]]''
| "[[Muskurane]]" (Unplugged Version)
| [[Jeet Ganguly]]
| Rashmi Singh
| rowspan="6"|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Muskurane (Unplugged) song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/muskurane-unplugged/id876412648?i=876412651 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913211640/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/muskurane-unplugged/id876412648?i=876412651 |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Unforgettable (2014 film)|Unforgettable]]''
| "Abhi Se Teri" (Version 1)
| colspan="2"| [[Sachin Gupta (musician)|Sachin Gupta]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Abhi Se Teri song details |url=http://myswar.com/song_details/unforgettable-2014-ab-se-teri-1 |publisher=MySwar |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| "Banjaara"
| colspan="2"| Mithoon
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Banjaara song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/banjaara/id882736680?i=882736696 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912043924/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/banjaara/id882736680?i=882736696 |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 September 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
| "Tu Hi Tu" (Version 1)
| rowspan="2"| Himesh Reshammiya
| rowspan="2"| [[Mayur Puri]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu-version-1/id903802204?i=903802207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033026/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu-version-1/id903802204?i=903802207 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Tu Hi Tu" (Version 1 Remix)
|<ref>{{cite web |title=song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu-version-1-remix/id903802204?i=903802217 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033021/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tu-hi-tu-version-1-remix/id903802204?i=903802217 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| "Hai Yehi Zindagi"
| [[Meet Bros Anjjan]]
| Kumaar
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Hai Yehi Zindagi song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/hai-yehi-zindagi-feat.-mohammed/id903802204?i=903802222 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033016/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/hai-yehi-zindagi-feat.-mohammed/id903802204?i=903802222 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Spark (2014 film)|Spark]]''
| "Khwabo Mein Dekhi Thi Jo Angadayeenyan"
| R.K. Dhiman
| Malvinder Jeet, K P Singh
| Yashita Sharma
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Khwabo Mein Dekhi Thi Jo Angadayeenyan song details |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/khawabo-mein-dekhi-thi-jo/id926203069?i=926203092 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208033028/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/khawabo-mein-dekhi-thi-jo/id926203069?i=926203092 |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="10" |2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Luckhnowi Ishq]]''
| "Tu Aaina Hai Mera"
| Raaj Aashoo
| Neeraj Gupta
| rowspan="2"|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Monsoon (2015 film)|Monsoon]]''
| "Thoda Sa"
| Biswajit Bhatacharjee
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Ranbanka]]''
| "Kahna Re"
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|''[[Bumper Draw]]''
| "Lukkhe Bade Aate Hain"
| Rahul Mishra
| Irshad Khan
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Barkhaa (2015 film)|Barkhaa]]''
| "Lafze Bayaan"
| Amjad – Nadeem
|
| [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Thoda Lutf Thoda Ishq]]''
| "Pyar Hua Jab Tumse"
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Uvaa]]''
| "Ishq Fobia"
| [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]]
| Bhupendra Singh
| Bhanu Pratap
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Brothers (2015 film)|Brothers]]''
| "Gaaye Jaa"
| [[Ajay–Atul]]
| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| Shreya Ghoshal
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]''
| "Jab Tum Chaho"
| Himesh Reshammiya
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| [[Palak Muchhal]], [[Darshan Raval]]
|
|-
! scope=row| ''Ishq Ne Krazy Kiya Re''
|"Tu Dua Hai Dua"
|Rishi Siddharth
|Ravi Basnet
|
|
|-
| 2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Shaukeen Kaminay]]''
| "Maahi Re"
|colspan=2|Dharam Dewda
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Who is the first wife of my father]]''
| "Mere Khuda"
|
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Flat 211]]''
| "Tere Lams Ne"
| Prakash Prabhakar
| Tanveer Ghazi
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jab Harry Met Sejal]]''
| "Yaadon Mein"
| [[Pritam]]
| [[Irshad Kamil]]
| [[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Cuca Roseta]], [[Arjun Chandy]]
|
|-
|2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Nanu Ki Jaanu]]''
|"Tujhe Dekhte Hi Nazar"
|Gunwant Sen
|Abid Ali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Rangeela Raja]]''
|"Jagmag Jagamag"
|Iswar Kumaar
|[[Mehboob (lyricist)|Mehboob]]
|Shreya Ghoshal
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Risknamaa''
|"Maine Pyaar Kyo kiya"
|Dushant
|Sanjeet Nirmal (lyricist)|Sanjeet Nirmal
|
|
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mushkil]]''
|"Ek Siwa Tere"
|[[Vardan Singh]]
|[[Anjaan Sagri]]
|
|
|-
|2020
! scope="row" | ''[[Bebaakee]]''
|"Aakhri Baar"
|Darshan-Umang
|[[Rashmi Virag]]
|[[Palak Muchhal]]
|Web series
|-
|2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
|"Tere Siva Jag Mein (Reprise)"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]], Shloke Laal
|[[Asees Kaur]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
! rowspan="2" scope="row"; | ''[[Himesh Ke Dil Se]] ''
| "Dard E Dil Kii Dawwa"
|rowspan=2| Himesh Reshammiya
| Himesh Reshammiya
| Arpita Mukherjee
| rowspan=2| Album
|-
| "Terri Aashiqui Ne Maarraa"
| [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
|
|-
|2024
!scope="row"|''[[Chandu Champion]]''
|"Sarphira (Climax Version)"
|[[Pritam]]
|[[Kausar Munir]]
|
|
|}

===Other languages===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! width="5%" | Year
! width="20%" | Film/Album
! width=20%| Song
! width=10%| Language
! width=16%| Composer(s)
! width=14%| Writer(s)
! width=14%| Co-singer(s)
! width=1% | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| ''[[Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal]]''
| "Yaar Aval Yaaro"
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| [[Thamarai]]
| rowspan="4"|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Yaar Aval Yaaro song details |url=http://gaana.com/song/yaar-aval-yaaro |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dil Jaani''
| "Re Mana"
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| Abhijit Majumdar
| {{n/a}}
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Break Up''
| "Vadhili Polene"
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Indus Gharana
| Krishna Chinni
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Vadhili Polene song details |url=http://mio.to/album/Break+Up+%282013%29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820024009/http://mio.to/album/Break+Up+%282013%29 |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2014 |publisher=Music India Online |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
| ''[[Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay]]''
| "Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay"
| rowspan="2"| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
| Saurav Bhadra
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Ami Shudhu Cheyechi Tomay song details |url=http://gaana.com/playlist/mrityunjoy-banikamisudhucheyechitomay |publisher=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kokhon Tomar Asbe Telephone''
| "Tumio Ki Anmona" (Sad Version)
| [[Dabbu]]
| Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| Aditi Paul
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Shortcut (2015 film)|Shortcut]]''
| "Maula"
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| Puneet Dixit
| Puneet Dixit
| rowspan="2"|
|
|-
| ''[[Agnee 2]]''
| "Baanjara"
| rowspan="7"| Bengali
| Akaash
| Priyo Chatterjee
|
|-
| ''[[Aashiqui (2015 film)|Aashiqui]]''
| "Ei Aashiqui"
| [[Savvy Gupta|Savvy]]
|
| [[Akriti Kakar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2016
| ''[[Angaar (2016 film)|Angaar]]''
| "Kotobaar Bojhabo Bol"
| Akassh
| Priyo Chatterjee
| rowspan="5"|
|
|-
| ''[[Hero 420]]''
| "Ore Priya"
| rowspan="2"| Savvy Gupta
| Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|
|-
| ''[[Niyoti]]''
| "Toke Chara"
| Priyo Chatterjee
|
|-
| ''[[Mental (2016 film)|Mental]]''
| "Ureche Dhulo"
| [[Dabbu]]
| Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
|
|-
| ''[[Rokto]]''
| "Jante Jodi Chao"
| Akaash
|
|
|-
| ''Janaki Ramudu''
| "O Prema"
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| [[Gifton Elias]]
| Shreemani
|
|
|-
|[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]
|"Maneyembodu"
|Kannada
|Ismail Darbar
|Gopala Vajpayee
|Anweshaa
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Rangbaz (2017 film)|Rangbaz]]''
| "Rimjhim"
| rowspan="3"| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Dabbu]]
| Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)
| [[Antara Mitra]]
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Sultan: The Saviour]]''
| "Aamar Mon"
| [[Savvy Gupta]]
| Priyo Chatterjee
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Asur (film)|Asur]]''
| "Tor Hoye Jete Chai"
| Bickram Ghosh
| Sugato Guha
|
|
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award Ceremony
!Category
!Film
!Song
!Result
!Reference(s)
|-
| [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards|2010]]
| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
|''[[Lamhaa]]''
| "Salaam Zindagi"
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011 |title=Nominees – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010 |date=30 January 2011|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}
*{{Twitter}}
*[https://www.facebook.com/Mohammed-Irfan-215325028479116/?fref=ts&rf=813099658782211 Official Facebook Page]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irfan, Mohammed}}
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:All Saints High School (Hyderabad) alumni]]

Sawaijpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:46Z

NWIMuoi623534: new...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sawaijpur
| constituency_no = 154
| map_image = 154-Sawaijpur.svg
| mla = [[Madhvendra Pratap Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 341,209 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Sawaijpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 154.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 Jul 2016|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sawaijpur.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Sawayajpur Assembly constituency is [[Sawayajpur|Sawayajpur Tehsil]]

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Rajani Tiwari]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 Jul 2016|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"| Madhvendra Pratap Singh || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-
| 03 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sawaijpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madhavendra Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:114263}}
|percentage = 46.03
|change = {{increase}}6.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Padamrag Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:88576}}
|percentage = 35.68
|change = {{increase}}7.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Rahul Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:21221}}
|percentage = 8.55
|change = {{decrease}}17.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajvardhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:11396}}
|percentage = 4.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Vedram
|votes = {{formatnum:5418}}
|percentage = 2.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1488}}
|percentage = 0.6
|change = {{decrease}}0.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25687}}
|percentage = 10.35
|change = {{decrease}}1.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:248222}}
|percentage = 61.54
|change = {{increase}}1.28
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sawaijpur<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kunvar Madhvendra Pratap
|votes = {{formatnum:92601}}
|percentage = 39.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Padamrag Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:65631}}
|percentage = 28.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Anupam Dubey Advocate
|votes = {{formatnum:59791}}
|percentage = 25.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Manch
|candidate = Yadunandan Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:3569}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1831}}
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26970}}
|percentage = 11.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:231842}}
|percentage = 60.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 General Elections]]

{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Sawaijpur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Rajni Tiwari]]
|votes = 49,099
|percentage = 23.32
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
| Independent
|candidate = Padamarag Singh Yadav
|votes = 44,580
|percentage = 21.17
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kunwar Madhavendra Pratap
|votes = 37,604
|percentage = 17.86
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 17 candidates
|votes = 79,276
|percentage = 37.64
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 4,519
|percentage = 2.15
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 210,559
|percentage = 61.71
|change = -
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|loser = Independent politician|Independent
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==

*[[Hardoi district]]
*[[Hardoi Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Hardoi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jaitaran Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:26Z

NWIMuoi623534: Creating a details basic info

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaitaran
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-116-Jaitaran.svg
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| type= SLA
| district = [[Pali district|Pali]]
| constituency_no = 116
| loksabha_cons = [[Rajsamand Lok Sabha constituency|Rajsamand]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Avinash Gehlot]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:308939}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
}}
'''Jaitaran Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Beawar district|Pali]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Dilip Choudhary<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3407-rajasthan-2008/|title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Surendra Goyal<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3411-rajasthan-2013/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Avinash Gehlot]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaitaran<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Avinash Gehlot
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66277}}
|percentage = 31.05
|change = -2.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Goyal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:52751}}
|percentage = 24.71
|change = -2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Yogi Laxman Nath
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:40539}}
|percentage = 18.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Dilip Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:28067}}
|percentage = 13.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mukut Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:19108}}
|percentage = 8.95
|change = +3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3060}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change = +1.02
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13526}}
|percentage = 6.34
|change = +0.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:213467}}
|percentage = 69.1
|change = -1.03
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaitaran<ref name="election2013"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Avinash Gehlot
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:65607}}
|percentage = 33.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Dilip Choudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:53419}}
|percentage = 27.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Krishan Singh Gurjar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:19112}}
|percentage = 9.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Surendra Goyal
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:17684}}
|percentage = 9.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mukut Singh
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:11198}}
|percentage = 5.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dalit Kranti Dal
|candidate = Pukh Raj
|votes = {{formatnum:10203}}
|percentage = 5.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar Kumawat
|votes = {{formatnum:5931}}
|percentage = 3.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vishnu Kumar Dadhich
|votes = {{formatnum:1774}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:809}}
|percentage = 0.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12188}}
|percentage = 6.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195273}}
|percentage = 70.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Pali district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coord|26.2|73.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Pali district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Ashoka (2008 film)

2026-04-15T21:11:53Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ashoka
| image = Ashoka (2008 film).jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem]]
| writer = Prem
| starring = Prem Anushree Pooja Bharathi [[Raghuvaran]] [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] [[Anandaraj]]
| producer = Indira Prem
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| cinematography = Om Prakash
| studio = Lotus Film Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|02|01|df=y}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ashoka''''' is a 2008 Indian Tamil-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|NRI]], Prem, who also stars in the lead role with Anushree, Pooja Bharathi, [[Raghuvaran]], [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] and [[Anandaraj]] in supporting roles. The film revolves around the life of a protector, who guards the Prime Minister of India. The film was produced by Prem's wife Indira under Lotus Film Company.

==Plot==
[[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem Menon]] plays a [[National Security Guard|Black Cat]] commando chief Ashoka looking after the security of the Prime Minister of the country. The film begins with Ashoka barely managing to save the life of the PM at the Coimbatore airport from a terrorist ambush.

Ashoka saves the PM, as the doctor later says, "The PM has survived, as he has his [[Dextrocardia|heart on the right side]] which is a rare phenomenon!" The rest of the film is about how Ashoka foils more terrorist attempts on the PM's life as he is recovering at the hospital.

==Cast==
*[[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem]] as Ashoka
*Anushree
*Pooja Bharathi
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Huzoor
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Doctor
*[[Anandaraj]] as Chandramohan
*[[Uma Padmanabhan]]
*[[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
*Naveen

==Production==
The film began production in June 2004, and was made over four years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasika |date=19 February 2004 |title=Prem back to movies |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/02reeltalk18th.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603091641/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/02reeltalk18th.asp |archive-date=3 June 2004 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=6 October 2015 }}</ref> The film featured no songs or a separate comedy track, and won media recognition for being a rare Tamil film during the period to have neither of those elements.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2007 |title=Actor Prem's new experiment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Actor-Premrsquos-new-experiment/article14881031.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408032429/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Actor-Premrsquos-new-experiment/article14881031.ece |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=31 December 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==

==Reception==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Unfortunately Ashoka is not a great experience and drags."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ashoka-review-tamil-pclw4vhbeedge.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150954/http://www.sify.com/movies/ashoka-review-tamil-pclw4vhbeedge.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 January 2026 }}</ref> Kanika of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Raghuvaran's acting and cinematography but panned the music and antagonists providing unintentional humour but felt the screenplay was dull and that story, lacking substance, hangs in limbo. She concluded saying Prem could have shown the importance given to the hero in the direction as well.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=கனிகா |date=24 February 2008 |title=அசோகா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2008-02-24/page/n7/mode/2up |access-date=10 January 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=8 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2008 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prem Menon (actor)]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shrirang Narvekar

2026-04-12T12:05:36Z

NWIMuoi623534: stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician and actor (1938–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shrirang Narvekar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Shrirang Pandurang Narvekar
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|1|12|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|3|12|1938|1|12|df=y}}
| death_place =
| office = President of [[United Goans Democratic Party]]
| term_start = 1990s<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.goanews.com/news_details.php?id=796|title=Churchill set to rejoin Congress|website=Goa News}}</ref>
| term_end = 2007
| successor =
| predecessor =
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|actor}}
}}

'''Shrirang Pandurang Narvekar''' (12 January 1938 – 12 March 2013)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Joe |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=251}}</ref> was an Indian politician, actor, and [[pandal]] decorator who served as the president of the [[United Goans Democratic Party]] (UGDP), a political party recognised in the coastal state of [[Goa]]. He resigned from the position in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910202744/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-11/goa/28234478_1_ugdp-assembly-elections-party-bosses|archive-date=2012-09-10|url-status=dead|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-11/goa/28234478_1_ugdp-assembly-elections-party-bosses|title=UGDP brass to meet on Sept 17}}</ref> Apart from his political career, he was known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm4479387}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narvekar, Shrirang}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:United Goans Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Pranav V

2026-03-31T15:08:05Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 2006)}}
{{Distinguish|Pranav Anand}}
{{Indian patronymic|Pranav|Venkatesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Pranav V
| image = PranavVenkatesh 2022.jpg
| caption = Pranav in 2022
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|2006|10|13}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2022)<ref name="FIDE">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main229176.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref>
| peakrating = 2657 (April 2026)
| peakranking = No. 52 (April 2026)
| FideID = 25060783
}}

'''Pranav Venkatesh''' (born 13 October 2006), nicknamed as '''Buddy Pranav''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Pranav Venkatesh | Top Chess Players |url=https://www.chess.com/players/pranav-venkatesh |website=Chess.com |access-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328094301/https://www.chess.com/players/pranav-venkatesh |archive-date=28 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster and the 2025 [[World Junior Chess Championship|World Junior Chess Champion]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Amit |title=Another world champion from India: Pranav Venkatesh becomes World Junior Chess Champion |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/pranav-venkatesh-becomes-world-junior-chess-champion-9874471/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Chess career==
Pranav began playing chess at the age of 6, and had several coaches including Visweswaran Kameswaran. He obtained his first two GM norms at the Serbia Open in 2021 and in the Vezerkepzo GM tournament in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] in June 2022.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Pranav-Venkatesh-becomes-Indias-75th-Grandmaster|title=Pranav Venkatesh becomes India's 75th Grandmaster|date=22 August 2022|last=Ahmed|first=Shahid}}</ref>

In August 2022, Pranav obtained his final norm by winning the Limpedea Open in [[Baia Mare]], [[Romania]] championship, becoming the 75th grandmaster from India and the 27th grandmaster from the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/chennai-lad-v-pranav-becomes-indias-75th-grandmaster-8076865/|title=Chennai lad V Pranav becomes India's 75th Grandmaster|date=7 August 2022}}</ref>

In October 2022, he played for India in the World U-16 Youth Olympiad (alongside [[Pranesh M]], Harshad S, Rohit S, Mrittika Mallick, and Boramanikar Tanisha S), alongside competing in the [[Magnus Carlsen]] Academy Challenge, winning both events.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/15-year-old-tamil-nadu-gm-pranav-v-wins-gold-finishes-first-in-two-strong-international-tournaments-at-the-same-time/|title=15-year-old Tamil Nadu GM Pranav V wins gold, finishes first in two strong international tournaments at the same time|last=Tomar|first=Ajay|date=11 October 2022}}</ref> He later won chess24's Challengers Chess Tour by defeating [[Raunak Sadhwani]] in the final round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://new.chess24.com/wall/news/v-for-victory-pranav-v-wins-challengers-chess-tour-in-style|title=V for victory! Pranav V wins Challengers Chess Tour in style|date=31 October 2022|last=Watson|first=Leon}}</ref>

In October 2023, he competed in the 38th edition of the [[European Chess Club Cup]] with Offerspill Sjakklub. Led by the world no.1 Magnus Carlsen, Offerspill Sjakklubb triumphed, after scoring a decisive last-round victory against Asnieres – Le Grand Echiquier (France).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-08 |title=Magnus Carlsen wins his first major team event for Offerspill Sjakklubb at 38th European Club Cup 2023 - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/European-Chess-Club-Cup-2023-Round-7-report |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> Pranav's overall performance of 5/7, including victories against [[Jorden van Foreest]] and [[Grigoriy Oparin]] in the last two rounds, earned him a tweet from Magnus Carlsen - "Pranav is buddy and buddy is Pranav".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - 38th European Chess Club Cup |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr774133.aspx?lan=1&art=9&turdet=YES&flag=30&snr=432 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=chess-results.com}}</ref>

In January 2024, Pranav competed in the fifth edition of the Puzzles World Championships, hosted by chess.com, finishing 4th place overall. However, he produced the strongest resistance to eventual (5-time) winner [[Ray Robson]], achieving a score of 3-5 sets with an aggregate puzzle score of 416-430.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levin |first=Anthony |date=2024-01-12 |title=Puzzles World Championship 2024: Robson Wins 5th Consecutive Title, Beats Young Gun” |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2024-puzzles-world-championship-robson-wins |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

In November 2024, Pranav won the Challengers section of [[Chennai Grand Masters#Challengers|Chennai Grand Masters]] and qualified to compete in main section of the event in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=Chennai Grandmasters: Pranav bags Masters berth with Challenger title win |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chennai-grandmasters-pranav-bags-masters-berth-with-challenger-title-win/articleshow/115201103.cms |access-date=2024-12-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Pranav won two golds in the Under-18 Open Rapid, scoring 9.5/11, and Under-18 Open Blitz, scoring 19.5/22, section at the FIDE World Youth Rapid and Blitz Championship held in hotel Terme Čatež, [[Brežice]], Slovenia from 13 to 17 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=Pranav Venkatesh clinches double Gold at World Youth Under-18 Open Rapid and Blitz 2024 - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Pranav-Venkatesh-clinches-double-Gold-at-FIDE-World-Youth-Under-18-Open-Rapid-and-Blitz-2024 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> Only the Dutch IM [[Eline Roebers]] and one other player could win a blitz game against Pranav.

Pranav won the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] held at [[Petrovac, Budva]] in [[Montenegro]] on 7 March 2025 with a score of 9/11.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=India's Pranav Venkatesh wins World Junior Chess Championship |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/pranav-venkatesh-wins-world-junior-chess-championship-results-standings/article69304268.ece |access-date=7 March 2025}}</ref> He became the fourth Indian to win the World Junior title after [[Viswanathan Anand]] in 1987, [[Pentala Harikrishna]] in 2004, and [[Abhijeet Gupta]] in 2008.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian grandmasters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, Pranav}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiad competitors]]
[[Category:World Junior Chess Champions]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Dadhi

2026-03-28T17:58:33Z

NWIMuoi623534: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dadhi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = Hargobindsar sahib.JPG
| image_alt = Dadhi2.jpg
| image_caption = Gurudwara Shri Hargobindsar Sahib, Punjab, India
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.168215|N|76.571091|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = PB 12-16
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rupnagar]] [[city]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 980/1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 90%%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Anandpur Sahib]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Pleasant, moderate, cool]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dadhi''' is a small village in [[Rupnagar district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]], near the towns of [[Rupnagar|Rupnagar city]], [[Kiratpur Sahib]] and [[Anandpur Sahib]]. The village is situated on the bank of the [[Sutlej River]] about {{cvt|10|km|mi}} south of Anandpur, {{cvt|30|km|mi}} north of [[Rupnagar]] and {{cvt|90|km|mi}} from [[Chandigarh]] on the [[Nangal]]-[[Rupnagar]]-[[Chandigarh]] [[Roads in India|road]] ([[National Highway 21 (India)|National Highway 21]]).

[[Kiratpur Sahib]] was established in 1627, by the 6th Nanak, [[Guru Hargobind]], who bought the land from Raja Tara Chand of [[Kehloor]] through his son, Baba Gurditta. [[Guru Nanak Dev]] is said to have visited this place when it was little more than a wilderness. Guru Hargobind spent the last few years of his life here. Both Guru Har Rai and Guru Harkrishan were also born and received the Gurgadi (Guruship) here. It is a sacred place for the [[Sikh]]s.

The village is also associated with the memory of a Muslim saint, Pir Buddan Shah who, according to legends, lived about 800 years.

Guru [[Ramana Maharshi]] Gramin Vikas Sanstha, a non-government organisation, has been working for the welfare of local people and to improve the village.

== Notable people ==
*Dr. [[Rattan Chand]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mohfw.nic.in/List%20of%20appellate%20authority.htm |title=List of Appellate Authority in the Department of Health & Family Welfare as on 19 |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-date=23 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123185857/http://www.mohfw.nic.in/List%20of%20appellate%20authority.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nihfw.org/About_Us/organizationGB.html |title=Organisation Chart |access-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127143740/http://nihfw.org/About_Us/organizationGB.html |archive-date=27 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> a bureaucrat in the Government of India, hails from the village. He has worked with many international organisations as [[USAID]], International Monetary Fund (IMF), UNICEF, WHO etc.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rupnagar district}}

[[Category:Rupnagar]]
[[Category:Villages in Rupnagar district]]

NATGRID

2026-03-20T21:49:30Z

NWIMuoi623534: refine references for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian intelligence database}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
The '''National Intelligence Grid''' or '''NATGRID''' is an integrated intelligence master database structure for [[counter-terrorism]] purposes which connects databases of various core security agencies under the [[Government of India]]. It collects and analyses comprehensive patterns procured from 21 different organizations that can be readily accessed by security agencies round the clock. As of September 2025 its [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] is Hirdesh Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Gyanesh Bharti appointed Dy Election Commissioner, Hirdesh Kumar CEO Natgrid
|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/gyanesh-bharti-appointed-dy-election-commissioner-hirdesh-kumar-ceo-natgrid-3696835 |access-date=2025-09-17 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] }}</ref>

NATGRID came into existence after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]]. The Government of India in July 2016 appointed Ashok Patnaik as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of NATGRID. The appointment is being seen as the government's effort to revive the project. Patnaik's appointment was valid till 31 December 2018. As of 2019, NATGRID is headed by an [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officer Ashish Gupta.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-14 |title=EXPLAINED: What is the National Intelligence Grid? |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/what-is-the-national-intelligence-grid/488258 |access-date=2020-02-08 |website=timesnownews.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] on 5 February 2020 announced in [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] that Project NATGRID with all its required physical infrastructures been completed as of 31 March 2020 and the NATGRID solution went live as of 31 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-20 |title=NATGRID will come into operation by 2020-end: MHA in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/natgrid-will-come-into-operation-by-2020-end-mha-in-lok-sabha20191120145106/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1224971090503462913|user=ANI|title=Ministry of Home Affairs in Parliament on the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) Project: Physical infrastructure…|date=5 February 2020}}</ref>

== Reason for establishment ==
{{anchor | Reason }}

The landscape of [[Terrorism in India]] and the subsequent response by [[Law enforcement in India]] have necessitated a sophisticated data-integration framework, positioning NATGRID as a vital tool for national security agencies. This shift towards [[Mass surveillance in India]] is rooted in a broader policy evolution of state monitoring, which is technologically enabled by the [[India Stack]]—the foundational digital infrastructure providing the API-based backbone for government service delivery and identity verification. This ecosystem is further bolstered by advanced [[Signal intelligence]] capabilities and the implementation of [[SIM binding]], a security protocol that anchors a user’s digital identity to a specific mobile device and verified SIM card to prevent identity fraud and unauthorized access. Collectively, these elements form a 360-degree surveillance and authentication grid designed to preemptively identify threats by synthesizing historical, financial, and real-time communication data across disparate platforms.<ref name="MHA_Annual_Report">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/AnnualReport_202223_02012024.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=19 March 2026 |quote=NATGRID has been conceptualized to develop cutting-edge technology to enhance India’s counter-terror capabilities.}}</ref><ref name="ORF_IndiaStack">{{cite web |last1=Saran |first1=Samir |last2=Aneja |first2=Urvashi |title=The India Stack: Opening the Digital Highway |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-india-stack-opening-the-digital-highway/ |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=20 November 2023 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_MassSurveillance">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Explained: What is NATGRID? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-what-is-natgrid/article32062067.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2020 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="TRAI_SIMBinding">{{cite web |title=Consultation Paper on Promoting Local Telecom Equipment Manufacturing |url=https://www.trai.gov.in |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |date=22 September 2023 |access-date=19 March 2026 |quote=SIM binding has emerged as a critical security layer for financial and governmental applications within the India Stack ecosystem.}}</ref>

===Terror attacks in India===
{{anchor | Terror }}

The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] led to the exposure of several weaknesses in India's intelligence gathering and action networks. NATGRID is part of the radical overhaul of the security and intelligence apparatuses of India that was mooted by the then [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]] in 2009. The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) and the [[Nctc india|National Counter Terrorism Centre]] (NCTC) are two organisations established in the aftermath of the Mumbai attacks of 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Home minister proposes radical restructuring of security architecture|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56395|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of india}}</ref> Before the Mumbai attacks, a [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] origin [[United States|American]] [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) operative [[David Headley|David Coleman Headley]] had visited India several times and done a recce of the places that came under attack on 26/11. Despite having travelled to India several times and having returned to the US through [[Pakistan]] or [[West Asia]], his trips failed to raise the suspicion of Indian agencies as they lacked a system that could reveal a pattern in his unusual travel itineraries and trips to the country. It was argued that if they had a system like the NATGRID in place, Headley would have been apprehended well before the attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt gives go-ahead for NATGRID|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/india/29628932_1_home-ministry-natgrid-ccs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610204543/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-07/india/29628932_1_home-ministry-natgrid-ccs|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 Jun 2011}}</ref>

===Need for the integrated intelligence system===
{{anchor | Intelligence }}

During the inauguration of NATGRID campus in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]], [[Amit Shah]] stated that a new national database is in the process of being made which will bring a change in the current ways of functioning of agencies once it's ready also adding that the government has entrusted the task of developing and operating a state-of-the-art and innovative technology system. It is accessible to 11 central agencies in the first phase and in later phases will be made accessible to police of all States and Union Territories and only authorized personnel are allowed access to the platform on a case-to-case basis for investigations into suspected cases of terrorism. NATGRID has a total fund allocation of {{INRConvert|3400|c|0}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre plans national database to strengthen policing and criminal investigations with advanced technologies - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/centre-plans-national-database-to-strengthen-policing-and-criminal-investigations-with-advanced-technologies/91310431}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NATGRID will come into operation by 2020-end: MHA in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/natgrid-will-come-into-operation-by-2020-end-mha-in-lok-sabha20191120145106/}}</ref> d

== Legal framework ==
{{anchor | Law | Legal }}

Relevant legal framework:

* [[Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023]] – The legislative framework governing how digital data is handled.
* [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology Act - Interception Rules, 2002]] – The specific regulations under the Information Technology Act that govern these agencies.
* [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act of 1980]], evidence-based preventative detention of suspects
* [[Right to Information Act, 2005]], for obtaining information from the government and used by activists and whistleblowers

== Structure and functions ==

===Multi-agency integrated intelligence database===
{{anchor | Integrated }}

NATGRID is an intelligence sharing network that collates data from the standalone databases of the various agencies and ministries of the Indian government. It is a counter terrorism measure that collects and collates a host of information from government databases including tax and bank account details, credit/debit card transactions, visa and immigration records and itineraries of rail and air travel. It also has access to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems, a database that links crime information, including [[First information report|First Information Reports]], across 14,000 police stations in India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Vijaita|date=2020-07-12|title=NATGRID to have access to database that links around 14,000 police stations|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natgrid-to-have-access-to-database-that-links-around-14000-police-stations/article32058643.ece|access-date=2020-07-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This combined data will be made available to 11 central agencies, which are: the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB), [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA), [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI), [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB), [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)]] (FIU), [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED), [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]] (CBDT), [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]] (CBIC), [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] (DRI) and [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs. 1,100 crore for NATGRID|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3529461.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Natgrid CEO P Raghu Raman: New face of Intelligence|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-12/news/29647514_1_natgrid-warsaw-data|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065723/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-12/news/29647514_1_natgrid-warsaw-data|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2013|accessdate=15 December 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=12 June 2011}}</ref> Also as stated by the [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]], NATGRID will have an in-built mechanism for continuous upgradation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/technology/centre-plans-national-database-to-strengthen-policing-and-criminal-investigations-with-advanced-technologies/91310431 | title=Centre plans national database to strengthen policing and criminal investigations with advanced technologies - ET Government }}</ref> In the later phases of NATGRID integration, the central government further plans to integrate 950 additional organizations into it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Amit |date=2021-09-14 |title=Delayed by Covid, NATGRID likely to be implemented soon. Check details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delayed-by-covid-natgrid-likely-to-be-implemented-soon-check-details-101631609979429.html |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Key components and users===
{{anchor | FrontBack}}

====Some important backend data feeds to the NATGRID (middleware)====
{{anchor | Back | Backend | Datafeed | Data feed | Data Feed | Datafeeds | Data feeds | Data Feeds }}

* '''[[National Crime Records Bureau]]'s [[Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems]] (CCTNS) national-integrated law-and-order database for the [[Police forces of the states and union territories of India|state-level police forces]]''': CCTNS is a mission-mode project under the National e-Governance Plan that interconnects over 15,000 police stations across India. It serves as the primary source for NATGRID to access digitized FIR (First Information Report) data and criminal history records from state-level law enforcement.<ref name="MHA_CCTNS">{{cite web |title=Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS) |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/en/divisionofmha/ncrb-division/cctns |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_CCTNS_NAT">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=NATGRID to link CCTNS with central agencies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natgrid-to-link-cctns-with-central-agencies/article32598586.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 September 2020 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

* '''[[National Security Advisor (India)|NSA]]'s [[National Technical Research Organisation]] (NTRO) national security-based database feed to NATGRID:''' NTRO serves as a primary technical data provider to NATGRID, offering specialized intercepts and satellite imagery. While NATGRID functions as a centralized data-integration middleware under the Ministry of Home Affairs, NTRO reports to the National Security Advisor within the Prime Minister's Office.<ref name="Hindu_NTRO">{{cite news |last1=Unnithan |first1=Sandeep |title=Inside India's most secretive intelligence agency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20140728-national-technical-research-organisation-ntro-surveillance-804368-2014-07-17 |work=India Today |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="IE_NATGRID_NTRO">{{cite news |title=NATGRID to soon link databases of 21 agencies to track terror |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/natgrid-to-soon-link-databases-of-21-agencies-to-track-terror/ |work=The Indian Express |date=14 July 2015 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

* '''[[DRDO NETRA|DRDO's NETRA (Network Traffic Analysis)]] [[Signals intelligence|ELINT-based]] [[mass surveillance]] system for monitor internal internet traffic for keywords related to terrorism and criminal activity within Indian borders''': Developed by the Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), NETRA is an internet monitoring system capable of scanning traffic for specific trigger words. It provides digital behavioral triggers that NATGRID can cross-reference against structural data like financial or travel records. NETRA is a massive software network used to intercept and analyze internet traffic (emails, social media, blogs) for keywords like "bomb," "attack," or "kill." The intelligence gathered by NETRA regarding suspicious digital patterns or "keyword hits" can be fed into NATGRID. This allows an investigator to see if a person flagged by NETRA also has suspicious travel (from airline databases) or financial records (from bank databases) linked within NATGRID.<ref name="PTI_NETRA">{{cite news |title=Government to launch 'Netra' for internet surveillance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/government-to-launch-netra-for-internet-surveillance/articleshow/27443831.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 December 2013 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

* '''[[Department of Telecommunications|Department of Telecommunications (DoT]]'s [[Central Monitoring System]] (CMS) for [[Lawful interception|lawfully intercepting]] national and international telecomm data''': CMS is the centralized system for lawful interception of all telecommunications (phone calls, SMS, and data) in India, managed by the Department of Telecommunications (DoT). While CMS focuses on the content and metadata of real-time communication, NATGRID focuses on historical/structural data (tax, travel, identity). They represent two halves of a 360-degree surveillance profile: CMS listens to what a suspect says, while NATGRID tracks where they go and what they own. The CMS allows for the lawful interception of telecommunications metadata and content in real-time. In the broader surveillance architecture, CMS provides the "active" communication profile while NATGRID provides the "static" historical profile.<ref name="HRW_CMS">{{cite web |title=India: New Monitoring System Threatens Rights |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/07/india-new-monitoring-system-threatens-rights |publisher=Human Rights Watch |date=7 June 2013 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="Hindu_CMS">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Central Monitoring System to go live soon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/central-monitoring-system-to-go-live-soon/article8010183.ece |work=The Hindu |date=20 December 2015 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

* '''[[Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring]] (TERM) - Telecomm Regulatory & Verification Node for telecomm KYC''': TERM cells verify subscriber identity (KYC) and maintain the integrity of telecom databases. NATGRID relies on these audited records to ensure the accuracy of telephone-to-identity mapping. TERM cells are the technical arms of the DoT. Their role includes verifying Subscriber Identity Modules (SIM) and checking the radiation of mobile towers. NATGRID pulls "Telecom KYC" data. TERM ensures the integrity of the databases that NATGRID queries. When NATGRID needs to verify who a phone number actually belongs to, it relies on the records and audits maintained by TERM.<ref name="DoT_TERM">{{cite web |title=Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring (TERM) Cells |url=https://dot.gov.in/term-cell |publisher=Department of Telecommunications, Government of India |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

====Important end-user agencies ====
{{anchor | Front | User | Users | Enduser | Endusers }}

As of 2026, there were at least 10 authorised end-user agencies.

** '''[[Multi Agency Centre (India)]] (MAC) - Operational Overarching Multi-agency Counterpart that takes actions based on NATGRID intelligence''': The MAC is a multi-agency platform where representatives from various security agencies (IB, R&AW, State Police) physically or digitally meet to share intelligence "inputs" in real-time. MAC is for sharing human and signal intelligence (e.g., "A source says a suspicious boat is approaching"). NATGRID is for searching structured databases (e.g., "Check if any passengers on that boat have bank accounts in Mumbai"). Essentially, MAC is the intelligence-sharing forum, while NATGRID is the data-retrieval tool those members use to verify the intelligence shared at the MAC.<ref name="HT_MAC">{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Rajesh |title=After 26/11, Multi-Agency Centre becomes the pivot of India's counter-terror ops |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-26-11-multi-agency-centre-becomes-the-pivot-of-india-s-counter-terror-ops/story-6u1o8eN6X9pUo9z7L0v6kM.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 November 2018 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

** '''India's [[National Security Advisor (India)|National Security Advisor (NSA)]] for overall internal and external national security'''.

** '''[[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) as manager of MAC and one of the primary user of NATGRID for internal national security''': The Intelligence Bureau manages the MAC and is a primary "user agency" of NATGRID. It bridges the gap between raw data retrieval (NATGRID) and actionable field operations.<ref name="Trib_IB">{{cite news |title=Intelligence Bureau’s Multi-Agency Centre to have 24x7 state links |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/intelligence-bureaus-multi-agency-centre-to-have-24x7-state-links-356784 |work=The Tribune |date=1 January 2022 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

** '''[[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) - India's primary foreign intelligence agency''': R&AW is one of the authorized "user agencies" permitted to access the NATGRID database. While R&AW focuses on external threats, its access to NATGRID allows for the cross-referencing of international intelligence with domestic travel and financial footprints.<ref name="IE_RAW_NAT">{{cite news |title=NATGRID: 10 agencies to have access to 21 databases |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/natgrid-10-agencies-to-have-access-to-21-databases-6499876/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

** '''[[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA)]] and [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Military Intelligence]] for military defence of India''': The DIA coordinates intelligence across the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Its integration with NATGRID ensures that unified military intelligence can be synthesized with civilian data (such as immigration or PAN records) to identify hybrid threats or infiltrations along border regions.<ref name="ORF_DIA">{{cite web |last1=Saran |first1=Samir |title=The evolution of India's intelligence architecture |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-evolution-of-indias-intelligence-architecture/ |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=14 May 2019 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Phased ever-expanding capability ===
{{anchor | Phased}}

NATGRID is being implemented in four different phases. The [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) government gave clearance of ₹3,400 crores for the project.<ref name=":02" /> The [[Cabinet Committee on Security]] approved the initial two phases in 2011 which were operational by 2014 at a cost of {{INR}}1,200 crores, with 10 user agencies and 21 service providers were connected while the first data sets retrievable from early 2013. Retired Captain P. Raghu Raman on 1 December 2009 was appointed as the Secretary and CEO for NATGRID and tasked with the establishment of the grid. His term ended on 31 May 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2014-06-05 |title=Govt decides not to renew contract of NATGRID CEO Raghu Raman |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/govt-decides-not-to-renew-contract-of-natgrid-ceo-raghu-raman-195810-2014-06-05 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The implementation of the third and fourth phases are expected to require amendments to several laws to allow for the sharing and transfer of data on items such as property and bank transaction details and [[internet]] usage.<ref>{{cite news|title=NATGRID to show its first result in 18 months|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NATGRID-to-show-its-first-result-in-18-months/articleshow/8768990.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413205643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-08/india/29633448_1_phases-natgrid-data|url-status=live|archive-date=13 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2011}}</ref> The data recovery center for NATGRID is in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]].<ref name=":02" />

NATGRID and the [[Income Tax Department]] signed a [[memorandum of understanding]] in 2017 to obtain bulk data, including [[Permanent account number|Permanent Account Number]], the taxpayer's name, and all the personal information it records, such as the father's name, gender, date of birth, photo, signature, or thumb impression. All of the taxpayers' residential and office addresses, communication addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, and mobile numbers that are stored in the department's database will be shared. To ensure the security of the transfer of personal data, the MoU contains a confidentiality clause.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivastava |first=Neelabh |date=2017-06-22 |title=NATGRID to sign pact with income tax dept to get PAN, taxpayer data access |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/HPpYbaRTWQ6eKtR5sKTpsL/NATGRID-to-sign-pact-with-income-tax-dept-to-get-PAN-taxpay.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622203201/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/HPpYbaRTWQ6eKtR5sKTpsL/NATGRID-to-sign-pact-with-income-tax-dept-to-get-PAN-taxpay.html |archive-date=2017-06-22 |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=livemint.com}}</ref>

=== Predictive and preemptive capabilities ===
{{anchor | Predict | Predictive | Preempt | Preemptive }}

Unlike the NIA which are central agencies, the NATGRID is essentially a tool that enables security agencies to locate and obtain relevant information on terror suspects from pooled data sets of various organizations and services in the country. It will help identify, capture and prosecute terrorists and help pre-empt terror plots.<ref name="blogs">{{cite news|title=Q&A: NATGRID Chief Raghu Raman|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/06/29/qa-natgrid-chief-raghu-raman/|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal India|date=29 June 2011}}</ref> In order to obtain access to the Crime and Criminal Tracking Network and Systems (CCTNS) database, which connects over 14,000 police stations throughout India, NATGRID and the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] signed [[MoU]] in 2020. All [[First information report|FIRs]] must be registered on the CCTNS portal by [[State Police (India)|State police]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2020-07-12 |title=NATGRID to have access to database that links around 14,000 police stations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/natgrid-to-have-access-to-database-that-links-around-14000-police-stations/article32058643.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2025-12-07 |title=National Intelligence Grid slowly gathers pace, receives 45k requests a month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/national-intelligence-grid-slowly-gathers-pace-receives-45k-requests-a-month/article70369184.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Comprehensive extent - massive 360-degree view of almost all adults in India ===
{{anchor | Massive | Extent }}

The [[National Population Register]], which contains the family-level information of 119 [[crore]] Indian citizens, was connected to NATGRID in December 2025, enabling safe data exchange between NIA and [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]], the MHA informed [[Lok Sabha]]. Earlier in 2024, NATGRID had the most facial data, with over 100 [[crore]] (1 billion) entries which rose to 119 crore in 2025, or over 82% of India's total population. Data collected during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|Covid-19 pandemic]], even while people were wearing masks, is included in the facial entries. Within minutes, NATGRID can access and match masked faces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2024-03-26 |title=Tracking criminals: NATGARID now boasts over 100 crore facial data entries |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Mar/26/tracking-criminals-natgarid-now-boasts-over-100-crore-facial-data-entries |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> According to [[The Hindu]], police and investigative agencies submit over 45,000 queries to the system each month. State authorities have been asked by the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]] to use the platform to access datasets that include information about driving licenses, [[Aadhaar]] registrations, airline information, bank records, and social media accounts that publish posts about a specific topic. [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of police]] (SP) rank officers are also granted access to NATGRID.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-06 |title=MHA advises states to use NATGRID database to control crimes, criminals |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Jul/06/mha-advises-states-to-use-natgrid-database-to-control-crimes-criminals |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Analytics module OCDN (Organised Crime Network Database) ===
{{anchor | OCDN }}

The OCND is an [[AI]]-enabled database that works similarly to [[ChatGPT]] and is intended as an intelligent [[Analytical tool|analytics tool]] that gives [[Law enforcement in India|law enforcement]] fast access to detailed information about [[Organised crime in India|organized crime]] and [[Terrorism in India|terrorism]] networks. The database provides investigating agencies with real-time access to [[First information report|FIRs]], [[Chargesheet|chargesheets]], dossiers, and other information pertaining to crimes from every [[Indian state]]. The NATGRID and state police forces worked closely with the NIA to build the OCND. In addition to profile data, OCND has fingerprint data and voice matching capabilities. [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|MHA]] established OCND on 26 December 2025. The database was launched by [[Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] at Anti-Terror Conference in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajnish |date=2025-12-26 |title=India unveils first 'Organised Crime Network Database' to track organised criminals, terror links |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-unveils-first-organised-crime-network-database-to-track-organised-criminals-terror-links20251226145056/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

=== Gandiva-AI with comprehensive 360-degree integrated data access===
{{anchor | AI | Gandiva }}

Gandiva and other improved NATGRID technologies will facilitate the gathering and analysis of data from multiple sources. The portal will provide access to suspect's or person of interest's family members' details, if they are available in [[National Population Register|NPR]]. Gandiva can be applied to entity resolution and facial recognition. It is an AI driven advanced analytics tool & is expected to enable better method of searching, analysing and connecting data.

Gandiva can be fed a suspect image. It can supply the information, saving an investigator's time and resources, if the photo matches any identity document, such as telecom [[Know your customer|KYC]], a car registration, or a driver's license. An investigator's inquiries fall into one of three categories: very sensitive, sensitive, or non-sensitive. Highly sensitive information includes bank statements, financial transactions, tax information, and export-import data. Driving license, vehicle registration, [[Aadhaar]], airline, bank, [[FASTag]], passport, and travel details of Indians and foreigners, suspicious transaction reports from the [[Financial Intelligence Unit—India|FIU]], train passengers, and data extraction and analysis from social media posts are just a few of the datasets that can be accessed on this platform.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2025-12-25 |title=Govt. links intel grid to National Population Register, agencies can access details of 119 crore residents |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-links-intel-grid-to-national-population-register-agencies-can-access-details-of-119-crore-residents/article70437004.ece |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Opposition ==

NATGRID faced opposition on charges of possible violations of privacy and leakage of confidential personal information. Earlier, while it was still in infancy in phase-1 implementation prior to 2012, its efficacy in preventing terror was also questioned that at that time no state agency or police force yet had access to its database until the implementation of its 2nd phase thus reducing chances of immediate, effective action.<ref>{{cite news|title=NATGRID will prove to be a security nightmare|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/natgrid-will-prove-to-be-a-security-nightmare|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian|date=19 August 2012|access-date=19 August 2012|archive-date=28 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628172356/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/natgrid-will-prove-to-be-a-security-nightmare|url-status=dead}}</ref> NATGRID dispelled the issues with clarification that it has several structural and procedural safeguards and oversight mechanisms to mitigate privacy and other concerns, which include the external audits and technology safeguards.<ref name="blogs" />

==See also==

* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Law enforcement in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:Computer networks]]
[[Category:E-government in India]]
[[Category:Mass surveillance]]
[[Category:Computer security in India]]

Bastar State

2026-03-16T22:02:33Z

NWIMuoi623534: small adjusted formatting for clarity further and fixed typos for consistency

{{Short description|Princely state in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Bastar State
|common_name =Bastar
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start = 1324
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Bastar State.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map =Bastar-Kanker-Imperial Gazetteer.jpg
|image_map_caption = Bastar State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|capital = [[Jagdalpur]]
|stat_area1 =33831
|stat_year1 =1901
|stat_pop1 =306,501
|footnotes = [http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/b/bastar.html Bastar Princely State]
}}
'''Bastar state''' was a [[princely state]] in India during the [[British Raj]]. It was founded in the early 13th century by Annamaraja, a brother of the last ruler of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]], [[Prataparudra II]].

It is today used to refer to the same region, called [[Bastar division]] in [[Chhattisgarh]] state.<ref>Rahul Pandita. ''Hello Bastar: The Untold Story Of India’s Maoist Movement''. Tranquebar Press (2011). {{ISBN|978-93-8065834-6}}.Chapter VI. p. 111</ref>

In the early 19th century, the state became part of [[Central Provinces and Berar]] under the [[British Raj]], and acceded to the Union of India on 1 January 1948, to become part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in 1956, and of the [[Bastar district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in 2000. The current ceremonial ruler is Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo, of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] and [[Bhanj dynasty]].

==Overview==
Bastar state was situated in the south-eastern corner of the Central Provinces and Berar, bounded to the north by the [[Kanker State]], south by the Godavari district of [[Madras States Agency]], west by [[Chanda District]], [[Hyderabad State]], and the [[Godavari River]], and east by the [[Jeypore Estate]] in [[Odisha, India|Odisha]].

It had an area of {{convert|13062|sqmi|km2}} <ref name=stat/> and a population of 306,501 in 1901, when its capital city at [[Jagdalpur]], situated on the banks of [[Indravati River]], had a population of 4,762.<ref name=stat>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_127.gif Bastar] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1908. v. 7, ''p. 121''</ref>

==History==
Traditionally the area is mentioned as [[Dandakaranya]] in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', and part of the [[Kosala Kingdom]] in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Around 450 AD, the Bastar area was ruled by a [[Nala dynasty|Nala]] king called Bhavadatta Varman, who is recorded as having invaded the neighbouring [[Vakataka]] kingdom during the reign of its king, [[Narendrasena]] (440–460) <ref>''The Vākātaka-Gupta age: Circa 200-550 A.D.'', by [[Ramesh Chandra Majumdar]], Anant Sadashiv Altekar.Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1986. {{ISBN|81-208-0026-5}}. ''Page 116''.</ref>

A brother of [[Prataparudra II]], Annamaraja, has been associated with ruling what eventually became the state of Bastar. This appears likely to be historical revisionism,{{According to whom|date=December 2025}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} dating from a genealogy published by the ruling family in 1703, because the document records only eight generations spanning almost four centuries of rule. Such revisionism and tenuous claims of connection to the Kakatiyas was not uncommon because it was perceived as legitimising the right to rule and a warrior status. Talbot notes that there is a record of a brother called Annamadeva and that: {{quote|He is said to have left Warangal for the northeast after anointing Prataparudra's son as king. Thus, the founder of the family fortunes in Bastar may very well have been a Telugu warrior from Telangana who was familiar with the prevalent legends about the Kakatiyas.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |first=Austin Cynthia |last=Talbot |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19803-123-9 |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C |pages=192–193}}</ref>}}

According to this chronology, the state was established around 1324 CE and the founder established his kingdom at Bastar under the tutelage of a local goddess, Danteshwari. That goddess remains the tutelary deity of Bastar region and the [[Danteshwari Temple]] stands today at [[Dantewada]].<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bastar}}</ref> He ruled till 1369 when he was followed successively by Hamir Deva (r. 1369–1410), Bhaitai Deva (1410–1468), Purushottama Deva (1468–1534), Pratapa Raja Deva (1602–1625) and Dikpala Deva (1680–1709), after which the Bastar branch of the dynasty became extinct in the third generation with him, after which a descendant of the younger brother of Prataparaja Deva, Rajapala Deva became the next King in 1709. Rajapala Deva had two wives, first a Baghela princess, married, who had a son, Dakhin Singh, secondly, a [[Chandela]] Princess, who has two sons, Dalapati Deva and Pratap, trouble however struck again when after the death of Rajapala Deva in 1721, the elder queen ousted other claimants and placed her brother on the throne of Bastar, Dalapati Deva took refuge in the neighbouring [[kingdom of Jeypore]] and finally regained his throne a decade later in 1731.<ref name=hist>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_128.gif Bastar – History], [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1908. v. 7, ''p. 122''.</ref><ref>[http://bastar.nic.in/HISTORY.HTM History of Bastar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409233731/http://bastar.nic.in/HISTORY.HTM |date=9 April 2009 }} ''[[Bastar district]]'' official website.</ref>

Its capital was Jagdalpur, where Bastar royal palace built by its ruler, when its capital was shifted here from old capital Bastar.<ref name=hist/>

Later at some point in the 15th century Bastar was divided into two kingdoms, one based in Kanker and the other ruled from Bastar.<ref>Gill, Simeran Man Singh. ''The Ghotul in Muria Society''. (Singapore: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1992) ''p. 4''</ref> The present Halba Tribe claims to descend from the military class of these kingdoms.

Until the rise of the [[Marathas]], the state remained fairly independent until the 18th century. In 1861, Bastar became part of the newly formed Central Provinces and Berar, and in 1863, after years of feud, over the [[Kotpad|Kotapad]] region, it was given over to the neighbouring [[Kingdom of Jeypore|Jeypore state]] in 1863, on the condition of payment of tribute of Rs. 3,000, two-thirds of which sum was remitted from the amount payable by Bastar. By virtue of this arrangement the tribute of Bastar was, reduced to a nominal amount.

[[Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo]] (1929–1966), the 20th and the last ruling head of the Bastar state, ascended the throne in 1936, before it acceded to India in 1948 during the [[political integration of India]].<ref name=gen>[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/b/bastar.html Bastar (state) - History and Genealogy] ''[[Queensland University]]''.</ref>

Pravir was immensely popular among the tribals. He was shot dead in a "police action" on 25 March 1966 while leading a tribal movement against encroachment of land by outsider in concert with the authorities in Bastar. He was executed on the steps of his own Palace in Jagdalpur. Scores of other tribals and courtiers too were murdered by the police.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

==Rulers==
[[File:Central Provs 1909.jpg|thumb|280px|Map of the [[Central Provinces and Berar]] in 1909 showing the districts, divisions, and Bastar princely state under the authority of the province, as well as the 1905 changes to the eastern boundary.]]

* Raja Annam Dev (1313 – 1358) - brother of the Kakatiya Raja of Warangal, Pratap Rudra Dev
* Raja Hamir Deo (1358 - 1379)
* Raja Bhiraj Deo (1379 - 1408)
* Raja Purushotam Deo (1408 - 1439)
* Raja Jay Singh Deo (1439 - 1457)
* Raja Narsingh Deo (1457 - 1501)
* Raja Pratapraj Deo (1501 - 1524)
* Raja Jagdeesh rai Deo (1524 - 1538)
* Raja Veer Narayan Deo (1538 - 1553)
* Raja veer Singh Deo (1553 - 1590)
* Raja Durgpal Deo (1590 – 1649)
* Raja Rakshpal Deo (1649 – 1716)
* Raja Dalpat Deo (1716 – 1775)
* Raja Dariyao Deo (1775 – 1800)
* Raja Mahipal Deo (1800 - 1842)
* Raja Bhupal Deo (1842 – 1852)
* Raja Bhairam Deo (27 Aug 1852 – 20 Jul 1891)
* Raja Rudra Pratap Deo (20 Jul 1891 – 1921)
* [[Prafulla Kumari Devi|H H Maharani Prafulla Kumari Devi]] (Rani) (23 Nov 1921 – 28 Feb 1936) – married Prince Prafulla Chandra Bhanj Deo of [[Mayurbhanj State|Mayurbhanj]])
* [[Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo|H H Maharaja Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo]] (28 Oct 1936 – 1948)

===Titular===
* [[Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo|H H Maharaja Pravir Chandra Bhanj Deo]] (1948 – 25 March 1966)
* H H Maharaja Vijay Chandra Bhanj Deo (25 March 1966 – 12 April 1970)
* H H Maharaja Bharat Chandra Bhanj Deo ( 12 April 1970 – 1996)
* H H Maharaja Kamal Chandra Bhanj Deo (1996 – current)

==See also==
*[[Company rule in India]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{EB1911|wstitle=Bastar}}

==External links==
* [http://flagspot.net/flags/in-basta.html Flag of princely Bastar]

{{coord|20.083|N|83.2|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bastar State}}
[[Category:Princely states of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1324]]
[[Category:Bastar district]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:1324 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

Sony Sports Network

2026-03-16T09:04:23Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Short description|Indian sports television network}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Sony Sports Network
| logo = File:Sony Sports Network.svg
| logo_size = 120px
| logo_caption = Logo used since {{Start date and age|df=y|2022|10|24}}
| founder = [[Abdul Rahman Bukhatir]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2002|04|01}}
| parent = [[Culver Max Entertainment]]
| sister_channels = ''See'' ''[[Culver Max Entertainment#Owned channels|List of channels owned by Culver Max]]''
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] (downscaled to [[576i]] [[4:3]] for SDTV simulcasts)
| type = [[Sports]]
| country = [[India]]
| area = Nationwide
| language = [[English language|English]] [[Hindi]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[Malayalam]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| network = [[Culver Max Entertainment]]
| former_names = TEN SPORTS (2002-2017) SONY TEN (2017-2022) SONY SIX (2012-2022)
| website = {{URL|https://sonysportsnetwork.com}}
}}

The '''Sony Sports Network''', also known as '''Sony TEN''', is a group of [[Television in India|Indian]] [[pay television]] sports channels owned by [[Sony Pictures Networks|Culver Max Entertainment]].

The original TEN Sports channel was first established on 1 April 2002 by [[Abdul Rahman Bukhatir]]. It was acquired by the [[Essel Group]] in 2010 and was added to Essel's existing Zee Sports channel, launched in 2005. After the acquisition, Zee launched two new channels, TEN Cricket and TEN Golf, and rebranded Zee Sports as TEN Action.

In August 2016, [[Sony Pictures Networks|Sony Pictures Networks India]] acquired all of the sports channels under Zee from Essel. In 2017, the networks were formally merged with Sony's existing [[Sony ESPN]] and Sony Six channels as the Sony Pictures Sports Network, with the TEN channels rebranded as Sony TEN. The channels were then rebranded as the Sony Sports Network in October 2022, with all five channels now carrying the "Sony Sports Ten" prefix.

== History ==
In January 2001, Taj Television Ltd was formed in [[Dubai]] with [[Abdul Rahman Bukhatir]] as a backer.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2004 |title=Who owns Ten Sports? |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2004/mar/16bspec.htm |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Bukhatir had various business interests and was known for transforming [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] as a major international cricket venue.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Borkakoty |first=Rituraj |date=3 November 2021 |title=Meet the Kerry Packer of the Arabian Gulf |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/cricket/meet-the-kerry-packer-of-the-arabian-gulf |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=[[Khaleej Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The company launched the channel as TEN Sports (as part of its Taj Entertainment Network) on 1 April 2002.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Alokananda |date=26 March 2002 |title=TEN Sports to hit airwaves on April 1 |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/4124_ten-sports-to-hit-airwaves-on-april-1 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=afaqs!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2002 |title=Ten Sports launching 1 April |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k2/mar/mar62.htm |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=Indiantelevision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-03-26 |title=Bukhatir's Ten Sports To Go On Air From April 1 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/bukhatir8217s-ten-sports-to-go-on-air-from-april-1/41436/ |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> As of March 2004, the company was headed by Chris McDonald as the CEO and had 100 employees.<ref name=":03" />

In June 2005, Zee Telefilms Limited launched Zee Sports, reportedly India's first private sports channel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2005 |title=Zee launches India's first private sports channel 'Zee Sports' |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/zee-launches-indias-first-private-sports-channel-zee-sports-16523.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=Exchange4media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2005 |title=Zee launches its sports channel |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zee-launches-its-sports-channel-210831 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Telefilms]] acquired a 50% stake in TEN Sports for {{Indian Rupee}}800 [[crore]] (₹{{Crore|800}}) in 2006, and eventually acquired the remainder of its Indian operations in 2010.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=2016-09-01 |title=ZEE sells Ten Sports to Sony for $385 mn |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/zee-sells-ten-sports-to-sony-for-385-mn-116083100446_1.html |access-date=2022-10-22 |website=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref> The sale did not include its [[Ten Sports|Pakistani operations]], which were retained by the [[Essel Group]] via its subsidiary, Tower Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-23 |title=Indian monopoly over Pakistan Cricket broadcast rights |url=https://www.scoreline.org/indian-monopoly-over-pakistan-cricket-broadcast-rights/ |access-date=2021-09-13 |website=ScoreLine |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2010, Zee rebranded Zee Sports as Ten Action which featured adventure sports and non-cricket content. In 2011, Zee launched a new channel called Ten Cricket, exclusively for cricket matches.

[[File:Sony six logo 460.jpg|thumb|150px|Former logo of Sony Six used from 2012-2017]]

In April 2012, Sony India, then called, Multi Screen Media (MSM) launched their sports entertainment channel, Sony Six.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony’s sports channel Six to go on-air on 7 April {{!}} Media |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/sonys-sports-channel-six-to-go-on-air-on-7-april/416180 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=Campaign India}}</ref> In January 2016, Sony launched two new sports channels, Sony ESPN and Sony ESPN HD, in collaboration with ESPN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony ESPN TV channels to air from Jan 17 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sony-espn-tv-channels-to-air-from-jan-17-960481 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523195321/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sony-espn-tv-channels-to-air-from-jan-17-960481 |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=2025-11-04 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In March 2016, all channels in the Zee network were rebranded as Ten 1, Ten 2, and Ten 3 respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2016 |title=Zee Group follows Star in rebranding Ten Sports channels |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/zee-group-follows-star-in-rebranding-ten-sports-channels/articleshow/51601562.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-10-23}}</ref>

[[File:Sony TEN logo new.png|thumb|right|The former logos of the Sony Pictures Sports Network and its channels, used from 2017 to 2022]]
In August 2016, [[Culver Max Entertainment|Sony Pictures Networks India]] announced its intent to acquire Zee's sports networks for US$385 million; the first phase of the sale, which included equity stakes in the holding companies Taj Television (India) Pvt Ltd and part of Taj TV Limited Mauritius, was completed in February 2017 for US$350 million.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first=Bindu|title=Sony Pictures acquires Ten Sports for $385 m|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/sony-pictures-acquires-ten-sports-for-385-m/article9054961.ece|access-date=2021-07-16|website=@businessline|date=31 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-28|title=Zee completes 1st phase of sale of TEN sports to Sony Pictures|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/zee-completes-1st-phase-of-sale-of-ten-sports-to-sony-pictures/569838/|access-date=2021-07-16|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> On 18 July 2017, all of Sony's sports channels in India were rebranded as Sony TEN, and the high-definition feeds of Sony TEN 2 and 3 were also launched.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Sony rebrands sports business; launches 2 new HD channels|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/sony-rebrands-sports-business-launches-2-new-hd-channels/articleshow/59651869.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-07-03}}</ref> The remainder of the sale was completed in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Zee Entertainment completes sale of TEN Sports to Sony |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zee-entertainment-completes-sale-of-ten-sports-to-sony/article9863353.ece |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=@businessline |date=18 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE Entertainment Completes Sale Of TEN Sports To Sony |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/zee-entertainment-completes-sale-of-ten-sports-to-sony-2390619.html |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>

The networks, along with new sisters Sony Six and [[Sony ESPN]], were branded under the umbrella name, Sony Pictures Sports Network and began to phase in a rebranding as Sony Sports in 2020.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2020 |title=SPNI to discontinue Sony Mix and Sony ESPN; to go off-air from 31st March |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/spni-changes-its-portfolio-by-discontinuing-sony-mix-sony-espn/ |website=mediahews4u}}</ref> Sony ESPN was shut down on 30 March 2020.

In June 2021, Sony launched '''Sony TEN 4''', which broadcasts in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages. Actor [[Rana Daggubati]] served as a promotional ambassador for the network's launch.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2021-06-01 |title=Sony launches new sports channel in Tamil and Telugu |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/other-sports/sony-pictures-sports-network-tamil-telugu-channel-rajesh-kaul/article34701035.ece |access-date=2022-10-25 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 October 2022, the Sony Pictures Sports Network was rebranded as the Sony Sports Network, as part of a wider rebranding of all Sony Pictures Networks channels, under the versions of the global Sony television branding. Its channels were likewise rebranded under the new prefix '''Sony Sports Ten''', and '''Sony Six''' was brought under the Ten branding for the first time as '''Sony Sports Ten 5'''.

On July 10, 2025, Sony Sports Ten 4, which previously broadcast content in multiple audio formats on both SD and HD feeds, underwent a rebranding. The HD feed was rebranded as Sony Sports Ten 4 Telugu, while the SD feed became Sony Sports Ten 4 Tamil. Also, Sony Sports Ten 3 (both SD and HD) was renamed Sony Sports Ten 3 Hindi (SD and HD), resulting in a total of four rebranded channels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sony Sports Ten 4 HD to rebrand as Ten 4 Telugu, SD as Ten 4 Tamil from July 10 |url=https://www.bestmediainfo.com/mediainfo/television/sony-sports-network-to-launch-tamil-and-telugu-feeds-on-july-10-9469290}}</ref>

== Owned channels ==

=== Current Channels ===

[[File:All-logos4.gif|thumb|The official logos of the Sony Pictures Sports Network's channels, used since 2022]]

==== Sony Sports Ten 1 ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 1''' is an [[English-language]] channel that broadcasts events from the [[World Athletics Championships]], [[Asian Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]] and [[Sukma Games]]. Its programming schedule also consists of live coverage of tennis, rally, horse racing, beach volleyball events and basketball.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/channel/sony-ten-1/params/tvchannel/channelid-10000000000620000 |title=Sony Ten 1 TV Programmes, Popular Shows |work=[[The Times of India]] trwtu|access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref>

==== Sony Sports Ten 2 ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 2''' is an [[English-language]] channel that broadcasts football matches from European football leagues such as [[Bundesliga]], [[DFB-Pokal]], [[UEFA Champions League]], [[DFL-Supercup]] of Germany and [[MMA]] promotion [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]] (UFC) in English [[Super League Kerala]] , [[Indian Super League]](football).<ref>{{Cite news|title=UFC 264 , Dustin Poirier vs Conor McGregor|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/ufc-264-dustin-poirier-vs-conor-mcgregor-live-streaming-7398271/lite/&ved=2ahUKEwji9vGtu6v0AhUJBKYKHWq4CSo4FBAWegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw3LBiWkRdwy13PAH9-BJgYC}}</ref>

==== Sony Sports Ten 3 Hindi ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 3 Hindi''' is a [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] channel, available in SD and HD format, that airs cricket matches from the [[Asia Cup]], [[Sri Lanka Cricket|Sri Lanka]], [[New Zealand]] and [[England and Wales Cricket Board|England]] cricket boards.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22132423/wicb-signs-seven-year-tv-rights-deal |title=West Indies Cricket Board production and International broadcast rights from 2012-2019 contract |work=www.espncricinfo.com}}</ref> It also broadcasts football matches.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://sports24hour.com/ten-3-broadcast-emirates-t20-live-telecast-india-uae-pakistan-country/ |title=Ten 3 Broadcast Emirates T20 Live Telecast in India, UAE, Pakistan country |first=Kartik |last=Shah |work=Sports24Hour.com |date=23 March 2017 |access-date=3 December 2017}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/channel/sony-ten-3/params/tvchannel/channelid-10000000006000000 |title=Sony Ten 3 TV Programmes, Popular Shows |work=The Times of India |access-date=22 August 2017}}</ref> and UFC matches in the Hindi language.

==== Sony Sports Ten 4 Tamil ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 4 Tamil''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] channel launched on 10 July 2025. It broadcasts Sony Sports Programme in Tamil commentary.

==== Sony Sports Ten 4 Telugu ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 4 Telugu''' is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] channel launched on 10 July 2025. It broadcasts Sony Sports Programme in Telugu commentary.

==== Sony Sports Ten 4 Kannada ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 4 Kannada''' is a [[Kannada language|Kannada]] channel launching in April 2026. It broadcasts Sony Sports Programme in Kannada commentary.

==== Sony Sports Ten 5 ====
'''Sony Sports Ten 5''' is an [[English language|English-language]] channel originally launched as Sony Six in April 2012, before the acquisition of TEN. It has historically featured international cricket.

=== Former channels ===

==== Sony ESPN ====
{{Main|Sony ESPN}}
[[Sony ESPN|Sony KIX]] was launched on 8 April 2015, by what is now Sony Pictures Networks India, it was the second sports television channel launched by the company after [[Sony Six]]. The channel was rebranded as Sony ESPN on 17 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2016 |title=Launch date set for Sony ESPN channels in Indian subcontinent |url=https://media.sportbusiness.com/news/launch-date-set-for-sony-espn-channels-in-indian-subcontinent |website=sports business}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Vidhi |date=7 October 2015 |title=ESPN returns to India in tie-up with Sony |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/x7yeIqCCTrePGqbMej5R9K/MSM-to-launch-new-channels-website-on-sports.html |website=mint}}</ref>
[[File:Sony_ESPN_logo.svg|thumb|Sony ESPN logo]]
Sony and ESPN would partner together on website and app efforts, with ESPN providing and producing content such as [[cricket]], [[Association football|football]], [[tennis]], [[basketball]], [[badminton]], [[field hockey]], [[golf]], [[rugby union]], [[motorsport]] along with other events. Sony Six and Sony ESPN, which were launched before Sony's purchase of Ten, effectively became part of the group when the acquisition was completed. Sony ESPN was shut down on 31 March 2020.<ref name=":4" />

==== Sony Ten Golf HD ====
[[File:Sonytengolf.jpg|thumb|Sony Ten Golf logo]]

It was an HD, golf-focused channel launched on 7 October 2015. It had the broadcasting rights to the [[European Tour]], [[Asian Tour]], [[Ryder Cup]], [[LPGA Tour]], [[Royal Trophy]], [[US PGA Championship]], [[Senior PGA Championship]], [[Professional Golf Tour of India]], and [[Ladies European Tour]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/channel/sony-ten-1-hd/params/tvchannel/channelid-10000000007510000|title=Sony Ten 1 HD TV Programmes, Popular Shows|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-08-22}}</ref> The channel was closed on 31 December 2018.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sony Pictures Networks India}}

[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2002]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India]]
[[Category:2017 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sports television networks in India]]
[[Category:Culver Max Entertainment]]

List of companies based in Hyderabad

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NWIMuoi623534: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This is a non-exhaustive list of prominent companies based in [[Hyderabad, Telangana]] (''i.e.'' having their headquarters in Hyderabad).

* [[Adyar Ananda Bhavan]]
* [[Aurobindo Pharma]]<ref>[http://www.aurobindo.com/contactus.htm Aurobindo Pharma office locations]</ref>
* [[Bharat Biotech]]<ref>[https://www.bharatbiotech.com/contact_us.html Bharat Biotech office locations]</ref>
* [[Biological E. Limited]]
* [[Central Institute of Tool Design]]
* [[Cyient]]
* ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''
* [[Divi's Laboratories]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.divislabs.com/contact/|title=Contact Best Pharmaceutical Companies | DivisLabs}}</ref>
* [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]]<ref>[http://www.drreddys.com/coverview/contactus.htm Dr. Reddy's Laboratories contact information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227035739/http://www.drreddys.com/coverview/contactus.htm |date=2008-12-27 }}</ref>
* [[Electronics Corporation of India]]
* [[ETV Network]]
* [[Glenmark Pharmaceuticals]]
* [[GMR Group]]
* [[GVK Industries|GVK]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gvk.com/getintouch/getintouch.aspx|title = GVK | Contact Us}}</ref>
* [[Heritage Foods]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritagefoods.in/contact-us|title = Contact Us | Heritage Foods Limited}}</ref>
* [[Hetero Drugs]]
* [[Indian Immunologicals Limited]]<ref>[http://www.indimmune.com/contactus.html Indian Immunologicals Ltd office locations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122063325/http://indimmune.com/contactus.html |date=2009-01-22 }}</ref>
* [[Keka HR]]
* [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Laurus Labs]]
* [[Natco Pharma]]
* [[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC]]
* [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]]
* [[Pulsus Group]]
* [[Mahindra Satyam|Satyam Computer Services Ltd]]<ref>[http://satyam.com/about/apac_offices.asp Satyam office locations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221062942/http://www.satyam.com/about/apac_offices.asp |date=2008-12-21 }}</ref>
* [[Skyroot Aerospace]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skyroot.in/contact/|title = Contact | Skyroot Aerospace|date = 26 December 2018}}</ref>
* [[Tata Advanced Systems]]
* [[Tata Business Support Services]]

==See also==
* [[List of companies based in Gurgaon]]

{{portalbar|Companies|India|Lists}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: Lists of companies of India by city|Hyderabad]]
[[Category:Hyderabad, India-related lists|Companies]]

2 States (2014 film)

2026-03-05T15:24:02Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{short description|2014 Indian film written and directed by Abhishek Varman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = 2 States
| image = 2 States poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Abhishek Varman]]
| producer = [[Karan Johar]] [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| screenplay = Abhishek Varman {{infobox | decat=yes | child=yes | label1 = Dialogues by
| data1= [[Hussain Dalal]]}}
| story = Abhishek Varman Chetan Bhagat
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[2 States: The Story of My Marriage|2 States]]''|[[Chetan Bhagat]]}}
| starring = [[Arjun Kapoor]] [[Alia Bhatt]]
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] '''Background Score:''' Tubby-Parik
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]]
| editing = [[Namrata Rao]]
| studio = [[Dharma Productions]] [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|04|18}} ([[India]])
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref name="2 STATES PG">{{cite web |url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/2-states-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214223956/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/2-states-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2015 |title=''2 STATES'' (PG) |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=14 April 2014 |access-date=14 February 2015}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}45 crore
| gross = {{INR}}175 crore<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2228 |title=2 States – Movie – Box Office India |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''''2 States''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy|romantic comedy-drama film]] directed by [[Abhishek Varman]] and produced by [[Karan Johar]] and [[Sajid Nadiadwala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/arjun-kapoor-and-alia-bhatt-in-2-states/1/250722.html |title=Arjun Kapoor and Alia Bhatt in 2 States |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref> Based on [[Chetan Bhagat]]'s 2009 novel of the [[2 States: The Story of My Marriage|same name]] with the story rewritten by Varman and Bhagat, the film stars [[Arjun Kapoor]] and [[Alia Bhatt]] with [[Amrita Singh]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Revathi]] and [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] in supporting roles.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2228 |title=2 States – Movie – Box Office India |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="2 STATES PG" />

Distributed by [[UTV Motion Pictures]], ''2 States'' opened in global cinemas on 18 April 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=''2 States'' Cast and Crew |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204234213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/542585 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=29 October 2012}}</ref> Praised for its music, cast performances, story and direction, the film earned {{INRConvert|175|c}} in worldwide markets, thus emerging as a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cast, Crew, Actorstresses, Director and Producers of ''2 States'' |url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/movies/2-states/cast-crew.html |website=[[Oneindia.in]] |access-date=29 October 2012 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727034812/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bollywood/movies/2-states/cast-crew.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is Kapoor's biggest commercial success to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arjun Kapoor Filmography |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=715 |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> At the [[60th Filmfare Awards]], ''2 States'' received 8 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Varman), [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Roy) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Singh), and won 2 awards – [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] (Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] (Varman).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1101777/movie-review-2-states-or-how-to-woo-the-parents |title=Movie Review: 2 States – or how to woo the parents – Blogs |work=Dawn |date=23 April 2014 |location=Pakistan |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Krish Malhotra, a fresh [[engineer]] from [[IIT Delhi]] pursuing his [[MBA]] at [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]], comes from an affluent [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] family based in [[New Delhi]]. His mother, Kavita, is in a troubled relationship with his alcoholic father, Vikram Malhotra, with whom he has strained relations. He is immediately smitten when he meets Ananya Swaminathan, a fellow student from a conservative [[Tamil Brahmin]] family in [[Chennai]]. When she tells him she wants to study with him, he agrees, and the two gradually become friends. After a minor pause in meeting her, Krish eventually confesses his feelings for her one night, and the two share a kiss. They begin dating and live together for the next few months on campus. Krish confides in Ananya that his real passion is writing, which he wants to pursue as a career. As the two attend their interviews on campus drives, Krish proposes to Ananya, and she gladly accepts. Krish gets selected for [[Yes Bank]], while Ananya is selected for [[Sunsilk]].

The couple attempts to introduce their parents to each other during their convocation ceremony, but to their dismay, a loud Kavita does not get along with Ananya's reserved Tamil parents, Radha and Shiv. As Ananya joins her marketing job in Chennai, Krish returns to Delhi with the choice of his workplace in his hands. Kavita urges him to stay in Delhi and criticizes his relationship with Ananya, citing cultural differences and telling him to get into an arranged marriage with a Punjabi girl. There is still friction between Krish and Vikram, and much to his [[dysfunctional family]]‘s chagrin, Krish shifts his job to Chennai to stay in touch with Ananya.

During this time, Krish tries hard to win over Ananya's family. Initially, her family disapproves of him, but gradually, he builds a rapport with the family. He tutors her younger brother Manjunath "Manju" Swaminathan for the [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] entrance exam, gets Radha an opportunity to sing for an event at his workplace, and helps Shiv create his first [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] presentation. Before departing for New Delhi, Krish confesses his intentions to marry Ananya to her family, which everyone finally accepts. Krish and Ananya then travel to Delhi to win over his family. Similarly, Kavita and her family are initially hostile towards Ananya but come to like her after she publicly saves Krish's cousin Minty's wedding from being canceled due to a dispute over an excessive [[dowry]]. Krish reveals to Ananya that his bitterness towards Vikram was mainly because of his angry outbursts, which escalated one day when he hit him after he hit Kavita in an altercation, causing a strain on their relationship.

Krish and Ananya decide to take a vacation in [[Mumbai]] with their families before the wedding, hoping they will get to know each other better. However, the trip does not go as planned due to Kavita's continuous remarks about their cultural differences. Furthermore, Ananya and her parents overhear Krish falsely assuring his mother she can treat Ananya however she wants after marriage. Having had enough of the insults, Ananya breaks up with Krish, and they go their separate ways. Krish becomes depressed and starts writing about his story with Ananya. He also visits her in Chennai, where she tells him to stop all communication. Later, he gets a call from Ananya, who reveals Vikram had secretly come down to Chennai to speak to her parents, apologizing for Kavita's shallow behavior in an effort to change their decision. The two families finally come together to get the couple married in Chennai. At first, Vikram declines to attend the wedding to prevent any further embarrassment, but at the last minute, he flies down to Chennai and apologizes to Kavita for his abusive behavior over the years. After getting married, Ananya gives birth to twin boys. Krish resigns from his job at the bank and publishes his book, ''2 States'', based on his and Ananya's lives.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arjun Kapoor]] as Krish Malhotra, A [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]], Ananya's husband, Kavita and Vikram's son
* [[Alia Bhatt]] as Ananya Swaminathan, a [[Tamilian]], Krish's love interest later wife, Shiv and Radha's daughter
* [[Amrita Singh]] as Kavita Malhotra, Krish's mother, Vikram's wife
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Vikram Malhotra, Krish's father, Kavita’s husband<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ronit-roy-plays-negative-role-in-2-states/1/313515.html |title=Ronit Roy plays negative role in 2 States |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-am-doing-a-negative-role-in-2-states-says-ronit-roy/426946-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012024319/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/i-am-doing-a-negative-role-in-2-states-says-ronit-roy/426946-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 October 2013 |title="I am doing a negative role in 2 States" says Ronit Roy |publisher=[[IBN Live]] |access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>
* [[Revathi]] as Radha Swaminathan, Ananya's mother, Shiv's wife
* [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] as Shiv Swaminathan, Ananya's father, Radha's husband
* Sharang Natrajan as Manju Swaminathan, Shiv and Radha's son, Ananya's brother
* [[Amit Bhargav]] as Harish
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Shipra Mehra
* Dilip Merala as Mohit Oberoi
* [[Aru Krishansh Verma]] as Dharamveer "Duke"
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Rajji Mama
* Neil Shah as Ramanujan
* Madhu Anand Chandhock as Duke's mother
{{Colend}}

== Production ==

=== Casting ===
The first choice for the lead pair in the film had been [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] and the film was to be directed by Siddharth Anand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1245384/Saif--Priyanka-in-Siddharth-Anands-adaptation-of-Chetan-Bhagats-2-States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503013415/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1245384/Saif--Priyanka-in-Siddharth-Anands-adaptation-of-Chetan-Bhagats-2-States |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2014 |title=Saif & Priyanka in Siddharth Anand's adaptation of Chetan Bhagat's '2 States' | Bollywood News | Hindi Movies News | News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 October 2010 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Later, it was announced that [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Asin Thottumkal]] would play lead roles and the film was to be directed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Shah-Rukh-Khan-Priyanka-Chopra-re-ignite-2-States/articleshow/8960147.cms |title=Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra re-ignite 2 States |work=The Times of India |date=23 June 2011 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> The role of Krish Malhotra was also offered to [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]], who instead chose to work on ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' (2013).<ref>{{cite web |title=Casting chronicle: One's miss is another's hit |work=India Today |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/casting-chronicle-2-states-baazigar-darr-munna-bhai-arjun-kapoor-imran-khan/1/11687.html#photo3 |access-date=5 May 2014}}</ref> Finally, [[Arjun Kapoor]] was cast as the lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/srk-wins-face-of-romantic-music-award-at-radio-mirchi-music-awards-131176.html |title=SRK Wins Face of Romantic Music Award at Radio Mirchi Music Awards |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> The female lead was then offered to [[Anushka Sharma]], who rejected it as she didn't find the role interesting enough, and later [[Alia Bhatt]] signed on.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2017/5-films-that-anushka-sharma-rejected/articlecontent-pf232016-270173.html |title=5 Films Anushka Sharma Rejected & We Thank Her For That! |date=10 December 2017 |work=filmibeat.com|access-date=28 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref> [[Amrita Singh]] and [[Ronit Roy]] were cast as Arjun Kapoor's parents, and [[Revathi]] and [[Shiv Kumar Subramaniam]] were cast as Alia Bhatt's parents.

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 29 January 2013 with the shooting of a song.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1705259 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309213910/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1705259 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2014 |title=Arjun, Alia starrer 2 States goes on floor today |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 January 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref> Parts of the film were shot at [[Chennai]], Delhi, [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM-A]] and Gol Limda Bhajiya House near Astodia Darwaza, Ahmedabad Railway Station to Police commissioner office in [[Ahmedabad]] in August 2013.<ref name="ie">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arjun-kapoor-alia-bhatt-at-iim-ahmedabad-for-2-states/1102705/ |title=Arjun Kapoor, Alia Bhatt at IIM Ahmedabad for 2 States |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 April 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="ahd">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/1826783/report-2-states-brings-ahmedabad-centre-to-a-standstill |title='2 States' brings Ahmedabad centre to a standstill |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=10 August 2013 |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref> Alia sported an Indian Fusion look in the film and her costumes were designed by [[Manish Malhotra]].<ref name="2s">{{cite web |title=Alia Bhatt sports an Indian Fusion Look in 2 States |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/alia-bhatt-sports-a-tamil-indian-look-in-2-states/ |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> Speaking about her character, Alia said that she is a City Girl who speaks [[Tamil language|Tamil]] only with her parents.<ref>{{cite web |title=Being a Tamil Girl was not difficult for Alia Bhatt in 2 States |url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/being-a-tamil-girl-was-not-difficult-for-alia-bhatt-in-2-states/ |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |publisher=news.biharprabha.com |access-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> It was given a U/A certificate by the censor board

The song "Offo" was choreographed and conceptualized by [[Remo D'Souza]] as a celebration of several Indian festivals in a [[time lapse]] of almost one year. It was shot over four days at [[IIM Ahmedabad]] campus and [[Filmistan Studio]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Festival soiree |work=The Indian Express |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/festival-soiree/ |date=16 April 2014 |access-date=29 April 2014}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|2 States (soundtrack)}}
The [[film score]] was composed by Tubby-Parik while the songs were composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], while the lyrics for the songs were penned by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. The first song, ''Offo'', sung by [[Aditi Singh Sharma]] and [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], was released on 7 March 2014. The second song, ''Locha-E-Ulfat'', sung by [[Benny Dayal]], was released on 13 March 2014. The soundtrack of the film was released on 16 March 2014. The medley song "Isaiyin Alai" at the concert was sung by [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]]. Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] and the [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director]] for the film's soundtrack. The songs "Offo", "Mast Magan", "Iski Uski", "Locha E Ulfat", and "Chandaniya" were declared chartbusters.

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''2 States''<nowiki/>'s teaser trailer was released along with ''[[Hasee Toh Phasee]]'', which released on 7 February 2014.

=== Box office ===
==== India ====
According to [[Box Office India]], ''2 States'' had "excellent" first day figures of {{INRConvert|120|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/2stateshasexcellentfirstday |title=2 States Has Excellent First Day |work=Box Office India T |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=19 April 2014}}</ref><ref name="hit" /> The collections for second day were around {{INRConvert|118|m}} taking its two-day total to {{INRConvert|238|m}}, receiving a "fantastic" response in circuits like Mumbai, [[Mysore]], Delhi-[[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[Central Provinces and Berar|CP Berar]], [[Central India|CI]], Nizam and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="hit" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/twodaycircuitfigures2states |title=Two Day Circuit Figures – 2 States |work=Box Office India Trade Network |publisher=Box Office India |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> The film was declared a "Super Hit" by Box Office India in light of its first two days' performance.<ref name="hit">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/2statesemergesbiggesthitof2014 |title=2 States Emerges Biggest Hit Of 2014 |work=Box Office India Trade Network |publisher=Box Office India |date=20 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> With a very good run in multiplexes and single screens alike, it managed a three-day nett of {{INRConvert|280|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/2stateshasexcellentweekend |title=2 States Has Excellent Weekend |work=Box Office India Trade Network |publisher=Box Office India |date=21 April 2014 |access-date=21 April 2014}}</ref> ''2 States'' had a final domestic net of {{INRConvert|811|m}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenunder50crorebudgetgrosser2statestops#.VQRDi44-fi4 |title=All Time Top Ten Under 50 Crore Budget Grossers – 2 States Tops |publisher=Box Office India |date=14 May 2014}}</ref>

==== International ====
According to [[Box Office India]], ''2 States'' grossed US$5.85 million internationally, and was the second highest overseas grosser of 2014 in Bollywood after ''[[Jai Ho (film)|Jai Ho]]'' at that point.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/2stateshits5millionoverseas |title=Boxoffice |publisher=Box Office India |date=7 May 2014 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/toptenoverseasgrossers2014#.VQRCao4-fi5 |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2014 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |date=4 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the film 4.5 out of 5 stars, and noted, "On the whole, ''2 States'' is one of the finest movies to come out of the Hindi film industry of late. This is one of those rare Hindi movies that commands a repeat viewing. Strongly recommended!"<ref>{{cite web |last=Adarsh |first=Taran |title=2 States |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929181513/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542585 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2013 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{Rating|4.5|5}}</ref> Critic Saurabh Dwivedi, writing for ''[[India Today]]'', gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, and published, "''2 States'' can be a good mirror for parents to understand their children. So take along your parents and enjoy the film."<ref>{{cite web |last=Dwiwedi |first=Saurabh |title=Movie Review: 2 States is a tale of journey from love to marriage |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-2-states-alia-bhatt-arjun-kappor/1/356328.html |work=India Today |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, and wrote, "What makes ''2 States'' work is the simple narrative told humorously. Adapted as it is, from one of author Chetan Bhagat's best-selling works, the film, just like the book before it, is light-hearted. Chetan's funny one-liners and life-view are studiously borrowed by the director for his screen outing. And though there is a sense of deja-vu, for those who have read the book, the movie still manages to charm and surprise."<ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |title=2 States |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/2-states/movie-review/33856750.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Paloma Sharma of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars and opined, "There's nothing that should keep you from watching ''2 States''".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-nothing-should-keep-you-from-watching-2-states/20140418.htm |title=Review: Nothing should keep you from watching 2 States – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref> Mohar Basu of Koimoi gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, and wrote, "''2 States'' is barely unwatchable but misses the magic of Chetan Bhagat's novel. As a stand-alone, it is endearingly done with Alia and Arjun's scorching chemistry coming off as adorable. The Bhagat fan in me is disappointed, but the cinemagoer isn't."<ref>{{cite web |last=Basu |first=Mohar |title=2 States Review |url=http://www.koimoi.com/reviews/2-states-review/ |work=Koimoi |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> ''DNA'' posted, the first half of the film is light and breezy and the second dramatic and emotional, perhaps a better balance would have helped the post-interval portion which seems heavy.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sarita A Tanwar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-two-states-starring-alia-bhatt-and-arjun-kapoor-is-realistic-and-fresh-1979401 |title=Film review: Two states starring Alia Bhatt and Arjun Kapoor is realistic and fresh | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=17 April 2014 |access-date=27 September 2015}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]''{{'}} [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, and said, "In ''2 States'', the story is the weakest link. The film is bolstered by talented actors, gorgeous songs by Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy, nice styling, sumptuous production design, and a few sparkling moments. But in the second half, ''2 States'' falls apart. At almost two-and-a-half hours, it's also stretched so thin that by the time Krish and Ananya walk into the sunset, you are long past caring". Concerning Kapoor and Bhatt, she said, "Arjun, departing from his earlier violent roles, makes a nicely goofy and later subdued lover boy, but it's Alia who lights up the screen."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |title=Movie review by Anupama Chopra: 2 States' story is its weakest link |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-anupama-chopra-2-states/article1-1209768.aspx/article1-1204447.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217120152/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-anupama-chopra-2-states/article1-1209768.aspx/article1-1204447.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 April 2014}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and wrote, "''2 States'' is a cross-culture love story that strives to be sweet, funny and emotionally wrenching all at once. It is occasionally funny and sweet in parts all right, but the family drama at the film's core has a severely stultified feel. The trouble is that the impending wedding remains impending far too long to sustain interest... it sets out to be a slice-of-life drama about a real couple grappling with the politics of inter-community marriage, but it fails to generate enough energy and warmth to draw the audience into a tight clinch".<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=2 States: movie review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/2-states-movie-review-953 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=20 April 2014 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917020207/https://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/2-states-movie-review-953 |url-status=dead }}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Shubra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, and said, "''2 States''... sets out to be a solid, emotionally satisfying rom-com, and goes well for a bit but then turns into a too-stretched-out 'jhagda' between the two sets of North-South parents. The smooth, engaging first half descends, post-interval, into mopey melodrama, and I got impatient waiting for the inevitable resolution." She praised Bhatt's performance, saying, "...Alia Bhatt is a surprise. She leaves behind her earlier films, and gets into her character: she may not be an authentic 'Southie' in terms of body language, but she is all girl, easy and fresh and natural."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubra |title=2 States movie review : Alia Bhatt is easy, fresh and natural |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/2-states-movie-review-alia-bhatt-is-easy-fresh-and-natural/ |work=The Indian Express |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[21st Screen Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
* Best Film Marketing

;[[60th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]] – [[Abhishek Varman]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Karan Johar]] and [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Abhishek Varman]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Ronit Roy]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Amrita Singh]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Arijit Singh]] for "[[Mast Magan]]"
* Nominated – Best Male Playback Singer – [[Benny Dayal]] for "Locha-E-Ulfat"

;[[7th Mirchi Music Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
* [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]] – [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
* [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]] – Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy for "[[Mast Magan]]"
* Nominated – Song representing Sufi tradition – "Mast Magan"
* Nominated – Best Background Score – Tubby-Park

== Remake ==
A remake in Telugu with the same name starring [[Adivi Sesh]] and Shivani, was planned but was shelved.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/adivi-sesh-shivani-to-star-in-telugu-remake-of-2-states-film-to-be-slightly-peppier-than-original-4341345.html |title=Adivi Sesh, Shivani to star in Telugu remake of 2 States; film to be 'slightly peppier' than original |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=8 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2 States' Telugu remake to go on floors soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/2-states-telugu-remake-to-go-on-floors-soon/articleshow/63567727.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/010519/has-2-states-telugu-remake-been-shelved.html |title=Has 2 States Telugu remake been shelved? |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 April 2019 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2372678}}
* {{BH movie|2-states }}
* {{Mojo movie|2states}}

{{Chetan Bhagat}}
{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}
{{Dharma Productions}}
{{Karan Johar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2 States}}
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films set in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about interracial romance]]
[[Category:Films about interclass romance]]

Idhaya Malar

2026-03-04T04:49:15Z

NWIMuoi623534: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Idhaya Malar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Gemini Ganesan]] Thamarai Manaalan
| screenplay = 'Vidhwan' Ve. Lakshmanan
| producer = G. M. Kulathu V.L. Narayanan
| based_on = {{based on|''Ninaivugal Nilaikkatum''|Manian}}
| starring = [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] Gemini Ganesan [[Kamal Haasan]]
| cinematography = D.V. Rajaram B. Nanjappa
| editing = M. Umanath M. Mani
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| studio = Jeyanthira Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1976|09|03}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Idhaya Malar''''' ({{translation|Flower of the heart}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Gemini Ganesan]] and Thamarai Manaalan. It is based on the novel ''Ninaivugal Nilaikkatum'', written by Maniyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Dinesh |title=இறுதியாகச் சிலர் |url=https://ithutamil.com/%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%b1%e0%af%81%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%be%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%9a%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%9a%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%b2%e0%ae%b0%e0%af%8d/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608232357/http://ithutamil.com/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D/ |archive-date=8 June 2019 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=ithutamil.com |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], Gemini Ganesan and [[Kamal Haasan]]. It was released on 3 September 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கமல்ஹாசன் படங்களின் பட்டியல் |trans-title=List of Kamal Haasan films |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210612101253/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/kamal-films.asp |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=4 March 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2021}}
Krishnan, an elderly person with his wife Rajam are childless and bring up Radha, who is Krishnan's sister as their daughter. Mohan, a tennis player, falls in love with Radha. Krishnan accepts to their proposal to marry but Rajam avoids the marriage by revealing a bitter truth to Radha. Radha had married Sridhar at the age of five. She avoids Mohan who is actually the brother of Sridhar. She goes in search of Sridhar but finds out he is married . She returns home and avoids her family and lives alone. Mohan's neighbour is very possessive of and has a crush on him. The film ends with Mohan marrying his neighbour and Radha sacrificing her love.

== Cast ==
*[[Gemini Ganesan]] as Krishnan
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Rajam
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Radha
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as Mohan
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sreedhar
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Singaram
*[[M. Saroja]] as Kumari

== Production ==
''Idhaya Malar'' is the directorial debut of Gemini Ganesan, and the only film he directed in his life.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=திண்ணை |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/paddy/50278 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928041959/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=50278&cat=2 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2020 |title=Gemini Ganesan's 100th Birth Anniversary: Five interesting facts about Kadhal Mannan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gemini-ganesans-100th-birth-anniversary-five-interesting-facts-about-kadhal-mannan/articleshow/79259357.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120103914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gemini-ganesans-100th-birth-anniversary-five-interesting-facts-about-kadhal-mannan/articleshow/79259357.cms |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After directing some scenes, he left due to differences with the producer,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K.N. |date=18 August 1998 |title=Gemini speaks his mind |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tsBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754%2C4522934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728125203/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tsBhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yxQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6754%2C4522934 |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=23 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> resulting in Thamarai Manaalan taking over. However, both men retained director's credit.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=12 September 1976 |title=இதய மலர் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/sep/12-09-1976/p7.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728033700/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/sep/12-09-1976/p7.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=7 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2019 |title=ஜெமினி கணேசன் 100! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2019/dec/01/ஜெமினி-கணேசன்-100-3294779.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201151644/https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/dinamani-kondattam/2019/dec/01/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D-100-3294779.html |archive-date=1 December 2019 |access-date=3 September 2020 |website=[[Dinamani]]}}</ref> The film was launched at [[Vauhini Studios|Vauhini recording studios]] on 18 March 1976.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 1976 |title=ஜெமினி கணேஷ் டைரக்ட் செய்யும் 'இதயமலர்' படப்பிடிப்பு துவக்கம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_83/4.jp2/full/1000,1485/0/default.jpg |access-date=12 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> This film was shot in black-and-white. It was given a [[U certificate (India)|"U" (Unrestricted) certificate]] by the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] after three cuts. The final length of the film was {{Convert|3931.30|metres|feet}}.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=27 August 1977 |title='Idhaya Malar' (Tamil) 35 mm.B&W.India. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1977.448/page/n47/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230304055107/https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1977.448/page/n47/mode/2up |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=4 March 2023 |magazine=[[The Gazette of India]] |page=1559 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]]. All lyrics written by [[Pulamaipithan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Idhaya Malar |url=https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/idhaya-malar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230304055111/https://tamilsongslyrics123.com/movie/idhaya-malar |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=3 March 2023 |website=Tamil Songs Lyrics}}</ref>
{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sendumallipoo
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]], [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Thazhampoo Kaigalukku
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]], B. S. Sasirekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Anbe Un Per Enna
| extra3 = Vani Jairam, [[P. Jayachandran]]
| length3 =
| title4 = En Chellakkili
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 =
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for the performances of most of the cast.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=19 September 1976 |title=இதய மலர் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/sep/19-09-1976/p31.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728033825/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/sep/19-09-1976/p31.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=31 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Pencil (film)

2026-03-03T03:06:56Z

NWIMuoi623534: created new info!

{{Short description|2016 Indian Tamil mystery thriller film by Mani Nagaraj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pencil film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Mani Nagaraj
| writer = Mani Nagaraj
| producer = S. P. Ragavesh
| starring = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] [[Sri Divya]] [[Shariq Hassan]]
| cinematography = [[Gopi Amarnath]]
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| studio = Kalsan Movies Pvt Ltd
| distributor = SVS Pictures [[Kalasangham Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|05|13}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pencil''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Teen film|teen]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Mani Nagaraj. It is based on South Korean film ''[[4th Period Mystery]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2016 |title=Pencil heavily inspired by Korean thriller 4th period mystery |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-05-16/Pencil-heavily-inspired-by-Korean-thriller-4th-period-mystery/228364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427044900/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2016-05-16/Pencil-heavily-inspired-by-Korean-thriller-4th-period-mystery/228364 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Sri Divya]], with the former also composing the film's music. It was released on 13 May 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Pencil to release on 13th May |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/pencil-to-release-on-13th-may/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213040039/https://www.ritzmagazine.in/pencil-to-release-on-13th-may/ |archive-date=13 February 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Ritz |language=en}}</ref> and received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=13 February 2018 |title=Naachiyar actor GV Prakash on working with Jyothika: 'She is one of the most humble artists I've worked with' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/naachiyar-actor-gv-prakash-on-working-with-jyothika-she-is-one-of-the-most-humble-artists-ive-worked-with-4348439.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427070429/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/naachiyar-actor-gv-prakash-on-working-with-jyothika-she-is-one-of-the-most-humble-artists-ive-worked-with-4348439.html |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shiva is the best student at his school. His rival Nithin, the son of a leading film star and a spoiled brat, takes any and every opportunity to knock him down both verbally and physically, and the two are known enemies amongst the other students. Shiva doesn't find much happiness in school other than his classmate and love interest, Maya Srinivasan who later reciprocates his feelings after he saves her from a science lab accident.

One day, Nithin burns Shiva's thesis, and when Shiva finds out, he assaults Nithin in front of the whole school until the school management intervenes. Later, Shiva returns to his class to fight Nithin once again, but this time he finds him dead, with his neck stabbed repeatedly with a sharp pencil. Shiva removes the bloody pencil from Nithin's neck just as Maya shows up, catching him in a most incriminating position. Fortunately for him, she not only believes his innocence, but also offers to help him solve the mystery and catch the real killer – a task made particularly urgent by the fact that in 40 minutes, the rest of the class will return and then the body will be discovered.

The suspects are many: the school driver with whom Nithin has a fight over an open wall behind the school; a local goon who enters the school through the open wall to meet his girlfriend, only to be driven out by Nithin; the chemistry teacher Sridhar ([[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]]), whose romantic relationship with his colleague Nandhini ([[Suja Varunee]]) ends after Nithin secretly records an intimate video of the two and blackmails Nandhini with that video to do what he says and Nithin's ex-girlfriend Indhulekha (Shamily Sukumar), whose 8-year-old friend Divya is accidentally killed by Nithin when she tries to break up with him and is constantly harassed and blackmailed by Nithin not to report the murder to the school management or the police.

Maya and Shiva go on a wild goose chase to find out who the real killer is. Indhulekha and Shiva's friend, Napoleon helps to find the killer. It then turns out that Divya's father is the killer because he wanted revenge for his daughter's death. Maya and Shiva also seem to be together but a small verbal fight ensues between the two in the end.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as Shiva
* [[Sri Divya]] as Maya Srinivasan
* [[Shariq Hassan]] as Nithin
* [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Rajeshwari
* Giriprasad Damodar as Vicky
* [[T. P. Gajendran]] as Sudhanthiram
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Anthony Gonsalves
* [[Abhishek Shankar]] as Sundarajaan
* [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as K. Sridhar
* [[Suja Varunee]] as Nandhini
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as School Chairman
* [[Balaji Venugopal]] as Arun Kumar
* [[Arunraja Kamaraj]] as Selvaraj
* [[Yashika Aannand]] as Swimming Instructor
* Shamily Sukumar as Indhulekha
* Mirchi Shah as Napoleon
* Priya Mosh as Sowmya
* Sri Vidhya
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In October 2013, it was announced that music composer [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] would make his debut as an actor with director Mani Nagaraj's ''Pencil'', a school based thriller film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2013 |title=GV Prakash turns hero for Pencil |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/GV-Prakash-turns-hero-for-Pencil/articleshow/23648009.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110150927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-07/news-interviews/42793278_1_gv-prakash-acting-debut-pencil |archive-date=10 November 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The team initially approached [[Priya Anand]] to be the lead actress, who was unable to accept due to other commitments, and subsequently [[Sri Divya]] was recruited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2013 |title=Priya Anand wishes GV Prakash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-anand-wishes-gv-prakash/articleshow/24430184.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250427053805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-anand-wishes-gv-prakash/articleshow/24430184.cms |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Shariq Hassan]], son of actors [[Riyaz Khan]] and [[Uma Riyaz Khan|Uma Riyaz]] was announced to make his acting debut with a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2013 |title=Riyaz Khan's son to make film debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/riyaz-khans-son-to-make-film-debut/articleshow/26249870.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250427053734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/riyaz-khans-son-to-make-film-debut/articleshow/26249870.cms |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mani Nagraj, who was a friend of Khan, offered the role of Nithin to Hassan, after seeing his photos on [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=27 November 2013 |title=New kid on the block: Shariq Hassan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Nov/27/new-kid-on-the-block-shariq-hassan-542043.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427032730/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/Nov/27/new-kid-on-the-block-shariq-hassan-542043.html |archive-date=27 April 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Still photographs from the film's initial photo shoot were released to the media in November 2013, earning positive reaction from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2013 |title=GV Prakash, Sri Divya first look in 'Pencil' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/GV-Prakash-Sri-Divya-first-look-in-Pencil/articleshow/26144412.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034352/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-21/news-interviews/44325985_1_gv-prakash-mani-nagaraj-sri-divya |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It remains Mani Nagraj's only directorial credit before his death in 2022, as his second film, ''Vasuvin Garbinigal'', never released.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2022 |title='Pencil' director Mani Nagaraj passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pencil-director-mani-nagaraj-passes-away/articleshow/93777479.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831084057/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pencil-director-mani-nagaraj-passes-away/articleshow/93777479.cms |archive-date=31 August 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
G. V. Prakash Kumar composed the soundtrack. The album was released on 19 February 2015 in [[Suryan FM]]. ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "''Pencil'' is not an engaging album on the lines of ''Darling'' & is likely to work when viewed along with the visuals".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2015 |title=Pencil audio review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pencil-audio-review-news-tamil-pcuouAbgjhdbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222115704/http://www.sify.com/movies/pencil-audio-review-news-tamil-pcuouAbgjhdbd.html |archive-date=22 February 2015 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote, "Familiar GV Prakash Kumar fare, barring minor highs like Kangalilae".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=23 February 2015 |title=Pencil (Music review), Tamil – G V Prakash Kumar |url=https://milliblog.com/2015/02/23/pencil-music-review-tamil-gv-prakash-kumar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125200622/https://milliblog.com/2015/02/23/pencil-music-review-tamil-gv-prakash-kumar/ |archive-date=25 January 2025 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yaarai Polum Illa Neeyum
| extra1 = G. V. Prakash Kumar
| lyrics1 = [[Thamarai]]
| length1 = 5:20
| title2 = Why Machi Why
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], V. Srihari, G. V. Prakash Kumar
| lyrics2 = [[Arunraja Kamaraj]]
| length2 = 4:58
| title3 = Kangalilae
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Javed Ali]], G. V. Prakash Kumar, [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| lyrics3 = Thamarai
| length3 = 5:14
| title4 = LED Kannala
| extra4 = Hariharasudhan, G. V. Prakash Kumar, Maalavika Sundar
| lyrics4 = Arunraja Kamaraj
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Yaarai Polum Illa Neeyum
| extra5 = EDM Mix
| lyrics5 = Thamarai
| note5 = reprise
| length5 = 4:24
| title6 = Kangalilae Karaoke
| extra6 =  —
| length6 = 5:20
| title7 = Yaarai Polum Illa Neeyum
| extra7 =  —
| note7 = karaoke
| length7 = 5:22
| title8 = LED Kannala
| extra8 =  —
| note8 = karaoke
| length8 = 4:10
| total_length = 39:01
}}

== Critical reception ==
''Chennai Vision'' wrote, "GVP has done a good job as music director and his work is complemented well by Gopi Amarnath, the cinematographer. On the whole, Pencil is an engaging thriller but gets lengthy and preachy as it progresses".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title=Pencil Tamil Movie Review |url=http://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/pencil-tamil-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716052339/https://chennaivision.com/tamil-movies/pencil-tamil-movie-review/ |archive-date=16 July 2024 |access-date=14 May 2016 |website=Chennai Vision}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Pencil'' could have been a thrilling whodunit but it also wants to be a message movie that rails against private educational institutions, and in trying to be both, it fails to be a satisfying film. And to make matters worse, its premise isn’t wholly original as well".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=14 May 2016 |title=Pencil Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pencil/movie-review/52265043.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713023706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pencil/movie-review/52265043.cms |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote that ''Pencil'' "could have been an excellent edge-of-the-seat campus thriller, provided the makers didn't try and commercialise it for the masses. Had they stuck to the template (sans a romantic track) that was followed in the original, this could've been a path-breaking film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2016 |title='Pencil': A thriller that hardly thrills (IANS Review, Rating: **) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pencil-a-thriller-that-hardly-thrills-ians-review-rating-116051400269_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114235737/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/pencil-a-thriller-that-hardly-thrills-ians-review-rating-116051400269_1.html |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

S Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "At two hours 16 minutes, ''Pencil'' is an engaging thriller with an interesting plot and good performances. Definitely worth a watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=13 May 2016 |title=Review: Pencil is worth a watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pencil-is-worth-a-watch/20160513.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507072448/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-pencil-is-worth-a-watch/20160513.htm |archive-date=7 May 2021 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "the attempts at humour clash terribly with the whodunit tone. But the genre elements – red herrings, chases, lots of cross-cutting between concurrent events – make the movie vaguely watchable".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=13 May 2016 |title=Pencil: A vaguely watchable whodunit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Pencil-A-vaguely-watchable-whodunit/article14317407.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721094517/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Pencil-A-vaguely-watchable-whodunit/article14317407.ece |archive-date=21 July 2024 |access-date=27 April 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "While songs by GVP are distractions, BGM goes well with the mood of the film. Gopi Amarnath camera is brilliant and enhances the visuals. The movie is enjoyable in parts".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 May 2016 |title=Pencil movie review: Enjoyable in parts |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140516/pencil-movie-review-enjoyable-in-parts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420193643/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/140516/pencil-movie-review-enjoyable-in-parts.html |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2010s teen films]]
[[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]
[[Category:Indian teen films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Teen thriller films]]

The Past (2018 film)

2026-03-02T10:09:04Z

NWIMuoi623534: cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Past
| image = The Past (2018 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Gagan Puri
| producer = {{ubl|Jaspal Singh|Nitesh Kumar}}
| writer = Sandip v Rale
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vedita Pratap Singh]]|Samiksha Bhatt|[[Yuvraaj Parashar]]|[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]}}
| music = mannan munjal {{small|(also [[Soundtrack album]])}}
| cinematography = Soni Singh
| editing = Subham Srivastav
| studio = Peacock Motion Filmz
| distributor = N M Entertainment
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2018|5|11}}
| budget =
}}
'''''The Past ''''' is a 2018 Indian [[horror thriller]] film directed by Gagan Puri, produced by Jaspal Singh and Nitesh Kumar under ''Peacock Motion Filmz'' banner, written by Sandip V Rale and starring [[Vedita Pratap Singh]], Samiksha Bhatt, [[Yuvraaj Parashar]], and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/trailer-the-past/|title= Video! Vedita Pratap Singh Looks Stunning in ghost look|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|date=4 April 2018|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/trailer-the-past/|title=The Past: Videos Movie promos trailer the past! |author=Bollywood hungama Web Team |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=4 April 2018|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/124687/watch-the-trailer-of-supernatural-thriller-of-the-past/|title=The Past: watch the trailer of supernatural thriller of the past|author=santa banta bollywood|date=4 April 2018|website=[[Santabanta]]|publisher=santabanta.com|accessdate=5 April 2018}}</ref>

==Plot ==
The film centers on Simran, a novelist, who gets a call from Yuvraaj, the sole owner of a publishing house (Nexus Publication), asking Simran to write his biography. Simran accepts his offer and goes to his bungalow in [[Lonavala]] to write his biography along with her sister, Alia. Shortly after their arrival, the sisters start experiencing paranormal activities, growing more severe over time. Simran gets possessed by a spirit after seeing her sister in trauma, so Alia calls Simran's best friend, Disha. By the time Disha reaches the bungalow, Simran is fully possessed. In order to save her from the spirit, Disha calls Jane, a psychic, who comes to the bungalow to save Simran from the evil spirit. Jane discovers that the spirit is of Sanjana, Yuvraj's wife, who went missing 5 years back as per the caretaker of the bungalow. Upon enquiring further with the possessed body of Simran, Sanjana tells her story.

Sanjana was married to Yuvraj and loved him deeply. However, she did not get the love she had expected from Yuvraj. Yuvraj is not interested in Sanjana. Eventually, Sanjana discovers that Yuvraj is gay and is involved with guys and not interested in her. After a lot of failed attempts to persuade Yuvraj to stop involving into guys, she commits suicide leaving a note behind.

Unable to control the situation and the spirit, Jane is forced to call her senior, Guruji, to save Simran from the spirit, which reveals more secrets of the film. It is revealed that Yuvraj knew about Sanjana's suicide. Fearing the blame of suicide on himself as per the suicide note, Yuvraj decides to hide the corpse of Sanjana into basement. After enormous efforts by Guruji and Jane, the spirit of Sanjana evicts from Simran's body. Yuvraj realizes his fault and decides to stay in the bungalow with Sanjana's memories.

==Cast==
*[[Vedita Pratap Singh]] as Simran
*Samiksha Bhatt as Ghost / Sanjana
*[[Yuvraaj Parashar]] as Yuvraj
*[[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as guruji
* [[Jeet Raidutt]] as Manav
*Jaya Virlley
*Sonia Albizur as psychic

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt8011712}}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/trailer-the-past/ ''The Past''] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Past (2018 film), The}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2018 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:2018 horror thriller films]]

Nangam State

2026-02-28T16:37:36Z

NWIMuoi623534: added initial data first draft

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Nangam State
|common_name =Nangam
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Nangam
|stat_area1 =7.77
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =625
|footnotes =
}}

'''Nangam State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 264, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n295/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 102,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n111/mode/2up</ref> It was part of the 28 Princely States making up the [[Sankheda Mehwas]], estates dating from the fall of Pawagadh in 1484, by Rajputts settling on the south of the territory near the town of Sankheda, from which the Sankheda Mehwas derive their name.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 625 and an area of 3 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 24, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n33/mode/2up</ref>

==History==

The state of [[Baroda]] had imposed a tribute on the Sankheda Mewas, it's extraction causing British intervention in 1822, brokering an agreement where the [[Gaekwar]] received tribute from the states, while their independence was recognised by Baroda, which also promised to respect the petty states' rights.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 272,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n303/mode/2up</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers held the title of Thakur. It was held by a variety of shareholders (several people sharing the government and revenues of the state).

In 1922 the 4 shareholders of Nangam were:<ref>The Rewakantha directory, p. 106, https://archive.org/details/apz5770.0001.001.umich.edu/page/106/mode/2up</ref>

* Thakur Chhitabawa Kaslabawa (b. 1903)
* Thakur Sardarkhan Badarbava (b. 1855)
* Thakur Manoverkhan Dilaverkhan (b. 1905)
* Thakur Narkhan Jitbha (b. 1862)

In 1927 the 4 shareholders of Nangam were:<ref>A Collection Of Treaties and Sanads Vol - Xiv (1929), p. 162, https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1302/page/161/mode/2up</ref>

* Thakur Chhitabawa Kaslabawa (b. 1903)
* Thakur Manoverkhan Dilaverkhan (b. 1905)
* Thakur Kesarkhan Sardarkhan
* Narbha Jitbha

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Mughal Kashmir

2026-02-28T13:54:10Z

NWIMuoi623534: added some info w/ sources

{{short description|Province of the Mughal Empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = {{ubl
| [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkar]] of Kashmir
| [[Subah]] of Kashmir
}}
| image_flag = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| flag_caption = Alam flag of the Mughal Empire
| image_map = Elaborately illustrated map of the Kashmir Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770.png
| map_caption = Elaborately illustrated map of the Kashmir Subah of the Mughal Empire, commissioned by Jean Baptiste Joseph Gentil, ca.1770
| capital = [[Srinagar]]
| religion = {{ubl
|[[Sunni Islam]] {{small|(official)}}
| [[Shia Islam]]
| [[Hinduism]] and other [[Indian religions]]
}}
| demonym = {{ubl
| [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]]
}}
| government_type = Dependent later self governing [[viceroyalty]] under [[Mughal Empire]] {{blist
| [[Faujdar]]i with a [[Sarkar (administrative division)|divisional government]] under Kabul authority{{wbr}} {{small|(1586–1648)}}{{cn|date=November 2025}}
| [[Subahdar]]i with a [[Subah|provincial government]]{{wbr}} {{small|(1648–1752)}}{{cn|date=November 2025}}
}}
| legislature = [[Durbar (court)|Mughal Darbar]]
| area_label = 1601
| currency = {{ubl
| [[Mohur|Gold Mohur]]
| [[Rupee|Silver Rupiya]]
| [[Dam (Indian coin)|Copper Dam]]
}}
| status = {{ubl
| [[Sarkar (administrative division)|Sarkar]] of the [[Kabul#History#Timurid and Mughal era|Kabul Subah]] of [[Mughal Empire]]{{wbr}}–{{small|(1586–1648)}}
}} {{ubl
| [[Subah]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]{{wbr}}–{{small|(1648–1752)}}
}}
| year_end = 1752
| life_span = 1586–1752
| year_start = 1586
| image_map_caption = Kashmir Sarkar of Kabul Subah depicted in map of Mughal India by Robert Wilkinson (1805)
| common_languages = {{ubl
| [[Persian language|Persian]] {{small|(official)}}
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] {{small|(official)}}
| Arabic {{small|(religious)}}
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] {{small|(lingua franca)}}
}}
| title_leader = [[Faujdar]]/[[Subahdar]]
| year_leader1 = 1586–1588
| leader1 = [[Qasim Khan (Mir Bahr)|Qasim Khan]]
| year_leader2 = 1611–1616
| leader2 = Ahmed Beg Khan
| year_leader3 = 1638–1646 1652–1657
| leader3 = [[Ali Mardan Khan]]
| year_leader4 = 1671–1675
| leader4 = [[Iftikhar Khan (governor)|Iftikhar Khan]]
| year_leader5 = 1721–1723
| leader5 = [[Abd al-Samad Khan]]
| year_leader6 = 1751–1752
| leader6 = Quli Khan
| event_start = [[Battle of Hastivanj]]
| date_start = 10 October
| event_end = [[History of Kashmir#Durrani Empire (1752–1819)|Annexed by Durrani Empire]]
| area_sq_mi = 11229<ref>{{Cite book |last=Habib |first=Irfan |url= |title=An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detained Notes, Bibliography and Index |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-560379-8 |language=en|chapter=Table I: Area and ''ʽJama'' of the Mughal Empire, c. 1601|author-link=Irfan Habib|pp=xii–xiii}}</ref>
| stat_year1 = 1638
| p1 = Kashmir Sultanate
| s1 = Durrani Empire
| today = {{ubl|
| India
| Pakistan
}}
| era = [[Early modern period]]
}}
The '''Sarkar of Kashmir''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|سرکار کشمیر}}), later the '''Subah of Kashmir''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|صوبہ کشمیر}}), was a province of the [[Mughal Empire]] encompassing the [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir region]], now divided between Pakistan ([[Muzaffarabad Division|Muzaffarabad division]]) and India ([[Kashmir division]]). It was separated from the Kabul Subah and was made into an imperial province under administrative reforms carried out by emperor [[Shah Jahan]] in 1648.{{cn|date=November 2025}} The province ceased to exist when [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] forces, under [[Ahmed Shah Abdali]], entered Kashmir in 1752 and captured Quli Khan, the last Mughal Subahdar.

== Geography ==
The Kashmir Subah was bordered on the north by the [[Maqpon kingdom|Maqpon Kingdom]] of [[Baltistan]], to the east by the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh|Namgyal Kingdom]] of [[Ladakh]], to the west by the Kabul Subah, the south by [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], and to the south east by the semi autonomous [[Hill States of India|hill states]] of [[Jammu division|Jammu]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Saran |first=Parmatma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KWIIAAAAMAAJ |title=The Provincial Government of the Mughals, 1526–1658 |date=1941 |publisher=Kitabistan}}</ref>

== List of governors ==
* Qasim Khan (1586–1587)<ref name="Parmu">{{Cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |url= |title=A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320–1819 |date=1969 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn= |location=Delhi |pages=281-347 |chapter=Kashmir Under the Mughals |oclc=1129473831 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMuslimRuleInKashmir13201819R.K.Parmu/page/358/mode/1up?q=}}</ref>
* Mirza Yusuf Khan Rizvi (1587–1593)<ref name="Parmu" />
* Asaf Khan (1593–1599)<ref name="Parmu" />
* Khan Qulich Kulbah Khan ({{reign|1606|1609}})<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S.&hairsp;R. |title=Kashmir: History and People |publisher=Sarup & Sons |date=1997 |isbn=978-81-85431-96-3 |ol=13177434M |oclc=40452761 |series=Kashmir Through Ages |volume=1 |pages=126–133}}</ref>
* Ahmad Beg Khan ({{reign|1611|1618}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Zaffar Khan ({{reign|1633|1640}})<ref name=":0"/>
* [[Ali Mardan Khan]] ({{reign|pre-date=1642|1650|1657}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Itimad Khan (1659–1662)<ref name="Parmu" />
* Ibrahim Khan (1662–1664)<ref name="Parmu" />
* Islam Khan (1664–1665)<ref name="Parmu" />
* Saif Khan ({{reign|1664|1667}})<ref name=":0" />
* Mubarez Khan ({{reign|1667|1668}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Saif Khan (1669–1672)<ref name="Parmu" />
* [[Iftikhar Khan (governor)|Iftikhar Khan]] ({{reign|1671|1675}})<ref name=":22">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Trilochan |title=Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography |publisher=Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee |date=1967 |pages=293–300 |chapter=XXII}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
* Qawamuddin Khan (1675–1678)<ref name="Parmu" />
* Ibrahim Khan (1678–1685)<ref name="Parmu" />
* [[Hifzullah Khan]] ({{reign|1686|1690}})<ref name= Sufi>{{Cite book |last=Sufi |first=G. M. D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kmFDAAAAYAAJ&q=%22hifzullah+Khan%22 |title=Kashīr, Being a History of Kashmir from the Earliest Times to Our Own |date=1974 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |language=en |quote-pages=55, 278 |quote= The Raja of Jammu broke out into open revolt, and was reduced to submission by Hifzullah Khan who had succeeded Ibrahim Khan in 1686 [...] 1690: Hifzullah Khan hands over charge to Muzaffar Khan as Subadar of Kashmir.}}</ref>
* Muzafer Khan ({{reign|1690|1692}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Fazal Khan ({{reign|1698|1701}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Ibrahim Khan ({{reign|1701|1706}})<ref name=":0"/>
* [[Inayatullah Kashmiri]] ({{reign|1712|unknown}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Mir Ahmad Khan ({{reign|unknown|1720}})<ref name=":0"/>
* [[Abd al-Samad Khan|Abdul Samad]] ({{reign|1720|1723}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Fakar-ud-Daula<ref name=":0"/>
* Ati Ullah Khan ({{reign|1739|1741}})<ref name=":0"/>
* Quli Khan ({{reign|unknown|1752}})

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mughal subahs]]
[[Category:Political history of Kashmir]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1752]]

Aman Saini

2026-02-22T22:46:02Z

NWIMuoi623534: new

{{short description|Indian archer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Aman Saini
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|15}}
| birth_place = [[Nangloi Jat]], [[Delhi]], India
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|Bachelor of English Literature]]
| alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya College]]
| height = 1.74 m
| sport = [[Archery]]
| event = [[Compound bow|Compound]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[archery|compound archery]]}} [[File: Archery pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Archery Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Archery Championships|2025 Gwangju]]|[[2025 World Archery Championships#Compound|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Archery at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's team compound|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Archery Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Asian Archery Championships|2021 Dhaka]]|[[2021 Asian Archery Championships#Compound|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FISU World University Games|World University Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]]|[[Archery at the 2021 Summer World University Games#Compound|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]]|[[Archery at the 2021 Summer World University Games#Compound|Individual]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Summer World University Games|2021 Chengdu]]|[[Archery at the 2021 Summer World University Games#Compound|Team]]}}
}}

'''Aman Saini''' (born 15 July 1997) is an Indian [[Compound bow|compound archer]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/SAINI-Aman-3001360/| title=Athletes Aman Saini| publisher=2018 Asian Games| accessdate=28 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829072655/https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/SAINI-Aman-3001360/| archive-date=29 August 2018| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saini, Aman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male archers]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in archery]]
[[Category:Archers at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Competitors at the 2022 World Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:FISU World University Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2021 Summer Universiade]]
[[Category:Summer World University Games medalists in archery]]
[[Category:World Archery Championships medalists]]

Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 2022

2026-02-11T12:49:44Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Update|part=the bill becoming law and the [[Delhi Municipal Corporation]] being recreated|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 2022
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act further to amend the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957.
| citation = [https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2022/235183.pdf Act. No. 10 of 2022]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 30 March 2022
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 5 April 2022
| assented_by = President
| date_assented = 18 April 2022
| date_commenced = 22 May 2022
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-delhi-municipal-corporation-amendment-bill-2022
| bill = Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2022/The%20Delhi%20Municipal%20Corporation%20(Amendment)%20Bill,%202022%20(Bill%20Text).pdf Bill No. 92 of 2022]
| introduced_by = [[Amit Shah]], [[Minister of Home Affairs|MoHA]]
| date_introduced = 25 March 2022
| passed = 30 March 2022
| passed2 = 5 April 2022
| amends = Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957
| status = in force
}}
The '''Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Act, 2022''' is the [[legislation]] introduced and approved in [[Parliament of India]] and subsequently by [[President of India|President]]. The system of [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]] was introduced in India during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688 followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="dm2">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> The system was followed later in other states by passing the respective Municipal Corporation Bill in each state to become law.

== History ==

Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was introduced on 25 March and passed in Lok Sabha on 30 March and Rajya Sabha on 5 April.<ref name="dm1">{{cite news |title=President Kovind approves bill for merger of Delhi’s civic bodies |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/president-kovind-approves-bill-for-merger-of-delhi-s-civic-bodies-3397817.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=oneindia.com |date=19 April 2022}}</ref> The system was aimed to ensure proper and optimum use of resources by effective planning.<ref name="dm3">{{cite news |title=Rajya Sabha passes Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/rajya-sabha-passes-delhi-municipal-corporation-amendment-bill-2022/article65293845.ece |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=5 April 2022}}</ref> At the time of introducing this bill the city had three corporations namely [[East Delhi Municipal Corporation]] (EDMC), [[North Delhi Municipal Corporation]] (NDMC), and [[South Delhi Municipal Corporation]] (SDMC) which were formed in year 2011.<ref name="dm6">{{cite news |title=Centre notifies Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, unifies 3 civic bodies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/centre-notifies-delhi-municipal-corporation-act-unifies-3-civic-bodies/articleshow/90929977.cms |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=economic times |date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

== Objective ==

Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 was planned for:<ref name="dm4">{{cite news |title=Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill 2022 passed in Parliament: Decks cleared for merger of 3 civic bodies in national capital |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/delhi-municipal-corporation-amendment-bill-2022-passed-in-parliament-decks-cleared-for-merger-of-3-civic-bodies-in-national-capital/2483191/ |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=financialexpress.com |date=6 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="dm5">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes Delhi Municipal Corporation Amendment Bill, 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-passes-delhi-municipal-corporation-amendment-bill-2022-101648651477328.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=hindustan times |date=30 March 2022}}</ref>

* Plans to give more autonomy to the body.
* Combines three separate municipal bodies into one.
* Helps in proper utilisation of resources across the city.
* Guides in proper planning of the city.
* Its possible to have uniform decision making body.

==Delimitation exercise==
Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 proposed a reduction in many councillor seats to “not more than 250 seats” from the existing 272.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/mcd-polls-delimitation-exercise-completed-november-deadline-8076771/|title=MCD polls: Delimitation exercise on track, to be completed by November deadline}}</ref> A three-member delimitation committee was constituted on July 8, 2022. It was required to complete the exercise and submit its report within four months from the date of its constitution. The committee is led by State Election Commissioner Vijay Dev. The average size of the ward would be around 65,000. Each assembly constituency shall be divided into a minimum of three wards and the principal of average population may not be maintained throughout, therefore a deviation to the extent of plus minus ten percent may be acceptable to the Union [[Government of India]]. The total population of the corporation (2011 census) shall be divided by the total number of wards and average population of each ward shall be obtained. The number of seats reserved for members of Scheduled Castes shall bear the same ratio to the total number of seats as the population of Scheduled Castes bears to the total population of Delhi. The Delimitation commission is using digitised maps of Geospatial Delhi Limited (GSDL).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/mcd-polls-month-deadline-delimitation-commission-digitised-maps-staff-8021268/|title=Delimitation panel to use digitised maps, rope in MCD employees to redraw ward boundaries}}</ref>

== Proposal ==

Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 proposes:<ref name="dm7">{{cite news |title=What's the Delhi Municipal Corporation (Amendment) Bill, 2022, to be tabled today? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/whats-the-delhi-municipal-corporation-amendment-bill-2022-to-be-tabled-today-327280-2022-03-25 |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=businesstoday.in |date=25 March 2022}}</ref>

* Appointment of Special Officer by Central Government to discharge powers and functions of Corporations till Delhi Municipal Corporation is formed and its first meeting takes place.
* Centre through a notification in official Gazette to determine number of seats for councillors, reserved seats for members of Schedule Caste community, reserved seats rotation and geographical boundary of each merged ward.

== See also ==

* [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Delhi Municipal Corporation]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2022]]

1555 Kashmir earthquake

2026-02-11T07:42:00Z

NWIMuoi623534: adding

{{Short description|Earthquake in Pakistan}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| name = 1555 Kashmir earthquake
| pre-1900 = yes
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 = {{Location map+ | Pakistan
| places =
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=34.53|long=69.1|label_size=100|label=Kabul|position=left|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=33.74|long=73.07|label_size=100|label=Islamabad|position=bottom|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=31.55|long=74.34|label_size=100|label=Lahore|mark=Green pog.svg}}
{{Location map~|Pakistan|lat=33.5|long=75.5|mark=Bullseye1.png|marksize=40}}
| width = 250
| float = center
| caption =
| relief = yes }}
| local-date = September 1555
| local-time = Midnight
| duration =
| magnitude = 7.6–8.0 {{M|w|link=y}}<ref name="François" />
| depth = Shallow
| location = {{Coord|33.5|75.5|type:event_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Fault (geology)#thrust fault|Thrust]]
| affected = India, Pakistan
| damages =
| intensity = {{MMI|12}}<ref name="NOAA" />
| tsunami =
| landslide = Yes
| foreshocks = Several months prior
| aftershocks = Lasted several months
| casualties = 600–60,000 dead
}}

The '''1555 Kashmir earthquake''' occurred at around midnight in the month of [[Ashvin]] in the [[Hindu calendar]], or September in the [[Gregorian calendar]], although the exact day of occurrence is not known. The earthquake seriously impacted the [[Kashmir Valley]] in present-day [[Pakistan]] and northwestern India. A [[moment magnitude]] ({{M|w}}) of 7.6 to 8.0 and [[Modified Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''Extreme'') has been estimated for the earthquake.<ref name="François">{{cite journal |author1=Jouanne François |author2=Naveed Munawar |author3=Jean-Louis Mugnier |author4=Awais Ahmed |author5=Adnan Awan |author6=Pascale Bascou |author7=Riccardo Vassallo |title=Seismic Coupling Quantified on Inferred Décollements Beneath the Western Syntaxis of the Himalaya |journal=Tectonics |date=12 August 2020 |volume=39 |issue=9 |article-number=e2020TC006122 |doi=10.1029/2020TC006122|bibcode=2020Tecto..3906122J |s2cid=225459564 |url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02911976/file/new_pak_30_07%20%281%29.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Mukhopadhyay">{{cite journal |author1=Basab Mukhopadhyay |author2=Sujit Dasgupta |title=Seismic hazard assessment of Kashmir and Kangra valley region, Western Himalaya, India |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |date=2015 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=149–183 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2013.832405|bibcode=2015GNHR....6..149M |s2cid=129291097 }}</ref> Thought to be one of the most destructive in the [[Kashmir Valley]], the earthquake caused serious widespread damage and ground effects, killing an estimated 600–60,000 individuals.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=Significant Earthquake Information INDIA: KASHMIR: SRINAGAR |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/10493 |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref><ref name="Yousuf">{{cite journal |author1=Maqbool Yousuf |author2=Syed Kaiser Bukhari |author3=Ghulam Rasool Bhat |author4=Aamir Ali |title=Understanding and managing earthquake hazard visa viz disaster mitigation strategies in Kashmir valley, NW Himalaya |journal=Progress in Disaster Science |year=2020 |volume=5 |article-number=100064 |doi=10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100064 |bibcode=2020PrDS....500064Y |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Tectonic setting==
Northern Pakistan and India are situated at the corner of an active [[destructive plate boundary]] that separates the Indian plate from the Eurasian plate. The boundary is defined along the Main Himalayan Thrust where the Indian plate is colliding with the Eurasian plate. The slightly oblique convergence occurs at a rate of 17 ± 2 mm/yr along the [[Main Himalayan Thrust]] while the nearby [[Karakoram fault system]] accommodates right-lateral strike-slip movement at 5 ± 2 mm/yr.<ref name="Kundu">{{cite journal |author1=Bhaskar Kundu |author2=Rajeev Kumar Yadav |author3=Bikram Singh Bali |author4=Sonalika Chowdhury |author5=V. K. Gahalaut |title=Oblique convergence and slip partitioning in the NW Himalaya: Implications from GPS measurements |journal=Tectonics |date=2014 |volume=33 |issue=10 |pages=2013–2024 |doi=10.1002/2014TC003633|bibcode=2014Tecto..33.2013K |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The high convergence rate means many of the plate boundary faults are accommodating strain while locked, frequently releasing them in moderate-sized earthquakes, and sometimes in very large events. The occurrence of large earthquakes makes the Kashmir region vulnerable to deadly earthquakes.

==Earthquake==
The earthquake is thought to have been associated with a rupture on an active [[thrust fault]] that forms part of the plate boundary of the [[Himalayas|Kashmir Himalayas]]. Until recently, the source fault and possible [[surface ruptures]] of the earthquake have yet to be identified due to the lack of information of the event, in addition to the [[paleoseismic]]ity of the region is poorly studied. The [[Main Frontal Thrust]], Medlicott-Wadia (Riasi) Thrust, as well as the Kashmir Basin Fault (then the Balapur Fault) has been proposed as the seismogenic structure responsible for the earthquake.<ref name="Vassallo">{{cite journal |author1=Riccardo Vassallo |author2=Jean-Louis Mugnier |author3=Hervé Jomard |author4=Joaquin Cortès Aranda |author5=Manzoor A. Malik |author6=François Jouanne |author7=Jean-François Buoncristiani |title=Recurrence of large paleo-earthquakes in Kashmir Himalaya seismic gap (Riasi area, India) |journal=Journal of Asian Earth Sciences |date=2020 |volume=201 |article-number=104505 |doi=10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104505|bibcode=2020JAESc.20104505V |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Medlicott-Wadia Thrust is expressed on the surface as two branching fault structures; the Scorpion and Rain faults. Paleoseismic studies have identified three large earthquakes on the Rain Fault, and two on the Scorpion Fault in the past 3,500 years. An account in [[Persian language|Persian]] describing a destructive earthquake in 1250 BC corresponded to the oldest event which was dated at 1661 BC and 929 BC. The 1250 BC earthquake produced several meters of slip at the surface. Another earthquake occurred between 1118 BC and 929 BC with less than 1 meter of maximum slip. The Rain Fault may have ruptured in one or two earthquakes sometime between 1110 BC and 660 AD, and is possible that the two faults were involved in an earthquake in approximately 1000 BC. [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]] records also corresponded well with two earthquakes on the Rain Fault dated between 660 AD and 1470 AD.<ref name="Vassallo" />

The most recent [[Paleoseismology|paleoearthquake]] rupture is dated at 1470 AD or later. Large [[colluvial wedges]] associated with the rupture suggest the event caused high intensity shaking at the surface. The date of the rupture might suggest it was associated with the 1555 AD earthquake.<ref name="Vassallo" />

An earlier trenching survey conducted at the Chandigarh Fault near the [[Main Frontal Thrust]] also found a [[surface rupture]] that likely formed in 1426 to 1700 AD. This surface rupture could correspond to the 1555 AD earthquake which is had an estimated rupture length of 150 km.<ref name="Arora">{{cite journal |author1=Shreya Arora |author2=Javed N. Malik |title=Overestimation of the earthquake hazard along the Himalaya: constraints in bracketing of medieval earthquakes from paleoseismic studies |journal=Geoscience Letters |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=19 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s40562-017-0083-6 |bibcode=2017GSL.....4...19A |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Future hazard==
In the wake of the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], much attention has been given to the Kashmir region in understanding the earthquake tectonics and assessing the seismic risk. The 1555 earthquake rupture is located roughly between that of the 2005 and [[1905 Kangra earthquake|1905 Kangra]] earthquakes. No major seismic events have occurred since the 1555 earthquake in the 250-km-long Kashmir seismic gap on the [[Main Himalayan Thrust|Main Himalayan plate boundary fault]]. With a slip rate of 16 mm/yr, the accumulated slip since 1555 is estimated at 7.4 meters. If the 1555 earthquake released all the elastic energy accumulated since the previous earthquake, and fresh accumulation of stress began after the 1555 event, the next large earthquake could be as large as 7.8 {{M|w}}.<ref name="Jade">{{cite journal |author1=Sridevi Jade |author2=Ramees R. Mir |author3=Chiranjeevi G Vivek |author4=T. S. Shrungeshwa |author5=I. A. Parvez |author6=Rakesh Chandra |author7=D. Suri Babu |author8=S. Vishal Gupta |author9=Ankit |author10=Siva Sai Kumar Rajana |author11=V. K. Gaur |title=Crustal deformation rates in Kashmir valley and adjoining regions from continuous GPS measurements from 2008 to 2019 |journal=Scientific Reports |date=2020 |volume=10 |issue=17927 |page=17927 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-74776-5 |pmid=33087736 |pmc=7577991 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1017927J }}</ref>

==Historical description==
The devastation of the 1555 earthquake was well documented in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]]. The historical accounts described a series of earthquakes, the strongest occurring at midnight in the month Asvina of the year 30 in the [[Hindu calendar]]. It describes the [[Kashmir Valley]] rocked by strong tremors at night while many of the residents were asleep. Many dwellings collapsed onto their residents, killing them. Homes that were well-constructed with firm foundations were not spared from the destruction; collapsing as well. Large ground fissures and sinkholes appeared in the landscape, swallowing many homes. Survivors broke through their roofs to escape from their damaged homes. Some wood-constructed structures fell into the [[Jhelum River]] and floated downstream. Those who survived the collapses managed to escape from the debris.<ref name="Iyengar">{{cite journal |author1=R.N. Iyengar |author2=D. Sharma |author3=J.M. Siddiqui |title=Earthquake history of India in medieval times |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |date=1999 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–237 |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol34_3_2_RNIyengar.pdf}}</ref>

Many towns and villages were completely destroyed in Kashmir. In the communities of Jalu and Damper, the force of the earthquake sheared off the foundations of homes and roots of trees, and displaced them onto the opposite bank of the [[Jhelum River]]. The town of Madar, located at the base of a hill, was buried by a [[landslide]], causing the deaths of 600 to 60,000 people.<ref name="Iyengar" /> The two villages Hassanpur and Hussainpur, located on the opposite side of the [[Veshaw River]], was suddenly shifted to the other side during the earthquake.<ref name="GK">{{cite web |author1=Bashir Ahmad Bilal |title=Kashmir Earthquake of 1555 and 1885 |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/gk-magazine/kashmir-earthquake-of-1555-and-1885 |website=Greater Kashmir |publisher=GK Magazine |access-date=7 August 2021 |date=2015}}</ref> The earthquake formed large cracks in the ground, stopped water from flowing from existing natural springs, while in other locations, water erupted from the ground.<ref name="Iyengar" /> Damage was reported up to 50 km southwest and 140 km southeast of [[Srinagar]].

The Laxmi Narayana Temple in [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]], Himachal Pradesh, India, also suffered some damage to its pillars.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Nicholas St. Fleur |title=Earthquake Clues From Ancient Temples in the Himalayas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/27/science/earthquake-clues-from-ancient-temples-in-the-himalayas.html |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=27 July 2016}}</ref>

Months prior to the [[mainshock]], there was a series of foreshocks. An [[aftershock]] sequence that lasted several days was also documented in the scripts. On some days, multiple aftershocks could be felt.<ref name="Iyengar" /> This categorizes the 1555 Kashmir earthquake sequence as a classic foreshock-mainshock-aftershock earthquake sequence.

The famous historical documentation of towns shifted across riverbanks during the 1555 event was likely a gradual process rather than sudden. Tilted tree stumps at the bank of the [[Jhelum River]] at the locations described suggest slumping due to ground failure along the riverbank.<ref name="Hough">{{cite journal |author1=Susan Hough |author-link1=Susan Hough|author2=Roger Bilham |author3=Ismail Bhat |title=Kashmir Valley mega earthquakes: Estimates of the magnitudes of past seismic events foretell a very shaky future for this pastoral valley |journal=American Scientist |date=2009 |volume=97 |issue=1}}</ref>

Restoration and repair works continued for two months after the earthquake.<ref name="Iyengar" />

==See also==
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in Pakistan]]
* [[List of historical earthquakes]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Historical earthquakes (1000–1500)}}
{{Himalayan earthquakes}}
{{Earthquakes in Pakistan}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}

[[Category:1555 in Asia|Kashmir earthquake]]
[[Category:1555 in India|Kashmir earthquake]]
[[Category:1555|Kashmir earthquake]]
[[Category:1550s earthquakes|Kashmir earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Kashmir]]
[[Category:Geology of the Himalaya]]

Ravindra Kelekar

2026-02-09T07:10:36Z

NWIMuoi623534: adjust citations as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian author and activist (1925–2010)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{infobox writer
| name = Ravindra Kelekar
| image = Ravindra Kelekar.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Kelekar
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1925|03|07}}<ref name="jn">{{cite press release|url=http://jnanpith.net/images/Press-Release-41st-&-42nd-Awards.pdf |title=41st Jnanpith Award to Eminent Hindi Poet Shri Kunwar Narayan and 42nd Jnanpith Award jointly to Eminent Konkani Poet and Author Shri Ravindra Kelekar and Sanskrit Poet and Scholar Shri Satya Vrat Shastri |date=22 November 2008 |publisher=[[Jnanpith]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215175046/http://www.jnanpith.net/images/Press-Release-41st-%26-42nd-Awards.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2010 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Cuncolim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date ={{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|08|27|1925|03|25}}
| death_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| resting_place = [[Priol]], Goa, India<ref name="cremation">{{Cite news|title=Ravindra Kelekar cremated at native village|date=29 August 2010|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/29/stories/2010082958251800.htm|access-date=25 September 2010|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108032545/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/29/stories/2010082958251800.htm|archive-date=8 November 2012|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| occupation =freedom fighter, linguistic activist, poet, author
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| nationality = {{ubl|
* Portuguese (until 1961)
* Indian (from 1961)}}
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = {{marriage|Godubai Sardesai|1949}}
| partner =
| children = 1
| relatives = {{ubl|
* [[Madhavi Sardesai]] (niece)
* [[Vijai Sardesai]] (nephew)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goanobserver.in/page-4-7/|title=GOA'S NEW SANTAS|date=23 December 2016}}</ref>}}
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Ravindra Kelekar''' (7 March 1925 – 27 August 2010) was an Indian author who wrote primarily in the [[Konkani language]], though he also wrote in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="obituary"/> A [[Gandhian]] activist, freedom fighter and a pioneer in the modern Konkani movement, he was a well known Konkani scholar, [[linguist]], and creative thinker. Kelekar was a participant in the [[Indian freedom movement]], [[Goa's liberation movement]], and later the campaign against the merger of the newly formed [[Goa]] with [[Maharashtra]]. He played a key role in the founding of the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]], which led the literary campaign for the recognition of Konkani as a full-fledged language, and its reinstatement as the state language of Goa.<ref name="tto"/> He authored nearly 100 books in the Konkani language, including ''Amchi Bhas Konkaneech'', ''Shalent Konkani Kityak'', ''Bahu-bhashik Bharatant Bhashenche Samajshastra'' and ''Himalayant'', and also edited ''Jaag'' magazine for more than two decades.

Kelekar died at Apollo Hospital at Margao, Goa at around 11.30 am on Friday, 27 August 2010. He was 85.<ref name="obituary">{{Cite news
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Ravindra-Kelekar-passes-away/article16147201.ece
|title = Ravindra Kelekar passes away
|date = 28 August 2010
|newspaper = The Hindu
|publisher = The Hindu Group
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|location = Chennai, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100913130936/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/28/stories/2010082859162200.htm
|archive-date = 13 September 2010
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
| last = Saradesāya
| first = Manohararāya
| title = A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&q=%22Ravindra+Kelekar%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA209
|year=2000
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|isbn=81-7201-664-6
|page=209}}</ref>
His remains were cremated with State honours at his native village of Priol.<ref name="cremation"/>

Kelekar received the [[Padma Bhushan]] (2008),<ref>{{cite web
|title = Padma Bhushan Awardees
|publisher = [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]]
|url = http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php
|work = Know India: National portal of India
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605073347/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmabhushan_awards_list1.php
|archive-date = 5 June 2009
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name="pa">{{Cite news
|url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JR08vMjAwOC8xMS8yMyNBcjAwNDAy&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom
|title = The man who most influenced a language
|newspaper = The Times of India
|date = 23 November 2008
|at = section ''Times City'', p. 4
|access-date = 21 December 2008
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204032052/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JR08vMjAwOC8xMS8yMyNBcjAwNDAy&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom
|archive-date = 4 December 2008
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
the Gomant Sharada Award of Kala Academy,<ref name="pa"/>
the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1977),<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#KONKANI
|title = AKADEMI AWARDS (1955-2018)
|access-date = 1 March 2019
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
and the [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] (2007)—the highest award of the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters.<ref name=ht>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100852980300.htm
|title = Akademi confers fellowship on Ravindra Kelekar
|date = 8 October 2007
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|location = Chennai, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103162520/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100852980300.htm
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|url-status = dead
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
He also received the 2006 [[Jnanpith Award]],<ref name=award2008>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/24/stories/2008112459141100.htm
|title = Jnanpith for Kelekar
|last = Kamat
|first = Prakash
|date = 24 November 2008
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|location = Chennai, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091121014406/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/24/stories/2008112459141100.htm
|archive-date = 21 November 2009
|url-status = dead
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> the first ever awarded to an author writing in the Konkani language,<ref name="jn"/>
which was presented in July 2010.<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/01/stories/2010080164262200.htm
|title = Konkani litterateur Ravindra Kelekar presented Jnanpith Award 2006
|date = 1 August 2010
|location = Chennai, India
|access-date = 1 August 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100805013259/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/01/stories/2010080164262200.htm
|archive-date = 5 August 2010
|url-status = dead
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ravindra Kelekar was born on 7 March 1925, in [[Cuncolim]], [[Portuguese Goa]].<ref name="jn"/> He was named Chandrakant after his mother Chandra. Itt was later changed to Ravindra by his maternal grandfather Lingubab Dalvi. His father, Dr Rajaram Kelekar, was a physician who later became renowned for his Portuguese translation of the ''[[Bhagwad Gita]]''.<ref name="pa"/> Most of his childhood was spent in Diu. Afterwards he returned to Goa for his further studies .While still a student at the Lyceum High School in [[Panaji]], Kelekar joined the [[Goa liberation movement]] in 1946,which brought him in close contact with several local and national leaders, including [[Ram Manohar Lohia]], under whose influence he was able to recognise the power of language to mobilise the local populace. Later, he saw the potential in his native Konkani language, which became his lifelong work.<ref name=pa/>

==Career==
Already deeply influenced by [[Gandhian]] philosophy, in 1949 Kelekar left his native Goa for [[Wardha]], to be with noted Gandhian and writer [[Kakasaheb Kalelkar]]. Kelekar stayed under Kalelkar's tutelage until 1955, when he was appointed librarian of the [[Gandhi Memorial Museum]] in New Delhi. This turned out to be short-lived, as only a year later he plunged back into the Goa freedom movement. With a mission to reconnect the Goan [[diaspora]] all over the world, he started the weekly, ''Gomant Bharati'' (1956–60),<ref>{{Cite book
| title = A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992
| last = Saradesāya
| first = Manohararāya
| page = 242
| year = 2000
| isbn = 81-7201-664-6
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| location = Pune }}</ref>
published in the [[Latin script]] in Bombay. Soon after, being an active participant in Goa's struggle for freedom, he was imprisoned by the Portuguese. He was released when the [[Indian Army]] [[1961 Indian Annexation of Goa|invaded and annexed Goa]] in 1961.

He joined the socio-political campaign against the merger of Goa into the neighbouring Maharashtra state, which ended after the [[plebiscite]] of 1967 (the [[Goa Opinion Poll]]), with Goa retaining its separate identity as a [[union territory]]. Goa retained this status until 1987, when it was declared a state.

After Goa's independence, Kelekar took to literary activism, getting his native tongue, Konkani, recognized as a distinct language (rather than a dialect of Marathi). He was compared favourably with pioneers in the Konkani literary movement, such as [[Shenoi Goembab]].<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/goa/28279388_1_konkani-movement-ravindra-kelekar-konkani-literature
|title = Another feather in the cap for a Konkani giant
|date = 31 July 2010
|access-date = 1 July 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103024911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/goa/28279388_1_konkani-movement-ravindra-kelekar-konkani-literature
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|url-status = dead
|work = [[The Times of India]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
During this period, he wrote some of his most important works promoting the Konkani language, including ''Aamchi Bhas Konkanich'' (1962), a dialogue revealing the importance of Konkani to the common man on the street; ''Shallent Konkani Kityaak'' (1962), highlighting the significance of having Konkani medium schools in Goa; and ''A Bibliography of Konkani Literature in Devanagari, Roman and Kannada characters'' (1963).<ref name="tto"/><ref>{{Cite book
| title = A Bibliography of Konkani Literature in Devanagari, Roman and Kannada characters
| last1 = Kelekar
| first1 = Ravindra
| last2 = Martyres
| first2 = F. J.
| last3 = Saldanha
| first3 = A. A.
| year = 1963
| publisher = Gomant Bharati Publications
| location = Goa, India
| oclc = 18500452 }}</ref>
In February 1987, the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]] had passed the Official Language Bill making Konkani the Official Language of Goa.<ref>{{Cite news
|title = Goa battles to preserve its identity
|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-16/goa/28303750_1_goans-maharashtra-and-goa-official-language
|date = 16 May 2010
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121103132136/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-16/goa/28303750_1_goans-maharashtra-and-goa-official-language
|archive-date = 3 November 2012
|url-status = dead
|newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
The struggle ended in 1992, when Konkani was included in the [[8th Schedule|Eighth Schedule]] of the [[Indian Constitution]] as an official language.<ref>{{Cite news
|title = Language issue puts government in silent mode
|date = 11 August 2009
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/11/stories/2009081155961000.htm
|last = Kumar
|first = Vinay
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|location = Chennai, India
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108032642/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/11/stories/2009081155961000.htm
|archive-date = 8 November 2012
|url-status = dead
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
With life's mission completed, Kelkar retired from public life, focusing mainly of his writing.<ref name=pa/>

On 26 February 1975, the [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters, recognised Konkani as an independent language.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
The first [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for a work in Konkani was won by Kelekar for his travelogue, ''Himalayant'', in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10309.htm#konkani |title=Sahitya Akademi Award: Konkani |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613175255/http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa10309.htm |archive-date=13 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite mailing list
|url = http://www.mail-archive.com/goan-nri%40yahoogroups.co.in/msg05318.html
|title = List of sahitya academy award winners – writers in konkani
|mailing-list = goan-nri
|date = 5 January 2009
|last = Braganza
|first = Miguel
|access-date = 25 September 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110610132828/http://www.mail-archive.com/goan-nri@yahoogroups.co.in/msg05318.html
|archive-date = 10 June 2011
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| editor-last = Lal
| editor-first = Mohan
| encyclopedia = The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
| article = Travelogue (Konkani)
| author = M.S.
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=%22Ravindra+Kelekar%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA4533
| year = 1992
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| isbn = 81-260-1221-8
| volume = 5: Sasay to Zorgot
| page = 4373 }}</ref>
The Akademi's first [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize]] in Konkani also went to Kelekar in 1990 for ''Ami Taankan Manshant Haadle'', a Konkani translation of a collection of essays in Gujarati, ''Mansaeena Diva'', by [[Jhaverchand Meghani]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/old_version/awa509.htm#konkani
| title = Akademi Translation Prizes 1989–2005: Konkani
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi }}{{Dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref>
He received the 2006 [[Jnanpith Award]], which was the first given to a Konkani-language writer.<ref name="award2008"/> The pinnacle of his career came with the [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] for lifetime achievement in 2007.<ref name="ht"/> A lifelong proponent of regional languages, in his acceptance speech for the Jnanpith award, he said, "People have stopped reading books in regional languages. On the other hand, through English, we have created Bonsai intellectuals, [[Bonsai]] writers and Bonsai readers."<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/ravindra-kelekar-presented-jnanpith-award/190578.html
|work = IBN Live
|title = Ravindra Kelekar presented Jnanpith Award
|date = 31 July 2010
|publisher = CNN-IBN
|agency = PTI
|location = Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
|access-date = 2 August 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121012164144/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/ravindra-kelekar-presented-jnanpith-award/190578.html
|archive-date = 12 October 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

When the Vishwa Konkani Sahitya Academy, an offshoot of the Konkani Language and Cultural Foundation, was set up in 2006, the first work it took up for translation was ''Velavaylo Dhulo'', a collection of Kelekar's essays.<ref>{{Cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/18/stories/2006121815800300.htm
|title = Konkani academy to take up translation of well-known works
|date = 18 December 2006
|last = Raghuram
|first = M.
|location = Chennai, India
|access-date = 2 August 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121106230626/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/18/stories/2006121815800300.htm
|archive-date = 6 November 2012
|url-status = dead
|newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
His books have been translated into Hindi and other North Indian languages, and are used by universities.<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/konkani-titan-ravindra-kelekar-passes-away-0
|title=Konkani titan Ravindra Kelekar passes away
|newspaper=[[The Navhind Times]]
|date=28 August 2010
|publisher=Navhind Papers & Publications
|location=Panaji, Goa, India
|access-date=25 September 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830073532/http://www.navhindtimes.in/goa-news/konkani-titan-ravindra-kelekar-passes-away-0
|archive-date=30 August 2010
}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kelekar married Godubai Sardesai in 1949; their son Girish was born in April 1950.<ref name="tto">{{Cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Konkani-luminary-Ravindra-Kelekar/articleshow/6225528.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811093501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-28/goa/28280327_1_ravindra-kelekar-konkani-movement-goa
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 11 August 2011
| work = [[The Times of India]]
|title=Konkani luminary Ravindra Kelekar
|date=28 July 2010
}}</ref>
Kelekar lived in his ancestral home—built by his father in 1937—called "Kelekar House", in the village of [[Priol]] in central Goa. The Casa Dos Kelekars, as it is formally known, is now seen as exemplary of a typical Goan community home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Preserving-architecture-in-unique-Goan-museum-/articleshow/445110.cms|title=Preserving architecture in unique Goan museum|date=26 January 2004|work=The Times of India|first1=Sanjay|last1=Banerjee|access-date=2 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608124348/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Preserving-architecture-in-unique-Goan-museum-/articleshow/445110.cms|archive-date=8 June 2011|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Bibliography{{Anchor|Books}}==
{{unsorted list|reason=MOSLOW|date=June 2016}}
{{Biblio|section|date=September 2010}}

===Konkani===
{{Div col begin}}
* {{Cite book
| title = Himalayant
| last = Kelekar
| first = Ravindra
|trans-title=In the Himalayas
| language = kok
| year = 1976}}
* Navi Shala
* Satyagrah
* Mangal Prabhat
* Mahatma
* Ashe Ashille [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhiji]]
* Katha ani Kanyo
* Tulshi
* Velevoilio Ghulo
* Bhaja Govindam
* Uzvadeche Sur
* Bhashechem Samaj Shashtra
* Mukti
* Teen eke Teen
* Lala Bala
* Brahmandantlem Tandav
* Panthastha
* Samidha
* Vothambe
* Sarjakachi Antar Katha
{{Div col end}}

===Konkani translations===
* [[Mahabharata]] (two volumes)

===Marathi===
* Japan Jasa Disla
* Gnyannidhicha Sahavasat

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Konkani-luminary-Ravindra-Kelekar/articleshow/6225528.cms Konkani luminary Ravindra Kelekar] at ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kelekar, Ravindra}}
[[Category:Konkani-language writers]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Scholars from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian diarists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Goa liberation activists]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Translators to Portuguese]]

Manimala Chitrakar

2026-02-08T12:07:33Z

NWIMuoi623534: added some data w/ sources

{{notability|Biographies|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manimala Chitrakar
| image =
| caption = Untitled Patua Painting by Manimala Chitrakar
| birth_place = Naya, West Bengal, India
| style = Bengal patua or pattachitra
}}

'''Manimala Chitrakar''' is a [[patua]] artist from [[West Bengal]].

==Biography==
Manimala belongs to a traditional community of [[chitrakar]]s (itinerant scroll painters) from West [[West Bengal|Bengal]]. She was born in the village of Naya in the family of Dukhushyam Chitrakar, a renowned [[patua]] artist himself.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sahapedia|title=In Search of her Ramayana: Performance by Patachitra Artist Manimala Chitrakar|date=2019-03-18|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j8gqwe8myPw|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref> As a child she used to accompany her grandfather as he went looking for patrons and clients in the villages, and so was exposed to the art-form from a very young age.

In an interview from 2005, Manimala elaborated on how the art form has significantly influenced her life:<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|last=Datta|first=Dibyendu Bikash|last2=Palit|first2=Sreenanda|date=2016-02-05|title=Transformation from Performative Art to Demonstrative Art: A Survival strategy for Patachitra|url=http://www.ajms.co.in/sites/ajms2015/index.php/ajms/article/view/1666|journal=Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|issn=2321-8819}}</ref><blockquote>"If I hadn't learned this craft I could not have gone to the United States. I tell all of the young people of Naya to learn this skill if they want to travel and earn a living. My abilities have allowed me to develop a broader sense of the world - my life has not been restricted to the confines of Naya."<ref name="auto"/></blockquote>She is a mother of six children and continues to live in her ancestral village.

==Style==
Earlier works of Manimala deal primarily with mythological themes, but have an inherent rawness in the handling of the subjects. The wrath of gods against illicit sexual unions, men and women in various stages of nakedness as they are subjected to hell's torturous routines, fearsome demons and large slithering snakes crowd her canvas.

Over time, her artistic oeuvre expanded to include more colors, iconographic variations and themes. From pressing social issues of the world at large to belief systems that hold her social fabric together - she has explored a large variety of subject matter in a career spanning more than a decade.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indigenius Artists India|last=Nair|first=Sunita|publisher=Sunita Nair|year=2018|isbn=978-93-5311-387-2|location=Mumbai|pages=}}</ref>

==Exhibitions and collections==

* Vernacular in the Contemporary Part I, Devi Art Foundation, [[Gurgaon]], 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/tagore-on-a-scroll/story-C6Azx8anv5TG1KhgUEFaIM.html|title=Tagore on a scroll|date=2011-03-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-03-20}}</ref>
* Lakshmipat Singhania Academy, Art Mela, 2016
* The 8th Asia-Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art, 2016
*Queensland Arts Gallery and Gallery of Modern Art, [[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/virus/gwFz5tqASLIABQ|title=Virus - Monimala Chitrakar|website=Google Arts & Culture|language=en|access-date=2019-03-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manimala Chitrakar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Religious artists]]
[[Category:Indian women painters]]
[[Category:Women artists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century women painters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

South Asian pickle

2026-02-05T23:28:09Z

NWIMuoi623534: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Pickled varieties of vegetable and fruit}}
{{redirect-several|Achar|Uruguay}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| image = Chilli pickle in a plate 2.jpg
| caption = Chilli pickle in India
| alternate_name = Achar, khatai, pacchadi, loncha, oorugai, avakaai
| name = South Asian pickle
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| type = Pickle
| course = [[Condiment]]
| main_ingredient = Fruit (mango, plums), vegetables, or meat
| minor_ingredient = Oil, chili powder, spices, mustard seeds, fennel seeds
| country = [[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]]
| variations = [[Acar]], [[atchara]]
}}

'''South Asian pickles''', known as '''''achar''''' among other names, are [[pickled]] and often highly-spiced [[condiment]]s made from a variety of vegetables and fruits preserved in [[brine]], [[vinegar]], [[edible oil]]s, and [[List of Indian spices|South Asian spices]]. The pickles are popular across South Asia, with many regional variants. They accompany many main dishes. Since the [[Columbian exchange]], which brought [[chili pepper]]s to India, pickles have often been hotly-spiced.

==Terminology==

In [[Hindi]] and several other South Asian languages, pickles are known as ''āchār'' ([[wikt:आचार|आचार]]).<ref name="theculturetrip"/> Early [[Sanskrit]] and Tamil literature uses the terms ''Avalehika, Upadamzam'', ''Sandhita,'' and ''Avaleha''.<ref name="K.T. Achaya 2003">{{cite book |last=Achaya |first=K. T. |title=The Story of Our Food |year=2003 |publisher=Universities Press (India) Private |isbn= 978-8173718359 }}</ref>

''Āchār'' is a [[Persian language|Persian]] origin word, from the time of the [[Mughal Empire]]. However, pickles in India are quite unlike the vinegar-based pickles of the Middle East.<ref name="Madani1993">{{cite book |last=Madani |first=Mohsen Saeidi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AqdJ7LlfVWUC&pg=PA153 |title=Impact of Hindu Culture on Muslims |publisher=M.D. Publications |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-85880-15-0 |pages=153– |quote=But in the Arab countries, Iran, and Afghanistan, grapes and palm are abundant, so vinegar is made out of them and the achaar in these countries is made by dipping onion, fruits etc. in vinegar. |access-date=2019-01-13 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101225004/https://books.google.com/books?id=AqdJ7LlfVWUC&pg=PA153#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> In Persian, the word ''āchār'' is defined as "powdered or salted meats, pickles, or fruits, preserved in salt, vinegar, honey, or syrup".<ref name="theculturetrip">{{cite web |url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |title=A Brief History Of The Humble Indian Pickle |date=28 November 2016 |website=Culture Trip |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027150142/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-humble-indian-pickle/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 18th century, [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] suggested that the Indian word ''achar'' came from America,{{sfn|Davidson|2014|pp=2–3 "achar"}} specifically [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] (of the [[Caribbean]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Concept CHILI PEPPER: aji |url=https://clics.clld.org/parameters/919#1/26/11 |website=CLICS 3 |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref> ''axi, achi'', "chili pepper", widely used in pickles.{{sfn|Davidson|2014|pp=2–3 "achar"}} The 1886 Anglo-Indian dictionary ''[[Hobson-Jobson]]'' suggests a derivation from Latin ''[[wikt:acetaria|acetaria]]''.{{sfn|Davidson|2014|pp=2–3 "achar"}}

==History==

{{see also|Curry#Cultural exchanges}}

=== Ancient and medieval ===

Early pickle recipes in [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] and [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] period texts mention several varieties of pickles, including the earliest known mention of [[mango]] pickles.<ref name="K.T. Achaya 2003"/> ''Nalachampu'', a Sanskrit epic written by Trivikrama Bhatta in 915 CE, describes pickles made from green mango, [[Black pepper|green peppercorns]], [[long pepper]], raw [[cardamom]], lemon, [[Lime (fruit)|lime]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|myrobalan]], [[Spondias|hog plum]], [[Aegle marmelos|stone apple]], and [[Cordia dichotoma|fragrant manjack]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Kamat |first=Jyotsna K. |title=Social Life in Medieval Karnāṭaka |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |year=1980 |page=7}}</ref> Early [[Indian cookbooks|medieval cookbooks]] such as ''Lokopakara'' (1025 CE), ''[[Manasollasa]]'' (1130 CE), ''Pakadarpana'' (1200 CE), and ''Soopa Shastra'' (1508 CE), and ''Kshemakutuhala'' (1549 CE) mentions pickle recipes that use green mango, green peppercorns, longpepper, lemons and limes, [[turmeric]] root, [[Curcuma amada|mango-ginger]] root, [[ginger]], [[radish]], [[Momordica charantia|bitter gourd]], [[cucumber]], [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]] root, and [[bamboo shoot]]s. The religious text ''Lingapurana'' by Gurulinga Desika (1594 CE) mentions more than fifty kinds of pickles.<ref>{{cite book |author1=[[Mangarasa III]] |author2=Krishna Jois, S. N. |author3=Konantambigi, Madhukar |author4=Bhat, N. P. |author5=Modwel, Nerupama Y. |title=Culinary Traditions of Medieval Karnataka: The Soopa Shastra of Mangarasa III |year=2012 |publisher=Intangible Cultural Heritage Division, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] and B.R. Pub. Corp. |isbn=978-9350500316}}</ref> Unique pickles made from [[edible flower]]s are also mentioned in the ''Ni'matnama'' (1500 CE) cookbook.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Priyadarshini |title=From night jasmine to banana blossoms: India's centuries-old love affair with edible flowers |date=13 July 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208162919/https://scroll.in/magazine/881094/from-night-jasmine-to-banana-blossoms-indias-centuries-old-love-affair-with-edible-flowers |archive-date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>

=== Columbian exchange ===

{{see also|Columbian exchange}}

[[Chili pepper]]s were introduced to South Asia by [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] traders after the [[Columbian exchange]] (sometime after 1492) in ports controlled by the [[Mughal Empire]] on the western coast of [[Gujarat]]. Before that, the milder spices [[black pepper]], [[long pepper]], and ''[[Piper chaba]]'' (in both fresh and dried forms) were the main source of heat in ancient and medieval Indian cuisine.<ref name="K.T. Achaya 2003"/><ref name="Twilley Graber 2019 transcript">{{cite web |last1=Twilley |first1=Nicola |last2=Graber |first2=Nicola |last3=Iyer |first3=Raghavan |author3-link=Raghavan Iyer (chef) |last4=Collingham |first4=Lizzie |author4-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Transcript: The Curry Chronicles |url=https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/ |website=Gastropod |access-date=6 October 2024 |date=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Batsha 2020">{{Cite web |last=Batsha |first=Nishant |author-link=Nishant Batsha |date=25 June 2020 |title=Curry Before Columbus |url=https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=Contingent |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Anglo-Indian to British ===

{{further|Anglo-Indian cuisine}}

[[File:Hannah Glasse's Paco-Lilla 1758.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hannah Glasse]]'s recipe for "[[Piccalilli|Paco-Lilla or India Pickle]]", 1758]]

[[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indians]] during the [[British Raj]] greatly liked [[chutney]]s and pickles, and prepared many kinds. For the pickled varieties, vegetables such as [[aubergine]]s and [[bell pepper]]s may be packed with chilies, mustard seed, and [[turmeric]] to give them a strong flavour; these may be cooked in mustard oil or sesame oil. Some fruits are prepared by pickling, soaking [[mango]]es and [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]s in salty water in a pot which is left in the sun. For the sweet chutneys, fruits such as mango are cooked with sugar, vinegar, and spices. Uncooked chutneys use ingredients such as green coriander leaves and coconut, flavoured with chili, tamarind, and sugar; these are prepared afresh each day.{{sfn|Brown|1998|pp=347–361}}

In the 17th century, in the time of the [[East India Company]], British travellers to India noticed the many [[chutney]]s and pickles. Sailors found that the preserve-like varieties were useful accompaniments to their maritime diet of [[salt meat]] and dry [[ship's biscuit]]. Quantities were brought home to Britain, whether by individual travellers or by merchants, soon to be copied by cooks and further modified from the Indian originals.{{sfn|Collingham|2006|pp=147–148}}

One of those cooks, [[Hannah Glasse]], described how "to make Paco-Lilla, or India Pickle" ([[piccalilli]]) in the 1758 edition of her book ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]''. Her recipe asked the cook to salt some ginger, long pepper, and garlic, and to spice vinegar with mustard seed and turmeric. She suggested that vegetables and fruits such as cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, melon, apple, french beans, and plums could all be pickled in this way.<ref>{{cite book |last=Glasse |first=Hannah |author-link=Hannah Glasse |chapter=Paco-Lilla or India Pickle |title=[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]] |edition=6th |publisher=Printed for the Author: and sold by A. Millar, in the Strand; and T. Trye, near Gray's Inn Gate, Holbourn |year=1758 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xJdAAAAAIAAJ/page/n412 |page=377}}</ref>

== Ingredients ==

In India, there are two main types of pickles: pickles made with [[Sesame oil|sesame]] or [[mustard oil]], and pickles made without oil. Pickles without oil use salt to draw out the moisture from green mangoes or lemons to create a brine. A mixture of lemon or lime juice with salt or traditional ''ganne ka sirka'' ([[sugarcane]] vinegar) may also be used as brine.<ref name="Madani1993"/> Some pickles such as those from [[Gujarat]] use [[jaggery]] sugar as the main preserve.<ref name="Roy 2024">{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Nibedita |title=8 types of traditional Pickles from different parts of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/8-types-of-traditional-pickles-from-different-parts-of-india/articleshow/108161679.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 March 2024}}</ref>

Homemade pickles are prepared in the summer. They are matured through exposure to sunlight for up to two weeks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiacurry.com/chutney/hotsunpickling.htm |title=Pickling in the hot sun |access-date=17 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217210959/http://www.indiacurry.com/chutney/hotsunpickling.htm |archive-date=17 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The pickle is traditionally covered with [[muslin]] while it is maturing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sailusfood.com/2015/05/08/mango-pickle-recipe-avakai/ |title=Mango pickle recipe |date=8 May 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905233312/http://www.sailusfood.com/2015/05/08/mango-pickle-recipe-avakai/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Chili peppers are a distinguishing ingredient in South Asian pickles.<ref name="Andrews2005">{{cite book |last=Andrews |first=Jean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fUh4YXWPikC&pg=PA26 |title=The Peppers Cookbook: 200 Recipes from the Pepper Lady's Kitchen |publisher=[[University of North Texas Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-57441-193-5 |pages=26– |access-date=2019-01-13 |archive-date=2023-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101225005/https://books.google.com/books?id=_fUh4YXWPikC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=190 heights=140>
File:Indian-pickle.jpg|Indian mixed pickle, with lotus root, lemon, carrot, green mango, and green chilis
File:Achar Gosht.JPG|''Achar gosht'', a meat curry cooked with flavours from pickle
File:Preparation of red chilli Indian pickle (2).jpg|Preparation of red chilli Indian pickle
</gallery>

==Regional variations==

===Bangladesh===

{{see also|Bengali cuisine|Bangladeshi cuisine}}

In [[Bengali culture]], pickles are known as ''Achar'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: আচার) or Asar ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: আসার). They are an integral part of [[Bengali cuisine]], adding flavours to meals. They are made by preserving various fruits, vegetables, and even fish or meat in a mixture of spices, oil, and vinegar or lemon juice. The process involves marinating the chosen ingredient with a blend of spices such as mustard seeds, fenugreek, nigella seeds, and chili powder. The pickles are then left to mature in airtight jars, allowing the flavours to develop over time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.localguidesconnect.com/t5/General-Discussion/Bangladeshi-Pickles-Scene-in-Short/td-p/2021506 |title=Bangladeshi Pickles Scene (In Short) |date=18 October 2019 |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=1 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101225014/https://www.localguidesconnect.com/t5/General-Discussion/Bangladeshi-Pickles-Scene-in-Short/td-p/2021506 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali pickles have tangy, spicy, and sometimes sweet taste profiles. They are often served as accompaniments to rice, bread, or curry. Popular varieties include mango, lime, mixed vegetable, and fish pickles. The [[Shatkora]] ''achar'' of [[Sylhet]] and [[Piper chaba|Chui jhal]] ''achar'' of [[Khulna]] are known even outside India and Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Food_Preservation |title=Food Preservation - Banglapedia |access-date=2 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902093011/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Food_Preservation |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=160 heights=160>
File:আমের আঁচার.jpg|Making Bengali mango pickle
File:গুড় আম.jpg|Mango and Date jaggery achar
</gallery>

===India===

{{further|List of Indian pickles}}

Among the many regional variations in India, a [[lotus stem]] pickle is made in [[Kashmir]]; [[gongura]] leaves are used in [[Andhra Pradesh]]; prawns with garlic and [[curry leaves]] are pickled in the southern coastal state of [[Kerala]]; [[bamboo shoot]]s are fermented with [[mustard seed]]s and oil in [[Assam]]; whole [[lemon]]s are pickled with [[asafoetida]], mustard seed, and [[turmeric]] in [[Maharashtra]]; whole garlic cloves form the base of a pickle in [[Karnataka]]; and [[tomato]]es are pickled with mustard seed, red chili, and curry leaves in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Roy 2024"/>

The city of [[Panipat]] in [[Haryana]] prepares ''achaar'' commercially, especially ''pachranga'' and ''satranga'' (literally "five/seven colours", prepared with that many vegetables). The vegetables are matured in mustard oil and whole spices with ingredients like raw mangoes, [[chickpea]]s, lotus stem, [[Carissa carandas|karonda]], [[myrobalan]], and limes. As of 2016, Panipat produced over {{INRConvert|500|m|lk=r|year=2016}} worth of ''achaar'' every year, supplied to local markets and exported to the UK, US, and Middle East.<ref name="har13">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040327/windows/main1.htm |title=Our desi drive-ins |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-date=1 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301051639/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040327/windows/main1.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="har12">{{cite web |last1=Panipat |first1=Parveen Arora in |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/spice-of-life-surrender-to-panipat-pickle/181599.html |title=Spice of life: Surrender to Panipat pickle!, The Tribune, June 2016 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201536/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sunday-special/perspective/spice-of-life-surrender-to-panipat-pickle/181599.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="har11">{{Cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tzzAGvlSXLjpgizg4qV62M/The-road-to-Kashmir.html |title=The road to Kashmir through Haryana |work=mint |date=4 September 2009 |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201509/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/tzzAGvlSXLjpgizg4qV62M/The-road-to-Kashmir.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=220 heights=150>
File:Sweet pickle made out of mango, in West Bengal, India.jpg|Sweet and spicy [[Mangifera indica|mango]] pickle
File:Mangopickle.jpg|Indian spicy [[mango pickle]]
File:Various kinds of pickles for sale at a shop in Dakshineswar, Kolkata, India.jpg|Pickles for sale in [[Kolkata]]
</gallery>

===Myanmar (Burma)===

The [[Burmese language|Burmese]] word for pickle is ''thanat'' ({{Langx|my|သနပ်}}). Mango pickle ({{lang|my|သရက်သီးသနပ်}}) (''thayet thi thanat'') is the most prevalent variety. The pickle is made with green, ripe, or dried mangoes cured in vinegar, sugar, salt, chili powder, [[Masala (spice)|masala]], garlic, fresh chilies, and [[mustard seed]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=သရက်သီးသနပ် (Spicy Green Mango Pickle) |url=https://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9-spicy-green-mango-pickle/ |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=Food Magazine Myanmar |language=my |archive-date=22 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222110257/https://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9-spicy-green-mango-pickle/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=သရက်သီးသနပ် (အခြောက်) (Spicy Dry Mango Pickle) |url=https://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9-spicy-dry-mango-pickle/ |access-date=2019-07-11 |website=Food Magazine Myanmar |language=my |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220161205/https://www.foodmagazinemyanmar.com/contributors/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%95%E1%80%B9-%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9-spicy-dry-mango-pickle/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> Mango pickle is commonly used as a condiment alongside curries and [[biryani]] in [[Cuisine of Burma|Burmese cuisine]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 May 2016 |title=အလှူ မင်္ဂလာဆောင်တို့ရဲ့ ဇာတ်လိုက်ကျော် ဒံပေါက်|url=https://myfoodmyanmar.com/biryani-recipe/ |access-date=11 July 2019 |website=MyFood Myanmar |language=my |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711054657/https://myfoodmyanmar.com/biryani-recipe/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It is a mainstay ingredient in a [[Burmese curry]], ''wet thanat hin'' ({{lang|my|ဝက်သနပ်ဟင်း}}), that combines pork belly with the pickle.<ref>{{cite web |title=ဝက်သားဟင်း ၄ မျိုး |url=http://we.com.mm/detail/2631|access-date=11 July 2019 |website=We Media |language=my |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711054655/http://we.com.mm/detail/2631 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===

In [[Nepal]], ''achaar'' ({{Langx|ne|अचार}}) is commonly eaten with the staple [[Dal bhat|dal-bhat-tarkari]] as well as [[Momo (food)|momo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Rai |first=Sikuma |title=The mother of all pickles |date=7 September 2018 |url=https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/the-mother-of-all-pickles/ |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224041115/https://www.nepalitimes.com/banner/the-mother-of-all-pickles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Many ''achaar'' factories in Nepal are women-owned or operated by women.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepali pickle makers come into their own|url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2015/03/14/nepali-pickle-makers-come-into-their-own |access-date=24 February 2022 |newspaper=[[The Kathmandu Post]] |language=English |archive-date=2022-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224041115/https://kathmandupost.com/money/2015/03/14/nepali-pickle-makers-come-into-their-own |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Navaras: Pickles |url=http://ecs.com.np/features/navaras-pickles |access-date=24 February 2022 |website=ECS Nepal |language=en |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224041118/http://ecs.com.np/features/navaras-pickles |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Dalle Khursani And Fermented Bamboo Shoot Pickle.jpg|Nepali pickle made of ''[[Dalle Khursani]]'' (round chilies) and ''Tama'' (fermented bamboo shoot pickle)
File:Mula Ko Aachar.jpg|Mula Ko Aachar
File:Jhol_Momo.jpg|Broth made from achar used for [[jhol momo]]
</gallery>

===Pakistan===

The [[Sindh]] province of modern-day Pakistan is noted for its [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikrarpuri]] and [[Hyderabadi pickle]]s. Both of these ''achaar'' varieties are commonly eaten in [[Pakistan]] and abroad.<ref name="Daily Times 2017"/> Shikrarpuri pickle is believed to have originated during the 1600s in medieval India.<ref name="Daily Times 2017">{{cite news |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/114415/all-you-need-to-know-about-shikarpurs-pickle/ |title=All you need to know about Shikarpur's pickle |date=1 October 2017 |work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-date=14 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021004/https://dailytimes.com.pk/114415/all-you-need-to-know-about-shikarpurs-pickle/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The most popular Shikarpuri ''achaar'' is a mixed pickle made of carrots, [[turnip]]s, onions, cauliflower, chickpeas, garlic, green chillies, lime, and mango.<ref name="Daily Times 2017"/> Another pickle is made from [[Cordia dichotoma|fragrant manjack]] fruits.<ref name="Bachheti2023">{{cite journal |last1=Bachheti |first1=Archana |last2=Deepti |last3=Bachheti |first3=Rakesh Kumar |last4=Singh |first4=Anjita |last5=Zebeaman |first5=Meseret |last6=Hunde |first6=Yilma |last7=Husen |first7=Azamal |title=Bioactive constituents and health promoting compounds of underutilized fruits of the northern Himalayas of India: a review |journal=Food Production, Processing and Nutrition |date=2023 |volume=5 |issue=24 |article-number=24 |doi=10.1186/s43014-023-00140-5 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180>
File:Lasoora Pickle.JPG|''Lasora achar'', with [[Cordia dichotoma|fragrant manjack]] berries
</gallery>

===Sri Lanka===

In Sri Lanka, green ginger, onion, and chilies are salted and flavoured with garlic, mustard seed, and vinegar. Other spices and sugar may be added. Either vegetables or fruits such as the [[Elaeocarpus serratus|Ceylon olive]] (''veralu'') or the [[Spondias mombin|hog plum]] (''amberalla'') may be used.<ref name="Time Out 2018">{{cite web |title=In a pickle |url=https://www.timeout.com/sri-lanka/things-to-do/in-a-pickle |publisher=[[Time Out (magazine)|Time Out]] |access-date=14 November 2025 |date=25 May 2018}}</ref>

===Middle East===

* ''[[Amba (condiment)|Amba]]'' is a sweetened mango pickle, brought back to [[Baghdad]] by [[Iraqi Jewish]] merchants from [[Bombay]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Monterescu |first1=Daniel |last2=Hart |first2=Joel |title=The Mango Sauce Connecting Indians, Israelis and Palestinians – and Taking High-end Restaurants by Storm |url=https://www.haaretz.com/food/.premium.MAGAZINE-the-delicious-sauce-connecting-indians-israelis-and-palestinians-1.6136021 |access-date=28 April 2025 |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=1 June 2018}}</ref> It somewhat resembles a spicy [[mango chutney]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Hazout |first=Tamar Lea |title=Amba, Pickled Mango Sauce |url=https://aish.com/amba-a-pickled-mango-sauce/ |website=aish.com |publisher=[[Aish HaTorah]] |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> It is used across the [[Middle East]].<ref name="First">{{cite news |last=Miri |first=Adhid |title=First Tango with Mango: Iraqi Amba |url=https://www.chaldeannews.com/2023-content/2023/11/1/first-tango-with-mango-iraqi-amba |access-date=30 July 2025 |work=Chaldean News |date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

===Africa===

In [[South African Indians|South Africa]], [[Botswana]] and [[Kenya]], Indian pickles are called atchar. They are made primarily from unripe mangoes and are sometimes eaten with bread.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Conservation-Graines-Semences-Vegetaux-Legumes-Refrigeration/Pickled%20Vegetables.pdf|title=Pickled Vegetables|website=Practical Action - The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221125911/https://www.doc-developpement-durable.org/file/Conservation-Graines-Semences-Vegetaux-Legumes-Refrigeration/Pickled%20Vegetables.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Pickled Vegetables |url=https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/pickled-vegetables/ |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Practical Action |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129182031/https://answers.practicalaction.org/our-resources/item/pickled-vegetables/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

On [[Mauritius]] and [[Réunion]] a local variation is called ''Achard de légumes'' in French or ''Zasar legim'' in [[Mauritian Creole]]. It is prepared with a mixture of vegetables like cabbage, carrots, green beans, chayote, palm heart and onions. This is spiced with cumin, turmeric, green chilies, red chilies, ginger, garlic, salt and vinegar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Achard de légumes réunionnais |website=Cuisine AZ |url=https://www.cuisineaz.com/recettes/achard-de-legumes-reunionnais-112997.aspx |access-date=14 November 2025}}</ref>

==See also==

* {{annotated link|Branston Pickle}}

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Patricia |title=Anglo-Indian Food and Customs |date=24 February 1998 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] India |isbn=0-14-027137-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Collingham |first=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors |date=2006 |orig-year=2005 ([[Chatto & Windus]]) |publisher=[[Vintage Books]] |location=London |isbn=978-0-099-43786-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |editor=Tom Jaine |title=[[The Oxford Companion to Food]] |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-967733-7}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal |last=Paralkar |first=Anil |title=Trade, Exoticism and the English Appropriation of South Asian Pickles, c. 1600–1750 |journal=Cultural History |date=2020 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=106–122 |doi=10.3366/cult.2020.0211 |s2cid=216172922 |ref=none}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Curry in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi condiments]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Botswana cuisine]]
[[Category:Burmese cuisine]]
[[Category:Fijian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian condiments]]
[[Category:Indian pickles| ]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Kenyan cuisine]]
[[Category:Mauritian cuisine]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani condiments]]
[[Category:Pakistani pickles| ]]
[[Category:Pakistani spices]]
[[Category:Sindhi cuisine]]
[[Category:South African cuisine]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cuisine]]
[[Category:Curry in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Pickles]]

Shriya Saran

2026-02-02T07:05:37Z

NWIMuoi623534: brief refined intro after review and added references

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Shriya Saran at Save Mumbai Foundation 09 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Shriya at Save Mumbai event
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|9|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Haridwar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], (now in [[Uttarakhand]]), India
| spouse = {{marriage|Andrei Koscheev|2018}}
| children = 1
| nickname = Shriya
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 2001–present
| works = [[Shriya Saran filmography|Full list]]
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]]
}}

'''Shriya Saran Bhatnagar''' ({{IPA|hns|ʃrɪja səɾən|pron}} born 11 September 1982) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films. Although Saran aspired to become a dancer, she became an actress and made her film debut with the Telugu film ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]'' (2001). She had her first commercial success with [[Santosham (2002 film)|''Santosham'']] (2002).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/shriya-saran-to-raise-funds-for-covid-19-cause-620551 |title=Shriya Saran to raise funds for Covid-19 cause |date=3 May 2020 |access-date=30 May 2021 |archive-date=2 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215031/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/shriya-saran-to-raise-funds-for-covid-19-cause-620551 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Saran subsequently appeared in several successful Telugu films such as ''[[Nenunnanu]]'' (2004) and ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]'' (2005), alongside Hindi and Tamil films. After marking her Hindi debut with ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' (2003), she gained critical acclaim for her role in ''[[Awarapan]]'' (2007). Saran marked her Tamil debut with ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'' (2003) and starred in ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007), the highest-grossing Tamil film at that time. In 2008, Saran played the lead role in her first English film, ''[[The Other End of the Line]]''. Her following projects included popular films such as ''[[Kanthaswamy (film)|Kanthaswamy]]'' (2009) in Tamil and ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' (2010) in [[Malayalam]]—roles that established her as one of the leading actresses in the South Indian film industries.<ref name=NDTV1>{{cite web |title=Sizzling Shriya's Life in Pics (click through multiple pages) |url=http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/shriya-saran-s-new-item-song-8144 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619083502/http://www.ndtv.com/album/listing/entertainment/shriya-saran-s-new-item-song-8144 |archive-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> In 2012, Saran starred in ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]'', an English adaptation of [[Midnight's Children|novel of the same name]], for which she received international critical acclaim.

Saran achieved further commercial success by starring in films such as ''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]'' (2013) and ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' (2013). In 2014, Saran starred in the critically acclaimed Telugu film ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'', which brought her accolades for her performance. Saran has since been part of critical and commercial successes such as ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'' (2015), ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]'' (2017), ''[[RRR]]'' and ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]'' both co-starring [[Ajay Devgn]] (2022).

==Early life==
Shriya Saran Bhatnagar was born into a [[Kayastha]] family<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Priya |date=29 July 2015 |title=Shriya Saran: I've been infatuated by almost every actor I've worked with |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shriya-saran-ive-been-infatuated-by-almost-every-actor-ive-worked-with/articleshow/48251207.cms |access-date=23 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |quote=We are Kayasthas from UP (her original full name is Shriya Saran Bhatnagar). |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930010220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shriya-saran-ive-been-infatuated-by-almost-every-actor-ive-worked-with/articleshow/48251207.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> on 11 September 1982<ref name=ibn>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7374.html |title=Birthday Bumps: Shriya Saran turns 30 |publisher=IBM Live |access-date=17 February 2013 |quote=Actress Shriya Saran was born on September 11, 1982 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912035458/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7374.html |archive-date=12 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="website"/> in [[Haridwar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEYdEwOyDhA |title=Konchem Touchlo Vunte Chepta – Episode 12 – December 20, 2014 |work=Zee Telugu |access-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324180007/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEYdEwOyDhA |archive-date=24 March 2016}} at 2:50 min. she confirms her birthplace)</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]], (now in [[Uttarakhand]]). Her parents are Pushpendra Saran Bhatnagar and Neeraja Saran Bhatnagar.<ref name=NDTV1/><ref name="website"/> Her father worked for [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] and her mother was a [[chemistry]] teacher in [[Delhi Public School Society#DPS, Ranipur, Haridwar|Delhi Public School, Ranipur]] in Haridwar and [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]], New Delhi.<ref name="website"/> Saran completed her schooling from both schools where her mother had taught.<ref name=yt-int>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax8RbKjMzfs |title=Tharathinoppam — Abhaya Interviews Shreya Saran — Part 2 |via=YouTube |date=13 June 2010 |access-date=20 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519181136/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ax8RbKjMzfs |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> She has an elder brother named Abhiroop who lives in Mumbai.<ref name="dub">{{cite web |title='Sivaji' has been a great experience: Shriya |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14396519&cid=2408 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213031554/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=14396519&cid=2408 |archive-date=13 December 2011}}</ref> Saran's mother tongue is [[Hindi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shivaji-changed-my-life-completely-shriya-saran/story-QJwhjDTfvbniIutc2X7gWJ.html |title=Sivaji changed my life completely: Shriya Saran |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=27 September 2017 |quote=Hindi comes naturally to me because it's my mother tongue. |archive-date=28 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928055746/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shivaji-changed-my-life-completely-shriya-saran/story-QJwhjDTfvbniIutc2X7gWJ.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Her family lived in the small town of [[Haridwar#Important areas within the city|BHEL colony]] in Haridwar when she was growing up.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT028uufQro |title=Shreya Saran Talks About Her Childhood SIVAJITV COM Shriya |via=YouTube |date=13 September 2009 |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519181116/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RT028uufQro |archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref> She later studied at [[Lady Shri Ram College]] in [[Delhi]]<ref name="website"/> and received a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in literature.<ref name="website">{{cite web |url=http://www.shriyasaran.com/welcome/index1.html |title=Shreya Saran's official website — section ''Me, Myself'' |access-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061205221858/http://www.shriyasaran.com/welcome/index1.html |archive-date=5 December 2006}}</ref><ref name="dub"/>

Saran is an accomplished dancer. She was first trained as a child by her mother in [[Kathak]] and [[List of Indian folk dances#Rajasthan|Rajasthani folk dance]], and later trained in the Kathak style by [[Shovana Narayan]].<ref name="kathak">{{cite news |title=Deft moves with times |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/04/29/stories/2008042950670100.htm |access-date=10 December 2010 |date=29 April 2008 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141318/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/04/29/stories/2008042950670100.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> She was involved with many dance teams in college and with her teacher. They would incorporate [[Social issue|social issues]] into their dance routines.<ref name=yt-int/>

==Career==

===Early career (2001–2003)===
While in her second year at the LSR College in Delhi, Saran got her first opportunity to appear in front of the camera for a video shoot. Following her dance teacher's recommendation, she was invited to appear in the music video of Renoo Nathan's "Thirakti Kyun Hawa".<ref name=NDTV1/> Shot in [[Banaras]], the video was seen by [[Ramoji Film City|Ramoji Films]] who offered her the lead role of Neha in their film ''[[Ishtam (2001 Telugu film)|Ishtam]]''.<ref name=NDTV1/> Saran accepted the part and, even before it was released she was signed to four more films,<ref name=NDTV1/> including ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'', in which she played a millionaire's daughter who falls for a middle-class man. In 2002, she starred in ''[[Santosham (2002 film)|Santosham]]'', co-starring [[Akkineni Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna]], [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Gracy Singh]], which was her first commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/08/stories/2004040800360300.htm |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |title=Return of romance! |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 April 2004 |access-date=17 September 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024090643/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/04/08/stories/2004040800360300.htm |archive-date=24 October 2010}}</ref>

In 2003, Saran acted in a supporting role in her first [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]], ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'', starring debutants [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]] in leading roles. She performed as one of the lead female roles in Telugu film ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'', along with [[Jyothika]] and [[Chiranjeevi]] which was screened at the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]], and was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Tagore |title=Tagore |publisher=IBOS |access-date=12 December 2010 |archive-date=18 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718034741/http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Tagore |url-status=dead }}</ref> She followed it with her [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film debut in ''[[Enakku 20 Unakku 18]]'', alongside [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]] and [[Trisha Krishnan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/A-M-Ratnams-magnum-opus/articleshow/46204.cms |title=A M Ratnam's magnum opus — Hyderabad Times — City |work=The Times of India |date=27 June 2003 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106065728/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad-times/A-M-Ratnams-magnum-opus/articleshow/46204.cms |archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> which was simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]'', in which she played a football coach. Though she acted in films in three languages that year, eight of the first ten films of her career were in Telugu.

===Career fluctuations (2004–2007)===
In 2004, Saran acted in two Telugu and two Hindi films, including ''[[Arjun (2004 film)|''Arjun'']]'' and ''[[Nenunnanu]]'', where she played a student in classical singing. She had ten 2005 releases, nine of which were Telugu films, the most notable for her being ''[[Chatrapathi (2005 film)|Chatrapathi]]''. There she appeared opposite [[Prabhas]] and earned her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Best Actress Award (Telugu)|Filmfare Best Telugu Actress Award]]. Meanwhile, she tried to make her comeback in Tamil with ''[[Mazhai]]'', a remake of the Telugu film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'', where she reprised the role done by [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] in the original. The movie was not received well, but Saran was mentioned as the sole positive.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13953802&ctid=5&cid=2429 |title=Movie Review : Mazhai |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=17 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420120015/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=13953802&ctid=5&cid=2429 |archive-date=20 April 2009}}</ref> Also in 2005, she appeared as one of only three characters in the film ''[[Mogudu Pellam O Dongodu]]'', which was about a married couple's first night together, and made a guest appearance in a children's film called ''[[Bommalata]]'', which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]. Saran's only lead role in 2006, excluding three special appearances, was in the Tamil film ''[[Thiruvilayadal Arambam]]''.

In 2007, she was chosen to play the lead female role opposite [[Rajinikanth]] in [[S. Shankar]]'s ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]],'' which was the most expensive Indian film at that time, after [[Aishwarya Rai]] rejected the role due to busy schedules.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-5-best-tamil-films-1078196-2017-11-01 |title=Happy Birthday Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: A look at 5 best performances in Tamil |date=1 November 2017 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=25 September 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104340/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-5-best-tamil-films-1078196-2017-11-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101308440200.htm |title=Shreya is Rajinikanth's heroine in "Sivaji" |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 October 2005 |access-date=17 July 2007 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113082716/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101308440200.htm |archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgLXTW2oq2cC&q=sivaji+the+boss+official+collection+box+office+india&pg=PA151 |pages=151–153 |title=International Business |author=Aswathappa |year=2008 |publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (India) Pvt Limited |isbn=9780070221642 |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930010221/https://books.google.com/books?id=bgLXTW2oq2cC&q=sivaji+the+boss+official+collection+box+office+india&pg=PA151 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="expensive">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/19rajni.htm |title=Unstoppable Sivaji |publisher=Rediff |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621153457/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/19rajni.htm |archive-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> R.G. Vijayasarathy wrote in his review for [[Rediff.com]] that, aside from her beauty, Saran "proves that she can act too".<ref name=rediffreview>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/15sivaji2.htm |title=No logic, only Rajni's magic |publisher=Rediff |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |date=15 June 2007 |access-date=17 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102150318/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/15sivaji2.htm |archive-date=2 January 2008}}</ref> Her performance earned her a ''[[South Scope]]'' Style Award for Best Tamil Actress, her first award win, and a nomination at the [[Vijay Awards]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} The role made her a star in the south Indian film industry.<ref name=HTimes>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/staroftheweek/I-m-happy-with-the-way-things-are-progressing/Article1-322549.aspx |title='I'm happy with the way things are progressing' |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2008 |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712114210/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/staroftheweek/I-m-happy-with-the-way-things-are-progressing/Article1-322549.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> During this phase of her career, she made several special appearances in [[item number]]s, including in the films ''[[Devadasu (2006 film)|Devadasu]]'', ''[[Munna (2007 film)|Munna]]'', and ''[[Tulasi (2007 film)|Tulasi]].''

Also in 2007, Saran made her comeback in Hindi cinema with ''[[Awarapan]]'', which was a joint production between India and Pakistan. She played a Muslim woman and had to learn Urdu.<ref name=Hindu2>{{cite news |author=Rana Siddiqui |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/30/stories/2007063051900100.htm |title=Awarapan, prim and proper |date=30 June 2007 |access-date=26 July 2011 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141343/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/06/30/stories/2007063051900100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref> This was her fourth Hindi film, but the others had failed to make any impact.<ref name=IndianStar/> Sanjay Ram, writing for Business of Cinema, gave the film 2.5 of 5 stars and said that Saran provided a brief, compelling performance.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sanjay Ram |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=4133 |title=Film Review: Awarapan |publisher=Businessofcinema.com |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324233412/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=4133 |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref> Saran later said that the film strengthened her conviction that all religions are equal.<ref name=IndianStar>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/dresscircle/I-want-to-be-known-as-an-Indian-star-Shriya-Saran/Article1-274308.aspx |title=I want to be known as an Indian star: Shriya Saran |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 February 2008 |access-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712200346/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/dresscircle/I-want-to-be-known-as-an-Indian-star-Shriya-Saran/Article1-274308.aspx |archive-date=12 July 2012}}</ref> Later that year she appeared in one more Tamil film, ''[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]'', opposite [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]. Though critics exalted her looks, her performance received mixed reviews, with one reviewer, Nandhu Sundharam of Rediff, going so far as to say that her "acting is as bad as her looks are good".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/08atm.htm |title=Azhagiya Thamizh Magan review: Rediff.com movies |work=Rediff.com |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612221657/http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/nov/08atm.htm |archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref> That same year Saran made a special appearance in a scene in the [[Kannada film]] ''[[Arasu (2007 film)|Arasu]]''. She appeared in six films in 2007 in four languages.

===American cinema debut (2008–2012)===
[[File:Shriya Saran bridal week 2010.png|thumb|left|Shriya Saran walks the ramp at the Bridal Fashion Week 2010.]]
In 2008, Saran made her [[Cinema of the United States|American cinema]] debut in [[Ashok Amritraj]]'s ''[[The Other End of the Line]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14546957 |title=Shriya goes to Hollywood! |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 October 2007 |access-date=23 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213100749/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14546957 |archive-date=13 February 2008}}</ref> She played the role of Priya Sethi, who works as a telephone operator in an Indian call centre, while acting alongside [[Jesse Metcalfe]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/22jesse.htm |title=Rajni heroine opposite Desperate Housewives hunk |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=23 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102094645/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/22jesse.htm |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Tara Sharma]]. Shriya's performance was praised by critics, particularly her on-screen chemistry with Jesse Metcalfe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/22ashok.htm |title=There is an excellent chemistry between Jesse and Shriya |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=22 October 2008 |access-date=23 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024344/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/22ashok.htm |archive-date=11 January 2010}}</ref> John Anderson, writing for ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' magazine, said it was "a winning Stateside debut for beautiful Indian actress Shriya Saran."<ref>{{cite news |last=Anderson |first=John |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117938877?refcatid=31 |title=Variety Reviews — The Other End of the Line — Film Reviews — New U.S. Release — Review by John Anderson |work=Variety |date=31 October 2008 |access-date=12 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120918002501/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117938877?refcatid=31 |archive-date=18 September 2012}}</ref>

Saran acted in the Hindi film ''[[Mission Istaanbul]]'' with [[Zayed Khan]], and [[Shabbir Ahluwalia]] in 2008. She played the character of Anjali Sagar which was inspired by the character of Romila Dutta played by [[Preity Zinta]] in the film ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14711887 |title=My character is based on Barkha: Shriya Saran |website=[[Sify]] |date=9 July 2008 |access-date=22 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601044152/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14711887 |archive-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> a journalist who desires to have a child with her husband, which leads to their separation, since he is reluctant. [[Bollywood Hungama]] critics said that her character was wasted, as again she gets very little screen time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54401 |title=Mission Istanbul : Movie Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 July 2008 |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003024703/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54401 |archive-date=3 October 2013}}</ref> However, she did pick up the [[Stardust Exciting New Face Award]].<ref name="starexcite">{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14857437 |title=Winners of Max Stardust Awards 2009 |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 February 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618205224/http://www.sify.com/movies/fullstory.php?id=14857437 |archive-date=18 June 2015}}</ref>

Her most important 2009 release was the commercially successful<ref name="msn">{{cite web |author=Entertainment |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3200950&page=0 |title=MSN On-Spot: 'Kanthaswamy' success meet |publisher=MSN |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907065854/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/southcinema/article.aspx?cp-documentid=3200950&page=0 |archive-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Tamil film ''[[Kanthaswamy (film)|Kanthaswamy]]'', alongside [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. She earned a nomination at the [[Vijay Awards]]. Vikram said in an interview that her role was on par with his, and she easily stole the show on most occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ecentral.my/services/sprinterfriendly.asp?file=/2009/8/25/movies/4566714&sec=movies |title=The Star Online: eCentral: Movies: Reviews |publisher=Ecentral.my |date=25 August 2009 |access-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612031847/http://ecentral.my/services/sprinterfriendly.asp?file=%2F2009%2F8%2F25%2Fmovies%2F4566714&sec=movies |archive-date=12 June 2012}}</ref> Of her character in the film, Saran said that it was the best she has done so far.<ref name="msn" /> Also that year she appeared as the female lead in ''[[Thoranai]]''. A reviewer said that her glamour and the songs were the only high points of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoranai-review-tamil-14890954.html |title=Movie Review:Thoranai |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903210520/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoranai-review-tamil-14890954.html |archive-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> For ''Thoranai'' and ''Kanthaswamy'' together, she received her third award win, the Amrita [[Mathrubhumi]] Award for Best Actress.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{cite web |url=http://www.keraladaily.net/index.php?mod=article&cat=Film&article=1154 |title=Suriya and Shriya win Mathrubhumi awards |work=Kerala Daily |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320144707/http://www.keraladaily.net/index.php?mod=article&cat=Film&article=1154 |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> She then appeared in another English film, ''[[Cooking with Stella]]'', which is a comedy that takes a look at the serious nature of relationships between servants and employers. It was selected for the Toronto International Film Festival, which Saran attended.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1159988/sorttype//Lisa+Ray+rides+into+Toronto+Film+Festival+in+a+hand-driven+rickshaw |title=Lisa Ray rides into Toronto Film Festival in a hand-driven rickshaw |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 September 2009 |access-date=6 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065758/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/news/type/view/id/1159988/sorttype//Lisa%2BRay%2Brides%2Binto%2BToronto%2BFilm%2BFestival%2Bin%2Ba%2Bhand-driven%2Brickshaw |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2010, Saran made her [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] debut with ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'', in which she appeared opposite [[Mammootty]] and [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/First-look-Shriya-in-Pokkiri-Raja-imagegallery-malayalam-kcdlRBegacg.html |title=First look: Shriya in Pokkiri Raja |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206232916/http://sify.com/movies/First-look-Shriya-in-Pokkiri-Raja-imagegallery-malayalam-kcdlRBegacg.html |archive-date=6 December 2010}}</ref> The film broke the record in Malayalam cinema for opening week gross income,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14942011 |title=Pokkiri Raja beats T:20 record! |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520001917/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14942011 |archive-date=20 May 2010}}</ref> though it was not received well critically. It was said of Saran that all she had to do was look pretty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pokkiri-raja-review-malayalam-14941007.html |title=Movie Review:Pokkiri Raja |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=15 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330074423/http://www.sify.com/movies/pokkiri-raja-review-malayalam-14941007.html |archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref> She then enacted her first lead role in a Telugu film after five years, in the commercially successful action-comedy ''[[Don Seenu]]'' opposite [[Ravi Teja]], where she plays the sister of a mobster. In the opinion of some critics, she stole the show with her dances and romantic scenes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/don-seenu-review-telugu-14952460.html |title=Movie Review:Don Seenu |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808190835/http://www.sify.com/movies/don-seenu-review-telugu-14952460.html |archive-date=8 August 2014}}</ref>

The year 2010 was her second busiest after 2005, having appeared in eight films, this time in four languages.

In 2011, Saran appeared in ''[[Rowthiram]]'', where she worked with Tamil actor [[Jiiva]] for the first time.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} The film received fairly low reviews. Although some reviews said that Saran was not given much opportunity to show her acting skills, mainly just adding a romantic touch to a mostly violent film,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-rowthiram-is-not-compelling/20110812.htm |title=Review: Rowthiram is a mindless masala |publisher=Rediff |date=12 August 2011 |access-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109060416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-rowthiram-is-not-compelling/20110812.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rowthiram-too-long-to-be-entertaining-tamil-movie-review-news-national-liopElgbafi.html |title='Rowthiram' too long to be entertaining (Tamil Movie Review) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=20 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001195417/http://www.sify.com/movies/rowthiram-too-long-to-be-entertaining-tamil-movie-review-news-national-liopElgbafi.html |archive-date=1 October 2011}}</ref> she was referred to by another as the pivot around which the film revolves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rowthiram-review-tamil-14976747.html |title=Movie Review: Rowthiram |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328124021/http://www.sify.com/movies/rowthiram-review-tamil-14976747.html |archive-date=28 March 2014}}</ref> Her performance earned her [[ITFA Best Actress Award|Best Actress Award]] at the [[International Tamil Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1186908/1/.html |title=Tamil film stars throng Singapore for night of glamour |publisher=[[Channel NewsAsia]] |date=4 March 2012 |author=Saravanan Annamalai |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304094502/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/1186908/1/.html |archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> Her only other film in 2011 was a special appearance in a song for the Tamil film ''[[Rajapattai]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigah.html |title=Vikram to sizzle with Reema & Shriya! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923172135/http://www.sify.com/movies/vikram-to-sizzle-with-reema-shriya-news-tamil-ljtqJXeigah.html |archive-date=23 September 2011}}</ref>

Saran's first release of 2012 was her second Malayalam project, ''[[Casanovva]]'', co-starring [[Mohanlal]] and directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]]. The movie was delayed many times, and it was rumoured that Saran would leave the project,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/casanova-to-start-shooting-from-september-27_100433506.html |title=Casanova To Start Shooting From September 27 |date=23 September 2010 |author=Sampurn Wire |work=Thaindian News |access-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927150750/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/casanova-to-start-shooting-from-september-27_100433506.html |archive-date=27 September 2012}}</ref> but in October 2010, the producer of the film announced that shooting would commence in [[Dubai]] with Shriya Saran among the cast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/casanova-starts-in-dubai-news-malayalam-kkgu6Xfdcff.html |title=Casanova starts in Dubai |website=[[Sify]] |date=3 October 2010 |author=Moviebuzz |access-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010072543/http://sify.com/movies/casanova-starts-in-dubai-news-malayalam-kkgu6Xfdcff.html |archive-date=10 October 2010}}</ref> It was released on 26 January. Her next release was in ''[[Gali Gali Chor Hai]]'', from director Rumy Jafry, which began shooting in September 2011,<ref name=ggmch>{{cite web |author=Businessofcinema.Com Team |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=18961 |title=Rumy Jafry's Gali Gali Mein Chor Hai to begin shooting from 2 September |publisher=Businessofcinema.com |date=27 December 2010 |access-date=30 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107094853/http://businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=18961 |archive-date=7 November 2011}}</ref> and released on 3 February.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Gali-gali-mein-chor-hai-is-40-complete/articleshow/10066274.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405075347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-22/news-interviews/30185058_1_gali-gali-mein-chor-hai-akshaye-khanna |url-status=live |archive-date=5 April 2012 |title='Gali gali mein chor' hai is 40% complete |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 September 2011 |access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=ggmch2>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shivaji-changed-my-life-completely-shriya-saran/article1-799272.aspx |title='Shivaji' changed my life completely: Shriya Saran |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=21 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423045337/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shivaji-changed-my-life-completely-shriya-saran/article1-799272.aspx |archive-date=23 April 2014}}</ref> She then was seen in the critically average comedic Telugu film ''[[Nuvva Nena]]'', with actors [[Allari Naresh]] and [[Sharwanand]],<ref name=NN>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Nuvva-Nena/movie-review/12302322.cms |title=Nuvva Nena |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Karthik Pasupulate |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=21 April 2014 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Nuvva-Nena/movie-review/12302322.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by [[Sekhar Kammula]]'s much delayed ''[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life is Beautiful]]''.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}

Saran has starred in [[Deepa Mehta]]'s long delayed English project ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]'',<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shriya-bowls-over-Rushdie/articleshow/6485762.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070302/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-04/news-interviews/28243173_1_shriya-saran-salman-rushdie-midnight-s-children |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Shriya bowls over Rushdie |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 September 2010 |access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref> which is based on [[Salman Rushdie]]'s highly acclaimed ''[[Midnight's Children|novel of the same name]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html |title=ALL TIME 100 Novels |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=16 October 2005 |author1=Lev Grossman |author2=Richard Lacayo |access-date=11 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913100321/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html |archive-date=13 September 2008}}</ref> It was filmed under the working title of ''Winds of Change''. It was screened at several film festivals in late 2012 in Canada<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/deepa-mehta-films-rushdies-midnights-children/article2021293/singlepage/#articlecontent |title=Mehta at midnight |work=The Globe and Mail |date=20 January 2012 |author=Nolen, Stephanie |access-date=4 March 2012 |location=Toronto |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523090739/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/movies/deepa-mehta-films-rushdies-midnights-children/article2021293/singlepage/ |archive-date=23 May 2011}}</ref> and finally made its general release in India on 1 February 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Deepa Mehta's Midnight's Children to release in India on 1 February |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/midnights-children-deepa-mehta-salman-rushdie-release-india-february-125268-2012-12-24 |newspaper=India Today |date=25 December 2012 |access-date=21 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423041320/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/midnights-children-deepa-mehta-salman-rushdie-release-india-february/1/239384.html |archive-date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

===Success and recent work (2013–present)===
In early 2013, Saran appeared in an [[item number]] in the film ''[[Zila Ghaziabad]]''. This was her first item number in a Hindi film.<ref name=ZG>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shriya-saran-to-do-an-item-number-in-zilla-ghaziabad-105642-2012-06-13 |title=Shriya Saran to do an item number in Zilla Ghaziabad |work=India Today |date=14 June 2012 |access-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221031413/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/shriya-saran-to-do-an-item-number-in-zilla-ghaziabad/1/200606.html |archive-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> On 7 June, Saran's ''[[Pavitra (2013 film)|Pavitra]]'' was released, in which she played a prostitute.<ref name=Pav>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/news-interviews/36161187_1_shriya-saran-intimate-scenes-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062513/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/news-interviews/36161187_1_shriya-saran-intimate-scenes-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=First Look: She will be enacting the title role as a sex worker in the film Shriya as sex worker in Pavithra |date=5 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 January 2013}}</ref> At a press conference in Hyderabad, she said that the film is very special for her, and that she was touched by the sensitivity that director/writer Janardhana Maharshi gave to the topic.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}} Her bi-lingual film ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'', directed by [[Roopa Iyer]], was simultaneously made in [[Kannada]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages. She played the role of a princess in the film opposite Kannada actor [[Prem Kumar (Kannada actor)|Prem Kumar]].<ref name=ch2>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shriya-to-make-a-comeback-in-south-film/articleshow/13081205.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062710/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-11/news-interviews/31656630_1_shriya-saran-kannada-film-roopa-iyer |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Shriya to make a comeback in south film |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Sunayana Suresh ([[Times News Network]]) |date=11 May 2012 |access-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> The film released in Kannada on 27 June 2013, and in Tamil on 14 February 2014. It became a moderate success at the Kannada box office. The film marked Saran's return to Tamil cinema after more than five years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Valentine-Day-release-for-Tamil-version-of-Chandra/articleshow/29806379.cms |title=Valentine Day release for Tamil version of Chandra |work=The Times of India |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203201049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/Valentine-Day-release-for-Tamil-version-of-Chandra/articleshow/29806379.cms |archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref>

Saran's first film of 2014, released 23 May, was the Telugu family drama ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'',<ref name=manam>{{cite news |title=Nagarjuna missed mom at dream project launch |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nagarjuna-missed-mom-at-dream-project-launch-113060400327_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=4 June 2013 |access-date=8 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222655/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/nagarjuna-missed-mom-at-dream-project-launch-113060400327_1.html |archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> which was a success in India and America. Saran's first film of 2015 was ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'', a remake of the Bollywood blockbuster ''[[OMG – Oh My God!]]'', released in the January festive season. She will next appear in director Karan Bhutani's Hindi film ''Valmiki Ki Bandook'', which is currently under production.<ref name=vkb>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/shriya-saran/article4343972.ece |title=Shriya Saran |work=The Hindu |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=20 August 2013 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203212646/http://www.thehindu.com/books/shriya-saran/article4343972.ece |archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> She appeared opposite [[Ajay Devgan]] in ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]'', a remake of the [[Drishyam|Malayalam film of the same name]], which turned out to be a box office success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Drishyam-box-office-The-Ajay-Devgn-starrer-makes-Rs-60-5-crore-in-17-days/articleshow/48306355.cms |title='Drishyam' box-office: The Ajay Devgn-starrer makes Rs 60.5 crore in 17 days |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101022434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/Drishyam-box-office-The-Ajay-Devgn-starrer-makes-Rs-60-5-crore-in-17-days/articleshow/48306355.cms |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> In mid-January 2016, she made a special appearance in ''[[Karthi]]'' starrer bilingual film ''[[Oopiri]]/Thozha'', while also signing for her next Hindi film ''[[Tadka (film)|Tadka]]'', opposite Nana Patekar.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-01-21/Shriyas-cameo-in-Nags-next/201391 |title=Shriya's cameo in Nag's next |work=The Hans India |access-date=17 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215155834/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-01-21/Shriyas-cameo-in-Nags-next/201391 |archive-date=15 February 2016}}</ref> In May 2016, she was cast as a female lead in the Telugu-language epic historical action film ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=It's confirmed! Shriya Saran to romance Balakrishna in his 100th film |work=The News Minute |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=17 July 2016 |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it’s-confirmed-shriya-saran-romance-balakrishna-his-100th-film-44602 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807030715/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/it%E2%80%99s-confirmed-shriya-saran-romance-balakrishna-his-100th-film-44602 |archive-date=7 August 2016}}</ref>

==Off-screen work==
In 2003, Saran hosted the [[Filmfare Awards South|50th Filmfare South Award]] with actor [[R. Madhavan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/entertainment/entertainment14489.html |title=Manikchand Filmfare Awards: Sizzling at 50 |publisher=[[BSNL]] |access-date=10 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721152719/http://portal.bsnl.in/intranetnews.asp?url=%2Fbsnl%2Fasp%2Fcontent%20mgmt%2Fhtml%20content%2Fentertainment%2Fentertainment14489.html |archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> She was a part of Tamil director [[Mani Ratnam]]'s stage show, ''[[Netru, Indru, Naalai]]'', an event which sought to raise funds for "Banyan", a voluntary organisation which rehabilitates homeless women with mental illness in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/31/stories/2006013102720200.htm |title=Netru, Indru, Nalai is back with a bang |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 January 2006 |access-date=3 January 2010 |last=Kamath |first=Sudish |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512182634/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/31/stories/2006013102720200.htm |archive-date=12 May 2011}}</ref> She was one of the guests alongside actor [[Surya Sivakumar]] at the season 3 finale of TV dance show ''[[Maanada Mayilada]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4593326.cms |title=Manada Mayilada finale |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819092029/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4593326.cms |archive-date=19 August 2010}}</ref>

[[File:Shriya Saran graces the screening of Sonata.jpg|thumb|Shriya at LFW 2017]]

Saran became the first actress, and the third celebrity after [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Aamir Khan]] to deliver a lecture to students at the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] (IIM-A) on 12 February 2010.{{Citation needed|date=September 2022}} She said that "The Indian media and entertainment industry is the fastest growing sector at present, so considering this IIM Ahmedabad had started a new program CFI – Contemporary Film Industry – A Business Perspective. I was there to give a lecture to 2nd year students of CFI and did a lot of research for the lecture for nearly five days." She held a lecture on the marketing and branding of a film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/shriya-saran-lectures-at-iim-ahmedabad-news-tamil-kkfqS7icgcg.html |title=Shriya Saran lectures at IIM Ahmedabad! |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 February 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707124517/http://www.sify.com/movies/shriya-saran-lectures-at-iim-ahmedabad-news-tamil-kkfqS7icgcg.html |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> In 2011, she gave a lecture to students at the [[IIT Madras|Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) Madras]] on the history of films, and films as a medium of cultural exchange.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Meet-Bollywood-s-professor-brigade/Article1-697017.aspx |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125104617/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Meet-Bollywood-s-professor-brigade/Article1-697017.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |title=Meet Bollywood's professor brigade |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref>

===Endorsements===
Saran started her modelling career by acting in a [[Pond's Creams]] advertisement. She then did a [[Coca-Cola]] advertisement alongside Tamil actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], which was directed by prominent director [[Rajiv Menon]]. She also starred in a [[Hindustan Unilever|Fair & Lovely]] creams advertisement during her early career.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/02/stories/2007070251050300.htm |title=Happy days for Shriya |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 July 2007 |author=Rana Siddiqui |access-date=9 September 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705043518/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/07/02/stories/2007070251050300.htm |archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref> Shriya Saran is also appointed as brand ambassador for Pantene Shampoo.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.samachar.com/shriya-saran-brand-ambassador-of-pantene-shampoo-le0rRhbbhgb.html |title=Galatta |publisher=Galatta |date=26 April 2009 |access-date=7 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814061655/http://www.samachar.com/shriya-saran-brand-ambassador-of-pantene-shampoo-le0rRhbbhgb.html |archive-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> In 2007, she became the brand ambassador of [[Saravana Stores]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/12/stories/2010051257310500.htm |title=Andhra Pradesh News : The glamour and the gold |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=12 May 2010 |access-date=3 January 2010 |last=Pillaai |first=Swarupa |location=Chennai, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516034327/http://www.hindu.com/2010/05/12/stories/2010051257310500.htm |archive-date=16 May 2010}}</ref> She is now the brand ambassador of the [[Lux (soap)|Lux]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shriya-saran-set-for-hollywood-debut/66489-8.html |title=Shriya Saran set for Hollywood debut |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=3 February 2010 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017122103/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shriya-saran-set-for-hollywood-debut/66489-8.html |archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1625835.ece |title=Lux launches 2 variants in TN |work=Business Line |date=3 June 2008 |access-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625044921/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1625835.ece |archive-date=25 June 2016}}</ref> and [[Head & Shoulders]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/article1676192.ece |title=Head & Shoulders' new variant |work=Business Line |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> Saran was also signed as brand ambassador along with actor [[Saif Ali Khan]] for Brooke Bond Taj Mahal Tea.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Saif-Ali-Khan-unveils-Taj-Andaaz-in-the-backdrop-of-the-Taj-Mahal/4839292689 |title=Saif Ali Khan unveils Taj Andaaz in the backdrop of the Taj Mahal |publisher=Indiainfoline.com |date=14 May 2010 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324215703/http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Saif-Ali-Khan-unveils-Taj-Andaaz-in-the-backdrop-of-the-Taj-Mahal/4839292689 |archive-date=24 March 2011}}</ref> Saran says no to soft drinks advertisements because she feels that soft drinks may harm children's health.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14894847 |title=Shriya Saran says no to soft drink ads |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622155109/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14894847 |archive-date=22 June 2009}}</ref> In 2011, Saran was appointed as the [[promotional model]] for [[McVitie's]] by [[United Biscuits]] along with actress [[Bipasha Basu]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-27/news/29479175_1_digestives-biscuits-parle-products-biscuit-companies |title=United Biscuits ropes in Bipasha Basu, Shriya Saran fight Parle, Britannia |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=27 April 2011 |access-date=2 May 2011 |archive-date=6 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806173507/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-04-27/news/29479175_1_digestives-biscuits-parle-products-biscuit-companies |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, Saran was appointed as brand ambassador for Colgate Active Salt Healthy White toothpaste, along with Bollywood actress [[Kareena Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-shriya-to-give-healthy-teeth-tips-113091100921_1.html |title=Kareena, Shriya to give healthy teeth tips |work=Business Standard |date=11 September 2013 |access-date=11 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130958/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-shriya-to-give-healthy-teeth-tips-113091100921_1.html |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> In 2014, she was signed as brand ambassador for Karnataka Milk Federation(KMF).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.veooz.com/news/2H8gJht.html |title=Shriya Saran, New Brand Ambassador For KMF | Veooz 360 |publisher=Veooz.com |date=29 April 2014 |access-date=4 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806155636/http://www.veooz.com/news/2H8gJht.html |archive-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2007, Saran launched the first issue of ''Galatta Cinema'' and has been featured on its cover many times. In 2008, she was featured in, and appeared on the cover of the June issue of ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]] India''. Editor Anup Kutty said: "We had been thinking of getting someone who bridges this strange divide we have between the North, South and the West ... Shreya fit the bill perfectly."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/04sli2.htm |title=Shreya Saran sets off sirens |date=4 June 2008 |publisher=Rediff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227133706/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/04sli2.htm |archive-date=27 December 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> She has appeared on various other magazine covers over the years, including ''Jade'' and ''South Scope''. In 2012, she again did a photo shoot for ''Maxim India''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Shriya-Sarans-sexy-photoshoot/articleshow/15447111.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103221806/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-11/news-interviews/33152728_1_shriya-saran-photoshoot-glamour-world |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2013 |title=Shriya Saran's sexy photoshoot |last=Sashidhar |first=AS |date=11 August 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/where's-your-shirt-shriya-162 |title=Where's your shirt Shriya? |date=30 August 2012 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=13 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908164435/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/where%E2%80%99s-your-shirt-shriya-162 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===CCL (Celebrity Cricket League)===
On the sports front, Saran is brand ambassador of [[Celebrity Cricket League]] (CCL),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/166681/id-love-work-rajnikanth-again.html |title='I'd love to work with Rajnikanth again' |work=Deccan Herald |date=5 June 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830222912/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/166681/id-love-work-rajnikanth-again.html |archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> a concept that mixes two passions in India, film and cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/165392/unlimited-fun-spectators.html |title=Unlimited fun for spectators |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830214452/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/165392/unlimited-fun-spectators.html |archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref> In April 2011, she danced with Shah Rukh Khan at the fourth season opening ceremony of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), another cricket league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/152248/king-khan-saving-grace.html |title=King Khan the saving grace |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=17 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830192027/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/152248/king-khan-saving-grace.html |archive-date=30 August 2011}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Saran has always been very reluctant to talk about her private life, and usually denied that reported linkups are romantic in nature.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-not-seeing-Rana-Shriya/articleshow/6124507.cms?referral=PM |title=I'm not seeing Rana: Shriya |work=The Times of India |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206233939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Im-not-seeing-Rana-Shriya/articleshow/6124507.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref>
Saran is well known for her charity work. She describes herself as someone used to "sharing time and resources with the underprivileged since childhood." She says that "celebrities can show the way by sensitising people to social issues, campaigning for causes or being part of fund-raisers." Her family has always encouraged her to think of the needy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |title=The art of giving |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article474249.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=26 July 2011 |date=20 June 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008015431/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article474249.ece |archive-date=8 October 2011}}</ref>

Saran is a brand ambassador for the Naandi Foundation,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/naandi-ropes-in-shriya-nagarjuna/183271/ |title=Naandi ropes in Shriya, Nagarjuna |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=21 November 2003 |access-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015121551/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/naandi-ropes-in-shriya-nagarjuna/183271/ |archive-date=15 October 2012}}</ref> and for the Save A Child's Heart Foundation (SACH), which works for the benefit of poor children and people affected by natural calamities. She helps finance a Prevention of Aids foundation. In 2009, Saran joined with other eminent personalities to promote '[[Joy of Giving Week|The Joy of Giving Week]]', to encourage people from all walks of life to engage in acts of giving.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/Suriya-Shriya-discover-the-joy-of-giving-imagegallery-kollywood-jhbmTyibgai.html |title=Suriya, Shriya discover the 'joy of giving' |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119112454/http://sify.com/movies/suriya-shriya-discover-the-joy-of-giving-imagegallery-kollywood-jhbmTyibgai.html |archive-date=19 November 2010}}</ref> She regularly participates in carnivals and campaigns that associate with children benefits. She is associated with animal welfare and the [[Blue Cross of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14928419 |title=Shriya saves a kitten in B'lore! |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125130842/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14928419 |archive-date=25 January 2010}}</ref> She is also associated with an NGO called World Vision that finds parents for deprived kids, and works for Apollo's RDF to raise funds for underprivileged children.<ref name=Hindu2/>

In 2011, she opened a [[Spa]] which exclusively employs the [[visual impairment|visually challenged]]. It is called Shree Spa, and is located in Mumbai.<ref name=spa>{{cite news |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |title=A spa that's special |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article1171372.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=15 February 2011 |location=Chennai, India |date=9 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214112924/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article1171372.ece |archive-date=14 February 2011}}</ref> Saran has said "When I studied in DPS Mathura Road in Delhi, there was a school for blind exactly opposite to our school. I used to go there every week and spend time seeing how these students played cricket and did other things normally. That is what inspired me to do something for these people".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Shriya-opens-noble-spa/articleshow/6981656.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-24/news-interviews/28225214_1_shriya-saran-spa-favour |url-status=live |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Shriya opens 'noble' spa |date=24 November 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 December 2010}}</ref> In an interview to TOI, the actress said: "We feel sympathetic towards them, but we never employ them. We are scared because we have not grown up with them. While these people might be visually impaired, their other senses are very strong. So they can effectively give foot and back massages and treatments like reflexology. It's important to understand that you are not doing a favour on them but they are doing a favour on you".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Shriya-Saran-Lesser-known-facts/Shriya-Saran-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/48911230.cms |title=Shriya Saran: Lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |date=9 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614091143/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/Shriya-Saran-Lesser-known-facts/Shriya-Saran-Lesser-known-facts/photostory/48911230.cms |archive-date=14 June 2016}}</ref>

On 19 March 2018, she married her Russian boyfriend Andrei Koscheev at her [[Lokhandwala Complex|Lokhandwala]] residence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2018 |title=Pics leaked! Shriya Saran and husband Andrei Koscheev look ROYAL in their wedding pictures |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pics-leaked-shriya-saran-husband-andrei-koscheev-look-royal-wedding-pictures/ |access-date=20 March 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930010123/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/pics-leaked-shriya-saran-husband-andrei-koscheev-look-royal-wedding-pictures/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10 January 2021, the couple welcomed a daughter named Radha Saran Koscheev.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Shriya Saran wishes daughter Radha on 2nd birthday, says 'you changed my life' {{!}} Bollywood - Hindustan Times | date=10 January 2023 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shriya-saran-wishes-her-daughter-on-2nd-birthday-as-radha-plays-with-her-hair-you-changed-my-life-forever-watch-101673358234385.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110140130/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shriya-saran-wishes-her-daughter-on-2nd-birthday-as-radha-plays-with-her-hair-you-changed-my-life-forever-watch-101673358234385.html | access-date=2025-08-11 | archive-date=2023-01-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shriya-saran-reveals-the-actual-meaning-of-her-daughters-name-radha-in-russian/articleshow/87132119.cms | title=Shriya Saran reveals the actual meaning of her daughter's name 'Radha' in Russian! | work=The Times of India | date=19 October 2021 }}</ref> She is fluent in Hindi, English, and can understand Telugu and Tamil well.<ref name=ggmch2/>

==In the media==
[[File:Shriya Saran celebrities grace Lux Golden Rose Awards 2016 in Mumbai (18).jpg|thumb|upright|Saran in 2016]]

Saran is widely known for her work in different industries, mainly Telugu and Tamil films. In 2010, ''[[Rediff.com]]'' placed her in their "Reigning women achievers" in Indian cinema list and said, "Shriya is one of the most in-demand actresses in South Indian industry".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/04/slide-show-1-specials-poll-women-achievers-in-indian-cinema.htm |title=Poll: Reigning women achievers in Indian cinema! |work=Rediff.com |date=4 March 2010 |access-date=27 November 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706164403/http://getahead.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/mar/04/slide-show-1-specials-poll-women-achievers-in-indian-cinema.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref> Rahul Nanda of ''[[Filmfare]]'' termed her a "showbiz siren" who has "more than three dozen films" in South Indian and Hindi cinema to her credit.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Rahul Nanda |title="Open relationships don't work for me" - Shriya Saran |work=Filmfare |url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/open-relationships-dont-work-for-me-shriya-saran-931.amp |access-date=26 December 2019 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930010126/https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/open-relationships-dont-work-for-me-shriya-saran-931.amp |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' said, "Gorgeous, elegant and pretty - these sum up the talented actress Shriya Saran."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Calcutta Desk |title=Happy Birthday Shriya Saran: Way to go! |work=The Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/gallery/happy-birthday-shriya-saran-photogallery/cid/1885942 |access-date=12 September 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508180418/https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/gallery/happy-birthday-shriya-saran-photogallery/cid/1885942 |url-status=live }}</ref> Zaral Shah of ''[[Verve (Indian magazine)|Verve]]'' noted, "Shriya is a star who has earned her share of the spotlight and continues to live life on her own terms."<ref>{{Cite web |author=Zaral Shah |title=A tète-a-tète with Shriya Saran: Shriya Saran on her journey to remember |work=Verve India |date=22 January 2018 |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/shriya-saran-on-her-journey-to-remember |access-date=10 November 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026122649/https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/shriya-saran-on-her-journey-to-remember |url-status=live }}</ref>

On working in different language film industries in India, Saran stated: "I don't consider [[Kollywood]] or [[Bollywood]] as separate entities. For me, there's only a single category, the Indian film industry, which is extremely rich owing to its diverse genres and languages."<ref name=HTimes/> On 19 January 2013, she quit [[Twitter]] due to derogatory comments from her followers. However, she rejoined Twitter with a new account on 27 January 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Shriya-Saran-quits-Twitter/articleshow/18145755.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920193526/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-23/news-interviews/36504909_1_shriya-saran-obscene-tweets-isha |url-status=live |archive-date=20 September 2013 |title=Shriya Saran quits Twitter |date=23 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> Saran has frequently appeared in [[The Times of India|Times' 50 Most Desirable Women]] list. She ranked 18th in 2012,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/19767120.cms? |title=2012's Most desirable woman |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=5 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151218173744/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Times-top-50-Most-Desirable-Women-of-2012/articleshow/19767120.cms |archive-date=18 December 2015}}</ref> 7th in 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms? |title=Deepika Padukone: 2013's Most desirable woman |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2014 |access-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531081711/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Deepika-Padukone-2013s-Most-desirable-woman/articleshow/35726757.cms |archive-date=31 May 2014}}</ref> 5th in 2014<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2014? |title=2014's Most desirable woman |work=The Times of India |date=5 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504203639/http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2014 |archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> and 6th in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2015? |title=2015's Most desirable woman |work=The Times of India |date=7 May 2016 |access-date=7 May 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506135557/http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2015 |archive-date=6 May 2016}}</ref> In [[The Times of India|Hyderabad Times' Most Desirable Women]] list, she was placed 3rd in 2013,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyindia.org/list-of-most-desirable-women-of-2013/ |title=List Of Hyderabad Times Most Desirable Women Of 2013 |work=Daily India |date=23 June 2014 |access-date=6 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627210602/http://www.dailyindia.org/list-of-most-desirable-women-of-2013/ |archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> 2nd in 2014,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sania-Mirza-pips-Shriya-Shruti-Haasan-to-become-Hyderabad-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-of-2014/articleshow/46944572.cms/ |title=Shriya Saran ranked 2'nd in Hyderabad Times |work=The Times of India |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420180404/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sania-Mirza-pips-Shriya-Shruti-Haasan-to-become-Hyderabad-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-of-2014/articleshow/46944572.cms |archive-date=20 April 2015}}</ref> 2nd in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sania-Mirza-pips-Shriya-Shruti-Haasan-to-become-Hyderabad-Times-Most-Desirable-Woman-of-2015/articleshow/46944572.cms/ |title=Shriya Saran ranked 2'nd in Hyderabad Times |work=The Times of India |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> Saran was named the brand ambassador for [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] in 2013, 2014 and 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Drishyam actress Shriya Saran marries Russian boyfriend Andrei Koscheev in a private ceremony |url=https://zeenews.india.com/relationships/drishyam-actress-shriya-saran-marries-russian-boyfriend-andrei-koscheev-in-a-private-ceremony-2090681.html |access-date=12 June 2020 |work=Zee News |date=17 March 2018 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930010129/https://zeenews.india.com/relationships/drishyam-actress-shriya-saran-marries-russian-boyfriend-andrei-koscheev-in-a-private-ceremony-2090681.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Saran stood at the 28th place on ''[[Forbes India]]'''s most influential stars on Instagram in South cinema for the year 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet the 30 most influential social media stars of South cinema |access-date=17 December 2022 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |work=Forbes India |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310062133/https://www.forbesindia.com/amp/article/south-celebrity-special-2021/meet-the-most-influential-social-media-stars-of-south-cinema/71017/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Main|Shriya Saran filmography}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! scope="col" style="width:4%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="width:35%;"| Award
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Category
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| Film
! scope="col" style="width:6%;"| Result
! scope="col" style="width:5%;"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2005
| [[52nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| ''[[Nenunnanu]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050805080646/http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=5 August 2005 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title="Autograph" bags 3 Filmfare awards | date=10 July 2005}}</ref>
|-
| 2006
| [[53rd Filmfare Awards South]]
| ''[[Chhatrapati (film)|Chhatrapati]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008
| [[2nd Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |title=The 2nd annual Vijay Awards 2007 |accessdate=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726022319/http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |archivedate=26 July 2008 }}</ref>
|-
| [[South Scope|South Scope Style Award]]
| Best Actress - Tamil
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Stardust Awards]]
| [[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female|Breakthrough Performance – Female]]
| ''[[Awarapan]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/25/3391/index.html|title=Nominations for Max Stardust Awards 2008|date=25 December 2007|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=10 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023081753/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/25/3391/index.html|archivedate=23 October 2011|agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
| [[Stardust Exciting New Face Award|Exciting New Face]]
| ''[[Mission Istaanbul]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name=starexcite/>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| [[4th Vijay Awards]]
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| ''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| Amrita [[Mathrubhumi]] Award
| Best Actress
| ''[[Kanthaswamy]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref name=mathrubhumi/>
|-
| [[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR Lalitha Kala Parishath Awards]]
| Contributions to Telugu Cinema
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article920552.ece |title=TSR Lalitha Kala Parishat launched |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 November 2010 |access-date=30 November 2010 |location=Chennai, India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102204131/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article920552.ece |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| [[International Tamil Film Awards]]
| [[ITFA Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Rowthiram]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Lifestyle/Story/STIStory_773649.html |title=Shriya Saran shines at Tamil Film Awards in Singapore |work=The Straits Times |date=4 March 2012 |author=Rachael Boon |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304121114/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Lifestyle/Story/STIStory_773649.html |archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| GR8! Women Achiever Awards
| Excellence in Cinema
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-shriya-saran-tamannaah-sridevi-at-gr8-women-awards-tv/20140324.htm |title=GR8 Womens Award |work=Rediff.com |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825130809/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-shriya-saran-tamannaah-sridevi-at-gr8-women-awards-tv/20140324.htm |archive-date=25 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2015
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| rowspan="4"|''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South |publisher=Filmfare |date=3 June 2015 |access-date=18 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[TV9 Telugu|TSR TV9 National Film Awards]]
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA.in]] |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Santosham Film Awards|13th Santosham Film Awards]]
| [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com:80/en-in/entertainment/gallery/santosham-awards-2015/ss-BBm4Dt7 |title=Santosham Awards 2015 |work=MSN |date=27 August 2015 |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008163456/http://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/gallery/santosham-awards-2015/ss-BBm4Dt7 |archive-date=8 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| [[TV9 Telugu|TSR TV9 National Film Awards]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Gopala Gopala (2015 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
| {{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|-
| 2018
| [[16th Santosham Film Awards]]
| [[Santosham Best Actress Award|Best Actress]]
| ''[[Gautamiputra Satakarni (film)|Gautamiputra Satakarni]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/santosham-south-indian-film-awards-16th-anniversary-here-is-the-2018-winners-list/articleshow/65564175.cms |title=Santhosham South Awards |publisher=gulte |date=9 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904193354/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/santosham-south-indian-film-awards-16th-anniversary-here-is-the-2018-winners-list/articleshow/65564175.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[17th Santosham Film Awards]]
| Santosham Sridevi Smarakam Award
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|{{cn|date=October 2025}}
|-
| 2024
| [[22nd Santosham Film Awards]]
| Best Actress – Kannada
| ''[[Kabzaa (2023 film)|Kabzaa]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2023 |title=22వ సంతోషం సౌత్ ఇండియన్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డ్స్.. ఈసారి ఘనంగా గోవాలో.. |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/suresh-kondeti-santosham-awards-will-held-in-goa-this-time-735660.html |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=10TV Telugu |language=te}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Shriya Saran
|d = yes
|d-search = Q292943
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = India
}}
{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saran, Shriya}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Haridwar]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Delhi Public School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:International Tamil Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses from Dehradun]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]

Latha Ramchand

2026-01-27T17:40:39Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Short description|American academic, author}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Latha Ramchand
| image = Latha_Ramchand_at_IU_Indianapolis_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Dr.
| occupation = Chancellor, Executive Vice President, Professor of Finance
| education = [[University of Mumbai]] (BS,MS), [[Northwestern University]] (PhD)
| discipline = International Finance
| workplaces = [[Indiana University Indianapolis]]
}}
'''Latha Ramchand''' is an American academic and an international and corporate finance professional expert.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Latha Ramchand Named Dean of Bauer College of Business at UH |url=https://uh.edu/news-events/stories/2011articles/Sept2011/0907Bauer.php |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=ssl.uh.edu |language=en}}</ref> She is a professor of finance and has taught at the graduate level.<ref name=":0" /> Ramchand has taught in the MBA programs at Northwestern University, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, the University of Houston and the Indian School of Business.<ref name=":0" /> She teaches in the areas of corporate and international finance and risk management and leadership, mergers and acquisitions, and corporate governance, which are primarily her focus of research.<ref name=":0" /> Ramchand is the Chancellor and Executive Vice President of [[Indiana University Indianapolis]] (IU Indianapolis).<ref name=":1" />

== Early life and education ==
Ramchand is a native of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]] but was raised in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramchand |first=Latha |date=2012-03-14 |title=Before Applying to U.S. Colleges, Indian Students Should Be Able to Answer 'Why?' |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/before-applying-to-college-in-the-u-s-indian-students-should-be-able-to-answer-why/#more-25819 |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=India Ink |language=en}}</ref> She attended [[University of Mumbai]] where she received her master's and bachelor's degrees in Economics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shuey |first=Mickey |date=2023-12-11 |title=IU names University of Missouri vice chancellor to lead Indianapolis campus |url=https://www.ibj.com/articles/iu-tabs-current-missouri-academic-to-lead-indianapolis-campus |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Indianapolis Business Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> With the encouragement from a professor, she then moved to the United States of America to pursue a doctoral degree from Northwestern University.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rafford |first=Claire |date=2024-02-13 |title=As the first chancellor of IU Indianapolis, Latha Ramchand is embracing change and possibility as IUPUI split approaches. |url=https://mirrorindy.org/change-is-always-difficult-new-iu-indianapolis-chancellor-talks-iupui-split/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Mirror Indy |language=en-US}}</ref> Prior to her move, her parents suggested she get married, and shortly after she married her husband, Ram.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Meet Latha Ramchand, the Inaugural Chancellor of IU Indianapolis |url=https://indianapolis.iu.edu/about/leadership/meet/chancellor-ramchand.html |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=indianapolis.iu.edu}}</ref>

== Career ==
Upon graduating with her PhD in finance, she began working for a bank.<ref name=":1" /> From 2011 to 2018, Ramchand served as the dean of the [[Bauer College of Business|C.T. Baer College of Business]] at the [[University of Houston]].<ref name=":2" /> She spearheaded initiatives and programming that connected the university to its community and promoted diversity and inclusion.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Kathryn |date=2018-06-21 |title=Latha Ramchand named MU's new provost |url=https://www.columbiamissourian.com/news/higher_education/latha-ramchand-named-mus-new-provost/article_c344c706-7557-11e8-96ce-af3d63f9fe3b.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Columbia Missourian |language=en}}</ref> To support women attending business school, she launched the Working Families Agenda which provided research that organizations can use to establish equitable workplace policies.<ref name=":5" /> She created a program called Sustainable Urban Renewal, that connected students with entrepreneurs with the goal of reducing poverty.<ref name=":5" />

In 2018, she focused on improving enrollment and program rankings through the establishment of a new strategy at [[University of Missouri]]. During her time there she was appointed Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost.<ref name=":2" />

In 2024, she was appointed Chancellor and Executive Vice President of [[Indiana University Indianapolis]] (IU Indianapolis).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Her appointment came in the midst of the separation of [[Indiana University Indianapolis|IU Indianapolis]] from [[Purdue University]] which together were once the [[Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis|IUPUI]] campus.<ref name=":1" />

== Selected works ==
*Ramchand, L., & Susmel, R. (1998). Volatility and cross correlation across major stock markets. ''Journal of Empirical Finance, 5''(4), 397–416. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-5398(98)00003-6</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Latha Ramchand, the Inaugural Chancellor of IU Indianapolis |url=https://indianapolis.iu.edu/about/leadership/meet/chancellor-ramchand.html |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=IU Indianapolis |language=en-US}}</ref>
*Ramchand, L., & Susmel, R. (1998). Variances and covariances of international stock returns: The international capital asset pricing model revisited. ''Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 8''(1), 39–57. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1042-4431(98)00023-7</nowiki><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ramchand |first=Latha |last2=Susmel |first2=Raul |date=1998 |title=Variances and covariances of international stock returns: the international capital asset pricing model revisited |url=https://ideas.repec.org//a/eee/intfin/v8y1998i1p39-57.html |journal=Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=39–57}}</ref>
*Ramchand, L., & Sethapakdi, P. (2000). Changes in systematic risk following global equity issuance. ''Journal of Banking & Finance, 24''(9), 1491–1514. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(99)00094-1</nowiki>
*Chaplinsky, S., & Ramchand, L. (2000). The Impact of Global Equity Offerings. ''The Journal of Finance'', ''55''(6), 2767–2789. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00306</nowiki>
*Chaplinsky, S., & Ramchand, L. (2004). The Impact of SEC Rule 144A on Corporate Debt Issuance by International Firms. ''The Journal of Business'', ''77''(4), 1073–1098. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1086/422441</nowiki>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kerala academics]]
[[Category:21st-century American women academics]]
[[Category:American academics of Indian descent]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Houston faculty]]
[[Category:University of Missouri faculty]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indiana University Indianapolis faculty]]
[[Category:Women heads of universities and colleges]]

Velicheru

2026-01-14T11:36:18Z

NWIMuoi623534: entry...

{{Short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Velicheru
| settlement_type = Village
| population_total = 4627
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| image_caption = Bus Stop of Velicheru
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Atreyapuram]]
| postal_code = 533235
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|16.87|N|81.75|E}}
| image_skyline = Velicheru.jpg
| image_alt = Bus Stop of Velicheru
}}

'''Velicheru''' is one of the 15 villages of [[Atreyapuram mandal|Atreyapuram Mandal]], located in [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema District {{!}} India |url=https://konaseema.ap.gov.in/about-district/administrative-setup/village-panchayats/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> of the [[Government of India|Indian State]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located at a distance of 16km from the municipal corporation of [[Rajahmundry]].

== Geography ==
Velicheru is located at 16.87°N, 81.75°E.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Velicheru · Andhra Pradesh 533235, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Velicheru,+Andhra+Pradesh+533235/@16.8768688,81.7543048,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3a37bb98080921a1:0xc5686aff5478eeb9!8m2!3d16.8768213!4d81.7561415!16s%2Fg%2F1td3df_h?entry=tts |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=Velicheru · Andhra Pradesh 533235, India |language=en}}</ref> It is geographically located in the delta region formed by the bifurcation of [[Godavari River|the river Godavari]]. Velicheru shares its boundary with both the distributaries of Godavari i.e., the Vasishta Godavari and the Gautami Godavari.

Various crops like [[Paddy field|Paddy]], [[Banana]] and various types of flowers like [[Lilium|Lily]], [[Chrysanthemum]] are cultivated in the village. The soil in the area, being highly fertile, allows cultivation of multiple crops in a year.

== Transport ==
Velicheru has regular government operated buses to the nearby city of [[Rajahmundry]] as well as [[Ravulapalem]]. From there, buses, trains and flights are available for travelling to various parts of the country.

Apart from buses, passengers can avail services of Auto Rickshaws which are frequently used in this route.

Nearest railway station is [[Rajahmundry railway station]] and airport is [[Rajahmundry Airport|Rajahmundry airport]] located at distances of 16km and 33km respectively.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Atreyapuram mandal]]

Kamarkuchi

2026-01-08T05:42:28Z

NWIMuoi623534: Creating the info added tags

{{Short description|Villages in Nalbari district}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kamarkuchi
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.3661|91.49700|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name3 = Nalbari
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 56
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 2231
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 781347<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamarkuchi Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Kamarkuchi, Nalbari, Assam, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/assam/nalbari/kamarkuchi |website=[[India TV]] |access-date=5 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03624
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 =
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = Nalbari district
| area_total_ha = 195.62
| registration_plate = AS-14
}}

'''Kamarkuchi''' is a census village in [[Barbhag]] [[revenue block|revenue circle]] of [[Nalbari district]], [[Assam]], India.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Ved |author1-link=Ved Prakash Malik |title=Terrorism in India's North-east: A Gathering Storm |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-662-4 |page=461 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1991: B-15 (i) (F), B-15 (ii) (F), B-16 (F), B-17 (F), and B-18 (F) |date=1996 |publisher=Controller of Publications, Assam |page=19 |language=en}}</ref> The village has population of 2,231, where 1,143 are males and 1,088 are females as per [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Assam - District Nalbari - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41002/download/44633/PCA_CDB-1824-F-Census.xlsx |website=Census Digital Library |publisher=[[Census of India]] |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalbari district]]
[[Category:Human settlement]]

Madhu Babu Pension Yojana

2026-01-03T05:11:51Z

NWIMuoi623534: expanded lead based on references and corrected details

{{Short description|Pension scheme}}
{{Infobox company
| type = Government
| foundation = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]] ({{Start date|2008|01|01|df=yes}})
| location_city = [[Bhubaneswar]]
| location_country = India
| area_served = [[Odisha]]
| industry = [[Social security|Social Security]]
| homepage = [http://ssepd.gov.in/ ssepd.gov.in]
}}

The '''Madhu Babu Pension Yojana'''(MBPY) is a [[pension scheme]] introduced in the Indian State of [[Odisha]] with the objective of providing financial assistance to destitute, elderly, and disabled individuals in the state.<ref name="govinfo">{{cite web|title=Madhubabu Pension Yojana|url=https://govinfo.me/madhu-babu-pension-yojana/|website=www.govinfo.me|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="odishatreasury">{{cite web|title=Madhu Babu Pension Yojana|url=https://www.odishatreasury.gov.in/PensionPortal/PensionSchemes.html|website=www.odishatreasury.gov.in|accessdate=13 April 2018}}</ref>

== About the scheme ==
The Madhu Babu Pension Yojana (MBPY) is a beneficial scheme initiated under the Department of Social Security and Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities for the disabled, old age persons in the state of [[Odisha]], India. The Madhu Babu Pension Yojana was launched by Chief Minister of Odisha, w.e.f. 01.01.2008 by merging the two pension schemes i.e. namely, Revised Old Age Pension Rules, 1989 and Disability Pension Rules, 1985.

== Criteria for eligibility ==
Under the provisions of the scheme, the following persons shall be eligible for the pension.

* If the person is of 60 years of age and above (OAP)
* If the person is a widow (irrespective of age) (WP)
* If the person is a leprosy patient with visible signs of deformity (irrespective of age) (PLP)
* If the person is a person of 0 years of age or above and unable to do normal work due to his/her deformity or disability being blind or orthopedically handicapped or hearing and speech impaired or intellectually disabled or with cerebral palsy or with autism or with mental illness or with multiple disabilities (DP)
* or if the person is a widow of AIDS patient (irrespective of age and income criteria mentioned under Rule 6 (b) (WP-AIDS) of MBPY Rules, 2008.
* or if an AIDS patient identified by the State/District AIDS Control Society or district AIDS prevention control Unit (DAPCU) (irrespective of income as under Rule 6 (b). (PP-AIDS)
* Or is an unmarried woman above 30 years belonging to a BPL Family or has individual income from all sources not exceeding Rs.24,000/- (Rupees twenty-four thousand) only per annum irrespective of the family income

::However, the other criteria to be eligible under the scheme is-
* He/She must be a permanent resident/domicile of Odisha
* He/She must not been convicted of any criminal offence involving moral turpitude
* He/She must not in receipt of any other pension from the Union Government or the State Government or any organisation aided by either Government.
* He/She must be a
::The amount of pension payable to each pensioner under the scheme shall be of such amount as may be decided by Government from time to time. The pension amount normally gets transferred on 15th of every month to the bank account of the beneficiary. However, beneficiary can also choose to disburse the pension amount on the Jan Seva Diwas at the Gram Panchayat Office or Block Development Office.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [https://texashardylawn.com/madhu-babu-pension-yojana-new-list-2025-out-find// Madhu Babu Pension Yojana]

==External links==
* [http://ssepd.gov.in// Official Website of Madhubabu Pension Scheme]

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Government schemes in Odisha]]

Malasar language

2026-01-01T12:19:28Z

NWIMuoi623534: added a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Southern Dravidian language of India}}
{{distinguish|Mala Malasar language}}
{{for|the village|Malasar (village)}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Malasar
|nativename=
|states=[[India]]
|ethnicity=
|speakers={{sigfig|7760|2}}
|date=2001 census
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Dravidian
| fam2 = Southern
| fam3 = [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern I]]
| fam4 = Tamil–[[Kannada dialects|Kannada]]
| fam5 = Tamil–[[Kota language (India)|Kota]]
| fam6 = Tamil–[[Toda language|Toda]]
| fam7 = Tamil–Irula
| fam8 = Tamil–[[Kodava language|Kodava]]–[[Urali language|Urali]]
| fam9 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamil]]–[[Malayalamoid languages|Malayalam]]
| fam10 = [[Tamiloid languages|Tamiloid]]
| fam11 = Malasa–[[Eravallan language|Eravallan]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tamil language|Old Tamil]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Tamil language|Middle Tamil]]
|iso3=ymr
|glotto=mala1458
|glottorefname=Malasar
}}
'''Malasar''' (Malayar, {{ipa|ymr|mɐlɐsɐr, mɐlɐjɐr|ipa}}) is a [[Southern Dravidian languages|Southern Dravidian language]] spoken by a [[Scheduled tribe]] of [[India]]. It is close to [[Eravallan language|Eravallan]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dravidian languages |state=autocollapse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

{{dr-lang-stub}}

Vadilona Vanke

2025-12-22T18:11:50Z

NWIMuoi623534: pg

{{more citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vadilona Vanke
| image =
| caption =
| director = Ramchandra Thakur<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| writer = Prabhulal Dwivedi<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| based_on = Play by Deshi Natak Samaj<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Motibai
* Vasant Nayak
* Pratima Devi
* Latabai
* Ramesh Vyas
}}
| cinematography = Gordhanbhai Patel<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| editing =
| music = Mohan Jr, Prabhulal Dwivedi (lyrics)<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| studio = Saras Pictures<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1948}}
| runtime = 132 minutes<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| country = India
| language = Gujarati<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vadilona Vanke''''' ({{lit|For Forefather's Fault}})<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DftkAAAAMAAJ&q=Vadilona+Vanke |title=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3 |language=en}}</ref> is 1948 Indian [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] social drama film directed by Ramchandra Thakur.

==Plot==
The story revolves around conflict of rights and ambitions in a joint family. Snehgopal, a retired [[dewan]] has two daughters: elder Samata who is married to imprisoned political activist Pushkar, and younger Shobhna is married to modernised and aimless Kirtikumar. Pushkar's window mother Bhagirathi and younger brother Surendra are also involved. Other members of the family, employees of Pushakar and Snehgopal as well as a criminal also plays part in the drama. When Pushkar dies in the end, the hostilities in the family ends.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>

==Cast==
The cast is as follows:<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014"/>
* Motibai
* Vasant Nayak
* Pratima Devi
* Latabai
* Ramesh Vyas
* Anant Vin
* Amrit
* Anjana
* Neelam
* Chunilal Nayak
* Master Pransukh
* Baby Saroj
* Vijaya
* Keshav Purohit
* Jayshankar
* Chhagan Romeo

==Production==
The melodramatic film depicted social impact of "modernisation" of Indian society.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /> It is based on a popular 1938 play written by Prabhulal Dwivedi<ref name=":0" /><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Journey to success |url=http://www.prabhulaldwivedi.com/his-life/the-journey-to-success/ |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=Shri Prabhulal Dwivedi - Natya Maharshi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Saurabh |title=ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મો : રાખનાં રમકડાં અને પંખીડાંનું પીંજરું |url=https://sandesh.com/supplement/gujarati-movies-ash-toys-and-birdcage |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sandesh |language=gu}}</ref> and produced by the Deshi Natak Samaj, a theatre company.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=1999 |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |edition=Revised |pages=312}}</ref> The stage play featured a song "Dil Hoy Amiri Biradar To".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Delhi |first=All India Radio (AIR), New |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gObiDwAAQBAJ&dq=Vadilona+Vanke&pg=RA1-PR4 |title=THE INDIAN LISTENER: Vol. VI. No. 20. (7th OCTOBER 1941) |date=1941-10-07 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |language=en}}</ref>

The film song "Mitha Lagya Te Mane Aajna Ujagara<nowiki>''</nowiki> sung by Motibai became popular.<ref name=":1" />

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1948 drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1940s Gujarati-language films]]

Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi

2025-12-11T12:36:42Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = DabangiiSonyTV.png
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Action film|Action]] [[Mystery film|Mystery]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Arif Ali
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 170
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Herumb Khot
* Nilanjana Purkayasstha
}}
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| location =
| cinematography =
| company = Invictus T Mediaworks
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2023|10|30|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2024|06|21|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi''''' is an Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series premiered on [[Sony Entertainment Television]], and digitally streams on [[Sony LIV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sony-introduces-new-show-dabangii-shares-promo/ | title=Sony introduces new show Dabangii; shares promo : Bollywood News | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=13 September 2023 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101064512/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sony-introduces-new-show-dabangii-shares-promo/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by Herumb Khot and Nilanjana Purkayasstha under Invictus T Mediaworks,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-explores-a-daughters-quest-to-reunite-with-father-2454599-2023-10-27 | title='Dabangii - Mulgi Aayi Re Aayi' explores daughter's quest to reunite with father | date=27 October 2023 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101064639/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-explores-a-daughters-quest-to-reunite-with-father-2454599-2023-10-27 | url-status=live }}</ref> the series starred Mahi Bhadra, Aamir Dalvi, [[Manav Gohil]], [[Sai Deodhar]], Bharati Patil, [[Himani Chawla]] and [[Yashashri Masurkar]] in the lead roles. As of February 2024, it also stars Rachana Mistry, replacing Bhadra, and [[Rrahul Sudhir]] in the lead role after the generation leap. The show went off-air on 21 June 2024.<ref name="cast" >{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-characters-from-the-new-upcoming-show-dabangii-characters-who-will-be-keeping-you-locked-onto-your-tvs/articleshow/104194811.cms | title=Meet the characters from the new upcoming show, Dabangii - characters who will be keeping you locked onto your TVS | newspaper=The Times of India | date=6 October 2023 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101064007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-characters-from-the-new-upcoming-show-dabangii-characters-who-will-be-keeping-you-locked-onto-your-tvs/articleshow/104194811.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-explores-human-emotion-556719|title=Dabangii - Mulgi Aayi Re Aayi explores human emotion|work=The Tribune India|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101064556/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-explores-human-emotion-556719|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/exclusive-actors-rrahul-sudhir-and-rachana-mistry-roped-dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-post|title=Exclusive! Actors Rrahul Sudhir and Rachana Mistry roped in for 'Dabangii - Mulgi Aayi Re Aayi' post leap|website=TellyChakkar|date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
8 years prior to the current timeline, Satya murders Damini's father and is arrested by his brother, Ankush, who is a police officer. Damini, who is pregnant with Satya's child, runs away to save herself and the child. Due to her absence as witness for the murder during the trial, Satya, who is a political leader now, is acquitted in the case 8 years later.

Arya, Damini and Satya's daughter, turns out to be a feisty girl who is willing to fight anyone who troubles her. She is under the false belief that her father is a police officer, thus she wants to grow up to be a righteous and strong police officer as well.

Satya murders Damini and Ankush, but fails to murder Arya. Kasturi shoots Arya instead, but Arya is saved by Jaanrao.

===14 years later===

Arya is living in hiding with Jaanrao. She has vowed to make Satya pay for all his wrongdoings.

Zai is to be wed with Yug Sisodiya, who is Satya's right-hand man. However, Yug is not who he claims to be. He is Eklavya, who is working with Ankita to bring Satya down. Zai has turned into a spoilt and materialistic woman, who is nothing like her parents. Zai accepts Satya and Kasturi as her parents and holds a grudge against Ankush and Bela, believing they favored Arya over her. Maina is ill-treated by Kasturi, while Bela has lost her senses and does not speak nor react.

Arya enters the house as a maid, Kamala, to search for evidence to bring down Satya. Arya manages to find evidence that jeopardizes Satya's political career. Satya steps down from [[Chief minister|CM]] running, but he shrewdly puts Kasturi in the running instead.
Arya comes under the fake identity of Aira Kharkhanis and wins Kasturi's trust results she became her PA. While Yug (Eklavya) suspects Aira and keeps an eye on him. In all this Aira is hurt by Zai as she thoughts that Aira wants to come closer to Yug but later Aira is saved by Yug. Later on Satya meet his hands with Shah for illegal smuggling of alcohol to gather money for election campaign. Aira and Yug are stuck in the way of these smuggling and goons of Satya captures and tries to kill them. Also Arya finally get to know the reality of Yug as Eklavya. But they both are rescued by Ankush who had developed a revenge and aggressive behaviour in past years. Ankush makes a plan with Arya to take kill Satya by using Yug. Aira is shown to fake marriage with Yug so that she can enter Satya's house. After this Eklavya also gets to know Arya's reality. Now, Tanmay is kidnapped by Ankush creating trust issues between Satya and Kasturi but Satya get to know the reality of their plan and he kills Tanmay so that Ankush can become the accused of murder of Tanmay & he succeeds in his plan. Ankush is arrested by Eklavya & brought to Satya's house. Bela gain consciousness after returning of Ankush. As Ankush was sent to jail, Bela and Maina left the house but they are helped by Arya and get to know the reality.

Now Arya decides to free Ankush from all the criminal charges. She finally reaches the truth that Satya killed Tanmay. She makes Satya hostage so that he will accept his crime. At the time, Eklavya, Ankush and Kasturi also present there and they all had a quarrel. Eklavya plays the Satya's audio where he claims his crime. Satya is arrested & he provokes Arya to shot him & she accidentally shots him & Satya is admitted to hospital. Arya is full of guilt for shooting Satya. She donates blood to him but Satya goes to coma. Zai decides to file a case against Arya but she fails.

On the request of Kasturi, all Rajyavadhkars again reconciled at house. Zai has created fake mental issues so that she can marry Eklavya & take Arya apart from her life. Bela has become to much sensitive to Zai so she orders Arya to give the concent marry Zai and Eklavya on behalf of her family & Arya accepts Bela's demand. The marriage with Zai left Eklavya heartbroken. Zai has now started creating fake relationship closeness with Eklavya to make Arya jealous. Also she had become pregnant with the child of another boy she met earlier before her marriage. All members assumed the child was of Eklavya. Now Arya decides to leave the house agreed by Bela and Zai. But Kasturi gets to know the truth of Zai after she saw sonography report of Zai. Kasturi shares the truth with Arya but she was killed by duo of Zai and Satya. It was revealed that this was all the plan of the duo to take the revenge from the family & Satya can flee to Africa with new identity. Arya get to know their plan & she decides to save her family.

Satya has discharged from the hospital with a fake paralysis & returned home. Arya tells that she is the real heir of the house after the death of Kasturi. Arya shared the truth of Satya and Zai to Ankush and Eklavya. Now this trio makes the plan against them. They succeeded in their plan catching Satya red handed. Finally Satya and Zai are arrested.

===After few years===
Zai is shown in jail & her daughter Mahi was grown by Arya and Eklavya. Arya has now become IPS officer fulfilling the dream of her, her mother and Ankush. Arya and Eklavya had gott entied up and both decided to adopt Mahi.

With the note that "Nurture is greater than blood relationship", the series had a happy ending.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* Rachana Mistry as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Arya Rajyavadhkar Patil: Satya and Damini's daughter; Kasturi's step-daughter; Ankush and Bela's daughter figure; Tanmay's half–sister; Zai's cousin; Ekalavya's wife; Mahi's adoptive mother (2024)
** Mahi Bhadra as Child Arya Rajyavadhkar (2023–2024)
* Aamir Dalvi as Abhinandan "Satya" Rajyavadhkar: A gangster and a politician; Avda and Vishwanath's elder son; Ankush and Maina's brother; Damini and Kasturi's widower; Tanmay and Arya's father; Damini, Tanmay and Kasturi's murderer (2023–2024)
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Inspector Ankush Rajyavadhkar: Avda and Vishwanath's younger son; Satya and Maina's brother; Bela's husband; Zai's father; Arya's father-figure; Mahi's grandfather (2023–2024)

* [[Rrahul Sudhir]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Ekalavya "Ekya" Patil / Yug Sisodiya: Ankita's secret agent; Dinkar's son; Zai's ex–fiancé; Arya's husband; Mahi's adoptive father (2024)
** Rivaan Gajbhiye as Child Eklavya (2023–2024)

===Recurring===
* [[Sai Deodhar]] as Damini "Chhaya" Rajyavadhkar: Satya's first wife; Arya's mother (2023; 2024) (Dead)
* [[Yashashri Masurkar]] as Bela Rajyavadhkar: Ankush's wife; Zai's mother; Arya's mother-figure; Mahi's grandmother (2023–2024)
* [[Himani Chawla]] as Kasturi Rajyavadhkar: Former dancer; Satya's second wife; Tanmay's mother; Arya's step-mother (2023–2024) (Dead)
* Bharati Patil as Avda Rajyavadhkar: Vishwanath's wife; Satya, Ankush and Maina's mother; Tanmay, Zai and Arya's grandmother; Mahi's great-grandmother (2023–2024) (Dead)
* [[Anjum Fakih]] as Ankita Rao: Chief Minister of [[Maharashtra]]; Satya's rival (2023–2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjum-fakih-to-make-her-return-to-screens-with-dabangii-mulgii-aayi-re-aayi/articleshow/106046100.cms|title=Anjum Fakih to make her return to screens with 'Dabangii: Mulgi Aayi Re Aayi'|work=The Times of India |date=16 December 2023}}</ref>
* Jaywant Patekar as Vishwanath Rajyavadhkar: Avda's husband; Satya, Ankush and Maina's father; Tanmay, Zai and Arya's grandfather; Mahi's great-grandfather (2023–2024) (Dead)
* Prateek Kumar as Tanmay Rajyavadhkar: Satya and Kasturi's son; Arya's half–brother; Zai's cousin; Sonia's husband (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/prateek-kumar-opens-being-part-of-dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-post-time-leap-240226|title=Prateek Kumar opens up on being part of Dabangii: Mulgi Aayi Re Aayi post-time leap|website=TellyChakkar|date=26 February 2024}}</ref> (Dead)
** Heet Sharma as Child Tanmay Rajyavadhkar (2023–2024)
* [[Palak Purswani]] as Zai Rajyavadhkar: Ankush and Bela's daughter; Arya and Tanmay's cousin; Ekalavya's ex–fiancée; Kasturi's murderer; Mahi's mother (2024)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-ott-2-fame-palak-purswani-opens-up-about-her-role-in-dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-post-time-leap/articleshow/107773123.cms|title=Exclusive - Bigg Boss OTT 2 fame Palak Purswani opens up about her role in Dabangii Mulgi Aayi re Aayi post time leap|website=The Times Of India|date=17 February 2024}}</ref>
** Nancy Makwana as Child Zai Rajyavadhkar (2023–2024)
* Shruti Purnaik as Maina Rajyavadhkar: Avda and Vishwanath's daughter; Satya and Ankush's sister; Jaanrao's wife (2023–2024)
* Sagar Rambhia as Jaanrao: Maina's husband; Arya's uncle and saviour (2023–2024)
* Arshi Srivastav as Sonia Rajyavadhkar: Tanmay's widow (2024)
* Divyangana Jain as [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] Gayatri Patil: Arya's best friend (2024)
* Harshita Tiwari as Mani (2024)
* Siddharth Raj as Akshay (2024)

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sony-tvs-newest-fiction-offering-dabangii-%E2%80%93-mulgii-aayi-re-aayi-549661|title=Sony TV's newest fiction offering, Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi : The Tribune India|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=1 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101063910/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sony-tvs-newest-fiction-offering-dabangii-%E2%80%93-mulgii-aayi-re-aayi-549661|url-status=live}}</ref> with Aamir Dalvi, [[Manav Gohil]], [[Sai Deodhar]], Bharati Patil, [[Himani Chawla]] and [[Yashashri Masurkar]] joining the cast.<ref name="cast" /> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced from October 2023 at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saara-akaash-co-stars-manav-gohil-and-sai-deodhar-reunite-for-new-show-danbangii-former-writes-now-thats-a-bond-of-over-two-decades-in-a-frame/articleshow/104420815.cms | title=Saara Akaash co-stars Manav Gohil and Sai Deodhar reunite for new show Danbangii; former writes, 'Now that's a bond of over two decades in a frame' | newspaper=The Times of India | date=14 October 2023 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101063758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/saara-akaash-co-stars-manav-gohil-and-sai-deodhar-reunite-for-new-show-danbangii-former-writes-now-thats-a-bond-of-over-two-decades-in-a-frame/articleshow/104420815.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Prachi Arya gave the series a three-star rating out of five in her review for ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aay-review-maahi-bhadras-quest-to-reunite-with-her-father-is-emotional-2455849-2023-10-31 | title='Dabangii' Review: Maahi Bhadra's quest to reunite with her father is emotional | date=31 October 2023 | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101063710/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reviews/story/dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aay-review-maahi-bhadras-quest-to-reunite-with-her-father-is-emotional-2455849-2023-10-31 | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the series.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/review-dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-brings-a-strong-maharashtrian-flavour-with-each-character-authentic-accent-and-appearance-add-a-new-dimension/articleshow/104945049.cms | title=Review: Dabangii- Mulgi Aayi Re Aayi brings a strong Maharashtrian flavour with each character; authentic accent and appearance add a new dimension | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 November 2023 | access-date=4 November 2023 | archive-date=4 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104052342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/review-dabangii-mulgi-aayi-re-aayi-brings-a-strong-maharashtrian-flavour-with-each-character-authentic-accent-and-appearance-add-a-new-dimension/articleshow/104945049.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/dabangii-mulgii-aayi-re-aayi-1700001332 ''Dabangii Mulgii aayi re aayi'']{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} on [[SonyLIV]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabangii - Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi}}
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly

2025-12-05T14:10:48Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = West Bengal Legislative Assembly
| native_name = Paschim Banga Vidhan Sabha
| legislature = [[17th West Bengal Assembly]]
| coa_pic =
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = [[List of political term limits#India|5 years]]
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| next_election1 = [[Next West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| session_room = West Bengal State Legislative Assembly House, Kolkata.jpg
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Vidhan Sabha, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| website = {{url|http://www.wbassembly.gov.in}}
| footnotes = The Assembly was established in 1862 for the [[Bengal Presidency]]. The Presidency became the state of [[West Bengal]] in the [[Republic of India]] in 1950; the state of West Bengal in its current state was formed on 1 May 1960.
}}

The [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the [[India]]n [[states and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is located in the [[B. B. D. Bagh]] area of [[Kolkata]]. Members of the Legislative assembly are directly elected by the people. The legislative assembly comprises 294 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of Legislative Assembly]], all directly elected from single-seat constituencies. Its term is five years, unless sooner dissolved.

==Constituencies==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Westbengalen.svg|thumb|400px|Map of assembly constituencies in West Bengal]]
The constituencies in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]] are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2009-08-29 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813092204/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2011-08-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://wbassembly.gov.in/MLA_All.aspx|title=Constituency wise MLA's list of 16th LA elecetion|work=WB Legisletive Assembly}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!District
!Lok Sabha Constituency
!data-sort-type=number|Electors (2021)
|-
|1
|[[Mekliganj Assembly constituency|Mekliganj]]
|SC
| rowspan="9" |[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
|[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
|2,26,465
|-
|2
|[[Mathabhanga Assembly constituency|Mathabhanga]]
|SC
| rowspan="7" |[[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]
|2,48,022
|-
|3
|[[Cooch Behar Uttar Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Uttar]]
|SC
|2,82,988
|-
|4
|[[Cooch Behar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Cooch Behar Dakshin]]
|
|2,33,839
|-
|5
|[[Sitalkuchi Assembly constituency|Sitalkuchi]]
|SC
|2,85,260
|-
|6
||[[Sitai Assembly constituency|Sitai]]
|SC
|2,90,568
|-
|7
|[[Dinhata Assembly constituency|Dinhata]]
|
|2,99,251
|-
|8
|[[Natabari]]
|
|2,45,040
|-
|9
|[[Tufanganj Assembly constituency|Tufanganj]]
|
| rowspan="6" |[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
|2,34,311
|-
|10
|[[Kumargram Assembly constituency|Kumargram]]
|ST
| rowspan="5" |[[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]]
|2,72,924
|-
|11
|[[Kalchini Assembly constituency|Kalchini]]
|ST
|2,47,425
|-
|12
|[[Alipurduars Assembly constituency|Alipurudars]]
|
|2,60,652
|-
|13
|[[Falakata Assembly constituency|Falakata]]
|SC
|2,54,554
|-
|14
|[[Madarihat Assembly constituency|Madarihat]]
|ST
|2,12,651
|-
|15
|[[Dhupguri Assembly constituency|Dhupguri]]
|SC
| rowspan="7" |[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
|2,63,118
|-
|16
|[[Maynaguri Assembly constituency|Maynaguri]]
|SC
|2,64,265
|-
|17
|[[Jalpaiguri Assembly constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
|SC
|2,62,500
|-
|18
|[[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj]]
|SC
|2,44,163
|-
|19
|[[Dabgram-Phulbari Assembly constituency|Dabgram-Phulbari]]
|
|3,10,354
|-
|20
|[[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]]
|ST
|2,37,305
|-
|21
|[[Nagrakata Assembly constituency|Nagrakata]]
|ST
|[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars]]
|2,37,305
|-
|22
|[[Kalimpong Assembly constituency|Kalimpong]]
|
|[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
|2,11,896
|-
|23
|[[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling]]
|
| rowspan="5" |[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
|2,46,663
|-
|24
|[[Kurseong Assembly constituency|Kurseong]]
|
|2,36,477
|-
|25
|[[Matigara-Naxalbari Assembly constituency|Matigara-Naxalbari]]
|SC
|2,87,565
|-
|26
|[[Siliguri Assembly constituency|Siliguri]]
|
|2,28,406
|-
|27
|[[Phansidewa Assembly constituency|Phansidewa]]
|ST
|2,40,946
|-
|28
|[[Chopra Assembly constituency|Chopra]]
|
| rowspan="9" |[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|2,47,764
|-
|29
|[[Islampur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Islampur]]
|
| rowspan="7" |[[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
|2,19,728
|-
|30
|[[Goalpokhar Assembly constituency|Goalpokhar]]
|
|2,24,633
|-
|31
|[[Chakulia Assembly constituency|Chakulia]]
|
|2,33,378
|-
|32
|[[Karandighi Assembly constituency|Karandighi]]
|
|2,62,583
|-
|33
|[[Hemtabad Assembly constituency|Hemtabad]]
|SC
|2,65,318
|-
|34
|[[Kaliaganj Assembly constituency|Kaliaganj]]
|SC
|2,82,575
|-
|35
|[[Raiganj Assembly constituency|Raiganj]]
|
|1,98,780
|-
|36
|[[Itahar Assembly constituency|Itahar]]
|
| rowspan="7" |[[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat]]
|2,29,362
|-
|37
|[[Kushmandi Assembly constituency|Kushmandi]]
|SC
| rowspan="6" |[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|2,19,921
|-
|38
|[[Kumarganj Assembly constituency|Kumarganj]]
|
|2,03,896
|-
|39
|[[Balurghat Assembly constituency|Balurghat]]
|
|1,80,390
|-
|40
|[[Tapan Assembly constituency|Tapan]]
|ST
|2,20,236
|-
|41
|[[Gangarampur Assembly constituency|Gangarampur]]
|SC
|2,24,040
|-
|42
|[[Harirampur Assembly constituency|Harirampur]]
|
|2,28,189
|-
|43
|[[Habibpur Assembly constituency|Habibpur]]
|ST
| rowspan="12" |[[Maldah district|Maldah]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
|2,49,957
|-
|44
|[[Gazole Assembly constituency|Gazole]]
|SC
|2,67,096
|-
|45
|[[Chanchal Assembly constituency|Chanchal]]
|None
|2,49,402
|-
|46
|[[Harishchandrapur Assembly constituency|Harishchandrapur]]
|None
|2,52,487
|-
|47
|[[Malatipur Assembly constituency|Malatipur]]
|None
|2,31,907
|-
|48
|[[Ratua Assembly constituency|Ratua]]
|None
|2,82,451
|-
|49
|[[Manikchak Assembly constituency|Manikchak]]
|None
|[[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]]
|2,53,353
|-
|50
|[[Maldaha Assembly constituency|Maldaha]]
|SC
|[[Maldaha Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Uttar]]
|2,45,962
|-
|51
|[[English Bazar Assembly constituency|English Bazar]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Maldaha Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Maldaha Dakshin]]
|2,75,296
|-
|52
|[[Mothabari Assembly constituency|Mothabari]]
|None
|1,96,324
|-
|53
|[[Sujapur Assembly constituency|Sujapur]]
|None
|2,51,186
|-
|54
|[[Baisnabnagar Assembly constituency|Baisnabnagar]]
|None
|2,46,956
|-
|55
|[[Farakka Assembly constituency|Farakka]]
|None
| rowspan="22" |[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|2,27,549
|-
|56
|[[Samserganj Assembly constituency|Samserganj]]
|None
|2,35,576
|-
|57
|[[Suti Assembly constituency|Suti]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|2,65,418
|-
|58
|[[Jangipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jangipur]]
|None
|2,55,064
|-
|59
|[[Raghunathganj Assembly constituency|Raghunathganj]]
|None
|2,49,559
|-
|60
|[[Sagardighi Assembly constituency|Sagardighi]]
|None
|2,36,885
|-
|61
|[[Lalgola Assembly constituency|Lalgola]]
|None
|2,34,381
|-
|62
|[[Bhagabangola Assembly constituency|Bhagabangola]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|2,63,765
|-
|63
|[[Raninagar Assembly constituency|Raninagar]]
|None
|2,56,101
|-
|64
|[[Murshidabad Assembly constituency|Murshidabad]]
|None
|2,68,221
|-
|65
|[[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram]]
|SC
| rowspan="2" |[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|2,51,378
|-
|66
|[[Khargram Assembly constituency|Khargram]]
|SC
|2,28,923
|-
|67
|[[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan]]
|SC
| rowspan="6" |[[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Beharampore]]
|2,17,500
|-
|68
|[[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]]
|None
|2,38,973
|-
|69
|[[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]
|None
|2,43,603
|-
|70
|[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]
|None
|2,59,771
|-
|71
|[[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]
|None
|2,52,944
|-
|72
|[[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]
|None
|2,60,667
|-
|73
|[[Hariharpara Assembly constituency|Hariharpara]]
|None
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|2,47,421
|-
|74
|[[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]
|None
|[[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampore]]
|2,47,688
|-
|75
|[[Domkal Assembly constituency|Domkal]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|2,66,283
|-
|76
|[[Jalangi Assembly constituency|Jalangi]]
|None
|2,61,258
|-
|77
|[[Karimpur Assembly constituency|Karimpur]]
|None
| rowspan="17" |[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
|2,51,039
|-
|78
|[[Tehatta Assembly constituency|Tehatta]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]
|2,52,454
|-
|79
|[[Palashipara Assembly constituency|Palashipara]]
|None
|2,44,867
|-
|80
|[[Kaliganj Assembly constituency|Kaliganj]]
|None
|2,48,358
|-
|81
|[[Nakashipara Assembly constituency|Nakashipara]]
|None
|2,47,691
|-
|82
|[[Chapra, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Chapra]]
|None
|2,48,014
|-
|83
|[[Krishnanagar Uttar Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Uttar]]
|None
|2,38,220
|-
|84
|[[Nabadwip Assembly constituency|Nabadwip]]
|None
|[[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
|2,43,159
|-
|85
|[[Krishnanagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Krishnanagar Dakshin]]
|None
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]]
|2,25,118
|-
|86
|[[Santipur Assembly constituency|Santipur]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Ranaghat Lok Sabha constituency|Ranaghat]]
|2,55,619
|-
|87
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Paschim Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Paschim]]
|None
|2,65,846
|-
|88
|[[Krishnaganj Assembly constituency|Krishnaganj]]
|SC
|2,73,728
|-
|89
|[[Ranaghat Uttar Purba Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Uttar Purba]]
|SC
|2,64,929
|-
|90
|[[Ranaghat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Ranaghat Dakshin]]
|SC
|2,85,180
|-
|91
|[[Chakdaha Assembly constituency|Chakdaha]]
|None
|2,45,514
|-
|92
|[[Kalyani Assembly constituency|Kalyani]]
|SC
| rowspan="7" |[[Bangaon Lok Sabha constituency|Bangaon]]
|2,57,683
|-
|93
|[[Haringhata Assembly constituency|Haringhata]]
|SC
|2,40,606
|-
|94
|[[Bagdah Assembly constituency|Bagda]]
|SC
| rowspan="33" |[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|2,77,464
|-
|95
|[[Bangaon Uttar Assembly constituency|Bangaon Uttar]]
|SC
|2,51,387
|-
|96
|[[Bangaon Dakshin Assembly constituency|Bangaon Dakshin]]
|SC
|2,48,278
|-
|97
|[[Gaighata Assembly constituency|Gaighata]]
|SC
|2,52,053
|-
|98
|[[Swarupnagar Assembly constituency|Swarupnagar]]
|SC
|2,46,109
|-
|99
|[[Baduria Assembly constituency|Baduria]]
|None
|[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|2,43,747
|-
|100
|[[Habra Assembly constituency|Habra]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|2,42,425
|-
|101
|[[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashoknagar]]
|None
|2,57,180
|-
|102
|[[Amdanga Assembly constituency|Amdanga]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
|2,42,462
|-
|103
|[[Bijpur Assembly constituency|Bijpur]]
|None
|1,92,316
|-
|104
|[[Naihati Assembly constituency|Naihati]]
|None
|1,93,930
|-
|105
|[[Bhatpara Assembly constituency|Bhatpara]]
|None
|1,54,037
|-
|106
|[[Jagatdal Assembly constituency|Jagatdal]]
|None
|2,33,871
|-
|107
|[[Noapara Assembly constituency|Noapara]]
|None
|2,62,133
|-
|108
|[[Barrackpur Assembly constituency|Barrackpur]]
|None
|2,15,336
|-
|109
|[[Khardaha Assembly constituency|Khardaha]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
|2,32,619
|-
|110
|[[Dum Dum Uttar Assembly constituency|Dum Dum Uttar]]
|None
|2,73,015
|-
|111
|[[Panihati Assembly constituency|Panihati]]
|None
|2,30,748
|-
|112
|[[Kamarhati Assembly constituency|Kamarhati]]
|None
|1,97,013
|-
|113
|[[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
|None
|2,17,774
|-
|114
|[[Dum Dum Assembly constituency|Dum Dum]]
|None
|2,47,858
|-
|115
|[[Rajarhat New Town Assembly constituency|Rajarhat New Town]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|2,89,075
|-
|116
|[[Bidhannagar Assembly constituency|Bidhannagar]]
|None
|2,43,360
|-
|117
|[[Rajarhat Gopalpur Assembly constituency|Rajarhat Gopalpur]]
|None
|[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
|2,57,447
|-
|118
|[[Madhyamgram Assembly constituency|Madhyamgram]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|2,72,397
|-
|119
|[[Barasat Assembly constituency|Barasat]]
|None
|2,79,592
|-
|120
|[[Deganga Assembly constituency|Deganga]]
|None
|2,42,652
|-
|121
|[[Haroa Assembly constituency|Haroa]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|2,59,206
|-
|122
|[[Minakhan Assembly constituency|Minakhan]]
|SC
|2,36,528
|-
|123
|[[Sandeshkhali Assembly constituency|Sandeshkhali]]
|ST
|2,38,633
|-
|124
|[[Basirhat Dakshin Assembly constituency|Basirhat Dakshin]]
|None
|2,75,934
|-
|125
|[[Basirhat Uttar Assembly constituency|Basirhat Uttar]]
|None
|2,68,034
|-
|126
|[[Hingalganj Assembly constituency|Hingalganj]]
|SC
|2,28,508
|-
|127
|[[Gosaba Assembly constituency|Gosaba]]
|SC
| rowspan="31" |[[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|2,30,348
|-
|128
|[[Basanti Assembly constituency|Basanti]]
|SC
|2,60,681
|-
|129
|[[Kultali Assembly constituency|Kultali]]
|SC
|2,65,561
|-
|130
|[[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
|2,63,675
|-
|131
|[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]
|None
|2,47,826
|-
|132
|[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]
|None
|2,74,715
|-
|133
|[[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]
|None
|2,20,144
|-
|134
|[[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]
|None
|2,73,558
|-
|135
|[[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar]]
|SC
|2,29,129
|-
|136
|[[Jaynagar Assembly constituency|Jaynagar]]
|SC
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|2,39,968
|-
|137
|[[Baruipur Purba Assembly constituency|Baruipur Purba]]
|SC
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|2,65,091
|-
|138
|[[Canning Paschim Assembly constituency|Canning Paschim]]
|SC
| rowspan="2" |[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|2,57,681
|-
|139
|[[Canning Purba Assembly constituency|Canning Purba]]
|None
|2,62,439
|-
|140
|[[Baruipur Paschim Assembly constituency|Baruipur Paschim]]
|None
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|2,53,749
|-
|141
|[[Magrahat Purba Assembly constituency|Magrahat Purba]]
|SC
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar]]
|2,42,530
|-
|142
|[[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]
|None
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur]]
|2,29,437
|-
|143
|[[Diamond Harbour Assembly constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|2,55,132
|-
|144
|[[Falta Assembly constituency|Falta]]
|None
|2,36,768
|-
|145
|[[Satgachhia Assembly constituency|Satgachhia]]
|None
|2,70,193
|-
|146
|[[Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas Assembly constituency|Bishnupur, South 24 Parganas]]
|SC
|2,78,850
|-
|147
|[[Sonarpur Dakshin Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Dakshin]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|2,88,623
|-
|148
|[[Bhangar Assembly constituency|Bhangar]]
|None
|2,71,897
|-
|149
|[[Kasba, Kolkata (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kasba]]
|None
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|3,06,266
|-
|150
|[[Jadavpur Assembly constituency|Jadavpur]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|2,99,818
|-
|151
|[[Sonarpur Uttar Assembly constituency|Sonarpur Uttar]]
|None
|2,69,713
|-
|152
|[[Tollyganj Assembly constituency|Tollyganj]]
|None
|2,69,713
|-
|153
|[[Behala Purba Assembly constituency|Behala Purba]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|3,08,285
|-
|154
|[[Behala Paschim Assembly constituency|Behala Paschim]]
|None
|3,13,198
|-
|155
|[[Maheshtala Assembly constituency|Maheshtala]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|2,71,007
|-
|156
|[[Budge Budge Assembly constituency|Budge Budge]]
|None
|2,56,136
|-
|157
|[[Metiaburuz Assembly constituency|Metiaburuz]]
|None
|2,56,315
|-
|158
|[[Kolkata Port Assembly constituency|Kolkata Port]]
|None
| rowspan="11" |[[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Dakshin]]
|2,35,933
|-
|159
|[[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
|None
|2,06,389
|-
|160
|[[Rashbehari Assembly constituency|Rashbehari]]
|None
|2,06,013
|-
|161
|[[Ballygunge Assembly constituency|Ballygunge]]
|None
|2,47,662
|-
|162
|[[Chowrangee Assembly constituency|Chowranghee]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata Uttar]]
|2,08,201
|-
|163
|[[Entally Assembly constituency|Entally]]
|None
|2,30,814
|-
|164
|[[Beleghata Assembly constituency|Beleghata]]
|None
|2,50,881
|-
|165
|[[Jorasanko Assembly constituency|Jorasanko]]
|None
|1,97,950
|-
|166
|[[Shyampukur Assembly constituency|Shyampukur]]
|None
|1,76,557
|-
|167
|[[Maniktala Assembly constituency|Maniktola]]
|None
|2,11,308
|-
|168
|[[Kashipur-Belgachhia Assembly constituency|Kashipur Belgachhia]]
|None
|2,23,714
|-
|169
|[[Bally Assembly constituency|Bally]]
|None
| rowspan="16" |[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
|1,76,197
|-
|170
|[[Howrah Uttar Assembly constituency|Howrah Uttar]]
|None
|2,18,547
|-
|171
|[[Howrah Madhya Assembly constituency|Howrah Madhya]]
|None
|2,66,542
|-
|172
|[[Shibpur Assembly constituency|Shibpur]]
|None
|2,33,676
|-
|173
|[[Howrah Dakshin Assembly constituency|Howrah Dakshin]]
|None
|2,94,243
|-
|174
|[[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]]
|SC
|2,77,076
|-
|175
|[[Panchla Assembly constituency|Panchla]]
|None
|2,66,183
|-
|176
|[[Uluberia Purba Assembly constituency|Uluberia Purba]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
|2,33,764
|-
|177
|[[Uluberia Uttar Assembly constituency|Uluberia Uttar]]
|SC
|1,85,834
|-
|178
|[[Uluberia Dakshin Assembly constituency|Uluberia Dakshin]]
|None
|2,37,620
|-
|179
|[[Shyampur Assembly constituency|Shyampur]]
|None
|2,57,593
|-
|180
|[[Bagnan Assembly constituency|Bagnan]]
|None
|2,32,216
|-
|181
|[[Amta Assembly constituency|Amta]]
|None
|2,61,181
|-
|182
|[[Udaynarayanpur Assembly constituency|Udaynarayanpur]]
|None
|2,35,467
|-
|183
|[[Jagatballavpur Assembly constituency|Jagatballavpur]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Srerampur Lok Sabha constituency|Srerampur]]
|2,88,158
|-
|184
|[[Domjur Assembly constituency|Domjur]]
|None
|2,99,250
|-
|185
|[[Uttarpara Assembly constituency|Uttarpara]]
|None
| rowspan="18" |[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
|2,59,814
|-
|186
|[[Sreerampur Assembly constituency|Sreerampur]]
|None
|2,52,758
|-
|187
|[[Champdani Assembly constituency|Champdani]]
|None
|2,63,372
|-
|188
|[[Singur Assembly constituency|Singur]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
|2,46,867
|-
|189
|[[Chandannagar Assembly constituency|Chandannagar]]
|None
|2,29,572
|-
|190
|[[Chunchura Assembly constituency|Chunchura]]
|None
|3,14,274
|-
|191
|[[Balagarh Assembly constituency|Balagarh]]
|SC
|2,58,955
|-
|192
|[[Pandua Assembly constituency|Pandua]]
|None
|2,70,503
|-
|193
|[[Saptagram Assembly constituency|Saptagram]]
|None
|2,38,840
|-
|194
|[[Chanditala Assembly constituency|Chanditala]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Srerampur Lok Sabha constituency|Srerampur]]
|2,63,257
|-
|195
|[[Jangipara Assembly constituency|Jangipara]]
|None
|2,57,025
|-
|196
|[[Haripal Assembly constituency|Haripal]]
|None
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|2,69,649
|-
|197
|[[Dhanekhali Assembly constituency|Dhanekhali]]
|SC
|[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
|2,75,518
|-
|198
|[[Tarakeswar Assembly constituency|Tarakeswar]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|2,39,820
|-
|199
|[[Pursurah Assembly constituency|Pursurah]]
|None
|2,59,998
|-
|200
|[[Arambag Assembly constituency|Arambag]]
|SC
|2,57,621
|-
|201
|[[Goghat Assembly constituency|Goghat]]
|SC
|2,46,570
|-
|202
|[[Khanakul Assembly constituency|Khanakul]]
|None
|2,77,259
|-
|203
|[[Tamluk Assembly constituency|Tamluk]]
|None
| rowspan="16" |[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|2,66,881
|-
|204
|[[Panskura Purba Assembly constituency|Panskura Purba]]
|None
|2,36,306
|-
|205
|[[Panskura Paschim Assembly constituency|Panskura Paschim]]
|None
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|2,74,092
|-
|206
|[[Moyna Assembly constituency|Moyna]]
|None
| rowspan="5" |[[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
|2,55,164
|-
|207
|[[Nandakumar Assembly constituency|Nandakumar]]
|None
|2,53,829
|-
|208
|[[Mahisadal Assembly constituency|Mahisadal]]
|None
|2,45,266
|-
|209
|[[Haldia Assembly constituency|Haldia]]
|SC
|2,51,051
|-
|210
|[[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]]
|None
|2,57,992
|-
|211
|[[Chandipur Assembly constituency|Chandipur]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
|2,45,775
|-
|212
|[[Patashpur Assembly constituency|Patashpur]]
|None
|2,36,413
|-
|213
|[[Kanthi Uttar Assembly constituency|Kanthi Uttar]]
|None
|2,57,427
|-
|214
|[[Bhagabanpur Assembly constituency|Bhagabanpur]]
|None
|2,54,184
|-
|215
|[[Khejuri Assembly constituency|Khejuri]]
|SC
|2,38,630
|-
|216
|[[Kanthi Dakshin Assembly constituency|Kanthi Dakshin]]
|None
|2,24,657
|-
|217
|[[Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur Assembly constituency|Ramnagar, Purba Medinipur]]
|None
|2,64,900
|-
|218
|[[Egra Assembly constituency|Egra]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
|2,84,614
|-
|219
|[[Dantan Assembly constituency|Dantan]]
|None
|[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
|2,33,841
|-
|220
|[[Nayagram Assembly constituency|Nayagram]]
|ST
| rowspan="3" |[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
|2,26,791
|-
|221
|[[Gopiballavpur Assembly constituency|Gopiballavpur]]
|None
|2,26,417
|-
|222
|[[Jhargram Assembly constituency|Jhargram]]
|None
|2,36,035
|-
|223
|[[Keshiary Assembly constituency|Keshiary]]
|ST
| rowspan="14" |[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
|2,38,835
|-
|224
|[[Kharagpur Sadar Assembly constituency|Kharagpur Sadar]]
|None
|2,34,672
|-
|225
|[[Narayangarh Assembly constituency|Narayangarh]]
|None
|2,43,832
|-
|226
|[[Sabang Assembly constituency|Sabang]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|2,64,783
|-
|227
|[[Pingla Assembly constituency|Pingla]]
|None
|2,55,054
|-
|228
|[[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]]
|None
|[[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
|2,27,081
|-
|229
|[[Debra Assembly constituency|Debra]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|2,34,184
|-
|230
|[[Daspur Assembly constituency|Daspur]]
|None
|2,98,096
|-
|231
|[[Ghatal Assembly constituency|Ghatal]]
|SC
|2,79,908
|-
|232
|[[Chandrakona Assembly constituency|Chandrakona]]
|SC
|[[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
|2,79,867
|-
|233
|[[Garbeta Assembly constituency|Garbeta]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
|2,32,046
|-
|234
|[[Salboni Assembly constituency|Salboni]]
|None
|2,76,940
|-
|235
|[[Keshpur Assembly constituency|Keshpur]]
|SC
|[[Ghatal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ghatal]]
|2,61,529
|-
|236
|[[Medinipur Assembly constituency|Medinipur]]
|None
|[[Medinipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Medinipur]]
|2,30,061
|-
|237
|[[Binpur Assembly constituency|Binpur]]
|ST
|[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]
|2,24,036
|-
|238
|[[Bandwan Assembly constituency|Bandwan]]
|ST
| rowspan="9" |[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
|2,84,840
|-
|239
|[[Balarampur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Balarampur, Purulia]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
|2,38,113
|-
|240
|[[Baghmundi Assembly constituency|Baghmundi]]
|None
|2,49,613
|-
|241
|[[Joypur, Purulia Assembly constituency|Joypur, Purulia]]
|None
|2,49,621
|-
|242
|[[Purulia Assembly constituency|Purulia]]
|None
|2,58,947
|-
|243
|[[Manbazar Assembly constituency|Manbazar]]
|ST
|2,53,708
|-
|244
|[[Kashipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Kashipur]]
|None
|2,38,871
|-
|245
|[[Para Assembly constituency|Para]]
|SC
|2,43,906
|-
|246
|[[Raghunathpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raghunathpur, Purulia]]
|SC
| rowspan="7" |[[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
|2,59,434
|-
|247
|[[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora]]
|SC
| rowspan="12" |[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
|2,32,517
|-
|248
|[[Chhatna Assembly constituency|Chhatna]]
|None
|2,42,770
|-
|249
|[[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh]]
|ST
|2,55,359
|-
|250
|[[Raipur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Raipur, Bankura]]
|ST
|2,24,604
|-
|251
|[[Taldangra Assembly constituency|Taldangra]]
|None
|2,33,291
|-
|252
|[[Bankura Assembly constituency|Bankura]]
|None
|2,69,289
|-
|253
|[[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]]
|None
| rowspan="7" |[[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
|2,50,279
|-
|254
|[[Onda Assembly constituency|Onda]]
|None
|2,56,906
|-
|255
|[[Bishnupur, Bankura Assembly constituency|Bishnupur, Bankura]]
|None
|2,19,824
|-
|256
|[[Katulpur Assembly constituency|Katulpur]]
|SC
|2,46,785
|-
|257
|[[Indas Assembly constituency|Indas]]
|SC
|2,42,938
|-
|258
|[[Sonamukhi Assembly constituency|Sonamukhi]]
|SC
|2,33,059
|-
|259
|[[Khandaghosh Assembly constituency|Khandaghosh]]
|SC
| rowspan="16" |[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
|2,42,730
|-
|260
|[[Bardhaman Dakshin Assembly constituency|Burdwan Dakshin]]
|None
|[[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
|2,57,940
|-
|261
|[[Raina Assembly constituency|Raina]]
|SC
|rowspan="2" |[[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
|2,58,742
|-
|262
|[[Jamalpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Jamalpur]]
|SC
|2,35,793
|-
|263
|[[Monteswar Assembly constituency|Manteswar]]
|None
|[[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
|2,42,229
|-
|264
|[[Kalna Assembly constituency|Kalna]]
|SC
|rowspan="2" |[[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
|2,41,741
|-
|265
|[[Memari Assembly constituency|Memari]]
|None
|2,54,236
|-
|266
|[[Bardhaman Uttar Assembly constituency|Burdwan Uttar]]
|SC
| rowspan="2" |[[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
|2,77,026
|-
|267
|[[Bhatar Assembly constituency|Bhatar]]
|None
|2,46,694
|-
|268
|[[Purbasthali Dakshin Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Dakshin]]
|None
|rowspan="3" |[[Bardhaman Purba (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman Purba]]
|2,48,533
|-
|269
|[[Purbasthali Uttar Assembly constituency|Purbasthali Uttar]]
|None
|2,52,626
|-
|270
|[[Katwa Assembly constituency|Katwa]]
|None
|2,67,738
|-
|271
|[[Ketugram Assembly constituency|Ketugram]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|2,58,310
|-
|272
|[[Mangalkot Assembly constituency|Mangalkot]]
|None
|2,51,003
|-
|273
|[[Ausgram Assembly constituency|Ausgram]]
|SC
|2,46,956
|-
|274
|[[Galsi Assembly constituency|Galsi]]
|SC
|[[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
|2,56,642
|-
|275
|[[Pandabeswar Assembly constituency|Pandaveswar]]
|None
| rowspan="9" |[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
|[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|2,11,960
|-
|276
|[[Durgapur Purba Assembly constituency|Durgapur Purba]]
|None
| rowspan="2" |[[Bardhaman–Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bardhaman–Durgapur]]
|2,56,531
|-
|277
|[[Durgapur Paschim Assembly constituency|Durgapur Paschim]]
|None
|2,69,303
|-
|278
|[[Raniganj, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Raniganj]]
|None
| rowspan="6" |[[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
|2,50,813
|-
|279
|[[Jamuria Assembly constituency|Jamuria]]
|None
|2,21,419
|-
|280
|[[Asansol Dakshin Assembly constituency|Asansol Dakshin]]
|None
|2,74,245
|-
|281
|[[Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency|Asansol Uttar]]
|None
|2,75,796
|-
|282
|[[Kulti Assembly constituency|Kulti]]
|None
|2,51,671
|-
|283
|[[Barabani Assembly constituency|Barabani]]
|None
|2,25,396
|-
|284
|[[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur]]
|SC
| rowspan="11" |[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
|2,41,742
|-
|285
|[[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|None
|2,63,557
|-
|286
|[[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]]
|None
| rowspan="3" |[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|2,73,896
|-
|287
|[[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor]]
|SC
|2,76,777
|-
|288
|[[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labhpur]]
|None
|2,40,044
|-
|289
|[[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia]]
|SC
|[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
|2,55,959
|-
|290
|[[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
|None
|[[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
|2,30,682
|-
|291
|[[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
|None
| rowspan="4" |[[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
|2,60,812
|-
|292
|[[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
|None
|2,48,113
|-
|293
|[[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|None
|2,44,837
|-
|294
|[[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
|None
|2,63,200
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:West Bengal politics-related lists]]

Kodurupadu, Eluru district

2025-11-24T20:18:34Z

NWIMuoi623534: Creating basic place needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kodurupadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Kodurupadu in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhimadole mandal|Bhimadole]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1227<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Andhra Pradesh - District Census Handbook - West Godavari |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230921/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08812
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kodurupadu''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588359-kodurupadu-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Census 2011|access-date=7 May 2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} India census, Kodurupadu has a population of 1227 of which 633 are males while 594 are females. Average Sex Ratio is 938. Child population is 114 which makes up 9.29% of total population of village with sex ratio 810. In 2011, literacy rate of the village was 73:58% when compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|16|49|N|81|20|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Muhammad Taqi Khan

2025-11-20T23:34:54Z

NWIMuoi623534: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Unreferenced|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Muhammad Taqi Khan
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| issue =[[Haji Hassan Khan|Nawab Hasan Ali Khan Bahadur]]
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|23px]][[Mughal Empire]]
| branch = [[Nawab of Masulipatam]] [[Nawab of Cuttack]] [[Subedar of Odisha]]
| rank = [[Mansabdar]], [[Faujdar]], [[Subedar]], [[Nawab]]
| battles =
| module = {{Infobox clergy
|embed=yes
| relatives = Shehzadi Razia (married to Gajapati Ramachandradeva)
| religion = Islam
| spouse = Qudusa Begum Sahiba (Bahu Begum of [[Cuttack]])
}}
}}
}}

'''Nawab Muhammad Taqi Khan Bahadur''' was [[Nawab of Masulipatam]]. He attacked Sisupalgarh town in 1731.

He was the only son of Yusuf Khan Bahadur (brother of [[Faiz Ali Khan Bahadur]]). His second son [[Nawab Hasan Ali Khan Bahadur]] succeeded him.he is killed by a khandayat war lord named as NARASINGHA JENA

==Genealogy==
His grandfather was [[Nawab Ali Quli Khan Bahadur]], elder son of Faiz Beg Najm-i-Sani, and grandson of Nawab Mirza Muhammad Bakir Khan Najm-i-Sani, sometime [[Subadar]] of [[Multan]], [[Oudh]], [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Gujarat]] and Delhi. [[Vizier|Wazir]] to Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] His grandfather was married to a sister of Imad ul-Mulk, Nawab Khwaja Muhammad Mubariz Khan Bahadur, Hizbar Jang, sometime ''[[Subadar]] of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]'' and ''[[Vizier|Wazir]]''.

His grandfather had three sons,
*Fazl Ali Khan Bahadur, Qiladar of Chenchelimala.
*[[Faiz Ali Khan Bahadur]], Sometime Qiladar of [[Banganapalle]] and Chenchelimala, ancestor of the [[Nawabs of Banganapalle]].
*Yusuf Khan Bahadur, his father.

==Titles held==
{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|Najm-i-Sani Dynasty|?||?|}}
{{succession box | before=None | title=[[Nawab of Masulipatam]] | after=[[Nawab Hasan Ali Khan Bahadur]] | years=?–?}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*[[Nawab of Carnatic]]
*[[Nawab of Banganapalle]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad Taqi Khan}}
[[Category:Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Banganapalle State]]

{{India-noble-stub}}

Pancha Marapu

2025-11-20T03:08:24Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
'''''Pancha Marapu''''' ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]: பஞ்சமரபு ''pañcamarapu'') is a 10th-century Tamil treatise on [[musical theory]], written by Aṟivaṉār. The work is one of the ''isaittamiḻ'' texts referred to in Atiyarkkunallar's commentary on the [[Silappadhikaram]]. There is also a view it predates silappadikaram as silappadikaram refers to it ; so is devara pann methodology. Although it was long believed to be lost, a [[manuscript]] was discovered in the latter half of the twentieth century, and partially published in 1973.<ref>{{cite book | last=Zvelebil | first=Kamil | authorlink=Kamil Zvelebil | title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature | publisher=Brill | year=1992 | location=Leiden | pages=83 | isbn=90-04-09365-6}}</ref> A revised edition has since been published.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sundaram | first=V.P.K. | title=Pancha Marapu | publisher=The South India Saiva Siddhantha Works Publishing Society | year=1991 | edition=2nd}}</ref>

The text deals with the music, [[musical instrument]]s and [[percussion]] instruments (''muḻavu'')<ref>{{cite book | last=Kuppuswami | first=T. V. |author2=T. K. Venkata Subramanian | title=Rhythm in historical cognition | publisher=Kalinga Publications | year=1993 | location=Delhi | pages=9–11 | isbn=81-85163-34-0}}</ref> of that period, and enumerates nine divisions of [[Ancient Tamil music|Tamil music]], namely, ''cindu'', ''cavalai'', ''tiripatai'', ''camapātaviruttam'', ''centuṟai'', ''veṇṭuṟai'', ''peruntēvappāṇi'', ''ciruntēvappāṇi'', and ''vaṇṇam''. <ref>{{cite book | last=Ramanathan | first=S. | title=Music in Cilappatikaaram | publisher=Madurai-Kamaraj University | year=1979 | location=Madurai | pages=57}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil-language literature]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Ramarao Patro

2025-11-19T16:49:31Z

NWIMuoi623534: created new bio!

{{short description|Odissi Singer and Guru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pt. Ramarao Patro
| birth_date = 1947
| birth_place =[[Kabisuryanagar]], [[Ganjam]], [[Odisha]]
| native_name_lang = or
| image_size = 300
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Ramarao Patro
| image = Guru Pt Ramarao Patra Odissi Bina (Veena).jpg
| genre = [[Odissi music]]
| occupation = [[Odissi music]] Guru, vocalist, Odissi Binākāra, composer
| instrument = Odissi [[Veena|Bina]]
| years_active =
| label =
| awards =
| honorific_prefix =
| native_name = ରାମାରାଓ ପାତ୍ର
| origin = [[Kabisuryanagar]]
}}

''Pandit'' '''Ramarao Patro''' ({{Langx|or|ରାମାରାଓ ପାତ୍ର|translit=Rāmarao Pātra}}; born 1947<ref name=":0" />) is an [[Odissi music]] Guru, Odissi [[Veena|Bina]] exponent or ''Bīṇākara'' (also spelled Veena), noted composer & vocalist.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Tribute paid to Mardal maestro Banamali|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/tribute-paid-to-mardal-maestro-banamali.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Pioneer|location=India|language=en}}</ref> He has composed music for hundreds of [[Odissi|Odissi dance]] items<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review – National Festival of Odissi Dance & Music 2009 – Part 2 – Ratikant Mohapatra|url=https://narthaki.com/info/rmc/rmc2.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=narthaki.com}}</ref> and has worked closely with the founding Gurus of Odissi dance including Guru [[Pankaj Charan Das]], Guru [[Deba Prasad Das]] & Guru [[Kelucharan Mahapatra]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chakra|first=Shyamhari|date=2016-11-03|title=Celebrating an alternate style of Odissi|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Celebrating-an-alternate-style-of-Odissi/article16091714.ece|access-date=2020-11-27|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He has widely performed Odissi Bina recitals across the state.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-31|title=Gurukul Utsav – a befitting birthday bash for Guru Ramahari Das|url=https://thesamikhsya.com/entertainment/gurukul-utsav-a-befitting-birthday-bash-for-guru-ramahari-das|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The Samikhsya|language=en-US}}</ref> He presently teaches Odissi Veena to students at Guru Ramhari Das' Odissi Gurukul at Biragobindapur, Puri, Odisha. Patro is the very last Guru and artiste of the Odissi Veena.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=72-year-old Veena player of Odisha reviving the glory of the instrument|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2019/aug/31/72-year-old-veena-player-of-odisha-reviving-the-glory-of-the-instrument-2027118.html|access-date=2020-11-27|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Odisha360 com|title=18th Annual Guru Pankaj Utsav Inaugurated |url=https://www.odisha360.com/2012/03/18/guru-pankaj-utsav-inaugurated/|access-date=2020-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Patro started his initial training at the age of six in the Gandhiji Sangita Kalamandira established by Acharya [[Tarini Charan Patra]] in his hometown. He initially trained under Guru Bauribandhu Das and Guru Krusna Chandra Brahma. He then learned vocal Odissi music and the intricacies of the Bina in the [[Odissi music|Odissi style of music]] from [[Tarini Charan Patra]] himself. He later joined the [[Utkal Sangeet Mahavidyalaya]] as a student and continued his musical education there.<ref name=":0" /> He is the author of a voluminous book ''Odissi Sangita Baridhi'' (co-authored with disciple Prateek Pattanaik) documenting details of 60 Odissi ragas and 140 traditional Odissi compositions as taught by Guru Tarini Charan Patra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patro |first1=Ramarao |last2=Pattanaik |first2=Prateek |title=Odissi Sangita Baridhi ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ସଙ୍ଗୀତ ବାରିଧି: ଆଚାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ତାରିଣୀ ଚରଣ ପାତ୍ରଙ୍କ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶିତ ଓ ସଂଗୃହୀତ ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ ପ୍ରବନ୍ଧ ଗୁଚ୍ଛ |date=22 May 2023 |publisher=Odia Media Private Limited |isbn=978-93-95150-55-2 |edition=First |url=https://openlibrary.org/books/OL47813761M/Odissi_Sangita_Baridhi_%E0%AC%93%E0%AD%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF |access-date=16 August 2023}}</ref> For his contributions to preserving the Bina, he has received the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi award in 2008.
[[File:Odissi Veena Guru Ramarao Patra.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Pt Ramarao Patro]]

== References ==
<references />{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.odissigurukul.org/ Website of Guru Ramahari Das Odissi Gurukul]

{{Odissi music}}{{Odia culture}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patra, Ramarao}}
[[Category:Odissi music]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ganjam district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi award]]

Meesa

2025-11-07T23:10:09Z

NWIMuoi623534: added basic details nd citations

{{Short description|2018 novel by Malayalam author S. Hareesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Meesa
| image = Meesha.jpg
| author = [[S. Hareesh]]
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| genre = Novel
| published = 2018 ([[D.C. Books]])
| isbn = 978-8-126-47737-1
}}
'''''Meesa''''' ({{langx|en|Moustache|italic=yes}}) is the debut novel of [[Malayalam]] writer [[S. Hareesh]]. It was serialised in parts by the ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]'' and published in its entirety by [[DC Books]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/hareeshs-novel-meesha-hits-stands/article24575825.ece |title= Hareesh's novel Meesha hits stands |author=C. Gouridasan Nair |date=2018-08-01 |website=The Hindu |access-date=2018-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20180801/3402145.html |title=DC Books publishes Malayalam novel 'Meesha' |author= |date=2018-08-01 |website=Webindia123 |access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref> Due to protests from Hindu organisations, the serialisation was cancelled after the third part. The novel was translated into English by [[Jayasree Kalathil]] under the title '''''Moustache'''''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Resh Susan |title=How 'Moustache' Came To Life: Author S. Hareesh And Translator Jayasree Kalathil Tell Their Story |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/jcb-prize-s-hareesh-jayasree-kalathil-moustache-meesha-book_in_5fb8970ec5b62517bdbd9f8c |access-date=23 February 2023 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

==Award==
The [[English language|English]] translation of the book, ''Moustache'', won the [[JCB Prize|JCB Prize for literature]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangalam.com/news/detail/438125-latest-news-s-hareesh-bags-jcb-literature-award.html|title=എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ മീശ നോവലിന് ജെ.സി.ബി സാഹിത്യ പുരക്‌സാരം}}</ref> The novel won the 2019 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel]], which was announced in February 2021.<ref name="kerala sahithya academy award announced">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-15 |title=kerala sahithya academy award announced കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; എസ്. ഹരീഷിന്റെ 'മീശ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2021/02/15/kerala-sahithya-academy-award-announced.html |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=www.twentyfournews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Withdrawal ==
In a section of the novel, a certain character suggests that Hindu women bathe and wear good clothes before going to a temple because they are interested in sex.<ref name="Followers of Sangh Parivar slam Malayalam writer S Hareesh over Meesha">{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/sangh-parivar-supporters-slam-malayalam-writer-s-hareesh-over-meesha/articleshow/65011379.cms |title=Followers of Sangh Parivar slam Malayalam writer S Hareesh over Meesha |website=Bangalore Mirror |access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref><ref name="Threatened by right wing, Malayalam writer S Hareesh withdraws novel from magazine">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/threatened-right-wing-malayalam-writer-s-hareesh-withdraws-novel-magazine-85170 |title=Threatened by right wing, Malayalam writer S Hareesh withdraws novel from magazine |date=2018-07-21 |website=The News Minute |access-date=2018-11-13}}</ref> He goes on to state that women do not go to the temple whilst menstruating because they cannot have sex. These extracts, which were shared on social media, resulted in widespread criticism by Hindu organisations such as Yogakshema Sabha, [[Hindu Aikya Vedi]], [[Nair Service Society|N.S.S]]. After this, the writer withdrew the serialisation of the novel from ''[[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi Illustrated Weekly]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/malayalam-author-s-hareesh-withdraws-novel-meesha-says-he-has-received-threats-from-right-wing-groups-4791341.html |title= Malayalam author S Hareesh withdraws novel 'Meesha,' says he has received threats from right-wing groups|author= |date=2018-07-21 |website=Firstpost |access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>

== In Court ==
A plea to ban the book was made to the [[Supreme Court of India]] by N Radhakrishnan, a resident of Delhi. The court refused to ban the novel and stated that the culture of banning books impacts the free flow of ideas.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/meesha-row-supreme-court-decries-practice-of-banning-books/ar-BBLqk4M |title='Meesha' row: Supreme Court decries practice of banning books |author= |date=2018-08-03 |website=MSN |access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sc-refuses-ban-novel-meesha-685120.html |title=Culture of banning books impacted free flow of ideas:SC |author=Ashish Tripathi |date=2018-08-02 |website=Deccan Heral |access-date=2018-10-28}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2018/aug/22/meesha-book-review-a-bewitching-phantasmagoria-1861381.html |title='Meesha' book review: A bewitching phantasmagoria |last=L. George |date=22 August 2018 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-01-31}}

== External links ==
* [https://onlinestore.dcbooks.com/books/meesa ''Meesa''] on the [[DC Books]] website

{{Vayalar Awards}}
[[Category:2018 debut novels]]
[[Category:2018 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Malayalam novels]]
[[Category:Novels first published in serial form]]
[[Category:Works originally published in Indian magazines]]
[[Category:Works originally published in literary magazines]]
[[Category:Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:DC Books books]]

Tinwari

2025-11-02T07:03:11Z

NWIMuoi623534: entry

{{refimprove|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tinwari
| native_name = Tivari
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.55|N|72.88|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur district|Jodhpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 329
| population_total = 18267
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 342306
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02927
| registration_plate = RJ-19
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tinwari''' also known as Tinvari or Tivari, is a principality located in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is located in [[Osian tehsil|Osian]] [[tehsil]] of [[Jodhpur]] district. It is located 59 km north of Jodhpur headquarters and 330 km from the state capital [[Jaipur]]. [[Mandore]] in the north, [[Jodhpur]] in the south, [[Balesar]] in the west and [[Bhopalgarh]] tehsil in the east. It was the main [[jagir]] of Akherajot [[Rajpurohit]]s during the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] [[dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Munshi Hardayal |title=Report Mardumshumari Rajmarwar 1891 E. |last2=Khan Mehar |first2=Jahoor |publisher=RAJASTHANI GRANTHAGAR |year=2019 |isbn=((9788186103321)) |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prahlad |title=Rajpurohit Jati ka Itihas (Vol. 1, 2) |date=2021 |publisher=RG GROUP |isbn=9789390179060 |location=Jodhpur |language=Hindi}} pg-135</ref> It has been upgraded from sub-tehsil to [[Tehsil]].

== Demography ==
As per the [[2011 census of India]], Tinwari's total population is 18,267 and the total number of houses is 2,850. The female population is 47.8% and the female literacy rate is 18.4%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinwari Census Report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder |website=Census India}}</ref>
The town has a number of Akherajot [[Rajpurohit]] and some [[Rajput]] families.

== Transport ==
Tinwari is a [[desert]] [[village]] situated 50 km north of [[Jodhpur]] City.
[[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] is situated 21 km north of Tinwari. Osian is a major business center for the city. [[Bikaner]] is located at a distance of 191 km from Tinwari, 135 km from [[Nagaur]], and 94 km from [[Phalodi]] on its main travel route. National Highway NH754K([[Amritsar–Jamnagar Expressway]]) is connected with this town.

== History ==
The local history of Tinwari begins from the time of the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] rulers. About two thousand years ago, [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] was known as Upkesh Pattan (Umeshpur Patan) city, which was a [[metropolis]] and had eight suburbs around it.{{Cn|date=January 2025}} Being a group of nine cities, it was also called Navteri Nagari. Among the eight suburbs, Tinwari was the main trading town. Due to the rule of Tanwar [[Rajput]]s on this city, it later came to be known as Tanwari and Tinwari. Later, this [[Jagir]] went into the hands of Sevad [[Rajpurohit]]s during the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] rulers. In [[Vikram Samvat|V.S.]] 1272 (1215 A.D.), along with Rao Siha, his Rajguru Sevad Rajpurohit Devpaldev came to Marwar from [[Kannauj|Kanoj]] and was given the [[Jagir]] of Tinwari.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Prahalad |title=Rajpurohit Jati ka Itihas (Vol. 1, 2) |publisher=RG GROUP |year=1978 |isbn=9789390179060 |location=Jodhpur |language=Hindi}} pg-135</ref>
Dalpat Singh Manohardasot of Tinwari laid down his life in 1657 fighting with the enemies on the banks of [[Shipra River]] along with [[Maharaja]] [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]]. His son [[Akheraj Rajpurohit|Akheraj]] lived in the forests with [[Maharaja]] [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]] for 22 years and bravely fought off the attacks of the enemies.
Thakur Gumansingh Rajpurohit of Tinwari sacrificed his life for the defense of the motherland in 1815 by killing the Pathan commander while repulsing the attack of Mir Khan Pathan on [[Mehrangarh]] Fort.<ref>{{Cite news |title=शहीद वीर गुमान सिंह |work=Patrika News Network |url=https://www.patrika.com/jodhpur-news/martyr-veer-guman-singh-got-honor-for-protecting-mehrangarh-7624084/?amp=1 }}</ref>
During the princely period, [[Jagirdar]]s of this town made entrance gates on all the routes of entry into the town and put doors in them. Got reservoirs and wells constructed in all four parts of the city.

== Early Administration ==
Before independence, administration was in the hands of Akherajots, the feudal lords of Tinwari. They built many temples, fortified walls, cenotaphs, baolis, etc.

After independence, the development of this historical city started again.
In 1949, due to the tireless efforts of social worker Ratanlal Joshi, rail lines were laid here and trains started running.{{Cn|date=January 2025}} After this development gained momentum during the tenure of young [[Sarpanch]] Premchand Khatri and later Sarpanches recognized Tinwari as a developed town.
At the time of the first woman sarpanch of the village, Mrs. Kaushalya Devi Sankhla, the main road was extended from Mathania Square to Osian Square and given a grand and attractive look. Beautification was done with road lights by making dividers in the middle of the road. During the time of Padmaram Meghwal, commendable work was done in the interest of the village by removing illegal encroachments in the village.

== Religious and tourist attractions ==
A [[Jainism|Jain]] [[temple]] located in the center of the city, which was built around 165 AD, was excavated. An idol of [[Vasupujya]] is installed in this temple. There is also another [[Jain temple]] outside the city; The ancient sculptures installed here and the skillful workmanship done on the stones are the heritage of archaeology. Dada Bhagwan Sanskar Kendra, a grand religious and tourist center located on Balasar Road, outside the town, holds a special place in the whole of Rajasthan due to its specialties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dada Bhagwan Sanskar Kendra |url=https://www.jssvitragvignan.org/center-detail/tivri/14 |website=JSS}}</ref> This center is spread over an area of about 200 bighas. Geeta Dham, an international center of spirituality, was established in 1992 by Swami Harihar Maharaj.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swamiji; Geeta Satsang |url=https://www.geetasatsang.org/?page_id=51 |website=Geeta Satsang}}</ref> This land was donated by Bhamashah Seth Chunnilal Baheti of Tinwari for the temple. Devotees keep coming and going throughout the year in the grand Krishna Sarovar Temple, [[Shiva|Mahadev]] Temple, and [[Hanuman]] Temple built here. Devotees from not only the country but also from abroad come here for the Phag festival and spiritual ceremony organized on the occasion of [[Holi]] in the month of [[Falgun|Phalgun]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Populated places in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Town]]

Keepu Tsering Lepcha

2025-11-02T02:37:46Z

NWIMuoi623534: correct citations for consistency after review

{{short description|Indian educationist,}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keepu Tsering Lepcha
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = [[Kingdom of Sikkim]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social worker Civil servant Educationist
| yearsactive =
| known for = Service to [[Lepcha people|Lepcha community]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Real Heroes Award]] [[CNN-IBN]] Senior Citizen Award Jewel of Sikkim [[Government of Sikkim|GoS]] Best Social Service Award
}}
'''Keepu Tsering Lepcha''' is an Indian social worker, educationist, former civil servant and the founder of the ''Human Development Foundation of Sikkim'' (HDFS), a [[non governmental organization]] serving the socio-economically challenged people of [[Sikkim]].<ref name="On 1000 PeaceWomen">{{cite web | url=http://www.1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/search/keepu-tsering-lepcha-1287-27.html | title=On 1000 PeaceWomen | publisher=1000 PeaceWomen.org | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-date=15 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315053648/http://www.1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/search/keepu-tsering-lepcha-1287-27.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> A former secretary of the [[Government of Sikkim]], she has served as the project director in the Rural Development Agency of the government.<ref name="Wiki Peace Women profile">{{cite web | url=https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=2371 | title=Wiki Peace Women profile | publisher=Wiki Peace Women | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> She is a member of the [[PeaceWomen Across the Globe]] organization which was shortlisted for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] of 2005,<ref name="Our History">{{cite web | url=https://www.1000peacewomen.org/en/who-we-are/history-30.html | title=Our History | publisher=1000 Peace Women.org | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> and a recipient of the 2012 [[Real Heroes Award]] of the [[Reliance Foundation]]<ref name="2012 Heroes">{{cite web | url=http://www.realheroes.com/2012-heroes.php | title=2012 Heroes | publisher=Reliance Foundation | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331051827/http://www.realheroes.com/2012-heroes.php | archive-date=31 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and the 2013 ''Senior Citizen Award'' of the [[CNN-IBN]].<ref name="Senior Citizen Award">{{cite web | url=http://www.60plus.co.in/sc_awards.html | title=Senior Citizen Award | publisher=CNN-IBN | date=2013 | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-date=24 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724155703/http://www.60plus.co.in/sc_awards.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the fourth highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]], in 2009, for her contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Keepu Tsering was born in 1942 in a [[Lepcha people|Lepcha family]] to a government official in a rural area of the Northeast Indian state of [[Sikkim]] and did her primary and secondary education in [[Gangtok]] before completing her college studies at [[Kolkata]] from where she secured a master's degree.<ref name="Keepu Tsering Lepcha -India WC.org">{{cite web | url=http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1895 | title=Keepu Tsering Lepcha -India WC.org | publisher=World Citizenship.org | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-date=20 November 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120105420/http://word.world-citizenship.org/wp-archive/1895 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She started her career in 1967 as the principal of the Enchey Senior Secondary School, Gangtok but stayed there only for a short period to move to the Government High School, Gangtok where the majority of students were the children of Tibetan refugees.<ref name="Wiki Peace Women profile" /> Moving later to government service, she became the assistant director of education with additional responsibility of managing the primary teachers' training institute, a post she held till 1994, during which time, she is reported to have contributed in bringing out text books for primary classes and training of teachers in the local languages by organizing short term training programmes.<ref name="Keepu Tsering Lepcha -India WC.org" />

Tsering joined Sikkim Civil Service in 1994 and rose in ranks to the position of a joint secretary.<ref name="Wiki Peace Women profile" /> She was in charge of the ''Rural Development Agency'', as a project director, and was involved with the development activities in the rural areas for 28 years.<ref name="Keepu Tsering Lepcha -India WC.org" /> She was the secretary of the ''Department of Sports and Youth Affairs'', at the time of her superannuation in 2000. During her years at the civil service, she also continued her social activities for which she founded the ''Human Development Foundation of Sikkim'' (HDFS) in 1997 and was involved in the activities to revive the [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] culture and [[Lepcha language]].<ref name="Wiki Peace Women profile" /> She also hosted a few Lepcha children in her house, ''The Lepcha Cottage'', and has been taking care of them since 1989.<ref name="Lady who is living her dream">{{cite web | url=https://missunderstoodgenius.wordpress.com/2012/03/05/lady-who-is-living-her-dream-keepu-lepcha/ | title=Lady who is living her dream | publisher=Misunderstood Genius | date=5 March 2012 | access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> She has been holding the chair of the organization since its inception and the organization which won the National Award for Children's Welfare in 2003, runs a school for the under-privileged children, numbering 400.<ref name="Keepu Tsering Lepcha -India WC.org" />

Keepu Tsering, who speaks six languages, English, Hindi, [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] and [[Bhutia language|Bhutia]] and is a spinster by choice, was one among the [[1000 PeaceWomen]], the global organization which was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 2005, which eventually went to [[Mohamed ElBaradei]].<ref name="On 1000 PeaceWomen" /> The same year, ''Sikkim Intellectuals Conference on Humanism, Nationalism and Peace'' awarded her the title, ''Jewel of Sikkim''.<ref name="Ms Keepu Lepcha A lady with a golden heart">{{cite web | url=https://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php/component/content/article/38-2008/august-42/437-ms-keepu-lepcha-a-lady-with-a-golden-heart | title=Ms Keepu Lepcha A lady with a golden heart | publisher=Eastern Panorama | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref> Two years later, she received the ''Best Social Service Award'' of the [[Government of Sikkim]], the investiture ceremony taking place on 16 May 2007.<ref name="Ms Keepu Lepcha A lady with a golden heart" /> The Government of India awarded her the civilian honour of the [[Padma Shri]] in 2009 and she received the [[Real Heroes Award]] of the [[Reliance Foundation]] in 2012.<ref name="Keepu Tsering Lepcha on Real Heroes">{{cite web | url=http://www.realheroes.com/keepu-tsering-lepcha.php | title=Keepu Tsering Lepcha on Real Heroes | publisher=Real Heroes | date=2016 | access-date=29 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401031203/http://www.realheroes.com/keepu-tsering-lepcha.php | archive-date=1 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2013, [[CNN-IBN]] awarded her the ''Senior Citizen Award'' for her services to the Lepcha community.<ref name="Senior Citizen Award" />

== See also ==
* [[PeaceWomen Across the Globe]]
{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/india/rh-lepcha-451116.html | title=Real Hero Keepu educates Lepcha community | publisher=IBN Live | work=Web video | date=29 February 2012 | access-date=29 February 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lepcha, Keepu Tsering}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:People from Gangtok]]
[[Category:Scholars from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women educators from Sikkim]]
[[Category:Educators from Sikkim]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Sikkim]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Lepcha people]]

Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao

2025-10-18T14:33:47Z

NWIMuoi623534: created bio!

{{Short description|Indian lawyer (1942–2025)}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2013}}
''' Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao''' (1942 – 17 March 2025), also known as '''Sreenivasa Rao Pemmaraju''', was an Indian international lawyer who headed the Legal and Treaties Division, [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, India]], and was the chief legal advisor of India on international law matters from 1985 to 2002. He was Judge Ad Hoc of [[International Court of Justice]] in the case concerning sovereignty over [[Pedra Branca dispute|Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Pateh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore)]] (2004–2008). Rao was a member of the [[International Law Commission]] from 1987 to 2006, and a [[United Nations special rapporteur|Special Rapporteur]] for the subject of Prevention and Liability. He was also Chairman of International Law Commission.

Rao was a special adviser in the office of the Attorney-General, State of Qatar and Visiting Professor at the Center for International Law Studies, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi]]. He was also an honorary visiting professor at [[Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University]], [[Visakhapatnam]].

He was also a member of ''Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration'' tribunal (Bangladesh/India) (2010–2014).

==Background==
Rao was born in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[British India]] in 1942. He was educated at [[Andhra University]], Waltair, and at [[Yale Law School]] (1967–1970). He earned a Bachelor of Laws and a Master of Laws degree with specialization in international law from Andhra and also an LL.M. and J.S.D. from Yale. Professor Rao worked as a Post Doctoral Fellow at the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]], Washington, D.C., and at the Marine Policy Center of [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]], Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He published Public Order of the Ocean Resources and has contributed several articles on the negotiation of the Law of the Sea Convention, 1982. Rao participated in its negotiations from 1976-1984.

Post-doctoral works:
* Fellow, the [[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]], Washington, DC.
* Fellow, Marine Policy Programme, [[Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution]], Woods Hole, Mass., USA.
* Research Associate, The [[Indian School of International Studies]], Sapru House, New Delhi.

Rao died on 17 March 2025, at the age of 83.<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned legal expert Dr P S Rao passes away |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/renowned-legal-expert-dr-p-s-rao-passes-away-955014 |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Hans India |date=19 March 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [https://www.amazon.com/Pemmaraju-Sreenivasa-Rao/e/B001KDB4SI The Public Order of Ocean Resources: A Critique of the Contemporary Law of the Sea]
* [[List of members of the International Law Commission]]
* [[Pedra Branca dispute]]
: [http://www.mfa.gov.sg/pedrabranca/pdf/SeparateOpinionOfJudgeAdHocSreenivasaRao.pdf Petra Branca Separate Opinion]
* [http://www.aalco.int/ps%20rao2007.pdf Role of Soft Law in the Development of International Law]
* [http://web.law.umich.edu/_FacultyBioPage/facultybiopagenew.asp?ID=265 Faculty at University of Michigan Law School]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/faculty/Rao.html Audio Visual Library of International Law]
:http://students.law.umich.edu/mjil/uploads/articles/v25n4-rao.pdf
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101213194534/http://www.pca-cpa.org/showpage.asp?pag_id=1376 Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration (Bangladesh/India)]
* [https://archive.today/20130103102258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/india/30477130_1_icj-sc-judge-pca Supreme Court judge, MEA ex-secretary slug it out for International Court of Justice post]
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/pdf/ls/Rao_bio.pdf Biography of Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Pemmaraju Sreenivasa}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:International Law Commission]]

Gillanwali (Dera Baba Nanak)

2025-08-14T21:14:32Z

NWIMuoi623534: stub - done

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{for| a village in Batala tehsil|Gillanwali }}
{{onesource|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Gillanwali''' is a village in [[Dera Baba Nanak]] tehsil of Gurdaspur district, in Punjab state of India.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, Gillanwali has a population of 857 people, of which 417 were males and 440 were females. There were a total of 171 households in the village. The number of children below the age of 6 were 107, of which 57 were males and 50 females. The number of people of [[Scheduled castes]] were 194, of which 102 were males and 92 were females. The people who were [[literate]] were 560, of which 285 were males and 275 were females.<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder, Search Gillanwali (Dera Baba Nanak)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Dhianpur]]
*[[Kala Afghana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|31|55|24|N|75|02|56|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Nandalal Gurung

2025-07-29T10:10:04Z

NWIMuoi623534: added new article w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Nandalal Gurung''' was an [[India]]n politician from [[Darjeeling]]. He belonged to the [[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League|All India Gorkha League]], and represented the [[Jore Bungalow Assembly constituency|Jore Bungalow constituency]] from 1967 to 1971 and 1972 to 1977.

==Biography==
Gurung was born in Darjeeling on 15 December 1921.<ref name=who>''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=I78yAAAAMAAJ Who's who 1972: General Election, March 1972]''. West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat, 1974. p. 28</ref> He was the son of Padam Bahadur Gurung.<ref name=who/> He married Dhankeshari.<ref name=who/> He was a commissioner of Darjeeling Municipality and a member of the Darjeeling District Committee of the All India Gorkha League.<ref name=who/>

Gurung was fielded by the All India Gorkha League in the Jore Bungalow seat in the [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], contesting against the incumbent CPI legislator Bhadra Bahadur Hamal. Gurung finished in second place with 8,832 votes (41.11%), just 129 votes less than Hamal.<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140714193601/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

He won the Jore Bungalow seat in the [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 12,428 votes (42.96%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404194327/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He also became the president of the Darjeeling District Kulain Bagan Mazdur Sangh, a trade union of tea plantation workers, in 1967.<ref name=who/><ref>Khemraj Sharma. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=vl7tAAAAMAAJ Socio-economic Life of Cinchona Plantation Workers in India]''. N.L. Publishers, 1997. pp. 141-142</ref> Gurung was the local Member of Legislative Assembly during the 1967 [[Naxalbari uprising]]. Whilst Gurung opposed the agitation, and in response he took part in forming the North Bengal Welfare Committee together with [[Kamal Guha]] and representatives of the [[Bangla Congress]] and [[Samyukta Socialist Party]] - seeking to promote land reform issues and address some issues linked to the conflict.<ref name=abh>Amar Bhattacharya. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=Hm4MAQAAMAAJ Revolution Unleashed: A History of Naxalbari Movement in India, 1964-1972]''. Sampark, 2007. p. 45</ref>

Gurung retained the Jore Bungalow seat in the [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], obtaining 15,693 votes (58.60%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182429/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1969 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> He lost the Jore Bungalow seat to CPI(M) candidate [[Ananda Pathak]] in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], finishing in second place with 12,572 votes (37.72%)<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718182727/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1971 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref>

He returned to the West Bengal Legislative Assembly in the [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]], winning the Jore Bungalow seat with 12,063 votes (34.12%) and defeating the Congress(R) and CPI(M) candidates (whom both had over 11,000 votes).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> When the All India Gorkha League underwent a split, Gurung sided with the L.S. Pradhan-led faction. The Pradhan faction fielded Gurung as its candidate in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] in the [[Darjeeling Assembly constituency|Darjeeling constituency]] taking on All India Gorkha League leader [[Deo Prakash Rai]].<ref name=ckka>Chiranjib Kumar Kar. ''[https://books.google.at/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&id=cFw_AAAAMAAJ Sub-regional Movement in India: A Case Study : Political History of the Gorkhas in Darjeeling District]''. Kar, 1991. p. 56</ref> Gurung finished in sixth place, with 1,952 votes (4.92%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203744/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref><ref>''[https://books.google.at/books?id=37q1siAQ-pEC Bye-elections Brochure, 1981, an Analysis: House of the People and Legislative Assemblies, Council of States and Legislative Councils, 1-1-1981 to 31-12-1981]''. Election Commission of India, 1984 . p. 120</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurung, Nandalal}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:Politicians from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Trade unionists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1967–1969]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1969–1971]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League politicians]]

Vedha

2025-04-19T14:20:37Z

NWIMuoi623534:

{{Wikt|Veda}}

'''Vedha''' may refer to:

* ''[[Vedas]]'', the oldest scriptures of Hinduism
* [[Vedha (2008 film)|''Vedha'' (2008 film)]], a 2008 Indian film
* [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'' (2022 film)]], a 2022 Indian film
* [[Vedha (composer)]], Indian music composer
* [[Vedha Muthu Mukandar]], Indian convert to Christiany

== See also ==
* {{Intitle|Vedha|plural=yes}}
* [[Veda (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}

Resham Dankh

2025-02-21T21:42:35Z

NWIMuoi623534: created stub!

{{Short description|Indian soap opera}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Title screen of Resham Dankh.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = 25 minutes approx
| creator =
| director =
| producer = [[Jamnadas Majethia]] Aatish Kapadia
| company = Hats Off Productions
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[STAR One]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2006|08|15|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2006|12|df=y}}
| num_episodes =
}}
'''''Resham Dankh''''' is an Indian soap opera which premiered on 14 August 2006 on [[STAR One]], starring [[Rahil Azam]] and [[Mouli Ganguly]] in the lead roles.<ref name="WebIndia123">{{cite web
|url = https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060729/406079.html
|title = 'Resham Dankh' goes on air on Star One from August 14
|work = WebIndia123
|date = July 29, 2006
|access-date = Nov 16, 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131624/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060729/406079.html
|archive-date = 16 November 2018
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The narrative was adapted from Aatish Kapadia's [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] novel of the same name.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/gujarati-flavour-on-prime-time-tv/articleshow/31458718.cms
|title = Gujarati flavour on prime time TV
|work = The Times of India
|date = Mar 5, 2014
|access-date = Nov 16, 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116174732/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/shows/gujarati-flavour-on-prime-time-tv/articleshow/31458718.cms
|archive-date = 16 November 2018
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The series was produced by Hats Off Productions.<ref>{{cite news
|url = https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv//articleshow/15659868.cms
|title = Resham Dankh to go off air
|work = Mumbai Mirror
|date = Dec 2, 2006
|access-date = Nov 16, 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131710/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv//articleshow/15659868.cms
|archive-date = 16 November 2018
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

==Plot==
The story begins with Aditya Balraj surrendering to the police and confessing to murder. Following his arrest, he decides to write his memoirs in his prison cell, and through these memoirs, we see the story of Aditya Balraj's family.

Aditya is a successful businessman, running a silk manufacturing industry. He is married to Divya. Despite all their happiness, they are unable to have a child even after many years of marriage.

Fortune takes a turn for them when Divya becomes pregnant in the eighth year of their marriage. However, the child is [[stillborn]]. As Aditya's brother is about to bury the lifeless child, the baby boy shows signs of life upon getting wet in the rain.

An astrologer then prophesies that the child will have a happy life until he turns five years old, which makes Aditya paranoid about the protection of his child.

The story then moves ahead by five years. Aditya's son, Dev Aditya Balraj has grown up to be a smart boy. Aditya dotes over him and has managed to successfully expand his business over the years. Dev is similarly adored by the full joint family. However, Dev is very eco-friendly and is horrified when he learns of how the silk manufacturing process involves the killing of silkworms.

Dev begins to resent his father. Unable to bear this, Aditya decides to shut down his business. This brings the ire of the family down upon Dev, as they were all dependent on Aditya. The Balrajs nearly go bankrupt and are forced to move into a ''[[chawl]]''.

Meanwhile, Aditya continues to research and his team stumbles upon a [[Ahimsa silk|new process of manufacturing silk]], that does not involve the killing of silkworms. Branding it as ''Ahimsa Silk'' (English: 'non-violent), Aditya relaunches his business.

Aditya's competitors, some of whom were earlier his associates, suffer from heavy losses due to the widespread adoption of ''Ahimsa Silk''. After finding out that Dev was responsible for this entire series of events, they murder the innocent child.

Aditya is devastated with the loss of his son, and vows to find his son's murderer and avenge him.

==Cast==
* [[Rahil Azam]] as Aditya Balraj<ref name="DNAIndia">{{cite web
|url = https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raahil-s-all-for-women-1047383
|title = Raahil's all for women
|work = DNA India
|date = Aug 15, 2006
|access-date = Nov 16, 2018
|first = Farhana
|last = Farook
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116131637/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-raahil-s-all-for-women-1047383
|archive-date = 16 November 2018
|url-status = live
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
* [[Mouli Ganguly]] as Divya, Aditya's wife<ref name="DNAIndia"/>
* [[Rajeev Mehta]]
* [[Apara Mehta]]
* [[Sumeet Raghavan]] as Shantanu Balraj ;Aditya's elder brother
* [[Sulbha Deshpande]] as Janki Mausi<ref name="WebIndia123"/>
* Yash Bhadrani as Dev Balraj, Aditya's son<ref name="WebIndia123"/>
* [[Disha Vakani]] as Kinari
* Puneet Vaishist as Gaurav
* Dimple Shah
* [[Manava Naik]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|7943624}}

{{STAR One}}

[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Star One (Indian TV channel) original programming]]

Tirukkural translations into Marathi

2025-01-09T08:49:28Z

NWIMuoi623534: new...

{{Translation sidebar}}
As of 2023, [[Marathi language|Marathi]] has at least three translation available of the [[Tirukkural]], of which two are complete.

==History of translations==
[[Image: Pandurang Sadashiv Sane 2001 stamp of India.jpg|right|thumb|Pandurang Sadashiv Sane]]
The Kural text was translated into Marathi by the Marathi author [[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane]], widely known as Sane Guruji, in 1930.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 1973|pp=50–55}} He made the translation while undergoing imprisonment as a political prisoner in the [[Tiruchi|Tiruchirapalli]] jail.{{sfn|Tamilselvan et al., 2017|p=228}} At the prison, he started learning [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and studied the Kural and was tempted to translate the work into Marathi.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 1973|pp=50–55}} He referred to the works on the Kural by [[V. V. S. Aiyar]]{{sfn|Tamilselvan et al., 2017|p=228}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=518–519}} and also consulted with fellow Tamil inmates at the prison to get the full import of subtle ideas in the work.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=518–519}} Although completed by 1930, only an unofficial print appeared on 17 December 1930 as Sane Guruji was still serving his prison sentence.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|pp=518–519}} When he was released from prison in 1948, Sane Guruji started his own press named "Sadhana Prakashan" and the translation was officially published on 28 September 1948{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 1973|pp=50–55}}{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=519}}{{sfn|Polilan et al., 2019|p=683}} under the title ''Kural: Theen Purushartha''. The second edition was published in 1960.{{sfn|Tamilselvan et al., 2017|p=229}} Reprints appeared in 1960 and 1975, by Continental Prakashan,{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=519}} and again in 1987.{{sfn|Tamilselvan et al., 2017|p=229}} The Marathi translation by Sane Guruji is a complete translation.{{sfn|Sanjeevi, 1973|pp=50–55}}

In the meantime, Narayana Govindarao Peshwe and Ganpath Govindarao Peshwe, a lawyer duo from Thulajapur, translated a [[Tirukkural translations into Hindi|Hindi translation]] of the Kural text by Kshemananda into Marathi and published it in the journal ''Lokamitra'' from July 1929 to June 1930. However, they translated only the first 89 chapters of the Kural literature because the Hindi translation itself was incomplete and did not contain Book III of the Kural. In May 1930, this translation was published as a book by T. K. Sadekar from his publishing house named Dhananjay Press in [[Belgaum]], [[Karnataka]].{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=519}} Although the said Hindi translation was based on V. V. S. Aiyar's English translation, which Kshemananda claimed that the translation was cross-checked against the Tamil original by a Tamil scholar before publication, the Marathi translation by Peshwe brothers was not cross-checked against the Kural's original version in Tamil.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=519}} Both Sane Guruji and Peshwe Brothers' translations were in prose.{{sfn|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013|p=520}}

Although many scholars before him refrained from translating the third book of the Kural ([[Book of Inbam|Book of Love]]), Sane Guruji translated the whole work. In his work, he described about his decision to do so, thus:

{{cquote|The translation of this book is available in Hindi with the name of 'Tamil Veda, but it includes only two sections: 'Dharma' (Arattuppal) and 'Artha' (Porutpal). The third section discussing 'Kama' (Kamattuppal) has been dropped. Actually in this section there is nothing which can be said to be obscene or vulgar. It is a very fine section. I have translated that section in full.{{sfn|Sane Guruji, 1960|p=21}} }}

In 1977, the Maharashtra State Literature and Cultural Board published another Marathi translation done by Purushottam Dinkar Joshi, a scholar of Marathi language at Government Oriental Manuscripts Library in Chennai. It was published under the title ''Thiruvalluvar Virchit Tirukkural''.{{sfn|Tamilselvan et al., 2017|pp=228–234}}

In 2022, as part of its Ancient Tamil Classics in Translations series, the [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]] (CICT) in Chennai released its Marathi translation of the Kural by N. Lalitha.

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, सर्ग २६: मांसाशन नको
|-
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Pandurang Sadashiv Sane'' (1930)||प्राण्यांची हिंसा करणे म्हणजे खरोखर हृदयाचा निष्ठुरपणा आहे; आणि त्यांचे मांस खाणे म्गणजे तर फारच अन्याय वाटतो. ||या मायामय, अज्ञानमय संसाराची बंधने सोडून जे मुक्त झाले, ते हत्या करून कधीही मांसाशन करणार नाहीत.
|}

==See also==
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[List of Tirukkural translations by language]]

== Notes ==
{{Portal box|Tamils|India|Literature|Poetry}}
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author= M. G. Kovaimani and P. V. Nagarajan |title= திருக்குறள் ஆய்வுமாலை [Tirukkural Research Papers] |year= 2013 |edition= 1|publisher=Tamil University | location= Tanjavur |language=ta|isbn = 978-81-7090-435-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Kovaimani and Nagarajan, 2013}}}}
* {{cite book | last = Joshi | first = Shripad | title = ''Marathi Translation of Tirukkural. In:'' First All India Tirukkural Seminar Papers ''(N. Sanjeevi, ed.).'' | publisher = University of Madras | edition = 2nd | date = 1973 | location = Chennai | pages = 50–55 |ref={{sfnRef|Sanjeevi, 1973}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Guruji | first = Sane | title = Kural, Teen (Three) Purushartha | publisher = Continental Prakashan | edition = 2nd | date = 1960 | location = Poona | pages = 21 |ref={{sfnRef|Sane Guruji, 1960|p=21}} }}
* {{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= |ref={{sfnRef|Polilan et al., 2019}} }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Tamilselvan | first1 = R. | last2 = Manimala | first2 = J. | last3 = Murali | first3 = M. | last4 = Mathan | first4 = V. P. S. | last5 = Amirtharaj | first5 = T. Vijay | title = உலக மொழிகளில் திருக்குறள் மொழிபெயர்ப்புகள் [Tirukkural translations in world languages] | publisher = Kaavya | edition = 1st | date = 2017 | location = Chennai | pages = |isbn=978-93-86576-35-4 |ref={{sfnRef|Tamilselvan et al., 2017}} }}
{{ref end}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oocities.org/nvkashraf/kur-trans/languages.htm Thirukkural translations]

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Marathi]]
[[Category:Translations into Marathi]]

Darts in India

2024-12-08T14:50:12Z

NWIMuoi623534: new - done

{{Infobox sport overview
| title = Darts in India
| image = LADBROKES WORLD DARTS CHAMPIONSHIP -LONDON 2007 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Ashfaque Sayed at the World Darts Championship in 2007
| union = Indian Darts Council, All India Darts Association
| country = India
| sport = Darts
| noncountry =
| nickname =
| first =
| registered =
| clubs =


| national_list =
| club_list =
| intl_list =

| Name =

| match =
| league =

| fan_org =
}}

'''Darts''' is a growing sport in India, attracting attention from various parts of the country. It is a sport that is considered to have huge potential in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darts In India – Dart Player 2008 |url=https://patrickchaplin.com/2019/05/21/darts-in-india-dart-player-2008/ |website=Dr Patrick Chaplin |access-date=31 August 2024 |date=21 May 2019}}</ref> While traditionally more popular in Western countries, the sport has gradually gained a foothold in India, with increasing participation in both recreational and competitive settings.

There are two organisations that oversee darts in India, the Indian Darts Council and the All India Darts Association.

The Goa National Rankings Darts Championship was held in 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Union Minister Shripad Naik praises All India Darts Association for commending work to popularize the game |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1860221 |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref> Ten teams participated in the 6th UP Darts Sports Championship in [[Uttar Pradesh]] in June 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ten dist teams participate in darts sports c’ship |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/ten-dist-teams-participate-in-darts-sports-cship/articleshow/100980333.cms |access-date=31 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=14 June 2023}}</ref>

==Prominent players==
* [[Nitin Kumar]] from [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{cite news |title=4 reasons why India should take up darts |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/darts/4-reasons-why-india-should-take-up-darts |access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref> one of the country's top-ranked players, has represented India at multiple international events, including the PDC [[World Darts Championship]].
* Ashfaque Sayed of [[Maharashtra]] represented India in the PDC [[World Cup of Darts]] in 2007.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Indian darts players]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiandartscouncil.com/ Indian Darts Council]
* [https://indiandarts.org/ All India Darts Association]

{{Sport in India}}
{{Darts}}

[[Category:Sport in India by sport]]
[[Category:Darts]]

{{India-sport-stub}}