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East Bengal FC (women)

2026-05-07T07:34:52Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting A Data and Citations

{{Short description|Women's football club in India}}
{{About|the women's football club|the men's team|East Bengal FC|the parent club|East Bengal Club}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = East Bengal
| image = East Bengal FC logo.svg
| upright = 0.9
| fullname = East Bengal Football Club
| nickname = Lal Holud Brigade Bangal Brigade Torch Bearers Moshal Girls
| short name = EBFC
| ground = [[East Bengal Ground]] [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]] (selected matches)
| capacity = 23,500 68,000
| founded = {{Start date and age|1920}}
| owner = Emami East Bengal FC Pvt. Ltd.:
*[[Emami|Emami Group]] (77%)
*[[East Bengal Club#Ownership|East Bengal Club Pvt. Ltd.]] (23%)
| chrtitle = President
| chairman = Murari Lal Lohia
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Anthony Andrews]]
| league = [[Indian Women's League]] [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]
| season = [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| position = [[Indian Women's League]], [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]], Champions, 1st of 8 (champions)
| current = 2025–26 East Bengal FC Women season
| pattern_b1 = _EastBengal_25_26
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _goldtop
| leftarm1 = FFDF00
| body1 = FFDF00
| rightarm1 = ff0000
| pattern_ra1 = _goldborder
| shorts1 = 000000
| socks1 = FF0000
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _redcollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 = _yellowborder
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFDF00
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = ff0000
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FF0000
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
| website = {{URL|https://emamieastbengal.com/}}
}}
{{East Bengal Club departments}}

'''East Bengal Football Club''', commonly referred to as '''East Bengal''', is a [[Football team|women's football club]] based in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It is the [[Women's association football|women's football]] section of [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal FC]]. They compete in the [[Indian Women's League]], the women's premier football league in India. They are the reigning [[Indian Women's League]] champions. The club has also won the [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League (Kanyashree Cup)]] 3 times and the [[Women's IFA Shield]] once. They also won the inaugural [[SAFF Women's Club Championship]] in [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]].

==History==
===Formation and early beginnings===
{{Main|2001 Calcutta Women's Football League}}

The East Bengal women's football team was formed in 2001 and in their inaugural season of the Calcutta Women's Football League, they lifted the title defeating arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] 1–0 in the final at the [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]] with Shanta Dhara scoring the solitary goal for the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html|title=News for the month of March|work=IndianFootball.de|access-date=8 August 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809005046/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200103.html}}</ref><ref name=ifd>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/cwl.html|title=List of Champions of the Calcutta Women's Football League|work=IndianFootball.de|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202055102/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/cwl.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Records">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|title=India - List of Women Champions|work=rsssf|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-date=5 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205054139/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/india-womchamp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The following season, East Bengal women's team reached the final again but lost in the final against Mohun Bagan after the game ended 1–1 in the regulation time and Mohun Bagan won 3–2 in the penalty shootout at the [[Sailen Manna Stadium]] in Howrah.<ref name=ifd/><ref name="Records"/> The team was however disbanded after the season.

===Relaunch and another halt===
In their centenary year, the East Bengal club again decided to relaunch the women's team and participate in the Calcutta Women's Football League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|title=After several years, East Bengal forms women's team; Mohun Bagan 'not enthusiastic' enough|work=The Bridge|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230095005/https://thebridge.in/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> They had appointed former India International [[Kuntala Ghosh Dastidar]] as the head coach of the team.<ref name=ebw2020>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/|title=Exclusive: East Bengal women's team officially signs!|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=30 December 2019|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230094957/http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|title=East Bengal forms women's team; Mohun Bagan 'not enthusiastic' enough|date=2019-10-25|website=The Bridge|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-30|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230095005/https://thebridge.in/after-several-years-east-bengal-forms-womens-team-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October, initial trials were conducted by the club under Kuntala Ghosh Dastidar, with over 150 women participating.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/shesport/east-bengal-womens-football-team|title=East Bengal Club Gets Women's Football Team: Selection Process Begins|last=Das|first=Ria|date=2019-10-26|website=SheThePeople TV|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-31|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231050926/https://www.shethepeople.tv/shesport/east-bengal-womens-football-team|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thebengalstory.com/english/east-bengal-forms-womens-football-team-but-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|title=East Bengal forms women's football team, but Mohun Bagan not enthusiastic enough|date=2019-10-23|website=The Bengal Story - English|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-31|archive-date=31 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231050926/http://thebengalstory.com/english/east-bengal-forms-womens-football-team-but-mohun-bagan-not-enthusiastic-enough/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 27 December, [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] registration of 21 players was done for the Women's League that commenced in January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/|title=Exclusive: East Bengal women's team officially signs!|last=BADGEB|date=2019-12-28|website=BADGEB|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-12-31|archive-date=30 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230094957/http://www.badgeb.com/exclusive-east-bengal-womens-team-officially-signs/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The East Bengal Women's team started off their campaign in the [[2020 Calcutta Women's Football League season|2020 Kanyashree Cup]] in style as they defeated Dipti Sangha by 6–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/kanyashree-cup-the-east-bengal-womens-team-start-their-campaign-with-a-6-1-win/|title=Kanyashree Cup: The East Bengal Women's team start their campaign with a 6-1 win!|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=14 February 2020|archive-date=7 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207110810/http://www.badgeb.com/kanyashree-cup-the-east-bengal-womens-team-start-their-campaign-with-a-6-1-win/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 13 February East Bengal Women's team made history as they faced Biddyut Sporting. They led 18–0 within 30 minutes when the opposing team forfeited the game and the referee awarded it to East Bengal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/kanyashree-cup-opponent-forfiet-game-after-being-down-18-0-within-30-mins-against-east-bengal-fc-womens-team/|title=Kanyashree Cup: Opponent forfeit game after being down 18-0 within 30 mins against East Bengal FC Women's Team|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=14 February 2020|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214061520/http://www.badgeb.com/kanyashree-cup-opponent-forfiet-game-after-being-down-18-0-within-30-mins-against-east-bengal-fc-womens-team/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 6 March, the East Bengal Women's team surpassed their own record once again as they scored 20 goals against Bhangore SWF. East Bengal's forward Tulsi Hembram scored 8 goals and Mamata Hansda 4.<ref name=EB20BSWF>{{cite web|url=http://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-ladies-score-20-goals-in-kanyashree-cup/|title=East Bengal Ladies score 20 goals in Kanyashree Cup!|work=BADGEB.com|accessdate=7 March 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026121945/https://www.badgeb.com/east-bengal-ladies-score-20-goals-in-kanyashree-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref> The team qualified for the Super Six competition without losing a single game, and qualified for the Semi-Final where they faced Police AC. East Bengal won the semi-final 5–4 in the penalty shootout after the game had ended 1–1 in regulation time. However, the game was replayed due to issues with player registration and East Bengal team once again won the replayed match 5–4 in the penalties after the game ended goalless to reach the final. On 30 December 2020, East Bengal faced SSB Women's at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] in the final of the Kanyashree Cup and finished runners up with a 2–0 loss, with a goal conceded in each half.<ref name=kc2020>{{cite web|url=http://www.arunfoot.com/ssb-beats-sc-east-bengal-to-lift-womens-kanyashree-cup/|title=SSB beats SC East Bengal to lift Women's Kanyashree Cup!|work=Arunfoot.com|accessdate=3 January 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230180455/http://www.arunfoot.com/ssb-beats-sc-east-bengal-to-lift-womens-kanyashree-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, due to a tussle between the club officials and the investor group [[Shree Cement]], the women's football team and all the players were released. It was informed that they would not be fielding a team for the 2021–22 Kanyashree Cup.<ref name=disbanded2022>{{cite web|date=3 January 2022|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/home?cid=18&id=340693|title=এবার কন্যাশ্রী কাপে খেলবে না ইস্ট বেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal won't play in this year's Kanyashree Cup|language=bn|work=Bartaman Patrika|accessdate=3 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103063133/https://bartamanpatrika.com/home?cid=18&id=340693|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Comeback===
{{Main|2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League}}

In 2022, the East Bengal women's football team began the season by participating in the Kaliaganj MLA Cup held at Uttar Dinajpur and won the four-team tournament by defeating MLA Kaliaganj 1–0 in the final.<ref name=mlacup22/> On 18 December, they announced the squad for the [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23 Kanyashree Cup]].<ref name=squad2022>{{cite tweet|date=18 December 2022|user=eastbengal_fc|number=1604450602196488192|author=East Bengal FC|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1604450602196488192|title=Presenting our 2️⃣9️⃣ #MoshalGirls for the 2022-23 season! 🙌|work=East Bengal FC|accessdate=19 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=squad2223>{{cite web|date=19 December 2022|url=https://thebridge.in/football/east-bengal-29-member-womens-squad-kanyashree-cup-38135|title=East Bengal announces 29-member women's squad for Kanyashree Cup 2022/23|work=The Bridge|accessdate=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110184703/https://thebridge.in/football/east-bengal-29-member-womens-squad-kanyashree-cup-38135|url-status=live}}</ref> East Bengal started their campaign with a 2–0 win against WB Police on 20 December at the [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]], with Sulanjana Raul and Kabita Saren scoring for the team.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2022|url=https://thebridge.in/football/kanyashree-cup-east-bengal-vs-west-bengal-police-live-updates-scores-results-38146|title=Kanyashree Cup 2022-23: East Bengal wins 2-0 v/s West Bengal Police- Highlights|work=The Bridge|accessdate=10 January 2023|archive-date=20 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220094021/https://thebridge.in/football/kanyashree-cup-east-bengal-vs-west-bengal-police-live-updates-scores-results-38146|url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 January 2023, in their fourth match of the season, East Bengal defeated Behala Aikya Sammilani by 35–0, creating a record as the biggest win by an Indian team in any women's football game conducted by AIFF.<ref name=eb35goal>{{cite web|first=Sauradeep|last=Ash|date=10 January 2023|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/east-bengal-create-new-record-after-scoring-35-goals-in-a-football-match-206180.html|title=East Bengal create new record after scoring 35 goals in a football match!|work=My Khel|accessdate=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172612/https://www.mykhel.com/football/east-bengal-create-new-record-after-scoring-35-goals-in-a-football-match-206180.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=eb35goal2>{{cite web|date=10 January 2023|url=https://thebridge.in/football/kanyashree-cup-east-bengal-35-0-create-club-record-38617|title=Kanyashree Cup: East Bengal thumps opposition 35-0; creates club record|work=The Bridge|accessdate=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110162342/https://thebridge.in/football/kanyashree-cup-east-bengal-35-0-create-club-record-38617|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=eb35goal3>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=10 January 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/emami-east-bengal-womens-team-won-35-0-against-behala-aikya-sammilani-in-their-4th-kanyashree-cup-au5-724794.html|title=East Bengal: এক ম্যাচে ৩৫ গোল! রেকর্ড জয় ইস্টবেঙ্গলের|trans-title=East Bengal: 35 goals in one match! East Bengal's record win|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=10 January 2023|archive-date=10 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110172616/https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/emami-east-bengal-womens-team-won-35-0-against-behala-aikya-sammilani-in-their-4th-kanyashree-cup-au5-724794.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mousumi Murmu and Kabita Saren scored six goals each, Deblina Bhattacharjee and Gita Das scored five each, Sushmita Bardhan scored four, Aishwarya Arun Jagtap scored thrice, Sulanjana Raul and Tanushree Oraon scored a brace while Birsi Oraon and Piyali Kora scored one each.<ref name=eb35goal2/> On 19 January, East Bengal defeated Adivasi United Students Club 3–0 in the last match of the group stages to enter the knockouts. They finished top of the group with seven wins, including two walkovers given by Dipti Sangha and Kolkata Union Sporting Club, having scored fifty-eight goals without conceding a single.<ref>{{cite tweet|date=19 January 2023|user=eastbengal_fc|author=East Bengal FC|number=1616029142579023873|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1616029142579023873|title=Another cleansheet for our #MoshalGirls! We progress to the knockouts as group toppers! |accessdate=20 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=19 January 2023|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-adivasi-united-sc-3-0-in-kanyashree-cup-2022-23/|title=East Bengal FC Defeated Adivasi United SC 3-0 In Kanyashree Cup 2022-23|work=East Bengal the Real Power|accessdate=20 January 2023|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119200545/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-adivasi-united-sc-3-0-in-kanyashree-cup-2022-23/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 January, East Bengal faced New Alipore Suruchi Sangha in the quarter-finals and won 2–1 with goals from Mousumi Murmu and Sulanjana Raul.<ref>{{cite tweet|date=23 January 2023|user=eastbengal_fc|author=East Bengal FC|number=1617490155149086720|url=https://twitter.com/eastbengal_fc/status/1617490155149086720|title=On to the semis! Well done, #MoshalGirls! |accessdate=23 January 2023}}</ref> On 25 January, East Bengal defeated [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] 3–0 in the semi-finals at the [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]. Rimpa Halder scored a brace while Nimita Gurung of Mohammedan scored an own goal as East Bengal reached the final of the 2022–23 Kanyashree Cup.<ref>{{cite web|first=Sanghamitra|last=Chakraborty|date=25 January 2023|url=https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/emami-east-bengal-womens-team-goes-in-to-the-kanyashree-cup-2022-23-final-eb-3-0-win-over-mohammedan-sporting-club-au5-735865.html|title=East Bengal: সাদা-কালো শিবিরকে হারিয়ে কন্যাশ্রী কাপের ফাইনালে ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal: East Bengal defeated white-black camps in Kanyashree Cup final|language=bn|work=TV9 Bangla|accessdate=25 January 2023|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125160532/https://tv9bangla.com/photo-gallery/emami-east-bengal-womens-team-goes-in-to-the-kanyashree-cup-2022-23-final-eb-3-0-win-over-mohammedan-sporting-club-au5-735865.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 January 2023|url=https://www.thewall.in/news/kanyashree-cup-east-bengal-beat-mohammedan-sporting-by-3-0-enter-final/|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গল ফাইনালে কন্যাশ্রী কাপের, জয় মিনি বড় ম্যাচে, ছেলেদের ব্যর্থতায় প্রলেপ মেয়েদের|trans-title=East Bengal in Kanyashree Cup final, win mini derby, girls shine in boy's agony|language=bn|work=The Wall|accessdate=25 January 2023|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125162035/https://www.thewall.in/news/kanyashree-cup-east-bengal-beat-mohammedan-sporting-by-3-0-enter-final/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 January, East Bengal faced [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] in the final of the Kanyashree Cup at the Kishore Bharati Krirangan and won 1–0 courtesy of a solitary goal from 15 year old Sulanjana Raul as East Bengal became the champions for the second time after 2001 and qualified for the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref name=knc2223>{{cite web|date=28 January 2023|url=https://thebridge.in/football/east-bengal-wins-kanyashree-cup-iwl-berth-39147|title=East Bengal wins Kanyashree Cup; books IWL berth|work=The Bridge|accessdate=28 January 2023|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128131453/https://thebridge.in/football/east-bengal-wins-kanyashree-cup-iwl-berth-39147|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=knc2223b>{{cite web|date=28 January 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-team-wins-kanyashree-cup-beats-sreebhumi-fc-indian-womens-league-iwl-berth-football/article66444080.ece|title=East Bengal clinches Kanyashree Cup; books IWL berth|work=Sportstar|accessdate=29 January 2023|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128201116/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-team-wins-kanyashree-cup-beats-sreebhumi-fc-indian-womens-league-iwl-berth-football/article66444080.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Aneesh|last=Dey|date=8 March 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-indian-football-sujata-kar-kanyashree-cup-iwl/article66594403.ece|title=After historic Kanyashree Cup win with East Bengal, Sujata Kar hopes to uplift Bengal footballers in IWL|work=Sportstar|accessdate=8 March 2023|archive-date=8 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308123920/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-indian-football-sujata-kar-kanyashree-cup-iwl/article66594403.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Indian Women's League, Women's IFA Shield===
{{Main|2022–23 Indian Women's League season}}

{{See also|2023 Women's IFA Shield}}
East Bengal women's football team qualified for the Indian Women's League for the first time after becoming the champions of the [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23 Kanyashree Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media|date=23 April 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-hoping-to-make-a-mark-in-hero-iwl-debut|title=East Bengal hoping to make a mark in Hero IWL debut|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=23 April 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424173658/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-hoping-to-make-a-mark-in-hero-iwl-debut|url-status=live}}</ref> They were grouped alongside the defending champions [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] in Group A along with six more teams, with top four from each group qualifying for the knockout stages and be eligible for direct qualification to the next season, irrespective of their results in the state leagues.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=30 March 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-womens-league-draw-groupings-gokulam-kerala-east-bengal/article66679059.ece|title=IWL groupings announced; Gokulam Kerala, East Bengal in Group A|work=Sportstar|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330192143/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-womens-league-draw-groupings-gokulam-kerala-east-bengal/article66679059.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=30 March 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-iwl-groupings-announced|title=Hero IWL groupings announced|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330080911/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hero-iwl-groupings-announced|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April, the club announced the squad for the Indian Women's League campaign, with eleven names from the Kanyashree Cup championship team.<ref name=squad2023>{{cite web|first=Nilesh|last=Bhattacharya|date=22 April 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/11-kanyashree-cup-winners-make-eb-squad-for-indian-womens-league/articleshow/99695058.cms?from=mdr|title=11 Kanyashree Cup winners make EB squad for Indian Women's League|work=The Times of India|accessdate=23 April 2023|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424173648/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/11-kanyashree-cup-winners-make-eb-squad-for-indian-womens-league/articleshow/99695058.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> On 26 April, East Bengal made their debut in the Indian Women's League against defending champions [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]] and suffered an 8–2 defeat at the [[EKA Arena|TransStadia]] in [[Ahmedabad]] with Rimpa Haldar and Tulsi Hembram scoring for East Bengal.<ref name=iwldebutmatch>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=26 April 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-fc-leave-east-bengal-stunned-with-an-8-2-win|title=Gokulam Kerala FC leave East Bengal stunned with 8-2 victory|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=28 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426171130/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-fc-leave-east-bengal-stunned-with-an-8-2-win|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=iwldebutmatchs>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=26 April 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/iwl-gokulam-kerala-beats-east-bengal-8-2-mumbai-knights-sports-odisha-misaka-united-indian-womens-league-results/article66782598.ece|title=Indian Women's League: Gokulam Kerala routs East Bengal 8-2|work=Sportstar|accessdate=28 April 2023|archive-date=27 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427030510/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/iwl-gokulam-kerala-beats-east-bengal-8-2-mumbai-knights-sports-odisha-misaka-united-indian-womens-league-results/article66782598.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 April, East Bengal women's team earned their first ever victory in the Indian Women's League as the defeated Kahaani 1–0 at the Shahibaug Police Stadium with captain Ratna Haldar scoring the only goal for East Bengal.<ref name=debutiwlwin>{{cite web|date=29 April 2023|url=https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18713|title=East Bengal 1–0 Kahaani|work=i-league.org|accessdate=29 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429145954/https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=debutiwlwin2>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=29 April 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-continue-to-steamroll-opponents-in-hero-iwl|title=Gokulam Kerala continue to steamroll opponents in Hero IWL|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=29 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429145952/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/gokulam-kerala-continue-to-steamroll-opponents-in-hero-iwl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=debutiwlwin3>{{cite web|author=TFG Team|date=29 April 2023|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19007-iwl-east-bengal-mumbai-knights-hops-earn-historic-first-victories|title=IWL: East Bengal, Mumbai Knights, HOPS earn historic first victories|work=The Fan Garage|accessdate=29 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429182900/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19007-iwl-east-bengal-mumbai-knights-hops-earn-historic-first-victories|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 April 2023|url=https://thebridge.in/iwl/iwl-east-bengal-get-first-win-after-beating-kahaani-fc-41482|title=IWL: East Bengal get first win after beating Kahaani FC|work=The Bridge|accessdate=29 April 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429182903/https://thebridge.in/iwl/iwl-east-bengal-get-first-win-after-beating-kahaani-fc-41482|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 May, East Bengal registered their second win as they defeated Mata Rakmani FC 2–0 with goals from Mousumi Murmu and Rimpa Haldar.<ref name=ebfcmrfc23>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=2 May 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-pick-up-pace-with-consecutive-hero-iwl-wins|title=East Bengal pick up pace with consecutive Hero IWL wins|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=2 May 2023|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502165112/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-pick-up-pace-with-consecutive-hero-iwl-wins|url-status=live}}</ref> On 4 May, East Bengal grabbed their third win in succession as they defeated [[Mumbai Knights FC|Mumbai Knights]] 4–2 with Rimpa Haldar scoring twice and Tulsi Hembram and Mousumi Murmu scoring the other for the team.<ref name=ebfcmkfc23>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=4 May 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/misaka-united-snatch-a-point-from-champions-gokulam|title=Misaka United snatch a point from champions Gokulam|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=5 May 2023}}</ref> On 12 May, East Bengal defeated HOPS 1–0 in the last match of the group stage courtesy of a solitary strike from captain Ratna Halder as they secured a top four finish and ensured a place in the knockouts in their maiden appearance and also earned an automatic qualification for the 2023–24 Indian Women's League.<ref name=ebfchops23>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=12 May 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-hops-fc-and-sports-odisha-seal-quarter-final-berths|title=East Bengal, HOPS FC and Sports Odisha seal quarter-final berths|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=13 May 2023|archive-date=13 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513031415/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-hops-fc-and-sports-odisha-seal-quarter-final-berths|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=12 May 2023|url=https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-iwl-east-bengal-sports-odisha-hops-fc-report|title=IWL: East Bengal, Sports Odisha, HOPS FC qualify for quarter-finals|work=Khel Now|accessdate=13 May 2023|archive-date=12 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512210249/https://khelnow.com/football/2023-05-iwl-east-bengal-sports-odisha-hops-fc-report|url-status=live}}</ref> On 16 May, East Bengal faced former champions [[Sethu FC|Sethu]] in the quarter-finals of the IWL and were eliminated after the game ended 9–0 for Sethu, thus ending the campaign for East Bengal in their inaugural season in the Indian Women's League.<ref name=ebfcsethu23>{{cite web|author=AIFF Media Team|date=16 May 2023|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/beatrice-heroics-in-penalty-shootout-as-10-women-gokulam-kerala-see-off-odisha|title=Beatrice heroics in penalty shootout as 10-women Gokulam Kerala see off Odisha|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=19 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519035437/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/beatrice-heroics-in-penalty-shootout-as-10-women-gokulam-kerala-see-off-odisha|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the Indian Women's League, East Bengal Women's team participated in the inaugural [[Women's IFA Shield]] held at [[Tehatta]], [[Nadia, West Bengal]] and emerged victorious defeating [[Sreebhumi FC|Sreebhumi]] 5–0 in the final on 2 June 2023.<ref name=wifashield2023/> East Bengal won all four matches in the tournament, scoring twenty-seven goals in them and conceding none as they lifted the inaugural title. Tulsi Hembram was adjudged the player of the tournament after becoming the top scorer with fifteen goals in four matches.<ref name=wifashield2023>{{cite web|date=2 June 2023|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-womens-ifa-shield-win-kanyashree-cup-indian-football-news-updates/article66924353.ece/|title=East Bengal Women wins inaugural IFA Women's Shield title|work=Sportstar|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=wifashieldfinal2>{{cite web|date=2 June 2023|url=https://aajkaal.in/news/sports/east-bengal-women-win-the-inaugural-ifa-women-s-shield-5fx5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602135415/https://aajkaal.in/news/sports/east-bengal-women-win-the-inaugural-ifa-women-s-shield-5fx5|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2023|title=IFA Women Shield: তুলসীর চার গোল, মেয়েদের আইএফএ শিল্ড চ্যাম্পিয়ন ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=IFA Women Shield: Four goals from Tulsi, IFA Women's Shield champions East Bengal|language=bn|work=Aajkal|accessdate=2 June 2023}}</ref><ref name=emamiebifashield>{{cite web|author=Emami East Bengal|date=2 June 2023|url=https://emamieastbengal.com/emami-east-bengal-women-win-the-inaugural-ifa-womens-shield-title-complete-domestic-double/|title=EMAMI EAST BENGAL WOMEN WIN THE INAUGURAL IFA WOMEN'S SHIELD TITLE & COMPLETE DOMESTIC DOUBLE|work=Emami East Bengal|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref>

In the 2023–24 season, East Bengal failed to retain the Kanyashree Cup as they became runner-up to Sreebhumi.<ref name=2023CWFLChamps>{{cite web|date=29 December 2023|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bengali/west-bengal/sports/other-sports/sreebhumi-fc-wins-kanyashree-cup/wb20231229202154764764635|title=ইস্টবেঙ্গলকে হারিয়ে কন্যাশ্রী কাপে চ্য়াম্পিয়ন সুজিত বসুর শ্রীভূমি|trans-title=Sujit Bose's Sreebhumi defeats East Bengal to become Kanyashree Cup champions|language=bn|work=ETV Bharat|accessdate=11 January 2024}}</ref> In January 2024, East Bengal women's team signed their first ever foreign player as they roped in [[Bangladesh women's national football team]] winger [[Sanjida Akhter]] to play in the [[2023–24 Indian Women's League]].<ref name=sanjida1>{{cite web|date=15 January 2024|url=https://www.risingbd.com/english/sports/news/101670|title=Sanjida Akhter to play for East Bengal|work=Risingbd.com|accessdate=16 January 2024}}</ref> East Bengal finished sixth in the 2023–24 Indian Women's League.<ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha FC take home the IWL trophy with stunning ease|url=https://i-league.org/odisha-fc-take-home-the-iwl-trophy-with-stunning-ease/|website=i-league.org|publisher=I-League|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Odisha FC crowned champions of IWL 2023-24|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/39800099/odisha-fc-crowned-champions-iwl-2023-24|publisher=ESPN|date=24 March 2024|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref>

===Maiden Indian Women's League Title===
{{See also|2024–25 East Bengal FC Women season}}

After spending two seasons in the IWL, the East Bengal team management made efforts to build a strong squad for the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]] season, and roped in [[India women's national football team]] players: [[Sandhiya Ranganathan]], [[Soumya Guguloth]], [[Loitongbam Ashalata Devi]], [[Ngangbam Sweety Devi]], [[Anju Tamang]], [[Karthika Angamuthu]], [[Elangbam Panthoi Chanu]] and [[Naorem Priyangka Devi]], along with three foreign players: [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] of Ghana, Resty Nanziri of Uganda and Maurine Achieng of Kenya.<ref name=eastbengalsquad2025>{{cite web|date=9 January 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/iwl-2024-25-news-east-bengal-vs-kickstart-fc-preview-anthony-andrews-dalima-chhibber-indian-womens-football/article69081023.ece|title=IWL 2024-25: With star-studded squad and a winning coach, East Bengal enters new season as firm favourite|work=Sportstar|accessdate=10 January 2025}}</ref> East Bengal also roped in the two-time IWL-winning coach [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]] from [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]] by paying a record transfer fee in women's football in India.<ref name=anthonyandrews2024>{{cite web|first=Rutvij|last=Joshi|date=31 July 2024|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-east-bengal-anthony-andrews-gokulam-kerala-202407|title=East Bengal agree transfer of head coach Anthony Andrews from Gokulam Kerala in record deal|work=Khel Now|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> The result bore fruit as on 11 April 2025, East Bengal clinched their maiden [[Indian Women's League]] title with a game to spear after defeating [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]] 1–0 at the [[Kalyani Stadium]].<ref name=iwlchampion2025>{{cite web|date=11 April 2025|author=AIFF Media|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-defeat-defending-champions-odisha-secure-maiden-iwl-title/|title=East Bengal defeat defending champions Odisha, secure maiden IWL title|work=i-league.org|accessdate=11 April 2025}}</ref> East Bengal, with the championship, also qualified for the preliminary round of the [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League]].<ref name=IWL2025>{{cite web|date=11 April 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/iwl-2024-25-east-bengal-wins-indian-womens-league-beats-defending-champion-odisha-fc/article69439395.ece#:~:text=East%20Bengal%20media-,Soumya%20Guguloth%20scored%20the%20winner%20for%20East%20Bengal%20as%20it,in%20West%20Bengal%20on%20Friday.|title=IWL 2024-25: East Bengal wins Indian Women's League title, qualifies for AFC Women's Champions League|work=Sportstar|accessdate=11 April 2025}}</ref> The team also completed a famous double winning the [[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League]] defeating [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]] in the final.<ref name=kanyashree2025>{{cite web|date=27 May 2025|url=https://thebridge.in/football/calcutta-womens-football-league-emami-east-bengal-fc-champions-53339|title=2025 Calcutta Women's Football League: Emami East Bengal FC emerge champions|work=The Bridge|accessdate=23 June 2025}}</ref>

===Participation in AFC Women's Champions League & SAFF Women's Club Championship===
{{See also|2025–26 East Bengal FC Women season}}

East Bengal qualified for the [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League]] after being the champions of the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League]].<ref name=IWL2025/> East Bengal was grouped into Group-E of the Preliminary round alongside [[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]] of Hong Kong and [[Phnom Penh Crown FC|Phnom Penh Crown]] of Cambodia, with all the matches of the group set to be played at the [[RSN Stadium]] in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]].<ref name=AWCLPrelims>{{cite web|date=3 July 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-afc-womens-champions-league-draw-group-e-teams-pot-iwl-champion-news/article69767472.ece|title=Who are East Bengal's opponents in the preliminary stage of AFC Women's Champions League?|work=Sportstar|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> In the opening match against Phnom Penh Crown on 25 August, East Bengal won 1–0 to begin the campaign with [[Fazila Ikwaput]] scoring the only goal of the match.<ref name=eastbengalphnompenh>{{cite web|date=25 August 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-wins-afc-womens-champions-league-opener-vs-phnom-penh-crown-indian-womens-football/article69975644.ece|title=East Bengal starts AFC Women's Champions League on a high, beats Phnom Penh Crown 1-0|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref> On 31 August, East Bengal faced Kitchee and drew 1–1 and topped the group and secured a qualification for the group stages of the AFC Women's Champions League.<ref name=eastbengalkitchee>{{cite web|date=31 August 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-qualifies-for-afc-womens-champions-league-2025-26-after-draw-with-kitchee/article69996844.ece|title=East Bengal draws 1-1 with Kitchee, qualifies for group stage of AFC Women's Champions League|work=Sportstar|accessdate=1 September 2025}}</ref> East Bengal was grouped into Group-B alongside hosts [[Wuhan Jianghan University F.C.|Wuhan Jiangda]] of China, [[Bam Khatoon F.C.|Bam Khatoon]] from Iran and [[FC Sevinch (women)|Nasaf]] from Uzbekistan, with all the matches to be played at the [[Hankou Cultural Sports Centre]] in [[Wuhan]], [[China]].<ref name=awclgroupstagedraw>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/club/afc_womens_champions_league.html/news/hopefuls-learn-group-stage-challengers|title=Hopefuls learn Group Stage challengers|publisher=The AFC|date=11 September 2025|access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref> On 17 November 2025, East Bengal faced Bam Khatoon in the opening match of the group stage and won 3–1 with goals from [[Shilky Devi Hemam]], [[Fazila Ikwaput]] and Resty Nanziri to register their first ever win in the AWCL group stages.<ref name=BKFCvEBFC>{{cite web|date=17 November 2025|url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/club/afc_womens_champions_league.html/news/group-b-bam-khatoon-fc-irn-x-x-east-bengal-fc-ind-1|title=Group B: Bam Khatoon FC (IRN) 1-3 East Bengal FC (IND)|work=AFC|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref> However, East Bengal lost in the next two matches against defending champions and hosts Wuhan Jiangda and Nasaf to get eliminated from the tournament with an inferior goal difference, finishing just below the best two third placed side, thus ending their inaugural journey in the AFC Women's Champions League.<ref name=ebnasaf2025>{{cite web|date=24 November 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-loses-to-nasaf-fc-in-afc-womens-champions-leagueawcl-india-women-football/article70313881.ece|title=East Bengal loses 0-3 to Nasaf FC to bow out of AFC Women's Champions League|work=Sportstar|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref>

East Bengal also participated in the inaugural [[SAFF Club Women's Championship]] as the sole representative from India after becoming champions of the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League]].<ref name=saffwcc2025>{{Cite web |title=Five Clubs to Compete in Inaugural SAFF Women's Club Championship – SAFF |url=https://saffederation.org/five-clubs-to-compete-in-inaugural-saff-womens-club-championship/ |website=saffederation.org |access-date=2025-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> The tournament consists of teams from hosts Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Bhutan, alongside East Bengal with all the matches to be played at the [[Dasharath Rangasala]] in [[Kathmandu]].<ref name=saffwcc2025a>{{Cite web |title=SAFF Women's Club Championship announced; inaugural edition to be held in December |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-saff-womens-club-championship-announced-202509 |access-date=2025-09-20 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> On 8 December, East Bengal debuted in the tournament with a 4–0 victory over [[Transport United FC|Transport United]] of Bhutan with [[Fazila Ikwaput]] scoring a brace and [[Sulanjana Raul]] and Resty Nanziri scoring the rest.<ref name=ebtransportunited2025>{{cite web|date=8 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-beats-transport-united-saff-women-club-championship-2025-score-result-indian-football-news/article70372151.ece|title=East Bengal beats Bhutan's Transport United in its SAFF Women's Club Championship opener|work=Sportstar|accessdate=10 December 2025}}</ref> East Bengal continued their winning run in the second match with a 2–0 victory over [[Karachi City WFC|Karachi City]] with Sulanjana Raul and Resty Nanziri scoring again for East Bengal.<ref name=ebkarachicity2025>{{cite web|date=11 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-vs-karachi-city-saff-women-club-championship-2025-score-result-indian-football-news/article70384366.ece|title=East Bengal defeats Pakistan's Karachi City in SAFF Women's Club Championship 2025|work=Sportstar|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> In the third match, East Bengal thrashed [[Nasrin Sporting Academy|Nasrin]] of Bangladesh 7–0 with Fazila Ikwaput scoring five goals herself, and the rest two scored by [[Jyoti Chouhan]] and Sulanjana Raul, as East Bengal qualified for the final of the tournament with a game to spare.<ref name=ebnasrin2025>{{cite web|date=14 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/womens-football/east-bengal-women-vs-nasrin-sports-academy-score-results-saff-womens-club-championship-2025-final-football-news/article70396428.ece#:~:text=East%20Bengal%20qualified%20for%20the,Kathmandu%2C%20Nepal%2C%20on%20Sunday.|title=East Bengal thrashes Nasrin Sports Academy to qualify for SAFF Women's Club Championship 2025 final|work=Sportstar|accessdate=15 December 2025}}</ref> On 17 December, East Bengal played out a goalless draw in the last match of the league phase against [[APF WFC|APF]] of Nepal in a regulation match as both teams already qualified for the final.<ref name=ebafc2025>{{cite web|date=17 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/womens-football/saff-womens-club-championship-2025-east-bengal-apf-result-scores-latest-news/article70408829.ece|title=East Bengal and APF play out goalless draw in SAFF Women's Club Championship 2025|work=Sportstar|accessdate=18 December 2025}}</ref> On 20 December 2025, East Bengal created history to become the first Indian women's football team to win an international tournament as they defeated APF of Nepal 3–0 in the final with Fazila Ikwaput scoring a brace and [[Shilky Devi Hemam]] scoring the other, as East Bengal became the inaugural champions of the SAFF Club Women's Championship.<ref name=ebapffinal2025>{{cite web|date=20 December 2020|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/womens-football/east-bengal-wins-inaugural-saff-womens-club-championship-beats-apf-indian-football/article70420102.ece|title=East Bengal wins inaugural SAFF Women's Club Championship|work=Sportstar|accessdate=22 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2020|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/saff-women-club-championship-2025-east-bengal-win-title-report|title=SAFF Women's Club Championship 2025: East Bengal beat Nepal's APF in final to win inaugural title|work=Olympics|accessdate=22 December 2025}}</ref>

==Stadium==
The [[East Bengal Ground]] is located in Kolkata, and is the home ground of the club. The stadium lies on the [[Maidan (Kolkata)]] area on the northern side of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] and near the [[Eden Gardens]]. This stadium is also used mostly for [[Calcutta Football League]] and [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|academy]] players.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|'''[[East Bengal Ground]]'''
|-
|Capacity: '''23,500'''
|-
|[[File:East Bengal ground.jpg|300px]]
|}

==Current squad==

{{updated|1 August 2025|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League Squad |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/players/8017/11 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=8 January 2025 }}</ref>}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Panthoi Chanu Elangbam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sweety Devi Ngangbam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Ashalata Devi Loitongbam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Astam Oraon]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Sarita Yumnam]]}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Soumya Guguloth]]}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sangita Basfore]]}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=UGA|pos=FW|name=[[Fazila Ikwaput]]}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Priyangka Devi Naorem]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Karthika Angamuthu]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sandhiya Ranganathan]]}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Sandhya Maity}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=[[Sushmita Lepcha]]}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=UGA|pos=FW|name=Resty Nanziri|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sathi Debnath}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Thandamoni Baskey}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Shilky Devi Hemam]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|vice-captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Fulmani Kharia}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=Abena Anoma Opoku}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Sulanjana Raul]]}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Supriya Kispotta}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Shrabani Murmu}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Antasia Oraon}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dipika Oraon}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Sikha Saren}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rubina Khatun}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Bandana Roy}}
{{Fs player|no=41|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Buli Sarkar}}
{{Fs player|no=44|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Birsi Oraon}}
{{Fs player|no=51|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Mamani Das}}
{{Fs player|no=|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=[[Payal Basude]]}}
{{Fs end}}

==Current technical staff==
{{updated|August 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
! style="text-align:center;" | Position
! style="text-align:center;" |Name
|-
| Head coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
|-
| Assistant coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Pratima Biswas
|-
| Goalkeeping coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Gowtham Ganesan
|-
| Strength and conditioning coach
| {{flagicon|IND}} Aarav Kumar
|-
| Team manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Moumi Paul
|-
| Physiotherapist
| {{flagicon|IND}} Srushti Patil
|-
| Masseur
| {{flagicon|IND}} Kakali Dalal
|-
| Kit Manager
| {{flagicon|IND}} Ashik Sarkar
|}

== Records and statistics==

===Firsts===
* First match in [[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Women's Football League]]: East Bengal 7–0 Bidyut Sports, 13 February 2001 (During the [[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League|2001]] season).<ref name=cwfldebutmatch>{{cite web|date=13 February 2001|url=http://indianfootball.de/news/m200102.html|title=Calcutta Women's League: East Bengal Club 7-0 Bidyut Sporting|work=indianfootball.de|accessdate=28 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809011541/http://indianfootball.de/news/m200102.html|archive-date=9 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* First match in [[Indian Women's League]]: East Bengal 2–8 [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]], 26 April 2023 (During the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]] season).<ref name=iwldebutmatch/>

* First match in [[Women's IFA Shield]]: East Bengal 8–0 Nadia DSA, 25 May 2023 (During the [[2023 Women's IFA Shield|2023]] season).<ref name=wifashielddebut>{{cite web|author=TNN|date=26 May 2023|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-sreebhumi-win-big-in-ifa-womens-shield/articleshow/100515727.cms?from=mdr|title=East Bengal, Sreebhumi win big in IFA Women's Shield|work=The Times of India|accessdate=26 May 2023|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526064212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/east-bengal-sreebhumi-win-big-in-ifa-womens-shield/articleshow/100515727.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wifashielddebut3>{{cite web|author=EEBFC Media|date=26 May 2023|url=https://emamieastbengal.com/east-bengal-fc-women-begin-their-maiden-ifa-womens-shield-campaign-with-a-thumping-8-0-win-over-nadia-dsa/|title=East Bengal FC Women begin their maiden IFA Women's Shield campaign with a thumping 8-0 win over Nadia DSA|work=Emami East Bengal|accessdate=29 May 2023|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530070157/https://emamieastbengal.com/east-bengal-fc-women-begin-their-maiden-ifa-womens-shield-campaign-with-a-thumping-8-0-win-over-nadia-dsa/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* First match in [[AFC Women's Champions League]]: [[Phnom Penh Crown FC|Phnom Penh Crown]] 0–1 East Bengal, 25 August 2025 (During the [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League|2025–26]] season, Preliminary round).<ref name=eastbengalphnompenh>{{cite web|date=25 August 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/east-bengal-wins-afc-womens-champions-league-opener-vs-phnom-penh-crown-indian-womens-football/article69975644.ece|title=East Bengal starts AFC Women's Champions League on a high, beats Phnom Penh Crown 1-0|work=Sportstar|accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>

* First match in [[SAFF Women's Club Championship]]: [[Transport United FC|Transport United]] 0–4 East Bengal, 8 December 2025 (During the [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]] season).<ref name=ebtransportunited2025>{{cite web|date=8 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-beats-transport-united-saff-women-club-championship-2025-score-result-indian-football-news/article70372151.ece|title=East Bengal beats Bhutan's Transport United in its SAFF Women's Club Championship opener|work=Sportstar|accessdate=10 December 2025}}</ref>

* First goal in Indian Women's League: [[Rimpa Haldar]] (against [[Gokulam Kerala FC (women)|Gokulam Kerala]], 26 April 2023).<ref name=iwldebutmatch/>

* First goal in Women's IFA Shield: Tulsi Hembram (against Nadia DSA, 25 May 2023).<ref name=wifashielddebut2>{{cite web|first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=26 May 2023|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-nadia-dsa-8-0-in-ifa-womens-shield-2023/|title=East Bengal FC Defeated Nadia DSA 8-0 In IFA Women's Shield 2023|work=East Bengal the Real Power|accessdate=26 May 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525191757/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-defeated-nadia-dsa-8-0-in-ifa-womens-shield-2023/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* First goal in AFC Women's Champions League: [[Fazila Ikwaput]] (against [[Phnom Penh Crown FC|Phnom Penh Crown]], 25 August 2025).<ref name=eastbengalphnompenh/>

* First goal in SAFF Women's Club Championship: Fazila Ikwaput (against [[Transport United FC|Transport United]], 8 December 2025).<ref name=ebtransportunited2025/>

* First win in Indian Women's League: East Bengal 1–0 Kahaani, 29 April 2023 (During the [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]] season).<ref name=debutiwlwin3/>

* First hat-trick in Indian Women's League: [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] (against [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]], 9 March 2025, [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]).<ref name=elshaddaihattrick>{{cite web|date=9 March 2025|url=https://i-league.org/elshaddai-acheampong-powers-east-bengal-to-a-fluent-win/|title=Elshaddai Acheampong powers East Bengal to a fluent win|work=I-League.org|accessdate=7 July 2025}}</ref>

* First hat-trick in SAFF Women's Club Championship: Fazila Ikwaput (against [[Nasrin Sports Academy|Nasrin]], 14 December 2025, [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]]).<ref name=ebnasrin2025/>

=== Records ===
* Biggest win: East Bengal 35–0 Behala Aikya Sammilani, 10 January 2023 (During the [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23 Kanyashree Cup]] season).<ref name=eb35goal/><ref name=eb35goal2/>

* Biggest win in Indian Women's League: East Bengal 9–0 [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]], 30 December 2025 (During the [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]] season).<ref name=ebsesa2025>{{cite web|date=30 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-womens-league-iwl-2025-ikwaput-guguloth-lynda-kom-hattrick-east-bengal-sesa-nita-sribhumi-fc-results-highlights/article70453098.ece|title=East Bengal registers its biggest win in IWL history, Lynda Kom hat-trick helps Sethu overcome Sribhumi challenge|work=Sportstar|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref>

* Biggest win in Women's IFA Shield: East Bengal 11–0 Chandney, 29 May 2023 (During the [[2023 Women's IFA Shield|2023]] season).<ref name=EB110Chandney>{{cite web|author=EEBFC Media|date=30 May 2023|url=https://emamieastbengal.com/ebfc-women-beat-chandney-sc-11-0-to-march-into-the-semis-of-the-inaugural-ifa-womens-shield/|title=EBFC women beat Chandney SC 11-0 to march into the semis of the inaugural IFA Women's Shield|work=Emami East Bengal|accessdate=31 May 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531164322/https://emamieastbengal.com/ebfc-women-beat-chandney-sc-11-0-to-march-into-the-semis-of-the-inaugural-ifa-womens-shield/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=wifashieldebchandney110>{{cite web|date=31 May 2023|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/east-bengal-women-football-team-entered-the-semi-final-of-women-ifa-shield-by-defeating-chandni-sporting/cid/1433710|title=আইএফএ শিল্ড সেমিফাইনালে গেল ইস্টবেঙ্গল|trans-title=East Bengal reached the IFA Shield semi-finals|language=bn|work=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=30 May 2023|archive-date=30 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530110126/https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/east-bengal-women-football-team-entered-the-semi-final-of-women-ifa-shield-by-defeating-chandni-sporting/cid/1433710|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Biggest win in AFC Women's Champions League: East Bengal 3–1 [[Bam Khatoon F.C.|Bam Khatoon]], 17 November 2025 (During the [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League|2025–26]] season).<ref name=BKFCvEBFC/>

* Biggest win in SAFF Women's Club Championship: East Bengal 7–0 [[Nasrin Sports Academy|Nasrin]], 14 December 2025 (During the [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]] season).<ref name=ebnasrin2025/>

* Longest winning streak in Indian Women's League: 8 matches (During the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]] continuing into the [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]] season).<ref name=ebkickstart2026>{{cite web|date=6 January 2026|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/iwl-2025-26-east-benggal-vs-kickstart-fc-score-result-goals-sethu-v-nita-fc/article70478240.ece|title=IWL 2025-26: East Bengal makes short work of Kickstart FC|work=Sportstar|accessdate=6 January 2026}}</ref>

* Longest winning streak in Kanyashree Cup: 12 matches (During the [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23]] season into the [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2023–24]] season).<ref name=knc2223/>

* Most goals in a match: 8 goals, Tulsi Hembram (against Bhangore SWF, 6 March 2020, [[2020–21 Calcutta Women's Football League|2020–21 Kanyashree Cup]]).<ref name=EB20BSWF/><ref>{{cite web|first=Satyaki|last=Baidya|date=22 March 2021|url=https://theoptimist.news/the-girl-with-a-golden-foot-sunita-sarkar/|title=The girl with a golden foot- Sunita Sarkar|work=The Optimist|accessdate=31 May 2023|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531165644/https://theoptimist.news/the-girl-with-a-golden-foot-sunita-sarkar/|url-status=live}}</ref>

* Most goals in a Women's IFA Shield match: 6 goals, Tulsi Hembram (against Chandney, 29 May 2023, [[2023 Women's IFA Shield]]).<ref name=EB110Chandney/>

* Most goals in an Indian Women's League match: 4 goals, [[Fazila Ikwaput]] (against [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]], 30 December 2025, [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]]).<ref name=ebsesa2025/>

* Most goals against an International opponent: 5 goals, [[Fazila Ikwaput]] (against [[Nasrin Sports Academy|Nasrin]], 14 December 2025, [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship]]).<ref name=ebnasrin2025/>

* Most number of hat-tricks in Indian Women's League: 2, [[Fazila Ikwaput]].<ref name=ebsribhumi2026/>

* Most individual scorers in an Indian Women's League match: 6 (against [[HOPS FC|HOPS]], during the [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]] season).<ref name=ebhops25>{{cite web|date=31 March 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-football-wrap-march-31-results-iwl-scores-points-table-east-bengal/article69397062.ece|title=Indian Football wrap, March 31: East Bengal thrashes HOPS, two wins away from IWL title|work=Sportstar|accessdate=31 March 2025}}</ref>

===League history===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Season
!colspan=2|International
!colspan=3|Domestic
|-
![[AFC Women's Champions League]]
![[SAFF Women's Club Championship]]
![[Indian Women's League]]
![[Kanyashree Cup]]{{efn|Calcutta Women's Football League also referred to as Kanyashree Cup since 2020|name=Kanyashree Cup}}
![[Women's IFA Shield]]
|-
| [[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League|2001]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''[[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League|Winners]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:center; background:Silver;" | Runner-up
|-
| style="background:#FFFDD0;"| 2003–2019
| style="background:#FFFDD0;" colspan=5| ''Team disbanded''
|-
| {{nowrap|[[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=1| {{sort dash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=1| {{sort dash}}
| [[2020–21 Indian Women's League season|did not qualify]]
| style="text-align:center; background:Silver;" | [[2020 Calcutta Women's Football League season|Runner-up]]
|rowspan=1| {{sort dash}}
|-
| style="background:#FFFDD0;"| [[2021–22 in Indian football|2021–22]]
| style="background:#FFFDD0;" colspan=5| ''[[2021–22 Calcutta Women's Football League|Team did not participate]]''
|-
| rowspan=1|[[2022–23 in Indian football|2022–23]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort dash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3| {{sort dash}}
| rowspan=1| [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]
| rowspan=1; style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''[[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League season|Winners]]'''
| rowspan=1; style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''[[2023 Women's IFA Shield|Winners]]'''
|-
| rowspan=1|[[2023–24 in Indian football|2023–24]]
| rowspan=1| [[2023–24 Indian Women's League season|6th]]
| rowspan=1; style="text-align:center; background:Silver;" | [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|Runner-up]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2| {{sort dash}}
|-
| rowspan=1|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC Women season|2024–25]]
| rowspan=1| [[2024–25 AFC Women's Champions League|did not qualify]]
| rowspan=1; style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''[[2024–25 Indian Women's League|Winners]]'''
| rowspan=1; style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''[[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|Winners]]'''
|-
| rowspan=1|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC Women season|2025–26]]
| rowspan=1| [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League|Group stage]]
| rowspan=1; style="text-align:center; background:gold;" | '''[[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|Winners]]'''
| rowspan=1| ''[[2025–26 Indian Women's League|TBD]]''
| rowspan=1| ''[[2025–26 Calcutta Women's Football League|TBD]]''
| rowspan=1| ''TBD''
|-
|}

===All Time Top Scorer===
List of all-time top scorers for East Bengal women's team in competitive fixtures.
:Player names in '''bold''' are part of the current squad.
:{{updated|6 May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:75%; text-align:center"
|-
|Colspan="9"|'''All-time Top Scorer for East Bengal in competitive fixtures'''
|-
!width="5%"|Ranking
!width="7%"|Nationality
!width="20%"|Name
!width="10%"|Indian Women's League
!width="8%"|Kanyashree Cup{{efn|Post 2020, No data for previous editions.}}
!width="8%"|Women's IFA Shield
!width="8%"|AFC Women's Champions League
!width="8%"|SAFF Women's Club Championship
!width="8%"|Total
|-
| 1 || {{flagicon|IND}} || '''[[Sulanjana Raul]]''' || 10 || 34 || 2 || 0 || 3
! 49
|-
| 2 || {{flagicon|IND}} || Tulsi Hembram || 2 || 29 || 15 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
! 46
|-
| 3 || {{flagicon|UGA}} || '''[[Fazila Ikwaput]]''' || 16 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 9
! 27
|-
| 4 || {{flagicon|IND}} || [[Mousumi Murmu]]|| 3 || 12 || 7 || {{sort dash}} || {{sort dash}}
! 22
|-
| 5 || {{flagicon|IND}} || '''[[Astam Oraon]]''' || 1 || 18 || {{sort dash}} || 0 || 0
! 19
|-
|}

===Overall record in Indian Women's League===
{{updated|6 May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:80%; text-align:center"
|-
|Colspan="12"|'''East Bengal Women's Team overall record in Indian Women's League'''
|-
!width="8%"|Season
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|P|Games played}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|W|Games won}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|D|Games draw}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}}
!width="10%"|{{Tooltip|Final position|Final position in league or knockout rounds}}
!width="17%"|Top Scorer
!width="5%"|Goals
|-
| [[2022–23 Indian Women's League season|2022–23]] |{{WDL|8|4|1|3|for=12|against=22|diff=yes}}
| '''Quarter-finals'''
| align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rimpa Haldar]]|| 4
|-
| [[2023–24 Indian Women's League season|2023–24]] |{{WDL|12|1|1|10|for=8|against=31|diff=yes}}
| '''6th'''
| align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sulanjana Raul]] || 3
|-
| [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]] |{{WDL|14|12|1|1|for=38|against=10|diff=yes}}
|bgcolor=gold| '''Champions'''
| align=left| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] || 10
|-
| [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]] |{{WDL|10|9|0|1|for=32|against=5|diff=yes}}
|''TBD''
| align=left| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]] || 16
|-
! Overall
{{WDLtot|44|26|3|15|for=90|against=68|diff=yes}}
! colspan=3 |
|}

===Top scorers in Indian Women's League===
List of top scorers for East Bengal in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl|title=Hero IWL|work=the-aiff.com|accessdate=28 April 2023|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417173921/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/iwl|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=iwlstats23>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/statistics-league/hero-iwl/|title=Statistics: Hero IWL 2022-23|work=i-league.org|accessdate=7 May 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507070551/https://i-league.org/statistics-league/hero-iwl/|url-status=live}}</ref>
:Player names in '''bold''' are part of the current squad.
:{{updated|6 May 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:40%; text-align:center"
|-
|Colspan="5"|'''Top Scorer for East Bengal in Indian Women's League'''
|-
!width="5%"|Ranking
!width="7%"|Nationality
!width="15%"|Name
!width="5%"|Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|1
| align=left|{{UGA}} || '''[[Fazila Ikwaput]]''' || '''16'''
|-
| rowspan=1| 2
| align=left|{{IND}} || '''[[Soumya Guguloth]]''' || '''14'''
|-
| rowspan=3| 3
| align=left|{{GHA}} || [[Elshaddai Acheampong]] || '''10'''
|-
| align=left|{{UGA}} || '''Resty Nanziri''' || '''10'''
|-
| align=left|{{IND}} || '''[[Sulanjana Raul]]''' || '''10'''
|-
|}

====Hat-tricks in Indian Women's League====
List of all hat-tricks by an East Bengal player in the Indian Women's League:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:80%; text-align:center"
|-
!Colspan="7"|'''Hat-tricks in Indian Women's League'''
|-
!width="10%"|Season
!width="15%"|Date
!width="10%"|Nationality
!width="20%"|Name
!width="15%"|Against
!width="10%"|Final score
!width="3%"|Ref
|-
| [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| 9 March 2025
| align=left| {{flagicon|GHA}} Ghana
| [[Elshaddai Acheampong]]
| [[Odisha FC Women|Odisha]]
| 1 – '''3'''
|<ref name=elshaddaihattrick>{{cite web|date=9 March 2025|url=https://i-league.org/elshaddai-acheampong-powers-east-bengal-to-a-fluent-win/|title=Elshaddai Acheampong powers East Bengal to a fluent win|work=I-League.org|accessdate=7 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]]
| 30 December 2025
| align=left| {{flagicon|UGA}} Uganda
| [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
| [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]]
| '''9''' – 0
|<ref name=ebsesa2025>{{cite web|date=30 December 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/indian-womens-league-iwl-2025-ikwaput-guguloth-lynda-kom-hattrick-east-bengal-sesa-nita-sribhumi-fc-results-highlights/article70453098.ece|title=East Bengal registers its biggest win in IWL history, Lynda Kom hat-trick helps Sethu overcome Sribhumi challenge|work=Sportstar|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]]
| 30 December 2025
| align=left| {{flagicon|IND}} India
| [[Soumya Guguloth]]
| [[Sesa Football Academy (women)|Sesa]]
| '''9''' – 0
|<ref name=ebsesa2025/>
|-
| [[2025–26 Indian Women's League|2025–26]]
| 27 April 2026
| align=left| {{flagicon|UGA}} Uganda
| [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
| [[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]
| '''3''' – 1
|<ref name=ebsribhumi2026>{{cite web|date=27 April 2026|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/womens-football/east-bengal-women-vs-sribhumi-fc-indian-womens-league-iwl-2025-26-phase-2-two-start-restart-football-news/article70913061.ece|title=IWL 2025-26: Fazila Ikwaput hat-trick powers East Bengal past Sribhumi FC as second phase begins|work=Sportstar|accessdate=30 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Overall record in Kanyashree Cup===
{{updated|22 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:80%; text-align:center"
|-
|Colspan="12"|'''East Bengal Women's Team overall record in Kanyashree Cup'''
|-
!width="10%"|Season
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|P|Games played}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|W|Games won}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|D|Games draw}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}
!width="5%"|{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}}
!width="10%"|{{Tooltip|Final position}}
!width="15%"|Top Scorer
!width="5%"|Goals
|-
|[[2020 Calcutta Women's Football League season|2020–21]] |{{WDL|9|6|2|1|for=51|against=6|diff=yes}}||bgcolor=silver|Runners-up||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} Tulsi Hembram || 16
|-
|[[2021–22 Calcutta Women's Football League|2021–22]] ||colspan=11| did not participate
|-
|[[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23]] |{{WDL|10|10|0|0|for=70|against=1|diff=yes}}||bgcolor=gold|Champions||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mousumi Murmu]]|| 12
|-
|[[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2023–24]] |{{WDL|12|9|2|1|for=55|against=5|diff=yes}}||bgcolor=silver|Runners-up||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sulanjana Raul]] || 17
|-
|[[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024–25]] |{{WDL|9|7|1|1|for=45|against=7|diff=yes}}||bgcolor=gold|Champions||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Karthika Angamuthu]] || 7
|-
|[[2025–26 Calcutta Women's Football League|2025–26]] |{{WDL|7|7|0|0|for=54|against=1|diff=yes}}||''TBD''||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Astam Oraon]] || 12
|-
!Total |{{WDLtot|47|39|5|3|for=275|against=20|diff=yes}}
!colspan=3|
|-
|}

===Top scorers in Kanyashree Cup===
List of top scorers for East Bengal in the Kanyashree Cup{{efn|Post 2020, after the rebranding of the Calcutta Women's Football League. No data for previous editions.}}
:Player names in '''bold''' are part of the current squad.
:{{updated|20 April 2026}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; width:40%; text-align:center"
|-
|Colspan="5"|'''Top Scorer for East Bengal in Kanyashree Cup'''
|-
!width="5%"|Ranking
!width="7%"|Nationality
!width="15%"|Name
!width="5%"|Goals
|-
| 1 || align=left|{{IND}} || '''[[Sulanjana Raul]]''' || '''34'''
|-
| 2 || align=left|{{IND}} || Tulsi Hembram || '''29'''
|-
| 3 || align=left|{{IND}} || '''[[Astam Oraon]]''' || '''18'''
|-
| 4 || align=left|{{IND}} || '''Sandhya Maity''' || '''14'''
|-
| 5 || align=left|{{IND}} || [[Mousumi Murmu]]|| '''12'''
|-
| 6 || align=left|{{IND}} || Sushmita Bardhan || '''11'''
|-
| 7 || align=left|{{IND}} || Deblina Bhattacharjee || '''10'''
|-
| 8 || align=left|{{IND}} || Mamata Hansda || '''9'''
|-
| 9 || align=left|{{IND}} || '''[[Naorem Priyangka Devi]]''' || '''8'''
|-
| rowspan=4| 10 || align=left|{{IND}} || Sangita Das || '''7'''
|-
| align=left|{{IND}} || [[Karthika Angamuthu]] || '''7'''
|-
| align=left|{{IND}} || Sunita Sarkar || '''7'''
|-
| align=left|{{IND}} || '''[[Hemam Shilky Devi]]''' || '''7'''
|-
|}

== Club captains ==
List of East Bengal Women's captains since its establishment in 2001.
{| class="wikitable alternance"
|-
! style="border:3px ##;" scope="col"|Name
! style="border:3px ##;" scope="col"|Period
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sujata Kar]]|| 2001
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sunita Sarkar || 2020–2021
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Mina Khatun || 2022
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ratna Halder ||2023
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mousumi Murmu]]||2023
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Trisha Mallick ||2023–2024
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ngangbam Sweety Devi]] ||2025
|-
|{{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]] ||2025–2026
|-
|{{flagicon|UGA}} Resty Nanziri ||2026–
|}

==Coaching history==
List of East Bengal Women's head coaches.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates
! Name
! {{abbr|Ref|References}}
|-
| 2001–2002
| Indrani Sarkar
|
|-
| 2020–2021
| Kuntala Ghosh Dastidar
| <ref name=ebw2020/>
|-
| 2022–2023
| [[Sujata Kar]]
| <ref name=sujatakar>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Saha|date=1 May 2023|url=https://sportskhabri.com/iwl-2023-clubs-and-their-head-coaches/|title=IWL 2023: Clubs and their head coaches|work=Sports Khabri|accessdate=5 May 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501093513/https://sportskhabri.com/iwl-2023-clubs-and-their-head-coaches/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| Indrani Sarkar
| <ref name=wifashielddebut3/>
|-
| 2023–2024
| Dipankar Biswas
| <ref name=dipankar>{{cite web|date=10 December 2023|url=https://i-league.org/east-bengal-prove-two-good-for-sports-odisha/|title=East Bengal prove two good for Sports Odisha|work=I-League|accessdate=16 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024–
| [[Anthony Andrews (football manager)|Anthony Andrews]]
| <ref name=eastbengalsquad2025>{{cite web|date=9 January 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/iwl-2024-25-news-east-bengal-vs-kickstart-fc-preview-anthony-andrews-dalima-chhibber-indian-womens-football/article69081023.ece|title=IWL 2024-25: With star-studded squad and a winning coach, East Bengal enters new season as firm favourite|work=Sportstar|accessdate=10 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Honours==
===International===
* '''[[SAFF Women's Club Championship]]'''
** '''Champions''' (1): [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|2025]]<ref name=ebapffinal2025/>

===Domestic===
* '''[[Indian Women's League]]'''
** '''Champions''' (1): [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]<ref name=iwlchampion2025/>

* '''[[Kanyashree Cup|Calcutta Football League (Kanyashree Cup)]]'''
** '''Champions''' (3): [[2001 Calcutta Women's Football League|2001]],<ref name=ifd/> [[2022–23 Calcutta Women's Football League|2022–23]],<ref name=knc2223/> [[2024–25 Calcutta Women's Football League|2024–25]]<ref name=kanyashree2025/>
** Runners-up (3): 2002,<ref name=ifd/> [[2019–20 Calcutta Women's Football League|2019–20]],<ref name=kc2020 /> [[2023–24 Calcutta Women's Football League|2023–24]]<ref name=2023CWFLChamps/>

* '''[[Women's IFA Shield]]'''
** '''Champions''' (1): [[2023 Women's IFA Shield|2023]]<ref name=wifashield2023/>

===Regional===
* '''Kaliaganj MLA Cup'''
** Champions (1): 2022<ref name=mlacup22>{{Cite web |first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=26 September 2022|title=Emami East Bengal Women's Football Team Clinched The Kaliaganj MLA Cup |url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/emami-east-bengal-womens-football-team-clinched-the-kaliaganj-mla-cup/ |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=eastbengaltherealpower.com |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107195803/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/emami-east-bengal-womens-football-team-clinched-the-kaliaganj-mla-cup/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Baranagar MLA Cup'''
** Champions (1): 2023<ref name=mlacup23>{{Cite web|first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=14 April 2023|title=East Bengal FC Women's Team Won The 2023 Baranagar MLA Cup|url=https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-womens-team-won-the-2023-baranagar-mla-cup/|website=eastbengaltherealpower.com|access-date=5 May 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421172021/https://eastbengaltherealpower.com/east-bengal-fc-womens-team-won-the-2023-baranagar-mla-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Recognitions===
* '''[[Indian Women's League|IWL Roll of Honours]]'''
** Best Media Activities (1): [[2024–25 Indian Women's League#Awards|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IWL and I-League 2024-25 season awards declared |url=https://i-league.org/iwl-and-i-league-2024-25-season-awards-declared/ |publisher=i-league.org |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

==Continental record==
{{Further|Indian football clubs in Asian competitions}}
{| class="wikitable"style=white-space:nowrap
|-
! Season
! Competition
! Round
! Club
! Result
! Position
! Top scorer(s)
! Goals
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"|{{nowrap|2025–26}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|[[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League|AWCL]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|[[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League#Preliminary stage|Preliminary Stage]]
|{{flagicon|CAM}} [[Phnom Penh Crown FC|Phnom Penh Crown]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|0–1
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1st in [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League#Group E|Group E]]
|rowspan="5"| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| '''2'''
|-
|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Kitchee SC|Kitchee]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FFFFCC|1–1
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|[[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League#Group stage|Group Stage]]
|{{flagicon|IRN}} [[Bam Khatoon F.C.|Bam Khatoon]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|3–1
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |3rd in [[2025–26 AFC Women's Champions League#Group B 2|Group B]]
|-
|{{fbaicon|CHN}} [[Wuhan Jianghan University F.C.|Wuhan Jiangda]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|0–2
|-
|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[FC Sevinch (women)|Nasaf]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FCC|0–3
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|[[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship|SWCC]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"|[[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship#Group stage|Group Stage]]
|{{flagicon|BHU}} [[Transport United FC|Transport United]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|4–0
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" |1st in [[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship#Group stage|Group stage]]
|rowspan="5"| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Fazila Ikwaput]]
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"| '''9'''
|-
|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi City WFC|Karachi City]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|2–0
|-
|{{fbaicon|BAN}} [[Nasrin Sporting Academy|Nasrin]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|7–0
|-
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[APF WFC|APF]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#FFFFCC|0–0
|-
|style="text-align:center;"|[[2025 SAFF Women's Club Championship#Final|Final]]
|{{flagicon|NEP}} [[APF WFC|APF]]
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=#D0F0C0|3–0
|style="text-align:center;" bgcolor=gold|'''Champions'''
|}

==List of foreign players==
'''Key'''
*A player name in '''bold''' signifies they have been capped by the national team.

{{updated|25 August 2025}}
''Each player is mentioned only once, if some of them have rejoined the club later again in different seasons, those entries are excluded from the list.''
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%"
|-
! No.
! Season joined
! Nationality
! Name
! Position
! Ref.
|-
! 1
! rowspan=1| [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]]
| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Bangladesh]]
| '''[[Sanjida Akhter]]'''
| MF
| <ref name=sanjida1/>
|-
! 2
! rowspan=3|[[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda]]
| '''Resty Nanziri'''
| FW
| <ref name=eastbengalsquad2025/>
|-
! 3
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| '''[[Elshaddai Acheampong]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=eastbengalsquad2025/>
|-
! 4
| {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Kenya]]
| '''Maurine Achieng'''
| MF
| <ref name=eastbengalsquad2025/>
|-
! 5
! rowspan=4|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC Women season|2025–26]]
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda]]
| '''[[Fazila Ikwaput]]'''
| FW
| <ref name=fazila>{{cite web|date=1 August 2025|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/east-bengal-transfer-updates-iwl-fazila-ikwaput-shilky-devi-payal-basude-womens-football-ebfc-news/article69883034.ece|title=East Bengal signs IWL golden boot winner Fazila Ikwaput ahead of AFC Women's Champions League|work=Sportstar|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 6
| {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Uganda]]
| '''Amnah Nababi'''
| MF
| <ref name=eastbengalawcl2025>{{cite web|first=Rahul|last=Giri|date=25 August 2025|url=https://revsportz.in/torchbearers-on-asian-soil-east-bengal-women-begin-afc-champions-league-quest-in-cambodia/|title=Torchbearers on Asian Soil: East Bengal Women Begin AFC Champions League Quest in Cambodia|work=Rev Sportz|accessdate=25 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
! 7
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Ghana]]
| '''Abena Anoma Opoku'''
| DF
| <ref name=eastbengalawcl2025/>
|-
! 8
| {{flagicon|NGR}} [[Nigeria]]
| '''Maureen Tovia Okpala'''
| DF
| <ref name=eastbengalawcl2025/>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://emamieastbengal.com/ Official website]

{{East Bengal FC}}
{{Indian Women's League}}
{{Calcutta Women's Football League}}
{{Football in West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal Sports}}

[[Category:East Bengal FC| ]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League clubs]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2001]]
[[Category:2001 establishments in West Bengal]]

2023 Indian Premier League final

2026-05-02T05:52:53Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007:

{{short description|Cricket match}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
|title = 2023 Indian Premier League final
| event = [[2023 Indian Premier League]]
|image=TATA IPL final 2023 Poster.png
| caption = Match programme cover
|imagesize=300 px
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team1score = 214/4
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2score = 171/5
| team2overs = 15 overs
| details = Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS]] method)
| date = 29 May 2023
| stadium = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
|attendance=101,566
| man_of_the_match = [[Devon Conway]] ([[Chennai Super Kings|CSK]])
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| television =
| previous = [[2022 Indian Premier League final|2022]]
| next = [[2024 Indian Premier League final|2024]]
}}

The '''2023 Indian Premier League final''' was played on 29 May 2023 at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]]. It was a [[Day/night cricket|Day/Night]] [[Twenty20]] match that would decide the winner of the [[2023 Indian Premier League|2023 season]] of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), an annual Twenty20 tournament in India.

The match was originally scheduled to be played on 28 May, but was postponed to 29 May due to rain—marking the first time the IPL final had been postponed due to weather conditions. After winning the toss, [[Chennai Super Kings in 2023|Chennai Super Kings]] elected to field, with [[Gujarat Titans in 2023|Gujarat Titans]] scoring 214 runs for 4 wickets, setting the record for the highest team total in an IPL final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=29 May 2023 |title=Gujarat Titans records highest team total in IPL final against CSK |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/gujarat-titans-highest-total-ipl-final-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-records-stats/article66909099.ece |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601005035/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/gujarat-titans-highest-total-ipl-final-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-records-stats/article66909099.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to inclement weather, the Super Kings' innings was delayed by over an hour, and the target was adjusted by the [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|Duckworth–Lewis–Stern (DLS) method]] to 171 runs in 15 overs; the team would ultimately win by five wickets, securing their fifth IPL title. CSK player [[Devon Conway]] was named [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|player of the match]].<ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT: Chennai Super Kings wins IPL 2023 final with Jadeja's last ball four, equals MI with fifth title; Dhoni equals Rohit |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-wins-ipl-2023-final-vs-gt-chennai-super-kings-fifth-title-ms-dhoni-equals-mumbai-indians/article66909605.ece |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=SportStar |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529213445/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-wins-ipl-2023-final-vs-gt-chennai-super-kings-fifth-title-ms-dhoni-equals-mumbai-indians/article66909605.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Man of the Match winners in IPL finals: Devon Conway Player of the Final of CSK vs GT IPL 2023 final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-final-man-of-the-match-award-winners-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final/article66903628.ece |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=SportStar |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529215521/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-final-man-of-the-match-award-winners-csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final/article66903628.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The broadcasts of the match on [[JioCinema]] peaked at over 32 million concurrent viewers, overtaking the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]] semi-final between India and New Zealand on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Dixon |first=Ed |date=17 July 2019 |title=Hotstar sets global streaming record during India-New Zealand semi-final |url=http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/hotstar-global-streaming-record-india-new-zealand-semi-final |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718183201/http://www.sportspromedia.com/news/hotstar-global-streaming-record-india-new-zealand-semi-final |archive-date=18 July 2019 |access-date=18 July 2019 |work=[[SportsPro]]}}</ref> as India's most-watched [[livestreaming]] broadcast of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2023 |title=IPL 2023 Finals: JioCinema breaks world record with over 3.2 crore viewers during CSK vs GT final |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/ipl-2023-finals-jiocinema-breaks-world-record-with-over-32-crore-viewers-during-csk-vs-gt-final-383398-2023-05-30 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Business Today |language= |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531090204/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/story/ipl-2023-finals-jiocinema-breaks-world-record-with-over-32-crore-viewers-during-csk-vs-gt-final-383398-2023-05-30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Background==
On 17 February 2023, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] announced the schedule for the 2023 season of the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 February 2023 |title=BCCI Announces Schedule For TATA IPL 2023 |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3860/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2023 |website=IPLT20.com. |publisher=Indian Premier League. |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217132838/https://www.iplt20.com/news/3860/bcci-announces-schedule-for-tata-ipl-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> 12 venues were scheduled to host the group stage. The schedule for the playoffs was announced on 21 April. [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] in [[Chennai]] was chosen to host qualifier 1 and the eliminator whereas the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] was chosen to host qualifier 2 and the final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 February 2023 |title=IPL schedule 2023: Full matches list in league stage, start date and time, teams, home-away venues |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-schedule-2023-start-date-time-teams-group-stage-home-away-matches-fixtures-final-playoffs-timings-venues/article66520952.ece |website=SportStar |date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218002815/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/ipl-schedule-2023-start-date-time-teams-group-stage-home-away-matches-fixtures-final-playoffs-timings-venues/article66520952.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |access-date=21 April 2023 |title=IPL 2023 final in Ahmedabad on May 28, Chennai gets Qualifier 1 and Eliminator |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ipl-2023-final-in-ahmedabad-on-may-28-chennai-gets-qualifier-1-and-eliminator/article66764677.ece |website=The Hindu |date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421154515/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/ipl-2023-final-in-ahmedabad-on-may-28-chennai-gets-qualifier-1-and-eliminator/article66764677.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Chennai Super Kings and Gujarat Titans played the final on 29 May 2023.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2023 |title=IPL 2023 Final, Ahmedabad Weather updates: CSK vs GT IPL final moves to reserve day due to rain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-live-score-chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad-may-29/liveblog/100589595.cms |website=Times of India |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529103022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-live-score-chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad-may-29/liveblog/100589595.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Super Kings won the match by five wickets (DLS method).

==Road to the final ==
{{stack begin|float=left}}
{{#invoke: IndianPremierLeagueProgression
|create

|W1, W7, L13, W18, L23, W30, W35, W39, L44, W48, W51, L57, W62, W70


|L71, W73, L74


|L1, W6, W12, L17, W24, W29, W33, L37, L41, N45, W49, W55, L61, W67


|W71, U, W74


|caption=League progression
|teams=Gujarat Titans, Chennai Super Kings
|knockoutType=2
|matchesPerTeam=14
|matchReportArticle=2023 Indian Premier League}}
{{stack end}}
{| style="width:100%;text-align:center"
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
| colspan="4" |'''[[Gujarat Titans]]'''
! colspan="3" |[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
| colspan="7" |'''League Stage'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Chennai Super Kings]]
|31 March 2023
| Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 1
| style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat Titans]]
|31 March 2023
| Lost
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi Capitals]]
|4 April 2023
| Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 2
| style="text-align:left" |[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|3 April 2023
|Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|9 April 2023
|Lost
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 3
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai Indians]]
|8 April 2023
|Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab Kings]]
|13 April 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 4
| style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|12 April 2023
|Lost
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|16 April 2023
|Lost
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 5
| style="text-align:left" |[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|17 April 2023
|Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|22 April 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 6
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|21 April 2023
|Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai Indians]]
|25 April 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 7
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|23 April 2023
|Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|29 April 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 8
| style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|27 April 2023
|Lost
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi Capitals]]
|2 May 2023
|Lost
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 9
| style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab Kings]]
| 30 April 2023
| Lost
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan Royals]]
|5 May 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 10
| style="text-align:left" |[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| 3 May 2023
| No result
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Lucknow Super Giants]]
|7 May 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 11
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai Indians]]
| 6 May 2023
| Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai Indians]]
|12 May 2023
|Lost
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 12
| style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi Capitals]]
| 10 May 2023
| Won
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
|15 May 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 13
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
|14 May 2023
| Lost
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
|21 May 2023
|Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 14
| style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi Capitals]]
|20 May 2023
| Won
|-
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
| colspan="7" |'''Playoff stage'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
| colspan="7" |'''Qualifier 1'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Chennai Super Kings]]
| 23 May 2023
|Lost
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 15
| style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat Titans]]
| 23 May 2023
|Won
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#99CCFF"
|
|
|
|
! colspan="3" |
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Scorecard
|Result
|Titles
|
|
|
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai Indians]]
| 26 May 2023
| Won
| style="background:#C1E0FF" |Match 16
|
|
|
|- style="vertical-align:top;background:#C1E0FF"
! colspan="7" |2023 Indian Premier League final
|}
{{small|Source: Firstpost<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2023 |title=IPL 2023: Chennai Super Kings' Road to Final |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/csk-road-to-ipl-final-12654622.html/amp |website=Firstpost |date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527164347/https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/csk-road-to-ipl-final-12654622.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{small|India Today<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2023 |title=Gujarat Titans: Road to IPL 2023 Final |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/sports/gujarat-titans-road-to-ipl-2023-final-38863-27-05-2023 |website=India Today |date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=27 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527213232/https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/sports/gujarat-titans-road-to-ipl-2023-final-38863-27-05-2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

===Group stage===
[[Gujarat Titans]] started their season with a 5 wicket win over [[Chennai Super Kings]] at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 March 2023 |title=GT vs CSK IPL 2023 Highlights: Gujarat Titans defeat Chennai Super Kings by 5 wickets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2023-gt-vs-csk-live-cricket-score-gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-match-1-latest-scorecard-updates-at-narendra-modi-stadium-8529768/ |website=The Indian Express |date=31 March 2023 |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121153/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2023-gt-vs-csk-live-cricket-score-gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-match-1-latest-scorecard-updates-at-narendra-modi-stadium-8529768/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After a victory over [[Delhi Capitals]] they were defeated by [[Kolkata Knight Riders]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=10 April 2023 |title=GT vs KKR Highlights: Sensational Rinku Singh whacks five sixes in final over to hand KKR a thrilling win over Gujarat Titans |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/gt-vs-kkr-highlights-sensational-rinku-singh-whacks-five-sixes-in-final-over-to-hand-kkr-a-thrilling-win-over-gujarat-titans/articleshow/99360530.cms?from=mdr |website=Times of India|date=10 April 2023 }}</ref> Then Titans defeated the [[Punjab Kings]] before they were defeated by the [[Rajasthan Royals]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=16 April 2023 |title=IPL 2023: Rajasthan Royals defeat Gujarat Titans by three wickets |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2023-rajasthan-royals-defeat-gujarat-titans-by-three-wickets/articleshow/99540146.cms |website=Economic Times |date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181014/https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2023-rajasthan-royals-defeat-gujarat-titans-by-three-wickets/articleshow/99540146.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> They went on a three match winning streak after that loss but lost three of their last five matches. They ended the group stage with 10 wins and 4 losses, finishing first on the points table for the second consecutive season.<ref>{{cite web |title=IPL 2023 Points Table: IPL 2023 Team Rankings, Net Run Rate |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2023/points-table |website=NDTV Sports |access-date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529115304/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2023/points-table |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Chennai Super Kings]] started their season with a loss of 5 wickets against [[Gujarat Titans]] at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 March 2023 |title=IPL 2023: Shubman Gill stars as defending champions Gujarat Titans outclass Chennai Super Kings in opening match |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-score-shubman-gill-ruturaj-opening-match-2354218-2023-03-31 |website=India Today |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331183703/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2023/story/ipl-gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-score-shubman-gill-ruturaj-opening-match-2354218-2023-03-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> After a winning streak of 2 matches they were defeated by [[Rajasthan Royals]] in their fourth fixture.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 April 2023 |title=IPL 2023: RR Beat CSK by 3 Runs Despite Dhoni-Jadeja Late Blitz |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/ipl-2023-csk-vs-rr-match-report-rajasthan-royals-beat-chennai-super-kings-3-runs-7531855.html |website=News18 |archive-date=12 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412210247/https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/ipl-2023-csk-vs-rr-match-report-rajasthan-royals-beat-chennai-super-kings-3-runs-7531855.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Then after a three match winning streak they were again defeated by [[Rajasthan Royals]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 April 2023 |title=Rajasthan Royals defeated Chennai Super Kings by 32 runs, dethrone them from top spot |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/jaiswals-fiery-fifty-guide-rr-to-202-5-against-csk-11682610494360.html |website=Livemint |date=27 April 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427172026/http://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/jaiswals-fiery-fifty-guide-rr-to-202-5-against-csk-11682610494360.html |url-status=live }}</ref> They won three of their last five matches. They ended the group stage with 8 wins and 5 losses excluding a washed out match against the [[Lucknow Super Giants]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2023 |title=IPL 2023 CSK vs LSG: Match called off amid rains, both teams to share points |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ipl-2023-csk-vs-lsg-match-called-off-amid-rains-both-teams-to-share-points-11683115960853.html |website=Livemint |date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503141942/https://www.livemint.com/sports/news/ipl-2023-csk-vs-lsg-match-called-off-amid-rains-both-teams-to-share-points-11683115960853.html |url-status=live }}</ref> thus, securing second position on the points table.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 2023 Points Table. IPL 2023 Standings|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=29 May 2023|archive-date=29 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529235729/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/points-table-standings|url-status=live}}</ref>

===League stage matches between finalists===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 31 March 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]] (H)
| score1 = 178/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 182/5 (19.2 overs)
| motm = [[Rashid Khan]] (Gujarat Titans)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1359475.html Scorecard]
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 5 wickets
}}

Gujarat won the only fixture between the two teams by 5 wickets on 31 March in Ahmedabad. [[Rashid Khan]] took 2 wickets for 26 runs and was the player of the match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 March 2023 |title=IPL 2023, Gujarat Titans Vs Chennai Super Kings: Shubman Gill Powers GT To 5-Wicket Win Over CSK In Opening Match |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/ipl-2023-gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-shubman-gill-powers-gt-to-5-wicket-win-over-csk-in-opening-match-news-275138 |website=Outlook |archive-date=31 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331182434/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/ipl-2023-gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-shubman-gill-powers-gt-to-5-wicket-win-over-csk-in-opening-match-news-275138 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=31 March 2023 |title=Full Scorecard of Super Kings vs Titans 1st Match 2023 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-1st-match-1359475/full-scorecard |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330164340/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-1st-match-1359475/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Playoffs===
The playoff stage of IPL was played according to the [[Page playoff]] system and provided Gujarat and Chennai, being the top and second-ranked teams, with two chances for qualifying for the Final. These teams first faced each other in Qualifier 1, with Chennai, as the winners, qualifying directly for the final; Gujarat, as the loser of Qualifier 1, played against the winner of the Eliminator in Qualifier 2, with the winner of that match qualifying for the final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 May 2023 |title=IPL 2023 Qualifier 1 Highlights, CSK vs GT: Chennai beat Gujarat by 15 runs to enter 10th final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2023-qualifier-live-scorecard-csk-chennai-super-kings-vs-gt-gujarat-titans/liveblog/100451139.cms |website=Times of India |date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524005345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/ipl-2023-qualifier-live-scorecard-csk-chennai-super-kings-vs-gt-gujarat-titans/liveblog/100451139.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 May 2023
| round = '''Qualifier 1'''
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 172/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157 (20 overs)
| report =
[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370350.html Scorecard]
| motm = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 15 runs
}}

In Qualifier 1, Gujarat won the toss and chose to field. Chennai Super Kings scored 172/7 in their 20 overs with [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] top scored for Chennai with 60 runs in 44 balls. [[Mohammed Shami]] was Gujarat's best bowler and took 2 wickets for 28 runs. In reply, Gujarat was only able to score 157 in 19.5 overs and was all out. [[Shubman Gill]] scored 42 runs in 38 balls while [[Ravindra Jadeja]], [[Deepak Chahar]], [[Maheesh Theekshana]] and [[Matheesha Pathirana]] took 2 wickets each for Chennai. As a result, Chennai qualified for the 10th time in the IPL Final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=CSK squeeze the Titans to enter their tenth IPL final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-qualifier-1-1370350/match-report |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524044429/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-qualifier-1-1370350/match-report |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Mumbai Indians]] won against [[Lucknow Super Giants]] in the Eliminator to set up a match against Gujarat to decide the second finalist.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 May 2023 |title=MI vs LSG Highlights, IPL 2023 Eliminator: Mumbai demolish Lucknow in Eliminator, to play Gujarat in Qualifier 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/lucknow-super-giants-vs-mumbai-indians-lsg-vs-mi-ipl-2023-eliminator-live-score-updates/liveblog/100475333.cms |website=Times of India |date=24 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526024630/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/lucknow-super-giants-vs-mumbai-indians-lsg-vs-mi-ipl-2023-eliminator-live-score-updates/liveblog/100475333.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
----

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 May 2023
| round = '''Qualifier 2'''
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 233/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 171 (18.2 overs)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1370352.html Scorecard]
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 62 runs
}}

In Qualifier 2, Mumbai won the toss and chose to field. Gujarat scored a record 233/3 runs in their 20 overs. [[Shubman Gill]] scored 129 runs in 60 balls. Though expensive, [[Piyush Chawla]] was best bowler for Mumbai as he took 1 wicket for 45 runs in 3 overs. In response, Mumbai was only able to score 171 runs in 18.2 overs and got all out. [[Suryakumar Yadav]] scored 61 runs from 38 balls while [[Mohit Sharma]] took 5 wickets for just 10 runs in 2.2 overs. Thus, Gujarat qualified for their second IPL final.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2023 |title=GT vs MI Highlights, IPL 2023, Qualifier 2: Shubman Gill Shines With Third Century As GT Beat MI By 62 Runs, Set To Face CSK In Final |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2023/gt-vs-mi-live-score-ipl-2023-qualifier-2-gujarat-titans-vs-mumbai-indians-live-score-updates-4068513 |website=NDTV Sports |date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526222538/https://sports.ndtv.com/ipl-2023/gt-vs-mi-live-score-ipl-2023-qualifier-2-gujarat-titans-vs-mumbai-indians-live-score-updates-4068513/amp/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Match==

===Match officials===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind)
* '''[[Fourth umpire|Reserve umpire]]''': [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.

===Summary===
In a rain delayed match, Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field. The game was rained out on day 1 and moved over to the reserve day. Batting first, Gujarat Titans scored 214 runs for the loss of 4 wickets in their 20 overs. Left-handed batsman [[Sai Sudharsan]] top scored with 96 runs while Indian wicketkeeper [[Wriddhiman Saha]] scored 54 runs. Sri Lankan fast bowler [[Matheesha Pathirana]] took 2 wickets while conceding 44 runs for the Super Kings. In response, Chennai Super Kings chased the revised target of 171 runs from 15 overs. [[Devon Conway]] scored 47 runs from 25 balls while [[Mohit Sharma]] took 3 wickets from 36 runs in 3 overs. Thus, Super Kings won their 5th title and Conway was named as the player of the match<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Titans vs Super Kings Scorecard 2023. Cricket Scorecard |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/full-scorecard |access-date=29 May 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529193357/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/full-scorecard |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT, IPL 2023 Final Highlights: Jadeja's last ball boundary helps Chennai win 5th title in thriller |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/csk-vs-gt-live-score-ipl-2023-final-chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-reserve-day-ahmedabad-latest-scorecard-updates-101685349753890.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529223251/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/csk-vs-gt-live-score-ipl-2023-final-chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-reserve-day-ahmedabad-latest-scorecard-updates-101685349753890.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Gujarat Titans innings ===
Having been asked to bat, the Titans got off to a healthy start with openers [[Wriddhiman Saha]] and [[Shubman Gill]] helping the team get to 50 runs in 5.2 overs and went on to score 62 runs for the loss of no wickets at the end of the first power play at 6 overs. Gill was the first to fall, dismissed off a stumping by [[MS Dhoni]] off the bowling of [[Ravindra Jadeja]]. He scored 39 runs off 20 balls.<ref name=":0" /> Indian batsman [[Sai Sudharsan]] joined Saha, and the duo put on 64 runs before Saha was out caught by Dhoni off the bowling of [[Deepak Chahar]]. The score was 131 runs for the loss of 2 wickets at the end of 14 overs. Sudharsan was joined by captain [[Hardik Pandya]], and the duo put on a quickfire 81 runs off 5 overs before Sudharsan was out [[leg before wicket]] off the bowling of Pathirana for 96 runs, his highest score, in the twentieth over. The Titans wrapped their innings scoring 214 runs having lost 4 wickets in their 20 overs. Sri Lankan fast bowler [[Matheesha Pathirana]] took 2 wickets while conceding 11 runs for the Super Kings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2023 |title=IPL 2023 Final: Sai Sudharsan helps Gujarat Titans post highest-ever total in IPL final |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2023-final-sai-sudharsan-helps-gujarat-titans-post-highest-ever-total-in-ipl-final-8635513/ |website=The Indian Express |date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529180116/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/ipl/ipl-2023-final-sai-sudharsan-helps-gujarat-titans-post-highest-ever-total-in-ipl-final-8635513/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Chennai Super Kings innings ===
The Super Kings innings was delayed by rain with the game being reduced to 15 overs and a revised target of 171 runs to win the finals and the championship.<ref name=":0" /> Indian batter [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] and New Zealand batter [[Devon Conway]] opened the innings for Super Kings and got the team to a healthy start scoring 52 runs off 4 overs from the first power play. Gaikwad was the first to be dismissed when he was out for 26 runs caught at backward point by Afghan allrounder [[Rashid Khan]] off the bowling of fellow Afghan spinner [[Noor Ahmad]].<ref name=":0" /> Conway was out the very same over dismissed caught by Mohit Sharma off Ahmad.<ref name=":0" /> [[Substitute (cricket)|Impact substitute]] [[Shivam Dube]] was joined by Indian batter [[Ajinkya Rahane]] and the duo took the score to 117 runs off 10.5 overs before Rahane was out caught by [[Vijay Shankar]] off the bowling of Sharma. Captain [[MS Dhoni]] came-in to bat when the team was down four wickets with [[Ambati Rayudu]]{{Efn|This was the last IPL game of Rayudu, earlier in the day he announced his retirement from IPL and Indian cricket.}} dismissed caught and bowled off Sharma. Dhoni was out for a [[Duck (cricket)|duck]] the very first ball caught by [[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] at [[extra cover]] off the bowling of Sharma.<ref name=":0" />

The game came down to the last two deliveries with the Super Kings needing 10 runs to win. Indian batter [[Ravindra Jadeja]] was on strike facing [[Mohit Sharma]]. Jadeja hoisted the penultimate delivery for a six over long off before finishing the innings by scoring a boundary behind the leg stump. The Super Kings won the game and the championship off the last ball of the rain reduced innings of 15 overs. This was the Super Kings' fifth IPL title.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT highlights, IPL 2023 Final: Chennai Super Kings beat defending champions Gujarat Titans in rain-marred final to clinch 5th title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-live-score-chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad-may-29/liveblog/100589595.cms |website=Times of India |date=30 May 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530023738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-live-score-chennai-super-kings-vs-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad-may-29/liveblog/100589595.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
<section begin="match74" />
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 May 2023
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 214/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 96 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 2/44 (4 overs)
| score2 = 171/5 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Conway]] 47 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 3/36 (3 overs)
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|DLS]] method)
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-tba-final-1370353/live-cricket-score Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Devon Conway]] (Chennai Super Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| round = {{anchor|match74}}
| rain = The match was originally scheduled to be held on 28 May 2023, but it was shifted due to rain.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT IPL 2023 final moved to reserve day; title winner to be decided on Monday |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-moved-reserve-day-rain-no-play-possible-chennai-super-kings-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad/article66905080.ece/ |website=SportStar |date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529101132/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-vs-gt-ipl-2023-final-moved-reserve-day-rain-no-play-possible-chennai-super-kings-gujarat-titans-ahmedabad/article66905080.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Chennai Super Kings were set a revised target of 171 runs from 15 overs due to rain.
| notes = By winning in the final, Chennai Super Kings equaled Mumbai Indians for winning the most IPL trophies (5).<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 May 2023 |title=CSK vs GT: Chennai Super Kings wins IPL 2023 final with Jadeja's last ball four, equals MI with fifth title; Dhoni equals Rohit |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-wins-ipl-2023-final-vs-gt-chennai-super-kings-fifth-title-ms-dhoni-equals-mumbai-indians/article66909605.ece |website=SportStar |date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529213445/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-news/csk-wins-ipl-2023-final-vs-gt-chennai-super-kings-fifth-title-ms-dhoni-equals-mumbai-indians/article66909605.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

===Scorecard===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
|-
|
*(IMP) indicates an [[2023 Indian Premier League#Impact player rule|impact player]]
|}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=Gujarat Titans innings}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Wriddhiman Saha]] |status=c †Dhoni b Chahar |runs=54 |balls=39 |4s=5 |6s=1 |strike_rate=138.46}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shubman Gill]] |status=st †Dhoni b Jadeja |runs=39 |balls=20 |4s=7 |6s=0 |strike_rate=195.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Sai Sudharsan]] |status=lbw Pathirana |runs=96 |balls=47 |4s=8 |6s=6 |strike_rate=204.25}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Hardik Pandya]] |status=not out |runs=21 |balls=12 |4s=0 |6s=2 |strike_rate=175.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rashid Khan]] |status=c Gaikwad b Pathirana |runs=0 |balls=2 |4s=0 |6s=0 |strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Vijay Shankar]] |status=did not bat |runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[David Miller (South African cricketer)|David Miller]] |status=did not bat |runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Rahul Tewatia]] |status=did not bat |runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Mohit Sharma]] |status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player= [[Noor Ahmad]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player= [[Mohammed Shami]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
|colspan="4"| Extras 4 (b 1, lb 1, wd 2) '''Total 214/4 (20 overs)'''
| 20
| 9
| 10.70 RR
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 67/1 (S. Gill, 6.6 ov), 131/2 (W. Saha, 13.6 ov), 212/3 (S. Sudharsan, 19.3 ov), 214/4 (R. Khan, 19.6 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title=Chennai Super Kings bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Deepak Chahar]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=38 |wickets=1 |econ=9.50 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Tushar Deshpande]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=56 |wickets=0 |econ=14.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Maheesh Theekshana]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=36 |wickets=0 |econ=9.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ravindra Jadeja]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=38 |wickets=1 |econ=9.50 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Matheesha Pathirana]] |overs=4 |maiden=0 |runs=44 |wickets=2 |econ=11.00 |wides=2 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Impact players
! Team
! Out
! In
|-
![[Chennai Super Kings]]
|[[Matheesha Pathirana]]
|[[Shivam Dube]]
|-
![[Gujarat Titans]]
|[[Sai Sudharsan]]
|[[Josh Little]]
|}
----
{{Cricket match batting box begin|title=Chennai Super Kings innings}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] |status=c Khan b Ahmad |runs=26 |balls=16 |4s=3 |6s=1 |strike_rate=162.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Devon Conway]] |status=c Sharma b Ahmad |runs=47 |balls=25 |4s=4 |6s=2 |strike_rate=188.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shivam Dube]] (IMP) |status=not out |runs=32 |balls=21 |4s=0 |6s=2 |strike_rate=152.38}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ajinkya Rahane]] |status=c Shankar b Sharma |runs=27 |balls=13 |4s=2 |6s=2 |strike_rate=207.69}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ambati Rayudu]] |status=c & b Sharma |runs=19 |balls=8 |4s=1 |6s=2 |strike_rate=237.50}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[MS Dhoni]] |status=c Miller b Sharma |runs=0 |balls=1 |4s=0 |6s=0 |strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ravindra Jadeja]] |status=not out |runs=15 |balls=6 |4s=1 |6s=1 |strike_rate=250.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Moeen Ali]] |status=did not bat |runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Deepak Chahar]] |status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player= [[Tushar Deshpande]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player= [[Maheesh Theekshana]]|status=did not bat|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
|colspan="4"| Extras 5 (lb 1, wd 4) '''Total 171/5 (15 overs)'''
| 11
| 10
| 11.40 RR
{{Cricket match box end}}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 74/1 (R. Gaikwad, 6.3 ov), 78/2 (D. Conway, 6.6 ov), 117/3 (A. Rahane, 10.5 ov), 149/4 (A. Rayudu, 12.4 ov), 149/5 (M. Dhoni, 12.5 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title=Gujarat Titans bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohammed Shami]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=29 |wickets=0 |econ=9.66 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Hardik Pandya]] |overs=1 |maiden=0 |runs=14 |wickets=0 |econ=14.00 |wides=1 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Rashid Khan]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=44 |wickets=0 |econ=14.66 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Noor Ahmad]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=17 |wickets=2 |econ=5.66 |wides=3 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Josh Little]] (IMP)|overs=2 |maiden=0 |runs=30 |wickets=0 |econ=15.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Mohit Sharma]] |overs=3 |maiden=0 |runs=36 |wickets=3 |econ=12.00 |wides=0 |no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Note==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
* [https://www.iplt20.com/match/2022/1046 Match Centre] at IPLT20.com
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/chennai-super-kings-vs-tba-final-1370353/live-cricket-score Series home] at ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''

{{2023 Indian Premier League}}
{{Indian Premier League}}{{Chennai Super Kings}}{{Gujarat Titans}}

[[Category:2023 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]
[[Category:Twenty20 cricket matches]]

Darbhanga district

2026-04-29T10:19:52Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting A Place Needs Work.

{{Short description|District in Bihar, India}}
{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Darbhanga}}
{{original research|date=November 2017}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Darbhanga district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Bihar|District]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Building of Lalit Naryan Mithla University, Darbhanga Bihar.jpg
| image_caption = Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga
| image_map = Bihar district location map Darbhanga.svg
| map_caption = Location of Darbhanga district in Bihar
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Darbhanga
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Darbhanga division|Darbhanga]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Thakur |first=Ripunjay Kumar |date=1 March 2022|title=Historical Geography of Early Medieval Mithila: From Videha to Tirhut.|url=https://www.academia.edu/72670545|publisher=New Archaeological & Genological Society, Kanpur, India|issn=2348-8301|access-date=21 August 2025}}</ref>
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Darbhanga]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 2279
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3,937,385
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 8.7 per cent
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 56.56 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 1024
| leader_title = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name = [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga]]
| leader_title1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| leader_name1 = [[Gopal Jee Thakur]], [[BJP]]
| leader_title2 = [[District Magistrate]]
| leader_name2 = Shri Rajiv Raushan([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| leader_title3 = [[Senior Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name3 = Shri Awakash Kumar([[Indian Police Service|IPS]])
| leader_title4 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name4 = [[Kusheshwar Asthan Assembly constituency|Kusheshwar Asthan]], [[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency|Gaura Bauram]], [[Benipur Assembly constituency|Benipur]], [[Alinagar Assembly constituency|Alinagar]], [[Darbhanga Rural Assembly constituency|Darbhanga Rural]], [[Darbhanga Assembly constituency|Darbhanga]], [[Hayaghat Assembly constituency|Hayaghat]], [[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency|Bahadurpur]], [[Keoti Assembly constituency|Keoti]], [[Jale Assembly constituency|Jale]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 27 (India)|NH 27]], [[National Highway 527B (India)|NH 527B]]
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website ={{URL|http://darbhanga.bih.nic.in/}}
}}
'''Darbhanga district''' is one of the thirty-eight [[Districts of Bihar|districts]] of the eastern [[Indian state]] of [[Bihar]]. The city of [[Darbhanga]] is the [[administrative headquarters]] of this district and 5th largest city of Bihar as well. Darbhanga district lies in the [[Darbhanga division]], within the historical [[Mithila region]]. The district is bounded on the north by [[Madhubani district]], on the south by [[Samastipur district]], on the east by [[Saharsa district]] and on the west by [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] and [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] districts. The district covers an area of {{cvt|2,279|km2}}. There are several locations related to the epic Ramayana. The [[Ahalya Sthan]], Gautam Ashram and [[Gautam Kund]] are major destinations for the [[Ramayana circuit]] in the district.

==History==
1976 saw the creations of two districts from Darbhanga's territory: [[Madhubani district|Madhubani]] and [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]].<ref name="Statoids">{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

==Block and circle==
[[File:DarbhangaDist.gif|thumb|Darbhanga District map|left]]
# [[Darbhanga Assembly constituency]]
# [[Baheri Assembly constituency]]
# [[Biraul Assembly constituency]]
# [[Keoti Assembly constituency]]
# [[Singhwara Assembly constituency]]
# [[Jale Assembly constituency]]
# [[Bahadurpur Assembly constituency]]
# [[Benipur Assembly constituency]]
# [[Manigachhi Assembly constituency]]
# [[Kusheshwar Asthan]]
# [[Kusheshwar Asthan]] Purbi
# [[Hanuman nagar Assembly constituency]]
# [[Gaura Bauram Assembly constituency]]
# [[Hayaghat Assembly constituency]]
# [[Alinagar Assembly constituency]]
# [[Ghanshyampur Assembly constituency]]
# [[Taradih Assembly constituency]]
# [[Kiratpur Assembly constituency]]
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/district/67-darbhanga-bihar.html |title = Blocks in Darbhanga District, Bihar}}</ref>

==Geography==
Darbhanga district occupies an area of {{convert|2279|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book|title=India 2010: A Reference Annual|editor=Srivastava, Dayawanti |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]]|year=2010|isbn=978-81-230-1617-7|edition=54th|location=New Delhi, India|pages=1118–1119|chapter=States and Union Territories: Bihar: Government}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Indonesia]]'s [[Yapen Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 1998-02-18 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Yapen 2,278km2 | archive-date = 20 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180220003634/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Darbhanga one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the 36 districts in Bihar currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=8,89,022|13=1911|14=8,94,232|15=1921|16=8,89,302|17=1931|18=9,66,393|19=1941|20=10,55,208|21=1951|22=11,50,582|23=1961|24=13,37,802|25=1971|26=16,22,812|27=1981|28=20,08,193|29=1991|30=25,10,959|31=2001|32=32,95,789|33=2011|34=39,37,385|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Table A-02 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/43343/download/47022/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|align=center}}

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Darbhanga district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11366/download/14479/DDW10C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|77.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Bihari Muslims|Islam]]|green|22.39}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.33}}
}}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Darbhanga district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,937,385,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Darbhanga |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/264/download/706/DH_2011_1013_PART_A_DCHB_DARBHANGA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Liberia]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Liberia 3,786,764 July 2011 est. | archive-date = 27 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927165947/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> or the US state of [[Oregon]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau
|access-date=2011-09-30
|quote=Oregon 3,831,074
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=2013-10-19
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 64th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]). The district has a population density of {{convert|1721|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}. Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 19%. Literacy rate of the district is 56.56% (male 66.83%, female 45.24%). 9.74% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 15.64% and 0.07% of the population respectively.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Darbhanga district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value1 = 72.75 |color1 = mistyrose
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 20.67 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 5.96 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 0.62 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 72.75% of the population in the district spoke [[Maithili language|Maithili]], 20.67% [[Urdu]] and 5.96% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX|website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Health==
The table below shows the data from the district nutrition profile of children below the age of 5 years, in Darbhanga, as of year 2020.

{| class = "wikitable sortable"
|+ District nutrition profile of children under 5 years of age in Darbhanga, year 2020<ref name="niti.gov.in">{{Cite web |url=https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-06/Darbhanga-Bihar.pdf |title=District Nutrition Profile: Darbhanga, Bihar |date=March 2022 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute |author1=N. Singh |author2=P.H. Nguyen |author3=M. Jangid |author4=S.K. Singh |author5=R. Sarwal |author6=N. Bhatia |author7=R. Johnston |author8=W. Joe |author9=P. Menon |access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref>
!Indicators!!Number of children (<5 years)!! Percent (2020)!! Percent (2016)
|-
|Stunted||255,374||45%||49%
|-
|Wasted||108,562||19%||17%
|-
|Severely wasted||36,000||6%||5%
|-
|Underweight||220,499||39%||41%
|-
|Overweight/obesity||8,494||2%||2%
|-
|Anemia||348,147||69%||70%
|-
|Total children||562,497||||
|}

The table below shows the district nutrition profile of Darbhanga of women between the ages of 15 and 49 years, as of year 2020.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+District nutritional profile of Darbhanga of women of 15–49 years, in 2020<ref name="niti.gov.in"/>
!Indicators!!Number of women (15–49 years)!! Percent (2020)!!Percent (2016)
|-
|Underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m^2)||293,595||26%||31%
|-
|Overweight/obesity||154,023||13%||12%
|-
|Hypertension||200,126||17%||11%
|-
|Diabetes||154,596||13%||NA
|-
|Anemia (non-preg)||703,022||61%||66%
|-
|Anemia (preg)||74,677||53%||62%
|-
|Total women (preg)||142,241||||
|-
|Total women||1,146,855||||
|}

== Politics ==
Currently [[Gopal Jee Thakur]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] is the Member of Parliament from [[Darbhanga Lok Sabha constituency|Darbhanga Lok Sabha Constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Gopal Jee Thakur{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-gopal-jee-thakur |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Members : Lok Sabha |url=https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5176 |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=loksabha.nic.in}}</ref>{{transcluded section|source=18th Bihar Assembly}}{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|MLA Header}}
{{#section:18th Bihar Assembly|Darbhanga district}}
|}

== See also ==
{{cmn|
*[[Ahalya Sthan]]
*[[Kusheshwar Asthan Bird Wildlife Sanctuary]]
*[[Bahera]]
*[[Bathai]]
*[[Bauram]]
*[[Bhapura]]
*[[Chandih]]
*[[Chhatwan]]
*[[Gautam Ashram]]
*[[Keoti (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keoti]]
*[[Kumai (village)|Kumai]]
*[[Kusheshwar Asthan]]
*[[Panchobh]]
*[[Raj Darbhanga]]
*[[Ratanpur Abhiman]]
*[[Supaul Bazar]]
*[[Tariyani]]
*[[Tatuar]]
*[[Gautam Kund]]
*[[Kopagarh]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://darbhanga.bih.nic.in Darbhanga district website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Darbhanga district
|North = [[Madhubani district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Saharsa district]]
|Southeast = [[Khagaria district]]
|South = [[Samastipur district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Muzaffarpur district]]
|Northwest = [[Sitamarhi district]]
}}

{{Districts of Bihar}}
{{Minority Concentrated Districts in India}}
{{Darbhanga Division}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26|00|N|86|00|E|display=title|region:IN_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Darbhanga district| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, India]]
[[Category:Darbhanga division]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]

Triple Riding

2026-04-26T22:05:38Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Stub!

{{Short description|2022 romantic comedy film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Triple Riding
| image = Triple Riding poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Mahesh Gowda
| writer = Mahesh Gowda
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Ramgopal Y. M.
| starring = {{plainlist|[[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]]
*[[Aditi Prabhudeva]]
*[[Megha Shetty]]
*[[Rachana Inder]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jai Anand
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| studio = Krupalu Entertainments
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|11|25}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Triple Riding''''' (also known as '''''Tribble Riding''''') is a 2022 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by Mahesh Gowda and produced by Ramgopal Y. M. under Krupalu Entertainments. The film stars [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]], [[Aditi Prabhudeva]], [[Megha Shetty]] and [[Rachana Inder]], alongside [[P. Ravi Shankar]], [[Sharath Lohithaswa]], [[Shobaraj]], [[Sadhu Kokila]] and [[Rangayana Raghu]]. The music was composed by [[Sai Karthik]], while cinematography and editing were handled by Jai Anand and K. M. Prakash.

''Triple Riding'' was released on 25 November 2022 and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Ram, a vagabond working in various job fields, lives a happy life with his father, a lawyer. One day, Ram meets Ramya, the daughter of a rich business tycoon Devendra Shetty, and they gradually fall for each other. Ramya asks Ram to help Dr. Rakshitha elope from her father [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Soorappa, who has fixed a wedding alliance with [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]]'s son Rahul. Ram reluctantly agrees, where he masquerades as Dr. Mahesh and joins a hospital where Rakshitha works. Having helped Rakshitha escape from her family, Ram learns that Ramya never loved him and used him to help her reunite with Rahul, as they loved each other. Rakshitha also elopes with her boyfriend, Dr. Prem, a surgeon. Thrown in a fix, Ram escapes to [[Chikmaglur]] to stay with his father's friend Suryanarayana, where he meets Radhika, Suryanarayana's daughter. Radhika befriends Ram and learns about his problems. When Radhika proposes to Ram, he rejects her, but later accepts after seeing her willingness to sacrifice herself for him. A series of comedic sequences ensues in which Ram clears Soorappa and Shetty's misunderstandings and happily marries Radhika.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Ram/Dr. Mahesh
*[[Aditi Prabhudeva]] as Ramya Shetty
*Megha Shetty as Dr. Rakshitha
*[[Rachana Inder]] as Radhika
*[[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|legislator]] Surappa
*[[Achyuth Kumar]] as Ram's father
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Garuda
*[[Archana Kottige]] as Rashmika
*[[Shobaraj]] as Shetty
*[[Rangayana Raghu]] as Suryanarayana: Ram's father's friend and realtor
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]]
*[[P. Ravishankar]] as [[Inspector]] Annaiah
*[[Kuri Prathap]] as a compounder
*[[Aravind Bolar]] as a priest
*[[Chitkala Biradar]]
*[[Dingri Nagaraj]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Aniruddha Jatkar]] as Dr. Prem: Dr. Rakshitha's husband
*[[Yashas Surya]]
}}

== Production ==
The film began production in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/09/ganesh-to-go-trible-riding-for-his-next-15952.html|title=Ganesh to go ‘Trible Riding’ for his next|work=Cinema Express|date=9 December 2019|accessdate=26 April 2026}}</ref> Aditi Prabhudeva, Megha Shetty and Rachana Inder were announced as the three heroines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/nov/09/aditi-prabhudeva-becomes-third-heroine-to-take-up-ganeshs-tribble-riding-2221158.html|title=Aditi Prabhudeva becomes third heroine to take up Ganesh’s Tribble Riding|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The first schedule was held at Mysuru in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/ganesh-megha-shetty-triple-riding-first-schedule-in-mysuru-650765|title=Ganesh-Megha Shetty Triple Riding First Schedule In Mysuru|date=11 October 2020|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> The film was shot in Bangalore, Chikkamagalore and Sakaleshpur.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/golden-star-ganeshs-triple-riding-first-look-on-ugadi-681360|title=Golden Star Ganesh's Triple Riding First Look On Ugadi|date=12 April 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs are composed by [[Sai Karthik]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/sep/19/yatta-yatta-from-tribble-riding-has-caught-up-among-listeners-34801.html|title=Yatta Yatta from Tribble Riding has caught up among listeners|date=19 September 2022|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
*"Yatta Yatta" - [[Chandan Shetty]], [[Mangli]]
*"Sotheya Hrudaya" - [[Anuradha Bhat]]
*"Ee Hosa Sudina" - [[Anuradha Bhat]]
*"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star" - [[Vijay Prakash]]
*"Nijave Athava" - [[Sonu Nigam]]
*"Triple Riding Theme Music 1" - N/A
*"Triple Riding Theme Music 2" - Sai Karthik

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Y. Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Triple Riding'' would have been better had the director reduced the duration of the movie by at least 15 minutes."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/triple-riding-kannada-movie-review-just-a-series-of-entertaining-events/articleshow/95811136.cms|title=Triple Riding (Kannada) Movie Review: Just a series of entertaining events|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=28 November 2022|first=Y. Maheshwara|last=Reddy}}</ref> Harish Basavarajaiah of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "For those who love comedy films, this would be a perfect weekend treat."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/triple-riding/movie-review/95768723.cms|title=Triple Riding Movie Review : A perfect comic treat for the weekend|date=25 November 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Basavarajaiah|first=Harish}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Tribble Riding is a tasteful comedy entertainer and an equally good romance. Interestingly this fun film has an underline message too."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/nov/26/tribble-riding-movie-review-ganesh-shines-in-this-tasteful-comedy-2522355.html|title='Tribble Riding' movie review: Ganesh shines in this tasteful comedy|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=26 November 2022}}</ref> M. V. Vivek of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Triple Riding is a film that makes you go numb with its sheer lack of freshness."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-terribly-outdated-film-1165807.html|title=A terribly outdated film|first=Vivek|last=M. V.|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=26 November 2022}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "This is a ride that you may want to miss. Triple Riding is an offence, you see!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/triple-riding-review-ganesh-leads-cringe-fest-that-lacks-imagination/b2e5c47361795|title=Triple Riding review: Ganesh leads cringe-fest that lacks imagination|last=Joy|first=Prathibha|work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]|date=25 November 2022}}</ref> Muralidhara Khajane of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "It is unfortunate that in the name of appeasing fans, filmmakers write scripts like these that offer stars nothing new to experiment with."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/triple-riding-kannada-movie-review-a-lacklustre-entertainer-aimed-to-appease-ganeshs-fans/article66182995.ece|title='Triple Riding' Kannada movie review: A lacklustre entertainer aimed to appease Ganesh's fans|date=25 November 2022|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Khajane|first=Muralidhara}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt14773976}}

[[Category:2022 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]

Sikh art

2026-04-24T07:34:04Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: New!

{{Short description|none}}
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Equestrian portrait of Guru Gobind Singh attended upon by a Nihang.jpg
| header = Sikh art
| footer = Sikh artwork and artefacts from different periods and styles.
| image2 = The Cosmic Lotus Mahakala and the Ten Sikh Gurus.jpg
| image3 = Frescoes containing Gurmukhi calligraphy in tondo sourced from Sikh scriptures above the arches of windows located within the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar, by Gian Singh Naqqash 02.jpg
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 335
| perrow = 2
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| image4 = Detailed example of calligraphic Gurmukhi (Anandpur Lipi) in the hand of Guru Gobind Singh, from a manuscript held in the Bhai Rupa Collection.jpg
| image5 = Details of an entrance at Gurudwara Tarn Taran Sahib, Amritsar (cropped).jpg
| image6 = 19th century depiction of a Sikh woman from a Haveli 2.jpg
| image7 = Embroidery on a shawl from Punjab 01.jpg
| image8 = Banda Bahadur the Sikh Warrior ,.JPG
}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
{{History of art sidebar}}
{{Indian art}}

'''Sikh art''', also known as the '''Sikh School<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamboj |first=B. P. |title=Early Wall Painting of Garhwal |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=2003 |isbn=9788173871399 |pages=107}}</ref>''', is the artwork created by or associated with [[Sikhs]] and [[Sikhism]]. Sikh artwork exists in many forms, such as miniature, oil, and watercolour paintings, murals, and wood carvings. The first Sikh artists were influenced by the Pahari and Mughal schools, however the ushering in of European influences during the colonial-age would transform Sikh art by adopting Western methods and tastes for artwork.

== Terminology and categories ==
In 19th century Punjab, there were two main types of artists: musawirs and naqqashas.<ref name=":211">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |pages=46–53}}</ref> They worked independently of one another and focused on different spheres, with their styles, materials, and techniques differing from one another.<ref name=":211" />

=== Musawirs ===
The ''Musawirs'' were painters who drew animated objects.<ref name=":211" /> Some artists who specialized in this field were Kishan Singh and Chajju, Imam Bakhsh, and Mohammad Bakhsh.<ref name=":211" /> The musawir artists relied on their own memory to reproduce an artistic depiction of someone.<ref name=":211" /> One method they used was going out into the bazaars to observe people and then returning to their studio to paint the people they witnessed using their recollection.<ref name=":211" /> Their works would be sold to patrons, displayed within havelis or religious sites, or be gifted to nobles and rulers as momentos.<ref name=":211" /> Some of the figuratives depicted by them include Sikh nobility, saints, or commonfolk.<ref name=":211" />

=== Naqqash ===
The word 'naqqash' is equivalent to the meaning of ''chitrakar'', and means "decorator" or "illuminator" and refers to a painter or artist who specialized in decoration, illumination, calligraphy, and ornamentation work of addresses, letter-heads, ''nikah-namahs'', ''idis'', ''janam-patris'', and related documents.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Maneet |date=28 November 2018 |title=Mohrakashi and the Naqqashes of Harmandir Sahib - Module |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/mohrakashi-and-the-naqqashes-of-harmandir-sahib-0 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Maneet |date=5 December 2018 |title=Mohrakashi and the Naqqashes of Harmandir Sahib - Overview |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/mohrakashi-and-the-naqqashes-of-harmandir-sahib |website=Sahapedia}}</ref><ref name=":211" /> Naqqash artists were employed to illuminate Perso-Arabic manuscripts, ornamentation of addresses, letter heads, ''nikah-namahs'' (marriage certificates), ''idis, janam patris'' (horoscopes) and other kinds of records, and the embellishment of calligraphy.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":102"/> It was common for illuminators to also be able to work as calligraphists.<ref name=":211" /> The Sikh school of naqqash was initially influenced by Muslim and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavist]] Naqqash artists since the initial ones employed to work at the Harmandir Sahib complex during the beautification project by Ranjit Singh were of this background.<ref name=":9" /> Some Naqqashi artists belonged to a familial lineage of artists whilst others had been trained specifically by an existing naqqashi master as a pupil.<ref name=":102"/> There existed Naqqashi guilds and also ''ustad-shagird'' (teacher-disciple) groups.<ref name=":102"/> Training Naqqashi pupils mastered their art by developing "... a vocabulary both through experience and imagination".<ref name=":102"/> Guild supervisors or the master (in the case of a master-pupil grouping) would also offer suggestions to further beautify the end-result.<ref name=":102"/> A Naqqashi artist's mastery of the art form depended upon the number of years he had been training and his own comprehension of forms, style, pattern, colour application.<ref name=":102"/> A Naqqash's capacity to transform to physical art relied upon their grasp of literary sources, daily observations, and manual skills to showcase the language of visual art.<ref name=":102"/>

== Prominent artisan families ==
The Naqqash artists often were linked to each-other by family bonds, an example being the household of Kehar Singh.<ref name=":20" /> The families were known as ''gharanas''.<ref name=":211" /> The places and streets the artisan families lived and work in became known after them.<ref name=":211" /> Kehar Singh had two nephews who pursued a career in the arts, them being Kishan Singh and Bishan Singh.<ref name=":20" /> Bishan Singh had two sons who became artists, Nihal Singh and Jawahar Singh.<ref name=":20" />

Some of the prominent Sikh artisan lineages, along with prominent members, are as follows (with the lineages often being connected to each-other through marriage):<ref name=":211" />

# Lineage of Bhai Amir Singh Naqqash (Amir Singh → Rood Singh → Ganesha Singh → Hakim Gurcharan Singh)<ref name=":211" />
# Lineage of Bhai Ambir Singh (Ambir Singh → Kehar Singh and Ram Singh)<ref name=":211" />
# Lineage of Sangat Singh (Sangat Singh → Bishan Singh and Kishan Singh)<ref name=":211" />
# Lineage of Charan Singh (Charan Singh → Gian Singh → Sohan Singh)<ref name=":211" />

The lineages of Amir Singh, Ambir Singh, and Sangat Singh were connected through marriage and blood, therefore they can be collectively grouped together and referred to as the "Kehar Singh-Kishan Singh" family.<ref name=":211" /><gallery mode="packed" caption="Prominent Sikh artists">
File:Portrait of the Sikh artist Kehar Singh.jpg|[[Kehar Singh (artist)|Kehar Singh]]
File:Portrait of the Sikh artist Kishan Singh.jpg|[[Kishan Singh (artist)|Kishan Singh]]
File:Self-portrait by artist Baba Bishan Singh.jpg|[[Bishan Singh (artist)|Bishan Singh]]
File:Portrait of the Sikh artist Kapur Singh.jpg|[[Kapur Singh (artist)|Kapur Singh]]
File:Portrait of the Sikh artist Mahant Ishar Singh Naqqash.jpg|[[Ishar Singh (artist)|Ishar Singh]]
File:Portrait of the Sikh artist Jaimal Singh Naqqash.jpg|Jaimal Singh
File:Portrait of the Sikh artist Mehtab Singh Naqqash.jpg|Mehtab Singh
</gallery>

There were also non-Sikh lineages who played a role in developing Punjabi arts, such as the Chughtai family, whom were Muslim.<ref name=":211" /> Additionally, the Hindu family of Purkhu-Nain Sukh also worked for Sikh courts.<ref name=":211" /> Furthermore, there were independent artists who did not come from artisan families.<ref name=":211" />

The following ''[[Mahallah|mohallas]]'' (district, quarter, ward, or neighborhood) of Lahore were known centres of operation for artists in the historical period:

# Kharadi Mohallah (located near Mohallah Rehmat Ullah)<ref name=":211" />
# Chauhatta Mufti Bakir<ref name=":211" />
# Masjid Wazir Khan<ref name=":211" />
# Gumti Bazaar<ref name=":211" />
# Kucha Naqqashan (located within Lahori Mandi)<ref name=":211" />
# Mohallah Chabuk Sawaran<ref name=":211" />

== History ==

=== Origin ===
[[File:Artistically_designed_folios_from_the_Goindwal_Pothi_of_the_Pinjore_recension.jpg|thumb|Artistically [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] folios from a Goindwal ''Pothi'' of the Pinjore recension, late 16th century. It is one of the earliest surviving examples of Sikh art]]
The earliest extant Sikh artwork appear in scriptural texts in the decoratively designed opening folios of the ''Goindwal pothi'', dated to the third quarter of the 16th century during the period of Guru [[Guru Amar Das|Amar Das]].<ref name=":02">Malhotra, Karamjit K. “Professor J.S. Grewal Prize: In Search of Early Sikh Art.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 71, 2010, pp. 397–408. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|44147507}}. Accessed 12 Dec. 2022.</ref> The scripture compiled by Guru Arjan in 1604, known as the ''Kartarpur Bir'', features extensive illumination artwork, with its opening folio extensively illuminated in blue and gold.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":20">{{Cite journal |last1=Kaur |first1=Sukhandeep |last2=Viranjan |first2=Ram |date=January–June 2023 |title=A Historical Overview of Emergence and Development of Sikh Art in Punjab |url=https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/Arts-Journal/ShodhKosh/article/download/293/408/3680 |journal=ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=389–402 |doi=10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.293 |eissn=2582-7472|doi-access=free }}</ref> Later on, the Sikh gurus produced calligraphic [[Gurmukhi]] autographs of the [[Mul Mantar]] known as ''nishans'', those belonging to gurus [[Guru Arjan|Arjan]], [[Guru Hargobind|Hargobind]], [[Guru Har Rai|Har Rai]], [[Guru Tegh Bahadur|Tegh Bahadur]], and [[Guru Gobind Singh|Gobind Singh]] have been identified and dated between 1600 and 1708.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite book |last=Ikeda |first=Atsushi |title=Portraying the Guru: Art, Devotion and Identity in Sikhism |date=Sep 24, 2024 |publisher=Boydell & Brewer |isbn=9781837652389 |pages=43}}</ref> The written orders of the later gurus known as ''[[hukamnama]]s'', were also decorated and inscribed with a calligraphic style. B.N. Goswamy argues that painting in the Punjab goes back to the 16th century and became influenced by the Mughal school in the early half of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Goswamy, B. N. |title=Piety and splendour : Sikh heritage in art : National Museum, New Delhi, 2000 |date=2000 |publisher=National Museum |oclc=1195745832}}</ref>

There exists a reference to a painter arriving at Ramdaspur (Amritsar) for the purpose of creating a portrait of Guru Hargobind.<ref name=":02" /> Within the ''Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi'' text, there is an account of two [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhan]] painters (a father and son) creating a painting of Guru Hargobind that the guru had commissioned them to do himself:<ref name=":04">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Painting of Guru Hargobind |url=https://manglacharan.com/1718+Gurbilas+Patshahi+Chevi/Painting+of+Guru+Hargobind |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref><ref name=":042">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jvala |title=Painting of Guru Hargobind (2) |url=https://manglacharan.com/1718+Gurbilas+Patshahi+Chevi/Painting+of+Guru+Hargobind+(2) |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=Manglacharan}}</ref>

{{Verse translation|ਨਖ ਸਿਖ ਰੂਪ ਨਿਹਾਰਿ ਕੈ ਦਯਾਸਿੰਧੁ ਕਰਤਾਰ ।⁣⁣
ਮੂਰਤਿ ਲਿਖਿ ਮਮ ਦੀਜੀਏ ਕੀਜੈ ਪਰਉਪਕਾਰੁ ।੪੮੪।⁣⁣
ਦੇਖ ਪ੍ਰਭੂ ਮਨਿ ਹਰਖ ਕੈ ਨਖ ਸਿਖ ਰੂਪ ਸੁਧਾਰ । ⁣⁣
ਹੈ ਨੀਰਜ ਜਸ ਤਸ ਲਿਖੀ ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਪਰ ਅਪਾਰ ।੫੦੦।⁣⁣
ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ ਜਾਨੋ ਨਿਰਧਾਰ । ਬਿਧੀ ਚੰਦ ਕੀ ਅੰਸ ਉਦਾਰ ।⁣⁣
ਮੂਰਤਿ ਅਬ ਤਕ ਤਿਹ ਢਿਗ ਅਹੈ । ਕਰਿ ਦਰਸ਼ਨੁ ਮਨ ਬਾਂਛਤ ਲਹੈ ।੫੦੪।⁣⁣|[[Bidhi Chand]] said to the Sikh painters "Look at the Ocean of Compassion, the Creator Guru Hargobind carefully from head to toe, and then draw their form, do this great task and give it to me."⁣⁣
Looking at the full portrait painting the Guru was greatly pleased, the Guru and his horse looked so gorgeous, like a lotus flower, its beauty was indescribable! ⁣⁣
Bhagat Singh, the author, says with confidence that this painting can even today be found, held by the descendants of the famed Bidhi Chand, one can see it as one pleases. ⁣⁣|lang1=pa|attr1=Bhagat Singh (1718), ''Gurbilas Chhevin Patshahi'' (chapter 20)|attr2=Jvala Singh (English translation)}}

When Guru Tegh Bahadur arrived in Dhaka during his travels through the Bengal region in the latter half of the 1660s, Ahsan, the court-painter of [[Shaista Khan]], prepared a painting of him.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anurag |date=28 May 2015 |title=Historicity of Guru Tegh Bahadur's Painting |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/historicity-guru-tegh-bahadurs-painting |access-date=25 August 2024 |website=SikhNet}}</ref> An account of this can be found both in the ''Mahima Prakash'' (1778) by Sarup Das Bhalla and the ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'' (early 1840s) by [[Kavi Santokh Singh]].<ref name=":10" />

{{Blockquote|text=Mother (of Bulaki Das) brought the renowned royal painter. The royal painter prepared the portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the holy presence of the Guru. The entire portrait along with the apparel, worn by the Guru, was prepared by the royal painter, except the radiant face of the Guru. Sensing the helplessness of the painter, the compassionate Guru got hold of the painter's brush and completed the self-portrait with his own hand. Then the Guru presented his portrait to the old lady (mother of Bhai Bulaki Das).|author=Sarup Das Bhalla|title=''Mahima Prakash''|source=verses 17–18, page 719}}

In the ''Roopa-lekha'' commissioned by [[Baba Ram Rai|Ram Rai]], the eldest son of Har Rai, there exists portraits of the Sikh gurus from Nanak to Har Rai by a Mughal artist.<ref name=":02" /> This work was completed before 1688, the year that Ram Rai died, perhaps specifically in 1685.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":26">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies |last2=Fenech |first2=Louis E. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=9780199699308 |pages=423–429 |chapter=Sikh Art}}</ref> Various contemporary paintings of Guru Gobind Singh dating to the late 1600s gives evidence of accomplished artists of the time working under Sikh patronage.<ref name=":0">Malhotra, Karamjit K. “Professor J.S. Grewal Prize: IN SEARCH OF EARLY SIKH ART.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 71, 2010, pp. 397–408. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|44147507}}. Accessed 12 Dec. 2022.</ref> The Sikh school of painting is an amalgamation of both the [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] and [[Pahari painting|Pahari]] (with special regard to the [[Kangra painting|Kangra]] style) schools.<ref name=":3" />

Prior to the rise of the [[Misl|Sikh Confederacy]], there existed three main schools of painting in northwestern India at the time: the Mughal School, the [[Rajput painting|Rajput School]], and the Kangra School.<ref name=":20" />

=== Sikh Empire and other states ===
[[File:Painting of a royal procession of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on an elephant followed by sons Kharak Singh and Sher Singh on horseback, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of a royal procession of Maharaja Ranjit Singh on an elephant followed by sons Kharak Singh and Sher Singh on horseback. Opaque pigments and gold on paper, within an inner golden border and an outer ivory border. Probably by a royal court artist of the Punjab rulers. Lahore School and Sikh School, Punjab, 19th century.]]
The establishment of the [[Sikh Empire]], and the increased wealth and stability in the Punjab as a result, drew many artists from the [[Hill States of India|Hill States]] in the Punjab Hills region to work under Sikh [[patronage]], leading to greater influence and infusions from the Pahari school into the Sikh school.<ref name=":3" /> During the reign of [[Ranjit Singh]], the artistic expressions of ''jaratkari'' (inlaid stone and [[mosaic]] work), ''mohrakashi'' ([[fresco]]es), ''tukri'' (mirrors and [[Cut glass|cut-glass]] work), ''gach'' (gypsum and [[stucco]] work) and gold embossing reached new heights.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bagga |first=Neeraj |date=29 December 2019 |title=Peep into splendid artworks in India, Pak gurdwaras |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/peep-into-splendid-artworks-in-india-pak-gurdwaras-18764 |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref> There were also developments made during the reign of the Sikh Empire in miniature painting, ivory-work, book illustrations, and frescoes.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Kanwal |date=July–December 2015 |title=Miniature Painters as Historiographers |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/9-Kanwal_V28_no2.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=124–132}}</ref> Paintings created during Sikh-rule can be divided into general categories: portraits, court scenes, equestrian figures, religious themes, and domestic scenes.<ref name=":62" /> Most of the individuals depicted in the works were Sikh royals and nobles, as they were the patrons of the artists and wished to have their likeness replicated.<ref name=":62" /> Artists operating in the Punjab in this era could be roughly divided into two groups: Pahari emigres and homegrown Punjabi artists.<ref name=":210">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |pages=27}}</ref> Prior to the reign of Ranjit Singh, artists from the Chughtai family dominated the local Punjabi art-scene, as they had been attached to the Mughal court for quite some time going back generations.<ref name=":211" /> However, the Chughtais started working under Sikh patronage when Sikh-rule ushered in.<ref name=":211" /> Painting in the Sikh Empire is marked by an emphasis and preponderance with portraiture in-particular.<ref name=":42">{{Cite book |last=Aijazuddin |first=F. S. |title=Pahari Paintings and Sikh Portraits in the Lahore Museum |publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet |year=1977 |isbn=9780856670299 |pages=xxvii–xxviii |chapter=Introduction}}</ref>

During the reign of Ranjit Singh, he oversaw over 700 Sikh shrines being decorated with artwork (including paintings).<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Sikh Art and Architecture - Paintings |url=https://canadiansikhheritage.ca/art-and-architecture/ |website=Canadian Sikh Heritage}}</ref> Ranjit Singh conquered the Kangra region, including Guler and Sujanpur Tira.<ref name=":20" /> This conquest of major Kangra centres of art precipitated Kangra artists arriving in the Punjab plains and Sikh court, where they would receive royal patronage.<ref name=":20" /> Kotla, a centre of Hill Rajput art, was also brought under Sikh writ, which followed with its local artists painting for Sikh patrons and helping develop and establish a Sikh School of art.<ref name=":20" />

In the 19th century, artists originally from Jaipur and Alwar were active in Patiala.<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=25 October 2020 |title=The little-known artists from region |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/the-little-known-artists-from-region-160869 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125021956/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/the-little-known-artists-from-region-160869 |archive-date=25 November 2020 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> Many painters and artisans originally from the Punjabi Hills (or Pahari regions) found employment in the Lahore Durbar and the courts of other states across the region of [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] (all part of the Punjab Plains).<ref name=":17" /> One of the artists who found work in the ''[[Durbar (court)|Durbar]]'' of [[Patiala State]] or another [[Phulkian dynasty|Phulkian]] state was Ganga Ram.<ref name=":17" /> He may have painted portraits of prominent members and officials of the Patiala court.<ref name=":17" />

[[Punjabi Sikhs|Punjabi Sikh]] forays into art were mostly limited to wall paintings decorating the walls of religious sites up until the early 19th century.<ref name=":022">Hardgrave, R. L. (1996). An Early Portrayal of the Sikhs: Two 18th Century Etchings by Baltazard Solvyns. ''International Journal of Punjab Studies'', ''3''(2), 213-27. Accessed via: https://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/sikhs.html</ref> Miniature painting depicting Hindu religious scenes and themes was popular in the [[Hill States of India|Punjab Hills]] amongst the various [[Rajput]] states.<ref name=":022" /> Between 1810 and 1830, the Sikhs began to commission these Pahari artists to paint Sikh subjects and settings, mostly Sikh royalty and nobility.<ref name=":022" /> With the increasing influence and control the Sikh Empire enacted over the Punjab Hills region, local Pahari painters began to work for Sikh patronage, especially during the periods of Sikh governorship over [[Kangra State|Kangra]] from 1809 onwards and [[Guler State|Guler]] from 1813 onwards under the governorship of [[Desa Singh Majithia]], [[Lehna Singh Majithia]], and [[Sher Singh|Raja Sher Singh]].<ref name=":42" /> The Pahari painters began this relationship with their newfound Sikh patrons by painting Sikh gurus, later they delved into depicting particular Sikh rulers and officials.<ref name=":42" /> Ranjit Singh himself is said to have disliked portraiture depicting himself, apparently due to his unattractive appearance.<ref name=":42" /> However, Ranjit Singh did maintain a company of artists at his court, perhaps to appease some exuberant members of the Sikh court.<ref name=":42" /> In January 1836, Baron Hugel visited the Sikh court and was met with a local artist that the court had sent to draw his uniform, with Hugel praising the artistic skills of the artist.<ref name=":42" /> Hugel also reported that Hari Singh Nalwa owned a collection of paintings, including one depicting the tale of Nalwa slaughtering a tiger.<ref name=":42" /> In March 1837, [[Godfrey Vigne]] tried without success to draw a portrait of Ranjit Singh, with Vigne stating the following:<ref name=":42" />
{{Blockquote|text="By persevering in my request, Runjit at length allowed me to attempt his portrait in full durbar. When I first asked him I was at Lahore, in company with Baron Hugel. He coloured, smiled, and replied, "To-morrow, at Amritsir!" which was only an oriental mode of refusing, as he had no idea of going to Amritsir. I again respectfully urged the request, "No! No!"' he said, "I am an old man. Take his picture," pointing to Heera Sing; "He is young and handsome." This, however, I never did, as it would have looked too much like flattery to his master. Had I been obsequious enough to have given Runjit two eyes, he would probably have made no objection; and when he did sit to me, he was constantly turning away, so as to conceal his blind side."|author=Godfrey Thomas Vigne (1842)|source=page 274}}[[File:Painting of Bharpur Singh of Nabha State with an artist, peering at his reflection in a mirror, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Bharpur Singh of Nabha State with an artist, peering at his reflection in a mirror, circa 19th century]]
After Sikhs came into increasing contact with Europeans after 1830, the main influence on Punjabi Sikh art shifted from Pahari styles and methods to European ones.<ref name=":022" /> The Punjabi form and localization of [[Company style|Company paintings]] would be born from this increased interaction between European and Punjabi artists.<ref name=":022" /> Thus, Pahari-influenced traditional miniature paintings began to be surmounted by European-influenced Company school paintings.<ref name=":022" /> Lahori and Amritsari artists increasingly abandoned using the traditional Indic medium of [[gouache]] for [[Watercolor painting|watercolour]] techniques.<ref name=":022" /> The Company school was less-developed in Punjab and Kashmir as compared to other regions of India by this time as the Sikh Empire was only annexed by the British in 1849, meaning European and Western artistic influences were mostly introduced at a later date compared to other areas of the subcontinent which were annexed years earlier.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Desvergnes |first=Amélie Couvrat |date=22 December 2022 |title=Change of Posture and Materials Among Nineteenth-Century South Asian Painters |url=https://amelieconservation.com/2022/12/26/change-of-posture-and-materials-in-nineteenth-century-south-asian-painters/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Amélie Conservation}}</ref>
[[File:Equestrian painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, titled 'Randjiit Sing Baadour, Roi de Lahore', by Alfred de Dreux, 1838.jpg|thumb|Equestrian painting of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire, titled 'Randjiit Sing Baadour, Roi de Lahore', by [[Alfred de Dreux]], 1838. A French flag can be seen in the background to the right. Kept in the Louvre Museum. Originally commissioned by Jean-Baptiste Ventura and presented to King Louis-Philippe of France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Lot 240: Maharajah Ranjit Singh on horseback holding a bow, accompanied by an attendant holding a parasol |url=https://www.bonhams.com/auction/26017/lot/240/maharajah-ranjit-singh-on-horseback-holding-a-bow-accompanied-by-an-attendant-holding-a-parasol-after-alfred-dedreux-french-1810-60-the-original-painting-dated-1838/ |access-date=2 February 2025 |website=Bonhams}}</ref>]]
In 1838–39, a British visitor hired local Punjabi artists to produce pictures covering the various kinds of inhabitants of northern India using British-supplied paper and bound into an album.<ref name=":022" /> Images of the Sikh royals and military were documented in these British-patronized local paintings.<ref name=":022" /> Many Europeans were employed by the Lahore Durbar, such as the Frenchman [[Jean-François Allard]], and were sponsors of the local arts.<ref name=":022" /> A few European artists who visited the Sikh court of Lahore and left a deep impact on the local art were: [[Godfrey Vigne|G. T. Vigne]] (visited in 1837), William G. Osborne (visited in 1838), [[Emily Eden]] (visited in 1838 alongside her brother), and [[August Schoefft]] (arrived in 1841).<ref name=":022" /> Eden had a large impact, as her published work ''Portraits of the Princes and People of India'' (which included lithographic depictions of Sikhs and Punjabis) was a big success and many copies of the work made their way to Punjab where they ended up giving further shape to the emerging Punjabi Company School.<ref name=":022" /> Schoefft spent over a year in Punjab painting various local scenes and subjects.<ref name=":022" /> During the Anglo-Sikh Wars, many of the British officials and soldiers who made their way to Punjab were artists.<ref name=":022" /> An example is Henry Lawrence, who painted local residents of various walks of life.<ref name=":022" /> Many Indian artists who followed the Company school were hired to paint Punjabi subjects and settings.<ref name=":022" />

In Punjab, the work of an artist at the time was considered lowly by the feudal lords, thus most of the active and prominent artists of the period drew from the lower castes, such as [[Tarkhan (Punjab)|Tarkhans]] (carpenters), [[Lohar (caste)|Lohars]] (blacksmiths), [[Sunar|Sonars]] (goldsmiths), or [[Julaha]] (weaver) castes, however some were from [[Brahmin]] or [[Chughtai]] backgrounds.<ref name=":29">{{Cite book |last=Srivastava |first=R. P. |title=Punjab Painting |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1983 |isbn=9788170171744 |pages=14, 35}}</ref> Sikh artists during this era drew almost entirely from the [[Ramgarhia]] (carpenters and blacksmiths) caste.<ref name=":29" /> Patrons of religious sites carried-out the beautification of their premises through ''begar'' (bonded labour) of the artists.<ref name=":29" /> Names of prominent artists during the period of the Sikh Empire include Hukama Singh, Muhammad Bakhsh, Kehar Singh, Jivan Ram, Abdullah Painter, Muhammad Azeem, Mian Noor Muhammad, Kishan Singh, Bishan Singh, Lal Singh, Hira Singh, Habib Ullah, Qazi Lutfullah, and many more.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Kanwal |date=July–December 2015 |title=Miniature Painters as Historiographers |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/9-Kanwal_V28_no2.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=124–132}}</ref>
[[File:Kehar Singh, the court artist of Lahore and Kapurthala states, seated against a bolster, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|Kehar Singh, the court artist of Lahore and Kapurthala states, seated against a bolster, circa 19th century]]
Baba Kehar Singh Musawar was a prominent artist of the Sikh Naqqashi school of art and helped innovate it.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13" /> He also worked on adornment work.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Bhai Bishan Singh (1836–1900), another Sikh artist, was both the pupil and nephew of Kehar Singh.''<ref name=":102"/>''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=G.S. Sohan |title=Bhai Gian Singh Naqash |url=http://art-heritage.com/bhai-gian-singh-naqash/ |website=G.S. Sohan Singh Artist Memorial Trust (art-heritage.com)}}</ref> Bishan Singh was skilled in arabesque and was responsible for the commencement of fresh and bright brush strokes.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Bishan Singh also was the art teacher of his two sons, Nihal Singh and Jawahar Singh.''<ref name=":102"/>'' They painted natural and realistic figuratives, such as flora or fauna, rather than fantastical or mythological-based elements.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Nihal Singh was the instructor of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash, the last of the traditional Sikh muralists.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Jawahar Singh, the other son of Bishan Singh, also served as a later instructor of Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash.''<ref name=":102"/>''

Some names of artists who were prominent in [[Floral design|floral decoration]] were Rudh Singh, Amir Singh, Ganesh Singh, Gian Singh, Kapur Singh, Puran Singh, Aroor Singh, and Bhai Gian Singh Naqqash.<ref name=":9" />

Maharaja Sher Singh, unlike his father Ranjit Singh, was interested in portraiture and enjoyed being depicted in them, with Sher Singh having been a handsome man and possessing an attractive personality.<ref name=":42" /> Von Orlich visited the Sikh court in 1842 during the reign of Sher Singh and noted the following:<ref name=":42" />

{{Blockquote|text="On occasions of this kind, it is customary for the Indian nobles to bring the artist attached to the court to take portraits of those present. The painter of Shere Singh was, therefore, incessantly occupied in sketching with a black lead pencil those likenesses which were afterwards to be copied in water colours, in order that they might adorn the walls of the royal palace; and some were admirably executed. I was among the honoured few, and the artist was very particular in making a faithful representation of my uniform and my hat and feathers."|author=Von Orlich (1845)|source=pages 206–207}}

After the assassination of Maharaja Sher Singh, patronage of artists by the Sikh court and rulers continued during the reign of the child-monarch, [[Duleep Singh|Maharaja Duleep Singh]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Kanwal |date=July–December 2015 |title=Miniature Painters as Historiographers |url=https://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/HistoryPStudies/PDF-FILES/9-Kanwal_V28_no2.pdf |journal=Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=124–132}}</ref><ref name=":42" /> Around the time of the British annexation of the Sikh Empire, John Login noted the following regarding paintings of Duleep Singh's court:<ref name=":42" />

{{Blockquote|text="The little Maharajah has been collecting for me drawings and paintings done by his best painters. Some are very curious and interesting indeed, representing domestic life in the Punjab, and various trades and professions. He has also selected authentic likenesses of the great chiefs and men of note."|author=John Login (1890)|source=page 160}}By this time, the 19th century miniature painters tended to produce facsimiles of the paintings of earlier artists to sell based upon their likeness to the earlier works, with original works being less-common than before, thus originality started to decline.<ref name=":42" />

=== Colonial period ===
After the British annexed the Punjab and adjacent regions in the aftermath of the Second Anglo-Sikh war, traditional Indian artistic methods saw a period of decline, being replaced gradually by European methods.<ref name=":28">{{Cite web |last=Desvergnes |first=Amélie Couvrat |date=19 May 2020 |title=A Forthcoming Conservation and Research Project on Pahari and Punjabi Drawings and Paintings From the Volkenkunde Museum in Leiden |url=https://amelieconservation.com/2020/05/19/a-forthcoming-conservation-and-research-project-on-pahari-and-punjabi-drawings-and-paintings-from-the-volkenkunde-museum-in-leiden/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=Amélie Conservation}}</ref> This is attributed to the British taking control over the local administration, economy, and supply chains, with the locally manufactured products and traditional handicrafts not being able to compete with the imported English goods.<ref name=":28" /> This led to local artists procuring abandoning local supplies for imported ones, such as English paper, with these imported products being of diverse qualities that were cheap and easily available but not always durable and sympathetic.<ref name=":28" /> Furthermore, local artists shifted to meet the demands and tastes of Europeans, rather than local Indian patrons.<ref name=":28" /> Many local Indian patrons themselves were shifting to a more European-like taste and affinity for art, as they became attracted by Western imagery and styles.<ref name=":28" /> This led to a Europeanization of local Punjabi art after the annexation by the British.<ref name=":28" /> The unique Sikh style of artwork that had been developed and cultivated under Sikh-rule continued until the 1860s.<ref name=":62" />
[[File:A bookseller with Sikh religious prints and posters, Amritsar, circa 1908.jpg|thumb|A bookseller with Sikh religious prints and posters, Amritsar, circa 1908]]
When the Sikh Empire was annexed in 1849, local Punjabi artists working in the Company style created works based upon stock sets for the purpose of selling them to European tourists in the local bazaars.<ref name=":022" /> These Punjabi paintings geared towards a European audience depicted "Sikh rulers, heroes, occupations, and costumes".<ref name=":022" /> Traditional Sikh art suffered greatly with the establishment of the Mayo School of Art in Lahore (present-day [[National College of Arts|National College of Art]]) in 1875–76.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram & Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=38–43 |chapter=9. Wood Carving in Punjab and Haryana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kapoor |first=D.S. |date=31 July 2022 |title=Mayo to Government College of Art |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/mayo-to-government-college-of-art-417263 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> Native students at the school were instructed in western styles rather than indigenous ones, which led to the decline of the native techniques and methods.<ref name=":25" /> The local artists were instructed to create works that suit "... European tastes and requirements".<ref name=":25" /> Similar trends of deteriorating Indian art traditions and cultures could be observed in the same period at Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, where Western art was given more importance than indigenous Indic arts.<ref name=":25" />

The Chughtai family shifted from working under Sikh patronage to British patronage with the annexation of Punjab.<ref name=":211" /> Kapur Singh had a son named Sardul Singh, whom was an esteemed painter and photographer of Amritsar active around the year 1900.<ref name=":17" />
[[File:A group of Punjabi painters and artisans photographed in 1911.jpg|thumb|Group of Punjabi painters and artisans photographed in 1911]]
By the early 20th century, Amritsar and Lahore emerged as the main centres of Sikh art production.<ref name=":20" /> Many prominent artists of this time period include Hussain Baksh, Mohammad Alam, K.C. Aryan, Abdul Rahman Chugtai, Mala Ram, Sri Ram, Allah, Bakhsh, S.G. Thakar Singh, Sobha Singh, Hari Singh, Ishwar Singh, Master Gurdit Singh, Kirpal Singh, Jaswant Singh, G.S. Bansal.<ref name=":20" /> According to Baijnath Aryan, the Sikh and Hindu [[Bazaar|bazār]] folk painters of the Amritsari bazār school were poor, thus they did not have the funds to procure mineral and stone colours for their artistic creations, instead they relied upon aniline colours and would sit without shops or studios on the roadside in Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Pallavi |date=3 January 2019 |title=Culled from the collection of painter KC Aryan, an exhibition portrays the myriad depictions of Hanuman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/kc-aryan-hanuman-ramayana-paintings-exhibition-mysore-jodhpur-indira-gandhi-national-centre-for-arts-and-culture-5520663/ |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

The partition of Punjab in 1947 had a devastating impact on its arts.<ref name=":20" /> Sikh and Hindu artists had to leave their ancestral homelands, especially in Lahore, due to the upheaval, with many settling in unfamiliar areas such as Bombay or Delhi.<ref name=":20" />

[[G.S. Sohan Singh]], son of Gian Singh, was a popular and prominent Sikh artist of the 20th century.<ref name=":21">{{Cite news |date=2 January 2023 |title=Book on city-based artist GS Sohan Singh released |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/book-on-city-based-artist-gs-sohan-singh-released-466920 |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref> Sohan Singh painted various themes, such as portraits of Sikh religious and historical figures, Hindu deities, Sikh sites, and scenes of historical events.<ref name=":21" />[[File:Painter Sobha Singh 2001 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Sobha Singh was a prominent 20th century Sikh painter]][[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]] was another popular 20th century painter, whom was heavily influenced by Western artwork.<ref name=":24">{{Cite news |last=Parihar |first=Subhash |date=22 April 2007 |title=A people's artist |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070422/spectrum/main2.htm |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=Sobha Singh (1901 - 1986) |url=https://dagworld.com/sobhasingh.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Delhi Art Gallery (dagworld.com)}}</ref> He painted on various subjects, such as Sikh gurus.<ref name=":24" /><ref name=":33" /> His most well-known works include portraits of the first and tenth Sikh gurus, which can commonly be found adorning the walls of Sikh homes.<ref name=":24" /> Another popular work of his was a rendition depicting the lovers [[Sohni Mahiwal|Sohni and Mahiwal]], from the Punjabi folklore of the same name.<ref name=":24" /> Many of his works were reproduced as [[calendar art]].<ref name=":24" />

=== Present ===
Sikh art is the third largest collection in the subcontinent after [[Hindu art|Hindu]] and [[Islamic art]] but it remains severely under-studied and under-appreciated in academia.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Vidya |date=13 March 2019 |title=Sikh art has been underestimated in both Western and South Asian academia |url=https://www.sikhfoundation.org/sikh-art-has-been-underestimated-in-both-western-and-south-asian-academia-a-conversation-with-atsushi-ikeda-2/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Sikh Foundation International |language=en}}</ref> [[The Singh Twins]] are a pair producing Sikh artwork in the present-day.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mirani |first=Leo |date=2010-11-18 |title=Sister act: the Singh Twins |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/nov/18/singh-sisters-artists-identity |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-05 |title=The Singh Twins Take Us Through Their Intricate Canvases {{!}} Verve Magazine |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/singh-twins-amrit-and-rabindra-kaur-singh-miniature-artists |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.vervemagazine.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Jatinder Singh Durhailay is a modern artist who has revived the traditional Sikh style of miniature paintings.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D’Souza |first=Petrina |date=11 April 2018 |title=Jatinder Singh Durhailay: Highlighting Sikh Culture through Art |url=https://www.darpanmagazine.com/people/spotlights/jatinder-singh-durhailay-highlighting-sikh-culture-through-art/ |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Darpan Magazine}}</ref> Gurpreet Singh Mankoo is a modern artist painting in the traditional Sikh muralist style.<ref name=":9" />

Many modern Sikh and Punjabi paintings are recreations of earlier, popular works rather than being entirely original.<ref name=":24" />

== Manuscript ==
[[File:Sri Guru Granth Sahib Nishan.jpg|thumb|Illuminated Adi Granth folio with ''nishan'' of Guru Gobind Singh. The manuscript is of the Lahore recension, late 17th to early 18th century.]]
[[Illuminated manuscript|Illustrated and illuminated manuscripts]] form a large corpus of Sikh art.<ref name=":20" /> It is perhaps the earliest evidence of Sikh intrigues into the world of art.<ref name=":20" /> However, not much is currently known about the artists, scribes, and patrons of this field of historical Sikh artwork.<ref name=":26" />

Researcher Jeevan Singh Deol divides Sikh manuscriptural artwork into three categories:<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":92" />

# Early manuscripts with ''nishans''{{Efn|The word ''nishan'' (also spelt as ''nisan'') comes from a Persian word meaning "sign" or "emblem". In the Sikh tradition, it is used to refer to the signature or autograph of a highly-reputed religious figure, such as a Sikh guru.|group=note}}''<ref name=":26" />''
# ''Minakari'' or ''bel buta'' – manuscripts with illumination or floral adornment''<ref name=":26" />''
# Illustrated manuscripts – manuscripts with illustrations''<ref name=":26" />''

Sikh manuscript art was influenced early-on in the early 17th century by the Islamicate art traditions.<ref name=":20" /> This influence led to elaborate and intricate geometric designs in the early 17th century Sikh manuscript works.<ref name=":20" /> By the later 17th century, the geometric designs which characterized earlier written works of the precursory period were replaced with floral motifs and designs.<ref name=":20" /> The issued ''[[Hukamnama]]s'' (edicts) and signed ''Nishans'' (signature of a Sikh guru by scribing the ''[[Mul Mantar]]'') of the human guru-period contained illuminations and illustrations with both geometric and floral motifs.<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":92" /> Nishans were commonly appended to the opening folios of early Sikh scriptural manuscripts, consisting of the handwritten signature of a Sikh guru on a piece of paper.<ref name=":92" /> Sectarian groups, such as the [[Mina (Sikhism)|Minas]], also produced illustrated manuscripts.<ref name=":92" /> By the late 18th century, Kashmiri-style manuscript painting became prevalent amongst the Sikhs and were circulated around the Punjab.<ref name=":20" /> The mid-to-late 18th century Kashmir-style manuscript art is characterized by "luminous work's vine and floral adornment characteristic".<ref name=":20" /> During the reign of Ranjit Singh, many manuscripts of Sikh scriptures were illuminated and written with gold, manuscripts illuminated in such a manner are known as a ''sunehri bir'' ("golden volume").''<ref name=":26" />''[[File:Sikh manuscript 11.jpg|thumb|Sikh manuscript painting]]
[[File:Akal Ustat from the 1765 "Patna Missal" Dasam Granth Manuscript.jpg|thumb|Akal Ustat from the 1765 "Patna Missal" Dasam Granth Manuscript]]
Due to the lack of printing press technology, copies of Sikh scriptures were meticously carried out manually by-hand of a scribe.<ref name=":20" /> Completing such a task of writing an entire scripture could take months or even years.<ref name=":20" /> Many artists would decorate these handwritten manuscripts through the use of imitation work with calligraphic font with precise focus on even a single letter.<ref name=":20" /> Either or both the drawing lines and margin lines were adorned by artists in some corpuses.<ref name=":20" /> On certain folios throughout a volume, there could exist manuscript paintings depicting Sikh gurus.<ref name=":20" /> On other pages, there could exist text with roundels containing portraits of Sikh religious figures (usually gurus) surrounding the body of text.<ref name=":20" /> Oftentimes there is an elaborately and artistically designed border surrounding the body of text, these borders may contain floral motifs overlaid on various coloured backgrounds and surroundings within the border.<ref name=":20" /> Whilst Islamic illumination works usually showcase geometric patterns with blue and gold, Sikh illumination can differ, with one surviving example of illumination being a floral design with yellow, gold, and blue.<ref name=":20" />

Presentations of the ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' composition within a decorated manuscript could vary by how the work was written.<ref name=":20" />

The art of preparing illustrated and illuminated manuscripts of scriptures died-out amongst Sikhs at the end of the 19th century due to the introduction of the printing-press, which replaced the practice and patronization of handwriting manuscripts.<ref name=":26" /> According to Jeevan Singh Deol, the illuminated and illustrated manuscript tradition died out in the second quarter of the 19th century due it being supplanted by lithography and type-printing, which replaced artists and illustrators.<ref name=":92" />

=== Janamsakhi ===
{{Further|Janamsakhis}}
[[File:Guru Nanak engaged in an interfaith dialogue, Janamsakhi painting.jpg|thumb|Guru Nanak engaged in an interfaith dialogue, Janamsakhi painting.]]
The Janamsakhi literature produced was often elaborately illustrated with paintings on the folios, each depicting a life story of the first Guru.<ref name=":6">Atsushi Ikeda (2020) Early Sikh imagery in Janam-sakhi painting: A comparison of the B-40, the Guler and the Unbound set, Sikh Formations, 16:3, 244-268, {{doi|10.1080/17448727.2019.1702836}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur |date=2023-04-18 |title=Janamsakhis and Sikh Art |url=https://articulate.org.in/janamsakhis-and-sikh-art/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |website=Articulate |language=en-US}}</ref> It is one of the earliest sources of Sikh art.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>Kaur, T. (2017). Art (Sikhism). In: Mandair, AP.S. (eds) Sikhism. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer, Dordrecht. {{doi|10.1007/978-94-024-0846-1_516}}</ref> Composition of illustrated Janamsakhi series of manuscripts flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref name=":20" /> Alongside hagiographical accounts of the life of the first guru, Nanak, written mostly in Gurmukhi script, they also contained paintings illustrating supposed events from his life.<ref name=":20" /> The paintings of the Bhai Bala tradition of Janamsakhis was influenced by [[Sufism|Sufi]] stylisms.<ref name=":20" /> Guru Nanak is often depicted between the boundaries of Hinduism and Islam, which can be deduced with special regard and attention made to his attire in the paintings.<ref name=":20" />

The earliest illustrated Janamsakhi manuscripts are as follows:<ref name=":6" />

* A manuscript of the Bhai Bala tradition held in the private collection of P. N. Kapoor of Delhi, containing 29 illustrations, dated to 1658<ref name=":6" />
* A manuscript called the Bagharian manuscript, containing 42 illustrations, dated to 1724<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":20" />
* A manuscript called the B40 manuscript, containing 57 paintings out of 231 folios in-total, dated to 1733.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":20" /> The patron, artist, and scribe of this work is known.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":20" />

The art of illustrated Janamsakhi manuscripts declined following the introduction of the printing press in Punjab during the 1870s.<ref name=":6" />

== Miniatures, oil paintings, watercolours, and portraitures ==
{{Main|Sikh painting}}
Sikh [[miniature painting (disambiguation)|miniature painting]] was derived from the [[Pahari painting|Pahari school of painting]].<ref name=":22" /> Many Sikh paintings tend to depict rajas, nobles and courtiers but there also works showing common folks going about their daily professions or way-of-life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randhawa |first=M.S. |title=Indian Miniature Painting Section |url=http://chdmuseum.nic.in/art_gallery/indian_miniature_painting.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413050937/http://chdmuseum.nic.in/art_gallery/indian_miniature_painting.html |archive-date=13 April 2017 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh}}</ref>

Portraiture is believed to have commenced during the guruship period of Guru Hargobind, continuing until the guruship of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":20" /> As the court of the Sikh gurus grew in importance, so did its attraction to painters.<ref name=":20" /> A Lahori painter by the name of Allah Bakhsh painted based on themes from the life of Krishna, incorporating mystical motifs, aesthetically pleasing colour selection, and fine craftsmanship.<ref name=":20" />

Maharaja Ranjit Singh had invited European artists into his realm, perhaps as a means to develop cordial relations with the British.<ref name=":20" /> These arriving European artists would introduce their foreign techniques and styles to the Indic painting landscape, which led to the local artists becoming influenced by them, with some natives outright adopting European styles of painting.<ref name=":20" /> Their cheaper methods of producing portraiture work which was uptaken by local Indians would lead to the developing of the later Bazaar School.<ref name=":20" /> Some European artists would work within the Sikh state and shortly after its annexation into the Company Raj include [[August Schoefft|August Theodore Schoefft]], [[Emily Eden]], Baron Hugel, Helen, and [[William Carpenter (painter)|William Carpenter]].<ref name=":20" /> Ranjit Singh is said to have disfavoured portraiture due to his physical disfigurement from smallpox and other handicaps.''<ref name=":26" />'' However, despite the reigning monarch having a personal distate to being painted in the form of portraiture, some works of his likeness were still produced.<ref name=":20" /> These surviving portraits of the Sikh ruler were done by Delhite, Jodhpuri, Pahari, and a few European painters.<ref name=":20" /> During the rule of the Sikh Empire, particular importance was placed on portraiture.<ref name=":20" /> Emily Eden recounted that Ranjit Singh responded positively when she gifted him a portrait she made of [[Queen Victoria]].''<ref name=":26" />''
[[File:“Akalees (Akalis)”, from "Portraits of the Princes and People of India”, by Emily Eden, 1844.png|thumb|“Akalees (Akalis)”, from "Portraits of the Princes and People of India”, by Emily Eden, 1844, chromolithograph]]
August Schoefft introduced the method of large-sized, oil painting to the Punjabi landscape, which led to slight influences on this works produced in this final period of Sikh rule.<ref name=":20" /> Schoefft had arrived to the Sikh court during the reign of Maharaja Sher Singh, where he remained for about a year's time painting portraitures.<ref name=":20" /> Emily Eden, another European artist, had also travelled to the Punjab during the height of the Sikh Empire and created works depicting many of the people and places she witnessed on her journey.<ref name=":20" /> Among her works include a rare portraiture drawing of Ranjit Singh seated cross-legged in a chair, with the work showing some influence from traditional Indian art styles, this drawing was later painted by L. Dickinson.<ref name=":20" /> Thus, the paintings during the reign of Ranjit Singh incorporated both local and foreign methods and stylisms.<ref name=":20" /> William Carpenter would produce various watercolours of local Sikh scenes shortly after the colonization of the Sikh territory.<ref name=":20" />
[[File:'A Couple Carrying Water Pitchers', by Kehar Singh, Punjab, circa 19th century.jpg|thumb|'A Couple Carrying Water Pitchers', by Kehar Singh, Punjab, circa 19th century. Toor Collection.]]
Oil painting by local Punjabi and Sikh artists can perhaps be traced back to the 1830s and attributed to the artists Jeevan Ram and Hasn-al-Din.<ref name=":20" /> Both had been in the entourage of William Bentinck, whereupon thereafter they came to develop a preference for bigger-sized oil paintings over the small, traditional miniature paintings local to the region.<ref name=":20" /> Among prominent local artists of Ranjit Singh's state, the names of Imam Bakhash, Kishan Singh, and Bishan Singh are to be noted.<ref name=":20" /> All three of them had worked in the Kangra-Sikh style of painting.<ref name=":20" />

Imam Bakhsh of Lahore executed commissions for the Europeans employed by the Sikh Empire's military, such as [[Claude Auguste Court|Claude-Auguste Court]], [[Jean-François Allard|Jean-Francois Allard]], and [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]], however no known self-portraits of Imam Bakhsh have come-to-light.<ref name=":27" />

Kishan Singh was skilled in illustration magnifying designs whereas his brother Bishan Singh was talented in depicting courtly ''[[Durbar (court)|durbar]]'' scenery.<ref name=":20" /> One of the most important of the court painters of Ranjit Singh was Kehar Singh, who had no equal in importance.<ref name=":20" /> Both Kehar Singh and Kapur Singh would depict everyday life scenes of the local populace, such as different occupational workers in varying crafts and trades.<ref name=":20" /> As to Kehar Singh's work, there was European influence on the effects of light and shade in his art pieces.<ref name=":20" />

Kishan Singh was a Sikh artist who had been employed by royal courts located in Amritsar, Kapurthala, and Lahore.<ref name=":20" /> Whilst working in Lahore, Kishan Singh helped facilitate the arrival of other artists.<ref name=":20" /> Kishan's son, Kapur Singh, also rose to become an accomplished artist in his own right.<ref name=":20" /> Kapur Singh closely observed the European painters whilst he was in Kapurthala, and made detailed note of their usage of oil painting procedures.<ref name=":20" /> After observing the foreign artists, Kapur Singh would adopt their techniques of oil and watercolour painting and become a master in it himself.<ref name=":20" /> However, Kapur also delved in producing miniatures.<ref name=":20" />

In Punjab during the late 19th to early 20th century, the prevailing Kangra style of painting had lost its importance and been replaced with a newer form of painting called the Bazaar School, which was similar to Western and folk art.<ref name=":20" /> The Bazaar School would produce works showcasing Indic mythological and historical themes and motifs in the form of Calendar art.<ref name=":20" /> In the 20th century, local artists were producing works of normal landscapes of the region, mythology, epics, and legends.<ref name=":20" /> Sikh artists by that point were employing lithography and woodcut method to produce popular Sikh pictorial artwork.<ref name=":20" /> Prior to the introduction of the printing press, indulgence in painting was relegated to the sole domain of the rich due to its expense.<ref name=":20" /> After the printing press' introduction to the Sikhs, the common masses were able to luxuriate in paintings through woodcut and lithograph-based art which could be cheaply mass-produced in comparison to the traditional art methods of the past.<ref name=":20" />

== Murals ==
[[File:Fresco depicting Guru Nanak in-discussion with Nath Yogis from Akhara Bala Nand in Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting Guru Nanak in-discussion with Nath Yogis from Akhara Bala Nand in Amritsar. Many prominent Nath Yogis are identified with Gurmukhi inscriptions in the artwork.]]
The art of mural painting dates back to ancient times in India, with early surviving specimens being the [[Ajanta Caves|Ajanta Caves' frescoes]].<ref name=":20" /> There exists very old murals within the Punjab region itself, with an extant example being the wall paintings of the [[Lahore Fort]], commissioned during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor Akbar.<ref name=":20" /> Even though Islam is [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]], many Islamic patrons of the art of murals existed, which helped develop the artform in the Punjab.<ref name=":20" /> However, Islamic murals focused on floral motifs with less attention paid to figuratives of humans and other animals.<ref name=":20" /> Sikh [[Mural|wall paintings]] (known as ''mohra-kashi'' in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) started gaining popularity in the 18th century and flourished during the 19th century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Bakshi |first1=Artika Aurora |last2=Dhillon |first2=Ganeev Kaur |title=The Mural Arts of Panjab |url=https://nishaannagaara.com/the-mural-arts-of-panjab/ |access-date=2023-05-26 |website=Nishaan Nagaara Magazine}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |others=Tribune News Service |date=22 May 2022 |title=Workshop on traditional art of frescoes under way in Nandpur Guler fort |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/workshop-on-traditional-art-of-frescoes-under-way-in-guler-fort-397197}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> However, very few works of this form are extant in the modern era due to them being destroyed by renovations.<ref name=":3" /> In the past, murals covered the walls of important buildings, such as [[gurdwara]]s, [[Samadhi (shrine)|samadhis]], [[Dera (organization)|deras]], and [[akhara]]s.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> Residential structures, such as [[haveli]]s, [[Dharamshala (type of building)|dharamshalas]], and bungas, were also plastered with [[fresco]] works.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
[[File:Baba Atal Frescoes.webm|thumb|Baba Atal Frescoes in Amritsar]]
''Naqqashi'' muralists developed their own lingo and vernacular terms to differentiate their various themes and designs.<ref name=":255">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram & Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=56–62 |chapter=13. Art and Architecture of the Golden Temple}}</ref> The most prominent design category was referred to as ''Dehin,'' which is described as "a medium of expression of the imaginative study of the artist's own creation of idealized forms".<ref name=":255"/> The base of dehin is known as ''Gharwanjh''.<ref name=":255"/> Gharwanjh is a "decorative device involving knotted grapples between animals".<ref name=":255"/> The gharwanjh designs of the Golden Temple features cobras, lions, and elephants holding one another or carrying floral vases which feature fruit and fairies as decoration.<ref name=":255"/> The decorative border of the dehin is known as ''Patta'', usually utilizing creepers for its design.<ref name=":255"/> Furthermore, some dehin feature designs incorporating aquatic creatures.<ref name=":255"/>

Themes and patterns of floral and foliage designs are prominent in Sikh murals.<ref name=":4" /> Geometry was an important consideration in the Sikh art of mohrakashi.<ref name=":102"/> Thick brush strokes were used by the mohrakashi artists.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Brushes made of goat hair and between 1 and 5 and squirrel hair brushes between 1 and 4 were used by the traditional Sikh muralists.<ref name=":102"/> Earthly colours were produced for the purpose of withstanding the lime.<ref name=":102"/> Animal motifs, such as representations of peacocks, tigers, deer, and other creatures, were used to "accentuate the substantial regional essence of the painting".<ref name=":20" />

The oldest extant Sikh mural art works are the ones found painted on the walls of Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib in [[Bahadurgarh]], dated between 1670 and 1720, and the samadh of Bhai Dalla, located near Takht Damdama Sahib in [[Talwandi Sabo]], dated between 1710 and 1740.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aryan |first=K.C. |title=Punjab Murals |publisher=Rekha Prakashan |year=1977 |isbn=9788190000246 |pages=123}}</ref> In the era of the [[Sikh Confederacy]], various leaders of the component Misls sponsored the art of murals.<ref name=":20" /> The houses of residents were decorated with murals, using lime plaster overlaid on the brickwork of the structure, depicting Sikh gurus, Sikh chieftains, or various episodes from [[History of Sikhism|Sikh history]] or Indic mythology.<ref name=":20" />

Amid the murals based on profane subjects, depictions of scenes from traditional [[Punjabi folklore]] are commonplace, such as ''[[Heer Ranjha]]'', ''[[Mirza Sahiban]]'', ''[[Sohni Mahiwal]]'', ''[[Sassui Punnhun|Sassi Pannu]]'', ''[[Layla and Majnun|Laila Majnun]]'', ''Raja Rasalu'', and more.<ref name=":253">{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram & Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=44–47 |chapter=10. Murals - Social Documents}}</ref> There are also paintings based upon traditional [[Vaar|folk ballads]], such as ''[[Puran Bhagat]]''.<ref name=":253" /> There are further depictions of various royal figures, such as [[Jind Kaur|Rani Jindan]].<ref name=":253" /> Many Punjabi wall paintings depict women and girls in the process of a variety of actions, such as feeding parrots, peacocks, or bucks.<ref name=":253" /> Women are also depicted fondling pets or writing love letters in these wall paintings.<ref name=":253" />

Usually displayed less conspicuously, there were also wall paintings depicting sexual or erotic themes.<ref name=":253" /> It was a common practice to decorate the walls of Islamic and Hindu palaces with erotic scenes.<ref name=":253" /> The Sikh royalty and nobility during the reign of the [[Sikh Empire]] had their residences embellished with these erotic wall paintings. General [[Paolo Avitabile]] had his private residence quarters decorated with figures of scantily clad dancing girls and Indic deities in the act of making love.<ref name=":253" /> At the ''Rani Mahal'' of erstwhile [[Nabha State]], there are wall paintings of couples having sex in various positions, settings, and emotions based upon the ''[[Ratirahasya|Koka Shastra]]'' treatise.<ref name=":253" /> However, it is important to note that these erotic murals were limited mostly to the areas frequented by the upper classes of the Punjabi society at the time.<ref name=":253" />[[File:Photograph of murals formerly located on the ceiling of the central dome of the Golden Temple, scenes of various Sikh gurus meeting together are depicted, Amritsar, ca.1925.jpg|thumb|Photograph of murals formerly located on the ceiling of the central dome of the Golden Temple, Amritsar, ca.1925. Scenes of various Sikh gurus meeting together are depicted. No longer extant.]]
The art of frescoes was introduced by the artist Bhai Kehar Singh Musawar under the patronage of Maharaja Ranjit Singh during the era of the Sikh Empire.''<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=30 August 2007 |title=He protected Takht podium |work=The Tribune |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com:80/2007/20070831/punjab1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711192816/http://www.tribuneindia.com:80/2007/20070831/punjab1.htm |archive-date=11 July 2009}}</ref><ref name=":23">{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=7 October 2002 |title=Restoring Takht glory |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021008/main10.htm}}</ref><ref name=":13" />'' Kehar Singh was responsible for decorating the interiors of Ranjit Singh's Lahori palace with frescoes.<ref name=":21" /> After Ranjit Singh witnessed the fine artwork of Kehar Singh, he decided to commission him for beautifying the Golden Temple shrine in [[Amritsar]] to embellish it with mural work (such as the domes, walls, and roofs).<ref name=":21" /> [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] and the Attariwalas were patrons of mural artwork.<ref name=":20" /> When Ranjit Singh invaded [[Chiniot]] in 1810, he came to learn from one of his commanders that the havelis of the region were elaborately decorated by ''mohrakashi'' (fresco) work.<ref name=":9" /> Thereafter the monarch decided, as a means of devoting himself faithfully to the shrine, to decorate the interiors of the Harmandir Sahib complex in Amritsar with naqqashi art.<ref name=":9" /> Muslim artisans from Chiniot and Faizabad were invited to participate in decorating the interior of the Sikh shrine.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":20" /> Vaishnavist artists also assisted initially.<ref name=":9" /> The beautification project was entrusted to Bhai Sant Singh.<ref name=":9" /> An example of Islamicate influence leftover from these initial Muslim Naqqash artists is the Irani motif of two or four big flowers arranged sparsely.<ref name=":102"/> Artistic specimens leftover from the impact that the initial Vaishnavist Naqqash artists can also be witnessed, such as patterns with bold flowers and leaves to portray Krishna's ''[[raslila]].<ref name=":102"/>'' As per Madanjit Kaur, whilst the Sikh School of mural painting took influences from both Islamic and Hindu traditions, it became its own tradition in its own right with its own manner of depicting and settings.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Jaspal |first=Namita |date=25 May 2017 |title=Art conservation of Sri Harmandar Saheb Ji (The Golden Temple), Amritsar, India |url=https://heritagepreservationatelier.com/2017/05/25/art-conservation-of-sri-harmandar-saheb-ji-the-golden-temple-amritsar-india/ |access-date=22 August 2023 |website=Heritage Preservation Atelier}}</ref> An example of a difference that Amritsari Sikh murals have against the Pahari murals is related to the background, where the landscape is often omitted in Amritsari murals but is an important aspect of Pahari murals.<ref name=":20" />

Names of some prominent figures who helped start and develop the Sikh mohrakashi school includes Din Mohammad, Jawahar Latuni, Dacha, Sharaf-ud-Din, Malha Ram, and others.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Due to their non-Sikh background, these Muslim or Hindu artists had to delve into [[Sikhism|Sikh philosophy]] to better match their objective when painting for Sikh settings.''<ref name=":102"/>'' Baba Kehar Singh Musawar, a Sikh artist, was an innovator in the mohrakashi school and is believed to have been the first to introduce avian (bird) designs to the frescoes.''<ref name=":102"/>'' General [[Jean-François Allard]] and General [[Jean-Baptiste Ventura]], two European men who worked in the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Sikh military]], had their personal residences decorated with a fresco depicting each in the midst of battle.<ref name=":13" />
[[File:Ceiling fresco of Surya Dev iconography from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg|thumb|Ceiling fresco of Surya Dev iconography from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar]]
Amritsar city had become an important centre for Sikh and Punjabi mural art.<ref name=":20" /> British cultural influences led to the diffusion of Western styles and other influences upon the local murals.<ref name=":20" /> Murals did not vary in popularity along religious lines, as Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims all employed the artform and were enthusiastic regarding it.<ref name=":20" /> Whilst Sikhism did not support idolatry, figures of the Sikh gurus were still depicted as figuratives within mural art by the Sikhs.<ref name=":20" /> Important Sikh shrines which were decorated with fine examples of Sikh mural artwork (besides the Golden Temple) include Gurdwara Pothimala (located in [[Guru Har Sahai|Guru Harsahai]], Firozpur), the [[Akal Takht]] (Amritsar, painted in the 19th century), [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]] (Amritsar), Gurdwara Lohgarh Sahib (Faridkot), and Gurdwara Baba Veer Singh (Amritsar).<ref name=":20" /> Another Amritsari location that was decorated with murals was the Akhara Bala Nand building, which is associated with the [[Udasi]] sect of Sikhism.<ref name=":20" /> When a juncture occurred, the murals were distributed into various panels, a similarity shared with Chamba murals.<ref name=":20" /> The mural panel would represent differing themes from one another.<ref name=":20" />
[[File:Golden temple fresco Parmeet.jpg|thumb|Frescoes within the Golden Temple in Amritsar]]
When Ranjit Singh died in 1839, the artists who worked under the beautification project of the Golden Temple complex were locally sourced instead.<ref name=":9" /> Most of the artisans and naqqashi artists who worked on the Golden Temple are unknown but one specimen of an undersigned name exists on a naqqash dating to circa 1960, revealing the work was done by a certain Atma Singh Naqqash.<ref name=":9" /> Hari Singh, himself an artist, prepared a list as per his knowledge of the artists who had once worked painting the interiors and exteriors of the Golden Temple complex, the list of twenty names includes Baba Kishan Singh, Baba Bishan Singh, Kapur Singh, Bhai Kehar Singh, Mahant Ishar Singh, Bhai Sardul Singh, Bhai Jawahar Singh, Bhai Metab Singh, Mistri Jaimal Singh, Bhai Harnam Singh, Bhai Ishar Singh, Bhai Gian Singh, Lal Singh Tarn Taran, Bhai Mangal Singh, Mistri Narain Singh, Mistri Jit Singh, Bhai Atma Singh, Baba Darja Mal, and Bhai Vir Singh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |title=Punjab: Art and Culture |publisher=Atma Ram & Sons |year=1988 |isbn=9788170430964 |pages=62}}</ref> However, the frescoes now seen to the naked eye within the Golden Temple are no longer the originals, as they have since been overpainted.<ref name=":15" /> The frescoes of the Golden Temple have been re-painted and restored several times throughout the years.<ref name=":15" /> Sometimes, white backgrounds of the original frescoes were completely repainted to cover the dirtying white background.<ref name=":15" /> Floral and avian motifs were completely painted over if the paint began flaking-off.<ref name=":15" /> Prior retouchings of the frescoes located in the ''[[Parikrama]]'' zone of the Golden Temple involved watercolours but the frescoes located on the ceilings and arches of the shrine had been carried out with a thick coat of some kind of synthetic medium.<ref name=":15" /> Up til 2013, the authorities overseeing the Golden Temple were ignorant about treating the frescoes, restoring them to their original state, nor preserving them but instead opted to repaintings and overpaintings for the most part.<ref name=":15" /> The last artist to conduct overpainting work on the murals at the shrine was Bhai Atma Singh.<ref name=":15" /> When paint was flaking-off at multiple times in history, the affected area was repainted by various artists.<ref name=":15" /> Most of the wall paintings at the Golden Temple now have protective glass covering them.<ref name=":15" />
[[File:Gurdwara Baba Atal fresco 2.jpg|thumb|Frescoes of Gurdwara Baba Atal]]
Located nearby to the Golden Temple in Amritsar is another Sikh shrine, a towering, eight-storied, octagonal-shaped complex known as Gurdwara Baba Atal.<ref name=":20" /> On the second floor of this building the walls are elaborately and profusely embellished with wall paintings depicting episodes relayed throughout the Janamsakhi literature, relating to the life of Guru Nanak.<ref name=":20" /> Events from the birth of Nanak to the successorship of Angad are displayed.<ref name=":20" /> Gurdwara Baba Atal's murals originally date to the 19th century and were painted in a bold form.<ref name=":20" />

During the height of the Amritsari mural art tradition, there existed a street in the city known as ''Gali Naquas'', where Sikh naqqash artists specializing in mohrakashi lived.<ref name=":20" /> Some prominent Sikh muralists who lived on the street were Puran Singh Mussavar and Amir Singh.<ref name=":20" /> Another Amritsari muralist, Hari Singh, had also done artwork in the city but his work had been destroyed in the partition of 1947.<ref name=":20" /> The Sikh princely states of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], [[Nabha State|Nabha]], [[Jind State|Jind]], [[Faridkot State|Faridkot]], and [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]] also patronized muralists and featured extensive mural artwork in their capitals.<ref name=":20" />

The Sikh and Punjabi mural art tradition survived into the British rule, continuing into the late 19th century and beyond.<ref name=":20" /> Whilst the art of murals fell into decline thus after, it has recently been revived by newer artists, such as Gurpreet Singh Mankoo.<ref name=":9" /> In 1985, Kanwarjit Singh Kang identified 175 sites in then Punjab that had extant mural artwork dating to the 19th century.<ref name=":9" />

=== Process of creating a mural ===
The process of producing a wall painting as per the traditional Sikh school is as follows:<ref name=":102"/><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Maneet |date=28 November 2018 |title=Process of Making Mohrakashi by Gurpreet Singh Mankoo |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/process-of-making-mohrakashi-gurpreet-singh-mankoo |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Sahapedia}}</ref>

* design or patterns on paper are first etched, which are then transferred to the wall in-question<ref name=":102"/>
* scale and proportion of the planned artwork must be harmonious with the wall's physical dimensions<ref name=":102"/>
* a ''khakaa'' (stencil or perforated tracing) is prepared based upon the pattern of the planned artwork.<ref name=":102"/> The outline of the motif is pricked with a needle to create it. Khakaas must be made using thick paper as soft-surfaced paper will not suffice in the case of prolonged use as a stencil.<ref name=":102"/>
* outline of the wall is performed by using charcoal dust with the stencil.<ref name=":102"/> The coal dust is safeguarded and transported within ''potli'' (small cloth bundles).<ref name=":102"/>
* a method termed ''pora'' is done to cure the wall in-preparation for future plastering.<ref name=":102"/> Plaster is only applied to sections of the wall that is to be painted on and the wall must be wet to achieve the desired effects.<ref name=":102"/> Improper curing of the wall, specifically the brick walls, will lead to bulges forming after the plaster dries, ruining the artwork.<ref name=":102"/> Thus, time is of the essence and artists do not have time on their side as they must carry out the work in a fast enough manner so the colours will hold onto the wall.<ref name=":102"/>
* a white khakaa stencil is placed upon the section of the plastered wall and the coal powder is spread on the stenciled wall, creating a pattern for the muralist to work upon<ref name=":102"/>
* colours are implanted within the lime-based plaster using a ''nehla'' (small wooden-handled trowel) but the plaster must remain wet to successfully do so<ref name=":102"/>
At the Golden Temple, the walls which contain frescoes are made of bricks which were baked until they turned red in-colour, which had been placed with sand-lime mortar.<ref name=":15" /> Lime was the fundamental component needed for the preparation of the surface of the brick walls for fresco painting.<ref name=":15" /> The lime was applied on wettened walls.<ref name=":15" /> The plaster was composed of slaked lime and sand was pressed into the joints of the wall and forged all throughout with a long-strip of wood (''garmala'') edgeways till it is slightly desiccated and plain.<ref name=":15" /> Once it reached that state, the next stage involved working in ''[[intonaco]]'', which is a finely grained plaster layer which covers a rougher layer called the ''arriccio''.<ref name=":15" /> Finally, as the plaster somewhat dried and became adherent, it was polished with an agate polishing stone until the surface was cast with the artwork.<ref name=":15" />

=== Colours for murals ===
Many colours were used in murals (with various methods of naturally creating each pigment), some of which are as follows:<ref name=":102"/>

* ''Desi Hiramchi'' (red oxide, oxide of iron)<ref name=":102"/>
* ''Gulzard<ref name=":102"/>''
* ''Narelh/thutheya'' (coconut shell) ink<ref name=":102"/>
* ''Sang sabj'' (green stone)<ref name=":102"/>
* ''Zardi/gacchi/gacchni'' (''multani mitti'', also known as Fuller's earth)<ref name=":102"/>
* ''Lajward'' (lapis lazuli)<ref name=":102"/>
* ''Doga'' (white marble)<ref name=":102"/>

=== Tools for mural work ===
Various tools are required for painting frescoes, such as ''Karandi'' (bricklayer's trowel or plastering trowel), ''Tasla'' (iron tasla), ''Tesi'' (belt axe), ''Chhanna'' (window mesh sieve), two variants of hand floats known locally as ''Gurmala'' (steel [flat or finishing trowel] and wood [wooden fresco hand float]), ''Patti'' (scraper), and ''Spray'' (watering spray gun).<ref name=":11" />

=== Materials needed for murals ===
Some materials needed to be purchased or prepared for painting murals are ''Keri'' (red brick dust)'', Rayh-taah'' (grey sand)'', Bhejya Chunna'' (slaked lime)'','' lime putty (such as CTS Company's ''chunna''), and ''Chhappai da kagaz'' (tracing paper).<ref name=":11" />

== Reliefs ==

=== Embossed metalworking ===
[[File:Repoussé plaque (gilded panel) depicting the ten Sikh gurus engraved in gold at Gurdwara Tarn Taran Sahib.jpg|thumb|Repoussé plaque (gilded panel) depicting the ten [[Sikh gurus]] engraved in gold at [[Gurdwara Sri Tarn Taran Sahib|Gurdwara Tarn Taran Sahib]], Punjab]]
A form of bas-relief work, known as [[Repoussé and chasing|repoussé]] plaques, using metal like brass and copper panels, were a popular form of art in the 19th and early 20th century.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |date=21 October 2007 |title=From metal to form |work=The Tribune - Spectrum |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071021/spectrum/main2.htm}}</ref> These panels were often [[Gilding|gilded]] (covered in a layer of gold).<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Robin |first=Ravinder Singh |date=8 February 2010 |title=Artisans keep copper bas-relief art alive in Amritsar |work=Sikh Net |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/artisans-keep-copper-bas-relief-art-alive-amritsar }}</ref> This form of art-craft is known in Punjabi as ''ubhar-da-kam'' (meaning "raised work"; from ''ubhar'' i.e. swelling or raising).<ref name=":2" /> Many surviving panels depicting Sikh religious figures and ''[[sakhi]]s'' remain extant and are enshrined on Sikh religious edifices, such as the [[Golden Temple]] and nearby [[Gurdwara Baba Atal|Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai]].<ref name=":2" /> The panels often also depict floral motifs and designs.<ref name=":2" /> Most of the surviving panel works in the Golden Temple are floral whilst Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai contains many figurative works.<ref name=":2" /> Embellishments were wrought into the copper or brass panels by ''[[Thathera]]'' artisans, craftsmen, or guilds, the most renowned of which were located in Kucha Fakirkhana in [[Lahore]].<ref name=":2" /> Usage of brass for artistic crafts were most popular in Rewari, Jagadhri, Amritsar, Jandiala, Phagwara, Gujranwala, Pindi Dadan Khan and Kangra in the late 19th century.<ref name=":2" /> The panels were often patronized by a devotee in the form of a donation.<ref name=":2" /> Most of the patrons and craftsmen worked and donated anonymously, however the panels at Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai contain Gurmukhi inscriptions identifying patrons, the crafting worker or guild, and date of execution of the work, a rare occurrence.<ref name=":2" /> This style of art declined once devotees started displaying their donations in the form of marble slabs being affixed to edifices instead of elaborate, expensive, and decorated gilded panels in the 20th century.<ref name=":2" /> As such, this form of art is nearly extinct at present.<ref name=":2" /> A few expert craftsmen from as little as three or four families, from the Thathera community, remain in Amritsar who have passed down the know-how on how to execute this art form of metal reliefs, though younger generations are not interested in learning the trade.<ref name=":7" />

== Inlaid ==

=== Stone ===

==== Jaratkari ====
[[File:Inlaid stone art (jaratkari) from the walls of the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar depicting floral motif designs.jpg|thumb|Inlaid stone art (jaratkari) from the walls of the Golden Temple shrine in Amritsar depicting floral motif designs]]
The art method of ''jaratkari'' (also known as ''munavat<ref name=":12" />''), comparable to ''[[pietra dura]]'' (inlaid stone design), uses various coloured stones engraved and inlaid into marble, is a common expression of art at Sikh shrines, such as at the Golden Temple.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Teja |first=Charanjit Singh |others=Sunil Kumar |date=28 November 2021 |title=Golden Temple: Artistically Gold! |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/artistically-gold-343729}}</ref> The stones were mostly sourced from Rajasthan and were of the Neelam, Nag, Surkha, Lajwart, and Kattu varieties.<ref name=":8" /> Other kinds of stones of varying colours were also used, such as ''jaratkari'', ''haqiaue'' (red and pink), ''zeharmora'' (green), ''khattu pathat'' (yellow), ''sabaz pathar'' (dark green), ''sabaz pathar nargiz'' (green), ''sang yaashap'' (green, light green, white, and blue), ''Arabic smak'' (light black) and ''sang pasham'' (light green).<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=8 October 2002 |title=Original drawings offered - Akal Takht restoration |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021009/main8.htm |access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref> The process for creating inlaid stone artwork first involves a drawing sketch of the hypothesized work.<ref name=":14" /> This conception is then transferred onto a marble slab.<ref name=":14" /> The original conceptual sketch alongside any planned colouring schemes is provided by the Naqqash (artist) to the stone-dresser so that cutting of varying coloured stones can occur.<ref name=":14" /> The required stone patterns are then emplaced on the marble slab by a ''pather-ghara''.<ref name=":14" /> The process required carefully emplacing delicate pieces of stone into the marble panel.<ref name=":14" /> ''Jaratkari'' was an art form and method which involved placing inlaid and cut stones of varying colours and types into marble.<ref name=":255"/> Surviving exemplars of jaratkari art from the Golden Temple can be found on the bottom section of the exterior walls which are encased with marble panels featuring jaratkari artwork.<ref name=":255"/> The jaratkari marble panels in this lower exterior section is classified as pietra dura and semi-precious stones, like lapis lazuli and onyx, were utilized.<ref name=":255"/> Whilst the Mughals also decorated their edifices using jaratkari and pietra dura art, what sets apart the Sikh form of the art technique from the Mughal one is that the Sikh jaratkari art form also depicts human and animal figuratives with it, something that is not found in Mughal jaratkari art.<ref name=":255"/>

==== Gach and tukri ====
''Gach'' can be described as a kind of stone or gypsum.<ref name=":255"/> Gach was transformed into a paste and used on the walls, similar in nature to lime-plaster.<ref name=":255"/> Once applied to the wall, it was decorated into shape with steel cutters and other tools.<ref name=":255"/> Sometimes the gach had coloured glass pieces placed on it, which is known as ''tukri''.<ref name=":255"/> The Shish Mahal room of the Golden Temple features many examples of tukri work.<ref name=":255"/>

=== Ivory ===
Inlaid ivory work can be witnessed on the doors of the Darshani Deori structure of the complex.<ref name=":255"/> The structure of the Darshani Deori was made of ''[[Dalbergia sissoo|shisham]]'' wood, the front of the edifice is overlaid with silverwork, including ornamated silver panels.<ref name=":255" /> The back of the structure is decorated with panels consisting of floral and geometric designs but also animal figuratives, such as deer, tigers, lions, and birds.<ref name=":255" /> Portions of the inlaid ivory had been coloured red or green, an aspect of the artwork that was praised by H.H. Cole for its harmoniousness.<ref name=":255" />

== Wood carving ==
[[File:Photograph plate titled 'PLATE IX. WINDOW OF A HOUSE AT AMRITZA.', published in 'Indian Domestic Architecture' (1885) by Lockwood de Forest.png|thumb|Photograph plate titled 'PLATE IX. WINDOW OF A HOUSE AT AMRITZA.' [Amritsar], published in 'Indian Domestic Architecture' (1885) by [[Lockwood de Forest]].]]
[[Wood carving|Wood-carving]] artwork was mostly associated with doors and window-frames, it was usually highly ornamented.<ref name=":25" /> Some wood-carvings were figurative, such as depicting Nihangs.<ref name=":25" /> These wood carvings were commonly found near the entrance facade of shrines.<ref name=":25" /> It could also be found in the front of the balconies of residential dwellings.<ref name=":25" /> Some major centres of wood carving were [[Chiniot]], [[Bhera]], and [[Rohtak]].<ref name=":25" /> Talented wood carvers could also be found at Lahore, Amritsar, Hoshiarpur, Batala, Zira, Samana, Sunam, and Hissar.<ref name=":25" /> The Sikh art of wood carving mostly died out during the colonial era.<ref name=":25" /> Most specimens of this style have disappeared due to neglect or decay except for hardy surviving specimens made out ''[[Cedrus deodara|deodar]]'' tree wood.<ref name=":25" />

== Embroidery ==
{{Further information|Phulkari}}

== Photography ==
{{Further information|Photography in India}}

=== Foreign ===
In Punjab, the first photographs were taken by colonial officials employed in the military and civil services, with foreign travellers also taking photos of Sikhs from a perspective influenced by colonialism, such as by depicting the Sikhs as a "martial race".<ref name=":32" /> Eventually, the art of photography was adopted and sponsored by the native royal elites and spread to the native population.<ref name=":32" /> According to Thacker's Indian Directory (1863–1920), there were photographic studios and dealers of photographic material in the following cities in colonial Punjab: Lahore, Shimla, Amritsar, Murree, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Jalandhar, Ambala, Sialkot, Ferozpur, and Hoshiarpur.<ref name=":32" />

Whilst the early history of the art of photography in the Punjab is shrouded in mystery, the first photographs taken of Sikhs of whom the identity of the lensman is known were snapped by [[John McCosh]], a British military surgeon employed by the East India Company who had been stationed at [[Firozpur]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite book |last1=Jacobsen |first1=Knut A. |title=Religion and Technology in India: Spaces, Practices and Authorities |last2=Myrvold |first2=Kristina |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=9781351204774 |series=Routledge South Asian Religion Series |chapter=3: Visualizing Sikh warriors, royalties, and rebels - Photography in colonial Punjab}}</ref> He snapped photographs during the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] between 1848 and 1849, some of the earliest known examples of [[war photography]] in history.<ref name=":16" /> Using [[calotype]] technology, he captured images of individual Sikh persons and notable locations within Lahore.<ref name=":16" /> In 1848, McCosh snapped a portrait photograph of the then reigning 10-year-old child monarch, Maharaja Duleep Singh of the Sikh Empire, seated on a chair in a profile pose.<ref name=":16" /> McCosh also took images of [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra|Diwan Mulraj]], a few Sikh chieftains, ''[[granthi]]s'', and the [[Samadhi of Ranjit Singh|''samadhi'' of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] (which had been erroneously captioned as a tomb).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandan |first=Amarjit Singh |date=3 September 2012 |title=The First Photo Portraiture of Sikhs & Punjabis |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=3645&cat=1 |website=SikhChic}}</ref> In November 1849, John McCosh requested permission from John Login to capture daguerreotype photographs of "all the notabilities" of the Sikh Empire, including Mul Raj who was then held at the Lahore Fort, Login politely declined and replied that McCosh did not have permission to capture photographs of the prisoners at Lahore Fort.<ref name=":42" />
[[File:Photograph of the walkway leading to the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India, circa 1880.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the walkway leading to the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India, circa 1880]]
One of the earliest photographers of the Golden Temple in Amritsar was a man by the name of Charles Waterloo Hutchinson, he clicked a photo of the site in 1856, seven years after the fall of the Sikh kingdom.<ref name=":16" /> However, none of Hutchinson's works are known to have survived till the present-day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2012 |others=Metropolitan Museum of Art |title=Approved biography for Charles Waterloo Hutchinson |url=https://luminous-lint.com/z01/photographer/Charles_Waterloo__Hutchinson/A/ |website=Luminous-Lint}}</ref> Prominent photographers and studios who captured Golden Temple and other Sikh sites in the 19th and early 20th centuries with their lens' were [[Samuel Bourne]] (1863–65), John Edward Saché (1860s), William Baker (1864–66), James Craddock (1868–70), W. G. Stretton (1870), Baker & Burke (1872), [[Bourne & Shepherd]] (1880s–90s), A. Skeen (1900), Hannah P. Adams (1906), Herbert G. Ponting (1906), [[Underwood & Underwood]] (1908), Stereo Travel Co. (1908), and H. Templar (1910).<ref name=":16" />

[[Ethnography|Ethnographic]] photographs of a Lahori Sikh man were taken by the German [[Ethnology|ethnologist]] Andreas Fedor Jagor in the late 1850s.<ref name=":16" /> Another early pioneer of photographing Sikhs was the Italian-British [[Felice Beato]], whom had been traversing the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent in the aftermath of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny of 1857]].<ref name=":16" /> Some specimens he portrayed in his photographic works include [[Nihang|Akali-Nihangs]], Sikh soldiers employed in the colonial military (such as in [[4th Horse (Hodson's Horse)|Hodson's Horse]]), and various views of the Golden Temple shrine and complex of Amritsar.<ref name=":16" /> In the 1860s, Colonel Willoughby Wallace Hooper and George Western together took several photographs of Nihangs that may have served in the irregular forces of the Nizam of Hyderabad.<ref name=":16" /> The Nihangs were popular targets for anthropometric photographs in the 19th century.<ref name=":16" /> In 1868, the Inspector General of Police in Punjab, George Hutchinson, introduced photography in jails in the region as a way to register criminals.<ref name=":16" /> In 1861, the Punjab government sent out directives to the commissioners of the divisions to submit photographs of "remarkable tribes" with "photographic likeness", thus many amateur photographers went out to snap photos in an effort to submit them for the project.<ref name=":16" /> However, the residents of Amritsar did not get photographed due to difficulties and there already being photographs of Lahoris, with Amritsaris being deemed as similar enough to the Lahoris to not warrant their own photos.<ref name=":16" /> As a result, for ''[[The People of India]]'' project, the following photographs of Sikhs, were published between 1868 and 1875:<ref name=":16" />

* ''Nanukshahee Fakir'', Bareilly, no. 123, vol. 3
* ''Oodassees'', Delhi, no. 196, vol. 4
* ''Sodhee Sikh'', Trans-Sutlej states, no. 219, vol. 4
* ''Akalee'', Lahore, no. 225, vol. 4
* ''Sikh jat'', Lahore, no. 233, vol. 5
* ''Muzbee Sikhs'', Lahore, no. 237, vol. 5
* ''Sodhee'', Lahore, no. 240, vol. 5
* ''Sikh Akali'', Sindh, no. 324, vol. 6

As the 19th century progressed, the Sikhs were viewed as a martial-race, and the British Indian Army underwent Punjabization.<ref name=":16" /> As part of this process, Sikhs in the British Indian military were photographed to represent an image of "ideal masculine warriors" for the British Empire.<ref name=":16" /> During World War I, the colonial administration used photography as a means of propaganda amongst the Sikhs, such as by producing photographs of Sikh soldiers carrying the Guru Granth Sahib on the backdrop of the conflict and other staged scenes.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book |title=Religion and Technology in India: Spaces, Practices and Authorities |date=Jan 15, 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781351204774 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=5 Visualizing Sikh warriors, royalties, and rebels: Photography in colonial Punjab |editor-last2=Myrvold |editor-first2=Kristina}}</ref> However, many authentic photos of Sikh serving in the war were taken by amateur photographist soldiers who snuck in pocket cameras.<ref name=":32" /> After the events of [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh]] in 1919 and [[Akali movement|Guru Ka Bagh]] in 1922, photography became a medium to challenge the British authority in India, with photography by [[Narayan Vinayak Virkar]] (in 1919) and [[Ariel Varges]] (in 1922) disproving official accounts of certain events, fueling the Indian nationalist movement.<ref name=":32" /> Later, after the trial and execution of [[Bhagat Singh]], photographs of him were widely spread and attained a cult-like status amongst the populace, being shared more than images of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] were.<ref name=":32" />

=== Native ===
There are examples of early adoption of photography by Sikhs, with surviving images of families, gurdwaras, religious leaders, ceremonies, associations, and other captures.<ref name=":32" /> These photographs were usually meant to capture specific moments in-times in a casual manner rather than being artistic or commercial items.<ref name=":32" /> The Sikh princely-states combined the arts of photography with traditional miniature painting to increase their local appeal.<ref name=":32" />

Native interest in the art of photography can be traced early-on, with Maharaja Duleep Singh taking an interest in photography since his exile from Punjab to England in 1854, often taking photographs of friends, family, and acquaintances at various events and locations over the years.<ref name=":16" /> Duleep and his family would pose for photographs from famous European photographers, such as Antoine Claudet, John Mayall, and John W. Clarke.<ref name=":16" /> Another early example is the Raja of Chamba in the [[Hill States of India|Punjab Hills]] in the 1860s.<ref name=":16" /> According to Samuel Borne in 1866, the Raja of [[Chamba State|Chamba]] had procured a camera and other photographic equipment, which they called ''masalas'' (spices).<ref name=":16" /> Traditional miniature portraiture had long been present in Punjab and realistic portraiture increased in popularity with Sikh artists in the early 19th century, thus photography was adopted by the Sikhs for portrait making of dignatories, which was [[Hand-colouring of photographs|used with painting]] to beautify the photos.<ref name=":16" /> With the introduction of albumen print in the 1850s and the ability to produce paper copies from glass negatives, it became a custom for royals to have photographs taken when they visited places that had photographic studios.<ref name=":16" /> Thus, portraits taken during these visits would be posted on hardboard in the form of larger cabinet cards or smaller visiting cards, known as ''carte de visites''.<ref name=":16" /> By the 1860s, these cards started being published and included in albums by Bourne & Shepherd in Shimla and Baker & Company in Peshawar, Murree, and Rawalpindi.<ref name=":16" /> In the 1870s, the Sikh rulers of the states of Faridkot, Nabha, and Patiala, were posing for Bourne & Shepherd photographs while wearing courtly clothing.<ref name=":16" />

The Sikh royals' patronage of miniature painting continued in an altered form after the introduction of photography, as now the sitter for a painting could just have their photo taken and the artist creating a painting based on that photo, rather than an actual sitter.<ref name=":16" /> Thus, many paintings of Sikh royals in the late 19th century, such as from the states of Patiala, Nabha, and Kapurthala, were created in this manner of being originally based on photos of the depicted person.<ref name=":16" /> Another new custom that arose was the painting of photographs.<ref name=":16" /> Initially, this consisted of tinting and painting daguerrotypes to improve their visual quality but later-on it was done for aesthetic purposes.<ref name=":16" /> Sometimes, photographs were so heavily painted that they essentially became paintings, such as the 1892 photograph of Balbir Singh of Faridkot by John Blees that was deeply embellished via watercolour to such a degree that the image's "photographic dimension and depth became flat".<ref name=":16" /> With this relationship between photography and painting amongst the Sikhs, many of the early Sikh pioneers in photography were from artistic-backgrounds, such as Kapur Singh of Kapurthala, who was one of the first painters in the region to learn photography.<ref name=":16" /> One of the largest patrons of photography was Nabha State, who patronized artists/photographers for photographs, painted-photos, and paintings based on photographs.<ref name=":16" /> Nabha State took an early-interest in the emerging technology of photography and Lal Singh Musawir, originally trained as a miniaturist for the state, delved into photography.<ref name=":110" /><ref name=":16" /> With this increased demand, many photographic studios based in Bombay, Calcutta, Shimla, and Lahore contended with each other for commissions by asserting themselves as being "photographic artists" that provided those services.<ref name=":16" />

From the 1870s onwards to the close of the 19th century, photography in Punjab ceased to be relegated only to the royals, with other classes and sections of the society, such as members of the royal court, Sikh scholars, religious specialists, and other important figures, beginning to engage in photography, often via colonial and aristocratic patronage.<ref name=":16" /> In the 1880s, [[Umrao Singh Sher-Gil]] of the [[Majithia family]] took-up photography and developed his own style of portraiture.<ref name=":16" /> Until the 1880s, photography in India utilized the collodian wet plate process required long exposure times and immediate processing of the photographic material, requiring the usage of chemicals, developing tents, and glass plates, thus there was not much mass adoption of photography amongst the Punjabi masses due to it being an laborious process.<ref name=":16" /> With the introduction of the Kodak system in the late 1880s, it made photography much easier via photographic film, portable cameras, and machine-coated papers, thus allowing the technology to spread amongst the population more readily, creating a new group of amateur photographers.<ref name=":16" /> In the 1891 census, 2,024 persons in Punjab recorded themselves as being painters or photographers, with around 45% of them being females.<ref name=":16" /> From the 1890s onwards, photo-postcards were mass-produced, boosting portraiture.<ref name=":16" />
[[File:Photograph of a Sikh patriarch and his family, Punjab, ca.1890's.jpg|thumb|Photograph of a Sikh patriarch and his family, Punjab, ca.1890's]]
[[Dhanna Singh (photographer)|Dhanna Singh]] was an amateur Sikh photographer who would take pictures of various Sikh landmarks whilst touring various religious places on his bicycle, referring to himself as a "cycle yatru" ("cycle pilgrim").<ref name=":32" /> Dhanna Singh was employed as a driver of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala and set-about on his photographic, cycling tours, with his first-tour taking place in the 1920s and his last tour in the 1930s, with him travelling 25,000 miles on his bicycle and taking hundreds of photographs of historical gurdwaras and other locations in the process.<ref name=":32" /> His photographs were rediscovered and popularized by the Panjab Digital Library.<ref name=":32" />
[[File:Sushil Kaur. Manila. 1946.jpg|thumb|[[Selfie]] photograph taken by Sushil Kaur, Manila, the Philippines, 1946. From the Amarjit Singh Chandan Collection.]]
The Central Sikh Museum in Amritsar hosts many photographs of Sikhs who were killed during Operation Blue Star in 1984, displaying both photos of them alive and after death to show the contrast between the two states of being.<ref name=":32" /> The museum also hosts paintings of Sikh figures that are heavily influenced by the 19th century practice of realistic portraiture based upon photography.<ref name=":32" /> Furthermore, photographs of the Akal Takht when it was damaged in Blue Star and after it was reconstructed are displayed together to show the rejuvenation of Sikh power.<ref name=":32" />

In the modern-age, photographs of Sikh religious leaders, ancestors, and [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyrs]] decorate the walls of many Sikh homes, shops, and institutions.<ref name=":32" />

== Videography ==
[[File:Film footage of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, by Roger Dumas, circa November–December 1927.webm|thumb|Film footage of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, by Roger Dumas, circa November–December 1927]]
Between 1927 and 1928, Roger Dumas (1891–1972) of ''[[The Archives of the Planet]]'' project took films in Punjab, including of Amritsar (including of the Golden Temple), Kapurthala, Patiala, and Rampur.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Colonial Documentary Film in South and South-East Asia |date=Dec 5, 2016 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=9781474407212 |editor-last=Aitken |editor-first=Ian |pages=220–221 |chapter=French Elitist Representations of Colonial India}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
[[File:Photograph_from_1902_of_a_mural_from_Harmandir_Sahib.jpg|thumb|Photograph from 1902 of a [[mural]] depicting a Sikh warrior on horseback from the wall of the [[Golden Temple|Harmandir Sahib]] ''[[prakaram]]''. It is no longer extant]]
Many priceless Sikh heritage sites (including their [[Sikh architecture|architecture]] and artwork) have been destroyed or altered beyond recognition under the guise of ''[[Sevā|"kar seva"]]'' renovations by various institutions and groups in recent-times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walia |first=Varinder |date=1 December 2005 |title=The Rich Life of an Artist Who Was a Pauper |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051201/aplus.htm#1 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gurnam |date=2021-04-21 |title=Who's really destroying Sikh heritage? |url=https://asiasamachar.com/2021/04/21/37425/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Asia Samachar |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=I. P. |last2=Rana |first2=Yudhvir |date=August 23, 2021 |title=Sikhs wake up late to the loss of religious heritage |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/sikhs-wake-up-late-to-the-loss-of-religious-heritage/articleshow/85548603.cms |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2003 |title=Frescos of Hindu gods whitewashed |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030727/main5.htm |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2003 |title=Kar seva to gild Akal Takht domes |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030402/main10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108184140/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030402/main10.htm |archive-date=8 November 2005 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh, India}}</ref> An example of these haphazard and destructive renovations is an incident involving some of the [[fresco]]es at [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]], which were replaced with bathroom tiles and plaster by kar seva groups.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Teja |first=Charanjit Singh |date=29 March 2021 |title=Guru's legacy muralled on wall in Gurdwara Baba Attal Rai |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/arts/gurus-legacy-muralled-on-wall-in-gurdwara-baba-attal-rai-231518 |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> At some point, painted walls fell out of fashion in the Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana and were thus replaced by whitewashing them to create distempered walls.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |last=Kang |first=Kanwarjit Singh |date=26 August 2007 |title=Krishna Lila in Murals |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070826/spectrum/main2.htm |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> Many are also defaced by visitors who vandalize them with writing.<ref name=":19" /> Many groups are rushing to digitize what remains for posterity before they are lost, such as [[Panjab Digital Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2019 |title=Digital library to preserve legacy of Punjabi folk art |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/digital-library-to-preserve-legacy-of-punjabi-folk-art-821864 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2017 |title=Digitisation of Coins |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/digitisation-of-coins-451741 |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Tribune, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2018-12-19 |title=In Punjab, a library's silent digital revolution is preserving the state's heritage |url=https://theprint.in/statedraft/in-punjab-a-librarys-silent-digital-revolution-is-preserving-the-states-heritage/166089/ |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=“Gone are the bazaars and the roads that lead to Harmandir Sahib. The old buildings, built in the Sikh architectural style, with frescoes, have been broken down. In their place, are plazas and modern buildings that are made to superficially resemble them. But very few people understand the gravity of loss. These buildings will never compare to the ones that were demolished. The frescoes on them will never be as spellbinding and awe-inspiring as the ones that were painted by the masters of years gone. The style is the same, but the techniques used have changed.”|author=Satpal Danish, grandson of [[Gian Singh Naqqash ]](last surviving master of traditional Sikh mural painting)<ref name=":3" />}}[[Kanwarjit Singh Kang]] is a documenter of Sikh art, who has amassed a vast collection of 40,000 photographs of Punjabi wall paintings he has taken throughout his career.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Anandita |date=22 June 2007 |title=Clicking Culture - Punjab's ancient walls form the canvas for this photographer's creativity |work=The Tribune |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070622/ttlife1.htm |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref> He has published many books analyzing the context of various murals he has captured with his camera.<ref name=":18" />

[[Shahid Shabbir]] is a Pakistani who has documented countless Sikh heritage sites (most often neglected, dilapidated, or abandoned) located in his country, including their extant artwork and architecture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aslam |first=Irfan |date=28 May 2019 |title=Narowal haveli has nothing to do with Baba Guru Nanak |work=Dawn |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1485007/narowal-haveli-has-nothing-to-do-with-baba-guru-nanak |access-date=28 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |date=18 September 2015 |title=Research Into Sikh Heritage in Pakistan – Shahid Shabbir (aka Baba Ji) |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/research-sikh-heritage-pakistan-shahid-shabbir-aka-baba-ji |access-date=28 August 2023 |website=Sikh Net}}</ref>

== Reception by Sikhs ==
During the Singh Sabha movement, some orthodox elements, such as the Tat Khalsa, questioned portrayals of the Sikh gurus in art, as they argued these images would be susceptible to iconography, with this going against the anti-idolatry stance of mainstream Sikhism.<ref name=":110">{{Cite book |last=Linden |first=Bob van der |title=Cultivating Sikh Culture and Identity: Art, Music and Philology |date=Nov 18, 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781040226926 |pages=85–111 |chapter=4: Visual Representations in Macauliffe’s ''The Sikh Religion''}}</ref> [[Kahn Singh Nabha|Kahn Singh of Nabha]] was against portrayals of the Sikh gurus as he felt they were anachronistic and did not align with Sikh theology, stating:<ref name=":110" />
{{Blockquote|text=We do not know what any of them [Sikh gurus] looked like, and efforts to represent them in pictorial form must necessarily be products of each artist's preconceptions and imagination. The pictures which do exist [...] are manifestly unhistorical and, typically, they transgress the gurus' teachings. This they do by incorporating foolish anachronisms and by clothing the gurus in a bejewelled finery which they themselves would surely have spurned. An assembly of learned historians and talented artists might jointly devise portraits which accurately communicate the gurus' spiritual qualities. All existing portraits, however, must be rejected.|author=Kahn Singh Nabha|title=''Gurumat Martand'' (1938)}}When Sobha Singh unveiled his painting of Guru Nanak, [[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh]] said to Sobha Singh, "this is not my Guru Nanak". Harinder Singh questions the authenticity of existing portraits of the Sikh gurus, stating that the gurus did not focus on the image, although images themself are not forbidden. Furthermore, he states that early portraits of the gurus were influenced by the artist's or patron's bias and were influenced by Mughal and Hindu traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Harinder |date=17 January 2017 |title=How May I Visualize Guru Gobind Singh Sahib? - To Many Sikhs, Any Image of Any Guru Is Not Acceptable |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/how-may-i-visualize-guru-gobind-singh-sahib |access-date=7 December 2025 |website=Sikh Research Institute}}</ref> The dwellings and shrines of Sikhs are often decorated with paintings depicting the Sikh gurus and other figures, however some Sikhs have questioned whether this is an example of idolatry whilst others only are concerned with the action of bowing to a physical painting. There is also the argument that the physical depictions, despite usually being imaginary works of the artist, help a Sikh feel closer to their religion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gurmit |date=24 July 2015 |title=Defining and Redefining Sikh Art |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/defining-and-redefining-sikh-art |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=SikhNet}}</ref>

In a 28 December 2025 ruling, the [[Akal Takht]] banned the usage of [[Sikhism and artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]], animation, or cinematic imitation to portray [[Sikh gurus]], their family members, Sikh warriors, [[Martyrdom in Sikhism|martyrs]], and sacred [[Sikh rites|Sikh ceremonies]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2025 |title=No AI films on Sikh Gurus, no beach or palace Anand Karaj; Sri Akal Takht warns against 'Political Exploitation' of Saroops |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=215306&headline=No-AI-films-on-Sikh-Gurus,-no-beach-or-palace-Anand-Karaj;-Sri-Akal-Takht-warns-against-‘Political-Exploitation’-of-Saroops |access-date=28 December 2025 |work=Babushahi}}</ref>

== Historiography ==
Very few literary works exists documenting the history of Sikh art.<ref name=":15" /> Many Indian art historians have a cautious or even a caustic opinion of painting of the Punjab.<ref name=":17" /> According to Amélie Couvrat Desvergnes, the lives of the painters who were active in Amritsar and Lahore during the 19th century are shrouded in mystery and unknown due to the lack of records and signed pieces, causing their biographies and productions to not be well-documented.<ref name=":27" />

== List of notable Sikh artists ==

=== 19th century ===
* [[Kehar Singh (artist)|Kehar Singh]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Bishan Singh (artist)|Bishan Singh]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Kishan Singh (artist)|Kishan Singh]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Kapur Singh (artist)|Kapur Singh]]
* [[Ishar Singh (artist)|Ishar Singh]]
* [[Lahora Singh]]

=== 20th century ===
* [[Lal Singh Musawir]]
* [[Gian Singh Naqqash]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[G.S. Sohan Singh|G. S. Sohan Singh]]<ref name=":3" />
* [[R. M. Singh|Mohinder Singh]]
* [[Phulan Rani]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[S. G. Thakur Singh]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Sobha Singh (painter)|Sobha Singh]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Trilok Singh Chitarkar]]
* [[Arpana Caur]]<ref name=":26" />
* [[Devender Singh]]<ref name=":26" />

=== 21st century ===

* [[The Singh Twins]]

== Galleries and collections ==
The [[Montreal Museum of Fine Arts]] was the first Canadian museum to have a dedicated area for Sikh art.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2022 |title=The MMFA acquires a unique collection of Sikh art |url=https://www.mbam.qc.ca/en/news/sikh-art-collection |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=Montreal Museum of Fine Arts}}</ref> The Royal Ontario Museum also is planned to open a permanent gallery dedicated to Sikh art in 2028 that will be titled a ''Gallery of Sikh Art & Culture''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Global Sikh Art & Culture Initiative at the Royal Ontario Museum: Celebrating the Rich Tapestry of Sikh Culture |url=https://sikhfoundationcanada.com/gallery-at-rom/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Sikh Foundation Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://sikhfoundationcanada.com/about-us-2/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Sikh Foundation Canada |quote=In a landmark partnership, the Sikh Arts & Culture Foundation of Canada has signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Royal Ontario Museum to establish a permanent Gallery of Sikh Art and Culture. The Foundation is committed to providing $25 million to the ROM over five years, culminating in the gallery's opening in 2028. To date, over $16 million has been pledged by approximately thirty donors for the Sikh Gallery, with contributions ranging from $50,000 to $5 million.The Foundation also successfully accepted a grant of $ 6.0 million from the Federal Government, making a total of commitment of support of $22 million to the ROM.}}</ref>

Some private collections that hold Sikh art include:
* Toor Collection<ref>{{Cite book |last=Toor |first=Davinder Singh |title=In Pursuit of Empire: Treasures from the Toor Collection of Sikh Art |publisher=Kashi House |year=2018 |isbn=9781911271031}}</ref>
* Khanuja Collection<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khanuja |first=Parvinderjit Singh |title=Splendors of Punjab Heritage: Art from the Khanuja Family Collection |publisher=Roli Books |year=2022 |isbn=9789392130168}}</ref>
* Kapany Collection<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Paul Michael |title=The Sikh Art: From the Kapany Collection |last2=Dhami |first2=Sonia |publisher=Roli Books |year=2021 |isbn=9788194969129}}</ref>
* Sursinghwala Collection<ref name=":31">{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhayee Sikandar |title=Sikh Heritage: Ethos & Relics |last2=Singh |first2=Roopinder |publisher=Rupa |year=2012 |isbn=9788129119834 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
* Bhai Rupa Collection<ref name=":31" />
* Bagrian Collection<ref name=":31" />
* Bilga Collection<ref name=":31" />
* Darauli Collection<ref name=":31" />
* Patiala Collection<ref name=":31" />
* Nabha Collection<ref name=":31" />

=== Toor Collection ===
The Toor Collection contains paintings, written work, photographs, maps, and craftwork.<ref name=":30">{{Cite web |last=Toor |first=Davinder S. |date=2018 |title=Artists |url=https://toorcollection.com/artists |access-date=15 October 2024 |website=Toor Collection}}</ref>

The Toor Collection contains works of native artists, such as the familial atelier of Nainsukh of Guler, Ram Chand of Patiala, Sheikh Basharat Ullah of Patiala & Nabha, the familial atelier of Purkha (fl. 1780–1820) of Kangra, the atelier of Imam Bakhsh Lahori of Lahore, Rattan Singh of Lahore & Delhi, Muhammad Bakhsh of Lahore, Bishan Singh (1836–ca.1900) of Amritsar, Kapur Singh (fl. 1860–1890) of Amritsar, the familial atelier of Abdullah of the Punjab Plains (attributed), Harbhagat Singh of Lahore, and Sani the 'Draftsman' of Jalandhar.<ref name=":30" />

In-addition to native artists, the works of foreign, European artists are also kept in the collection, such as August Schoefft (1809–1888), Colesworthey Grant (1813–1880), Egron Lundgren (1815–1875), Helen Catherine Douglas Mackenzie (ca.1819–ca.1910), Walter Fane (1828–1885), George Landseer (1834–1878), Isabella Frances Gill, Mortimer Menpes (1855–1938), Lucien Lévy-Dhurmer (1865–1953), and Fred Taylor (1875–1963).<ref name=":30" />

Photographs taken by the following individuals and studios are kept in the collection: Maharaja Duleep Singh (1838–1893), Ernst Becker (1826–88), Margaret Bourke-White (1904–1971), William Baker (died 1880), Samuel Bourne (1834–1912), Fred Bremner (1863–1942), James Craddock (fl. 1861–1890), Lala Deen Dayal (1844–1905), Francis Frith Studio, Herbert Ponting (1870–1935), Arthur Robertson (fl. 1960s), John Saché (1865–1882), Charles Shepherd (1858–1878), Felice Beato (1832–1909), Jean Baptiste Oscar Malitte (c 1820–1905), George Western (1837–1907), John W. Clarke (ca.1823–1893), John Moffat (1819–1894), Antoine Claudet (1797–1867), Henri Claudet (1829–1880), W. Farrell & Co., Valentine Blanchard, John Burke (1843–1900), G. W. Lawrie (fl. 1880's–1890s), Hugh Owen (1808–1897), Theodore J. Hoffman (ca. 1855–1921), P. A. Johnston (died 1891), Randolph B. Holmes (1888–1973), Henri R. Ferger (fl. 1920s), John W. Brooke (fl. 1916–1918), Mela Ram (fl. 1910–1920), and William Willoughby Hooper (1837–1912).<ref name=":30" />

Works by the following cartographers can be found in the Toor Collection: Rigobert Bonne (1727–1794), John Cary (ca. 1754–1835), John Luffman (1756–1846), Robert Wilkinson (fl. ca. 1768–1825), and John Arrowsmith (1780–1873).<ref name=":30" />

Creations by the following craftsmen can be found in the collection: Muhammad Hayat of Punjab and Henry Wilkinson of Pall Mall, London.<ref name=":30" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Illuminated and illustrated opening preface and introduction folio of the Guru Nanak Dev University Manuscript (GNDU MS 1245), ca.1599.jpg|Illuminated and illustrated opening preface and introduction folio, featuring a ''[[shamsa]]'', of the Guru Nanak Dev University Manuscript (GNDU MS 1245), circa 1599
File:Janamsakhi painting of the story of Guru Nanak being shaded by the cobra from a manuscript dated to 1658.jpg|Janamsakhi painting of the story of Guru Nanak being shaded by the cobra from a manuscript dated to 1658
File:Miniature painting of Guru Nanak listening to musicians, circa 1680.jpg|Miniature painting of Guru Nanak listening to musicians, circa 1680. One of the earliest extant or discovered painting of the first Sikh guru.
File:Painting of five Sikh gurus and Bhai Mardana, Deccan, circa late 1770's.jpg|Painting of five Sikh gurus and Bhai Mardana, Deccan, circa late 1770s
File:Mural of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh meeting under a tree from Gurdwara Ramsar (no longer extant), circa late 19th century.jpg|Mural of Guru Nanak and Guru Gobind Singh meeting under a tree from Gurdwara Ramsar (no longer extant), circa late 19th century
File:Trilok Singh Bhatewali.jpg|Painting of a rural Punjabi woman by [[Trilok Singh Chitarkar]]i
File:Dasam.Granth.Frontispiece.BL.Manuscript.1825-1850.jpg|A frontispiece to the [[Dasven Padshah Da Granth|Dasam Granth]].
File:Sri Guru Granth Sahib Nishan.jpg|Illuminated [[Adi Granth]] folio with ''nisan'' (autograph or signature) of [[Guru Gobind Singh]].
File:Gurdwara-baba-atal.jpg|Detail from [[Gurdwara Baba Atal]].
File:SikhNakashi.jpg|An Opaque Watercolour on paper copy of Nakashi 1880c
File:Durbar of Maharaja Dalip Singh, c 1845.jpg|Painting of the [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] of Maharaja [[Dalip Singh Sukerchakia]].
File:Ranjit Singh and Hira Singh, Punjab, c 1835-9.jpg|Painting of Ranjit Singh and [[Hira Singh of Nabha]].
File:Order of merit ranjit singh.jpg|The Sikh Order of Merit with a Portrait of [[Ranjit Singh]], directly inspired by the French [[Légion d'honneur]]
File:Ceiling fresco of female figures from an abandoned Gurdwara located in Mangat village in Pakistan.jpg|Ceiling fresco of female figures from an abandoned Gurdwara located in Mangat village in Pakistan
File:Guru Granth Sahib manuscript housed at Sri Keshgarh Sahib, Anandpur and dated to 1803 B.S. (1746 C.E.) beautifully decorated with gold and floral arabesques 02.jpg|Guru Granth Sahib manuscript housed at Sri Keshgarh Sahib, Anandpur and dated to 1803 B.S. (1746 C.E.) beautifully decorated with gold and floral [[arabesque]]s
File:Holy men visiting Guru Nanak in a mountainous forest, Mewar painting.jpg|Holy men visiting Guru Nanak in a mountainous forest, [[Mewar painting]]
File:Illustrations of female figures on a robe that is said to have belonged to Guru Nanak which was made by and given as a gift by his sister Bebe Nanaki.jpg|Illustrations of female figures on a ''[[Sikh chola|chola]]'' (chogha) robe that is said to have belonged to Guru Nanak which was made by and given as a gift by his sister, [[Bebe Nanaki]]
File:Shamsa artwork, from an illustrated 'Ain-i-Akbari' manuscript commissioned by the Sikh Empire (1).jpg|[[Shamsa]] artwork, from an illustrated 'Ain-i-Akbari' manuscript commissioned by the Sikh Empire
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Sikh culture]]
* [[Sikh architecture]]
* [[Sikh scriptures]]
* [[Pahari painting]]
* [[Kangra painting]]
* [[Rajput painting]]
* [[Mughal painting]]
* [[Conservation and restoration of frescos]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikh culture]]
[[Category:Visual arts by religion]]

Rewa Engineering College

2026-04-23T18:48:20Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: made new article.

{{Short description|Engineering college in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Rewa Engineering College
| native_name = रीवा अभियांत्रिकी महाविद्यालय
| image_name = Rewa_Engineering_College_Rewa_Logo.png
| image_size =
| motto = तेजस्वि नावधीतमस्तु (''tejasvi naavadhiitamastu'') ([[Sanskrit]])
| mottoeng = May our knowledge become brilliant
| established = 1964
| type = Public Institution
| chairman = Shri Umashankar Gupta
| principal = Dr. B.K. Agrawal
| undergrad = 340
| postgrad = 60
| city = [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh|Rewa]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|24|32|0|N|81|18|0|E|display=title,inline}}
| campus =
| campus_size = 250 acre
| former_names = Government Engineering College-Rewa
| logo_alt =
| logo_size =
| website = {{URL|http://www.recrewa.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| affiliations = [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rgpv.ac.in/Inst/InstitutionProfile.aspx|title= Institutions Profile|website= www.rgpv.ac.in|access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
}}
[[File:REC Rewa Gate.jpg|thumb|Entrance of REC Rewa]]
'''Rewa Engineering College (REC)''', formerly known as '''Government Engineering College (GEC)''', is an institute of technology located in [[Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]], India.
It is an autonomous institution funded by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mptechedu.org/index.php/departments/animal-biotechnology-centre|title=Engineering Colleges|website=www.mptechedu.org|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=5 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205194326/http://mptechedu.org/index.php/departments/animal-biotechnology-centre|url-status=dead}}</ref>

REC is an autonomous institute. However it depends on [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]] for academics and administrative purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rgpv.ac.in/Inst/InstitutionProfile.aspx|title= Institutions Profile|website= www.rgpv.ac.in|access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:REC REWA College.jpg|thumb|Main building of REC Rewa]]
Formerly known as Government Engineering College (GEC Rewa), was established by the Govt. of M.P. in 1964.It was initially set up at the present Model Science college building with Prof. S.R. Beedkar as founder Principal, later it was shifted to Government B.Ed College building. In 1972, it was shifted to its present location, spreading across {{convert|250|acre|km2}}.

The institute was affiliated with Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, until 2000. Afterwards it was affiliated to [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The first batch was started with 120 students for the courses of [[Civil engineering|Civil]], [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical]] and [[Mechanical engineering|Mechanical]] Engineering. In 1984 [[Electronics engineering]] branch was started with 20 student. In 1980 a B.E. (transfer course) was introduced in civil, mechanical and electrical engineering with a capacity of 20 students in each branch to facilitate a graduate degree course for diploma holder students.
Looking at the growing demand for Software Engineers across the country [[Computer Science and Engineering]] branch was introduced in 2018.

For the academic year of 2022, AICTE approved REC to conduct M.Tech course. Following which three new courses- [[Thermal Engineering]], [[Transportation Engineering]] and Power System where introduced in Mechanical, Civil and Electrical Engineering department respectively.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/rewa-news/mtech-in-rewa-engineering-college-7827220/|title=Mtech: एमपी के इस कॉलेज में भी शुरू हुई एमटेक की पढ़ाई, 90 सीट स्वीकृत|website=www.patrika.com|date=18 October 2022|access-date=20 February 2023|language=hi}}</ref>

==Organisation and administration==
===Governance===
The institute is governed by Rewa Engineering College Society, Rewa registered by Govt. of MP. The administrative and management functions are accomplished through a General Body and Board of Governors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://recrewa.ac.in/board-of-governors.aspx |title = Board of Governors }}</ref>

=== Departments ===

* [[Mechanical engineering|Department of Mechanical Engineering]]
* [[Civil engineering|Department of Civil Engineering]]
* [[Electrical engineering|Department of Electrical Engineering]]
* [[Electronic engineering|Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering]]
* [[Computer science and engineering|Department of Computer Science Engineering]]
* [[Chemistry|Department of Chemistry]]
* [[Physics|Department of Physics]]
* [[Mathematics|Department of Mathematics]]

===Centres===

* [[IIT Bombay]] Remote Centre and Resource Centre
* Centre of Innovation, Incubation, Entrepreneurship and Industry Relations.
* Training and Placement
* Central Workshop

==Academics==
REC Rewa offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs in following engineering fields:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:25%;"| '''Degree''' || '''Specialization'''
|-
| style="width:25%;"| [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech) ||
[[Civil Engineering]],
[[Computer science|Computer Science Engineering]],
[[Electrical Engineering]],
[[Electronics and Communication Engineering]],
[[Mechanical Engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://recrewa.ac.in/courses.aspx|title = Rewa Engineering College}}</ref>
|-
| style="width:25%;"| [[Master of Technology]] (M.Tech) || [[Thermal Engineering]], [[Transportation Engineering]], [[Power Engineering]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/rewa-news/mtech-in-rewa-engineering-college-7827220/|title=Mtech: एमपी के इस कॉलेज में भी शुरू हुई एमटेक की पढ़ाई, 90 सीट स्वीकृत|website=www.patrika.com|date=18 October 2022|access-date=20 February 2023|language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Admissions===
Students are admitted into the various B.Tech. programs through the national level engineering entrance examination [[Joint Entrance Examination - Main]] (JEE (Main)).

Admission to the M.Tech programs is done through [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE).

==Student life==
===Cultural and non-academic activities ===

REC have well cultivated culture of clubs cells. There are mainly seven clubs in REC-

* '''Catalyst E-cell'''

The very first club established in 2015. E-Cell is an entrepreneurial cell of the college, which is responsible for conducting entrepreneurial activities throughout the campus.

* ''' REC Pedia'''
Official Media House and Event Organizing Body of REC. It was established in 2018 and has been growing tremendously since then.

* ''' Technical Club'''

Tech club promotes technical activities in the college like circuit designing, coding quests, etc.

* ''' Abhiruchi Club'''

Abhiruchi club is dedicated in promoting a vibrant campus experience by conducting several arts and cultural activities.

* ''' REC Design Club'''

Established in 2019 as SAEINDIA Collegiate Club. This club is indulged in activities to promote designing and making of automobiles.

* ''' Sports Club'''

Responsible for conducting various sports event in the college and also helps students to play for nodal and state-level competitions.

* ''' 3rd - Eye Photography Club'''

This is a photography and videography club of college which carves out the best photographers of REC.
* '''Project Club '''

Fests organized annually are-

* '''AARAMBH'''
* '''PENTAQUEST'''

==Achievements==
* REC student Mohammad Sultan Sheikh secured All India Rank 13 in [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE Exam]] 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/rewa/news/said-studied-for-15-to-20-hours-on-my-own-gave-exam-again-for-job-in-psu-air-13th-rank-129562033.html|title=GATE: 13वीं रैंक लाने वाले MP के बेटे की कहानी:पिता रातभर पढ़ने से मना करते, जुनून देख मां चोरी-छिपे कॉफी देती रहती... बेटा पढ़ता जाता|website=www.bhaskar.com|access-date= 20 February 2023|language=hi}}</ref>
* REC Rewa secured '''First place''' in Smart India Hackathon organized by [[AICTE]] at KIT College of Engineering on August 26, 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/rewa/news/smart-india-hackathon-national-competition-rewa-engineering-college-wins-first-prize-of-one-lakh-rupees-130286178.html|title=स्मार्ट इंडिया हैकाथॉन राष्ट्रीय प्रतियोगिता:कोल्हापुर में बजा रीवा इंजीनियरिंग कॉलेज की प्रतिभा का डंका, छात्रों ने जीता एक लाख रुपए का पहला पुरस्कार|website=www.bhaskar.com|access-date= 20 February 2023|language=hi}}</ref>

==Notable alumni ==

* [[Rajendra Shukla (politician)|Rajendra Shukla]] – Deputy Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.recrewa.ac.in GEC Rewa Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171224005522/http://gecra.org/ Alumni Official website]
* [https://www.catalystecell.in/ Catalyst Ecell rec website]

[[Category:Rewa, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]

Nexus Centre City Mall

2026-04-21T12:55:17Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: made a location

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{multiple issues
|{{more citations needed|date=July 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=July 2018}}
}}
{{Infobox shopping mall
| name = Nexus Centre City Mall
| caption = Front view of the Nexus Mall
| location = [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| image = Forum Centre City Mall.jpg
| address = Nexus Centre City, No.8 & N-5, Hyder Ali road, Nazarbad Mohalla, Mysuru - 570010
| opening_date = 9 January 2018
| developer = [[Prestige Group]]
| architect =
| number_of_stores = 100+
| number_of_anchors = 4
| floor_area = {{convert|374700|sqft|abbr=on}}
| floors = 5
| parking = 2
| website = {{url|https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-centre-city}}|
}}
'''Nexus Centre City Mall''' is a shopping mall located in the [[South India|South Indian]] city of [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web |title=EXUS CENTRE CITY MALL – MYSURU |url=https://www.scai.in/portfolio/nexus-centre-city-mall-mysuru/ |website=Shopping Centres Association of India |access-date=12 June 2025}}</ref> It is the largest in Mysuru. The mall is owned and operated by Nexus Select REIT<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Nexus Select |title=Nexus Select Trust |url=https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-centre-city |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=www.nexusselecttrust.com |language=English}}</ref> and is located in the Nazarbad area of Mysore.

Nexus Centre City Mall houses many international brands' showrooms under one roof, including those of [[H&M]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Max Fashion]], William Penn, and many other. The mall is open Mondays through Sundays, including on public holidays from 10:00 AM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and closes at 10:00 PM IST.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forummalls.in/forum-centre-city/|title=Nexus Centre City|access-date=5 June 2018|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616153932/http://www.forummalls.in/forum-centre-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Nexus Centre City was opened to the public in February 2018. It is the largest mall in Mysore.

== Location ==
Nexus Centre City Mall is located at No. 5, Hyder Ali Road, Nazarbad Mohalla, Mysuru.

== Facilities ==
The mall has shopping area of 3,47,000 sqft and houses 100+ brands. It has a 6 screen [[PVR INOX|PVR]] Multiplex, Many brands such as [[H&M]], [[American Tourister]], [[Crocs]], [[Max Fashion|Max]] have their outlets in the mall. It houses a Loyal world supermarket, unisex salon and spas. Many eateries are available in the food court including Hatti Kaapi, [[Domino's|Domino's Pizza]], [[McDonald's]], [[KFC]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forummalls.in/forum-centre-city/floorplan|title=Floor Plan Nexus Mall}}</ref> It also has gaming arcade for kids and for adults under one roof. The mall has a panoramic scenic view of [[Chamundi Hills|Chamundi Hill]].

== References ==
<references />
{{commonscat|Forum Centre City Mall}}
{{Shopping malls in India}}

{{coord|12.31816|76.66549|display=title}}

[[Category:2018 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in Mysore]]
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2018]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{Karnataka-stub}}

Kondapalle, Kakinada district

2026-04-20T11:26:14Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Added Some Location More To Come

{{other uses|Kondapalli (disambiguation)}}
{{About-distinguish|Kondapalle, a village in Kakinada district|Kondapalli}}
{{one source|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kondapalle
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.402089| 82.256261|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Prathipadu mandal|Prathipadu]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 168
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=623377|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kondapalle''' is a village in [[Prathipadu mandal]], located in [[Kakinada district]] of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kakinada district}}

[[Category:Villages in Kakinada district]]

{{Kakinada-geo-stub}}

M K Varghese

2026-04-20T01:25:24Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: new

{{Short description|9th Mayor of Thrissur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M K Varghese
| office = 9th Mayor of [[Thrissur]]
| predecessor = [[Ajitha Jayarajan]]
| deputy =
| successor =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| office1 =
| constituency5 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|6|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mannuthy]], [[Thrissur]]
| death_date =
| term =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party =
| spouse = Lissy Varghese
| children =
}}
'''M K Varghese''' (born 4 June 1956) is the ninth and the incumbent mayor of [[Thrissur]] city, [[Kerala]]. He represents the 16th division of [[Nettissery]] of [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation]] as an independent candidate.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2020 |title=Congress rebel M K Varghese to be Thrissur mayor; LDF reaches consensus |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/thrissur-mayor-mk-varghese-as-thrissur-mayor-2335fce8 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 27, 2020 |title=Congress rebel likely to be Thrissur Mayor with LDF support |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2020/12/27/congress-rebel-likely-to-be-thrissur-mayor-with-ldf-support.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Verghese entered public life after retiring from the [[Indian Army]], where he served from 1975 to 1986. His political journey began in earnest following a grassroots struggle to ensure clean drinking water for residents near his home.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

This initiative led to the formation of a Janasevana Samithi (public service committee), where he served as president. His leadership grew through the ranks, eventually becoming the district president of ACTS (Action for Community Transformation Society).{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Verghese's early political career was with the [[Indian National Congress]], winning as a councillor in 2000 and 2010. However, after being denied a ticket in the latest election, he contested independently and secured the mayoralty. He hails from the Menachery family and is the eldest of five children of the late Kochappu and Mary. He also served as the former executive director of [[Jawahar Bal Bhavan Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite web |title=From the Army to public life, new Mayor takes control of Thrissur |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/thrissur/mk-varghese-new-mayor-of-thrissur-corporation/articleshow/80002162.cms |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=malayalam.samayam.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/en/news/kerala/kmv-1.75233
|title=Rebel KM Varghese Likely To Become Thrissur Mayor
|work=Mathrubhumi
|access-date=9 May 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=12 April 2024 |title=Thrissur's LDF-backed independent Mayor supports BJP's Suresh Gopi |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/thrissurs-ldf-backed-independent-mayor-supports-bjps-suresh-gopi |access-date=9 May 2025 |website=www.thenewsminute.com}}</ref>

==Controversies==
{{AI-generated|section|date=May 2025|certain=yes}}
Varghese has ignited political controversy within [[Kerala]]'s [[Left Democratic Front]] (LDF) due to his public praise and apparent camaraderie with BJP MP and Union Minister [[Suresh Gopi]]. He has lauded Gopi's contributions to [[Thrissur]]'s development, a stance that has drawn criticism from LDF allies, particularly the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Mayor of Thrissur in Kerala hails BJP MP Suresh Gopi, Left uneasy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/m-k-varghese-mayor-of-thrissur-in-kerala-hails-bjp-mp-suresh-gopi-left-uneasy/cid/2033100 |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

In April 2024, during the [[2024 Indian general election]] campaign, M.K. Varghese described Suresh Gopi as "fit to be Thrissur’s MP," highlighting his qualities and connection with the masses. This endorsement was seen as a deviation from the LDF's ideological position, especially since Gopi was the BJP candidate opposing the LDF's own nominee, [[V. S. Sunil Kumar]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 8, 2024 |title=Thrissur Mayor-Suresh Gopi comradeship, too bitter a pill for LDF to swallow ... |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/08/fissures-in-ldf-over-thrissur-mayor-mk-varghese-suresh-gopi-connection.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

The situation escalated when Varghese and Gopi publicly praised each other at the inauguration of an Ayushman Arogya Mandir in [[Thrissur]]. Varghese acknowledged Gopi's developmental initiatives, while [[Suresh Gopi]] commended Varghese for implementing schemes he had proposed as a [[Rajya Sabha]] MP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/thrissur-mayor-praises-suresh-gopi-causing-embarrassment-to-ruling-ldf/articleshow/111525794.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com
|title=Thrissur Mayor snubs CPI, praises Suresh Gopi
|work=The Times of India
|date=6 July 2024
|access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref>

In December 2024, Varghese found himself at the center of another political controversy after accepting a [[Christmas]] cake from [[Kerala]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] president [[K. Surendran (politician)]]. The gesture, which occurred during the BJP's "Sneha Sandesha Yatra," was perceived by CPI leader [[V.S. Sunil Kumar]] as a deliberate political move, given that Surendran did not offer cakes to any other mayors in the state.<ref>{{cite web |date=December 28, 2024 |title=Thrissur Mayor justifies receiving cake from BJP chief criticises CPI leader |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/12/28/mes3-kl-cake-mayor-justify.html |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

In response, Varghese dismissed the allegations as baseless and accused Sunil Kumar of attempting to make him a scapegoat for his electoral defeat. He defended the cake exchange as a sincere gesture of goodwill during the festive season and questioned the rationale behind politicising such an act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala BJP President's 'cake diplomacy' creates ripples in Thrissur |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1257246&utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=www.daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=28 December 2024 |title=Thrissur Mayor's Cake Exchange With Kerala BJP Chief Draws CPI's Ire, Fuels Political Row |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/thrissur-mayor-mk-varghese-cake-exchange-with-kerala-bjp-chief-draws-cpi-ire-fuels-political-row-1740341?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=20 May 2025 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Thrissur topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varghese, M K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Thrissur]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Madhosh Balhami

2026-04-19T12:29:28Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: done

{{short description|Kashmiri poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Madhosh Balhami
| image = Madhosh Balhami.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Ghulam Mohammad Bhat
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], Kashmir
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| pseudonym = Madhosh Balhami
| occupation = Poet
| spouse =
| children = 3
| relatives =
| signature =
| notableworks = Sadaye Abu Zar, Dard-e-Furqat
}}

'''Ghulam Mohammad Bhat''' (born 1966), known by his [[pen name]] '''Madhosh Balhami''', is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] poet.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=29 March 2020|title=Poet of the Fall: The humane verses of Kashmir's Madhosh Balhami|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/poet-of-the-fall-kashmir-madhosh-balhami-6334080/|access-date=24 July 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He started writing poetry following the deaths of his parents, and soon turned to natural, spiritual, and political themes.<ref name=":0" />He is often called "The Poet of Resistance".He is particularly known for his recitation of [[Elegy|elegies]] composed for the funerals of [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|militants in Kashmir]].<ref name=":4" /> On 15 March 2018, Madhosh Balhami lost his house and thirty years of written poetry to a fire in the middle of a gun battle between Indian soldiers and Rebels.<ref name=inverse/>

In 2020, a seven-episode documentary series about his life and poetry, ''Madhosh Balhami: The Poet of Perseverance'', was released on [[YouTube]] by [[Delhi]]-based filmmakers Mohammad Irfan Dar and Mohammad Gowhar Farooq.<ref name=inverse>{{Cite web |title=Madhosh Balhami: The Poet of Perseverance (Documentary Series) — by Irfan Dar and Gowhar Farooq|url=https://www.inversejournal.com/2020/05/04/madhosh-balhami-the-poet-of-perseverance-episode-1-by-mohammad-irfan-dar-and-mohammad-gowhar-farooq/|access-date=24 July 2020|website=www.inversejournal.com|date=4 May 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhosh Balhami: The Poet of Perseverance {{!}} Episode 1 - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A3HdrdkfzE|access-date=24 July 2020|website=www.youtube.com| date=14 February 2020 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Balhami grew up in [[Srinagar]] and lives close by in a village named Balhama.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=17 March 2018|title=For Kashmiris like Madhosh Balhami, there's no escape from conflict, as counter-insurgency ops bring violence to their doors|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/for-kashmiris-like-madhosh-balhami-theres-no-escape-from-conflict-as-counter-insurgency-ops-bring-violence-to-their-doors-4394375.html|access-date=24 July 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref> His father, an illiterate saffron farmer, died in 1981 when he was in college, and his mother followed him a few years later.<ref name=":0" /> He read the poetry of 19th and 20th century [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poets]] [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]], [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], and [[Shamas Faqir]] in school.<ref name=":0" /> Balhami took to poetry with the grief of his parents' passing.<ref name=":0" /> In addition to poetry, he wrote for newspapers and played the [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]], and [[sarangi]] at [[bhajan]]s at the village's [[Bala Devi]] temple.<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
Madhosh Balhami married in 1983 and is the father of three: two sons and a daughter.<ref name=":4" /> His primary income comes from cultivating [[saffron]], but he has also worked as a press secretary for Agha Syed Hassan, a political leader in the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat Conference]].<ref name=":4" /> He is a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslim.<ref name=":4" />

== Poetry ==

=== Poetic practice ===
He grew from writing poetry inspired by love and grief to poems of "spring and summer, spirituality, religion, women’s role in Kashmir’s past, Kashmir and resistance, and the realisation of the importance of human lives and humanity".<ref name=":0" />

He became known in his area as a poet after reciting a long ode praising [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]'s leadership skills at the protests following his [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto#Death sentence and appeal|killing]] by [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] in 1979.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=10 June 2018|title=A Poetic Struggle|url=https://kashmirlife.net/a-poetic-struggle-issue-10-vol-10-177011/|access-date=24 July 2020|website=Kashmir Life|language=en-GB}}</ref> As clashes between militants and the Indian government intensified in the 1990s, he would be called to recite elegies for slain militants.<ref name=":0" /> His first elegy was for [[Hizbul Mujahideen|Hizb-ul-Mujahideen]] commander Akhtar Abdul Rehman's ''chaharum'' (the fourth day after death).<ref name=":4" /> He recited his poem at Rehman's house in the presence of mourners.<ref name=":4" /> He eventually wrote elegies for militants in [[Shopian district|Shopian]], [[Pulwama district|Pulawama]], Pantha Chowk, Khanmoh, [[Pampore]] and elsewhere.<ref name=":4" /> In response to the growing number of militant deaths, sometimes reaching thirty deaths a day, he wrote a poem dedicated to militants as a group.<ref name=":4" /> Written from the perspective of a victim's mother, it became "a sort of martyr's anthem", and was sung by at militant funerals.<ref name=":4" /> That poem made Balhami a household name, especially in south Kashmir.<ref name=":4" />

After his imprisonment and torture by the Indian army in 1991, he ceased visiting militant funerals and houses to read elegies and focused on writing poetry on religion, tolerance, and spirituality, though he'd still obliquely reference those involved in the conflict.<ref name=":4" /> Part of this turn was fear of reprisal by a government-backed renegade, Ghulam Mohammad Lone (or Papa Kistwari), who lived nearby.<ref name=":4" />

In his 30-year poetic practice, he has refused state patronage, choosing not to be co-opted.<ref name=":1" /> He published two books of poetry ''Sadaye Abu Zar'' and ''Dard-e-Furqat'' in the 2000s.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Fire in paradise: Kashmiri poet Madhosh Balhami's 30-year labour of love turns to ashes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/mar/25/fire-in-paradise-kashmiri-poet-madhosh-balhamis-30-year-labour-of-love-turns-to-ashes-1792033.html|access-date=24 July 2020|website=The New Indian Express|date=25 March 2018 }}</ref>

=== Loss of his poetry ===
On 15 March 2018, his house built by his father in 1967 burned down in a clash between three militants and the government.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation|title=Madhosh Balhami: The Poet of Perseverance {{!}} NewsClick|date=20 February 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ug2ebkdWUSk|language=en|access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> Before the clash, he said, the militants said they knew they would perish and that his house would be damaged, and that they sought forgiveness.<ref name=":2" /> They asked him to leave his house with his family as government troops surrounded them.<ref name=":2" /> The militants, belonging to [[Ansar Ghazwat-ul-Hind|Ansaar Ghazwat-ul-Hind]], had been fleeing after an unsuccessful attempt on [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader Muhammad Anwar Khan's life.

In the blaze, he lost around 800 pages of his poetry written over 30 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Among the losses are volumes he had titled ''Najam-e-Naat'', ''Mankabaat-e-Awliya.''<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2 November 2018|title=Madhosh Balhami writes couplets of pain after losing his home and poetry of 30 years|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/madhosh-balhami-writes-couplets-of-pain-after-losing-his-home-and-poetry-of-30-years/|access-date=24 July 2020|website=Greater Kashmir|language=en-US}}</ref> He said the rest could have easily formed some six volumes.<ref name=":3" /> One in five of his poems could be recovered from his friends.<ref name=":3" /> He noted that "losing my ''jannat'' (paradise), my world which was my poetry and library, has left a huge scar on my psyche."<ref name=":3" /> At the site of his burned-down house, he recited:<ref name=":1" />
{{Verse translation|Mye wann’te’ kyah khata korum, haq panun mangum agar
Wechaa’n Wechaa’n khand’er banouthan, yi swarg hyu shehar|Tell me what crime I commit if I demanded my rights
In a flash of moment this paradise-like city was reduced to rubble|italicsoff=n|lang=ur}}

He has since built a one-storey house with financial help from relatives and neighbors in his village.<ref name=":3" />

== Imprisonment ==
He ran for election to the assembly on behalf of the [[Muslim United Front]] "to bring about ''tabdili'' (change)" in 1987 but lost.<ref name=":0" /> His run for election and his elegiac practice began a series of arrests by the Indian government.<ref name=":0" />

In 1991, the day after his elegy at the funeral of Haider Ali, a Hizb-ul-Mimineen militant from Balhami's own village, he was taken by the Indian army to a camp in [[Khrew]]. Accused as being a militant sympathizer, the army demanded the location of militants and their weapons.<ref name=":4" /> At his refusal to oblige, he was kept in solitary confinement and tortured.<ref name=":4" /> He was transferred to [[Badami Bagh|Badamibagh]] cantonment in [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]] district, a period he calls "the worst time of my life". From there, he was taken to the Joint Interrogation Centre (JIC) in Humhama, Srinagar district. Finally given pen and paper, he started writing and reciting poems to his fellow inmates, most of them captured militants. They had mixed reactions to his work, liking his pro-freedom message but not his questioning of their violent methods.<ref name=":4" /> At one point two boys told him he was put on a hit-list for "discouraging our rank-and-file." However, when Balhami sought out two senior [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|Jammu and Kashmir Libration Front]] members, they reassured him no harm would come to a poet speaking his mind. He resumed his writing and recitation to fellow inmates after that, though he still heard resistance from them about his choice of subjects, such as wanting the return of the [[Kashmiri Pandit|Kashmiri Pundits]].<ref name=":4" /> He spent 11 months in the JIC in Humhama and was allowed to take his writings with him when he was released. Recalling his experience, he says "the sixteen months in jail helped me mature as a poet. I was now critical of everyone including militants. ... I was less emotional as a poet now."<ref name=":4" />

In the middle of 1998, he was arrested again, accused of being part of the militant insurgency, and taken to Cargo in Srinagar.<ref name=":4" /> He was beaten at least twice a day for the next 25 days.<ref name=":4" /> Then, he was taken to Kathua for nine months and then to Srinagar and Kot Bhalwal in [[Jammu Division|Jammu]].<ref name=":4" /> After Cargo, he was allowed to write and found an audience for his readings, especially during his imprisonment in Jammu's jails.<ref name=":4" /> Balhami spent a total of four years in confinement this time.<ref name=":4" /> In this period, he was offered a job as a press secretary by the politician Agha Syed Hasan, who led the party Anjuman-e-Shari Shiyan, part of the [[All Parties Hurriyat Conference|Hurriyat Conference]]. Balhami held this job from April 2001 to March 2018.<ref name=":4" /> He was approached to compile a book of his work, but he refused, choosing to wait until "a solution emerges" to the ongoing conflict.<ref name=":4" />

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAbO64MdG7dSBPTjuSRSbsA Documentary ''Madhosh Balhami: The Poet of Perseverance'' on YouTube]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balhami, Madhosh}}
[[Category:Kashmiri poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]

Ghaziabad RRTS station

2026-04-18T07:23:16Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting Basic Entry Needs Work.

{{Short description|RapidX's Delhi–Meerut RRTS station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:A04 Ghaziabad RRTS station.svg|40px]] Ghaziabad
| type = {{RapidX Infobox station line|line=Delhi–Meerut}}
| style = RapidX
| image = File:Ghaziabad RRTS station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Ghaziabad Station of RapidX, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
| address = Sector 7, Patel Nagar 2nd, Patel Nagar, [[Ghaziabad district|Ghaziabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] 201003
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6723652|N|77.4113199|E|display=inline}}
| elevation =
| line = {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}} RRTS
| connections = {{ric|Delhi Metro}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Red|croute}} {{stl|Delhi Metro|Shaheed Sthal}}
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double track]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] Platform-1 → {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} '''/''' {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}} [[Island platform]] Platform-2 → {{stl|RapidX|Sarai Kale Khan}} Platform-3 → Train Terminates Here
| levels = 4
| tracks = 3
| parking = {{parking symbol}} Four-Wheeler Parking
| opened = {{start date and age|21 October 2023|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code =
| owned = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]
| status = Operational
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=RapidX|line1=Delhi–Meerut|left1=Sahibabad|to-left1=Sarai Kale Khan|right1=Guldhar|to-right1=Modipuram}}
| route_map = {{Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FFFA4A
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Ghaziabad RRTS station'''<ref>{{cite web |title=DELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut MAP |url=https://ncrtc.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/RevisedDELHI-Ghaziabad-Meerut-MAP.jpg |website=ncrtc.in |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref> is an elevated RRTS station in the [[Ghaziabad district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India which serves for higher-speed trains on the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (Delhi–Meerut RRTS) that can reach speeds of up to 180 km/h. The station is powered by solar energy, with 1,100 solar panels on the station's roof.

Ghaziabad RRTS station was commissioned on 20 October 2023 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] along with the 17 km long Sahibad-Duhaiyya section of [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS]]<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes32">{{cite web |author1=Abhijay Jha |title=RRTS section nears launch, but links to metro, bus stand will take longer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/rrts-section-nears-launch-but-links-to-metro-bus-stand-will-take-longer/articleshow/99022765.cms?from=mdr |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor: Duhai-Sahibabad section likely to open for public by April – Details inside |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-duhai-sahibabad-section-likely-to-open-for-public-by-april-details-inside-2992108/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=www.financialexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> and was open to general public on 21 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2023-10-20 |title=PM Modi inaugurates the priority section of Delhi-Ghaziabad-Meerut RRTS Corridor |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhimeerut-rrts-corridor-pm-modi-launches-namo-bharat-rapidx-train-connecting-sahibabad-to-duhai-depot-11697778894740.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=PM Modi flags off NaMo Bharat, India's 1st Regional Rapid Rail Service (RRTS) {{!}} Details here |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/pm-modi-flags-off-namo-bharat-indias-1st-regional-rapid-rail-service-rrts-details-here-2735778 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2023-10-20 |title=PM Narendra Modi Flags off India’s First Namo Bharat Train on Delhi-Meerut RRTS Corridor |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-indias-first-namo-bharat-train-on-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) had invited tenders for the construction of the Ghaziabad RRTS station along with the 7.3 km long Sahibabad ramp–Ghaziabad section of the 82.15 km [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Meerut RRTS line]]. [[KEC International]] and [[China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation]] emerged as the lowest bidder for construction work. As a result, KEC International and China Civil Engineering Construction Corp has been awarded a Rs 579.76 crore contract responsible for Package 1 (Sahibabad ramp–Ghaziabad) in August 2019. Under the agreement, companies started construction of Ghaziabad RRTS station.

== Station layout ==
The Ghaziabad RRTS station has 3 elevated station platforms, with the operational station building being located underneath of platform level. The RRTS station has 2 [[side platform]]s and one [[island platform]], which serves 4 rail tracks for regular service.

It has 4 levels - platform, mezzanine, concourse and street level. Ghaziabad RRTS station will be 215 meters long and 42 meters wide. The RRTS Station is the tallest station in Delhi-NCR, with the height of 26 meters from the ground level.<ref name="msn">{{cite web |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS update: Ghaziabad station to have 5 exits, to be linked with Naya Bus Stand Metro Station |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/delhi-meerut-rrts-update-ghaziabad-station-to-have-5-exits-to-be-linked-with-naya-bus-stand-metro-station/ar-AA17f11J |website=www.msn.com |access-date=1 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = [[File:A04 Ghaziabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] Ghaziabad track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map1 = vCONTgfa
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Guldhar RRTS station|DPS Rajnagar Guldhar]]
*'''P1'''\cPLT\vSTR\cPLT\*'''P2'''
cPLT\vSTR\cPLT ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A03 Sahibabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Sahibabad}}
vCONTgfe
| map2 =
HSTf\HSTg
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A03 Sahibabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Sahibabad}}
*'''P2'''\PSTR(L)\PSTR(R)\*'''P3'''
PSTR(L)\PSTR(R) ~~ ~~ ~~ to [[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Guldhar RRTS station|DPS Rajnagar Guldhar]]
HSTf\HSTg
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with three tracks <nowiki>|</nowiki> One Side & Island platform</div>
}}}}
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3"
| width="50" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| width="100" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street Level
| width="390" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/ Entrance
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''L1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Mezzanine
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
| rowspan="5" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;text-align:left;" |'''L2'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" |Towards → [[File:AS2_Duhai_Depot_RRTS_station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Duhai Depot}} / [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}} '''Next Station:'''[[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Guldhar RRTS station|DPS Rajnagar Guldhar]]
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Westbound'''
| width="500" |Towards ← [[File:A01 New Ashok Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|New Ashok Nagar}} '''Next Station:'''[[File:A03 Sahibabad RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] [[Sahibabad RRTS station|Sahibabad]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Island platform]] | '''P2''' and '''P3''' Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=100|'''Platform 3''' '''Westbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Meerut South}} / [[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]] {{stl|RapidX|Modipuram}} '''Next Station:'''[[File:A05 Guldhar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20px]] [[Guldhar RRTS station|DPS Rajnagar Guldhar]]
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''L2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
|-
|}

There are 5 Gate points – 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel:-
* Gate 1 (Closed) - Towards Traffic Police Training Center, Meerut Side (Delhi End)
* Gate 2 (Closed) - Towards Meerut Side (Meerut End)
* Gate 3 (Closed) - Towards DMRC Shaheed Sthal metro station or Mod Gol Chakkar (Meerut End)
* Gate 4 (Opened) - Towards Mahamaya Stadium (Delhi End)
* Gate 5 (Opened) - Towards Meerut End

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{RapidX|Delhi–Meerut=yes}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Ghaziabad district]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2023]]

Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025

2026-04-15T11:21:06Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Article

{{short description|Indian worker law}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025
| long_title = An Act to establish a rural development framework aligned with the national vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, by providing a statutory guarantee of one hundred and twenty-five days of wage employment in every financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to undertake unskilled manual work; to promote empowerment, growth, convergence and saturation for a prosperous and resilient rural Bharat; and for matters connected therewith or
incidental thereto.
| citation = {{cite act
| index = 36
| language = en-mc
| date = 2025
| url = https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2025/Viksit_Bharat_G_RAM_G_Act_2025.pdf
}}
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| introduced_by = [[Shivraj Singh Chauhan]], [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 18 December 2025<ref>{{cite web | title=The Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) VB – G RAM G Bill, 2025 | website=PRS Legislative Research | date=2026-01-02 | url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-viksit-bharat-%E2%80%93-guarantee-for-rozgar-and-ajeevika-mission-gramin-vb-%E2%80%93-g-ram-g-bill-2025 | access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 18 December 2025<ref>{{cite web | title=The Viksit Bharat – Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) VB – G RAM G Bill, 2025 | website=PRS Legislative Research | date=2026-01-02 | url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-viksit-bharat-%E2%80%93-guarantee-for-rozgar-and-ajeevika-mission-gramin-vb-%E2%80%93-g-ram-g-bill-2025 | access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
| date_enacted = 21 December 2025<ref>{{cite web | title=Viksit Bharat | website=DD News On Air | date=2022-06-01 | url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/president-murmu-assents-to-vb-g-ram-g-bill-2025/ | access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
| date_assented = 21 December 2025<ref>{{cite web | title=President gives assent to Viksit Bharat—Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) (VB—G RAM G) Bill, 2025 | website=
Press Information Bureau
| date=2025-11-20 | url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2207187&reg=3&lang=1 | ref={{sfnref| Press Information Bureau |2025}} | access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref>
| bill =Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Bill, 2025
| bill_citation =
| bill_date = 16 December 2025
| keywords = VB–G RAM G, G RAM G, Viksit Bharat–G RAM G
| status = In Force
}}
'''Viksit Bharat–Guarantee for Rozgar and Ajeevika Mission (Gramin) Act, 2025''', commonly referred to as the '''VB–G RAM G Act, 2025''' is an Indian [[social welfare]] legislation that aims to guarantee the '[[right to work]]'. It was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] on 18'''–'''19 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha passes VB G RAM G Bill, guarantees 125 days of employment |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/lok-sabha-passes-vb-g-ram-g-bill-guarantees-125-days-of-employment20251218133942/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethy |first=Itishree |date=2025-12-18 |title=VB–G Ram G Bill Passes in Lok Sabha Amid Opposition Uproar |url=https://pragativadi.com/vb-g-ram-g-bill-passes-in-lok-sabha-amid-opposition-uproar/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Pragativadi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="aninews.in">{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes Viksit Bharat -G RAM G Bill, opposition stages walkout |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/parliament-passes-viksit-bharat-g-ram-g-bill-opposition-stages-walkout20251219004601 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.aninews.in |language=en}}</ref> The bill seeks to replace the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005]] (MGNREGA) with a revised statutory framework for rural employment and livelihood security, as part of the Government of India's long–term development vision, ''Viksit Bharat @2047''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Press Information |date=16 December 2025 |title=Union Minister Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan introduces the “Viksit Bharat – G Ram G Bill” in the Lok Sabha |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2204816&reg=3&lang=2#:~:text=Union%20Minister%20for%20Rural%20Development%2C,the%20central%20government%20has%20committed |url-status=live |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title='Bowing before Mahatma Gandhi's feet': Lok Sabha passes VB-G RAM G Bill to replace MGNREGA amid protests |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mahatma-gandhi-feet-lok-sabha-vb-g-ram-g-bill-replace-mgnrega-protests-10426964/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The act increases the statutory employment guarantee for rural households from 100 to 125 days per financial year and introduces changes to funding patterns, planning mechanisms, and implementation structures under the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Press Information |date=16 December 2025 |title=Grameen Vikas ka Naya Sankalp, Rozgar ki Nayi Guarantee |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2204496&reg=3&lang=1#:~:text=Under%20the%20Bill%2C%20wage%20rates,paid%20by%20the%20State%20Governments |url-status=live |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title=Lok Sabha passes G RAM G Bill to replace MGNREGA, proposes 125 days of rural wage employment, amid opposition uproar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/lok-sabha-passes-g-ram-g-bill-to-replace-mgnrega-proposes-125-days-of-rural-wage-employment-amid-opposition-uproar/articleshow/126053888.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Background ==
The [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (MGNREGA), enacted in 2005, provided a legal guarantee of 100 days of unskilled wage employment to rural households. Over the years, the [[Government of India]] stated that significant changes in rural infrastructure, poverty reduction, digital governance, and livelihood patterns necessitated a revised legislative framework for rural employment.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=VB-G RAM G bill to replace MGNREGA; sparks row in Parliament |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vbg-ram-g-bill-to-replace-mgnrega-sparks-row-in-parliament-101765828351658.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

According to the [[Ministry of Rural Development]], the VB–G RAM G Bill was introduced to align rural employment guarantees with contemporary development priorities and to integrate employment generation with infrastructure creation and livelihood enhancement under the ''Viksit Bharat @2047'' vision.

== Objectives ==
The stated objectives of the bill are structured around four pillars:
* [[Empowerment]] of [[Rural industry in India|rural households]] through enhanced employment security
* Growth through the creation of durable rural assets
* Convergence of multiple [[Rural industry in India|rural development schemes]] at the village level
* Saturation coverage of eligible households and infrastructure needs

The bill also seeks to balance rural wage employment with agricultural labour requirements during peak farming seasons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: VB–G RAM G Bill to Replace MGNREGA Job Scheme |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/explained-what-is-vbg-ram-g-bill-that-is-set-to-replace-mgnrega-rural-job-guarantee-scheme-3833703 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=5 key changes VB G Ram G Bill introduces in the rural job guarantee framework |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/key-changes-vb-g-ram-g-bill-introduces-rural-job-guarantee-framework-10420806/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Key provisions ==
* '''Employment guarantee''': Provides a statutory guarantee of 125 days of wage employment per financial year to each rural household whose adult members volunteer to undertake unskilled manual work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title=VB-G RAM G Bill, 2025 explained: What will change for rural employment after MGNREGA? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/viksit-bharat-g-ram-g-bill-2025-explained-what-changes-for-rural-employment-after-mgnrega/articleshow/126055916.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* '''Replacement of MGNREGA''': Repeals the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005]], and subsumes its programmes, assets, and institutional structures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha passes VB GRAM G Bill to replace MGNREGA amid opposition protest- Find key features inside |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/parliament-passes-vbgramg-bill-replaces-mgnrega-1766047603778 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/centre-s-new-vb-g-ram-g-bill-to-repeal-mgnrega-shehzad-poonawalla-defends-125-day-plan-amid-opposition-fury/vi-AA1Sxmys |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
* '''Funding pattern''': Implements the scheme as a centrally sponsored programme with a 60:40 Centre–State cost–sharing ratio for most states, and 90:10 for [[Northeast India|north–eastern]] states and [[Union territory|Union Territories]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Preetha |date=2025-12-15 |title=Centre's new VB–G Ram G Bill to replace MGNREGA, pushes 40 per cent funding burden on states |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Dec/15/centres-new-vbg-ram-g-bill-to-replace-mgnrega-pushes-40-per-cent-funding-burden-on-states |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Normative allocation''': Introduces annual normative financial allocations to states, with expenditure beyond allocations to be borne by state governments.
* '''Agricultural season provision''': Allows states to notify up to 60 days annually during sowing or harvesting seasons when employment under the scheme may be temporarily suspended.
* '''Planning framework''': Mandates preparation of village–level development plans known as ''Viksit Gram Panchayat Plans'' and their integration into a national rural infrastructure planning system.
* '''Governance and transparency''': Expands administrative expenditure limits, mandates technology–based monitoring, social audits, and public disclosure mechanisms at the [[Gram Panchayat]] level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explainer: What the Viksit Bharat–G RAM G Bill, 2025 Means for Rural Employment |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/explainer-what-the-viksit-bharat-g-ram-g-bill-2025-means-for-rural-employment/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-17 |title=Change for the worse: On MGNREGA to VB-G RAM G |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/change-for-the-worse-on-replacing-mgnrega-the-vb-g-ram-g-bill/article70407628.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=VB–G RAM G Bill: Modi govt responds to 4 key myths about MGNREGA |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/vbg-ram-g-bill-modi-govt-responds-to-4-key-myths-about-mgnrega-ipit5m8q |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakshi |first=Gursimran Kaur |date=2025-12-19 |title=Parliament Passes VB G RAM G Bill To Replace MNREGA On Rural Job Guarantee After Midnight Debate |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/parliament-passes-vb-g-ram-g-bill-to-replace-mnrega-on-rural-job-guarantee-after-midnight-debate-513843 |access-date=2025-12-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-19 |title=Parliament clears VB-G RAM G Bill, replacing MGNREGA amid Opposition protests |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/parliament-clears-vb-g-ram-g-bill-replacing-mgnrega-amid-opposition-protests/articleshow/126064211.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-19 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Implementation ==
The bill requires state governments to notify implementing schemes within six months of the Act coming into force. Employment planning and execution are to be carried out primarily through [[Gram Panchayats]], with oversight from district, state, and central authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mittal |first=Meghna |date=18 December 2025 |title=VB-G RAM–G Bill signals shift in rural jobs funding, experts raise questions on states' capacity |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/economy/vb-g-ram-g-bill-signals-shift-in-rural-jobs-funding-experts-raise-questions-on-states-capacity-13731786.html |url-status=live |website=www.moneycontrol.com/}}</ref>

Central and State Gramin Rozgar Guarantee Councils are to be constituted for policy guidance and monitoring. The [[/|Ministry of Rural Development]] will oversee implementation, funding releases, and evaluation through digital monitoring systems.

The bill was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] on 16 December 2025 by the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]], [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]. Following approximately eight hours of debate on 17 December 2025, the minister delivered a concluding statement on 18 December, after which the bill was passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] through a voice vote on the same day. Later on the same day, the bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha by the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of Rural Development]], [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]. After nearly six hours of debate and discussion, the [[Rajya Sabha]] passed the bill shortly after midnight on 19 December 2025.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-18 |title=VB-G RAM G Bill passed in Lok Sabha: House adjourned after ruckus - key points |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vb-g-ram-g-bill-passed-in-lok-sabha-house-adjourned-after-ruckus-key-points/articleshow/126053938.cms |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maheshwari |first=Khushi |date=2025-12-18 |title=Lok Sabha Passes VB G RAM G Bill — Details Inside |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/law-and-policy/parliament-winter-session-lok-sabha-passes-vb-g-ram-g-bill-viksit-bharat-guarantee-for-rozgar-and-ajeevika-mission-gramin |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-18 |title=Parliament Winter session Day 14 LIVE: Rajya Sabha passes SHANTI Bill, discusses VB-G RAM G Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-winter-session-lok-sabha-rajya-sabha-day-14-live-updates-december-18-2025/article70410178.ece |access-date=2025-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="aninews.in"/> On 21 December 2025, the bill received the assent of the [[President of India]], thereby replacing the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-21 |title=VB—G RAM G Bill gets President nod, replacing MGNREGA with new rural employment policy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/vbg-ram-g-bill-gets-president-nod-employment-guarantee-extended-to-125-days-mgnrega/articleshow/126104986.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-21 |title=VB-G RAM G Bill gets President Murmu's assent, now becomes law |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/president-droupadi-murmu-gives-assent-to-vb-g-ram-g-bill-101766318048418.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Parliamentary debate and reactions ==
The passage of the bill generated significant debate in Parliament. [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|Opposition parties]] criticised the replacement of MGNREGA, the removal of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]’s name from the legislation, and the shift from a demand–driven funding model to normative allocations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As opposition mounts pressure, Centre explains rationale behind G RAM G Bill |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/12/18/mgnrega-as-opposition-mounts-pressure-centre-explains-rationale-behind-g-ram-g-bill.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-18 |title=VB-G RAM G Bill passed in Lok Sabha amid protests by Opposition; House adjourned - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/vb-g-ram-g-bill-2025-passed-in-lok-sabha-amid-protests-by-opposition-mahatma-gandhi-mgnrega-19795302.htm |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

Members of the [[Indian National Congress]], Left parties, and other opposition groups argued that the bill could weaken the legal guarantee of employment and impose a greater financial burden on states. Economists and civil society representatives expressed concerns that the revised framework could reduce effective access to guaranteed employment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyanka Gandhi slams G RAM G bill on MGNREGA |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/will-finish-off-rural-employment-guarantee-scheme-priyanka-gandhi-on-g-ram-g-bill-3835312 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-12-18 |title=Priyanka Gandhi Vows To Oppose VB-G RAM G Bill, Says It Will End MGNREGA |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/priyanka-gandhi-vows-to-oppose-vb-g-ram-g-bill-says-it-will-end-mgnrega-1817444 |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=ABP Live |language=en}}</ref>

The government defended the bill as a modernization of rural employment legislation, stating that it strengthens guarantees, improves asset creation, and aligns employment generation with long–term development planning.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-12-18 |title='Insult to Bapu's principles': Shivraj Singh Chouhan slams Opposition over ruckus in Lok Sabha, defends VB-G RAM G Bill |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/insult-to-bapus-principles-shivraj-singh-chouhan-slams-opposition-over-ruckus-in-lok-sabha-defends-vb-g-ram-g-bill-1503527553.html |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=South First |date=2025-12-18 |title=Centre pushes through VB–G Ram G Bill in Lok Sabha, Opposition decries 'anti-poor' legislation |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/politics/centre-pushes-through-vb-g-ram-g-bill-in-lok-sabha-opposition-decries-anti-poor-legislation/ |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005]]
* [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]]
* [[Government of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2025]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party controversies]]

Bhongaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:20Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: New.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhongaon
| constituency_no = 108
| map_image = 108-Bhongaon.svg
| mla = [[Ram Naresh Agnihotri]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 290,766 (2012)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Bhongaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]] district and one of the four assembly constituencies in the [[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 108. Since 1956, this constituency has ceased and has been created several times.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhongaon.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Bhongaon Assembly constituency is KCs Alipur Patti, Bhongaon, Bewar, Bhongaon NP & Bewar NP of Bhongaon Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || – || – || Mar-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,849 || Constituency not in existence ||<ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Ganesh Chandra || rowspan="2" | [[Indian National Congress]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || – ||<ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Subedar Singh || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || – ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jagdish Narain Tripathi || [[Communist Party of India]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || – ||<ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || Subedar Singh || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || – ||<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jagdish Narain Tripathi || [[Communist Party of India]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || – ||<ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | – || rowspan="2" | – || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || rowspan="2" | Constituency not in existence ||<ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 ||<ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Shiv Bachh Singh || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || – ||<ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]]
|| Shivraj singh chauhan (P.T.I)|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ||Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || Constituency not in existence ||<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ram Autar Shakya]] || [[Janata Party (Secular)]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || – ||<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Upadesh Singh Chauhan || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || – ||<ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Ram Autar Shakya]] || [[Samajwadi Party]] || Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 ||– ||<ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | [[Alok Kumar Shakya]] || rowspan="3" | [[Samajwadi Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || – ||<ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || – ||<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || 1,829 || – ||<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=1 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2"|[[Ram Naresh Agnihotri]] || rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || March 2017 || March 2022 || || ||
|-
| 18 || [[Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || March 2022 || Incumbent|| || ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhongaon<ref name="BJP 150 list"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shri Ramnaresh Agnihotri<ref name="BJP 150 list">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Shashwat |title=AAP announces 150 candidates for UP elections 2022 {{!}} Check complete list |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/aap-releases-150-candidates-for-uttar-pradesh-polls-2022-check-full-list-2022-01-16-754742 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=indiatvnews.com |date=16 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:97208}}
|percentage = 45.18
|change = {{decrease}}2.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Alok Kumar Shakya
|votes = {{formatnum:92441}}
|percentage = 42.97
|change = {{increase}}5.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:14150}}
|percentage = 6.58
|change = {{decrease}}6.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Bhupendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:4214}}
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mamta Rajput
|votes = {{formatnum:2121}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:906}}
|percentage = 0.42
|change = {{decrease}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4767}}
|percentage = 2.21
|change = {{decrease}}8.16
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:215153}}
|percentage = 62.62
|change = {{increase}}3.49
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Bhongaon<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ram Naresh Agnihotri
|votes = {{formatnum:92697}}
|percentage = 47.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Alok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:72400}}
|percentage = 36.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Surendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:26041}}
|percentage = 13.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1242}}
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20297}}
|percentage = 10.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195746}}
|percentage = 59.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
16th Vidhan Sabha: 2012 Elections
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Bhongaon}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Alok Kumar Shakya]]
|votes = 70,298
|percentage = 40.78
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashish Singh Alias Rahul Rathor
|votes = 39,622
|percentage = 22.99
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rakesh Kumari Alias Rashmi Rajput Advocate
|votes = 26,069
|percentage = 15.12
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 36,384
|percentage = 21.1
|change = –
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,676
|percentage = 17.8
|change = –
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 172,373
|percentage = 59.28
|change = –
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==

*[[Mainpuri district]]
*[[Mainpuri Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mainpuri district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Dhanbad Sadar subdivision

2026-04-04T09:02:29Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting Initial Stub V1

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhanbad Sadar subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.7998|N|86.4305|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dhanbad]]
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2,995
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,949,526
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|dhanbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dhanbad Sadar subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of the [[Dhanbad district]] in the state of Jharkhand, India.

==History==
The earliest administrative mention of Dhanbad, refers to the transfer of the headquarters of Gobindapur subdivision of erstwhile [[Manbhum District]] to Dhanbaid (as it was then known) in the closing years of the 16th century.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.206875/2015.206875.Bengal-District_djvu.txt | title = Bengal District Gazetteers Manbhum by H Coupland, ICS, 1911 | work = Page 68| publisher = Bengal Secretariat Book Depot | access-date = 4 June 2019}}</ref> Dhanbad district was created in 1956 by carving out the old Dhanbad subdivision and Chas and Chandankiyari police station areas of the Sadar subdivision of Manbhum district, on the recommendations of the [[States Reorganisation Commission]]. Initially, the district was split into two subdivisions – Sadar and Baghmara. In 2001, Bokaro district was formed with certain areas of Dhanbad district, which formed Chas subdivision, and Bermo subdivision of Giridih district.<ref name="censushandbook">{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2009_PART_A_DCHB_DHANBAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Dhanbad | work = Series 21, Part XIIA, pages 4-5, 5-6, 8 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 4 June 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
Dhanbad Sadar subdivision has an area of {{cvt|2,995|km2}} and had a population of 1,949,526 in 2011.<ref name="censushandbook"/>

Dhanbad Sadar subdivision, the only subdivision in the district, can broadly be divided into three natural divisions - the north and north western portions consisting of the hilly region, the uplands containing coal mines and most of the industries and the remaining uplands and plains lying to the south of the Damodar river consisting of culturable flat lands.<ref name="censushandbook"/>

Dhanbad Sadar subdivision has two statutory towns namely [[Dhanbad]] and [[Chirkunda]] and 44 [[census town]]s: [[Hariharpur, Dhanbad|Hariharpur]], [[Topchanchi]], [[Gomoh]], [[Gunghasa]], [[Matigara, Dhanbad|Matigara]], [[Bhimkanari]], [[Nadkharki]], [[Madhuban, Dhanbad|Madhuban]], [[Barora]], [[Dumra, Dhanbad|Dumra]], [[Harina, Dhanbad|Harina]], [[Muraidih]], [[Rajganj, Dhanbad|Rajganj]], [[Mahlidih]], [[Kharkhari, Dhanbad|Kharkhari]], [[Sahnidih]], [[Malkera]], [[Nagri Kalan]], [[Babua Kalan]], [[Phulwartanr]], [[Jhinghipahari]], [[Mahuda]], [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]], [[Karmatanr, Dhanbad|Karmatanr]], [[Jangalpur]], [[Pondar Kanali]], [[Sialgudri]], [[Aralgoria]], [[Sansikhara]], [[Bardubhi]], [[Alagdiha]], [[Suranga, Dhanbad|Suranga]], [[Baliapur]], [[Bhamal]], [[Panrra]], [[Nirsa]], [[Marma, Dhanbad|Marma]], [[Egarkunr]], [[Siuliban]], [[Mera, Dhanbad|Mera]], [[Maithon]], [[Panchmahali]], [[Dumarkunda]] and [[Panchet]].<ref name="censushandbook"/>

==Police stations==
Police stations in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/dhanbad | title = Jharkhand Police | work = Contact Numbers | publisher = JP | access-date = 6 June 2019 | archive-date = 16 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190616231704/https://jhpolice.gov.in/dhanbad | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/Admins/structure.html| title = Dhanbad – Welcome to the Coal Capital of India| work = Administrative Structure of Dhanbad District – List of Thana and Outpost of Dhanbad Outpost| publisher = Jharkhand Government| access-date = 15 October 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095316/http://www.dhanbad.nic.in/Admins/structure.html| archive-date = 2017-10-24| url-status = dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station ||Area covered km2 ||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Baghmara, Dhanbad|Baghmara]]|| n/a || - ||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]
|-
|[[Baliapur]]|| n/a || ||[[Baliapur (community development block)|Baliapur]]
|-
|Bankmore|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Barora]]|| n/a || - ||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]?
|-
|[[Barwaada]]|| n/a || - ||[[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]]
|-
|[[Chirkunda]]|| n/a ||[[Chirkunda]]||[[Nirsa (community development block)|Nirsa]]
|-
|[[Dhaunsar]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]]|| n/a || - ||[[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]]
|-
|[[Hariharpur, Dhanbad|Hariharpur]]|| n/a || - ||[[Topchanchi (community development block)|Topchanchi]]
|-
|[[Jogta]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Jharia]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]|| -
|-
|[[Jorapokhar]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]|| -
|-
|[[Katras]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]
|-
|[[Kenduadih]]|| n/a || - ||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Loyabad]]|| n/a || - ||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Madhuban, Dhanbad|Madhuban]]|| n/a || - ||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]?
|-
|[[Mahuda]]|| n/a || - ||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]
|-
|[[Nirsa]]|| n/a || - ||[[Nirsa (community development block)|Nirsa]]
|-
|[[Pathardih]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]|| -
|-
|[[Putki]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Rajganj, Dhanbad|Rajganj]]|| n/a || - ||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]?
|-
|[[Saraidhela]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]||[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]
|-
|[[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]|| -
|-
|[[Sudamdih]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]|| -
|-
|[[Tetulmari]]|| n/a || - ||[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]
|-
|[[Tisra]]|| n/a ||[[Dhanbad]]|| -
|-
|[[Topchanchi]]|| n/a || - ||[[Topchanchi (community development block)|Topchanchi]]
|-
|[[Tundi]]|| n/a || - ||[[Tundi (community development block)|Tundi]]
|-
|}

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision are<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=censusreligion2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= Jharkhand |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 June 2019}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD block ||Headquarters|| Area km2|| Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Hindus]] %||[[Muslims]] %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Baghmara (community development block)|Baghmara]]||[[Baghmara, Dhanbad|Baghmara]]||267.55||334,309||20.78||5.31||87.51||10.61||74.92||[[Matigara, Dhanbad|Matigara]], [[Bhimkanari]], [[Nadkharki]], [[Madhuban, Dhanbad|Madhuban]], [[Barora]], [[Dumra, Dhanbad|Dumra]], [[Harina, Dhanbad|Harina]], [[Muraidih]], [[Rajganj, Dhanbad|Rajganj]], [[Mahlidih]], [[Kharkhari, Dhanbad|Kharkhari]], [[Sahnidih]], [[Malkera]], [[Nagri Kalan]], [[Babua Kalan|Baua Kalan]], [[Phulwartanr]], [[Jhinghipahari]] and [[Mahuda]]
|-
|[[Topchanchi (community development block)|Topchanchi]]||[[Topchanchi]]||194.90||163,342||11.84||6.41||76.41||20.75||74.10|| [[Hariharpur, Dhanbad|Hariharpur]], [[Topchanchi]], [[Gomoh]] and [[Gunghasa]]
|-
|[[Tundi (community development block)|Tundi]]||[[Tundi]]||268.02||102,022||10.69||40.68||78.78||14.25||59.43|| -
|-
|[[Purbi Tundi (community development block)|Purbi Tundi]]||[[Latani, Dhanbad|Latani]]||127.37||50,240||10.83||44.58||74.84||8.51||61.20|| -
|-
|[[Govindpur (community development block)|Govindpur]]||[[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]]||329.71||245,697||11.24||13.85||67.47||29.44||68.53||[[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]], [[Karmatanr, Dhanbad|Karmatanr]] and [[Jangalpur]]
|-
|[[Dhanbad (community development block)|Dhanbad]]||[[Dhanbad]]||64.20||58,884||23.62||4.91||81.59||16.64||78.47||[[Pondar Kanali]], [[Sialgudri]], [[Aralgoria]], [[Sansikhara]] and [[Bardubhi]]
|-
|[[Baliapur (community development block)|Baliapur]]||[[Baliapur]]||173.31||140,908||13.93||13.34||77.79||7.45||70.32|| [[Alagdiha]], [[Suranga, Dhanbad|Suranga]] and [[Baliapur]]
|-
|[[Nirsa (community development block)|Nirsa]]||[[Nirsa]]||431.96||381,105||16.94||16.10||80.21||13.50||68.92||[[Bhamal]], [[Panrra]], [[Nirsa]], [[Marma, Dhanbad|Marma]], [[Egarkunr]], [[Siuliban]], [[Mera, Dhanbad|Mera]], [[Maithon]], [[Panchmahali]], [[Dumarkunda]] and [[Panchet]]
|-
|Egarkund*|| || || || || || || || ||
|-
|Kaliasole*|| || || || || || || || ||
|}
.*No information available as of June 2019

==Economy==
===Collieries===
A broad area-wise distribution of coalmines of [[Bharat Coking Coal|Bharat Coking Coal Limited]] is given below:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| title = Area| publisher = Bharat Coking Coal Limited| access-date = 2 July 2019| archive-date = 26 July 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190726160730/http://www.bcclweb.in/?page_id=22623| url-status = dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Operational Area||Collieries
|-
|[[Barora Area]]||Muraidih, Damoda*, Phularitand, Madhuband
|-
|[[Block II Area]]||Block II, Jamunia
|-
|[[Govindpur Area]]||New Akashkinaree, Govindpur, Block IV/ Kooridih, Jogidih, Maheshpur, Kharkhari, Dharmabandh, South Govindpur, Tettuliya
|-
|[[Katras Area]]||Salanpur, Amalgamated Angarpathra-Ramkanali, Amalgamated West Mudidih-Keshalpur, Katras Choitudih, Gaslitand
|-
|[[Sijua Area]]||Mudidih, Bansdeopur, Tentulmari, Sendra Bansjora, Kankanee, Nichitpur
|-
|[[Kusunda Area]]||Baseria, East Baseria, Gondudih Khas Kusunda, Godhar, Kusunda, Dhansar, Industry
|-
|[[Pootkee Balihari Area]]||Gopalichak, Kachi Balihari 10/12 pit, PB Project, Bhagabadh, Kenduadih, Pootkee, Kachi Balihari 5/6 pit
|-
|[[Bastacola Area]]||Bastacola, Bera, Dobari, Kuya, Ghanoodih, Kujama
|-
| [[Lodna Area]]||Lodna, North Tisra, North Tisra-South Tisra, Jealgora, Bagdigi, Joyrampur, Jeenagora, Bararee, North Tisra-South Tisra Extension (proposed).
|-
|[[Eastern Jharia Area]]||Bhowrah (North), Bhowrah (South), Sudamdih Incline, Sudamdih Shaft, Patherdih, Amlabad*
|-
|[[Chanch/ Victoria Area]]||Basantimata, Dahibari Basantimata, New Laikdih, Laikdih Deep, Chanch, Damagoria*, Begunia*, Victoria West*, Victoria*, Kalyaneswari* (proposed)
|-
|[[Western Jharia Area]]||Moonidih, Murlidih 20/21 pits, Lohapatti, Bhatdih
|}
Note: All the linked Area pages provide relevant details of the collieries and carry maps indicating the location of the collieries

.*Except for these seven collieries, all others are located in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision

==Education==
The following institutions of higher learning and research, including degree colleges, are located in Dhanbad Sadar subdivision:
*[[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]] is an [[Institute of National Importance]] at [[Dhanbad]]. Started as the Indian School of Mines in 1926, it was converted to an [[Indian Institute of Technology]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.iitism.ac.in/ | title = Indian Institute of Technology (ISM) Dhanbad | publisher = IITISM | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf | title = The Gazette of India | work =10 August 2016 | publisher = Ministry of Law and Justice (Legislative Department) | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research]], a constituent laboratory of [[Council of Scientific & Industrial Research|Council of Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR)]], is located at Dhanbad.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cmriindia.nic.in/ | title=Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research | publisher=Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research | access-date=19 June 2019 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922053454/http://www.cmriindia.nic.in/ | archive-date=22 September 2014 }}</ref>
*[[Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University]] was established in 2017 at Dhanbad,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bbmku.org.in/ | title = Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University | publisher = BBMKU | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]] was established in 1949 at [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bitsindri.ac.in/ | title = BIT Sindri | publisher = BITS| access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Patliputra Medical College and Hospital]] was established in 1969 at Dhanbad.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/patliputra-medical-collegedhanbad | title = Patliputra Medical College, Dhanbad | publisher = IndCareer | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[SSLNT Women's College]] (Shree Shree Lakshmi Narayan Trust Mahila Mahavidyalaya) was established in 1955 at Dhanbad.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sslnt.in/ | title = SSLNT Mahila Mahavidyalaya | publisher = SSLNT | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Guru Nanak College, Dhanbad]] was established in Dhanbad in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gncollege.org/# | title = Guru Nanak College | publisher = GNC | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/guru-nanak-college-dhanbad | title = Guru Nanak College, Dhanbad | publisher = IndCareer | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[P. K. Roy Memorial College]] was established in 1977 at Dhanbad.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pkrmc.ac.in/pkrmc/Default.aspx | title = P.K.Roy Memorial College| publisher = PKRMC | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Raja Shiva Prasad College]] was established in 1951 at [[Bhagatdih]], [[Jharia]]. It was shifted to [[Belgaria]], {{cvt|5|km}} away, in 2018, because of underground mine fire.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jharia.in/r-s-p-college-jharia/ | title = RSP College | publisher = Jharia.in | access-date = 19 June 2019 | archive-date = 27 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190627201933/http://jharia.in/r-s-p-college-jharia/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/new-site-for-oldest-school/cid/1376040 | title = New site for oldest school | publisher = The Telegraph, 8 October 201 | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharia-king-s-family-wants-royal-museum-in-building-that-once-housed-college-built-by-king/cid/1680466 | title = Jharia king’s family wants royal museum in abandoned building | publisher = The Telegraph, 1 January 2019 | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Sindri College]] was established in 1963 at [[Sindri (Dhanbad)|Sindri]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sindricollege.com/ | title = Sindri College | publisher = SC | access-date = 19 June 2019}}</ref>
* [[Bholaram Shibal Kharkia College, Maithon]] was established in 1966 at [[Maithon]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://bskc.in/ |title = B.S.K. College, Maithon |publisher= BSKC | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/bholaram-shibal-kharkia-college-maithon-vinoba-bhave-university-hazaribagh-51532 |title = Bholaram Shibal Kharkia College |publisher= Shiksha| access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[R.S. More College|Ram Sahai More College]] was established in 1959 at [[Gobindpur, Jharkhand|Gobindpur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.careerindia.com/colleges/r-s-more-college-gobindpur-jharkhand-cp1137/| title= R.S.More College |publisher= Career India | access-date = 12 June 2019}}</ref>
*Katras College was established at [[Katras|Katras Bazar]] in 1964.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/katras-college-katrasgarh |title = Katras College, Katrasgarh |publisher= IndCareer | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://vbu.ac.in/2015/08/18/katras-college-katrasgarh/ |title = Katras College, Katrasgarh |publisher= Vinoba Bhave University | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>
*DAV Mahila College was established in 1973 at Katras. It has a girls hostel with 50 beds,<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/40376-dav-mahila-college-katras-dhanbad |title = DAV Mahila College, Katras, Dhanbad |publisher= Target Admission | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>
*Koylanchal Sanjay Gandhi Memorial College was established at [[Nirsa]] in 1980.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ksgmcollege.in/index.php |title = KSGM College |publisher=KSGMC | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.icbse.com/colleges/k-s-g-m-college-nirsa-dhanbad-gvqpg5 |title = KSGM College |publisher= ICBSE | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>
*Baghmara College was established at [[Bhimkanari]], PO Baghmara, in 1985.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/dhanbad/baghmara-college-baghmara |title = Baghmara College |publisher= IndCareer| access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiastudychannel.com/colleges/56520-baghmara-college-baghmara-dhanbad |title =Baghmara College |publisher= India Study Channel | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>
*Rajganj Degree College was established in 1985 at Dhawachita, [[Rajganj, Dhanbad|Rajganj]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://rdcr.in/aboutus.aspx |title = Rajganj Degree College, Rajganj, Dhanbad |publisher= RDC| access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.targetadmission.com/colleges/46999-rajganj-degree-college-rajganj-dhanbad |title = Rajganj Degree College, Rajganj, Dhanbad |publisher= Target Admission | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>
*Coalfield College is located at Bhaga, near Jharia.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiastudychannel.com/colleges/23541-coalfild-college-bhaga-dhanbad |title = Coalfield College, Bhaga, Dhabad |publisher= India Study Channel | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.icbse.com/colleges/coalfield-college-bhaga-dhanbad-p6rvv0 |title = Coalfield College, Bhaga, Dhanbad |publisher= ICBSE | access-date = 15 June 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline|Dhanbad}}

{{Dhanbad District}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Cultural festival (India)

2026-03-29T12:07:51Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: correct article further for consistency

{{redirect|College fest|the festival in Boston, United States|CollegeFest}}
{{Short description|Cultural event organized by colleges in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}

In India, a '''cultural festival''', '''cultfest''', '''culfest''' or '''college fest''' is an annual cultural event at a college or university organised by the student community, involving participants from other colleges as well.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/newdelhi/DU-s-three-day-cultural-festival-starts-today/Article1-1015366.aspx 'DU's three-day cultural festival starts today']{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223015904/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/DU-s-three-day-cultural-festival-starts-today/Article1-1015366.aspx |date=2013-02-23 }}, [[The Hindustan Times]], 21 February 2013</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131114014417/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/others/37222428_1_tadap-tadap-ke-college-fest-tu-aashiqui-hai 'KK performs at a college fest in Lucknow'], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 22 February 2013</ref><ref name="all the right vibes">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120710194814/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/10/05/stories/2005100501190300.htm 'With all the right vibes'], [[The Hindu]], 5 October 2005.</ref><ref>[http://www.coolage.in/2012/04/30/nit-warangal-cult-fest 'NIT-Warangal Cult Fest'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508065856/http://www.coolage.in/2012/04/30/nit-warangal-cult-fest/ |date=8 May 2012 }}, www.coolage.in, 30 April 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112164436/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-23/others/37256609_1_college-fest-gala-time-students 'Students of engineering college had gala time at college fest'], ''[[The Times of India]]'', 23 February 2013</ref> Professional performing artists are also typically invited, and a number of competitions are held for students. Fests are usually funded through sponsors, although some colleges have begun exploring the idea of [[crowdfunding]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Now-crowdfunding-for-college-fests/articleshow/29765411.cms|title=Now, crowdfunding for college fests?|work=The Times of India|date=February 2, 2014}}</ref>

==General format==
Most college culfests last between two and five days. The events in a culfest can be broadly classified into four sections:
;Literary events
Literary events usually include [[quiz]]zes, [[word game]]s, [[creative writing]] and some form of [[public speaking]] or [[debate]].
;Cultural events
These include such competitions as [[music]], [[dance]], [[fine art]]s and [[drama]].
;Professional events
One or more professionally staged entertainment programs may be scheduled.
;Gaming events
[[Video game]]s and [[board game]]s may be played.

==See also==
*[[List of cultural festivals in Indian colleges]]
*[[List of cultural and technical festivals in IITs and NITs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culfests|.]]

{{India-culture-stub}}
{{India-festival-stub}}
{{India-university-stub}}

Vidyanagar, Kasaragod

2026-03-25T18:11:27Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vidyanagar
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise from bottom: Collectorate Complex, [[Government College, Kasaragod]], Kannur university B.Ed center Chala, Kenriya Vidyalaya no 2, TIHSSchool Naimarmoola, Municipal Stadium Kasaragod, Govt Industrial Training Institute
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12|31|02.8|N|75|00|44.9|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kasaragod district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 671123 (Vidyanagar Post Office)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04994
| registration_plate = KL-14(Kasaragod)
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Tropical monsoon]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|19|°C|°F}}
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vidyanagar''' is a locality in [[Kasaragod]] municipality. It is located 5.6 km from Kasaragod Town at the National Highway [[National Highway 66 (India)|66]] towards Kannur.

Formerly known as Kunhimavindadi, it was officially renamed as Vidyanagar (place of Great Knowledge) after the opening of [[Government College, Kasaragod]] here in 1957. The place has a large population of [[Muslims]], [[Hindus]] and [[Christians]] .

Vidyanagar is known as the Educational hub of Kasaragod District as it also houses [[Kannur University]] B.Ed. center (Located in Chala, Vidyanagar), Govt ITI ([[Industrial training institute]]), [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], TIHSS Naimarmoola, KS Abdullah School, Chinmaya Vidyalaya, PTMAUPS Bedira - Chala etc..

The Kasaragod district Collectorate is also in Vidyanagar.

== Transport ==

===Road===

The National Highway 66(''formerly NH17'') enters Kerala in [[Kunjathur]] of Kasargod district, through which major towns in the district are connected to [[Mangalore]]. The highway form a backbone of the road network for the district from Talapady, covering major towns like [[Uppala]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Cherkala]], [[Kanhangad]], [[Nileshwaram]] and [[Cheruvathur]]. The NH exits the district in Kalikadavu ([[Pilicode]]) which ends at [[Edappally]].

===Air===

The nearest airport to Vidyanagar is Mangalore International Airport, which is around 60 km away from the town. Kannur International Airport, which is 116 km, Other airports near Vidyanagar is Calicut International Airport, lies about 223 km to the south and Mysore Airport, which is around 259 km to the south east.

== Languages ==
Kasargod district is one of the rare districts in India which houses as many as 7 different languages (excluding dialects and tribal languages), with each spoken by a substantial number of people.<ref name="Indiacommunities">{{cite book|last=Kumar Suresh Singh|first=|title=India's communities|volume=6|year=1998|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|page=1549}}</ref>

==Climate==
Vidyanagar experiences a [[Tropical monsoon climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]].
{{Weather box/concise C
| location=Kasaragod, Kerala
| source=Climate-Data.org<ref name="Climate-Data.org">
"CLIMATE: Vidyanagar",
Climate-Data.org. Web: [http://en.climate-data.org/location/34993/].</ref>
| 31.4|31.5|32.2|32.7|32.2|29.3|28.2|28.4|28.8|30.0|31.0|31.5
| 21.7|22.8|24.3|25.9|25.7|23.9|23.4|23.6|23.5|23.8|23.1|22.0
| 1|1|5|55|262|1002|1190|647|338|229|77|18
}}

==Administration==
{{Main|Political Divisions of Kasaragod}}

===Parliament Constituency===
* Kasaragod

===Assembly Constituencies===
#[[Kasaragod Town#Politics|Kasaragod]]

== Sports ==
In Vidyanagar, [[cricket]] and [[association football|football]] are highly prioritized. Along with these, other sports like [[volleyball]] and [[badminton]] also hold importance.

The region is home to several major stadiums, including the Kasaragod Municipal Stadium & Kasaragod municipality volleyball stadium located at Chala, Vidyanagar.

The Friends Chala Arts and Sports Club and the Chandragiri Arts and Sports Club, being the oldest cricket and football clubs in the district, hold a significant position in the community.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/FriendsChala/ Friends Chala Arts and Sports Club]

[[Category:Suburbs of Kasaragod]]

Kodi Ramakrishna

2026-03-24T16:49:21Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: basic improved layout for accuracy and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (1949–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Kodi Ramakrishna.jpg
| name = Kodi Ramakrishna
| caption = Kodi in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1949|07|23}}
| birth_place = [[Palakollu]], [[West Godavari]] (in present-day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2019|02|22|1949|07|23}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film director]]|[[Screenwriter]]|[[Actor]]}}
| years_active = 1979–2019
| website = {{URL|kodiramakrishna.in}}
}}

'''Kodi Ramakrishna''' (23 July 1949 – 22 February 2019) was an Indian film director, screenwriter, and actor, known for his work in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M.L. |date=1 August 2008 |title=Taking on the bad guys |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Taking-on-the-bad-guys/article15399485.ece |access-date=22 February 2019 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Over the course of his career, he directed more than 100 films across various genres, earning a reputation as one of the most prolific filmmakers in the industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2020-02-24 |title=Kodi Ramakrishna's daughters to start production house? |url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/in-other-news/240220/kodi-ramakrishnas-daughters-to-start-production-house.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[The Asian Age]] |quote=Kodi Ramakrishna is one of the few directors in Telugu cinema who have crossed the 100-film milestone as director.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Veteran Telugu film director Kodi Ramakrishna is no more |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/22/veteran-telugu-film-director-kodi-ramakrishna-is-no-more-10233.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> He is credited with pioneering the use of advanced [[visual effects]] in [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]], through his supernatural fantasy films.''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=22 February 2019 |title=Veteran Telugu film director Kodi Ramakrishna is no more |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/22/veteran-telugu-film-director-kodi-ramakrishna-is-no-more-10233.html |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>'' In 2012, he was honoured with the [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for his lifetime contribution to Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2017 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hema Malini bag NTR awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Life==
Kodi Ramakrishna was born on 23 July 1949 in [[Palakollu]], [[West Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-02-22 |title=Telugu director Kodi Ramakrishna passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/kodi-ramakrishna-dead-5596667/ |access-date=2021-05-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> His career in the Indian cinema industry spanned more than 30 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/kodi-ramakrishna/biography.html|title=Kodi Ramakrishna|work=FilmiBeat|access-date=13 February 2014|archive-date=30 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430204313/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/celebs/kodi-ramakrishna/biography.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/big-movies-which-got-shelved-after-launch-telugu-news-117460.html-slide8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215193437/http://www.indiaglitz.com/big-movies-which-got-shelved-after-launch-telugu-news-117460.html-slide8|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2015|title=Big movies which got shelved after launch}}</ref>

Kodi Ramakrishna began his career as an associate to [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] in ''Korikale Gurralaite'' (1979). His debuted as a director with the film ''[[Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya]]'' (1982). His filmography includes drama films like ''[[Mangammagari Manavadu|Mangamma Gari Manavadu]]'' (1984), ''Maa Pallelo Gopaludu'' (1985), ''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' (1987), ''Aahuthi'' (1987), ''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989), ''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]'' (1997), ''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997), and [[social problem film]]s such as ''[[Ankusam]]'' (1989), ''[[Bharat Bandh]]'' (1991), and ''[[Sathruvu]]'' (1991). He also directed [[Spy film|spy films]] like ''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' (1983), and ''Gudachari 117'' (1989), and supernatural [[fantasy film]]s like ''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995), ''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' (1999), ''[[Devullu]]'' (2000), ''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]'' (2004), and ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2009). ''Arundhati'' won ten state [[Nandi Awards]] and became one of the highest grossing Telugu films ever at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Film director Kodi Ramakrishna hospitalised |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Film-director-Kodi-Ramakrishna-hospitalised/etarticleshow/17168376.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140213165421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-10/news-interviews/35033400_1_kodi-ramakrishna-chest-pain-film |archive-date=2014-02-13 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2016, he started working ''Baba Sathya Sai'' a biopic about [[Sathya Sai Baba]] (with [[Sreejith Vijay]] in the role).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-27 |title=Sreejith Vijay starts shooting for Baba Sathya Sai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Sreejith-Vijay-starts-shooting-for-Baba-Sathya-Sai/articleshow/54865143.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Family ===
His elder daughter Kodi Divya Deepti entered into film production with ''[[Nenu Meeku Baaga Kavalsinavaadini]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-13 |title=Interview : Kodi Divya Deepti – Nenu Meku Baga Kavalasinavadini is a complete family entertainer |url=https://www.123telugu.com/interviews/interview-kodi-divya-deepti-nenu-meku-baga-kavalasinavadini-is-a-complete-family-entertainer.html |access-date= |website=[[123telugu.com]] |language=}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2012, he received the state [[Raghupathi Venkaiah Award]] for his contribution to Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2017 |title=S.P. Balasubrahmanyam, Hema Malini bag NTR awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spb-hema-malini-bag-ntr-awards/article17821614.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Death==
Kodi Ramakrishna died on 22 February 2019 in Hyderabad. He was under treatment at AIG Hospitals, Gachibowli for acute breathing problem.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=22 February 2019 |title=Veteran Telugu Filmmaker Kodi Ramakrishna Dies |newspaper=[[India Today]] |location=Hyderabad, India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/veteran-telugu-filmmaker-kodi-ramakrishna-dies-1462427-2019-02-22}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Director===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*{{Lang|te-latn|[[Intlo Ramayya Veedhilo Krishnayya]]}} (1982)
*''Tarangini'' (1982)
*{{Lang|te-latn|[[Aalaya Sikharam]]}} (1983)
*''Mukku Pudaka'' (1983)
*''[[Simhapuri Simham]]'' (1983)
*''[[Poratam]]'' (1983)
*''Rangula Puli'' (1983)
*''Maa Intiki Randi'' (1983)
*''[[Gudachari No.1]]'' (1983)
*''Adigo Alladigo'' (1984)
*''Aada Puli'' (1984)
*''Danavudu'' (1984)
*''[[Adarsavanthudu]]'' (1984)
*''[[Mangamma Gari Manavadu]]'' (1984)
*''Bandee'' (1985)
*''[[Maa Pallelo Gopaludu]]'' (1985)
*''Moodilla Muchchata'' (1985)
*''[[Muddula Krishnayya]]'' (1986)
*''Attagaaroo Swagatam'' (1986)
*''Mannemlo Monagadu'' (1986)
*''Jail Pakshi'' (1986)
*''Challani Ramayya Chakkani Sitamma'' (1986)
*''[[Muvva Gopaludu]]'' (1987)
*''[[Talambralu (film)|Talambralu]]'' (1987)
*''Udayam'' (1987)
*''Dongodochchadu'' (1987)
*''[[Srinivasa Kalyanam (1987 film)|Srinivasa Kalyanam]]'' (1987)
*''Donga Kapuram'' (1987)
*''Inti Donga'' (1987)
*''[[Murali Krishnudu]]'' (1988)
*''[[Station Master (1988 film)|Station Master]]'' (1988)
*''[[Aahuthi]]'' (1988)
*''[[Chuttalabbayi]]'' (1988)
*''[[Bharatamlo Bala Chandrudu]]'' (1988)
*''Manavadostunnaadu'' (1988)
*''Doragaarintlo Dongodu'' (1988)
*''[[Goonda Rajyam]]'' (1989)
*''Atta Mechchina Alludu'' (1989)
*''[[Muddula Mavayya]]'' (1989)
*''[[Bala Gopaludu]]'' (1989)
*''Vintha Dongalu'' (1989)
*''Soggadi Kapuram'' (1989)
*''Bhale Dampathulu'' (1989)
*''[[Gudachari 117]]'' (1989)
*''[[Muddula Menalludu]]'' (1990)
*''[[Rao Gari Intlo Rowdy]]'' (1990)
*''[[Ankusam]]'' (1990)
*''[[20va Sathabdam]]'' (1990)
*''Sila Sasanam'' (1990)
*''Vimukti'' (1991)
*''Manavude Mahaneeyudu'' (1991)
*''[[Sathruvu]]'' (1991)
*''Madhura Nagarilo'' (1991)
*''[[Bharat Bandh]]'' (1991)
*''Tarangalu'' (1991)
*''Bharatam'' (1992)
*''[[Allari Pilla]]'' (1992)
*''Gang War'' (1992)
*''Pellam Chebite Vinaali'' (1992)
*''Rajadhani'' (1993)
*''Police Lockup'' (1993)
*''[[Aavesam]]'' (1994)
*''Lady Boss'' (1994)
*''[[Captain (1994 film)|Captain]]'' (1994)
*''[[Maa Voori Maaraju]]'' (1994)
*''[[Ammoru]]'' (1995)
*''[[Rikshavodu]]'' (1995)
*''Godfather'' (1995)
*''Aasti Mooredu Aasa Baaredu'' (1995)
*''[[Chilakapachcha Kaapuram]]'' (1995)
*''[[Maa Aavida Collector]]'' (1996)
*''Lathi Charge'' (1996)
*''Railway Coolie'' (1996)
*''[[Mama Bagunnava]]'' (1997)
*''Ratha Yatra'' (1997)
*''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997)
*''[[Pelli (film)|Pelli]]'' (1997)
*''[[Pelli Pandiri]]'' (1997)
*''Panjaram'' (1997)
*''[[Pelli Kanuka (1998 film)|Pelli Kanuka]]'' (1998)
*''[[Daddy Daddy]]'' (1998)
*''[[Devi (1999 film)|Devi]]'' (1999)
*''[[Bharata Ratna]]'' (1999)
*''[[Panchadara Chilaka]]'' (1999)
*''[[Maa Balaji]]'' (1999)
*''[[Aavide Syamala]]'' (1999)
*''[[Devullu]]'' (2000)
*''[[Devi Putrudu]]'' (2001)
*''[[Navvuthu Bathakalira]]'' (2001)
*''[[Railway Coolie]]'' (2001)
*''[[Kalisi Naduddam]]'' (2001)
*''Jenda'' (2002)
*''[[Pilisthe Palukutha]]'' (2002)
*''Trinetram'' (2002)
*''[[Puttintiki Ra Chelli]]'' (2004)
*''[[Anji (film)|Anji]]'' (2004)
*''[[Ayodhya (2005 Telugu film)|Ayodhya]]'' (2005)
*''[[Keelu Gurram (2005 film)|Keelu Gurram]]'' (2005)
*''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]'' (2005)
*''Dongodi Pelli'' (2006)
*''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2009)
*''[[Avatharam (2014 Telugu film)|Avatharam]]'' (2014)
*''[[Nagarahavu (2016 film)|Nagarahavu]]'' (2016; Kannada)
}}

===Associate director===
*''Korikale Gurralayite?'' (1979)

===Actor===
*''Mudilla Muchata'' (1985)
*''Attagaaroo Swagatam'' (1986)
*''Inti Donga'' (1987)
*''Atha Mechina Alludu''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atha Mechina Alludu (1989) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ADMQ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1989) as Buchi Babu
*''Chevilo Puvvu'' (1990) as himself
*''Aasti Mooredu Aasa Baaredu'' (1995)
*''[[Dongaata (1997 film)|Dongaata]]'' (1997)
*''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=3 October 2008 |title=A colourless Rainbow |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssr/20081003.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125074347/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssr/20081003.htm |archive-date=25 January 2022 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=[[Rediff]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0707952}}
*{{official website|http://www.kodiramakrishna.in}}

{{Kodi Ramakrishna}}
{{Raghupathi Venkaiah Award Recipients|state=collapsed}}
{{Indian Animation Industry}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramakrishna, Lodi}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Film people from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Order of St. Andrew

2026-03-23T18:51:10Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: update section based on references based on references

{{Short description|Highest award of Russia}}
{{about|the Russian order|the Eastern Orthodox order|Archons of the Ecumenical Patriarchate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox order
|name= Imperial Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-Called {{small|Орден Святого апостола Андрея Первозванного}}
|image= StAndrew All.jpg
|caption=
|awarded_by= Head of the [[House of Romanov]]
|type= [[Order of chivalry]]
|established= 1698
|motto= За веру и верность (For Faith and Loyalty)
|eligibility=
|for=
|status= Rarely constituted
|description=
|head_title= Sovereign
|head= [[Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia|Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna]]
|head2_title= Grand Master
|head2= [[Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia|Grand Duke George Mikhailovich]]
|grades= Knight{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|first_induction= 1698 ([[Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin|Count Fyodor Golovin]])
|total=
|posthumous=
|recipients=
|individual=
|higher= None
|same=
|lower= [[Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky]] [[Order of Saint Catherine]]
|related=
|image2= [[File:Order St. Andrew (Russia) ribbon.svg|90px]]
|caption2= Ribbon of the order
}}
[[File:Wearing of the insignia of the Order of St. Andrew.svg|300px|thumb|right|Decoration with collar (left) and with sash and star (right)]]
[[File:Order of St Andrew.jpg|thumb|Star of the Order of Saint Andrew with diamonds.|alt=Photographed by User:Jane023. Place taken:"Photo of exhibition "Juwelen!" at Hermitage Amsterdam, 17 January 2020"]]
The '''Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle the First-Called''' ({{langx|ru|Орден Святого апостола Андрея Первозванного|translit=Orden Svyatogo apostola Andreya Pervozvannogo|engvar=gb}}) is the highest [[Order (distinction)|order]] conferred by both the [[Russian Imperial Family]] (as an [[order of chivalry]]) and by the [[Russian Federation]] (as a [[state order]]). Established as the first and highest order of chivalry of the [[Russian Tsardom]] and the [[Russian Empire]] in 1698, it was removed from the honours system under the [[USSR]] before being re-established as the top Russian civil and military order in 1998.

== Russian Empire ==
===Origins===
The Order was established in 1698 by [[Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]], in honour of [[Saint Andrew]], the first [[Twelve apostles|apostle]] of [[Jesus]] and [[patron saint]] of Russia. It was bestowed in a single class and was only awarded for the most outstanding civilian or military merit.

Peter learned of the practice of bestowing awards from his travels in the West during the [[Great Embassy]]. In the past, service to the Russian state was rewarded with money or large estates. He witnessed first hand the awards ceremonies for England's [[Order of the Garter]] and [[Austria]]'s [[Order of the Golden Fleece]] and noticed the loyalty and pride of the awardees{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}. It also saved the state land and money.

[[Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin|Count Fyodor Golovin]] was the first Knight of the order. Until the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]], just over one thousand awards had been made. During the monarchy, Knights of the Order of St. Andrew also automatically were granted hereditary nobility and received the [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky]], the [[Order of the White Eagle (Russia)|Order of the White Eagle]], the [[Order of St. Anna|Order of Saint Anna]] and the [[Order St. Stanislaus]] Knight Grand Cross. Moreover, recipients of lower ranks were automatically promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant general]] or [[vice admiral]]. The Order of Saint Andrew continues to be awarded by the Russian Imperial House in exile, with most recent investitures having been conferred in 2021. The first post-revolutionary presentation was to [[Prince Georgy Konstantinovich of Russia]] on attaining his dynastic majority in April 1923.<ref>[[:ru:Пожалования титулов и орденов Российской империи после 1917 года]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=February 2023}}

Due to a {{Interlanguage link|St Andrew's ribbon|ru|3=Андреевская лента|lt=blue riband|vertical-align=sup}} of the order, the French phrase ''Cordon Bleu'', initially associated with [[Order of the Holy Spirit]], also referred to knights St Andrew's order.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YMT-AgAAQBAJ&q=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE Венчание русских государей на царство. Couronnement des souverains Russes.]</ref><ref>Jean-Henri Schnitzler. Secret History of the Court and Government of Russia Under the emperors Alexander and Nicholas</ref>

===Insignia===
The insignia of the order consisted of:

* [[Badge]]: an enamelled crowned black double-headed eagle bearing a blue St. Andrew's Cross ([[saltire]]) with St. Andrew crucified upon it; on the arms of the saltire were the Latin letters 'SAPR' ('St. Andrew, Patron of Russia'). It was worn on a pale blue sash over the right shoulder, or on special occasions on an elaborate 'collar' (chain).
* [[Star (polygon)|Star]]: eight-pointed silver star bearing a miniature of the badge on a golden background at the centre, surrounded by the motto "For Faith and Loyalty" (Russian: {{lang|ru|За веру и верность}} ''Za Veru i Vernost''') on a blue ring. It was worn on the left chest.

The insignia of the order could be awarded "with [[diamonds]]" as a special distinction. [[Saint Andrew's Cathedral (Saint Petersburg)|Saint Andrew's Cathedral]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] was the chapter church of this [[order of chivalry]].

===Knights ===
==== List of notable Knights ====
{{Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=|gap=4em}}
* [[Sir John Acton, 6th Baronet]]
* [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)]]
* [[Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884–1948)]]
* [[Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden]]
* [[Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg]]
* [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]]
* [[Adolphus Frederick V, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
* [[Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal]]
* [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]
* [[Albert I of Belgium]]
* [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1809–1872)]]
* [[Prince Albert of Prussia (1837–1906)]]
* [[Albert, King of Saxony]]
* [[Albert, Prince Consort]]
* [[Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen]]
* [[Alexander I of Russia]]
* [[Alexander I of Serbia]]
* [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia]]
* [[Alexander II of Russia]]
* [[Alexander III of Russia]]
* [[Alexander Kurakin (1697)]]
* [[Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine]]
* [[Duke Alexander of Oldenburg]]
* [[Prince Alexander of Prussia]]
* [[Prince Alexander of the Netherlands]]
* [[Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1771–1833)]]
* [[Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia]]
* [[Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia]]
* [[Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia]]
* [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]]
* [[Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]]
* [[Amadeo I of Spain]]
* [[Gyula Andrássy]]
* [[Grand Duke Andrei Vladimirovich of Russia]]
* [[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Anna Leopoldovna]]
* [[Anna of Russia|Anna I of Russia]]
* [[Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick]]
* [[Anton II of Georgia]]
* [[Anton Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg]]
* [[Fyodor Apraksin]]
* [[Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin]]
* [[Nikolai Arkharov]]
* [[Alexander Armfelt]]
* [[Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt]]
* [[Prince Arnulf of Bavaria]]
* [[Prince Arthur of Connaught]]
* [[Prince August, Duke of Dalarna]]
* [[Prince August of Württemberg]]
* [[Augustus II the Strong]]
* [[Augustus III of Poland]]
* [[Prince Augustus of Prussia]]
* [[Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg]]
* [[Pyotr Bagration]]
* [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]]
* [[Aleksandr Baryatinsky]]
* [[Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
* [[Vasili Bebutov]]
* [[Alexander von Benckendorff]]
* [[Levin August von Bennigsen]]
* [[Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1792–1862)]]
* [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]]
* [[Andrew Bertie]]
* [[Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin]]
* [[Mikhail Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin]]
* [[Ivan Betskoy]]
* [[Alexander Bezborodko]]
* [[Aleksandr Bibikov]]
* [[Ernst Johann von Biron]]
* [[Peter von Biron]]
* [[Otto von Bismarck]]
* [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]]
* [[Yevgeny Bolkhovitinov]]
* [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]
* [[Constantin Brâncoveanu]]
* [[Franciszek Ksawery Branicki]]
* [[George Browne (soldier)]]
* [[Jacob Bruce]]
* [[Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
* [[Bernhard von Bülow]]
* [[Alexander Buturlin]]
* [[Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden]]
* [[Leo von Caprivi]]
* [[Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland]]
* [[Carlos I of Portugal]]
* [[Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain]]
* [[Carol I of Romania]]
* [[William Cathcart, 1st Earl Cathcart]]
* [[Catherine I of Russia]]
* [[Catherine the Great]]
* [[Charles I of Württemberg]]
* [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]
* [[Charles XIII]]
* [[Charles XIV John]]
* [[Charles XV]]
* [[Charles Albert of Sardinia]]
* [[Charles Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
* [[Charles Augustus, Hereditary Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1844–1894)]]
* [[Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]]
* [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden]]
* [[Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden]]
* [[Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg]]
* [[Prince Charles of Hesse and by Rhine]]
* [[Prince Charles of Prussia]]
* [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen]]
* [[Charles, Grand Duke of Baden]]
* [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia)]]
* [[Alexey Cherkassky]]
* [[Zakhar Chernyshev]]
* [[Ivan Chernyshyov]]
* [[Piotr Grigoryevich Chernyshev]]
* [[Vasily Chichagov]]
* [[Chlodwig, Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]]
* [[Joachim Chreptowicz]]
* [[Christian VIII of Denmark]]
* [[Christian IX of Denmark]]
* [[Christian X of Denmark]]
* [[Chulalongkorn]]
* [[Andrzej Ciechanowiecki]]
* [[Constantine I of Greece]]
* [[Constantine II of Greece]]
* [[Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski]]
* [[Ivan Delyanov]]
* [[Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia]]
* [[Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky]]
* [[Alexey Grigoryevich Dolgorukov]]
* [[Vasily Andreyevich Dolgorukov]]
* [[Vasily Vladimirovich Dolgorukov]]
* [[Mikhail Dragomirov]]
* [[Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza]]
* [[John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham]]
* [[Edward VII]]
* [[Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia]]
* [[Elizabeth of Russia|Elizabeth I of Russia]]
* [[Johann Martin von Elmpt]]
* [[Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover]]
* [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick]]
* [[Prince Ernest Augustus, 3rd Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale]]
* [[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
* [[Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[Archduke Ernest of Austria (1824–1899)]]
* [[Fredrik von Essen]]
* [[Peter Essen]]
* [[Archduke Eugen of Austria]]
* [[Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke]]
* [[Fuad II of Egypt]]
* [[Ferdinand I of Austria]]
* [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria]]
* [[Ferdinand I of Romania]]
* [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]]
* [[Ferdinand II of Portugal]]
* [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]]
* [[Archduke Ferdinand Karl of Austria]]
* [[Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph of Austria-Este]]
* [[Prince Ferdinand of Bavaria]]
* [[Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[William Fermor]]
* [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor]]
* [[Francis IV, Duke of Modena]]
* [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria]]
* [[Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein]]
* [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]]
* [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]]
* [[Frederick II Eugene, Duke of Württemberg]]
* [[Frederick the Great]]
* [[Frederick III, German Emperor]]
* [[Frederick IV of Denmark]]
* [[Frederick VI of Denmark]]
* [[Frederick VII of Denmark]]
* [[Frederik VIII of Denmark]]
* [[Frederik IX of Denmark]]
* [[Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg]]
* [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony]]
* [[Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony]]
* [[Frederick Francis II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick Francis III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick Francis IV, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden]]
* [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden]]
* [[Prince Frederick of Prussia (1794–1863)]]
* [[Frederick I of Württemberg]]
* [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]]
* [[Frederick William II of Prussia]]
* [[Frederick William III of Prussia]]
* [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]]
* [[Frederick William, Elector of Hesse]]
* [[Frederick William, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
* [[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands]]
* [[Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1828–1885)]]
* [[Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia]]
* [[Archduke Friedrich, Duke of Teschen]]
* [[Archduke Friedrich of Austria (1821–1847)]]
* [[Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu]]
* [[Prince Fushimi Sadanaru]]
* [[Gavriil Gagarin]]
* [[Duke Georg Alexander of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
* [[George I of Greece]]
* [[George IV]]
* [[George V]]
* [[George XII of Georgia]]
* [[Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia (1863–1919)]]
* [[Prince George of Greece and Denmark]]
* [[Prince George, Duke of Cambridge]]
* [[George, King of Saxony]]
* [[Duke George of Oldenburg]]
* [[Prince George of Prussia]]
* [[Alexander von Güldenstubbe]]
* [[August Neidhardt von Gneisenau]]
* [[Alexander Mikhailovich Golitsyn]]
* [[Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn the Elder]]
* [[Dmitry Mikhailovich Golitsyn the Younger]]
* [[Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin]]
* [[Gavriil Golovkin]]
* [[Agenor Maria Gołuchowski]]
* [[Alexander Gorchakov]]
* [[Ivan Goremykin]]
* [[Daniil Granin]]
* [[Aleksey Greig]]
* [[Guangxu Emperor]]
* [[Samuel Greig]]
* [[Ivan Gudovich]]
* [[Iosif Gurko]]
* [[Gustaf V]]
* [[Gustaf VI Adolf]]
* [[Gustav IV Adolf]]
* [[Gustav III]]
* [[Gustav, Prince of Vasa]]
* [[Haakon VII of Norway]]
* [[Wilhelm von Hahnke]]
* [[Prince Heinrich of Hesse and by Rhine]]
* [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)]]
* [[Heinrich VII, Prince Reuss of Köstritz]]
* [[Prince Henry of Prussia (1781–1846)]]
* [[Prince Henry of the Netherlands (1820–1879)]]
* [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Heraclius II of Georgia]]
* [[Prince Hermann of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1825–1901)]]
* [[Iosif Igelström]]
* [[Irakli Bagration of Mukhrani]]
* [[Ivan VI of Russia]]
* [[Archduke John of Austria]]
* [[Prince Johann of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]]
* [[John, King of Saxony|Johann I of Saxony]]
* [[John VI of Portugal]]
* [[Duke John Albert of Mecklenburg]]
* [[Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)]]
* [[Joseph, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[Archduke Joseph Karl of Austria]]
* [[Mikhail Kakhovsky]]
* [[Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern (died 1885)|Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
* [[Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
* [[Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen]]
* [[Karl Leopold, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]]
* [[Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg]]
* [[Prince Karl Theodor of Bavaria]]
* [[James Francis Edward Keith]]
* [[Hermann Karl von Keyserling]]
* [[Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen]]
* [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]]
* [[Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia]]
* [[Pavel Kiselyov]]
* [[Karl Friedrich von dem Knesebeck]]
* [[Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich of Russia]]
* [[Konstantin of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst]]
* [[Apostol Kostanda]]
* [[Wincenty Krasiński]]
* [[Prince Kuni Kuniyoshi]]
* [[Alexander Kurakin]]
* [[Alexey Kurakin]]
* [[Boris Kurakin]]
* [[Mikhail Kutuzov]]
* [[Jacques-Joachim Trotti, marquis de La Chétardie]]
* [[Peter Lacy]]
* [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron]]
* [[Jean Lannes]]
* [[Sergey Stepanovich Lanskoy]]
* [[Leonida Bagration of Mukhrani]]
* [[Leopold I of Belgium]]
* [[Leopold II of Belgium]]
* [[Leopold IV, Duke of Anhalt]]
* [[George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
* [[Sergei Georgievich, 8th Duke of Leuchtenberg]]
* [[Nikolai Linevich]]
* [[Mikhail Loris-Melikov]]
* [[Émile Loubet]]
* [[Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse]]
* [[Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]
* [[Louis XVIII]]
* [[Louis Ferdinand, Prince of Prussia]]
* [[Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden]]
* [[Prince Louis of Battenberg]]
* [[Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg]]
* [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême]]
* [[Karl Gustav von Löwenwolde]]
* [[Ludwig I of Bavaria]]
* [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]]
* [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]]
* [[Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
* [[Archduke Ludwig Viktor of Austria]]
* [[Luís I of Portugal]]
* [[Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria]]
* [[Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel]]
* [[Manuel II of Portugal]]
* [[Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)]]
* [[Maria Feodorovna (Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg)]]
* [[Maria Theresa|Maria Theresa I, Holy Roman Empress]]
* [[Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia]]
* [[Maximilian I of Mexico]]
* [[Prince Maximilian of Baden]]
* [[Emperor Meiji]]
* [[Michael I of Romania]]
* [[Ivan Mazepa]]
* [[Duke William of Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
* [[Duke Charles of Mecklenburg]]
* [[Emperor Meiji]]
* [[Pyotr Melissino]]
* [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov]]
* [[Klemens von Metternich]]
* [[Peter von Meyendorff]]
* [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Johann von Michelsohnen]]
* [[Miguel I of Portugal]]
* [[Mikhail Volkonsky]]
* [[Sergey Mikhalkov]]
* [[Milan I of Serbia]]
* [[Mikhail Miloradovich]]
* [[Hugh Henry Mitchell]]
* [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]]
* [[Nikolay Mordvinov (admiral)]]
* [[Prince Moritz of Saxe-Altenburg]]
* [[Arkady Morkov]]
* [[Burkhard Christoph von Münnich]]
* [[Joachim Murat]]
* [[Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky]]
* [[Valentin Musin-Pushkin]]
* [[Ivan Nabokov]]
* [[Napoleon I of France]]
* [[Napoleon III of France]]
* [[Napoléon, Prince Imperial]]
* [[Karl Heinrich von Nassau-Siegen]]
* [[Ivan Neplyuyev]]
* [[Karl Nesselrode]]
* [[Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1982)|Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (1982)]]
* [[Nicholas I of Russia]]
* [[Nicholas II of Russia]]
* [[Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsesarevich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891)]]
* [[Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)]]
* [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]
* [[Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau]]
* [[Peter Obolyaninov]]
* [[Michał Kazimierz Ogiński]]
* [[Grigol Orbeliani]]
* [[Alexey Fyodorovich Orlov]]
* [[Oscar I of Sweden]]
* [[Oscar II]]
* [[Fabian Gottlieb von der Osten-Sacken]]
* [[Alexander Ivanovich Ostermann-Tolstoy]]
* [[Andrey Osterman]]
* [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Ostrovsky]]
* [[Archduke Otto of Austria (1865–1906)]]
* [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto I of Bavaria]]
* [[Palladius (Rayev)]]
* [[Nikita Ivanovich Panin]]
* [[Petr Ivanovich Panin]]
* [[Ivan Paskevich]]
* [[Paul I of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg]]
* [[Pavel Yaguzhinsky]]
* [[Pedro V of Portugal]]
* [[Pavel Pereleshin]]
* [[Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg]]
* [[Peter the Great]]
* [[Peter I of Serbia]]
* [[Peter II of Russia]]
* [[Peter III of Russia]]
* [[Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]]
* [[Duke Peter of Oldenburg]]
* [[Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia]]
* [[Philaret Drozdov]]
* [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders]]
* [[Hans von Plessen]]
* [[Konstantin Pobedonostsev]]
* [[Stanisław August Poniatowski]]
* [[Grigory Potemkin]]
* [[Antoni Michał Potocki]]
* [[Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki]]
* [[Carlo Andrea Pozzo di Borgo]]
* [[Prince Frederick William of Hesse-Kassel]]
* [[Alexander Prozorovsky]]
* [[Yevfimiy Putyatin]]
* [[Bahman Mirza Qajar]]
* [[Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar]]
* [[Mohammad Shah Qajar]]
* [[Mohammad Taqi Mirza Rokn ed-Dowleh]]
* [[Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar]]
* [[Naser al-Din Shah Qajar]]
* [[Karol Stanisław Radziwiłł (1734–1790)]]
* [[Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria]]
* [[Kirill Razumovski]]
* [[Alexei Razumovsky]]
* [[Michel-Louis-Étienne Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély]]
* [[Anikita Repnin]]
* [[Nikolai Vasilyeich Repnin]]
* [[Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu]]
* [[Roman Vorontsov]]
* [[Grand Duke George Mikhailovich of Russia]]
* [[Christopher Roop]]
* [[Fyodor Rostopchin]]
* [[Prince Rudolf of Liechtenstein]]
* [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]]
* [[Alexander Rumyantsev (nobleman)|Alexander Rumyantsev]]
* [[Pyotr Rumyantsev]]
* [[François-Emmanuel Guignard, comte de Saint-Priest]]
* [[Nikolai Saltykov]]
* [[Pyotr Saltykov]]
* [[Alexander Samoylov]]
* [[Jan Kazimierz Sapieha the Elder]]
* [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Yakov Shakhovskoy]]
* [[Boris Sheremetev]]
* [[Pyotr Sheremetev]]
* [[Alexander Shuvalov]]
* [[Ivan Shuvalov]]
* [[Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov]]
* [[Jacob von Sievers]]
* [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II of Bulgaria]]
* [[Mikhail Speransky]]
* [[Afrikan Spir]]
* [[Grigory Spiridov]]
* [[Gustav Ernst von Stackelberg]]
* [[Curt von Stedingk]]
* [[Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary)]]
* [[Alexander Suvorov]]
* [[Emperor Taishō]]
* [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord]]
* [[Pyotr Aleksandrovich Tolstoy]]
* [[Alexander Tormasov]]
* [[Jean Baptiste, marquis de Traversay]]
* [[Ivan Trubetskoy]]
* [[Nikita Trubetskoy]]
* [[Umberto I of Italy]]
* [[Umberto II of Italy]]
* [[Vakhtang VI of Kartli]]
* [[Prince Valdemar of Denmark]]
* [[Adam Veyde]]
* [[Victor Amadeus of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym]]
* [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]]
* [[Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia]]
* [[Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia]]
* [[Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky]]
* [[Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov]]
* [[Mikhail Illarionovich Vorontsov]]
* [[Prince Waldemar of Prussia (1817–1849)]]
* [[Alfred von Waldersee]]
* [[Karl Ivanovich Weber]]
* [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]]
* [[Prince Wilhelm of Prussia (1783–1851)]]
* [[Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland]]
* [[William I, German Emperor|Wilhelm I, German Emperor]]
* [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor]]
* [[Wilhelm, German Crown Prince]]
* [[William I of Württemberg]]
* [[William II of Württemberg]]
* [[William II of the Netherlands]]
* [[William III of the Netherlands]]
* [[William IV]]
* [[Prince William of Baden (1829–1897)]]
* [[William, Prince of Hohenzollern]]
* [[William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
* [[Peter Wittgenstein]]
* [[Friedrich Graf von Wrangel]]
* [[Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1788–1857)]]
* [[Duke Eugen of Württemberg (1846–1877)]]
* [[Aleksey Yermolov (general)|Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov]]
* [[Józef Zajączek]]
* [[Zera Yacob Amha Selassie]]
* [[August zu Eulenburg]]
* [[Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov]]
* [[Platon Zubov]]
* [[Valerian Zubov]]
{{Div col end}}

<gallery>
File:Fedor Golovin.PNG|Count [[Fyodor Alexeyevich Golovin|Feodor Golovin]]
File:Peter de Grote.jpg|Emperor [[Peter the Great]]
File:Joseph Kreutzinger - Portrait of Count Alexander Suvorov - WGA12281.jpg|[[Field Marshal]] [[Alexander Suvorov]]
File:Dmitriy Vladimirovich Golitsyn.jpg|Prince [[Dmitry Golitsyn]]
File:Catherine II by F.Rokotov after Roslin (c.1770, Hermitage).jpg|[[Catherine the Great]]
File:Elizabeth Alexeevna (Tonci type) by anonymous (19 c., Hermitage).jpg|Empress [[Elizabeth Alexeievna]]
File:Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1709-1761).jpg|[[Elizabeth of Russia|Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1709–1761)]]
</gallery>

== Russian Federation ==
{{Infobox order
|name=Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called {{small|Орден Святого апостола Андрея Первозванного}}
|image=[[File:Andrey1.jpg|225px|Star, Sash and Collar of the Modern Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First Called]]
|caption=
|awarded_by= {{flag|Russia|name=the Russian Federation}}
|type=Military and Civilian Order
|eligibility=Prominent State and Public Figures
|for=Outstanding Service to the State
|campaign=
|status=Active
|description=
|clasps=
|grades= Grand Cross with Collar
|established= 1998 (reestablished)
|first_award=
|last_award=
|total=
|posthumous=
|recipients=
|individual=
|higher= [[Hero of the Russian Federation]]
|same=
|lower=[[Order of Saint George (Russia)|Order of St. George]]
|related=
|image2=[[File:OOSA.jpg|90px]]
|caption2=Ribbon of the order
|motto=За веру и верность "For Faith and Loyalty"}}

An order with the same name but with different insignia and statutes was first unofficially re-established by the [[Orthodox Church of Russia]] on 27 December 1988. The order was officially re-instated as the highest Russian civilian and military award by [[Decree of the President of Russia|Presidential Decree]] No.757 on 1 June 1998.<ref name="decree557">{{cite web | title = Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 1, 1998, No 442 | publisher = Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on state awards | date = 15 December 1999 | url = http://award.adm.gov.ru/doc/u757.htm | language = ru | access-date = 11 February 2012 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311063513/http://award.adm.gov.ru/doc/u757.htm | archive-date = 11 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102053949&rdk=0|title=О восстановлении ордена Святого апостола Андрея Первозванного|website=pravo.gov.ru}}</ref> The Order's award criteria were modified by Presidential Decree 1099 of 7 September 2010.<ref name="decree1099">{{cite web | title = Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 7, 2010, No 1099 | publisher = Russian Gazette | date = 7 September 2010 | url = http://www.rg.ru/2010/09/15/nagrady-dok.html | language = ru | access-date =11 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&nd=102141190&rdk=0|title=О мерах по совершенствованию государственной наградной системы Российской Федерации|website=pravo.gov.ru}}</ref>

=== Statute of the Order ===
The Order of St. Andrew the Apostle the First-Called is used to award prominent statesmen and public figures, eminent representatives of science, culture, the arts and various industries for exceptional services, for promoting the prosperity, grandeur and glory of Russia.<ref name="commission">{{cite web | title = Statute of the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle | publisher = Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on state awards | date = 15 December 1999 | url = http://award.gov.ru/andrey_order.html | language = ru | access-date =11 February 2012 }}</ref>

The Order may also be awarded to foreign heads of states for outstanding service to the Russian Federation.<ref name=" commission"/>

=== Insignia ===
The design of the insignia of the modern Order of St. Andrew has changed very little from the imperial design. It consists of:

* a badge (double-headed eagle) attached to a chain (called a "collar") worn around the neck for very special circumstances, or more commonly on a 100 mm-wide blue sash worn over the right shoulder
* a star worn on the left breast

The colour of the sash differs from the colour of the Imperial era, and resembles the shade of the sash of the British [[Order of the Garter]]. Members of the military division of the Order have crossed swords added below the crown above the two eagles' heads. On the reverse of the eagle on a white ribbon the motto of the Order appears inscribed in gold letters: «За веру и верность» ("For faith and loyalty").<ref name=" commission"/>

===Recipients ===
==== List of notable recipients ====
{{Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=|gap=4em}}

* [[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow]]
* [[Fazu Aliyeva]]
* [[Heydar Aliyev]]
* [[Irina Arkhipova]]
* [[Rasul Gamzatov]]
* [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]
* [[Daniil Granin]]
* [[Yury Grigorovich]]
* [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]
* [[Patriarch Kirill of Moscow]]
* [[Sergey Lavrov]]
* [[Vyacheslav Lebedev (jurist)|Vyacheslav Lebedev]]
* [[Dmitry Likhachev]]
* [[Aleksandr Lukashenko]]
* [[Valentina Matviyenko]]
* [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]
* [[Sergey Mikhalkov]]
* [[Narendra Modi]]
* [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
* [[Aleksandra Pakhmutova]]
* [[Boris Petrovsky]]
* [[Mintimer Shaimiev]]
* [[Sergei Shoigu]]
* [[Valery Shumakov]]
* [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]
* [[Xi Jinping]]
* [[Gerbert Yefremov|Herbert Yefremov]]
* [[Valery Zorkin]]
* [[Lyudmila Zykina]]
{{Div col end}}

==== Gallery ====
Select recipients:<ref name="kremlin news">{{cite web | title = Compiled from the site of the President of the Russian Federation | publisher = Kremlin News | url = http://state.kremlin.ru/commission/22/news | language = ru | access-date =12 April 2019}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Патриарх Алексий II в 2002 году.jpg|[[Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow]]
File:Fazu Alieva.jpg|Poet [[Fazu Aliyeva]]
File:Heydar Aliyev 25 January 2002.jpg|[[Heydar Aliyev]], [[President of Azerbaijan]]
File:Ирина Архипова и Владимир Путин, 2005.jpg|Opera singer [[Irina Arkhipova]]
File:Rasul Gamzatov.jpg|Poet [[Rasul Gamzatov]]
File:Michail-Gorbatschow.jpg|[[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[President of the Soviet Union]]
File:Daniil Alexandrovich Granin.jpg|Author [[Daniil Granin]]
File:Vladimir Putin at award ceremonies (2017-05-24) 04 (cropped).jpg|Dancer and choreographer [[Yury Grigorovich]]
File:Michael Kalashnikov.jpg|Gun designer [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]]
File:Patriarch Kirill of Moscow 2021 (cropped).jpg|[[Patriarch Kirill I of Moscow]]
File:Сергей Лавров (19-02-2025) (cropped).jpg|[[Sergey Lavrov]], [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia]]
File:Vyacheslav Lebedev 2023.jpg|[[Vyacheslav Lebedev (jurist)|Vyacheslav Lebedev]], [[Chief Justice of Russia]]
File:Dmitry Lihachev.jpg|Scholar of the Old Russian language and its literature [[Dmitry Likhachev]]
File:Alexander Lukashenko (2024 Victory Day) (cropped).jpg|[[Alexander Lukashenko]], [[President of Belarus]]
File:Валентина Матвиенко.jpg|[[Valentina Matviyenko]], [[Chairman of the Federation Council (Russia)|Chairwoman of the Federation Council of Russia]]
File:Vladimir Putin at award ceremonies (2025-12-24) 14.jpg|Filmmaker [[Nikita Mikhalkov]]
File:Vladimir Putin 29 April 2008-5.jpg|Author [[Sergey Mikhalkov]]
File:Russian President Vladimir Putin presenting the Order of St Andrew the Apostle to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi 01.jpg|[[Narendra Modi]], [[Prime Minister of India]]
File:Nazarbayev Violante 1998.jpg|[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], [[President of Kazakhstan]]
File:Pakhmutova November 2019.jpg|Composer [[Aleksandra Pakhmutova]]
File:Академик Петровский Б.В. и его ученик профессор Белорусов О.С (cropped).jpg|General surgeon, health minister of the Soviet Union [[Boris Petrovsky]]
File:Kazan cathedral mosque competition (2022-07-08) 07 (Şäymief cropped).jpg|[[Mintimer Shaimiev]], [[President of Tatarstan]]
File:Official portrait of Sergey Shoigu with awards.jpg|[[Sergei Shoigu]], [[Minister of Defence (Russia)|Minister of Defence of Russia]]
File:Shumakov with Order of Saint Apostol Andrew.jpg|[[Valery Shumakov]], founding father of organ transplants in Russia
File:AlexandrSolzhenitsynTrain (cropped).png|Author [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]
File:Xi Jinping March 2017.jpg|[[Xi Jinping]], [[President of China]]
File:Herbert Efremov.png|Design engineer [[Gerbert Yefremov|Herbert Yefremov]]
Vladimir Putin at award ceremonies (2023-05-23) 14.jpg|[[Valery Zorkin]], [[President of the Constitutional Court of Russia]]
File:Людмила Георгиевна Зыкина.jpg|[[Lyudmila Zykina]], national [[folk singer]] of [[Russia]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Awards and decorations of the Russian Federation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Order of St. Andrew (Russian Federation)|Order of St. Andrew}}
* [http://award.gov.ru/ The Commission on State Awards to the President of the Russian Federation]
* [http://www.archons.org/archons/saint_andrew.asp Order of St Andrew ARCHONS of the Ecumenical Patriarch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608103022/http://www.archons.org/archons/saint_andrew.asp |date=8 June 2018 }}

{{Russian Awards}}

[[Category:Order of St. Andrew| ]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry of Russia|Saint Andrew, Order of]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of Russia]]
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Russia]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1998]]
[[Category:17th-century establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:1698 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Russia]]

Department of Health, Medical Education and Family Welfare (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:28:26Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting Initial Article Basic Info.

{{Short description|Indian state government department}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare
| native_name = स्वास्थ्य, चिकित्सा शिक्षा एवं परिवार कल्याण विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170px
| seal_caption =
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Nepal House, Doranda, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Irfan Ansari]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| chief1_name = Ajoy Kumar Singh, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| keydocument1 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/health}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare''' is a department of the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. It is responsible for public health, medical services, family welfare and medical education in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment?department=d5e4effc166af7f050089416e7e53b57 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated Government Online Directory |url=https://goidirectory.gov.in/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=goidirectory.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare Department, Jharkhand {{!}} National Government Services Portal |url=https://services.india.gov.in/service/detail/health-medical-education-and-family-welfare-department-jharkhand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517082850/https://services.india.gov.in/service/detail/health-medical-education-and-family-welfare-department-jharkhand |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=services.india.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Mukesh |date=2025-09-10 |title=Jharkhand to set up 2,100-bed super-speciality kidney hospital, six new medical colleges |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Sep/10/jharkhand-to-set-up-2100-bed-super-speciality-kidney-hospital-six-new-medical-colleges |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The department oversees hospitals, health centres, medical colleges and implements state and national health programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-20 |title=Jharkhand Health Minister inspects Jamshedpur Sadar Hospital facilities |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-health-minister-inspects-jamshedpur-sadar-hospital-facilities/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-19 |title=Health dept restructures use of hospital revenues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/health-dept-restructures-use-of-hospital-revenues/articleshow/122785916.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UditVaniDigital |date=2025-05-06 |title=State Government to Renovate Dilapidated Medical Colleges and Hospital Buildings Across Jharkhand |url=https://uditvani.in/english-news/renovate-dilapidated-medical-colleges/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Udit Vani |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-02-04 |title=Jharkhand health min launches mega cancer screening programme |url=https://theprint.in/india/jharkhand-health-min-launches-mega-cancer-screening-programme/2479348/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

__TOC__

== Ministerial team ==
The Department of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare is headed by a Cabinet Minister who serves as the Minister in Charge. The minister provides political leadership, frames health policy, and represents the department in the state cabinet. Day to day administration is managed by senior officers of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], with the Secretary acting as the chief executive of the department.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Health, Medical Education & Family Welfare {{!}} Who's Who |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=d5e4effc166af7f050089416e7e53b57 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> [[Irfan Ansari]] is the present minister in charge of the department.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-09 |title=Ansari cites roadmap for health sector overhaul in state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/irfan-ansari-unveils-comprehensive-health-sector-overhaul-plan-in-jharkhand/articleshow/116145501.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Jharkhand Ministers List 2024: Complete details of ministers and portfolios under Soren's leadership - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/jharkhand-ministers-list-2024-complete-details-of-ministers-and-portfolios-under-soren-leadership-19516648.htm |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health and family welfare]]
* [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar]]
* [[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur]]
* [[Phulo Jhano Medical College and Hospital, Dumka]]
* [[Sheikh Bhikhari Medical College]]
* [[Shaheed Nirmal Mahto Medical College, Dhanbad]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Lok Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar

2026-03-21T03:39:56Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: new - done

{{short description|Summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Lok Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.921318|73.638743|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| number_of_rooms =
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| floor_area =
| architect =
| engineer =
| current_tenants = * '''[[Jishnu Dev Varma]]''' ([[ Governor of Maharashtra|Governor of MH]])
* '''Sudha Debbarma''' ([[ Governor of Maharashtra|First Lady of MH]])
| main_contractor =
| developer =
| owner = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| operator =
| references =
}}

''' Lok Bhavan''' formerly '''Raj Bhavan, Mahabaleshwar''' is the summer [[official residence|residence]] of the [[Governor of Maharashtra]]. It is located in the hill station town of [[Mahabaleshwar]], [[Maharashtra]].

==History==

Raj Bhavan used to be known as '''''The Terraces''''' in the [[British Raj]] era. It served as the summer residence of the [[Governor of Bombay]].

The Governor uses this building for a few weeks in summer and undertakes visits from here to the neighboring places to monitor the progress of development projects and attend public functions.

''The Terraces'' was purchased in 1884 and added to the '''Government house''' properties in 1886. In 1932, the earlier residence of the Governor, the ''Bella Vista'' was discontinued in favor of ''The Terraces''. It, however, seems that both houses were intermittently used, depending on the choice of every individual Governor. That is the reason why ''The Terraces'' had to undergo major renovation when the Governor chose to reside at ''the Terraces''.

==See also==
* [[Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth#British Indian Empire| Government Houses of the British Indian Empire]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909070145/http://rajbhavan.maharashtra.gov.in/ |date=9 September 2012 }}

{{Raj Bhavan}}

[[Category:Governors' houses in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Mahabaleshwar]]
[[Category:1932 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government Houses of the British Empire and Commonwealth]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Ghela

2026-03-19T17:42:51Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|River in India (Gujarat)}}{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
The '''River Ghela''' is a river that runs through the town of [[Gadhada]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. The Ghela river originates from the Jasdan hills, near Fulzar village in the Jasdan district and flows into the Arabian sea. Its length is 118 km and its catchment area is 622 km2. The Ghelo Somnath Dam and the Ghelo Itaria Dam are situated on this river having 60 km2 and 104 km2 catchment area respectively.

This river was heavily visited by [[Swaminarayan]] and is considered to be one of the holiest rivers by the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya|Swaminarayan Sampradya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swaminarayan Mahamantra Bicentenary Celebration |url=https://www.baps.org/photos/2002/https%3a%2f%2fwww.baps.org%2fphotos%2f2002%2fHoly-Dip-in-the-River-Ghela-8-Jan-2002-3804.aspx%3fmid%3d5942 |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=BAPS |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada|Swaminarayan Gopinathdev Mandir]] and the [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS Swaminarayan Mandir]] are both located near this river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Things of Prasadi |url=https://www.swaminarayan.nu/sampraday/prasadi.shtml |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=www.swaminarayan.nu}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Gadhada]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|21.97|71.58|type:river_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Gujarat]]

K. Govindaswamy Naidu

2026-03-18T16:38:44Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Added A Details With Sources.

{{short description|Indian industrialist and philanthropist (1907–1995)}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = K. Govindasamy Naidu
|birth_name = K. Govindaswamy
|birth_date = 12 July 1907
|birth_place = [[Annur]], [[Coimbatore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|1|28|1907|7|12}}
|occupation = entrepreneur
}}
'''K Govindaswamy Naidu''' (12 July 1907 – 28 January 1995), popularly known as '''KG''', was an [[industrialist]] and philanthropist from [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's new capitalists: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|first=Harish|last=Damodaran|year=2018|isbn=9789351952800|publisher=Hachette India}}</ref>

==Early life==
Govindaswamy was born to an agricultural family in [[Coimbatore]]. He had very little formal education and worked with his father who was a highway contractor. He started his own business before he was twenty years old, after gaining experience in a grocery shop as an assistant.

==Career==
In 1932, Govindaswamy started his first [[ginning]] factory. His further industrial ventures included [[ginning|cotton ginning]] and [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]], [[weaving]] [[denim]], manufacturing [[terrycloth|terry towels]], [[casting]], manufacture of [[waterpump]]s and entertainment with an asset base of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]2 billion and sales of Rs. 3 billion, of which more than 25% came from exports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kgworldwide.com/about.html|title=About us|publisher=KG|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/kg-denim-ltd_kgdenim/reports|title=KG Denim|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref> He adopted modern technology to revive sick units and to create employment in rural areas, he located all his factories in villages, away from the urban areas with a larger proportion of women.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/business/business-news/coimbatore-cotton-textile-empire-kg-group-k-govindasamy-success-story/articleshow/87553088.cms|title=Coimbatore cotton textile empire KG success story|publisher=Samayam|language=ta|access-date=1 November 2023|date=26 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/902411467990995484/pdf/101546-REVISED-Competitive-Cities-for-Jobs-and-Growth.pdf#page=41|title=Competitive Cities For Jobs And Growth|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/902411467990995484/pdf/101546-REVISED-Competitive-Cities-for-Jobs-and-Growth.pdf#page=44|title=Competitive Cities For Jobs And Growth|publisher=World Bank|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>

Govindasamy donated money to religious, educational, medical and social causes. He established multiple schools, a [[G. Bakthavathsalam#KG Hospital|hospital]] with 550 beds and many temples.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kghospital.com/about-us.html|title=KG Hospital, about us|publisher=KG|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

==Honors==
[[Saravanampatti]] Adheenam bestowed the title ''Annadhana Vallal'' on him. [[Sri Abhinava Vidyatirtha]] of [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sri Sharada Peetham]], [[Shringeri|Sringeri]], bestowed the title ''Dharmaveera'' on KG for his contributions to religious activities, including the funding and construction of the Sharadambal temple in 1979 at Race Course, Coimbatore.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://simplicity.in/coimbatore/english/article/1022/Legacity-Immaculate-Affinity-of-Sringeri-with-Coimbatore|title=Immaculate affinity of Sringeri with Coimbatore|date=24 September 2019 |newspaper=Simplicity|access-date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

The [[Indian Postal Service|Department of Posts]], part of the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India, released a special postal cover of Govindaswamy in commemoration of the centenary celebrations on 18 July 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071954300500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723080012/http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/19/stories/2009071954300500.htm|url-status=dead|title=Department of Posts released a special postal cover of Naidu at Annur|date=19 July 2009|archive-date=23 July 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindaswamy, K}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil activists]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]

Roorkee Adventist College

2026-03-14T10:52:42Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: made new details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Notability|Company|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Roorkee Adventist College
|image_name =
|motto = To Educate for Eternity |
|established = 1927
|type = [[Private school|Private]]
|president= Dr. Sanjeevan Arsud
|city = [[Roorkee]]
|state = [[Uttarakhand]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Rural area|Rural]]
|students= approx. 800
|administrative_staff= approx. 50
|website= [http://sdarac.com/RAC/index.html]
}}
{{coord|29.8302|77.8825|display=title}}
{{Seventh-day Adventism}}
''' Roorkee Adventist College''' is a [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] institution of higher learning near [[Roorkee]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]. It is considered the church's [[flagship]] provider of higher education in North India. The college has affiliations with the [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Seventh-day Adventist education|Seventh-day Adventist education system]], the world's second largest Christian school system.<ref>https://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/1115/For-real-education-reform-take-a-cue-from-the-Adventists"the second largest Christian school system in the world has been steadily outperforming the national average – across all demographics."</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/denominations/seventh_day_adventist.htm |title=Seventh-day Adventists - Christian Denomination | Religion Facts |accessdate=2016-03-18 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323223151/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/denominations/seventh_day_adventist.htm |archivedate=23 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Department of Education, Seventh-day Adventist Church
|url=http://education.gc.adventist.org/about.html
|accessdate=2010-06-18
|archive-date=17 October 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017005947/http://education.gc.adventist.org/about.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url =http://news.adventist.org/2003/04/worl-church-a-closer-look-at-higher-eucatio.html
| title =World Church: A Closer Look at Higher Education
| first1 =Wendi
| last1 =Rogers
| first2 =Mark A.
| last2 =Kellner
| date =1 April 2003
| publisher =[[Adventist News Network]]
| accessdate =2010-06-19
}}</ref>

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
Seventh-day Adventist Inter College, Roorkee was founded in 1927 by F. H. Loasby as a pioneer missionary school. It was later operated as a training school for mission workers in the North-Western Union. Gradual growth followed and the curriculum was expanded to meet the demands of the growing number of students from Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. In 1942, under Pastor E. R. Streeter, it was recognized by the General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists and Southern Asia Division as a Division Co-Educational School.
In 1961, the school was recognized by the Uttar Pradesh State Education Department as a Junior High School. Under the leadership of Dr. E. A. Streeter, the School was further upgraded into High School (Std I-X).
In 1971, the Institution was affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examination, New Delhi, offering the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) in the 10th year and Indian School Certificate (ISC) in the 12th year. In 1989 under the leadership of Dr. Edwin R. Dass the school was upgraded to become an Inter College.
In 2001, the Adventist Accrediting Association permitted the upgrading of the college into an institution of higher learning as Roorkee Adventist Community College. In 2003, the College, rechristened itself to be called "Roorkee Adventist College" started offering degree programs in Computer Science, Science, Management, Information Technology and Commerce from the [[Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University]], Srinagar, Uttarakhand.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity|India}}
* [[List of Seventh-day Adventist colleges and universities]]
* [[Seventh-day Adventist education]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://sdarac.com/SDA/index.html}}

{{Adventist Colleges and Universities}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Adventist universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Education in Roorkee]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1927]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]

Production of Indian 2

2026-03-12T10:32:28Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Indian 2#Production]]

Angaar (1992 film)

2026-03-04T09:03:32Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Angaar
| image = Angaar 1992 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Shashilal K. Nair]]
| producer = [[Shashilal K. Nair]] S.M. Arif
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] Sujit Sen
| narrator =
| starring = [[Jackie Shroff]] [[Dimple Kapadia]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = Ishwar R. Bidri
| editing = Waman B. Bhosle Gurudutt Shirali
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1992|09|11|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Angaar''''' ({{translation|Embers (Live coal)}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[Shashilal K. Nair]]. The film stars [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Dimple Kapadia]] in lead roles, along with [[Nana Patekar]], [[Om Puri]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Kiran Kumar]] in supporting roles. The film was speculated to have been based on the life of [[Karim Lala]].<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |date=2001-04-01 |title=Not just by crime and punishment.... |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/01/stories/14012185.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316040544/http://hindu.com/2001/04/01/stories/14012185.htm |archive-date=2013-03-16}}</ref>

==Plot==
Unemployed and branded a troublemaker, Jaikishan lives a poor lifestyle in a slum-area called Asha Colony, very near [[Andheri|Andheri's]] [[Lokhandwala Complex]], Mumbai along with his sister, Seema, mom and dad. He comes to the rescue of a homeless orphan, Mili, who suffers from a deep inferiority complex, and permits her to live with his family. Brutally outspoken, he believes that India should be awarded unlimited gold medals for corruption at all levels, fully aware that these beliefs portray him as a "revolutionary" and prevent him from securing any gainful employment. His life will be turned upside down when he refuses to go along with the plans of the Khan family - consisting of builder, Majid, his goon brother, Farid, and their seemingly benevolent father, Jahangir. His family will also be traumatized after the Police arrest him for the alleged broad-daylight murder of Farid.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Jaikishan "Jaggu"
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Mili
* [[Nana Patekar]] as Majid Khan
* [[Om Puri]] as Parvez Hussain
* [[Kader Khan]] as Jahangir Khan
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Anwar Khan
* [[Mazhar Khan (actor, born 1955)|Mazhar Khan]] as Farid Khan
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Jaggu's Father
* [[Sulbha Deshpande]] as Jaggu's Mother
* [[Neena Gupta]] as Majid's Wife
*[[Firoz Irani]] as State Mental Asylum Doctor
* [[Anang Desai]] as State Mental Asylum Doctor
* [[Tom Alter]] as Public Prosecutor
* [[Chandrakant Gokhale]] as Defence Lawyer
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Police Commissioner Sahni
* [[Ajit Vachani]] as Hirwani
* [[Lalit Mohan Tiwari]] as Psychiatrist
* [[Sudhir (Hindi actor)|Sudhir]] as Health Minister
{{div col end}}

==Reception==
The film was the 9th highest-grossing film in India in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Box Office India |title=Top Earners 1992 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg== |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918074946/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=198&catName=MTk5Mg== |archive-date=18 September 2010 |access-date=2011-12-30 |publisher=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] described it as "an urban action film".<ref name="IndiaFestivals1993">{{Cite book |last=National Film Development Corporation of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XJ1AAAAIAAJ |title=Indian cinema |last2=India. Directorate of Film Festivals |last3=India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |year=1993 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it "one of the most engaging [[Indian mafia|mafia]] films to have come out of Bollywood", attributed to it being "quite a dark film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer, Meena |date=2011-10-12 |title=Now, Angaar to be remade for Abhishek? |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Now-Angaar-to-be-remade-for-Abhishek/articleshow/10313559.cms |url-status=live |access-date=2011-12-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711143212/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-12/news-interviews/30267223_1_abhishek-ab-corp-mafia-films |archive-date=2012-07-11}}</ref>
According to ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''Angaar'' "was, in a way, a first of its kind, in that the film gave us within the mainstream cinema framework a fairly authoritative account of the alleged nexus between the underworld and the politicians who manipulated the law and order machinery to suit their nefarious activities."<ref name="Hindu" /> It further mentioned that the film had a "deep concern for contemporary life" which gave it a "distinctive touch".<ref name="Hindu" />

==Awards==
* [[Filmfare Best Villain Award]] - Nana Patekar
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]] - Kader Khan
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction]] - R. Verman Shetty
* [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects]] - Shashilal K. Nair<ref>{{Cite web |title=40th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008114601/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm40thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=40NFA.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=2011-12-24 |website=iffi.nic.in |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=54–55}}</ref>
* [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] - Best Supporting Actor (Hindi) - Nana Patekar<ref>{{Cite web |title=56th Annual BFJA Awards |url=http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/199255.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107034728/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/199356.htm |archive-date=2010-01-07 |access-date=2011-12-24 |publisher=[[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|BFJA]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Idhar Dekho"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Mushkil Mein Hai"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
| "Mushkil Mein Hai"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Kitni Jaldi Yeh Mulaqat Guzar Jati"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]
|-
| "Chal Aage Aur Dekh Peechhe"
| [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sudesh Bhosle]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0103689}}
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects}}

[[Category:1992 action films]]
[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films set in slums]]

Hifazat (1987 film)

2026-03-03T23:49:46Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: minor edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hifazat
| image = Hifazat87.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Prayag Raj]]
| producer = A. Suryanarayana
| writer = [[Kader Khan]] (dialogue) K. K. Shukla (screenplay) [[Prayag Raj]] (story)
| narrator =
| starring = [[Anil Kapoor]] [[Madhuri Dixit]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Anwar Siraj
| editing = A. Paul Duraisingam
|studio = Satyachitra International
| distributor = Goldmines Telefilms
| released = {{Film date|1987|09|18|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Hifazat''''' (Safeguarding) is a 1987 [[Bollywood]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Prayag Raj]]. It stars [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] in pivotal roles. The music of the film was composed by [[R. D. Burman]]. The film was a commercial failure. Later this movie was partially remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Bobbili Raja]]''.

==Plot==
After Laxmi has had three stillbirths, her husband, Satyaprakash, and his mother are afraid she will not be able to have any more children, and therefore there will be no one to carry the name of the family forward. So they propose that Satyaprakash gets married for a second time, to which Laxmi consents and as such he marries Rukmani. After this marriage, Laxmi gets pregnant and gives birth to a son, Raj Kumar, and shortly thereafter Rukmani too gives birth to a son, Lakhan. Raj Kumar is abducted and disappears from their lives. Thereafter, Satyaprakash is arrested for the murder of a contractor and sentenced to prison. Rukmani and her brother, Buddhiram, take over running the household and inflict abuse on Laxmi. Years later, a young man appears claiming to be the missing son of Laxmi and Satyaprakash, and he attempts to bring some sense and honor for poor Laxmi. But this does not last for long. When Satyaprakash is released from prison, he recognizes the young man as his fellow prison inmate, and much to the shock and dismay of Laxmi, asks him to leave the house, little knowing that he has now thrown open the door for Buddhiram to kill him and Laxmi.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Ashok Kumar]] as Kailashnath
*[[Nutan]] as Laxmi
*[[Anil Kapoor]] as Raj Kumar / Ram
*[[Madhuri Dixit]] as Janki
*[[Lalita Pawar]]
*[[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Thakur Satyaprakash
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Rukmini
*[[Kader Khan]] as Buddhiram
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Lakhan
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Gullu
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Shambhu Dada
*[[Shubha Khote]] as Ganga
*[[Bharat Bhushan]] as Special Appearance In Song "Ram Ki Baaten Ram Hi Jaane"
{{div col end}}

==Music==
The songs were written by [[Anand Bakshi]] and music was given [[R. D. Burman]].
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Ajooba Ajooba"
| [[R. D. Burman]]
|-
| "Dil Ka Darwajja"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Mohabbat Hai Kya"
| Asha Bhosle, [[Suresh Wadkar]]
|-
| "Ram Ki Baaten, Ram Hi Jaane"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Mohammed Aziz]]
|-
| "Batata Vada, Batata Vada"
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0095300|title =Hifazat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hifazat (1987 Film)}}
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Karkaa Kasadara

2026-03-03T04:27:46Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Added New Article And Citations.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Karkaa Kasadara.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[R. V. Udayakumar]]
| writer = V. Homojo (dialogues)
| story = R. V. Udayakumar
| producer = Thanjai Ravi
| starring = [[Vikranth]] [[Lakshmi Rai]]
| cinematography = [[M. Jeevan]]
| editing = D. S. R. Subash
| music = Prayog
| studio = Smartline Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|05|06}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Karkaa Kasadara''''' ({{IPA|ta|karka kasadara}}{{Efn| The title is from a ''[[Kural|tirukkuṟaḷ]]''. The additional A in "Karkaa" is not pronounced.}} {{Translation|Learn without mistakes}}) is 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] produced and directed by [[R. V. Udayakumar]]. The film stars [[Vikranth]], a former child actor, in his adult debut, and [[Lakshmi Rai]] in her debut. The music was composed by Prayog with cinematography by [[M. Jeevan]] and editing by D. S. R. Subash. The film was released on 6 May 2005.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2023}}
The film begins with Rahul coming from the United States to India to see his grandparents for the first time. He helps a girl who was going to commit suicide due to her upcoming marriage. He also falls in love with Anjali.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vikranth]] as Rahul
*[[Lakshmi Rai]] as Anjali
*[[Diya (actress)|Diya]] as Paaru
*[[Vadivelu]] as Ondippuli
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Rahul's grandmother
*[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Anjali's sister-in-law
*Jackrase as Annachi Kasi Ayyanar
*Zig Zag German
*[[Charuhasan]] as Rahul's grandfather
*[[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Rahul's father (guest appearance)
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Settu
*[[Chelladurai]] as Pulimoottai
*[[Robo Shankar]] as Annachi's henchman
*[[Supriya Karnik]] as Rahul's mother (uncredited)
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the debut of [[Vikranth]] (previously a child actor) in a grown role,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=நடிகர் விஜய்யுடன் இருக்கும் இந்த குழந்தை யார் தெரிகிறதா? அவர் தற்போது பிரபல நடிகர்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-do-you-know-who-is-the-child-with-actor-vijay-in-childhood-photo-1414335.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415133835/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-do-you-know-who-is-the-child-with-actor-vijay-in-childhood-photo-1414335.html |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=18 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13541067|title=Vijay's spitting image launched!|date=10 August 2004|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818030925/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=13541067|archive-date=18 August 2004|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the debut of Lakshmi Rai, later known as [[Raai Laxmi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2011 |title=An identity, finally |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/mar/31/an-identity-finally-240432.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519020237/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/mar/31/an-identity-finally-240432.html |archive-date=19 May 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2006 |title=?Doshi?, a dream debut for Lakshmi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/doshi-a-dream-debut-for-lakshmi/story-RWavPi6DgQdj9czMz6IhyL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811043746/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/doshi-a-dream-debut-for-lakshmi/story-RWavPi6DgQdj9czMz6IhyL.html |archive-date=11 August 2020 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Prayog, who earlier composed for Kannada films, made his debut in Tamil with this film. All the songs were written by R. V. Udayakumar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karka Kasadara (2005) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/karka-kasadara-songs-T0000661 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227081930/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/karka-kasadara-songs-T0000661 |archive-date=27 February 2020 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)
|-
| "Minmini" || [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| "Karka Karka" || [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
| "Noothana" || [[Harish Raghavendra]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
| "A Joke" || [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
|-
| "Alappuzha" || [[Grace Karunas]]
|-
| "Aithalakka" || KK, [[Malathy Lakshman|Malathi]]
|}

== Marketing ==
Old Secret, a brewery brand, was involved in the film's promotion as brand ambassador.<ref name="co">{{Cite web |last=RR |date=14 January 2005 |title='Old Monk' presents 'Karkaa Kasadara' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/01empee.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015005028/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/News/01empee.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Critical reception ==
S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The director's forte used to be his absorbing way of story telling, which is completely missing in this film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 May 2005 |title=Story not very well told |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051300340200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903205717/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051300340200.htm |archive-date=3 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "With a very loosely etched script, lacklustre narration and weakly defined characters, it looks like the director has totally lost his touch and exhausted all his ideas too".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=19 May 2005 |title=Karka Kasadara |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/05karkakasadara.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015214907/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/05karkakasadara.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=20 April 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt Vikranth aped his cousin [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in acting and body language while also panning Jack Rase's villainy as over the top and Laxmi Rai's acting but praised Diya's character design but felt Udayakumar changing his style disappointed his fans.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=29 May 2005 |title=கற்க கசடற |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-05-29/page/70/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240420162054/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-05-29/page/70/mode/2up |archive-date=20 April 2024 |access-date=20 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=71 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{R. V. Udayakumar}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. V. Udayakumar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku

2026-03-03T02:31:26Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: made entry.

{{Short description|2023 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku
| image = Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Karthik Adwait
| writer = Karthik Adwait
| producer = Karthik Adwait
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Dilsuyan J
}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Vikram Prabhu]]|[[Vani Bhojan]]|[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]]|[[Vela Ramamoorthy]]}}
| cinematography = Sridhar
| editing = C. S. Prem Kumar
| music = '''Score''' Sunny{{ndash}}Saketh '''Songs''' [[Mahati Swara Sagar|Sagar]]
| studio = Karthik Movie House
| distributor = SP Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|6|23|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku''''' ({{Translation|You are my beaming light}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] written, produced, and directed by Karthik Adwait. The film stars [[Vikram Prabhu]] and [[Vani Bhojan]]. It was released on 23 June 2023, to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2023 |title=Tamil Film Payum Oli Nee Enaku Wins Hearts, Recommended To All Age Groups |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-film-payum-oli-nee-enaku-wins-hearts-recommended-to-all-age-groups-8164525.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726051359/https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-film-payum-oli-nee-enaku-wins-hearts-recommended-to-all-age-groups-8164525.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2023 |title=விக்ரம் பிரபு புதிய படத்தின் ரிலீஸ் தேதி இதோ! |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=113768 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606060908/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=113768 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |access-date=4 June 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Aravind (Vikram Prabhu) suffers from partial low-light blindness following an accident in his childhood. He runs a software company that helps protect sensitive data from cyberthreats and illegal hacking. Arvind happens to meet Uthra (Vani Bhojan), a wedding planner, who helps organise his sister's wedding. The two start getting along well and even express their love for each other.
Things take a turn when Arvind's father, his only source of strength, gets killed by a group. He now embarks on a dangerous journey to find the reason behind his father's murder, and unravels some shocking truth that involves many big shots, including Jeevan (Dhanajaya), who was once the right hand of an influential politician.

== Cast ==
*[[Vikram Prabhu]] as Aravind
*[[Vani Bhojan]] as Uthra
*[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] as Jeevan
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]]
*[[Vela Ramamoorthy]] as Aanamalaiyar
*[[Vivek Prasanna]]
*[[Jeeva Ravi]]
*Vettai Muthukumar

== Production ==
The project was announced by newcomer Karthik Adwait as his debut directorial venture. In 2020, [[Vikram Prabhu]] signed the film after the success of ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Vikram Prabhu's next is 'Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-next-is-paayum-oli-nee-yenakku/articleshow/74131256.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213042232/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-next-is-paayum-oli-nee-yenakku/articleshow/74131256.cms |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In April 2020, [[Vani Bhojan]] was signed in as the female lead. Kannada actor [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] (in his Tamil debut) was also signed to play a crucial role in this film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2020 |title=விக்ரம் பிரபு நடிக்கும் பாயும் ஒளி நீ எனக்கு |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/594731-vikram-prabhu-next-movie-announced.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213042234/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/594731-vikram-prabhu-next-movie-announced.html |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2021 |title=Shooting of Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku wrapped |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/05/shooting-of-paayum-oli-nee-yenakku-wrapped-23787.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204012245/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/05/shooting-of-paayum-oli-nee-yenakku-wrapped-23787.html |archive-date=4 December 2021 |access-date=13 December 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The original background score is composed by Sunny-Saketh. The songs are composed by [[Mahati Swara Sagar|Sagar]]. The first single "Anicha Poove" was released on 9 June 2022.

{{track listing
| title1 = Anicha Poove
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Mahati Swara Sagar|Sagar]]
| extra1 = Sanjana Kalmanje
| title2 = Hey Papa
| lyrics2 = [[Ku Karthik]]
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length1 = 3:29
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| total_length = 3:29
}}

== Reception ==
Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The promising initial set-up makes us believe that we are in for an intense thriller, but within half-an-hour into the film, things fall apart."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=24 June 2023 |title=Paayum Oli Nee Yenakku Movie Review : Vikram Prabhu's thriller has nothing new to offer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paayum-oli-nee-yenakku/movie-review/101234139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726051341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paayum-oli-nee-yenakku/movie-review/101234139.cms |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave the film a rating of 2.25 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=பாயும் ஒளி நீ எனக்கு - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3317/Paayum-Oli-Nee-Yenakku/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626085228/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3317/Paayum-Oli-Nee-Yenakku/ |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15029754}}

[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Falsafa: The Other Side

2026-03-02T04:28:17Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Falsafa: The Other Side
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = Himanshu Yadav
| producer = VK Yadav
| writer = Himanshu Yadav
| starring = [[Manit Joura]] [[Geetanjali Singh]]

| music = Sagar Bhatia
| cinematography = Nitish Chandra
| editing = Nitish Chandra
| studio = V K Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2019|01|11|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Falsafa: The Other Side''''' is a 2019 Bollywood action thriller film directed by Himanshu Yadav and starring Manit Joura, Geetanjali Singh, Ridhima Grover and Sumit Gulati in the lead roles. The film was scheduled to release on 11 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/falsafa-movie-will-release-in-14-september-5948071.html| title= Falsafa movie release date announced| work= divyamarathi.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
''Falsafa: The Other Side'' is a philosophical drama film about how wrong paths or evil decisions are taken in one moment of anger can change many lives. The lead characters of the film are Aman ([[Manit Joura]]), and Isha ([[Geetanjali Singh]]) whose quest for revenge intertwines their lives with each other.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.easterneye.biz/geetanjali-sharma-on-her-upcoming-film-falsafa-her-character-and-much-more/| title= Geetanjali Singh, on her upcoming film Falsafa, her character and much more| work= Eastern Eye| date= 19 August 2018}}</ref> Aman's parents have been murdered, and he is on a quest to seek revenge. On the other hand, Isha's father is dead, and she's convinced that it's a murder. Will they make the right choice?

==Cast==
The trailer launch of ''Falsafa: The Other Side'' was done by the team of the [[Zee TV]] Serial ‘[[Kundali Bhagya]]‘ at The View, in Andheri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seasonmediafilm.com/team-of-serial-kundli-bhagya-released-trailer-of-film-falsafa/|title=Team of Serial 'Kundli Bhagya' releases the trailer of film "FALSAFA"|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-date=19 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819154543/http://seasonmediafilm.com/team-of-serial-kundli-bhagya-released-trailer-of-film-falsafa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.apnnews.com/team-of-serial-kundli-bhagya-released-trailer-of-film-falsafa/| title= The trailer of film "FALSAFA" film released in Mumbai by the Team of Serial 'Kundli Bhagya'| work= APN News}}</ref> The details of the cast of the film is given below.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/falsafa/cast/|title= Cast List of film "FALSAFA"|website= [[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bollywood/manit-joura-promot-his-film-falsafa/432117| title= Manit Joura promotes his Bollywood film Falsafa| work= Zee News}}</ref>
{{cast listing|
* [[Manit Joura]] as Aman
* [[Geetanjali Singh]] as Isha <ref>{{cite web |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/lucknow-times/gitanjali-of-gorakhpur-will-now-appear-in-the-film-falsafa/articleshow/64982629.cms/| title= Geetanjai Singh of Uttar Pradesh now to be seen in the Bollywood Film Falsafa| work= Navabharat Times}}</ref>
* Ridhima Grover as Sanjana
* [[Sumit Gulati]] as Rishabh
* Amitabh Srivastava as Aman’s Father
* [[Geeta Agarwal Sharma]] as Aman’s Mother
* Neeraj Kalra as Isha’s Father
* Sheetal Dimri as Isha’s Mother
* Tarun Dhingra as Mahadev
* Hareesh Chhabra as Anirudh
* Ambrish K Saxena as Girish
* Sushil Dahiya as Harish Bhatija
* Vijay Shrivastava as Inspector Kamra
* Dhaanvi as child Isha
}}

== Music ==
The music director and lyricist of the film is Sagar Bhatia. The Background Music and choreography are done by Shantanu Sudame and Arvind Thakur, respectively. The Music label is [[Zee Music Company]].
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mohabbat
| extra1 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]]
| music1 = Sagar Bhatia
| length1 = 4:26
| lyrics1 = Sagar Bhatia
| title2 = Rubaru
| extra2 = [[Rituraj Mohanty]]
| total_length = 8:39
| music2 = Sagar Bhatia
| length2 = 4:13
| lyrics2 = Sagar Bhatia
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action thriller films]]

Vishnu

2026-02-19T15:14:32Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: updated details

{{Short description|Major deity in Hinduism}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Pp|small=yes}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| image = Vishnu from Gita Govinda.jpg
| name = Vishnu
| caption = Painting depicting Vishnu, c. 1730
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[Parabrahman]]|[[Trimurti]]|[[Brahman]]|[[Bhagavan]]|[[Ishvara]]|[[Dashavatara]]}}
| deity_of = God of Preservation<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbibAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA445|year=2008|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.|isbn=978-1-59339-491-2 |pages=445–448}}</ref>
{{hlist|Restorer of [[Dharma]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1134 1134]}}</ref>|The Protector of Good{{Sfn|Soifer|1991|p=85}}|
Bestower of [[Karma]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C|title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions|first1=Wendy|last1=Doniger|first2=Wendy Doniger|last2=O'Flaherty|date=1 January 1980|publisher=University of California Press|access-date=26 January 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> [[Para Brahman|The Supreme Being]] ([[Vaishnavism]])<ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&dq=vishnu+supreme+being+vaishnavism&pg=PA112| isbn=978-8175330832| title=Indian Civilization and Culture| year=1998| publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt.| access-date=20 March 2023| archive-date=26 March 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326040621/https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC&dq=vishnu+supreme+being+vaishnavism&pg=PA112| url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| abode = {{hlist|[[Vaikuntha]]|[[Kshira Sagara]]}}
| mantra = * [[Om Namo Narayanaya]]
* [[Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya]]
* [[Hari Om]]
| weapon = * [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus)
* [[Kaumodaki]] ([[Gada (weapon)|mace]])
* [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]] (bow)
* [[Nandaka]] (sword)<ref name=jones492>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=491–492|access-date=22 May 2017|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|url-status=live}}</ref>
| consort = [[Lakshmi]] and her [[Avatar#Avatars of Lakshmi|forms]]
| mount = {{hlist|[[Garuda]]<ref name=jones492/>|[[Shesha]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shesha|title=Shesha, Sesa, Śeṣa, Śeṣā: 34 definitions|date=23 August 2009|access-date=3 August 2022|archive-date=3 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803043235/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/shesha|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| festivals = {{hlist|[[Holi]]|[[Rama Navami]]|[[Krishna Janmashtami]]|[[Narasimha Jayanti]]|[[Deepavali]]|[[Onam]]|[[Vivaha Panchami]]|[[Vishu]]|[[Vijayadashami]]|[[Kartik Purnima]]|[[Tulasi Vivaha]]|[[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Purnima]]|[[Ananta Chaturdashi]]|[[Shayani Ekadashi]]|[[Prabodhini Ekadashi]]|
[[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]
and other [[Ekadashi]]s <ref>{{cite book|author=Muriel Marion Underhill|title=The Hindu Religious Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb9Zc0yPVUUC |year=1991|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0523-7|pages=75–91}}</ref>}}
| symbols = *[[Padma (Vishnu)|Padma]] ([[Lotus (plant)|lotus]])
* [[Shaligram]]
* [[Panchajanya]] ([[Shankha|conch]])
| member_of = [[Trimurti]]<ref>For the Trimurti system having [[Brahma]] as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and [[Shiva]] as the destroyer. see Zimmer (1972) p. 124.</ref>
| other_names = {{hlist|[[Narayana]]|[[Hari]]|[[Madhava (Vishnu)|Madhava]]|[[Keshava]]|[[Achyuta]]|[[Janardana]]|[[Govinda]]| and various others listed in the ''[[Vishnu Sahasranama]]''}}
| day = [[Thursday]]
}}

'''Vishnu''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|v|ɪ|ʃ|n|uː}}; {{Langx|sa|विष्णु||lit=All Pervasive}}, {{IAST3|Viṣṇu}}, {{IPA|sa|ʋɪʂɳʊ|pron}}), also known as '''Narayana''' and '''Hari''', is one of the [[Hindu deities|principal deities]] of [[Hinduism]]. He is the [[God in Hinduism|Supreme Being]] within [[Vaishnavism]], one of the major traditions within contemporary [[Hinduism]], and the god of preservation ([[sattva]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Comparative Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jb0rCQD9NcoC|page=38|author=Kedar Nath Tiwari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1987|isbn = 978-8120802933}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Pratapaditya Pal|title=Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 BCE – 700 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=clUmKaWRFTkC |year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-05991-7|pages=24–25}}</ref> Though not prominently represented in the Vedas{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1–2, 10}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2000|p=84}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=33}}{{efn|name="prominence"}} Vishnu was possibly already a significant non-elite divine figure in early Vedic times.{{sfn|Gonda|1954|p=10}}{{sfn|Gonda|2005|p=9617}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2000|p=83}} Vishnu rose to prominence in post-Vedic times, and was [[Hindu synthesis|identified]] with various local traditions and deities, particularly the [[Bhagavata Sampradaya|Bhāgavata]]-deities{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=118}} [[Vāsudeva|Vāsudeva-Krishna]] and [[Gopala-Krishna]] and the [[Pāñcarātra]]-deity{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=118}} [[Narayana]],{{sfn|Gonda|1993|p=163}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=206–217, 251–252}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117-118}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=34-35}} in the last centuries BCE and the early centuries CE.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}}

Vishnu is known as ''The Preserver'' within the [[Trimurti]], the [[triple deity]] of [[Para Brahman|supreme divinity]] that includes [[Brahma]] and [[Shiva]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Orlando O. Espín|author2=James B. Nickoloff|title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k85JKr1OXcQC&pg=PA539|year=2007|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=539}}</ref><ref name="Flood 1996, p. 17">[[Gavin Flood]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C An Introduction to Hinduism]'' ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223184710/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C |date=23 December 2023 }}) (1996), p. 17.</ref> In Vaishnavism, Vishnu is the supreme Lord who creates, protects, and transforms the [[Hindu cosmology|universe]]. [[Tridevi]] is stated to be the energy and creative power ([[Shakti]]) of each, with [[Lakshmi]] being the equal complementary partner of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ|page=236|author=David Leeming|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0190288884}}</ref> He is one of the five equivalent deities in [[Panchayatana puja]] of the [[Smarta tradition]] of Hinduism.<ref name="Flood 1996, p. 17" />

According to Vaishnavism, the supreme being is with qualities ([[Saguna Brahman|Saguna]]), and has definite form, but is limitless, transcendent and unchanging absolute [[Brahman]], and the primal [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) of the universe.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC|page=16|author1=Edwin Bryant|author2=Maria Ekstrand|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0231508438|access-date=4 November 2020|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422165940/https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC|url-status=live}}</ref> There are both benevolent and fearsome depictions of Vishnu. In benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient being sleeping on the coils of the serpent [[Adishesha|Shesha]] (who represents time) floating in the primeval ocean of milk called [[Kshira Sagara]] with his consort, Lakshmi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_OIzDwAAQBAJ|title=In the Lost City of Sri Krishna: The Story of Ancient Dwaraka|page=737|author=Vanamali|publisher=Simon and Schuster|date=20 March 2018|isbn=978-1620556825}}</ref>

Whenever the world is threatened with evil, chaos, and destructive forces, Vishnu descends in the form of an [[avatar]] (incarnation) to restore the [[Hindu cosmology|cosmic order]] and protect [[dharma]]. The [[Dashavatara]] are the ten primary avatars of Vishnu. Out of these ten, [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]] are the most important.<ref name="Zimmer 1972 p. 124">{{cite book|last1=Zimmer|first1=Heinrich Robert|author-link1=Heinrich Zimmer|title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01778-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTfNMQP81nAC|page=124|year=1972}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Vishnu (also spelled Viṣṇu, {{Langx|sa|विष्णु}}) means 'all pervasive'<ref>[[Vishnu Sahasranāma]], translated by [[Swami Chinmayananda]]. Central Chinmaya Mission Trust. pp. 16–17.</ref> and, according to [[Medhātithi|Medhātith]] ({{circa|1000}} CE), 'one who is everything and inside everything'.<ref name="Klostermaier2000p84">{{cite book|author=Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=Hinduism: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Oneworld|isbn=978-1-85168-213-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos/page/83 83]–84}}</ref> [[Vedanga]] scholar [[Yaska]] (4th century BCE) in the [[Nirukta]] defines Vishnu as ''viṣṇur viṣvater vā vyaśnoter vā'' ('one who enters everywhere'); also adding ''atha yad viṣito bhavati tad viṣnurbhavati'' ('that which is free from fetters and bondage is Vishnu').<ref name="VishwaBagchee12">{{cite journal|last=Adluri|first=Vishwa|author2=Joydeep Bagchee|date=February 2012|title=From Poetic Immortality to Salvation: Ruru and Orpheus in Indic and Greek Myth|journal=History of Religions|volume=51|issue=3|pages=245–246|doi=10.1086/662191|jstor=10.1086/662191|s2cid=56331632}}</ref>

In the tenth part of the ''[[Padma Purana]]'' (4–15th century CE), Danta (Son of [[Bhima|Bhīma]] and King of [[Vidarbha]]) lists 108 names of Vishnu (17.98–102).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21961|title=The Padma–Purana Part 10|last=N.A.|date=1956|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt.|location= Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21961/page/n201 3471]–3473}}</ref> These include the ten primary avatars (see ''Dashavarara'', below'')'' and descriptions of the qualities, attributes, or aspects of God.

The ''[[Garuda Purana]]'' (chapter XV)<ref>{{Cite book|last=N.A.|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541|title=The Garuda–Purana Part 1|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. |location = Delhi |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541/page/n54 44]–71}}</ref> and the "[[Anushasana Parva]]" of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' both list over 1000 names for Vishnu, each name describing a quality, attribute, or aspect of God. Known as the ''[[Vishnu Sahasranama]]'', ''Vishnu'' here is defined as 'the omnipresent'.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

==Origins and development==

===Origins===
Vishnu is a [[Rigvedic deities|Rigvedic solar deity]], but does not figure prominently in the RigVeda compared to [[Indra]], Agni and others.{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1–2, 10}}{{efn|name="prominence"}} Just 5 out of 1028 hymns of the [[Rigveda]] are dedicated to Vishnu, although he is mentioned in other hymns,<ref name="Klostermaier2000p84" />{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=33}} though this does not necessarily mean he was unimportant.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2000|p=83}}{{sfn|Gonda|2005|p=9617}} Klostermaier notes that the Rig Veda does not represent all of the religion of the Vedic people,{{sfn|Klostermaier|2000|p=83}} and according to Gonda "Visnu must already have been a more important divine figure than it would appear from his comparatively infrequent appearances in the texts,"{{sfn|Gonda|2005|p=9617}} with possible a greater prominence among the Aryan and non-Aryan masses of the early Vedic times.{{sfn|Gonda|1954|p=10}} Vishnu is mentioned in the [[Brahmana]] layer of text in the Vedas, when he rose to prominence mid-first millennium BCE.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=114}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=33}} His profile rises further as he was [[Hindu synthesis|syncretised]], in the process of [[Sanskritization]],{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117, 128}} with various local traditions and deities (Vasudeva-Krishna, Narayana, Krishna-Golpa){{sfn|Gonda|1993|p=163}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|pp=206–217, 251–252}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=117}}{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=34-35}} in the last centuries BCE and the early centuries CE,{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007}} and over the history of Indian scriptures, states [[Jan Gonda]], Vishnu becomes a divinity of the highest rank, one equivalent to the Supreme Being.{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1–2}}<ref name="Macdonell1898p167">{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1898|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=167–169|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Avatars===
{{Main|Avatar|Dashavatara}}

The various deities were amalgated into Vaishnavism as avatars or incarnations of Vishnu, who is the preserver or sustainer aspect of God within the Hindu [[Trimurti]], and descends as an avatar to empower the good and to destroy evil, thereby restoring [[Dharma]] and relieving the burden of the Earth. An oft-quoted passage from the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' describes the typical role of an avatar of Vishnu:{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Blockquote|<poem>
Whenever righteousness wanes and unrighteousness increases I send myself forth.
For the protection of the good and for the destruction of evil,
and for the establishment of righteousness,
I come into being age after age.
</poem>|''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' 4.7–8|
|source=}}

[[Vedas|Vedic]] literature, in particular the ''[[Puranas]]'' (ancient; similar to [[encyclopedia|''encyclopedias'']]) and ''[[Itihasa]]'' (chronicle, history, legend), narrate numerous [[avatar]]s of Vishnu. The most well-known of these avatars are [[Krishna]] (most notably in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'', ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', and ''[[Mahabharata]]''; the latter encompassing the [[Bhagavad Gita]]), and [[Rama]] (most notably in the ''[[Ramayana]]''). Krishna in particular is venerated in [[Vaishnavism]] as the ultimate, primeval, [[Transcendence (religion)#Hinduism|transcendental]] source of all existence, including all the other [[demigod]]s and gods, such as Vishnu.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==== The ''Mahabharata'' ====
In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Vishnu (as [[Narayana]]) states to [[Narada]] that He will appear in the following ten incarnations:

{{blockquote|Appearing in the forms of a swan [Hamsa], a tortoise [<nowiki/>[[Kurma]]], a fish [<nowiki/>[[Matsya]]], O foremost of regenerate ones, I shall then display myself as a boar [<nowiki/>[[Varaha]]], then as a Man-lion ([[Narasimha|Nrisingha]]), then as a dwarf [<nowiki/>[[Vamana]]], then as [[Parashurama|Rama]] of Bhrigu's race, then as [[Rama]], the son of Dasaratha, then as [[Krishna]] the scion of the Sattwata race, and lastly as [[Kalki]].|source=Book 12, Santi Parva, Chapter CCCXL (340), translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli, 1883–1896<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c039.htm|title=The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Section CCCXL|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-12-12|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020103146/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12c039.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|title=}}

==== The Puranas ====
Specified avatars of Vishnu are listed against some of the [[Puranas]] in the table below. However, this is a complicated process, and the lists are unlikely to be exhaustive because:
* Not all Puranas provide lists ''per se'' (e.g. the Agni Purana dedicates entire chapters to avatars, and some of these chapters mention other avatars within them)
* A list may be given in one place but additional avatars may be mentioned elsewhere (e.g. the Bhagavata Purana lists 22 avatars in Canto 1, but mentions others elsewhere)
* Manava Purana, the only Upa Purana lists 42 avatars of Vishnu.
* A personality in one Purana may be considered an avatar in another (e.g. Narada is not specified as an avatar in the Matsya Purana but is in the Bhagavata Purana)
* Some avatars consist of two or more people considered as different aspects of a single incarnation (e.g. Nara-Narayana, Rama and his three brothers)

{| class="wikitable"
!Purana
!Avatars
!Names / Descriptions (with chapters and verses) – [[Dashavatara]] lists are in bold
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Agni Purana|Agni]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal|title=Agni Purana Unabridged English Motilal (vol 1.)|last=J. L. Shastri|first=G. P. Bhatt|year=1998|pages=[https://archive.org/details/AgniPuranaUnabridgedEnglishMotilal/page/n8 1]–38}}</ref>
|12<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1">Rama and his brothers are considered as one unit. Volume 3, Chapter 276 also lists the same incarnations. [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], [[Pradyumna]], and [[Aniruddha]] have not been counted; a list of the ''[[Dashavatara]]'' is provided in chapter 49.</ref>
|[[Matsya]] (2), [[Kurma]] (3), [[Dhanvantari]] (3.11), [[Mohini]] (3.12), [[Varaha]] (4), [[Narasimha]] (4.3–4), [[Vamana]] (4.5–11), [[Parashurama|Parasurama]] (4.12–20), [[Rama]] (5–11; one of the 'four forms' of Vishnu, including his brothers [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Lakshmana|Laksmana]] and [[Shatrughna|Satrughna]]), [[Krishna]] (12), [[The Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] (16), [[Kalki]] (16)
|-
|'''10<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto1"/>'''
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 49)
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagavata Purana|Bhagavata]]
|22<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto">Others such as Hamsa, Ajita, [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], [[Pradyumna]], and [[Aniruddha]] are mentioned elsewhere but have not been counted. For a complete list, see [[Bhagavata Purana#Avatars of Vishnu|Bhagavata Purana]]</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Chapter Three|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/|access-date=2019-10-31|website=vedabase.io|language=en|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022081732/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/1/3/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[Four Kumaras|Kumaras]], Varaha, [[Narada]], [[Nara-Narayana]], [[Kapila]], [[Dattatreya]], [[Yajna (avatar)|Yajna]], [[Rishabhanatha|Rsabha]], [[Prithu|Prthu]], Matsya, Kurma, Dhanvantari, Mohini, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parashurama, [[Vyasa]]deva, Rama, [[Balarama]] and Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 1, Chapter 3).
|-
|20<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/7/|title=CHAPTER SEVEN|website=vedabase.io|language=en|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022081756/https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/2/7/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Varaha, Suyajna (Hari), Kapila, Dattātreya, Four Kumaras, Nara-Narayana, Prthu, Rsabha, [[Hayagriva]], Matsya, Kurma, Nṛsiṁha, Vamana, [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]], Dhanvantari, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Canto 2, Chapter 7)
|-
|[[Brahma Purana|Brahma]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20270|title=Brahma Purana Part |last=N.A.|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Publishers Pvt. |location=Delhi |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20270/page/n222 970]}}</ref>
|15
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Vamana, [[Hayagriva]], Buddha, Rama, Kalki, [[Shesha|Ananta]], Acyuta, Jamadagnya ([[Parashurama]]), [[Varuna]], [[Indra]], and [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] (Volume 4: 52.68–73)
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Garuda Purana|Garuda]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541|title=The Garusa–Purana Part 1|last=N.A.|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas Publishers Pvt. |location=Delhi|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20541/page/n33 1]–6}}</ref>
|20<ref name=":2" group="lower-alpha">Kumara is more likely to be the Four Kumaras (one unit) than – as the translator believes – [[Kartikeya|Karttikeya]], one of [[Shiva|Shiva's]] sons and the Hindu god of war</ref>
|Kumara, Varaha, Narada, Nara-Narayana, Kapila, [[Dattatreya|Datta]] (Dattatreya), Yajna, Urukrama, Prthu, Matsya, Kurma, Dhanavantari, Mohini, Narasimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Vyasadeva, Balarama, Krishna, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter 1)
|-
|'''10'''<ref name=":2" group="lower-alpha" />
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1, Chapter 86, Verses 10–11)
|-
|10<ref name=":2" group="lower-alpha" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12942|title=The Garuda–Purana Part 3 |last=N.A|date=1957|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=Delhi }}</ref>
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, [[Balarama]], Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 3, Chapter 30, Verse 37)
|-
|[[Linga Purana|Linga]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2|title=Linga Purana – English Translation – Part 2 of 2|last=J.L.Shastri|date=1951|pages=[https://archive.org/details/LingaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart2/page/n281 774]}}</ref>
|'''10'''<ref group="lower-alpha">These avatars are stated to incarnate 'for the good of the world' in every cycle of [[yuga]]s; It is also stated that there are other avatars due to the curse of [[Bhrigu|Bhrgu]]</ref>
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 2, Chapter 48, Verses 31–32)
|-
|[[Matsya Purana|Matsya]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856|title=The Matsya Puranam|last=Basu|first=B. D.|date=1916|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45856/page/n157 137]–138}}</ref>
|10<ref group="lower-alpha">[[Narada]], [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], [[Pradyumna]], and [[Aniruddha]], etc., have not been counted</ref>
|3 celestial incarnations of [[Dharma]], Nrishimha, and Vamana; and 7 human incarnations of [[Dattatreya]], [[Mandhatri|Mandhitri]], Parasurama, Rama, Vedavyasa (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Volume 1: Chapter XLVII / 47)
|-
|[[Naradiya Purana|Narada]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976|title=The Narada-Purana Part. 4|last=N.A|date=1952|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. |location=Delhi |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12976/page/n152 1486]}}</ref>
|'''10'''
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, Kalki (Part 4, Chapter 119, Verses 14–19), and Kapila<ref name=jacobsen08>{{cite book |year=2008 |surname=Jacobsen |given=Knut A. |author-link=Knut A. Jacobsen |title=Kapila, Founder of Sāṃkhya and Avatāra of Viṣṇu: With a Translation of Kapilāsurisaṃvāda |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |isbn=978-81-215-1194-0 |pages=9–25}}</ref>
|-
|[[Padma Purana|Padma]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12949|title=THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 7|last=N.A|date=1952|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12954|title=THE PADMA-PURANA PART. 9|last=N.A|date=1956|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI}}</ref>
|'''10'''
|'''Part 7:''' [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]] (66.44–54) and [[Brahma]] (71.23–29) name 'Matsya, Kurma, and Varaha. Narasimha and Vamana, (Parasu-)rama, Rama, Krsna, Buddha, and Kalki'; '''Part 9:''' this list is repeated by [[Shiva]] (229.40–44); Kapila<ref name=jacobsen08 />
|-
|[[Shiva Purana|Shiva]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/SivaPuranaJ.L.ShastriPart4|title=Siva Purana – English Translation – Part 4 of 4|last=J.L.Shastri|date=1950}}</ref>
|'''10'''
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, 'Rama trio' [Rama, Parasurama, Balarama], Krishna, Kalki (Part 4: Vayaviya Samhita: Chapter 30, Verses 56–58 and Chapter 31, verses 134–136)
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Skanda Purana|Skanda]]
|14<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008|title=THE SKANDA-PURANA PART. 7|last=N.A|date=1951|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD, DELHI|pages=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13008/page/n295 285]–288}}</ref>
|Varaha, Matsya, Kurma, Nrsimha, Vamana, Kapila, Datta, Rsabha, Bhargava Rama (Parashurama), Dasarathi [[Rama]], Krsna, Krsna Dvaipayana (Vyasa), Buddha, and Kalki (Part 7: Vasudeva-Mamatmya: Chapter 18)
|-
|'''10'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.20778|title=THE SKANDA-PURANA PART.15|last=N.A.|date=1957|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS PUBLISHERS PVT. DELHI}}</ref>
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Narasimha, Trivikrama (Vamana), Parasurama, Sri-Rama, Krisna, Buddha, and Kalki (Part 15: Reva Khanda: Chapter 151, Verses 1–7)
|-
|Manavā
|42
|[[Adi Purusha]], Kumaras, Narada, Kapila, Yajna, Dattatreya, Nara-Narayana, Vibhu, Satyasena, Hari, Vaikunta, Ajita, Shaligram, Sarvabhauma, Vrishbha, Visvaksena, Sudhama(not krishna's friend Sudama), Dharmasetu, Yogeshwara, Brihadbhanu, Hamsa, Hayagriva, Vyasa, Prithu, Vrishbha deva, Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Vamana, Parashurama, Rama, Balrama, Krishna, Buddha, [[Venkateswara]], [[Dnyaneshwar]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]], Kalki
|-
|[[Varaha Purana|Varaha]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962|title=THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 1|last=N.A|date=1960|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12962/page/n23 13]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12972|title=THE VARAHA PURANA PART. 2|last=N.A|date=1960|publisher=MOTILAL BANARSIDASS, DELHI|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12972/page/n308 652]}}</ref>
|'''10'''
|Matsya, Kurma, Varaha, Nrsimha, Vamana, Parasurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, and Kalki (Chapter 4, Verses 2–3; Chapter 48, Verses 17–22; and Chapter 211, Verse 69)
|-
| colspan="3" |
|}

====Dashavatara====
[[File:Vishnu Avatars.jpg|thumb|[[Hindu]] god Vishnu (centre) surrounded by his avatars (counter-clockwise, from left-top: [[Matsya]]; [[Kurma]]; [[Varaha]]; [[Narasimha]]; [[Vamana]]; [[Parashurama]]; [[Rama]]; [[Krishna]]; [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] and [[Kalki]]), 19th century [[Chromolithography|oleograph]] by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]]]
{{Main|Dashavatara}}

The ''Dashavatara'' is a list of the so-called ''Vibhavas'', or '10 [primary] [[Avatar]]s' of Vishnu. The [[Agni Purana]], [[Varaha Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], [[Linga Purana]], [[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]], [[Garuda Purana]], and [[Skanda Purana]] all provide matching lists. The same ''Vibhavas'' are also found in the ''Garuda Purana'' ''Saroddhara'', a commentary or 'extracted essence' written by Navanidhirama about the Garuda Purana (i.e. not the [[Puranas|Purana]] itself, with which it seems to be confused):
{{blockquote|The [[Matsya|Fish]], the [[Kurma|Tortoise]], the [[Varaha|Boar]], the [[Narasimha|Man-Lion]], the [[Vamana|Dwarf]], [[Parashurama|Parasurama]], [[Rama]], [[Krishna|Krisna]], [[The Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], and also [[Kalki]]: These ten names should always be meditated upon by the wise. Those who recite them near the diseased are called relatives.|source=''Garuda Purana Saroddhara'', Chapter VIII, Verses 10–11, translated by E. Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45762|title=The Garuda Purana|last=Subrahmanyam|first=S. V.|date=1911|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45762/page/n74 62]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu10.htm|title=The Garuda Purana: Chapter VIII. An Account of the Gifts for the Dying|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=2019-10-31|archive-date=20 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020134419/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/gpu10.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>|author=Navanidhirama|title=}}

Apparent disagreements concerning the placement of either the Buddha or [[Balarama]] in the ''Dashavarara'' seems to occur from the ''Dashavarara'' list in the [[Shiva Purana]] (the only other list with ten avatars including Balarama in the Garuda Purana substitutes Vamana, not Buddha). Regardless, both versions of the ''Dashavarara'' have a scriptural basis in the canon of authentic [[Vedas|Vedic]] literature (but not from the ''Garuda Purana'' ''Saroddhara'')''.''

====Perumal====
{{Main|Perumal (deity)}}

Perumal ({{Langx|ta|பெருமாள்}})—also known as Thirumal ({{Langx|ta|திருமால்|links=no}}), or Mayon (as described in the Tamil scriptures)— was accepted as a manifestation of Vishnu during syncretism of South Indian deities into mainstream Hinduism. Mayon is indicated in the [[Tolkāppiyam|Tolkappiyam]] to be the deity associated with the ''mullai tiṇai'' (pastoral landscape).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hardy |first=Friedhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156 |title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion |year=2015 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3816-1 |page=156 |language=en |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710044852/https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&dq=mayon+mullai&pg=PA156 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Clothey |first=Fred W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC2aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |title=The Many Faces of Murukan: The History and Meaning of a South Indian God. With the Poem Prayers to Lord Murukan |year=2019|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-080410-2 |page=34 |language=en |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172251/https://books.google.com/books?id=PC2aDwAAQBAJ&dq=Tirum%C4%81l&pg=PA34 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tamil [[Sangam literature]] (200 BCE to 500 CE) mentions Mayon or the "dark one" and as a supreme deity who creates, sustains, and destroys the universe, and who was worshipped in the plains and mountains of [[Tamilakam]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/in-praise-of-vishnu/article6245959.ece|title=In praise of Vishnu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=24 July 2014|accessdate=28 August 2023|via=www.thehindu.com|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805041706/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/in-praise-of-vishnu/article6245959.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The verses of [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]] describe the glory of Perumal in poetic terms. Many poems of the [[Paripāṭal|Paripadal]] consider Perumal as a supreme god of [[Tamils]].<ref name="auto2"/> He is a popular [[Hinduism|Hindu]] deity among [[Tamils]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], and in the [[Tamil diaspora]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html|title=Devotion to Mal (Mayon)|website=University of Cumbria, Division of Religion and Philosophy|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721221104/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/ascetic/mal.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Who's who in non-classical mythology|last=Sykes, Egerton|others=Kendall, Alan, 1939–|year= 2014|isbn=978-1136414442|edition=2nd|location=London|oclc=872991268}}</ref> Revered by the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition, Perumal is venerated in popular tradition as [[Venkateswara|Venkateshwara]] at [[Tirupati]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnXXAAAAMAAJ&q=perumal+venkateshwara+temple |title=Balaji-Venkateshwara, Lord of Tirumala-Tirupati: An Introduction |date=2000 |publisher=Vakils, Feffer, and Simons |isbn=978-81-87111-46-7 |page=56 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy]] at [[Srirangam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P.V. Jagadisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=perumal+srirangam+temple |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated |date=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0151-2 |page=453 |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Trimurti ===
[[File:UgrataraTemple2 (cropped).jpeg|thumb|Shiva (left), Vishnu (middle), and Brahma (right).]]
{{Main|Trimurti}}

The [[Puranas|Puranic period]] from the 4th to the 12th century CE saw the rise of post-[[Vedic period|Vedic]] religion and the evolution of what [[R. C. Majumdar]] calls "synthetic Hinduism."<ref>For dating of Puranic period as c. CE 300–1200 and quotation, see: Majumdar, R. C. "Evolution of Religio-Philosophic Culture in India", in: Radhakrishnan (CHI, 1956), volume 4, p. 47.</ref>
Particularly in [[Vaishnavism]], the Trimurti (also known as the '''Hindu Triad''' or '''Great Trinity''')<ref>See Apte, p. 485, for a definition of ''Trimurti'' as 'the unified form' of Brahmā, {{IAST|Viṣṇu}} and Śiva, as well as the use of phrase "Hindu triad."</ref><ref>See: Jansen, p. 83, for the term "Great Trinity" in relation to the Trimurti.</ref> represents the three fundamental forces ([[Guṇa|''guṇas'']]) through which the universe is created, maintained, and destroyed in [[Hindu cosmology|cyclic succession]]. Each of these forces is represented by a Hindu deity:<ref>For quotation defining the Trimurti see: Matchett, Freda. 2003. "'The Purāṇas'." In ''Flood'', p. 139.</ref><ref>For the Trimurti system having Brahma as the creator, Vishnu as the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva as the transformer or destroyer see Zimmer (1972) p. 124.</ref>
* '''[[Brahma]]:''' presiding deity of [[Rajas]] (passion, creation)
* '''Vishnu:''' presiding deity of [[Sattva]] (goodness, preservation)
* '''[[Shiva]]:''' presiding deity of [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]] (darkness, destruction)
The trimurti themselves are beyond three gunas and are not affected by it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-03-06|title=Shiva: The Auspicious One|url=https://iskconnews.org/shiva-the-auspicious-one/|access-date=2022-02-12|website=ISKCON News|language=en|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212162157/https://iskconnews.org/shiva-the-auspicious-one/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Hindu tradition, the trio is often referred to as '''Brahma-Vishnu-Mahesh'''. All have the same meaning of three in one; different forms or manifestations of [[One]] person the [[King of the gods|Supreme Being]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en|title=Srimad Bhagavatam Canto 1 Chapter 2 Verse 23|publisher=Vedabase.net|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123213949/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/23/en|archive-date=23 November 2010|access-date=2011-11-30}}</ref>

==Textual development==
{{Infobox
| title = Vishnu icons across cultures
| image = {{image array|perrow=2|width=125|height=125
| image1 = KINGS of BAKTRIA. Agathokles. Circa 185-170 BC. AR Drachm (3.22 gm, 12h). Bilingual series. BASILEWS AGAQOKLEOUS with Indian god Balarama-Samkarshana.jpg|caption1=180 BCE [[Indo-Greek]] coin of [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]].
| image2 = VishnuGandhara.JPG| caption2 = [[Vishnu Nicolo Seal]], {{nowrap|4th–6th}} century CE, [[Gandhara]].
| image3 = Museum für Indische Kunst Dahlem Berlin Mai 2006 036 2.jpg| caption3 = 13th century [[Cambodia]]n Vishnu.
| image4 = Statue of Vishnu, Victoria and Albert Museum, London, UK (IM 127-1927) - 20090209.jpg| caption4 = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| image5 = Beikthano (Vishnu) Nat.jpg| caption5 = [[Myanmar]]
| image6 = Vishnu Kediri.jpg| caption6 = [[Indonesia]]
}}
| caption = The iconography of Hindu god Vishnu has been widespread in history.
}}

===Vedas===
Though a minor mention and with overlapping attributes in the Vedas, he has important characteristics in various hymns of the Rig Veda, such as 1.154.5, 1.56.3 and 10.15.3.{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1–2}} In these hymns, the Vedic scriptures assert that Vishnu resides in that highest home where departed [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (Self) reside, an assertion that has been proposed in older publications as a reason for his increasing emphasis and popularity in Hindu [[soteriology]],{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1–2}}<ref name="Macdonell1898p10">{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1898|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=9–11, 167–169|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|url-status=live}}</ref> yet deemed an insufficient explanation by Gonda.{{sfn|Gonda|1969|p=1–2}} He is also described in the Vedic literature as the one who supports heaven and earth.<ref name="Klostermaier2000p84" />

{{Verse translation|तदस्य प्रियमभि पाथो अश्यां नरो यत्र देवयवो मदन्ति । उरुक्रमस्य स हि बन्धुरित्था विष्णोः पदे परमे मध्व उत्सः ॥५॥ ऋग्वेद १-१५४-५|5. Might I reach that dear cattle-pen of his, where men seeking the gods find elation, for exactly that is the bond to the wide-striding one: the wellspring of honey in the highest step of Viṣṇu.|lang=sa|attr1=RV. 1.154.5<ref name="ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १.१५४ – विकिस्रोतः">"[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १.१५४ – विकिस्रोतः] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617232532/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AB%E0%A5%AA |date=17 June 2020 }}". ''sa.wikisource.org''. Retrieved 17 June 2020.</ref>|italicsoff=off|attr2=translated by Stephanie Jamison, 2020<ref name="Jamison, Stephanie 2020">Jamison, Stephanie (2020). ''The Rigveda''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0190633395}}.</ref>}}

{{Verse translation|आहं पितॄन्सुविदत्राँ अवित्सि नपातं च विक्रमणं च विष्णोः ।
बर्हिषदो ये स्वधया सुतस्य भजन्त पित्वस्त इहागमिष्ठाः ॥३॥ ऋग्वेद १०-१५-३|3. I have found here the forefathers good to find and the grandson and the wide stride of Viṣṇu.
Those who, sitting on the ritual grass, share in the pressed soma and the food at (the cry of) "svadhā", they are the most welcome arrivals here.|lang=sa|attr1=RV 10.15.13<ref name="ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १.१५४ – विकिस्रोतः"/>|italicsoff=off|attr2=translated by Stephanie Jamison, 2020<ref name="Jamison, Stephanie 2020"/>}}

In the Vedic hymns, Vishnu is invoked alongside other deities, especially Indra, whom he helps kill the symbol of evil named [[Vritra]].<ref name="Klostermaier2000p84" /><ref name="Macdonell1898p18" /> His distinguishing characteristic in the Vedas is his association with light. Two Rigvedic hymns in [[Mandala 7]] refer to Vishnu. In section 7.99 of the Rigveda, Vishnu is addressed as the god who separates heaven and earth, a characteristic he shares with Indra. In the Vedic texts, the deity or god referred to as Vishnu is [[Surya]] or [[Savitr]] (Sun god), who also bears the name ''Suryanarayana''. Again, this link to Surya is a characteristic Vishnu shares with fellow Vedic deities named Mitra and Agni, wherein in different hymns, they too "bring men together" and cause all living beings to rise up and impel them to go about their daily activities.<ref name="Macdonell1898p29">{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1898|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=29–32|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In hymn 7.99 of Rigveda, Indra-Vishnu is equivalent and produce the sun, with the verses asserting that this sun is the source of all energy and light for all.<ref name="Macdonell1898p29" /> In other hymns of the Rigveda, Vishnu is a close friend of Indra.<ref name="Nilakanta Sastri 1980">Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1980). ''Advanced History of India'', Allied Publishers, New Delhi.</ref> Elsewhere in Rigveda, Atharvaveda and Upanishadic texts, Vishnu is equivalent to Prajapati, both are described as the protector and preparer of the womb, and according to Klaus Klostermaier, this may be the root behind the post-Vedic fusion of all the attributes of the Vedic [[Prajapati]] unto the avatars of Vishnu.<ref name="Klostermaier2000p84"/>

In the ''[[Yajurveda]]'', [[Taittiriya Aranyaka]] (10.13.1), "[[Narayana sukta]]", Narayana is mentioned as the supreme being. The first verse of "Narayana Suktam" mentions the words ''paramam padam'', which literally mean 'highest post' and may be understood as the 'supreme abode for all Selfs'. This is also known as '''Param Dhama''', '''Paramapadam''', or '''Vaikuntha'''. Rigveda 1.22.20 also mentions the same ''paramam padam''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Brahmapurāṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=1989|page=106|author1=Renate Söhnen-Thieme |author2=Renate Söhnen |author3=Peter Schreiner |isbn=978-3447029605}}</ref>

In the [[Atharvaveda]], the mythology of a boar who raises goddess earth from the depths of cosmic ocean appears, but without the word Vishnu or his alternate avatar names. In post-Vedic mythology, this legend becomes one of the basis of many cosmogonic myth called the [[Varaha]] legend, with Varaha as an avatar of Vishnu.<ref name="Macdonell1898p18">{{cite book|author=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|year=1898|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (1996 Reprint)|isbn=978-81-208-1113-3|pages=18–19|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=24 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424033251/https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Trivikrama: The Three Steps of Vishnu====
{{multiple image|total_width=450
| header=The Three Strides of Vishnu
| align = right
| image1 = Trivikram Vishnu - Gupta Period - ACCN 70-58 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5411.JPG
| image2 = Le temple de Changu Narayan (Bhaktapur) (8567815983).jpg
| image3 = Badami Cave Temples 35.jpg
| footer = The depiction of the "three strides of Vishnu" is common in [[Hindu art]], wherein his leg is shown raised like a gymnast, symbolizing a huge step. Left: Trivikrama in the [[Art of Mathura]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period. Center: at a temple in [[Bhaktapur]], Nepal; Right: at 6th-century [[Badami cave temples]], India.
}}

Several hymns of the Rigveda repeat the mighty deed of Vishnu called the ''Trivikrama'', which is one of the lasting mythologies in Hinduism since the Vedic times.<ref name="Klostermaier2000p85">{{cite book |author=Klaus K. Klostermaier |year=2000|title=Hinduism: A Short History |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos |url-access=registration |publisher=Oneworld |isbn=978-1-85168-213-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos/page/84 84]–85}}</ref> It is an inspiration for ancient artwork in numerous [[Hindu temple]]s such as at the [[Ellora Caves]], which depict the Trivikrama legend through the Vamana avatar of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC&pg=PA96|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1|pages=96–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bettina Bäumer|author2=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Kalātattvakośa: A Lexicon of Fundamental Concepts of the Indian Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8f38pN2lvhIC&pg=PA251|year=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |isbn=978-81-208-1044-0|page=251}}</ref> ''Trivikrama'' refers to the celebrated ''three steps'' or "three strides" of Vishnu. Starting as a small insignificant looking being, Vishnu undertakes a herculean task of establishing his reach and form, then with his first step covers the earth, with second the ether, and the third entire heaven.<ref name="Klostermaier2000p85" /><ref>{{cite book |author=J. Hackin |title=Asiatic Mythology: A Detailed Description and Explanation of the Mythologies of All the Great Nations of Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HAZrFhvqnTkC&pg=PA130| year=1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0920-4|pages=130–132}}</ref>

{{blockquote|
<poem>
विष्णोर्नु कं वीर्याणि प्र वोचं यः पार्थिवानि विममे रजांसि ।
यो अस्कभायदुत्तरं सधस्थं विचक्रमाणस्त्रेधोरुगायः ॥१॥...

''viṣṇōrnu kaṃ vīryāṇi pra vōcaṃ yaḥ pārthivāni vimamē rajāṃsi |''
''yō askabhāyaduttaraṃ sadhasthaṃ vicakramāṇastrēdhōrugāyaḥ ||1||''

I will now proclaim the heroic deeds of Visnu, who has measured out the terrestrial regions,
who established the upper abode having, wide-paced, strode out triply...
</poem>
|Rigveda 1.154.1|Translated by [[Jan Gonda]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Viṣṇuism and Śivaism: a comparison|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1YIAQAAIAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1474280808 |pages=71–72}}</ref>|source=}}

The Vishnu Sukta 1.154 of Rigveda says that the first and second of Vishnu's strides (those encompassing the earth and air) are visible to the mortals and the third is the realm of the immortals. The Trivikrama describing hymns integrate salvific themes, stating Vishnu to symbolize that which is freedom and life.<ref name="Klostermaier2000p85"/> The [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] elaborates this theme of Vishnu, as his herculean effort and sacrifice to create and gain powers that help others, one who realizes and defeats the evil symbolized by the Asuras after they had usurped the three worlds, and thus Vishnu is the saviour of the mortals and the immortals ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]).<ref name="Klostermaier2000p85"/>

===Brahmanas===
{{Quote box
| quote = '''To what is One'''
<poem>
Seven germs unripened yet are heaven's prolific seed:
their functions they maintain by '''Vishnu's''' ordinance.
Endued with wisdom through intelligence and thought,
they compass us about present on every side.

What thing I truly am I know not clearly:
mysterious, fettered in my mind I wonder.
When the first-born of holy Law approached me,
then of this speech, I first obtain a portion.
(...)

They call him Indra, Mitra, Varuna, Agni,
and he is heavenly-winged Garutman.
To what is One, sages give many a title.
</poem>
| source = — ''[[Rigveda]] 1.164.36–37, 46''<ref>{{cite book|author=Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC |year=2010|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3|page=103 with footnote 10 on p. 529}}</ref><ref>See also, Griffith's Rigveda translation: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164 Wikisource] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506235352/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_1/Hymn_164 |date=6 May 2019 }}</ref>
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The ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'' contains ideas which Vaishnavism tradition of Hinduism has long mapped to a pantheistic vision of Vishnu as supreme, he as the essence in every being and everything in the empirically perceived universe. In this Brahmana, states Klaus Klostermaier, Purusha Narayana (Vishnu) asserts, "all the worlds have I placed within mine own self, and my own self has I placed within all the worlds."<ref name="klostermaier86" /> The text equates Vishnu to all knowledge there is (Vedas), calling the essence of everything as imperishable, all Vedas and principles of universe as imperishable, and that this imperishable which is Vishnu is the all.<ref name="klostermaier86">{{cite book|author=Klaus K. Klostermaier|title=Hinduism: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos|url-access=registration| year=2000| publisher=Oneworld| isbn=978-1-85168-213-3| pages=[https://archive.org/details/hinduismshorthis0000klos/page/85 85]–87}}</ref>

Vishnu is described to be permeating all object and life forms, states S. Giora Shoham, where he is "ever-present within all things as the intrinsic principle of all", and the eternal, transcendental self in every being.<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Giora Shoham|title=To Test the Limits of Our Endurance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_hOAQAAIAAJ |year=2010|publisher=Cambridge Scholars |isbn=978-1-4438-2068-4|page=116}}</ref> The Vedic literature, including its Brahmanas layer, while praising Vishnu do not subjugate others gods and goddesses. They present an inclusive pluralistic [[henotheism]]. According to [[Max Müller|Max Muller]], "Although the gods are sometimes distinctly invoked as the great and the small, the young and the old (Rig Veda 1:27:13), this is only an attempt to find the most comprehensive expression for the divine powers and nowhere is any of the gods represented as the subordinate to others. It would be easy to find, in the numerous hymns of the Veda, passages in which almost every single god is represented as supreme and absolute."<ref>[[Max Müller|Müller, Max]]. ''History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature''. London: Spottiswoode and Co. p. 533</ref>

===Upanishads===
The [[Vaishnava Upanishads]] are minor [[Upanishad]]s of [[Hinduism]], related to Vishnu theology. There are 14 Vaishnava Upanishads in the [[Muktika]] anthology of 108 [[Upanishads]].{{Sfn|Deussen|1997|p=556}} It is unclear when these texts were composed, and estimates vary from the 1st-century BCE to 17th-century CE for the texts.{{Sfn|Mahony|1998|p=290}}{{Sfn|Lamb|2002|p=191}}

These Upanishads highlight Vishnu, [[Narayana]], [[Rama]] or one of his [[avatar]]s as the supreme metaphysical reality called [[Brahman]] in Hinduism.<ref name="Mahony1998p271">{{cite book|author=William K. Mahony|title=The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC |year=1998|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3579-3 |page=271}}</ref><ref name="WinternitzSarma1996p217">{{cite book|author1=Moriz Winternitz|author2=V. Srinivasa Sarma|title=A History of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C|year=1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0264-3|pages=217–224 with footnotes|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226083105/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C|url-status=live}}</ref> They discuss a diverse range of topics, from ethics to the methods of worship.{{Sfn|Sen|1937|p=26}}

===Puranas===
[[File:Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of the Lord) Manuscript LACMA M.88.134.4 (2 of 2).jpg|thumb|The [[Bhagavata Purana]] (c. 16th century) is centred around [[Krishna]], a Vishnu avatar.]]
Vishnu is the primary focus of the Vaishnavism-focused [[Puranas]] genre of [[Hindu texts]]. Of these, according to [[Ludo Rocher]], the most important texts are the [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Vishnu Purana]], [[Nāradeya Purana]], [[Garuda Purana]] and [[Vayu Purana]].{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=59–61}} The Purana texts include many versions of cosmologies, mythologies, encyclopedic entries about various aspects of life, and chapters that were medieval era regional Vishnu temples-related tourist guides called {{lang|sa|mahatmyas}}.{{Sfn|Glucklich|2008|p=146, '''Quote:''' The earliest promotional works aimed at tourists from that era were called ''mahatmyas''.}}

One version of the cosmology, for example, states that Vishnu's eye is at the Southern Celestial Pole from where he watches the cosmos.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IsSpbyjw5DMC&pg=PA273 | title = Sinister Yogis | isbn = 978-0-226-89515-4 | last1 = White | first1 = David Gordon | page=273 with footnote 47| year = 2010| publisher = University of Chicago Press }}</ref> In another version found in section 4.80 of the Vayu Purana, he is the [[Hiranyagarbha]], or the golden egg from which were simultaneously born all feminine and masculine beings of the universe.<ref>{{cite book|author=J.M Masson|title=The Oceanic Feeling: The Origins of Religious Sentiment in Ancient India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=swsrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA63 |year=2012|publisher=Springer Science|isbn=978-94-009-8969-6|page=63 with footnote 4}}</ref>

==== Vishnu Purana ====
The [[Vishnu Purana]] presents Vishnu as the central element of its cosmology, unlike some other Puranas where Shiva or Brahma or goddess Shakti are. The reverence and the worship of Vishnu is described in 22 chapters of the first part of Vishnu Purana, along with the profuse use of the synonymous names of Vishnu such as Hari, Janardana, Madhava, Achyuta, Hrishikesha and others.{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=246–247}}

The Vishnu Purana also discusses the Hindu concept of supreme reality called [[Brahman]] in the context of the [[Upanishad]]s; a discussion that the theistic Vedanta scholar [[Ramanuja]] interprets to be about the equivalence of the Brahman with Vishnu, a foundational theology in the [[Sri Vaishnavism]] tradition.<ref>Sucharita Adluri (2015), ''Textual Authority in Classical Indian Thought: Ramanuja and the Visnu Purana'', Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415695756}}, pp. 1–11, 18–26</ref>

==== Bhagavata Purana ====
Vishnu is equated with [[Brahman]] in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], such as in verse 1.2.11, as "learned transcendentalists who know the Absolute Truth call this non-dual substance as [[Brahman]], [[Paramatman|Paramatma]] and Bhagavan."<ref>{{cite web |author=Bhagavata Purana |url=http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/11/en |title=1.2.11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523204721/http://vedabase.net/sb/1/2/11/en |archive-date=23 May 2006 |work=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase |quote=vadanti tat tattva-vidas tattvam yaj jnanam advayam brahmeti paramatmeti bhagavan iti sabdyate}}</ref>

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] has been the most popular and widely read Purana texts relating to Vishnu avatar Krishna, it has been translated and available in almost all Indian languages.{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=112}} Like other Puranas, it discusses a wide range of topics including cosmology, genealogy, geography, mythology, legend, music, dance, yoga and culture.{{Sfn|Kumar Das|2006| pages=172–173}}{{Sfn|Rocher|1986|pp=138–151}} As it begins, the forces of evil have won a war between the benevolent ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s'' (deities) and evil ''[[asura]]s'' (demons) and now rule the universe. Truth re-emerges as the Vishnu avatar first makes peace with the demons, understands them and then creatively defeats them, bringing back hope, justice, freedom and good – a cyclic theme that appears in many legends.<ref>Ravi Gupta and Kenneth Valpey (2013), The Bhagavata Purana, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231149990}}, pp. 3–19</ref> The ''Bhagavata Purana'' is a revered text in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>Constance Jones and James Ryan (2007), Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Infobase, {{ISBN|978-0816054589}}, p. 474</ref> The Puranic legends of Vishnu have inspired plays and dramatic arts that are acted out over festivals, particularly through performance arts such as the [[Sattriya]], [[Manipuri dance]], [[Odissi]], [[Kuchipudi]], [[Kathakali]], [[Kathak]], [[Bharatanatyam]], [[Bhagavata Mela]] and [[Mohiniyattam]].{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=118}}{{Sfn|Varadpande|1987|pages=92–97}}<ref>Graham Schweig (2007), Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions (Editor: Yudit Kornberg Greenberg), Volume 1, {{ISBN|978-1851099801}}, pp. 247–249</ref>

==== Other Puranas ====
Some versions of the Purana texts, unlike the Vedic and Upanishadic texts, emphasize Vishnu as supreme and on whom other gods depend. Vishnu, for example, is the source of creator deity [[Brahma]] in the Vaishnavism-focussed Purana texts. Vishnu's iconography and a Hindu myth typically shows Brahma being born in a lotus emerging from his navel, who then is described as creating the world{{Sfn|Stevenson|2000|p=164}} or all the forms in the universe, but not the primordial universe itself.{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=[https://archive.org/details/krishnasourceboo00brya_424/page/n32 18]}} In contrast, the [[Shiva]]-focussed Puranas describe Brahma and Vishnu to have been created by [[Ardhanarishvara]], that is half Shiva and half Parvati; or alternatively, Brahma was born from [[Rudra]], or Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma creating each other cyclically in different aeons ([[Kalpa (aeon)|kalpa]]).<ref name="Stella Kramrisch 1994 pp. 205-206">Stella Kramrisch (1994), ''The Presence of Siva'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691019307}}, pp. 205–206</ref>

In some Vaishnava Puranas, Vishnu takes the form of Rudra or commands Rudra to destroy the world, thereafter the entire universe dissolves and along with time, everything is reabsorbed back into Vishnu. The universe is then recreated from Vishnu all over again, starting a new ''Kalpa''.<ref name="doniger71">{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoaUKmMG9gC&pg=PA71 |year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61847-0|pages=71–73}}</ref> For this the ''Bhagavata Purana'' employs the metaphor of Vishnu as a spider and the universe as his web. Other texts offer alternate cosmogenic theories, such as one where the universe and time are absorbed into Shiva.<ref name="doniger71" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Presence of Siva|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|year=1993|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01930-7|pages=274–276|access-date=3 November 2016|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019092524/https://books.google.com/books?id=O5BanndcIgUC|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Agama ===
The [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] scripture called the [[Pancharatra]] describes a mode of worship of Vishnu.

===Sangam and Post-Sangam literature===
{{main|Thirumal}}

The Sangam literature refers to an extensive regional collection in the [[Tamil language]], mostly from the early centuries of the common era. These Tamil texts revere '''Vishnu''' and his avatars such as [[Krishna]] and [[Rama]], as well as other pan-Indian deities such as Shiva, [[Kartikeya|Muruga]], Durga, Indra and others.<ref name="padmaja27">{{cite book|author=T. Padmaja|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA27 |year=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|page=27}}</ref> Vishnu is described in these texts as ''Mayon'', or "one who is dark or black in color" (in north India, the equivalent word is Krishna).<ref name="padmaja27" /> Other terms found for Vishnu in these ancient Tamil genre of literature include ''mayavan, mamiyon, netiyon, mal'' and ''mayan''.<ref>{{cite book |author=T. Padmaja|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA28 |year=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4 |page=28}}</ref>

Krishna as Vishnu avatar is the primary subject of two post-Sangam Tamil epics ''[[Silappadikaram]]'' and ''[[Manimekalai]]'', each of which was probably composed about the 5th century CE.<ref name="padmaja30">{{cite book|author=T. Padmaja|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=PA28 |year=2002|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-398-4|pages=30–31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=John Stratton Hawley|author2=Donna Marie Wulff|title=The Divine Consort: Rādhā and the Goddesses of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3R1z0sE340C&pg=PA238 |year=1982|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-0-89581-102-8|pages=238–244}}</ref> These Tamil epics share many aspects of the story found in other parts of India, such as those related to baby Krishna such as stealing butter, and teenage Krishna such as teasing girls who went to bathe in a river by hiding their clothes.<ref name="padmaja30" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Guy L. Beck|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0XqbG0LKBUC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1|pages=68–69}}</ref>

===Bhakti movement===
Ideas about Vishnu in the mid 1st millennium CE were important to the [[Bhakti movement]] theology that ultimately swept India after the 12th century. The [[Alvars]], which literally means "those immersed in God", were Tamil Vaishnava poet-saints who sang praises of Vishnu as they traveled from one place to another.<ref name="olson231">{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2007|page=231|isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9}}</ref> They established temple sites such as [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]], and spread ideas about [[Vaishnavism]]. Their poems, compiled as Alwar Arulicheyalgal or [[Divya Prabhandham]], developed into an influential scripture for the Vaishnavas. The [[Bhagavata Purana]]'s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on ''bhakti'', have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins, though some scholars question whether this evidence excludes the possibility that ''bhakti'' movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.{{sfn|Sheridan|1986|p={{page needed|date=January 2021}}}}<ref>{{cite book | last=[[J. A. B. van Buitenen]] | chapter=The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |title=Encyclopedia Indica | year = 1996| editor=S.S. Shashi | isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 | pages=28–45 }}</ref>

==Vaishnava theology==
{{Main|Vaishnavism|Pañcaratra}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

Vaishnava thought holds Vishnu to exist in the alternate guise of "Isvara, the Lord of All Being" and the universe to be his breath that he will "assimilate" into him again, by breathing and causing the end of the world, which has happened before.{{Sfn|Stevenson|2000|p=57}} Afterwards, he will "exhale again and re-create the world."{{Sfn|Stevenson|2000|p=57}}

In the [[Bhakti]] tradition of Vaishnavism, Vishnu is attributed with numerous qualities such as omniscience, energy, strength, lordship, vigour, and splendour.<ref name="Tapasyananda">{{cite book | author = Tapasyananda | year = 1991 | title = Bhakti Schools of Vedānta | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_VtAAAACAAJ | isbn = 978-81-7120-226-3 | publisher = Sri Ramakrishna Math | location = Madras}}</ref> The Vaishnava tradition started by [[Madhvacharya]] considers Vishnu in the form of Krishna to be the supreme creator, personal God, all-pervading, all devouring, one whose knowledge and grace leads to "moksha".<ref>{{cite book|author= Deepak Sarma| editor =Edwin F. Bryant|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC&pg=PA358|year= 2007| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-972431-4| pages=358–360}}</ref> In Madhvacharya Vaishnava theology, the supreme Vishnu and the Selfs of living beings are two different realities and nature (dualism), while in [[Sri Vaishnavism]], they are different but share the same essential nature (qualified non-dualism).<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma |first=Chandradhar |title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy|year= 1994|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0365-7 |page=373}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Madhva (1238-1317) |first=Valerie |last=Stoker |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |year=2011 |access-date=17 April 2016 |url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/ |archive-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012131604/http://www.iep.utm.edu/madhva/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Stafford Betty (2010), Dvaita, Advaita, and Viśiṣṭādvaita: Contrasting Views of Mokṣa, Asian Philosophy: An International Journal of the Philosophical Traditions of the East, Volume 20, Issue 2, pp. 215–224</ref>

The theology in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' (2nd-1st c. BCE) discusses both the sentient and the non-sentient, the Self and the matter of existence. It envisions the universe as the body of Vishnu (Krishna), state Harold Coward and Daniel Maguire. Vishnu in Gita's theology pervades all selves, all matter, and time,<ref name="coward113">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gkIwI84XajEC&pg=PA113|title=Visions of a New Earth: Religious Perspectives on Population, Consumption, and Ecology|author1=Harold Coward|author2=Daniel C. Maguire|publisher=State University of New York Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-7914-4458-0|page=113}}</ref> and is associated with [[Brahman]].{{Sfn|Stevenson|2000|p=57}} In Sri Vaishnavism sub-tradition, Vishnu and Sri (goddess [[Lakshmi]]) are described as inseparable, that they pervade everything together. Both together are the creators, who also pervade and transcend their creation.<ref name="coward113" />

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] (500-1000 CE) frequently discusses the merging of the individual Self with the Absolute [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality, Supreme Truth), or "the return of Brahman into His own true nature."{{sfn|Kumar Das|2006| pages=172–173}}<ref name="Brown" />{{Sfn|Sheridan|1986|pp=1–2, 17–25}} The concept of ''[[moksha]]'' is explained as ''Ekatva'' ('Oneness') and ''Sayujya'' ('Absorption, intimate union'), wherein one is completely lost in Brahman (Self, Supreme Being, one's true nature).<ref name="Rukmani_217-218" /> This, states Rukmini (1993), is proclamation of "return of the individual Self to the Absolute and its merging into the Absolute", which is unmistakably Advaitic in its trend.<ref name="Rukmani_217-218" /> In the same passages, the Bhagavata includes a mention of [[Bhagavan]] as the object of concentration, thereby presenting the [[Bhakti]] path from the three major paths of Hindu spirituality discussed in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref name="Rukmani_217-218">{{Harvnb|Rukmani|1993|pp=217–218}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Murray Milner Jr.|title=Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdqMMcYQ7r8C |year=1994|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-535912-1|pages=191–203}}</ref>

Sheridan describe the Bhagavata Purana as built on the foundation of non-dualism speculations in Upanishads,{{Sfn|Sheridan|1986|pp=1–2, 17–25}} and Brown terms the Deva Gita as "Advaitic Theism."{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=17}} The Bhagavata Purana suggests that Vishnu and the Self (Atman) in all beings is one.<ref name="Brown">{{harvnb|Brown|1983|pages=553–557}}</ref> The Bhagavata Purana, in many passages, parallels the ideas of Nirguna Brahman.{{Sfn|Sheridan|1986|pp=1–2, 17–25}} For example:
{{Blockquote|
<poem>
The aim of life is an inquiry into the Truth, and not the desire for enjoyment in heaven by performing religious rites,
Those who possess the knowledge of the Truth, call the knowledge of non-duality as the Truth,
It is called [[Brahman]], the Highest [[Atman (Hinduism)|Self]], and [[Bhagavan]].
</poem>
|Sūta|Bhagavata Purana 1.2.10–11, translated by Daniel Sheridan<ref>{{harvnb|Sheridan|1986|page=23 with footnote 17}}; Sanskrit: कामस्य नेन्द्रियप्रीतिर्लाभो जीवेत यावता | जीवस्य तत्त्वजिज्ञासा नार्थो यश्चेह कर्मभिः || वदन्ति तत्तत्त्वविदस्तत्त्वं यज्ज्ञानमद्वयम् | ब्रह्मेति परमात्मेति भगवानिति शब्द्यते || Source: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa Bhagavata Purana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708002627/http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_purana/bhagpur.html?lang=sa |date=8 July 2016 }} Archive</ref>|source=}}

Bryant states that the monism discussed in Bhagavata Purana is certainly built on the Vedanta foundations, but not exactly the same as the monism of Adi Shankara.<ref name="bryant45" /> The Bhagavata asserts, according to Bryant, that the empirical and the spiritual universe are both metaphysical realities, and manifestations of the same Oneness, just like heat and light are "real but different" manifestations of sunlight.<ref name="bryant45">Edwin Bryant (2004), Krishna: The Beautiful Legend of God: Srimad Bhagavata Purana Book X, Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0140447996}}, pp. 43–48</ref>

== Iconography ==
{{CSS image crop|Image=Scuola di bilaspur, vishnu e lakshmi, 1810 ca.jpg|bSize=250|cWidth=213|cHeight=240|oTop=120|oLeft=17|Description=Miniature painting of Vishnu and Lakshmi in the [[Salar Jung Museum]], circa 1810|Location=right}}Vishnu iconography shows him with dark blue, blue-grey or black coloured skin, and as a well-dressed jewelled man. He is typically shown with four arms, but two-armed representations are also found in Hindu texts on artworks.<ref name="KossakWatts2001p30" /><ref name="Rao1993p73" />

The historic identifiers of his icon include his image holding a conch shell (''[[shankha]]'' named [[Panchajanya]]) between the first two fingers of one hand (left back), a war discus ([[chakram|''chakra'']] named [[Sudarshana]]) in another (right back). The conch shell is spiral and symbolizes all of interconnected spiraling cyclic existence, while the discus symbolizes him as that which restores dharma with war if necessary when cosmic equilibrium is overwhelmed by evil.<ref name="KossakWatts2001p30"/> One of his arms sometimes carries a club or mace (''[[Gada (mace)|gada]]'' named [[Kaumodaki]]) which symbolizes authority and power of knowledge.<ref name="KossakWatts2001p30"/> In the fourth arm, he holds a lotus flower (''[[Padma (Vishnu)|padma]]'') which symbolizes purity and transcendence.<ref name="KossakWatts2001p30">{{cite book|author1=Steven Kossak|author2=Edith Whitney Watts|title=The Art of South and Southeast Asia: A Resource for Educators |year= 2001 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=orBAYzCRJhIC |publisher= Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn= 978-0-87099-992-5|pages= 30–31, 16, 25, 40–41, 74–78, 106–108}}</ref><ref name="Rao1993p73">{{cite book|author=T.A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0878-2|pages=73–115|access-date=4 July 2017|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111033003/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA137 137], 231 (Vol. 1), 624 (Vol. 2)}} {{*}}{{cite book |title=Vol. 1 |isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |via=Google Books |last1=James g. Lochtefeld |first1=PhD |date=15 December 2001 |publisher=Rosen Publishing |access-date=4 July 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140900/https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC |url-status=live }} {{*}}{{cite book |title= Vol. 2 |isbn= 978-0-8239-2287-1 |url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access= registration |via= Internet Archive |last1= Lochtefeld |first1= James G. |year= 2002 |publisher= Rosen Publishing }}</ref> The items he holds in various hands vary, giving rise to twenty four combinations of iconography, each combination representing a special form of Vishnu. Each of these special forms is given a special name in texts such as the ''Agni Purana'' and the ''Padma Purana''. These texts, however, are inconsistent.<ref name=bidyabinod>P.B.B. Bidyabinod, "Varieties of the Vishnu Image", ''Memoirs of Archaeological Survey of India'', No. 2, Calcutta, pp. 23–33</ref> Rarely, Vishnu is depicted bearing the bow [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]] or the sword [[Nandaka]]. He is depicted with the [[Kaustubha]] gem in a necklace and wearing [[Vaijayanti]], a garland of forest flowers. The [[shrivatsa]] mark is depicted on his chest in the form of a curl of hair. He generally wears yellow garments. He wears a crown called the [[Kiritamukuta]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blurton |first=T. Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&dq=kiritamukuta&pg=PA114 |title=Hindu Art |date=1993 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-39189-5 |page=114 |language=en |access-date=23 February 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164811/https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&dq=kiritamukuta&pg=PA114 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vishnu iconography shows him either in standing pose, seated in a [[yoga]] pose, or reclining.<ref name="Rao1993p73"/> A traditional depiction of Vishnu is as [[Narayana]], showing him reclining on the coils of the serpent [[Shesha]] floating over the divine ocean [[Kshira Sagara]], accompanied by his consort [[Lakshmi]], as he "dreams the universe into reality."<ref>{{cite book |author1=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-Western Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlVeuxIgjwQC&q=vishnu+ananta&pg=PA22|year=2007 |publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0495573678|page=22}}</ref> His abode is described as [[Vaikuntha]] and his mount (''[[vahana]]'') is the bird king [[Garuda]].{{sfn|Encyclopedia Britannica, entry Vishnu}}

Vishnu was associated with the sun because he used to be "a minor solar deity but rose in importance in the following centuries."{{Sfn|Stevenson|2000|p=57}}

==Associated deities==
===Lakshmi===
{{Main|Lakshmi}}

[[File:Lakshmi_Vishnu.jpg|thumb|Vishnu with [[Lakshmi]] ([[Lakshmi Narayan]]) on [[Garuda]], painted in [[gouache]] c. 1820 ]]Lakshmi, the [[Hindu goddess]] of wealth, fortune and prosperity (both material and spiritual), is the wife and [[shakti|active energy]] of Vishnu.<ref name="anandrao167">{{cite book|author=Anand Rao|title=Soteriologies of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxGEy6m4N9kC&pg=PA167|year=2004|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-7205-2|page=167}}</ref><ref>A Parasarthy (1983), Symbolism in Hinduism, Chinmaya Mission Publication, {{ISBN|978-8175971493}}, pp. 91–92, 160–162</ref> She is also called [[Sri]].<ref name="mmwlak">{{Cite MWSD|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/prem/mw/l.html|lakṣmī}}</ref><ref name="jmuir">John Muir, {{Google books|ymLZAAAAMAAJ|Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India – Their Religions and Institutions|348}}, Volume 5, pp. 348–362 with footnotes</ref> When Vishnu incarnated on earth as the [[avatar]]s [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]], Lakshmi incarnated as his respective consorts: [[Sita]] and [[Radha]] or [[Rukmini]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Monaghan |first=Patricia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Radha |title=Goddesses in World Culture |year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35465-6 |language=en |access-date=23 September 2022 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331131040/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Radha |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Rosen2006">{{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Steven J.|author-link=Steven J. Rosen|title=Essential Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C&pg=PA136|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-99006-0|page=136}}</ref>
Various regional beliefs consider Lakshmi to be manifested as various goddesses, who are considered Vishnu's wives. In South India, Lakshmi is worshipped in two forms – Sridevi and [[Bhudevi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=sridevi+and+bhudevi&pg=PT378 |title=Spiritual India Handbook |year=2009|publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 |page=378 |language=en |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225080942/https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=sridevi+and+bhudevi&pg=PT378 |url-status=live }}</ref> In Tirupati, [[Venkateshwara]] (identified as a form of Vishnu) is depicted with consorts, Lakshmi and [[Padmavathi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Critical Companion to George Orwell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZET2sSUVsgC|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=491|author=Edward Quinn|year=2014|isbn = 978-1438108735}}</ref>

===Garuda===
{{Main|Garuda}}

Among Vishnu's primary mounts ([[vahana]]) is Garuda, the demigod eagle. Vishnu is commonly depicted as riding on his shoulders. Garuda is also considered as Vedas on which Vishnu travels. Garuda is a sacred bird in Vaishnavism. In the [[Garuda Purana]], Garuda carries Vishnu to save the elephant [[Gajendra Moksha|Gajendra]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/HindiBook-gajendra-moksha#page/n0/mode/2up |title=Gajendra Moksha |language=hi |access-date=30 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|author=Wendy Doniger|year=1993|page=127|isbn = 978-0791413814}}</ref>

=== Shesha ===
{{Main|Shesha}}

[[File:Vishnu sleeps on the coils of Ananta (the World Snake). He will awake for the next cycle of creation which heralds the destruction of all things. Sculpture. From India, c. 14th century CE. National Museum of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Vishnu sleeps on the coils of Ananta (Shesha, the World Snake). He will awake for the next cycle of creation which heralds the destruction of all things. 14th century sculpture from India, housed in [[National Museum of Scotland]]]]
One of the primordial beings of creation, Shesha, or Adishesha, is the king of the serpents in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |title=Naga cults and traditions in the western Himalaya |date=2004 |publisher=Indus Pub. Co |isbn=81-7387-161-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=55617010 }}</ref> Residing in [[Vaikuntha]], Vishnu sleeps upon Adishesha in a perpetual slumber in his form of [[Narayana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Achuthananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9FqDwAAQBAJ&dq=shesha+vishnu&pg=PA75 |title=The Ascent of Vishnu and the Fall of Brahma |year=2018 |publisher=Relianz Communications Pty Ltd |isbn=978-0-9757883-3-2 |page=175 |language=en}}</ref>

===Vishvaksena===
{{Main|Vishvaksena}}

Vishvaksena, also known as Senadhipathi (both meaning 'army-chief'), is the commander-in-chief of the army of Vishnu.

=== Harihara ===
{{Main|Harihara}}

[[File:Harihara V&A.jpg|thumb|Harihara – Combined form of Vishnu and Shiva, c. 1825]]
Shiva and Vishnu are both viewed as the ultimate form of god in different Hindu denominations. Harihara is a composite of half Vishnu and half Shiva, mentioned in literature such as the [[Vamana Purana]] (chapter 36),<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313087|title=The Vamana Purana With English Translation|last=Gupta|first=anand Swarup|date=1968|page=326}}</ref> and in artwork found from mid 1st millennium CE, such as in the cave 1 and cave 3 of the 6th-century [[Badami cave temples]].<ref>Alice Boner (1990), Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807051}}, pp. 89–95, 115–124, 174–184</ref><ref>TA Gopinatha Rao (1993), Elements of Hindu iconography, Vol 2, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120808775}}, pp. 334–335</ref> Another half Vishnu half Shiva form, which is also called Harirudra, is mentioned in [[Mahabharata]].<ref>For Harirudra citation to Mahabharata 3:39:76f see Hopkins (1969), p. 221.</ref>

=== Sister goddess ===
There exist traditions of Vishnu having a sister goddess, including [[Durga]], [[Draupadi]] (particularly as Krishna), in the Tamil mythology "the goddess" or [[Meenakshi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&dq=durga+sister+visnu&pg=PA122 |title=Handbook of Hindu Mythology |year=2008 |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-533261-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |title=The Cult of Draupadī |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=1988 |volume=1 Mythologies: from Gingee to Kurukṣetra |page=10}}</ref>

==Beyond Hinduism==

===Sikhism===
Vishnu is referred to as '''Gorakh''' in the scriptures of [[Sikhism]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh|title=Sikhism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0ZmAXw7ok8C&pg=PA65 |year=2011|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84885-321-8|page=65}}</ref> For example, in verse 5 of [[Japji Sahib]], the [[Guru]] ('teacher') is praised as who gives the word and shows the wisdom, and through whom the awareness of immanence is gained. [[Guru Nanak]], according to [[Christopher Shackle|Shackle]] and Mandair (2013), teaches that the Guru are "Shiva (isar), Vishnu (gorakh), Brahma (barma) and mother Parvati (parbati)," yet the one who is all and true cannot be described.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Christopher Shackle|author2=Arvind Mandair|title=Teachings of the Sikh Gurus: Selections from the Sikh Scriptures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-45101-0|pages=5–6|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308155950/https://books.google.com/books?id=VvoJV8mw0LwC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Chaubis Avtar]]'' lists the 24 avatars of Vishnu, including [[Krishna]], [[Rama]], and [[Buddha]]. Similarly, the ''[[Dasam Granth]]'' includes Vishnu mythology that mirrors that found in the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] tradition.<ref name=Oberoi97>{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=97–98|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111155406/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC|url-status=live}}</ref> The latter is of particular importance to [[Sanatan Sikh]]s, including [[Udasi]]s, [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmalas]], [[Nanakpanthi]]s, [[Sahajdhari]], and [[Keshdhari]]/Khalsa sects of Sikhism; however, the Khalsa Sikhs disagree with the Sanatan Sikhs.<ref name=Oberoi97/><ref>[http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/sanatan.html Sanatan Singh Sabha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041131/http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sikhism/sanatan.html |date=4 March 2016 }}, Overview of World Religions, Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria</ref> According to Sanatan Sikh writers, the Gurus of Sikhism were avatars of Vishnu, because the Gurus brought light in the age of darkness and saved people in a time of evil [[Mughal Empire|Mughal-era]] persecution.<ref>{{cite book|author=Harjot Oberoi|title=The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC|year=1994|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-61593-6|pages=102–105|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111155406/https://books.google.com/books?id=dKl84EYFkTsC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA83 |year=2013|publisher=Bloomsburg Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|page=83}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|pages=48, 238|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817161136/https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Buddhism===

==== Theravada Buddhism ====
[[File:Vishnu bearing a tray of flowers, Relic chamber of Mahiyangana Stupa.jpg|thumb|Vishnu bearing a tray of flowers. A painting of the relic chamber of [[Mahiyangana|Mahiyangana Stupa]] (9–11 centuries CE). Currently displayed at Archaeological Museum of [[Anuradhapura]].]]

[[File:Modern Vishnu Shrine, Dondra 0675.jpg|thumb|A modern Buddhist Vishnu shrine in [[Dondra]], Sri Lanka.]]

While some Hindus consider Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu, Buddhists in Sri Lanka venerate Vishnu as the custodian deity of [[Sri Lanka]] and protector of Buddhism.<ref>{{cite book | author = Swarna Wickremeratne| title = Buddha in Sri Lanka: Remembered Yesterdays| publisher = State University of New York Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYrQnZT9JREC |year = 2012| isbn=978-0791468814 |page = 111}}</ref>

Vishnu is also known as '''[[Upulvan]]''' or '''Upalavarṇā''', meaning 'Blue Lotus coloured'. Some postulate that Uthpala varna was a local deity who later merged with Vishnu while another belief is that Utpalavarṇā was an early form of Vishnu before he became a supreme deity in [[Puranic Hinduism]]. According to the chronicles of ''[[Mahāvaṃsa]]'', ''[[Cūḷavaṃsa]]'', and folklore in Sri Lanka, Buddha himself handed over the custodianship to Vishnu. Others believe that Buddha entrusted this task to Sakra ([[Indra]]), who delegated this task of custodianship to Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book | author = Wilhelm Geiger| title = Mahawamsa: English Translation (1908)| title-link = Mahawamsa| author-link = Wilhelm Geiger}}</ref> Many [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] shrines are dedicated to Vishnu in Sri Lanka. In addition to specific Vishnu ''Kovils'' or ''Devalayas'', all Buddhist temples necessarily house shrine rooms (Devalayas) closer to the main Buddhist shrine dedicated to Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book | author = Swarna Wickremeratne| title = Buddha in Sri Lanka: Remembered Yesterdays| publisher = State University of New York Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYrQnZT9JREC| year = 2012| isbn=978-0791468814 |page = 226}}</ref>

John Holt states that Vishnu was one of the several Hindu gods and goddesses who were integrated into the Sinhala Buddhist religious culture, such as the 14th and 15th-century [[Lankatilaka Vihara|Lankatilaka]] and [[Gadaladeniya Vihara|Gadaladeniya]] Buddhist temples.<ref>{{cite book | author = John C Holt|title = The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious transformation, politics and culture| publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 2004|isbn= 978-0231133234|page=51}}</ref> He states that the medieval Sinhala tradition encouraged Visnu worship (puja) as a part of Theravada Buddhism just like Hindu tradition incorporated the Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu, but contemporary [[Theravada]] monks are attempting to purge the Vishnu worship practice from Buddhist temples.<ref>{{cite book | author = John C Holt|title = The Buddhist Vishnu: Religious transformation, politics and culture| publisher = Columbia University Press | year = 2004|isbn= 978-0231133234|pages=5–7, 13–27}}</ref> According to Holt, the veneration of Vishnu in Sri Lanka is evidence of a remarkable ability over many centuries, to reiterate and reinvent culture as other ethnicities have been absorbed into their own. Though the Vishnu cult in [[Ceylon]] was formally endorsed by Kandyan kings in the early 1700s, Holt states that Vishnu images and shrines are among conspicuous ruins in the medieval capital [[Polonnaruwa]].

Vishnu iconography such as statues and etchings have been found in archaeological sites of Southeast Asia, now predominantly of the Theravada Buddhist tradition. In [[Thailand]], for example, statues of four-armed Vishnu have been found in provinces near Malaysia and dated to be from the 4th to 9th-century, and this mirror those found in ancient India.<ref name="hobsonxxiii">{{cite book |author1=Jacq-Hergoualc'h |first=Michel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5rG6reWhloC&pg=PR23 |title=The Malay Peninsula: Crossroads of the Maritime Silk-Road (100 BC–1300 AD) |publisher=BRILL Academic |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-11973-4 |page=xxiii, 116–128 |translator-last=Hobson |translator-first=Victoria}}</ref> Similarly, Vishnu statues have been discovered from the 6th to 8th century eastern [[Prachinburi Province]] and central [[Phetchabun Province]] of Thailand and southern [[Đồng Tháp Province]] and [[An Giang Province]] of [[Vietnam]].{{sfn|Guy|2014|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA131 131]–135, 145}} Krishna statues dated to the early 7th century to 9th century have been discovered in [[Takéo Province]] and other provinces of [[Cambodia]].{{sfn|Guy|2014|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vO_-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 146]–148, 154–155}}

==== Mahayana Buddhism ====
[[File:Nilakantha-Avalokitesvara.jpg|thumb|Nīlakaṇṭha-Avalokiteśvara (青頸観音 Shōkyō-kannon), from the Besson-zakki (別尊雑記 "Miscellaneous Record of Classified Sacred Images"), as reproduced in the Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō Zuzō-bu (大正新脩大藏經圖像部), vol. 3.]]
[[File:Naraen-ten (那羅延天) from the Shoson Zuzōshō.jpg|thumb|Nārāyaṇa (那羅延天 Naraen-ten), the Chinese Buddhist version of Hindu God Vishnu, from volume 9 of the Shoson Zuzōshō (諸尊図像鈔), a compendium of Buddhist images.]]

In Mahayana Buddhism sources, Vishnu (along with other deities) was adopted into the vast pantheon of [[Buddhist deities]]. These deities are often associated with the multiform [[Avalokiteśvara]]. Mahayana Buddhism holds that Avalokiteśvara is able to manifest in different forms according to the needs of different beings (a doctrine called "skillful means" – [[upaya]]). The ''[[Lotus Sūtra]]'' states that Avalokiteśvara can take many different forms, including [[Ishvara|Īśvara]] and [[Shiva|Maheśvara]] – to teach [[Dharma#Buddhism|the Dharma]] to various classes of beings.<ref>Chandra, Lokesh (1988). ''The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara.'' New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, p, 15. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. {{ISBN|81-7017-247-0}}.</ref>

Another [[Mahayana sutras|Mahayana sutra]], the [[Karandavyuha Sutra|''Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra'']], names Vishnu (along with [[Shiva]], [[Brahma]] and [[Saraswati]]), as emanations of [[Avalokiteśvara]], now seen as a transcendent deity out of which the entire world emanates.<ref>Studholme, Alexander (2002). ''The Origins of Om Manipadme Hum: A Study of the Karandavyuha Sutra.'' State University of New York Press. p. 39-40.</ref> The ''Karandavyuha'' states that Narayana was emanated from Avalokiteshvara's heart (hṛdayānnārāyaṇaḥ), as a skillful means (upaya) for the benefit of all beings. In a similar manner, [[Harihara]] is called a bodhisattva in the popular ''[[Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāraṇī]],'' which states: "O Effulgence, World-Transcendent, come, oh [[Hari]], the great bodhisattva."<ref>Chandra, Lokesh (1988). ''The Thousand-armed Avalokiteśvara,'' pp. 130–133. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. {{ISBN|81-7017-247-0}}.</ref>

Furthermore, the ''Ratnamalastotra'' states:<blockquote>In order to teach the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]] and convert then to the Dharma, he (Vishnu) emanated from the heart of the lotus holder (Avalokitesvara). He is truly [[Narayana]] indeed, the lord of the world. Thus, you are indeed the greatest being (puṁsāṁ paramottama), without equal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon – Books |url=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/book/132 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.dsbcproject.org |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204164635/https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/book/132 |url-status=live }}</ref></blockquote>These Indian Buddhist sources depict a stage of the development of Indian Mahayana in which Vishnu (along with Shiva) was being assimilated into a supreme universal form of Avalokiteśvara which is similar to the Hindu concept of [[Vishvarupa|Viśvarūpa]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Keyworth, George A. |title=Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004184916 |editor1-last=Orzech |editor1-first=Charles |pages=525–526 |chapter=Avalokiteśvara |editor2-last=Sørensen |editor2-first=Henrik |editor3-last=Payne |editor3-first=Richard |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0XNX3N1a2AC&pg=PA526}}</ref>

Later Vajrayana sources continue to refer to Vishnu as a form of Avalokiteśvara. For example, the ''Sadhanamala'' contains a spiritual practice in which one meditates on a form of Vishnu called Harihariharivāhana or Harihariharivāhanalokeśvara.<ref>Bhattacharyya, B. (1924). The Indian Buddhist Iconography Mainly Based on The Sādhanamālā and Other Cognate Tāntric Texts of Rituals. H. Milford, Oxford University Press.</ref> This form includes Avalokiteśvara riding on Vishnu who in turn rides on [[Garuda]], who also rides a lion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-06-15 |title=Harihariharivahana, Harihariharivāhana, Hariharihari-vahana: 1 definition |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/harihariharivahana |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204171114/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/harihariharivahana |url-status=live }}</ref> This form of [[Avalokiteśvara|Lokeśvara]] might be Nepalese in origin and its source myth might be found in the Buddhist ''[[Swayambhu Purana]]''.<ref>Sakya, M. B. (1994). ''[http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/icon_nepbud.pdf The Iconography of Nepalese Buddhism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807235432/http://www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/icon_nepbud.pdf |date=7 August 2023 }}'', p. 111.</ref>

Archeological studies have uncovered Vishnu statues on the islands of [[Indonesia]], which was once a great stronghold of [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] Buddhism. These statues have been dated to the 5th century and thereafter.{{sfn|Guy|2014|pages=7–9}} In addition to statues, inscriptions and carvings of Vishnu, such as those related to the "three steps of Vishnu" (Trivikrama) have been found in many parts of Buddhist [[southeast Asia]].{{sfn|Guy|2014|pages=11–12, 118–129}} In some iconography, the symbolism of [[Surya]], Vishnu and Buddha are fused.{{sfn|Guy|2014|pages=221–225}}

In [[Japanese Buddhist pantheon]], Vishnu is known as Bichū-ten (毘紐天), and he appears in Japanese texts such as the 13th century compositions of [[Nichiren]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Nichiren|author-link=Nichiren|title=The Major Writings of Nichiren Daishonin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxoHJwAACAAJ|year=1987|publisher=Nichiren Shoshu International Center|isbn=978-4-88872-012-0|page=1107}}, Alternate site: [http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-2/Appendix/C Archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317061345/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-2/Appendix/C |date=17 March 2016 }}</ref>

=== In science ===
[[4034 Vishnu]] is an asteroid discovered by [[Eleanor F. Helin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMH64M_Vishnu_4034_Vishnu_Asteroid__Pasadena_CA|title=Vishnu & 4034 Vishnu Asteroid – Pasadena, CA – Extraterrestrial Locations on Waymarking.com|website=waymarking.com|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023231328/https://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMH64M_Vishnu_4034_Vishnu_Asteroid__Pasadena_CA|url-status=live}}</ref> Vishnu rocks are a type of volcanic [[Sedimentary rock|sediment]] found in the [[Grand Canyon]], Arizona, USA. Consequently, mass formations are known as Vishnu's temples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2012/08/vishnu-temple-a.html|title=Vishnu Temple at the Grand Canyon|first=Matt|last=Young|date=27 August 2012|website=The Panda's Thumb|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023231328/https://pandasthumb.org/archives/2012/08/vishnu-temple-a.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Outside the Indian subcontinent==
===Indonesia===
In [[Indonesia]], Vishnu or ''Wisnu'' ([[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] spelling) is a well-known figure in the world of [[wayang]] ([[Culture of Indonesia|Indonesian]] puppetry), Wisnu is often referred to as the title ''Sanghyang Batara Wisnu''. Wisnu is the god of justice or welfare, Wisnu was the fifth son of [[Batara Guru]] and Batari Uma. He is the most powerful son of all the sons of Batara Guru.

Wisnu is described as a god who has bluish black or dark blue skin, has four arms, each of which holds a weapon, namely a [[Mace (bludgeon)|mace]], a [[lotus flower|lotus]], a [[trumpet]] and a [[chakra|Cakra]]. He can also do tiwikrama, become an infinitely large giant.

According to [[Javanese mythology]], Wisnu first came down to the world and became a king with the title Srimaharaja Suman. The country is called [[Medang Kingdom|Medangpura]], located in the present-day [[Central Java]] region. Then changed its name to Sri Maharaja Matsyapati. In addition, according to the Javanese wayang puppet version, Batara Wisnu also incarnates
Srimaharaja Kanwa, Resi Wisnungkara, Prabu Arjunasasrabahu, Sri Ramawijaya, Sri Batara Kresna, Prabu [[Airlangga]], Prabu [[Jayabaya]], Prabu Anglingdarma.

In Javanese mythology, Wisnu also incarnated as a matsya ([[fish]]) to kill the giant Hargragiwa who stole the [[Veda]]. Become Narasingha (human with a tiger head) to destroy King [[Hiranyakashipu]]. He once intended to become a Wimana ([[dwarf (folklore)|dwarf]]) to defeat Ditya Bali. Batara Wisnu also incarnated in Ramaparasu to destroy gandarwa. Incarnated as Arjunasasra or Arjunawijaya to defeat King Rahwana. The last one was for King Krishna to become the great Pandavas parampara or advisor to get rid of greed and evil committed by the [[Kauravas]].

Sang Hyang Wisnu has a mount in the form of a giant [[garuda]] named ''Bhirawan''. Because of his affection for the garuda he rode, Bhirawan was then adopted as son-in-law, married to one of his daughters named Dewi Kastapi.<ref>{{Cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=W5YLAQAAMAAJ&q=wisnu+jawa|title= Layang kandha kelir Jawa Timuran: seri Mahabharata |year= 2007 |publisher= Surwedi|isbn= 978-9791596923 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>

==Temples==
[[File:Sree Padmanabhaswamy temple Thiruvananthapuram,.jpg|thumb|The front-view of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala]]
[[File:Angkor Wat.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Angkor Wat]] Temple was built as a dedication to Vishnu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livescience.com/24440-angkor-wat-canals.html|title=Mystery of Angkor Wat Temple's Huge Stones Solved|author1=Tia Ghose|date=31 October 2012|website=livescience.com|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927034204/https://www.livescience.com/24440-angkor-wat-canals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

Some of the earliest surviving grand Vishnu temples in India have been dated to the [[Gupta Empire]] period. The Sarvatobhadra temple in [[Jhansi]], Uttar Pradesh, for example, is dated to the early 6th century and features the ten avatars of Vishnu.<ref>Alexander Lubotsky (1996), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500 The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001051034/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500 |date=1 October 2018 }}, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 26 (1996), p. 65</ref>{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=7}} Its design based on a square layout and Vishnu iconography broadly follows the 1st millennium Hindu texts on architecture and construction such as the ''Brihat Samhita'' and ''Visnudharmottarapurana''.<ref>Alexander Lubotsky (1996), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500 The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001051034/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4629500 |date=1 October 2018 }}, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 26 (1996), pp. 66–80</ref>

Archaeological evidence suggest that Vishnu temples and iconography probably were already in existence by the 1st century BCE.{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=18 with footnote 19}} The most significant Vishnu-related epigraphy and archaeological remains are the two 1st century BCE inscriptions in [[Rajasthan]] which refer to temples of Sankarshana and Vasudeva, the Besnagar Garuda column of 100 BCE which mentions a Bhagavata temple, another inscription in [[Naneghat]] cave in [[Maharashtra]] by a Queen Naganika that also mentions Sankarshana, Vasudeva along with other major Hindu deities and several discoveries in [[Mathura]] relating to Vishnu, all dated to about the start of the common era.{{Sfn|Bryant|2007|p=18 with footnote 19}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC|year=1997|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-10758-8|pages=211–220, 240–259|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120224139/https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|title=Mathurā: The Cultural Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82vtCre6vTcC|year=1989|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-85054-37-7|pages=389–392}}; [b] {{cite book|author=Doris Srinivasan|editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams|title=Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-06498-0|pages=127–136|chapter=Early Krishan Icons: the case at Mathura|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116175658/https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala, is dedicated to Vishnu. The temple has attracted huge donations in gold and precious stones over its long history.<ref>{{cite news | title=Keralas Sree Padmanabha Swamy temple may reveal more riches | website=India Today | date=2011-07-07 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/kerala-temple-may-reveal-more-riches-137019-2011-07-06 | access-date=2016-10-08 | archive-date=16 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216214014/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/kerala-temple-may-reveal-more-riches/1/144004.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pomfret | first=James | title=Kerala temple treasure brings riches, challenges | work=Reuters | location=India | date=2011-08-19 | url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58866020110819 | access-date=2016-10-08 | archive-date=9 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009161127/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-58866020110819 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine | last=Blitzer | first=Jonathan | title=The Secret of the Temple | magazine=The New Yorker | date=2012-04-23 | url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple | access-date=2016-10-08 | archive-date=18 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818160415/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|title=A One Trillion Dollar Hidden Treasure Chamber is Discovered at India's Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/11/13/a-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple/|magazine=Forbes.com|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=12 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212140852/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2015/11/13/a-one-trillion-dollar-hidden-treasure-chamber-is-discovered-at-indias-sree-padmanabhaswam-temple/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===List of temples===
[[File:Candi Wisnu prambanan.jpg|thumb|upright|Vishnu temple at [[Prambanan]] trimurti temple compound, [[Yogyakarta]], Indonesia]]
# [[Divya Desam|108 Divya Desams]]
# [[Abhimana Kshethram|108 Abhimana Kshethram]]
# [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
# [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]]
# [[Venkateswara Temple]]
# [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]
# [[Badrinath Temple]]
# [[List of Swaminarayan temples|Swaminarayan temples]]
# [[Prambanan|Candi Wisnu, Prambanan]], Java, Indonesia
# [[Angkor Wat]], Cambodia
# [[Laxminarayan Temple|Birla Mandir]]
# [[Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh]]
# [[Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple]]
# [[Kallalagar temple|Kallalagar temple, Madurai]]
# [[Guruvayur Temple]], Thrissur
# [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]], Kasaragod

{{wide image|Srirangamlong view.jpg|600px|[[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]] is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Vishnu located in [[Srirangam]], Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India. The temple occupies an area of {{convert|156|acres|m2|abbr=on}} with a perimeter of {{convert|4116|m|ft|abbr=on}} making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.{{sfn|Mittal| Thursby |2005| p= 456}}||none}}

==Gallery==
<gallery heights="240" widths="180">
File:Sandstone sculpture of Lord Vishnu.jpg|AD 950–1050 sandstone sculpture of Lord Vishnu in the British Museum
File:011 Vishnu (32881394093).jpg|5th-century Vishnu at [[Udayagiri Caves]].
File:Vishnu Statue in Prambanan.jpg|9th-century Vishnu murti at [[Prambanan]], Java, Indonesia.
File:Vishnu and his Avatars.jpg|11th-century Vishnu sculpture the goddesses [[Lakshmi]] and [[Sarasvati]]. The edges show reliefs of Vishnu avatars Varaha, Narasimha, Balarama, Rama, and others. Also shown is Brahma. ([[Brooklyn Museum]])<ref>[https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/147369 Stele with Vishnu, His Consorts, His Avatars, and Other Dieties] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105070238/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/147369 |date=5 January 2018 }}, Brooklyn Museum, Item 1991.244, Gift of David Nalin</ref>
File:077 Visnu, 14c, Sukhothai (35086946062).jpg|14th-century Vishnu, Thailand.
File:Garudabkkholidayinn0609.jpg|A statue in [[Bangkok]] depicting Vishnu on his [[vahana]] Garuda, the eagle. One of the oldest discovered Hindu-style statues of Vishnu in Thailand is from Wat Sala Tung in [[Surat Thani Province]] and has been dated to ~400 CE.<ref name="hobsonxxiii" />
File:Bronze metal Vishnu sculptures from Medieval Assam ( Ahom kingdom).jpg|16th century Vishnu bronze metal sculpture from Dibrugarh, [[Assam]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Noteslist|2|refs=
{{efn|name="prominence"|Non-prominence in the Rgveda:
* {{harvnb|Gonda|1954|p=1}}: "It is a matter of common knowledge that Vishnu, who in Hinduism is a divinity of the highest rank and who had already in the religion of the Brahmanas assumed a considerable importance, occupied but a subodinate position in the Rgveda."
* {{harvnb|Gonda|1954|p=10}}: "...the Vedic poets, whose attention and energy were almost absorbed by the worship of other gods"
* Cornelia Dimmitt, Johannes Adrianus Bernardus Buitenen (1978), ''Classical Hindu Mythology'': "Vişnu , a minor deity in early Vedic times"
* John Bowker (1997), ''The Oxford dictionary of world religions'', Oxford University Press, entry ''Visnu'' (p.1026): "...a Hindu god of little importance in the Vedas, but subsequently a major deity"
* {{harvnb|Keay|2013|p=2}}: "A minor deity when the Vedas were composed, Vishnu had since soared to prominence as the great preserver of the world in the Hindu pantheon and the second member of its trinity."
* Richard H. Davis (2024), ''Religions of Early India'', Princeton University Press: "Vishnu , a minor deity in the Vedas who rises to supremacy among all the gods, at least for the Bhagavatas"
* {{harvnb|Encyclopedia Britannica, entry Vishnu}}: "Vishnu was not a major deity in the Vedic period."}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

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* {{cite book |last=Mahony |first=William K. |title=The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B1KR_kE5ZYoC |year=1998 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3579-3 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Ludo |last=Rocher |year=1986 |author-link=Ludo Rocher |title=The Puranas |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447025225}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |first2=G. R. |last2=Thursby |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&q=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World |year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=978-0-203-67414-7 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132126/https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&q=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456 |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book |last=Sen |first=S.C. |title=The Mystical Philosophy of the Upanishads |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnhNZQJ07DYC&pg=PA26 |year=1937 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0660-3 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sheridan |first=Daniel |title=The Advaitic Theism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa |publisher=South Asia Books |location=Columbia, MO |year=1986 |isbn=978-81-208-0179-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116181247/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Soifer |first=Deborah A. |year=1991 |title=The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC |publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0791407998 }}
* {{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Jay |title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Eastern Philosophy |publisher=[[Alpha Books]] |year=2000 |isbn=9780028638201 |location=Indianapolis |pages= |language=en-US}}

* {{cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |title=History of Indian theatre, Vol. 3 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7017-221-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=15 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215134446/https://books.google.com/books?id=SyxOHOCVcVkC |url-status=live }}

* {{cite book |editor=Wayman, Alex |title=Researches in Indian and Buddhist philosophy: essays in honour of Professor Alex Wayman |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |last=Rukmani |first=T. S. |author-link=T. S. Rukmani |chapter=Siddhis in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa and in the Yogasutras of Patanjali – a Comparison |year=1993 |pages=217–226 |isbn=978-81-208-0994-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC&pg=PA217 |access-date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331132035/https://books.google.com/books?id=i1ffdTIbNJkC&pg=PA217#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|auto=1|d=1}}
* {{Britannica|630506}}
* {{cite news |title=Who Is Vishnu |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/deities/vishnu.shtml |department=BBC Religion & Ethics |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Machek |first1=Vaclav |date=January 1, 1960 |title=Origin of the God Vishnu |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/13e939c55359de68af67a10fdaf9d1c3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817606 |journal=Archiv Orientální |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=103–126 |id={{ProQuest|}} |language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Peyton |first1=Allysa B. |title=Vishnu: Hinduism's Blue-Skinned Savior |journal=West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture |date=2012 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=145–150 |doi=10.1086/665691 |jstor=10.1086/665691 |s2cid=192592953 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/665691 |access-date= |issn=2153-5531|url-access=subscription }}

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Religion}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vishnu| ]]
[[Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Light gods]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]
[[Category:Rigvedic deities]]
[[Category:Savior gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Time and fate gods]]
[[Category:Trimurti]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

Kartikeya Sarabhai

2026-02-18T22:27:58Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: small fix

{{Short description|Indian environmentalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kartikeya Sarabhai
| image = Kartikeya Vikram Sarabhai.jpg
| alt = Kartikeya Sarabhai
| caption =
| birth_name = Kartikeya Vikram Sarabhai
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|11|27|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| title = Founder and director, [[Centre for Environment Education|CEE]] Chairman of Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises
| years_active =
| father = [[Vikram Sarabhai]]
| mother = [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]]
| family = see [[Sarabhai family]]
| known_for = Pioneering efforts in environmental education
| notable_works =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2012)
}}

'''Kartikeya Vikram Sarabhai''' (born 27 November 1947) is an environmental educator.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://azimpremjifoundation.org/content/education-changing-india |title=''Education for a Changing India'' by Kartikeya Sarabhai |publisher=Azim Premji Foundation |date=17 August 2017 |accessdate=6 November 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2012.

== Biography ==
Kartikeya Sarabhai was born in [[Sarabhai family]] of [[Ahmedabad]], is the grandson of industrialist [[Ambalal Sarabhai]]. His father, Dr. [[Vikram Sarabhai]], is widely regarded as the father of India's space programme. Both his mother, [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]], and his sister, [[Mallika Sarabhai]], are [[Bharatanatyam]] dancers and social activists.

Sarabhai was educated at [[Cambridge, UK]], where he acquired a Tripos in Natural Sciences. He then went on to do post-graduate work in development communication at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) in the USA.
He took over as Chairman of Ambalal Sarabhai Enterprises Ltd in 1995, a pharmaceutical company set up by his grandfather [[Ambalal Sarabhai]]. At the time the company was financially stressed with a large workforce and major Court issues. Kartikeya Sarabhai developed a plan to restructure the company and put it back on a growth path. Through monetizing intellectual property and selling some of its land he managed to clear outstanding dues, reduced the large workforce, got one of its company out of BIFR and also cleared the company's name with the Banks. He got in new technologies in the pharmaceutical and electronics divisions. With patience and perseverance he not only got ASE out of debts but also got independent units working efficiently taking the business ahead. His main concern was to clear all issues and strengthen ASE. Today the company is on a growth path and the formation of two new joint ventures namely Vovantis and Cosara have brought in exciting new technologies for the future.

Sarabhai is the founder and director of the [[Centre for Environment Education]] headquartered in Ahmedabad, with offices across India.
He is closely involved in the activities of the Nehru Foundation for Development,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nfdindia.org |title=Nehru Foundation for Development - Official Website |accessdate=6 November 2020 }}</ref> of VIKSAT<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.viksat.org |title=Vikram Sarabhai Centre for Development Interaction (VIKSAT) - Official Website |accessdate=6 November 2020 }}</ref> and of Ahmedabad's [[Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre]]. He is also a trustee of the [[Sabarmati Ashram]] Preservation and Memorial Trust, and of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL).

He has served on many committees set up by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India, primarily focusing on the greening of India's formal education system, and initiatives for biodiversity education. He is a member of the [[Earth Charter]] International Council and was part of the delegations which represented India at the [[Earth Summit (1992)]] in Rio and the [[Earth Summit 2002]] in Johannesburg. He was instrumental in initiating the South and Southeast Asia Network for Environmental Education (SASEANEE).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saseanee.org |title=South and Southeast Asia Network for Environmental Education - Official Website |accessdate=6 November 2020 }}</ref> He is currently vice-chairman of the Indian National Commission for the International Union Conservation of Nature ([[IUCN]]). He also led the first international conference on the {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105042046/http://www.desd.org/ UN Decade of Education for Sustainable Development]}} in Ahmedabad in 2005, and he is a member of the UNESCO Reference Group for DESD and the International Steering Committee for the end of the Decade Conference. He is a member of the advisory committee of the National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT) and the Chair of the Earth Charter International (ECI) Council.

Sarabhai was the co-chair of the Global Citizenship Working Group of the Learning Metrics Task Force 2.0 convened by the Centre for Universal Education at Brookings Institution to examine how global citizenship education is measured and make recommendations for new ways of assessing learning. He was the chair-holder of the UNESCO Chair on Education for Sustainable Development and the Human Habitat. He is the editor of the ''[[Journal of Education for Sustainable Development]]'', published by SAGE, and has written and spoken extensively on environment, education, and sustainable development-related subjects in national and international fora.

==Awards==
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Shri Award to Shri Kartikeya V. Sarabhai, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 04, 2012.jpg|thumb|The President, [[Pratibha Patil]] presenting the Padma Shri Award to Kartikeya Sarabhai, at an Investiture Ceremony-II, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 04, 2012]]
Kartikeya Sarabhai received the ''Tree of Learning Award'' (1998) from the [[IUCN]] in appreciation of his contributions to the field of environmental education and communication. The Indian Institute of Human Rights has presented him with the ''World Human Rights Promotion Award'' (2005). In 2012 he was conferred the [[Padma Shri]] award for his work in Environmental Education by the President of India.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |accessdate=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2015 }}</ref> In 2013, he was given the Olive Green Crusader award by IAA (International Advertising Association) for his contribution in the field of environmental education and education for sustainable development. The Science Aur Kainat Society of India honored Sarabhai with the Sir C.V. Raman Memorial Award in the field of science and technology popularization and innovation in May 2014. Recipient of 2016 International Brandwein Medal by Brandwein Institute and the IUCN-CEC in recognition of his lifetime work for inspiring new generations, to experience, embrace and love nature first hand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brandwein.org/medal-sarabhai |title=Brandwein Institute - Brandwein Medal - Kartikeya Sarabhai |publisher=Brandwein Institute |accessdate=6 November 2020 }}</ref> Appointed as the International Wetskill Ambassador by Wetskills Foundation, Netherlands during the Finals of Wetskills-India 2017 at Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wetskills.com/wetskills-ambassador-mr-kartikeya-sarabhai-india |title=Wetskills Ambassador: Mr. Kartikeya Sarabhai (India) |date=8 February 2017 |publisher=Wetskills Foundation |accessdate=6 November 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929104213/https://wetskills.com/wetskills-ambassador-mr-kartikeya-sarabhai-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has also received the prestigious Gujarat Ratna Sanman in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adgully.com/news18-gujarati-honors-gujarat-ratnas-at-gujarat-ratna-sanman-2023-136596.html|title=Gujarat Ratna Award 2023|date=15 September 2023 |accessdate=2 February 2024 }}</ref>

== Author and Editor ==

Sarabhai is the editor-in-chief of the Journal on Education for Sustainable Development (JESD) <ref>https://journals.sagepub.com/editorial-board/jsd |date=16 March 2022 |accessdate=16 March 2022</ref> He has recently written a book 'Observing Nature in an Urban Forest' <ref>https://www.amazon.in/Observing-Nature-Urban-Forest-Environment/dp/9384233811 | date=16 March 2022 |accessdate=16 March 2022</ref> A publication in which Kartikeya V. Sarabhai shared his observations and photographs of nature and the birdlife in the urban estate created by his grandfather [[Ambalal Sarabhai]] more than a hundred years ago.

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.ceeindia.org Website of the Centre for Environment Education]
*[http://www.tbilisiplus30.org/ International Conference on Environment Education 2007]
*[http://jsd.sagepub.com/ Journal of Education for Sustainable Development]
*[http://www.earthcharter.org/ The Earth Charter Initiative]
*[http://envfor.nic.in/ Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarabhai, Kartikeya}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Sarabhai family]]
[[Category:Scholars from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jains]]

Damodar Sharma

2026-02-04T20:53:45Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting Initial Bio Added Tags.

{{Short description|Indian academic and engineer (b. 1941)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2018}}

'''Damodar Sharma''' (born 1941 in [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]], India) is an engineer, [[educator]], founding Vice-Chancellor of the [[Rajasthan Technical University]] and winner of the Silver Elephant award of the [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]].<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2010/07/15/bharatscouts-and-guides-receive-silver-elephant-awards.html news.oneindia]</ref> He received a Bachelor in Civil Engineering (B.E.) from [[MBM Engineering College]], [[Jodhpur]] (1964), a Masters in Technology (M. Tech.) with specialization in geotechnical engineering from [[Jai Narain Vyas University]], Jodhpur (1970) and received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in 1986.

Damodar Sharma initially worked as a junior engineer at the [[Chambal River#Dams on the Chambal|Jawahar Sagar Dam]] on the [[Chambal River]]. He qualified for an appointment as assistant engineer with the Rajasthan Public Service Commission and in 1964 the Director of Technical Education (Rajasthan) appointed him as lecturer in Civil Engineering based at [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]].

==Academic career==
In December 1965 Damodar Sharma was appointed Lecturer in Civil Engineering at MBM Engineering College, Jodhpur. In 1983, he was appointed as Reader in Civil Engineering at the [[University Engineering College, Kota|Government Engineering College]], Kota. From 1983 to 1985 he served on deputation at the Mosul Technical Institute, Iraq. During this assignment he was involved in teaching and the development of the remote sensing and surveying laboratory at the institute. In 1990 he received the appointment of Professor in Civil Engineering at Jai Narain Vyas University and became Dean, Faculty of Engineering in 2001. Subsequent to retirement from Jain Narain Vyas University he served as founder Principal of the Geetanjali College of Engineering, Udaipur and then as Principal, Arya Institute of Technology, Jaipur. From 2006 to 2009 he served as the founding Vice-Chancellor of the [[Rajasthan Technical University|Rajasthan Technical University, Kota]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Rajasthan Technical University, Kota: Our Vice-Chancellors |url=https://www.rtu.ac.in/home/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/OUR-VICE-CHANCELLORS.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=Rajasthan Technical University}}</ref> He then served as Vice-Chancellor of [[Suresh Gyan Vihar University]] in Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2009 |title=REPORT OF THE INSPECTION COMMITTEE ON ITS VISIT TO THE SURESH GYAN VIHAR UNIVERSITY (A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY), JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN FROM 21ST TO 22ND DECEMBER, 2009 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/privateuni/sureshgyanvihar.pdf |access-date=30 March 2025 |website=University Grants Commission}}</ref> He continues to be a member of the Executive Committee and Patron of the MBM Engineering College Alumni Association.<ref>[http://www.mbmalumni.org/executive_body.php MBM Engineering College Alumni Association]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Memberships==
*The Institution of Engineers (India)
* Indian Society of Remote Sensing
* Indian Water Works Association
* [[Indian Society for Technical Education]]
*Leader trainer and a member of the national training team of the Bharat Scouts and Guides
*Chartered civil engineer.
*MBM Engineering College Alumni Association

==Publications/presentations==
*Development of a lightweight dynamic penetrometer, Indian Geotechnical Society, July 1972.
*Ground water prospecting, Journal of Power and River Valley Development, April 1972.
*Geophysical methods of subsurface exploration as applied to Civil Engineering work, The Indian Engineer, July 1972.
*Some experiments with a light penetrometer with a view to assess its suitability for exploring subgrades and foundations, Journal of the Indian Road Congress, Vol.35-3, April 1973.
*Effect of house orientation and design on solar heating and thermal comfort, Indian Society of Desert Technology, Vol. 6 No.2, July 1981 (Transaction All India Conference Bikaner).
*Socioeconomic aspects of rural water supply problems in Rajasthan, National Seminar on the Water Resources Management for Rural Development, Oct, 18-19, [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
*Use of Electronic distance Measuring Instruments in Civil Engineering, Institution of Engineers (India) 1985-86.
*Use of Bentonite suspension in control of seepage from water harvesting structures in arid regions of Rajasthan, Indian Geotechnical Conference at [[Warangal]] (Andhra Pradesh)
* A booklet on soil conservation.

==Famine prevention and water supply studies==
*Conducted hydrographic survey of the [[Jawai Dam]] in Pali district to estimate the availability of drinking water to the city of Jodhpur
*Conducted youth against famine camp covering 100 villages of Jodhpur district to study rural water supply problems

==Hobbies==
*Rock Climbing, completed Gujarat Institute of Mountaineering Training course
*Received Rambler's Badge from Bharat Scouts and Guides for completing walks from Dalhousie to Chamob and Panchmarhi to Piparia

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Damodar}}
[[Category:Engineers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Scholars from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Churu district]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology

2026-01-27T10:52:35Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Stub!

{{Short description|Engineering college in India}}
{{Not to be confused|Lakshmibai Rajwade|text= [[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology (SVIT)
|image = Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology Logo.gif
|image_size = 120px
|motto = Truth & Service
|mottoeng =
|accessdate =
|established = 2004
|type = [[Private university|Private]]
|chairman = N. Prem Naryan
|head_label=President
|head= Sri P.L. Srinivas
|city = [[Secunderabad]]
|state = [[Telangana]]
|country = [[India]]
|coor = {{Coord|17.4397|78.4971|region:IN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
|students = 1,980<ref name=svit_anreport>{{cite news|title=Annual Report|url=http://www.svit.ac.in/images/stories/SVIT%20annual%20report_2012.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2013|newspaper=SVIT Annual Report|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818200741/http://svit.ac.in/images/stories/SVIT%20annual%20report_2012.pdf|archivedate=18 August 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|undergrad = 1,680<ref name=svit_anreport />
|postgrad = 300<ref name=svit_anreport />
|faculty = 40<ref name=svit_anreport />
|endowment = Rs 6.5Crore
|campus = Urban
|mascot =
|athletics =
|free_label =
|free =
|website = http://www.svit.ac.in}}
'''Swami Vivekanada Institute of Technology (SVIT)''' is an engineering college in the premises of [[Mahbub College High School]] grounds in [[Patny|Patny Centre]], [[Secunderabad]] of [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==History==
[[File:SVIT View from Road.jpg|thumb|This photo was taken from a tea stall opposite to S.V.I.T. on the corner on Chourastha]]
SVIT is located in the premises of Mahboob College, which has a historical significance. This institute was founded in 1862 by Somasundaram Mudaliar, as a first public school for primary education and witnessed turn of two centuries. In 1893, Swami Vivekananda addressed a large gathering on the site of the present-day school.<ref name=svit.about>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.svit.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118&Itemid=119|publisher=SVIT|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref> Started as a primary school, Mahboob College now also offers graduate and post graduate education in professional streams. The engineering division of SVIT was established on 12 April 2004, which has later expanded to offer post graduate degree. The institution is named after [[Swami Vivekananda]].

==Academics==
Swami Vivekananda Institute of Technology is affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad, approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and recognized by Government of Telangana ( Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh). The engineering department offers graduation in five major branches
# Computer Science Engineering
# Electronics and Communications Engineering
# Information Technology
# Mechanical engineering [http://svitp7.blogspot.com/ Mechanical Engineering]

There is also a post graduation department in this institute under which offers
# Masters in Business Administration

==Admissions==
[[File:S.V.I.T. New Building.jpg|thumb|This photo has taken from S.V.I.T. Old Building]]
Admission in to the course is offered students who have qualified [[Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test|EAMCET Examination]] and completed Intermediate(+2) or its equivalent. The candidates will be admitted by EAMCET Convener strictly in accordance with the rank secured at the Entrance Examination and keeping the rules applicable in view, regarding the reservation of seats of various categories of candidates.
To seek admission under CATEGORY – B, a student should either have obtained a rank or should have secured a minimum aggregate percentage of 50% in group subjects (Maths, Physics and Chemistry) in the Intermediate Examination of the Board of Intermediate Education, Government of Telangana ( Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh) or any other examination recognized by the Government of Telangana ( Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh ) OR as its equivalent.<ref name=svit_admissions />

All the candidates seeking admission into First year B.Tech under Category – B, are required to contact Admissions Officer, SVIT in person and obtain the application form and submit the same duly filled-in before the cut-off date as prescribed by the college. Candidates are shortlisted in accordance with rules laid down by Government of Telangana (Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh) and shortlisted candidates are called for admission as per the list.<ref name=svit_admissions>{{cite web|title=Admissions|url=http://www.svit.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=134|publisher=SVIT|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref>

==Campus==
The campus of the college has the qualities of a typical engineering college in Telangana (Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh). It shares space with [[Mahbub College High School]]. Due to sharing 3 institutions the space in this campus limited. The main problem in this institute is the non-availability of sports ground.<ref name=sid_review>{{cite web|title=SVIT Review|url=http://stupidsid.com/index.php/engineering-college-reviews?id=1347|publisher=Sid|accessdate=10 July 2013}}</ref>

[[File:Svitlibrary.jpg|thumb|SVIT library]]

==Library==
# The library is located in the first floor of the main building. It has a collection of 20,000 volumes as of April 2012.
# The library is further augmented by over 120 national and international journals. Further the library [[subscribe]]s to a sizable number of [[E-journal]]s.<ref name=svit_anreport />

==Faculty==
There is a mix of senior [[professors]] and junior lecturers at the college. Nagababa ranked the faculty in the Electronics & Communication Engineering department as the best among all the faculty in the school.<ref name=sid_review />

== Events ==
* Annual fest 2014" SVIT-ELIXIR 2014"
* Celebrating [[Bathukamma]] " the flowers festival of Telangana"
Every year SVIT will organize these events.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2004]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Akash Chaurasia

2026-01-16T14:16:41Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: New.

{{short description|Indian agriculturist (born 1988)}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name= Akash Chourasiya
| image= Akash chourasiya arjun.jpg
| caption=
| birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1988|7|5|df=y}}
| birth_place= [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
| known_for= [[Multilayer Farming, Natural Farming]]
| notable_works= Multilayer Farming Innovator
| occupation= [[Farmer & Agriculturist]],
| education=
| awards=
| website=
}}

'''Akash Chourasiya''' is a farmer from [[Sagar district|Sagar]] [[District]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/video/agriculture/akash-chaurasia-a-millionaire-farmer-from-bundelkhand-64365|title=Akash Chaurasia Organic Farmer|website=Down to Earth}}</ref> He is known for innovative farming techniques like [[Organic farming|organic agriculture]] and multi-layer agriculture.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaonconnection.com/kheti-kisani/akash-chaurasiya-a-young-farmer-of-saagar-madhya-pradesh-teaching-new-and-effective-techniques-of-organic-farming-to-farmers|title=A farmer teaching-new-and-effective-techniques|website=Gaon Connection|language=Hindi|access-date=2019-06-09|archive-date=2019-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609143814/https://www.gaonconnection.com/kheti-kisani/akash-chaurasiya-a-young-farmer-of-saagar-madhya-pradesh-teaching-new-and-effective-techniques-of-organic-farming-to-farmers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-SAG-MAT-latest-sagar-news-044014-1640309-NOR.html|title=तीन में फोर लेयर फार्मिंग, सालाना कमाई 15 लाख|date=2015-04-06|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Akash Chourasiya initially wanted to pursue a career in medicine as a doctor but after completing high school changed direction and started farming on just ten decimal land.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/aakaash-ban-gaye-fasalon-ke-doctor|title=The Crop Doctor|website=indiawaterportal|language=Hindi}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Agricultural work ==
=== Organic farming ===
Chourasiya does not use any [[Chemical substance|chemical]] products in the agriculture.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> All the [[manure]]s and pesticides are prepared using natural products. He prepares [[vermicompost]] to replace [[fertilizer]]s using [[cow dung]]s and uses various techniques to avoid insects in the crops.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Multi-layer farming ===
Chourasiya invented multi-layer farm technique on his land.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/women-script-success-story-through-multi-layer-farming/articleshow/64269834.cms|title=Women script success story through multi-layer farming|date=May 22, 2018|first=Kapil|last=Dixit|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> On one piece of land, he grows crops at multiple layers simultaneously, for example: [[ginger]] (below ground), [[amaranth]]us (at 1–2 feet above ground), [[Coccinia grandis|ivy gourd]] (at 6–8 feet above ground) and [[papaya]] (at 9–10 feet above ground).<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.inkhabar.com/national/akash-chaurasia-organic-farming-technique-multilayer-farmer-akash-chourasiya-sagar-contact-mobile-number-how-earns-15-lacs-yearly|title=आकाश चौरसिया Organic Farm Tips: 3 एकड़ खेत, 4 लेयर खेती, शुद्ध कमाई 15 लाख|date=2018-11-28|website=Inkhabar|language=hi|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref> This method reduces the cost and leads to higher agriculture output.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Farmer training ===
Chourasiya has been organising free training to interested farmers in month at his farms for many years.<ref name=":1" /> He has trained thousands of farmers<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/183068/madhya-pradesh-organic-farmer-multi-layer-earns-lakhs-india/|title=madhya-pradesh-organic-farmer|website=The Better India}}</ref> and many of them have their own success stories.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/sagar-news/leave-the-package-of-48-lakhs-from-the-us-advanced-farming-learning-1588098/|title=अमेरिका से 48 लाख का पैकेज छोड़ उन्नत खेती सीखने सागर आया युवक|website=www.patrika.com|language=hindi|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

== Awards ==
Chourasiya has been awarded by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":1" /> He has received several other national level awards such as:

* [[Patanjali Ayurved|Patanjali]] Krishi Gaurav award
* [[Jindal Steel and Power|Jindal]] Foundation Swayam Sidhdha award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://orissadiary.com/jspl-foundation-confers-rashtriya-swayamsiddh-samman-upon-12-individuals-9-organisations-exemplary-work-grassroot-level/|title=JSPL Foundation confers Rashtriya Swayamsiddh Samman upon 12 Individuals and 9 Organisations, for their exemplary work at the grassroot level|date=2017-08-04|website=OdishaDiary|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref>
* Krishithon award<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/nashik-north-maharashtra-news/nashik/krushithon-award/articleshow/61648113.cms|title=कृषीथॉन युवा सन्मान पुरस्कार जाहीर|date=2017-11-15|website=Maharashtra Times|language=mr|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref>
* [[Mahindra Tractors|Mahindra]] smridhdhi krishi yuva (youth farmer)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mahindrasamriddhi.com/mahindra-samriddhi-india-agri-award-2017/|title=Mahindra Samriddhi India Agri Award 2017 Mahindra Samriddhi|access-date=2019-06-09}}</ref>
* Best farmer award by Bioved institute [[allahabad]]<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chourasiya, Akash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

SS Maverick

2025-12-31T19:16:10Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|name=SS ''Maverick''
|owner=*[[Standard Oil of New York]], from 1890 to after 1910<ref name=Colton>{{cite web | url = http://www.shipbuildinghistory.com/history/shipyards/2large/bethbaltimore.htm | title = Bethlehem Steel Company, Baltimore MD | first = Tim | last = Colton | publisher = Shipbuildinghistory.com | access-date = 2008-02-19 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Wireless>{{cite book | title = List of Wireless Telegraph Stations of the World, Including Shore Stations, Merchant Vessels, Revenue Cutters, and Vessels of the United States Navy. Corrected to October 1, 1910 | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101055258162;view=1up | chapter =List of Steamships, Tugs, Yachts, etc. | chapter-url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101055258162;view=1up;seq=81 | author = United States Bureau of Steam Engineering | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = Government Printing Office | year = 1910 | oclc = 25419661 | author-link = Bureau of Steam Engineering }}</ref>
*Maverick Steamship Company, from before 1915<ref name=LAT>{{cite news | title = S.S. MAVERICK IS INSPECTED |work=Los Angeles Times| date = 21 April 1915 | page = II6 }}</ref>
|operator=
|registry=
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|builder=[[Columbian Iron Works and Dry Dock Co.|Columbian Iron Works]]<ref name=Colton />
|yard_number=74<ref name=Colton />
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|fate=Sank in 1917<ref name=Colton />
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|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
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|header_caption=
|class=
|tonnage={{convert|1721|LT|t}}<ref name=Colton />
|displacement=
|length={{convert|239|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=NYT-sink>{{cite news | title = STANDARD OIL STEAMER SUNK.; The Maverick, Which Left New York Thursday, Wrecked and Burned in Halifax Harbor | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/07/18/102412200.pdf |work=The New York Times | date = 18 July 1899 | access-date = 2008-02-19 | page = 3 }}</ref>
|beam={{convert|36|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=NYT-sink />
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|capacity={{Bbl to t|15000}} of oil<ref name=LAT />
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}}
}}
'''SS ''Maverick''''' was an [[oil tanker]] built in 1890 for the [[Standard Oil of New York]], later Mobil Oil. After the ship had changed hands sometime between 1910 and 1915, it was used during [[World War I]] as part of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]] to foment rebellion in [[India]] and overthrow the [[British Raj]]. According to one source, the ship sank in 1917.<ref name=Colton />

==History==
SS ''Maverick'' was laid down at the [[Columbian Iron Works and Dry Dock Co.|Columbian Iron Works]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] as a {{convert|1721|LT|t|adj=on}} tanker for [[Standard Oil of New York]], and delivered in May 1890.<ref name=Colton /> On 17 July 1899, ''Maverick'' caught fire while unloading a cargo of oil at [[City of Halifax|Halifax]]. A subsequent explosion ripped a hole in the side of the steam tanker, which sank at its pier.<ref name=NYT-sink /> By 1907 the ship had been repaired and was back in service, and by 1910 had been equipped with a 2½ kW radio with a range of {{convert|200|mi}}.<ref name=Wireless /><ref name=NYT-Panama>{{cite news | title = STEAMER THOUGHT SAFE BY MARINE EXPERTS | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/01/06/106735138.pdf |work=The New York Times | date = 6 January 1907 | access-date = 2008-02-19 | page = 6 }}</ref>

At some point between 1910 and 1915, the ship was sold to the Maverick Steamship Company. According to one period source, in April 1915 the ship had been chartered to one F. Jebsen, who was an officer in the [[Kaiserliche Marine]]. Jebsen was also the master of {{SS|Mazatlan}}, a ship that had been suspected of secretly resupplying the German [[light cruiser]] [[SMS Leipzig (1905)|SMS ''Leipzig'']] in August 1914.<ref name=LAT />

On 20 April 1915 rumors that ''Maverick'' was loading ammunition at Los Angeles reached a [[United States Customs Service]] agent, who ordered an inspection. By the time the order was issued, however, ''Maverick'' had weighed anchor and sailed to [[Long Beach, California|Long Beach]] and entered a [[drydock]] there.<ref name=LAT /> On 22 April 1915, she sailed under a Captain Starr-Hunt from [[San Pedro, California]] with a crew of 25 plus five so-called "[[Persia]]ns". However these were in fact Indians and included Hari Singh who carried with him quantities of [[Ghadar Party]] literature. The ship was to rendezvous with the [[schooner]] ''[[Annie Larsen]]'' at the island of [[Isla Socorro|Socorro]], with the intention of transferring a quantity of arms to the ''Maverick''. However, when the ''Annie Larsen'' failed to appear, the ''Maverick'' continued to [[Java]] via [[Honolulu]]. The ''Annie Larsen'' eventually appeared in [[Hoquiam, Washington]], where United States authorities seized its cargo.

The ''Maverick'' continued to [[Jakarta]], arriving there towards the end of August. She attracted attention, on account of the five [[Sikh]]s she had on board. The ''Maverick'' remained in Jakarta until the end of the war.

According to one source, the tanker sank in 1917.<ref name=Colton />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maverick}}
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Tankers of the United States]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party]]
[[Category:1890 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Baltimore]]
[[Category:Oil tankers]]
[[Category:Ships of ExxonMobil]]

Varalakshmi Vratam

2025-12-11T17:04:49Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007:

{{Infobox holiday
| image = Varalakshmi Vratham - View.jpg
| caption = [[Murti]] of Lakshmi decorated for the occasion
| holiday_name = Varalakshmi Vratam
| observedby = South Indian [[Hindu]] women
| begins =
| ends =
| date2024 = 16 August
| scheduling = 
| duration = 1 day
| frequency = Annual 
| type = Hindu
| longtype =
| significance = Religious
| date =
| observances = [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]
| date2025 = 08 August
| official_name =
}}
{{Short description|Hindu observance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}

'''Varalakshmi Vratam''' ({{Langx|sa|वरलक्ष्मी व्रतम्|translit=Varalakṣmī Vratam}}), also called '''Varalakshmi Puja''' or '''Mahalakshmi Habba''', is a [[Hindus|Hindu]] observance to propitiate the goddess of prosperity, [[Lakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vxMwAQAAIAAJ&dq=varalakshmi+vratam&pg=PA113 |title=Karnataka |last2=Halbar |first2=B. G. |date=2003 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-85938-98-1 |pages=113 |language=en}}</ref> Varalakshmi is the manifestation of Lakshmi who grants boons (''varam''). It is a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] primarily performed by married Hindu women in the states of [[South India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyP0DwAAQBAJ&dq=varalakshmi+vratam&pg=PA74 |title=Material Acts in Everyday Hindu Worlds |date=2020-10-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8013-8 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Monger |first=George P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avDXAQAAQBAJ&dq=varalakshmi+puja+married+women&pg=PA399 |title=Marriage Customs of the World: An Encyclopedia of Dating Customs and Wedding Traditions, 2nd Edition [2 volumes] |date=2013-04-09 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-664-5 |pages=399 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Tumuluru Kamal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYCAEAAAQBAJ&dq=varalakshmi+puja+married+women&pg=PA102 |title=Hindu Prayers, Gods and Festivals |date=2015-04-21 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-4708-6 |pages=102 |language=en}}</ref> This occasion is observed on the Friday before the day of the full moon - [[Purnima (day)|Purnima]] - in the Hindu month of [[Shraavana|Shravana]], which corresponds to the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] months of July – August.

The Varalakshmi Vratam is primarily performed by married women (''sumangali''), for their own well-being, and in order to ask the goddess to bless their husbands with health and longevity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fieldhouse |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P-FqDgAAQBAJ&dq=varalakshmi+vratam&pg=PA263 |title=Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes] |date=2017-04-17 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-412-4 |pages=263 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&dq=varalakshmi+puja+married+women&pg=PA127 |title=The Book of Vishnu |date= June 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-306762-7 |pages=127 |language=en}}</ref>

== Ceremony ==
{{Vaishnavism}}
On this occasion, women worship the goddess Lakshmi with utmost devotion, offering fruits, sweets and flowers, usually a [[Kalasha|kalasham]] (representing the deity) is decorated with a [[sari]], flowers and gold jewellery, with offerings placed in front.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varalakshmi Pooja - Sumangali Vratham - Festival Decoration & Gifting |url=https://desifavors.com/collections/varamahalaksmi-vratam-special-collection}}</ref>

The puja begins with the formal welcome of Lakshmi into one's house. A wooden tray or a stand is placed outside the house's threshold. [[Rangoli]] is drawn in the puja room, usually inside the house. A ''kalasham'' (a brass or silver pot) is placed on the tray outside the house. The pot is decorated with mango leaves as well as flowers. Auspicious items such as rice, betel leaves, turmeric sticks, bananas, and coins are placed inside the pot. A thread dipped in turmeric is tied around the neck of the pot. A coconut scrubbed with turmeric is placed on the top of it. In some traditions, the face of the goddess may be drawn on the coconut, or a brass or silver face may be kept on the pot and decorated with [[kumkuma]]m, turmeric, and sandalwood powder. During an auspicious hour, the women sing a song of greeting to Lakshmi, and carry the tray and kalasham into the puja room. After lighting the lamp and performing the [[Arti (Hinduism)|arati]], [[Shloka|shlokas]], and songs of the goddess are recited. The yellow thread is untied, and a piece is given to each girl or woman to tie around her right wrist. This is symbolic of the conclusion of the auspicious puja, as well as receiving the blessings of the deity. This is also worn to signify protection and piety, and several articles are given as gifts and charity in good faith.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devadiga |first=Disha |date=2022-02-08 |title=Varalakshmi Vratam |url=https://blog.templesofindia.org/post/varalakshmi-vratam/ |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=Temples of India Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Tamil Nadu]], it is a day to prepare four varieties of kolukattai, payasam, and vadai for the ''naivedyam'', or offering. The next day, the Lakshmi puja is performed. Cooked rice, chickpeas, fruit, and betel leaves are offered to all the women who had participated. The face of the goddess is turned towards the west, and the kalasham with its contents placed inside a drum of rice, symbolically keeping the goddess safely inside the house until the next occasion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jagannathan |first=Maithily |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcIrkKUJH9QC&dq=varalakshmi+puja+married+women&pg=PA87 |title=South Indian Hindu Festivals and Traditions |date=2005 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-415-8 |pages=88 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Story of the vow ===
The festivities of this occasion often end with the recitation of the ''vrata katha'', the story of the vow that offers it its religious significance.

According to one story, a [[Brahmin]] woman named Padmavati, known to be pious and dutiful to her husband, as well as reputed to assist the sick, poor, and the needy, was observed by Lakshmi in the kingdom of Kosala. Greatly pleased, the goddess instructed her to perform the occasion on the given date in the month of Shravana so that she could achieve salvation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India (Republic) Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WN4cAQAAMAAJ&q=varalakshmi+vratam |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1961 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref>

In a similar story, a virtuous and honest woman named Charumati, devoted to her husband and in-laws, receives a dream from [[Vishnu]]. The deity tells her to worship the goddess Lakshmi every year during the month of Shravana, which would avail her the blessings of his consort, as well as all forms of wealth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyP0DwAAQBAJ&dq=varalakshmi+vratam&pg=PA74 |title=Material Acts in Everyday Hindu Worlds |date=2020-10-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8013-8 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref>

== Significance ==
Some of the rituals that are performed on this occasion are regarded by some scholars to be significant:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyP0DwAAQBAJ&dq=varalakshmi+vratam&pg=PA74 |title=Material Acts in Everyday Hindu Worlds |date=2020-10-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-8013-8 |pages=79 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=The essences of the goddess, indeed of all females, are said to be arishina and kunkum [sic]. ... Turmeric, though applied to the exterior of the female, to her skin, enlivens her interior life, layering her from within, adding depth and texture. She glows more intensely from within. ... Her self-shining seems also to signal the intensification of coherence and integrity, equalities of selfness, the qualities of depth. . . . Through the essences of turmeric and vermilion, goddess and woman overlap, periodically, momentarily.}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Vara mahalakshmi vrata.JPG|Images of Lakshmi venerated on Varalakshmi Vratam
</gallery>
== See also ==
* [[Karva Chauth]]
* [[Savitri Vrata]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu holy days]]
[[Category:Vrata]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:July observances]]
[[Category:August observances]]
[[Category:Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Tamil Nadu]]

Partap Singh Shankar

2025-11-18T18:06:17Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Partap Singh Shankar
|image = Partap Singh Shankar.jpg
|birth_date = N/A
|birth_place=
|death_date = N/A
|office = President of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]<ref>[https://sgpcamritsar.org/sgpc-presidents.php SGPC former Presidents]. Retrieved 21 January 2022.</ref>
|term = 18 June 1933 – 13 June 1936
|successor = [[Tara Singh (activist)|Tara Singh]]
|predecessor = [[Gopal Singh Qaumi]]
|office1 = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Council (British India)|Punjab Legislative Council]]
|term1 = 1923 – 1930
|constituency1 = Jullundar (Sikh-Rural)
|predecessor1 = Balwant Singh
|successor1 = Gurbachan Singh
}}
Sardar '''Partap Singh Shankar''' was an active member of [[Gurdwara Reform Movement]].<ref>[http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=1549&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=0 Akali Lehar de Mahan Neta] (Punjabi). Book by [[Partap Singh|Partap Singh, Giani]] 1976.</ref>

He born in Sharikar Village at [[Jalandhar]] and also served as viceroy commissioned in Punjab army at Jalandhar.<ref name=Partap/> Partap Singh was the father of India's first Defence Minister [[Swaran Singh]]. Partap Singh assumed the Public office in 1933 after Gopal Singh Quami's one day tenure as SGPC president.<ref name=Partap>[https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographical/sikh-political-figures/partap-singh/ Sikh Political figures-Partap Singh]. thesikhencyclopaedia.com</ref> He also won [[1923 Punjab Legislative Council election|1923]] and [[1926 Punjab Legislative Council election|1926]] Punjab Legislative Council election from Jullundar (Sikh-Rural) constituency.<ref name=Partap/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Partap Singh}}
[[Category:Members of the Punjab Legislative Council]]

{{PunjabIN-politician-stub}}

Central Mahallu Juma Masjid

2025-11-15T03:47:34Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Starting A Pg More To Come.

{{Short description|Mosque in Muvattupuzha, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{ref improve|date=December 2014}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Central Mahallu Juma Masjid
| native_name = सेंट्रल महल्लु जुमा मस्जिद, मूवाट्टुपुड़ा
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = Centalmahallujamaath2.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| caption = The mosque in 2013, following renovations
| alt =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Kerala]]
| location = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9|59|23|N|76|35|0|E|region:IN-KR|format=dms|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rite = [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]]
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
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| architecture_style = Semi-modern architecture
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| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Central Mahallu Juma Masjid''' ({{langx|hi|सेंट्रल महल्लु जुमा मस्जिद, मूवाट्टुपुड़ा}}), also known as '''Central Mahallu Jama'ath''', is a [[Shafi'i school|Shafi'i]] [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], located in [[Muvattupuzha]], in the [[Ernakulam district]] of the state of [[Kerala]], India. The mosque is located adjacent to the Kavumkara market.

Abbreviated as '''CMJ''', the congregation aims to purge poverty and diseases, and assists poor and helpless people by eradicating unemployment, instituting [[Educational|educational reforms]], and leading the Islamic society in the path of glory. The CMJ mainly focuses on social and welfare activities.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

The land for the mosque was purchased in early 1927; and on 19 February 1927 (27 [[Sha'aban]] 1346 [[Hijri year|AH]]), the first [[Jumu'ah|Jumu'ah Namaz]] was held in the mosque building.

==Membership==
According to 2011–2021 [[Census of India|Census]] data,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_kerala_.html |title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Kerala |website=[[Census of India]] }}</ref> the [[Pargana|Mahal]] consists of eleven blocks which includes 1,824 families and approximately 8,960 members (4,594 men and 4,366 women). All{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=EVERY individual?}} Mahallu members cooperate in the development and welfare activities of the community.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Centalmahallujamaath10.jpg|The mosque, before renovation
Centalmahallujamaath13.jpg|The mosque, before renovation
Centalmahallujamaath9.jpg|The mosque, during renovations
Centalmahallujamaath4.jpg|The interior of the prayer hall
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline|Jama Masjid, Muvattupuzha}}
* [http://www.facebook.com/CentralMahalluJamaath Official Facebook page]

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Islam in Kerala}}

[[Category:20th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1927]]
[[Category:Mosques in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Shafi'i mosques]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]

Hamid Ali Khan (scholar)

2025-11-09T18:10:48Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Added A Biography More To Come

{{Short description|Influential personality of Colonial India}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2025}}
'''Hamid Ali Khan''' (14 December 1860 – 12 September 1918) was an Indian Islamic scholar, barrister, and orator from [[Amroha]]. He was born in [[Bareilly]] to Hakim Muhammad Amjad Ali Khan, a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] intellectual who served as the deputy collector of Amroha. Khan was known for his contributions to Islamic scholarship and legal practice.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Hamid Ali |title=The Certificates, &c., of Hakim Mohamed Amjad Ali Khan ... Hakim Mohamed Niaz Ali Khan ... Sheikh Altaf Hasan Khan ... and Munshi Shaukat Hasan. [Edited by] Hamid Ali Khan [with a series of complimentary press-notices, and verses entitled "A Farewell to London"] |publisher=Lucknow, Pp. 98. N.N. Sivapuri Press |year=1899 |location=Lucknow |oclc=752608751}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Abidi |first=Inam |title=Making of a Qasba: The Story of Amroha |publisher=Inam Abidi Amrohvi |year=2023 |isbn=978-9358115000 |publication-date=1 January 2023 |pages=88–91}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Justin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrioNz8_EwwC |title=Shi'a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781139501231 |publication-date=24 Oct 2011}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
[[File:MAO College Students in England.jpg|thumb|[[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|M.A.O. College Aligarh]] Students in England<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History A Brief History of the AMU Old Boys' Association |url=https://amuoldboys.org/a-brief-history-of-amu-old-boys-association/ |website=AMU Old Boys Association |date=12 October 2023 |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |place=Aligarh}}</ref> Circa 1885]]
In 1880, Hamid Ali Khan obtained a bachelor's degree from [[Aligarh]]. He then pursued legal studies in [[London]], enrolling to become a [[barrister-at-law]]. During his time in London, he was associated with [[Mansur Ali Khan|Nawab Syed Manzoor Ali]] and [[Asman Jah|Sir Asman Jah]]. He also met notable figures such as poet [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Lord Alfred Tennyson]], administrator [[William Muir|Sir William Muir]], and [[Edward VII]], who was then the prince of Wales and later became the emperor of [[India]].<ref name=":1" />

== Literary contributions ==
Hamid Ali Khan began his legal career in [[Lucknow]] in 1886 but was also active in literary pursuits. His interest in [[poetry]] developed during his school years and deepened during his time in London, where he interacted with literary figures such as [[Mansur Ali Khan|Nawab Saiyid Manzoor Ali of Bengal]] and [[Asman Jah|Sir Asman Jah of Hyderabad]]. In 1885, he wrote ''A Farewell to London'', an English poem reflecting on his departure from the city in 1885.

Upon returning to India, Hamid participated in ''[[Mushaira|musha’irahs]]'' (poetry gatherings) and became involved in [[Urdu poetry]]. Under the guidance of poets such as Shaikh Ali Khazeen, Ahsan Lakhnawi, and [[Safi Lakhnavi|Safi Lakhnawi]], he composed works in various forms, including ''[[qasida]]'' (panegyric), ''[[hamd]]'' (praise of God), ''[[Naʽat|na’at]]'' (praise of the Prophet), ''[[Ruba'i|ruba’i]]'' (quatrain), ''[[ghazal]]'' (lyric poetry), ''qata'' (couplet-based poem), and ''[[Sehra (poetry)|sehra]]'' (wedding poem).<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Rahman |first=M. Raisur |url=https://archive.org/details/localeeverydayis0000rahm |title=Locale, everyday Islam, and modernity : Qasbah towns and Muslim life in colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0199455225 |pages=155–158}}</ref>

On June 13, 1916, poet Dil Shahjahanpuri praised Hamid's work, declaring him worthy of the title "[[Saadi Shirazi|Sadi]] of [[Urdu]]", a comparison to the revered [[Persian language|Persian]] poet. His literary contributions were recognized by figures such as Asar Lakhnawi, Ahsan Mahrehrawi, Bekhud Mohani, Altaf Husain Hali, Shad Azimabadi, and Mujtaba of Amroha.

Hamid Ali Khan's Urdu prose includes a notable full-length [[biography]] of Saiyid Karamat Husain of [[Lucknow]], a prominent [[High courts of India|high court]] [[judge]] and an early advocate for Muslim women's education in [[North India]]. Published in 1918, a year after Karamat Husain's death, Hamid Ali Khan's work stands out for its comprehensive approach. Meanwhile, Chaudhary Muhammad Ali Rudaulvi, who also admired Karamat Husain's efforts, released a 41-page [[memoir]] the same year. Despite belonging to different qasbahs, both writers shared an appreciation for Karamat Husain's legacy. Muhammad Ali's memoir provides a more personal perspective, recounting his encounters and emphasizing the cordial relationship between Hamid Ali Khan and Karamat Husain.

Hamid Ali Khan summarized it thus:

"''Karamat uth gaye Hamid fasana reh gaya baqi,''

''Hamari aur unki mustaqil sacchi muhabbat ka''" (Karamat left, O Hamid! All that remains is but the story Of mine and his resolute, deep afection)<ref name=":3" />

The biographies of Saiyid Karamat Husain by Hamid Ali Khan and Chaudhary Muhammad Ali Rudaulvi complement each other, blending formal analysis with personal reflection. While Hamid Ali Khan’s full-length biography provides a detailed and structured account, Chaudhary Muhammad Ali’s memoir offers a more informal and intimate narrative of Karamat Husain's life and impact.

Hamid Ali Khan's literary contributions extend far beyond biographical works. His portfolio includes ''Hamare Hum-asr'' (''Our Contemporaries''), which profiles notable contemporaries, and critical works like ''Muqabla Dabir-o-Milton'', a comparative analysis of [[Mirza Salaamat Ali Dabeer|Dabir]] and [[John Milton]], and ''[[Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish|Atish]]'', focusing on the Urdu poet [[Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish|Khwaja Haider Ali Aatish]] (1778–1848). He actively contributed to Urdu periodicals, fostering literary discourse and spotlighting poets such as Asghar of Ghazipur, whose work he featured in the journal ''May'ar''.

Although his English writings are fewer, they are noteworthy. "The Vernacular Controversy" examines the [[Devanagari|Nagri]] agitation of 1900, highlighting debates over script reform, while "The Bulwark of India"<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayUJAAAAQAAJ |title=Journal of the National Indian Association, in Aid of Social Progress in India, Issues 169-180 |publisher=W.H. Allen & Company |year=1885 |pages=538–540}}</ref> envisions a harmonious [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo-Indian]] relationship. He even ventured into health-related subjects, with works like '''How to Check Diabetes'''.<ref name=":3" />

==Family background==
[[File:Family Tree of Hamid Ali Khan.jpg|thumb|Family Tree of Hamid Ali Khan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Hakim Nawab Ali |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/shams-ul-tawareekh-volume-002-hakeem-nawab-ali-khan-ebooks |title=SHAMS-UL-TAWAREEKH |publisher=Munshi Gulab Singh Press, Lucknow |year=1898 |location=Lucknow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Hakim Rahat Ali |title=Diwan-e-Haziq |last2=Khan |first2=Kazim Ali |publisher=Khwaja Press, Delhi |location=Delhi |page=03}}</ref>]]

Hamid Ali Khan belonged to a prominent family with a background in public service, literature, and traditional medicine. His father, Hakim Amjad Ali Khan (1827–1900), was a physician (''hakim''), a scholar in multiple disciplines, and served as a deputy collector in Amroha.<ref name=":2" />

His father-in-law, Nawab Khan Bahadur Shaikh Altaf Hasan Khan, was a landowner (''[[rais]]'') of Lucknow, and his ancestral property included Talkatora Karbala. Hamid Ali Khan's uncle, Hakim Neyaz Ali Khan (1832–1911), was also a deputy collector and a landowner.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Hamid Ali |title=[Genealogy of Ḣakīm Niyāz 'Alī Khān. With letters addressed to him and to members of his family. Edited by his son, Ḣāmid 'Alī Khān.] |year=1911 |oclc=562763037}}</ref>

Kazim Ali Khan (1896–1973), the son of Rafat Ali Khan, was an advocate and special magistrate in Amroha. He was also involved in Urdu literature and poetry, publishing ''Gul Parey'' and organizing literary forums featuring poets such as [[Ghulam Hamdani Mas'hafi|Mus'hafi]] and [[Muhammad Iqbal|Iqbal]]. Additionally, he led local religious and cultural associations and served as the president of Dargah Najaf-e-Hind, Jogipura.<ref name=":3" />

==Political and Social Influence==

In addition to his literary contributions, Hamid was also involved in politics. He was elected to a legislative position in 1893 and again in 1895, receiving support from both Hindu and Muslim communities. His political career took place during a period of increasing Hindu revivalism, and he was recognized for his efforts in engaging with diverse communities.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gallagher |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DQWOAAAAMAAJ |title=Locality, Province and Nation: Essays on Indian Politics 1870 to 1940 |last2=Johnson |first2=Gordon |last3=Seal |first3=Anil |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1973 |isbn=9780521098113 |publication-date=26 Jul 1973 |pages=89–90}}</ref>

Hamid Ali Khan played an active role in these discussions, leading a committee in Lucknow focused on advocating for the retention of Urdu in education and administration. He addressed these concerns in his article ''The Vernacular Controversy'', in which he examined the implications of the proposed script reforms and argued for the continued use of Urdu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Hamid Ali |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/The-vernacular-controversy-:-an-account-and-criticism-of-the-equalisation-of-Nagri-and-Urdu-as-the-character-for-the-Court-of-the-North-West-Provinces-and-Oudh-under-the-resolution-No.-585III-343-C68-of-Sir-A.P.-MacDonnell-dated-18th-April-1900/oclc/32474451 |title=The vernacular controversy : an account and criticism of the equalisation of Nagri and Urdu, as the character for the Court of the North-West Provinces and Oudh, under the resolution No. 585/III 343-C68 of Sir A.P. MacDonnell |year=1900 |location=Lucknow |oclc=32474451}}</ref>

Hamid Ali Khan's residence served as a venue for political and social discussions. In 1901, [[Waqar-ul-Mulk|Nawab Mushtaq Husain Viqar-ul-Mulk]] held a meeting at Hamid's house to address concerns related to linguistic and cultural issues. Hamid later participated as a delegate at the 1906 Muslim Educational Conference in [[Dhaka]], an event that contributed to the founding of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. His involvement in these initiatives reflected the engagement of the ''qasbāti'' (small-town Muslim elite) in broader political movements during the early 20th century.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1918 deaths]]
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]

SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam

2025-09-21T16:19:15Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007:

{{Short description|Malayalam-language media award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox award
| name = SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam
| awarded_for = Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in Malayalam cinema
| presenter = Vibri Media Group
| country = [[India]]
| year = 22 June 2012 (for films released in 2011)
| holder = [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], ''[[Ullozhukku]]'' ([[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]])
| image = Actress Parvathi.jpg
| image caption = The 2025 recipient: [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
| awardname = SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam
| total_awarded =
| most_wins = [[Nimisha Sajayan]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] (2)
| total_recipients =
| most_nominations =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
}}

'''SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam''' is presented by Vibri media group as part of its annual [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], for best acting done by an actress in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films, who are selected by the jury. The award was first given in 2012 for films released in 2011.

== Superlatives ==
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]] and [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] have won the most awards with two wins.
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] have also won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].

== Winners ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:5%;text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:30%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:30%;text-align:center;"| Film
! class="unsortable"| {{Refh}}
|-
|[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards|2011]]
| [[Shwetha Menon]]
|''[[Rathinirvedam (2011 film)|Rathinirvedam]]''
|
|-
|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards|2012]]
|[[Rima Kallingal]]
|''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Malayalam |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003132/http://siima.in/2013/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}} </ref>
|-
|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|2013]]
|[[Ann Augustine]]
|''[[Artist (film)|Artist]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Malayalam|website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528003615/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}}</ref>
|-
|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2014]]
|[[Anusree]]
|''[[Ithihasa]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards - Malayalam|website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160528004455/http://siima.in/2015/winners.html |archive-date=2016-05-28}} </ref>
|-
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]
|''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|title=SIIMA 2016 winners|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|url-status=dead|accessdate=2017-04-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714054004/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|archivedate=2016-07-14}}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|2016]]
|[[Asha Sharath]]
|''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-awards-heres-the-winners-list-from-malayalam/articleshow/59409434.cms|title=SIIMA Awards 2017 Malayalam Winners|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2017|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011163346/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-awards-heres-the-winners-list-from-malayalam/articleshow/59409434.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|2017]]
|[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]]
|''[[Mayanadhi]]''
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703235835/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-awards-2017-nominations-announced-news-malayalam-rgbjE9ecgbbif.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 3, 2017|title=SIIMA awards 2017 nominations announced|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|2018]]
|[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
|''[[Hey Jude (film)|Hey Jude]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/17/siima-awards-2019-malayalam-list-of-winners-mohanlal-tovino-prithvi.html|title=SIIMA Awards 2019 Malayalam Winners|website=Malayala Manorama|date=17 August 2019|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=17 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817035903/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/08/17/siima-awards-2019-malayalam-list-of-winners-mohanlal-tovino-prithvi.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2019]]
|[[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|''[[Chola (film)|Chola]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Winners for 2019|url=https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-2|access-date=22 August 2021|website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926041854/https://siima.in/2019-winners.php#tabs-2|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|2020]]
| [[Anna Ben]]
|''[[Kappela]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |title=Manju Warrier, Suriya, others win at SIIMA Awards: Full list of winners |website=The News Minute |date=21 September 2021 |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921174049/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/manju-warrier-suriya-others-win-siima-awards-full-list-winners-155560 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2021]]
|Nimisha Sajayan
|''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |title=The 10th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations |work=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822030233/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |archive-date=22 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
|[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
|[[Darshana Rajendran]]
|''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=SIIMA 2023 winners: Ponniyin Selvan I, Nna Thaan Case Kodu, R Madhavan, Trisha, Tovino Thomas and Kalyani Priyadarshan win big|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/|access-date=2023-09-16|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928192620/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards|2023]]
| [[Jyothika]]
|''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA {{!}} SIIMA 2024 |url=https://www.siima.in/awards-2024 |access-date=2024-12-05 |website=www.siima.in |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207143614/https://www.siima.in/awards-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|2024]]
|Parvathy Thiruvothu
|''[[Ullozhukku]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-07 |title=SIIMA 2025 winners list: Aadujeevitham, Amaran win big; Sai Pallavi, Prithviraj take home best actor honours |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/siima-2025-winners-list-aadujeevitham-amaran-sai-pallavi-prithviraj-10234920/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{South Indian International Movie Awards}}

[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards]]
[[Category:Film awards for lead actress]]

Mashar Hamsa

2025-09-04T19:02:25Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: entry - done

{{Short description|Indian costume designer (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mashar Hamsa
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Mashar Hamsa
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|6|13}}
| birth_place = [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Kerala]], India
| yearsactive = 2013{{Endash}}present
| spouse = {{marriage|Mirsha|2023}}
| website =
| occupation = [[Costume designer]] (feature films and television ads)
| awards = [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2020]]
}}

'''Mashar Hamsa''' (born June 1990) is an Indian costume designer from [[Kerala]], who works in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2017-10-13 |title=Stitching together a dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/costume-designer-mashar-hamsa-is-on-a-roll/article19853378.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He started his career as a film costume designer in 2013 with the movie [[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]. As of April 2023, Mashar has designed costumes for more than 30 Malayalam films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=വസ്ത്രങ്ങള്‍ക്ക് ചെലവിട്ടത് 60 ലക്ഷം, എത്തിച്ചത് ചൈനയിൽ നിന്നും; ഇത് മസ്ഹർ ഹംസയുടെ ‘തല്ലുമാല’ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2022/08/21/costume-designer-mashar-hamsa-on-the-stylish-outfits-in-thallumaala-movie.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> He is a recipient of [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2020|2020 Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for best costume designer for the movie [[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/sep/13/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-26613.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Film career==
Initially, Mashar worked as a costume designer for several commercials. In 2013, he made his film debut as a costume designer in [[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]], directed by [[Sameer Thahir|Sameer Tahir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഐശ്വര്യയുടെയും ഫഹദിന്റെയും ആ മാസ് ലുക്കിന് പിന്നിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/glitz-n-glamour/2018/09/29/varathan-costume-designer-mashar-hamsa-interview.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref> Mashar first gained attention for his work in the 2016 Malayalam film [[Kammatipaadam|Kammattippadam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind them was him with a thread; Mashar Hamsa |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/style-factor/2019/07/21/costume-designer-mashar-hamsa-interview.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Since then, he went on to design costumes for many films including the critically acclaimed [[Parava (film)|Parava]], [[Sudani from Nigeria|Sudani From Nigeria]], [[Varathan]], [[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikkettu]], [[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]], [[Churuli]], [[Thallumaala|Thallumala]] and [[Romancham|Romacham]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manoj |first=K. S |date=3 September 2022 |title=വസ്ത്രങ്ങള്‍ തന്നെയൊരു കഥാപാത്രമാക്കി മാറ്റിയ മസ്ഹർ ഹംസ |pages=32, 33 |work=Nana Film Magazine}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year !! Title !! Director !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' || [[Sameer Thahir|Sameer Thaahir]] ||<ref name="film1">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2017-10-13 |title=Stitching together a dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/costume-designer-mashar-hamsa-is-on-a-roll/article19853378.ece |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[Seconds (2014 film)|Seconds]]'' || [[Aneesh Upasana]] ||
|-
| ''[[Masala Republic]]'' || [[Vysakh]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[Chandrettan Evideya]]'' || [[Sidharth Bharathan]] ||<ref name="film1"/>
|-
| ''[[Urumbukal Urangarilla]]'' || [[Jiju Asokan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]'' || [[Sameer Thahir]] ||<ref name="film1"/>
|-
| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'' || [[Rajeev Ravi]] ||<ref name="film1"/>
|-
| ''[[Kismath (2016 film)|Kismath]]'' || [[Shanavas K Bavakutty]] ||
|-
| ''[[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]]'' || [[Boban Samuel]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]]'' || [[Soubin Shahir]] ||<ref name="film1"/>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Diwanjimoola Grand Prix]]'' || [[Anil Radhakrishnan Menon]] ||<ref name="film1"/>
|-
| ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' || [[Zakariya Mohammed]] || {{cn|date=April 2023}}
|-
| ''[[Varathan]]'' || [[Amal Neerad]] || <ref name="Soman 2018">{{cite web | last=Soman | first=Deepa | title=Varathan exclusive stills: Here's what Amal Neerad had in mind for the character costumes | website=The Times of India | date=2018-09-20 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/varathan-exclusive-stills-heres-what-amal-neerad-had-in-mind-for-the-character-costumes/articleshow/65885284.cms | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2019 || ''[[Jallikattu (2019 film)|Jallikattu]]'' || [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2021-01-21 |title=‘Jallikattu’: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/jallikattu-film-review-4119801/ |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thamaasha]]'' || [[Ashraf Hamza]] || <ref name="FilmGappa 2019">{{cite web | title=Thamasha - Malayalam Film- Rating 3.5* | website=FilmGappa | date=2019-06-01 | url=https://filmgappa.com/thamasha-malayalam-film/ | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Unda (film)]]'' || [[Khalid Rahman]] || <ref name="Native 2020">{{cite web | last=Native | first=Digital | title=Khalid Rahman’s next has Tovino and Sharafudheen in the lead | website=The News Minute | date=2020-02-07 | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/khalid-rahman-s-next-has-tovino-and-sharafudheen-lead-117745 | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[And the Oscar Goes To...]]'' || [[Salim Ahamed]] || <ref name="The Times of India 2019">{{cite web | title=Tovino Thomas shares his experience working on 'And The Oscar Goes To' | website=The Times of India | date=2019-06-21 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-shares-his-experience-working-on-and-the-oscar-goes-to/articleshow/69888900.cms | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ambili (film)]]'' || [[Johnpaul George]] || <ref name="OnManorama 2018">{{cite web | title=Guppy director announces next with Soubin, Nazriya’s brother | website=OnManorama | date=2018-04-16 | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/04/16/guppy-director-next-soubin-nazriya-brother-naveen.amp.html | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''[[Trance (2020 film)|Trance]]'' || [[Anwar Rasheed]] ||<ref name="film1"/>
|-
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' || [[Zakariya Mohammed]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=2020-10-15 |title='Halal Love Story' Review: A Sweet Movie About Healing Through The Process Of Filmmaking |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/17673/halal-love-story-review-a-sweet-movie-about-healing-through-the-process-of-filmmaking |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 |2021 || ''[[Jan.E.Man]]'' || [[Chidambaram S Poduval]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Jan-e-Man poster reveals complete cast |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2021/aug/31/first-jan-e-man-poster-reveals-complete-cast-26348.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Churuli]]'' || [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Churuli’ review: This Lijo Jose movie is mysterious, funny but loses focus at times |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/churuli-review-lijo-jose-movie-mysterious-funny-loses-focus-times-143418 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ajagajantharam]]'' || [[Tinu Pappachan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Joji (film)]]'' || [[Dileesh Pothan]] || <ref name="Chatterjee 2021">{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Pramit | title='Joji' Review: This Fahadh Faasil Crime Drama Is The Closest India Will Come To A 'Knives Out' | website=Mashable India | date=2021-04-06 | url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/21396/joji-review-this-fahadh-faasil-crime-drama-is-the-closest-india-will-come-to-a-knives-out | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Irul (film)]]'' || Naseef Yusuf Izuddin || <ref name="Sidhardhan 2020">{{cite web | last=Sidhardhan | first=Sanjith | title=Fahadh Faasil, Soubin Shahir start shooting for Irul | website=The Times of India | date=2020-09-16 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fahadh-faasil-soubin-shahir-start-shooting-for-irul/articleshow/78143279.cms | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bheemante Vazhi]]'' || [[Ashraf Hamza]] || <ref name="Mathews 2021">{{cite web | last=Mathews | first=Anna | title=Bheemante Vazhi Movie Review: This story about a road will find a way to your heart | website=The Times of India | date=2021-12-03 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/bheemante-vazhi/amp_movie_review/88070930.cms | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2022 || ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' || [[Vineeth Kumar]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dear Friend trailer presents a one-of-a-kind friendship |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/may/27/dear-friend-trailer-presentsa-one-of-a-kind-friendship-2458336.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]'' || [[Khalid Rahman]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past 6 years we searched costume for Thallumala; Neymar Jr was major reference: Muhsin Parari |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/past-6-years-we-searched-costume-for-thallumala-neymar-jr-was-major-reference-muhsin-parari-1.7802147 |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Chattambi'' || Abilash S Kumar ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sreenath Bhasi-Chemban Vinod leads 'Chattambi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/dec/01/sreenath-bhasi-chemban-vinod-leads-chattambi-2390153.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padavettu]]'' || Liju Krishna ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Nivin Pauly-starrer 'Padavettu' released at ISL venue. See video |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/08/nivin-pauly-padavettu-movie-trailer-release-isl-venue-yellow-army.html |access-date=2023-04-08 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Naaradan]]'' || [[Aashiq Abu]] || <ref name="The Times of India 2022">{{cite web | title=‘Naradan’ Twitter review: Netizens hail Tovino Thomas' performance in this political thriller | website=The Times of India | date=2022-03-03 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/naradan-twitter-review-netizens-hail-tovino-thomas-performance-in-this-political-thriller/articleshow/89966605.cms | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Palthu Janwar]]'' || Sangeeth P. Rajan || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Basil Joseph to headline ‘Paalthu Janvar’ |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/basil-joseph-to-headline-palthu-janvar/articleshow/92750990.cms |access-date=2023-04-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''[[Djinn (2023 film)|Djinn]]'' || [[Sidharth Bharathan]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Soubin Shahir - Sidharth Bharathan’s ‘Djinn’ to hit the big screens on THIS date |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/soubin-shahir-sidharth-bharathans-djinn-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/96165392.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thankam (film)]]'' || Saheed Arafath || <ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web | title=‘Thankam’ release: Biju Menon - Vineeth Sreenivasan starrer to hit the big screens on THIS date | website=The Times of India | date=2023-01-04 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/thankam-release-biju-menon-vineeth-sreenivasan-starrer-to-hit-the-big-screens-on-this-date/articleshow/96730039.cms | access-date=2023-04-13}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Romancham]]'' || Jithu Madhavan ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Romancham’ box office collection day 3: Soubin Shahir’s horror comedy film mints Rs 3.11 crores |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/romancham-box-office-collection-day-3-soubin-shahirs-horror-comedy-film-mints-rs-3-11-crores/articleshow/97638626.cms |access-date=2023-04-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kasargold]]
|Mridul Nair
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif Ali's next titled Kasargold |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/sep/26/asif-alis-next-titled-kasargold-35048.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Manjummel Boys]]'' || [[Chidambaram S. Poduval]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-09 |title=Tovino Thomas meets the ‘Manjummel Boys’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-meets-the-manjummel-boys/articleshow/107547628.cms |access-date=2024-03-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aavesham (2024 film)|Aavesham]]'' || Jithu Madhavan ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Style of Ranganna for 'Aavesham’: Designer Mashar Hamsa recalls the making |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/beauty-and-fashion/2024/04/25/style-ranganna-aavesham-designer-mashar-hamsa-recalls-making.html |access-date=2024-05-11 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamsa, Mashar}}
[[Category:Costume designers of Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]

Bishunpur Baladhari

2025-08-21T08:17:42Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007:

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bishunpur Baladhari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =Gram Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|40|48.0|N|85|13|12.0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[vaishali district|vaishali]]
| subdivision_type3 =Assembly Constituency
| subdivision_name3 =[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|hajipur assembly constituency (AC.123)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf |title=The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509091000/http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bishunpur Baladhari''' is a village in [[Hajipur]], Vaishali district, in the [[Bihar]] state of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/bihar/districts/vaishali/Vaishali_Hajipur_Bishunpur%20Baladhari.html|title=Villages in Bishunpur Baladhari Panchayat Hajipur Block, Vaishali, Bihar India BrandBharat.com News समाचार|website=Brandbharat.com|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
This panchayat is located at {{coord|25|40|48.0|N|85|13|12.0|E|type:panchayat}}

==Panchayat office==
samudayik bhawan Bala Dhari (समुदाियक भवन Bala Dhari )<ref>[http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103183509/http://biharprd.bih.nic.in/Docs/GP_OFFICE/Vaishali.pdf |date=3 November 2014 }} page number 7</ref>

==Nearest City/Town==
[[Hajipur]] ('''Distance 8 km''')<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(3ird4ricndfyzx45tkdber3h))/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/View_data/Village_Profile.aspx village profile census government official website ] State - Bihar, District- vaishali, Sub District - Hajipur</ref>

==Nearest major road highway or river==
SH 74 (State highway 74)<ref>[http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg Map - vaishali district official government website ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104113148/http://vaishali.bih.nic.in/vaishali%20MAP.jpg |date=4 November 2014 }} file type: image/jpeg, size:13.9 MB</ref>

==Compass==
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf |title=The Chief Electoral Officer of Bihar official, Hajipur pdf |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509091000/http://ceobihar.nic.in/map/include/AC123.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Geographic location
|Centre =bishunpur baladhari
|North =
|Northeast =[[thathan buzurg]]
|East =
|Southeast =[[dighikala east]]
|South =[[dighikala west]]
|Southwest =
|West =[[gadai sarai]]
|Northwest =
}}

==Villages in panchayat==
The following villages are in this panchayat:<ref>[http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99309&rlbtype=V Reports of National Panchayat Directory Ministry of Panchayati Raj Government of India List of Census Villages mapped for BISHUNPUR BALADHARI Gram Panchayat, HAJIPUR, VAISHALI, BIHAR ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103223109/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=99309&rlbtype=V |date=3 November 2014 }} Report printed on 26/09/2014 National Panchayat Portal, Panchayat Informatics Division</ref>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!s.n
!villages
|-
| 1||Kuari Khurd
|-
| 2||Chak Lala
|-
| 3||Bishunpur Bala Dhari urf Balwa
|-
| 4||Panapur Gobrahi
|-
| 5||Chak Sakra
|-
| 6||Chak Baladhari
|-
| 7||Bisrampur Baladhari
|-
| 8||Chak Sultani
|-
| 9||Chak Chandaleh
|-
| 10||Chak Bhoj urf Sahabuddin
|-
| 11||Chandaleh
|-
| 12|| Kuari Khurd
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{panchayat of Hajipur block}}
{{Tirhut Division}}

[[Category:Gram panchayats in Bihar]]
[[Category:Villages in Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Hajipur]]

Karunya Healthcare Scheme

2025-08-17T14:02:46Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Added The Page Initial Version

{{Short description|Healthcare scheme in Kerala, India}}
{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

'''Karunya HealthCare Scheme''' ('''Karunya Arogya Suraksha Padhathi''') is a health insurance scheme introduced by the [[Government of Kerala]] to provide financial assistance for the treatment of serious diseases and medical conditions for individuals from economically weaker sections of society.<ref name = karunya>{{cite web |title=Karunya Arogya Suraksha Padhathi – sha |url=https://sha.kerala.gov.in/karunya-arogya-suraksha-padhathi/ |website=sha.kerala.gov.in |access-date=10 December 2024 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213140245/https://sha.kerala.gov.in/karunya-arogya-suraksha-padhathi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The scheme, which was launched in 2019, is part of Kerala's comprehensive efforts to enhance healthcare accessibility and provide equitable healthcare for all its citizens. According to this scheme, a health cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per family per year is provided for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization to over 42 lakhs for poor and vulnerable families that form the bottom 40% of the Kerala population.<ref name = indianexpress>{{cite news |last1=Jose |first1=Anna |title=Karunya Arogya scheme gains traction in state |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Sep/08/karunya-arogya-scheme-gains-traction-in-state-2612735.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Benefits==
The Karunya scheme covers healthcare expenses such as medical consultation, intensive care services, diagnostic investigations, medical implantation services, hospital accommodation and post-hospitalization follow-up.<ref name = karunya/><ref>{{cite web |title=What Is Karunya Health Insurance Scheme? How To Apply |url=https://www.hdfcergo.com/blogs/health-insurance/karunya-health-insurance-scheme |website=HDFCErgo |access-date=10 December 2024}}</ref> There is an upper limit of annual cover of 5 lakhs for each eligible family. Furthermore, any eligible person suffering from any medical condition before being covered by the Karunya scheme will be able to get treatment for those medical conditions starting the day they were enrolled.<ref name = karunya/>

==Impact==
As of 2023, 197 public and private hospitals are a part of this program and 42.5 lakh individuals are enrolled in this program.<ref name = indianexpress/> In 2022–23, the total expenditure under this program was 1629.72 crores.<ref name = indianexpress/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Health in Kerala]]

Bhana, Faridkot

2025-08-13T21:48:01Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: New.

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhana
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.678664|74.830051|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 3523
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code = 151209
| registration_plate = PB
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Bhana''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਭਾਣਾ) is a village located in the [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhana · Punjab 151203, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Bhana,+Punjab+151203/@30.6729105,74.8150624,14.17z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x391756e275c526c5:0x68f209534e2c3186!8m2!3d30.666904!4d74.8331674!16s/g/11c46j0khl?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDIxOC4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Bhana · Punjab 151203, India |language=en}}</ref> The village has population of 3523 of which 1870 are males while 1653 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhana Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35567-bhana-punjab.html |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The postal code of the village is 151209.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-14 |title=Area, pincode and population of Bhana village in Faridkot tehsil of Faridkot, Punjab, India based on census of India 2011 |url=https://villageinindia.com/india/punjab/faridkot/faridkot/faridkot-bhana/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Village in India}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{India-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

National Institute of Design R&D Campus

2025-06-11T20:45:40Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Institutes of Design#National Institute of Design, Bengaluru Campus, Bengaluru]] {{R from merge}} {{R to section}}

Alampur Navabrahma Temples

2025-05-22T22:00:01Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Hindu temples in India dating from the 7th and 9th centuries}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Alampuram Navabrahma Temples
| image = Alampur India (5).JPG
| alt =
| caption = Svarga Brahma Temple
| map_type = India #India Telangana
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|15|52|40.1|N|78|08|5.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Jogulamba Gadwal district]]
| location = [[Alampuram (Hemalapuram)]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]], others
| festivals=
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara]]
| temple_quantity = 9
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = 7th century
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Alampuram Navabrahma Temples''' are a group of nine early Badami Chalukyan [[Hindu temple]]s dated between the 7th and 9th centuries that are located at [[Alampuram (Hemalapuram)]] in [[Telangana]], India, near the meeting point of [[Tungabhadra River]] and [[Krishna River]] at the border of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Michell2013p319"/> They are called Nava-Brahma temples though they are dedicated to [[Shiva]]. They exemplify early North Indian [[Nagara style]] architecture with cut rock as the building block. The temples of Alampur resemble the style of Pattadakal, Aihole style as they were Karnata Dravida, Vesara style native to Karnataka.<ref name="Michell2013p319">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319|year=2013|publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1|pages=318–321}}</ref>

The temples are significant for their east-facing simple square plans, intricate carvings of themes of Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. They also contain early examples of friezes that narrate legends from Hindu texts such as the ''[[Panchatantra]]'' fables.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC&pg=PA94|year=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11865-9|pages=78–82}}</ref> The temples were a significant influence on the later era Kakatiya Hindu temples.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=American Institute of Indian Studies|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXIYAQAAMAAJ |year=1996| publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-81-86526-00-2|pages=423, 447}}</ref>

These temples were built by the [[Badami Chalukyas]] rulers, and early 8th-century inscriptions found at the site suggest that the site also had a Shaiva ''[[matha]]'' (Hindu monastery) which has not survived.<ref name="Prasad1983p9">{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=8–9}}</ref> Their ruins have been restored by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] after 1980.<ref name=alampurflood/><ref>[https://archive.today/20130103173221/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-14/hyderabad/28093335_1_temples-asi-flood-waters ASI yet to assess damage to Kurnool structures – Times Of India]</ref>

The Alampuram Navabrahma temples were badly damaged and defaced during the Islamic invasion of this region in and after the 14th century.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Andhra Pradesh Journal of Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBJuAAAAMAAJ|year=1984|publisher=Director of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh|pages=80–81}}</ref><ref name="Reddy2006">{{cite book|author=Pedarapu Chenna Reddy|title=Readings in Society and Religion of Medieval South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJXXAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=University of Hyderabad, Research Press|isbn=978-81-89131-04-3|pages=99–100}}</ref><ref name=alampurflood>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/08/stories/2009100856160400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010030347/http://www.hindu.com/2009/10/08/stories/2009100856160400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 October 2009 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | title=Alampur surfaces after six days | date=8 October 2009}}</ref> A series of religious wars and conquest led to the construction of an Islamic fort, a mosque and a graveyard called Shah Ali Pedda Dargah being built midst the Navabrahma temples over the 15th to 17th centuries. This construction was completed in part using the temple walls and ruined masonry from the temples, according to [[Ghulam Yazdani]] – an archaeologist who surveyed these temples and the Islamic monuments among them in 1926–27 for the Nizam of Hyderabad.<ref name=yazdani8/> The Hindus abandoned worship in temples in immediate vicinity of these Sultanate-era additions.<ref name=yazdani8>Ghulam Yazdani (1929), ''Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions for 1336 F (1926-1927 AD)'', Archaeological Department of Hyderabad, Baptist Mission Press, pp. 8–11; for contemporary image, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20210216113353/https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/monuments/muslim-fort-and-shah-alis-dargah/ Muslim Fort and Shah Ali’s Dargah, 17th Century CE]</ref>

==Location==
The Alampuram Navabrahma temples are located in the Telangana town of Alampuram, close to the Tungabhadra river. It is {{convert|215|km}} south of [[Hyderabad]], connected by the four-lane National Highway 44 (Asian Highway 43), and about {{convert|240|km}} northeast of [[Hampi]] monuments and {{convert|325|km}} east of [[Badami]], the capital of the kings who are credited with building it in the 7th century.<ref name="Michell2013p319"/>

==History==
===Sangameswara Temple===
The Sangameswara Temple was originally built at [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kudavelly,+Telangana/@15.9604768,78.2183162,14.26z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb5ec4515c6ec87:0xbb4366f68037a998!8m2!3d15.9599803!4d78.2333743 Kudavelly], by the [[confluence]] (sangam) of two major sacred rivers of ancient importance, the Tungabhadra and Krishna.<ref name="Michell2013p319"/> Sangameswara comes from the word Sangam meaning confluence of two or more rivers. The Sangameswara Temple was constructed by [[Pulakeshin I|Pulakesi I]] ( 540 CE to 566 CE), in a similar style to the Navabrahma Temples. Based on inscriptional evidence such as the Tummayaneru grant, Sarma dates the temple to pre-Chalukya era when Navabrahma temples were built.<ref name="Gupta2000p169"/> Odile Divakaran states that the Sangameswara temple at Kudaveli was not an earlier monument, but was built along with the nine Navabrahma temples, likely in the middle of the 7th century.<ref>Odile Divakaran (1971), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43484516 Les temples d'Ālampur et de ses environs au temps des Cāḷukya de Bādāmi], Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 72-73</ref> According to Sarma, new inscriptions found in the 1980s at the Arka Brahma and Bala Brahma temples mention a pre-existing ''mahadevayatana'' or main temple with linga, the Sangameswara Temple.<ref name="Gupta2000p169"/>

The Sangameswara Temple has been moved to near the Navabrahma temples, as its original site built at [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Kudavelly,+Telangana/@15.9604768,78.2183162,14.26z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb5ec4515c6ec87:0xbb4366f68037a998!8m2!3d15.9599803!4d78.2333743 Kudavelly], some 20 km away, is now flooded by the [[Srisailam Dam]] hydroelectric project. The Sangameswara temple transplantation was completed by January 1990.<ref name="Gupta2000p169">{{cite book|author=IK Sarma|editor=Harsh K. Gupta|title=Deccan Heritage|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8830KZLvkYsC&pg=PA169|year=2000|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-285-2|pages=169–192}}</ref>

===Navabrahma temples===
As the [[Badami Chalukyas|Badami Chalukyan]] kingdom became well established, its rulers sponsored the distinct [[Badami Chalukya architecture]] style of [[Hindu temple architecture]] in [[Aihole]], [[Badami]], Alampur and later [[Pattadakal]]. The nine temples at this site reflect some of the early Nagara style of Hindu temples that have partially survived for scholarly studies.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC&pg=PA94|year=2000|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-11865-9|pages=94–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=12–29}}</ref> The uniqueness of this group of temples lies in their plan and design in the northern architectural style introduced by the Chalukyas of Badami in the 7th century.

==Description==
The temples are emblematic of the Northern Indian Nagara style of architecture.<ref name="Michell2013p319"/> The Navabrahma temples are present on the left bank of the [[Tungabhadra River]], enclosed in a courtyard.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/TourismNew.php?t=1 |title=Mahabubnagar-NIC |access-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403074857/http://mahabubnagar.nic.in/TourismNew.php?t=1 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The temples have a square plan that follow the ''vastupurushamandala'' architecture. A square sanctum is surrounded by a covered circumambulation path and a Rekha-nagara style curvilinear square shikara towers above the sanctum of each temple. The tower is capped by an amla and a kalasha, though in some cases this has not survived. In front of each sanctum is a mandapa.<ref name=odile51>Odile Divakaran (1971), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43484516 Les temples d'Ālampur et de ses environs au temps des Cāḷukya de Bādāmi], Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 51-101</ref>

*Taraka Brahma: This is an unusual early stage Hindu temple because it has a multistorey tower and for carving deities into the ceiling, suggesting that the artisans were experimenting and exploring novel construction ideas in stone temples by the 7th century.<ref name=odile51/><ref name=michell319/> This temple, as others, incorporates 6th-7th century CE Telugu and Kannada inscriptions.
[[File:7th century Svarga Brahma Hindu temple plan, Alampur Telangana India.svg|thumb|Svarga Brahma temple plan.<ref name=michell67>{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC |year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=66–67}}</ref>]]
*Svarga Brahma: Swarga Brahma temple was built during 681-696 AD or the Vinayaditya era.<ref name=prasad23/> An inscription found in the temple states that Lokaditya Ela Arasa built it in the honour of the queen.<ref name=michell319/><ref name=prasad23/> It is an example of [[Badami Chalukya Architecture]] and sculpture. This temple is the most elaborately ornamented temple.<ref name=michell319/><ref name=prasad23/> Its square plan is simple, and it includes a ''mukhachatuski'', a ''gudhamandapa'', an ''antarala'' and a ''garbhagriya''.<ref name=michell67/><ref name=prasad23/> It has a porch in front with fluted shafts and foliage motifs. It has a pair of dikpalas (directional guardians) in each corner of the temple. The temple shows two [[Nataraja]] (dancing Shiva), one Lingobhava (Shiva emerging from a linga), one Dakshinamurti (Shiva in yoga position as a teacher sitting under a tree). The temple also has common life scenes, as well as amorous couples in various stages of courtship and kama.<ref name=michell319/><ref name=prasad23/> The temple has friezes showing four fables from the ''Panchatantra'', along with a Sanskrit inscription below that summarizes the moral of each fable.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC |year=2000|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-11865-9|pages=81–82}}</ref><ref name=prasad23>{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=23–27}}</ref> One of its niches has a sculpture narrating the Vamana-[[Trivikrama]] legend of [[Vishnu]].<ref name="Harle1994p185">{{cite book|author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl|url-access=registration|year=1994|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-06217-5|pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/185 185]–187 with Figure 140}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|title=Svarga Brahma temple
|width=160
|height=170
|align=center
|File:704 CE Svarga Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 1.jpg|Temple overview
|File:704 CE Svarga Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 71.jpg|Mandapa and pillars inside
|File:704 CE Svarga Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 02.jpg|Outer walls include reliefs of Vedic and Puranic deities. Above: Indra.
|File:704 CE Svarga Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 27.jpg|Amorous couple, kama scene on outer wall
}}
* Padma Brahma is probably the last temple to be built in the group, one with an incomplete tower rather than a destroyed tower structure. It has no entrance porch, but displays the most complex pediment designs.<ref name=michell319/> Padma Brahma temple has a polished stone sculpture of Shivalinga.
* Bala Brahma: The Bala Brahma temple is likely the second oldest here, likely completed by about 650 CE.<ref>Odile Divakaran (1971), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43484516 Les temples d'Ālampur et de ses environs au temps des Cāḷukya de Bādāmi], Arts Asiatiques, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 72-74</ref> It has Sanskrit inscriptions in early Telugu script, one of which can be dated to 702 CE. The temple has Shaktism themes represented with the sculptures of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers).<ref name=michell319/> It is an active house of Hindu worship in contemporary times. Shivaratri is celebrated in this temple every year.
{{Gallery
|title=Bala Brahma temple
|width=160
|height=170
|align=center
|File:7th century Bala Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 1.jpg|Nagara-style shikara
|File:7th century Bala Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 49.jpg|Outer covered hall
|File:7th century Bala Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 39.jpg|Mandapam with original pillar and modern era floor
|File:7th century Bala Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 4.jpg|Durga on two lions, mid 7th-century
}}
* Garuda Brahma has the same plan as the Vishwa Brahma temple, but it lacks the latter's intricate carving. It includes a flying Garuda, the vahana of Vishnu, suggestive of the likelihood that the temple once included a sculpture of Vishnu.<ref name=michell319/>
{{Gallery
|title=Garuda Brahma temple
|width=160
|height=170
|align=center
|File:7th 8th century Garuda Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 70.jpg|Temple overview
|File:7th 8th century Garuda Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 55.jpg|Stone mesh window
|File:7th 8th century Garuda Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 62.jpg|Gandharvas outer walls
|File:7th 8th century Garuda Brahma Temple, Navabrahma group, Alampur, Telangana India - 21.jpg|Defaced goddess Ganga, entrance
}}
* Kumara Brahma is probably the earliest temple built, and like others stands on a jagati (platform).<ref name="Prasad1983p12">{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=12–15}}</ref> The outer walls provide a perforated screen to let natural light come into the circumambulation path. The pillars and beams in the ceiling are all carved with miniature figures and ''mayura'' (peacock) motifs.<ref name=michell319/> The tower is divided into venukosha, uccheda and madhyalata, with the Sikhara of tribhuni class of design. The pillars inside the mandapa have amorous couples in [[mithuna]] scenes. The sanctum doorway is flanked by Ganga and Yamuna goddesses, as well as two dvarapalas.<ref name="Prasad1983p12"/>
{{Gallery
|title=Kumara Brahma temple
|width=160
|height=170
|align=center
|File:7th century Kumara Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 02.jpg|Temple overview
|File:Kumara Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 25.jpg|Pillar relief inside
|File:7th century Kumara Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 20.jpg|Saptamatrikas and Ganesha monolith, Inscription above them
|File:7th century Kumara Brahma Temple, Alampur Navabrahma, Telangana India - 33.jpg|Mahisasuramardini
}}
[[File:Arka Brahmeswara Swamy Temple.jpg|thumb|Arka Brahma temple is largely defaced and damaged.]]
* Arka Brahma temple is a mostly ruined temple.<ref name=michell319/> The temple art has been defaced, with only remnants of Ganga and Yamuna goddesses visible on the entrance of the sanctum. There is an inscription in the Siddhamatrika script which in most cases are likely the names of the artists who worked on specific sculpture (now missing), and these are in Kannada and Telugu languages.<ref name="Prasad1983p16">{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=16–17}}</ref>
* Veera Brahma Temple is a simpler, much damaged temple in the group. It has a gudha-mandapa, antarala and a garbhagriya.<ref name="Prasad1983p17">{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=17–20}}</ref> The outer walls of the temple are sectioned by pairs of pilasters into projecting niches but the artwork in these have not survived. The tower above the sanctum has projections in its center.<ref name=michell319>{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Southern India: A Guide to Monuments Sites & Museums |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GdBbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT319|year=2013|publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-903-1|pages=319–320}}</ref>
* Vishva Brahma temple is the northmost and an intricately carved temple with its niches and windows featuring complex designs around them. The foundational platform is also carved with musicians, dancers, foliage, birds, geese and ganas. The temple pillars inside the mandapa have fluted shafts above seated lions, while the capital is ribbed kalasha shaped.<ref name=michell319/> The temple also has sculptural scenes from the Hindu epics as well as the ''Panchatantra''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC |year=2000|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-11865-9|pages=78–79}}</ref>
{{Gallery
|title=Vishwa Brahma temple
|width=160
|height=170
|align=center
|File:7th century Vishwa Brahma Temples, Alampur, Telangana India - 3.jpg|Temple overview
|File:7th century Vishwa Brahma Temples, Alampur, Telangana India - 43.jpg|Pillar carvings inside
|File:7th century Vishwa Brahma Temples, Alampur, Telangana India - 25.jpg|Gangadhara in the west portico outside
|File:7th century Vishwa Brahma Temples, Alampur, Telangana India - 50.jpg|Hanuman and the ''Ramayana'' legend
}}

There is an ASI museum near this group of temples. It shows ruins recovered at the site, with remnants of a Durga in Mhishasura-mardini form, a Lajja-Gauri, a Nataraja Shiva which George Michell calls a "masterpiece of refined sculpture", a polished Nandi statue with Shiva and Parvati riding it.<ref name=odile51/><ref name=michell319/> The museum also has ruins of reliefs that narrate Hindu epics and other texts such as the ''Panchatantra''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Marijke J. Klokke|title=Narrative Sculpture and Literary Traditions in South and Southeast Asia|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fx3mpR4uKmkC |year=2000|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-11865-9|pages=94–95}}</ref>

===ASI protection and relocation===
The Alampuram temples are listed as an archaeological and architectural treasure on the official "List of Monuments" prepared by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] under The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Andhra Pradesh |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625052615/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_andhra.asp |archive-date=2014-06-25 |url-status=dead |access-date=2017-11-27 }}</ref> Some temples at the Alampur site came under submergence due to the building of Sri Sailam Hydro-electric Project, the threatened ancient and medieval era monuments along with the Sangameswara temple were relocated to a higher place, west and southwest of the Navabrahma temples.<ref>{{cite book|author=N. L. Batra|title=Heritage conservation: preservation and restoration of monuments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OBtAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Aryan |isbn=978-81-7305-108-1|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Government of Andhra Pradesh|title=Alampur, Mahboobnagar District, Andhra Pradesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NorXAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh Publications|page=92}}</ref> The latter was transplanted near the [[Alampur Papanasi Temples]].{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}

==Nearby temples==
Alampur was an important pilgrimage site for the Hindus well after the 8th century as evidenced by the inscriptions and nearby major complex of temples. The Papanasam group of Hindu temples built in the 9th and 10th centuries are about {{convert|1.5|km}} southwest from the Navabrahma temple site.<ref name=odile51/><ref name=michell319/> There are other temples like Suryanarayana temple dating back to 9th century. The Narasimha temple has inscriptions from the Sri Krishna Devaraya (Vijayanagar Empire) era.<ref>{{cite book|author=B. Rajendra Prasad|title=Chalukyan Temples of Andhradesa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9cxI2KZzekC |year=1983 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02853-1|pages=17–29}}</ref>

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[Alampur Museum|Alampuram Museum]]
*[[Alampur Papanasi Temples|Alampuram Papanasi Temples]]
*[[Aihole]]
*[[Pattadakal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up | isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470028278}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*{{cite book|author=Monica Juneja|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year= 1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC|year= 1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
*{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC|year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher =Vikas|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ| year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}

==External links==
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145180 Ten Mahishasuramardani Icons from Alampur], M Radhakrishna Sharma
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250134 Doorframes on the Earliest Orissan Temples], Thomas Donaldson
{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}{{Hindudharma}}
{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahbubnagar district]]
[[Category:Indian architectural history]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples sacked in the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Telangana]]

Mando (music)

2025-05-04T23:11:18Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: small changes

{{Short description|Luso-Goan musical tradition}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}
[[File:Mando festival underway in Goa.jpg|thumb|"''Mando'' Festival" in Goa.]]
'''''Mando''''' ({{langx|gom|Mannddô}}) is a musical form that evolved during the 19th and 20th centuries among the [[Goan Catholics]]. It represents a meeting point of local [[Goans|Goan]] ([[Goa]] was a part of [[Portugal]] at that point of time) and western musical traditions.

[[File:Traditional musicians of the Goan mando, revv up on their instruments.jpg|thumb|The music has elements of both Indian and western culture. Traditional musicians of the Goan ''Mando'', ready up on their instruments.]]
The music has elements of both traditional Goan and western culture. The men wear formal coats while women wear Western dress.

[[File:The mando festival at the Kala Academy, with performers decked up for the event. Goa.jpg|thumb|The dress worn during the mando dance was of velvet or silk, red, blue or green in colour, embroidered with gold (rarely with silver) threads. The "''Mando'' Festival" at the Kala Academy, with performers decked up for the event. Goa.]]
The dress worn during the ''Mando'' dance was of velvet or silk; red, blue, or green in colour; embroidered with gold (rarely with silver) threads. A white or blue shawl was worn. The socks had to be white and the slippers ornamented.

[[File:Singers of the Mando (Konkani folk music).jpg|thumb|This was all graced with a fan, which enhanced the lady's mood with a secret charm during the dance. Singers of the Mando (Konkani folk music).]] This was all graced with a fan, which enhanced the lady's mood with a secret charm during the dance. Nowadays, ''Mando’s'' are highlighted with their dance respective of their song. The Konkani plural of ''Mannddô'' is ''Mannddem''. The major theme of ''Mando’s'' is love. The charming singing enhances the performance.

Instruments used in ''Mando'' music are guitars, violins and the ''[[Ghumot]]'' drum.

[[File:Musicians ready for the Mando stage. Konkani music. Goa. 2.jpg|thumb|Musicians ready for the Mando stage. Konkani music. Goa.]]The accent in Konkani is almost always on the last syllable. The Konkani dialect used in the classical ''Mando’s'' is that of [[Salcete taluka|Salcette]], particularly as spoken in the villages of [[Benaulim]], [[Curtorim]], [[Cortalim]], [[Dabolim]], [[Dramapur]], [[Loutolim]], [[Margao]]-[[Fatorda]], [[Quelossim]], and [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], where most of the ''Mando’s'' originated.<ref>{{harvnb|Rodrigues|2009|p=22}}</ref>

[[File:Performers of the Mando song-dance form pose for a photo on a rainy day outside their home in Curtorim.jpg|thumb|Performers of the ''Mando'' song-dance form pose for a photo on a rainy day outside their home in Curtorim.]]

''Saxtti'' (Salcette) is the most musical of the Konkani dialects with its consistent use of [[elisions]]. One of the characteristics of this dialect is that words are stretched out in pronunciation with the addition of an extra vowel sound either in the middle of the words or at the end [[epenthesis]]. Thus the word ''{{Transliteration|kok|dista}}'' is lengthened to ''{{Transliteration|kok|disota}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|kok|sanddlear}}'' into ''{{Transliteration|kok|sanddilear}}''. The suffixes "–''i''" and "–''o''" are commonly used to add an extra syllable to a line. Thus ''{{Transliteration|kok|lharar}}'' becomes ''{{Transliteration|kok|lharari}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|kok|nekhetr}}'' becomes ''{{Transliteration|kok|nekhetro}}''. The full sound "''o''" is softened in this dialect. Thus ''{{Transliteration|kok|roddonk}}'' becomes ''{{Transliteration|kok|roddunk}}'', ''mhozo'' becomes ''muzo''. The possessive pronouns in the ''Mannddô'' have the Salcette form, as ''tugelem'' for ''tujem'', ''mugelem'' for ''mujem'' or ''mhojem''. Shorter forms are derived when the music needs to cut off a syllable, e.g. ''tuj’ kodden (koddem)'' instead of ''tujem koddem'' and ''mhak’ naka'' instead of ''mhaka naka''. Not only the phonetics correspond to the Salcette dialect but also words like ''masollî'' or ''masllî'' for "fish" instead of ''nistem'' or ''nustem'', e.g. “''{{Transliteration|kok|Dongrari fulo nam, doriant masllî punn nam}}''”. A girl or a woman is addressed with ''"rê"'' (same as a man) instead of ''"gô"'' and use the pronoun ''"ti"'' instead of ''"tem"''.

[[File:Mando dancers on stage, Goa.2.jpg|thumb|Mando dancers on stage, Goa.]]The ''Mando'' is mostly a monologue, in the first person singular or plural, except for the historical narratives. In some ''Mando’s'', however, one person addresses another, who in turn replies. Singing is accompanied by gentle turning sideways to the rhythm, thus creating both a visual and auditory performance.

Some famous mandos are:
* ''Bara Tera Vorsam Zalim''
* ''Dovem Rozericho Collo''
* ''Gupit Môg Bhurgeaponnancho''
* ''Sangato Moga Tuzo''

==See also==
*[[Dekhnni]]
*[[Dulpod]]
*[[Fugdi]]

==Citations==
<references/>

==References==

* {{Citation | last = Rodrigues | first = Francis | publisher = Pater Publications | place = [[Toronto]]
| url = http://www.konkanisongbook.com/
| title = Greatest Konkani Song Hits Vol. 1
| year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-9811794-0-7 | accessdate = 2010-02-22 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/543/543%20pandurang%20r.%20phaldesai.htm Goan culture article]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070928115020/http://www.songs-from-goa.at/goa/docs/mando.htm Collection of Mandos]

{{Goan Catholics}}
{{Performing arts of Goa}}

[[Category:Goan music]]

K. Lalhmingmawia

2025-04-04T00:47:16Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Added New Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1989)}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = K Lalhmingmawia
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|3|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Armed Veng, [[Aizawl]], Mizoram
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 3 October 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1163777.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''K Lalhmingmawia''' (born 14 March 1989) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1163777.html |title=K Lalhmingmawia |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 1 November 2018, for [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156952.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Dimapur, Nov 1-3 2018 |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 21 February 2019, also for Mizoram, in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157103.html |title=Group D, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Cuttack, Feb 21 2019 |access-date=3 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 10 October 2019, for Mizoram in the [[2019–20 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1200795.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Dehra Dun, Oct 10 2019 |access-date=10 October 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1163777}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalhmingmawia, K}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Mizoram cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mizoram]]

{{India-cricket-bio-1989-stub}}

Sri Krishna Leelalu (1935 film)

2025-03-30T23:20:29Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sri Krishna Leelalu
| image = 1935 Sri Krishna Leelalu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = Chitrapu Narasimha Rao
| producer = Pinapala Venkata Dasu
| writer = [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]] B. T. Raghavachari
| narrator =
| starring = [[Saluri Rajeswara Rao]] [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] Ramatilakam [[Sriranjani (Telugu actress)|Sriranjani Sr.]] Parupalli Subba Rao
| music = [[Galipenchala Narasimha Rao]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1935|11|22}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Sri Krishna Leelalu''''' (English: [[Krishna]]'s Mischiefs) is a 1935 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language mythological film directed by Chitrapu Narasimha Rao and produced by Pinapala Venkata Dasu (P. V. Doss) under the banner of Vel Pictures.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2X6RAAAAIAAJ&q=sri+krishna+leelalu+1935 |title=Genres of Indian Cinema |date=1989 |pages=104 |language=en}}</ref> The film playfully depicts the antics of the child Krishna ([[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]]), from his birth to his victory over the evil [[Kamsa]] ([[Vemuri Gaggayya]]). It marks the film debut of future composer Rajeswara Rao and is one of Gaggayya’s best-known films.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Sri Krishna Leelalu (1935) |url=https://indiancine.ma/BWA/info |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

The cast also includes Ramathilakam, [[Sriranjani Sr.]], and Parupalli Subba Rao in pivotal roles. Notable contributions to the screenplay and dialogues came from Bukkapatnam Raghavacharyulu (B. T. Raghavachari) and [[Pingali Nagendra Rao]], respectively, while [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]] composed the music.<ref name=":0" /> The film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite journal |date=28 January 2007 |title=1931-2006: తెలుగు సినిమారంగం మేలిమలుపులు |trans-title=1931-2006: Important milestones of Telugu film industry |url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DMhnP |journal=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |page=5}}</ref>

==Plot==
Tormented by the evil deeds of [[Kamsa]] and his followers, [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]], [[Indra]], and other deities offer prayers to [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] at [[Brahma]]'s behest. Vishnu assures them he will be born as [[Devaki]]'s son to end their suffering. Meanwhile, a prophecy warns Kamsa that he will die at the hands of Devaki's eighth child. Alarmed, Kamsa imprisons Devaki and her husband [[Vasudeva]], vowing to kill each of their children at birth. Despite his intentions, Vishnu himself appears to Devaki and Vasudeva, promising to be born as their child and informing them that [[Yogamaya]], their saviour, is already born in [[Nanda (Hinduism)|Nanda]]’s house.

At midnight, Vasudeva secretly carries the newborn [[Krishna]] across the [[Yamuna|Yamuna River]] to Nanda's house, exchanging him for Yogamaya and returning to the prison. Kamsa attempts to kill the child but is warned by Yogamaya that Krishna, destined to kill him, is already born.

In Repalle, Krishna grows up causing mischief among the Gopikas, demonstrating miraculous feats and divine powers. He kills demons sent by Kamsa, including Putana, Chakrasura, and [[Trinavarta|Trunavarta]], and subdues the serpent [[Kaliya]] with forgiveness. Later, Kamsa summons Krishna and his brother [[Balarama]] to his court under the pretense of a ritual. Along their journey, the brothers kill the royal washerman, free [[Kubja]] from a curse, and destroy Kamsa's weapon storehouse. In the court, Krishna and Balarama defeat Kamsa's champions, Chanura and Mushtika, before finally confronting Kamsa himself. Krishna defeats and kills Kamsa, thus ending his tyranny.

== Cast ==
Source: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=1935 Sri Krishna Leelalu Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/ADL/3 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

* [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]] – Child [[Krishna]]
* [[Vemuri Gaggayya]] – [[Kamsa]]
* Ramathilakam – [[Yashoda|Yasoda]]
* [[Sriranjani Sr.]] – [[Devaki]]
* Parupalli Subba Rao – [[Vasudeva]]
* Parupalli Satyanarayana – [[Akrura]]
* Master Avadhani – [[Balarama]]
* Lakshmirajyam – [[Radha]]

== Crew ==

* Screenplay – B.T. Raghavachari
* Dialogues – [[Pingali (writer)|Pingali Nagendra Rao]]
* Music – [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
* Producer – Pinapala Venkata Dasu (P. V. Doss)
* Director – Chitrapu Narasimha Rao
* Banner: Vel Pictures
* Release Date: 22 November 1935

== Production ==
[[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]], cast as the young Krishna, was already recognized as a child prodigy. From the age of four, he performed on stage, later training in [[tabla]] and [[Pump organ|harmonium]] under [[Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu|Dwaram Vekataswamy Naidu]]. In 1935, at age 13, Rajeswara Rao was chosen by Vel Pictures to portray Krishna in ''Sri Krishna Leelalu,'' which was primarily filmed in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. He would later star in other mythological films, such as ''Keechaka Vadha'' and ''Uttara Gograhanam,'' with his father accompanying him to play [[Mridangam|mrudangam]] for these productions.

== Music ==
The soundtrack for ''Sri Krishna Leelalu'' was composed by Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao and features a variety of songs and poems that reflect the mythological theme of the film. Notable tracks include:<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Oura Loka Hitakari.ogg|thumb|"Aura Loka Hithakari" song from ''Sri Krishna Leelalu'']]

* "Vinodambau Naaku Nayanaa" – P. Ramathilakam
* "Jojojo Komala Shyamala" – P. Ramathilakam
* "Aura Lokahitakari" – S. Rajeswara Rao
* "Deenavanudane Jagatin" – S. Rajeswara Rao
* Dialogues and Songs – S. Rajeswara Rao, Vemuri Gaggayya
* "Kshatra Dharmamu Raajyakamsha Gavuna" (Poem) – Vemuri Gaggayya
* "Thikkaaramunu Saituna Kutilajana" – Vemuri Gaggayya
* "Pranathulive Kamsa Bhoopatikin" (Poem) – S. Rajeswara Rao
* "Menalluni Mammu Bilchutaku" (Poem) – S. Rajeswara Rao
* "Ahaa Madikedi Sukhamu Gocharimpadaye"
* "Elaa Madilo Bheti Jenden Baaluleela"
* "Kanaledu Neevu Vinaledu Neevu Vanitha" – P. Ramathilakam
* "Anna Sramimpumanna Thagadal Ludu" (Poem) – Sriranjani
* "Annavu Neevu Chellelikikku Akata" (Poem) – Parupalli Subbarao
* "Amma Mannudinangane Sisuvuno" (Poem)
* "Aaray Nathamaamulu Mahaatmulu" (Poem)
* "Emi Choochidu Veenii Purnendu Vadana" (Poem) – Parupalli Subbarao

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0261993|Shri Krishna Leelalu}}

[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:1930s musical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1935 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]

Artos (drink)

2025-02-21T17:57:25Z

NAMAN.GAUBA007: Stub

{{Short description|Soft drink in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}{{Infobox beverage
| name = Artos Soft Drink
| image = ఆర్టోస్IMG 20190605 110351.jpg
| caption = since 1919
| type = Soft Drink
| abv =
| proof =
| manufacturer =
| distributor =
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = {{start date and age|1919}}
| discontinued =
| colour =
| flavour =Lemon, orange, grape, soda etc;
| ingredients =
| variants = Grape, Orange, Prince, Lemon and Pearl Soda
| related =
| website = {{url|https://www.artos.in}}
| region = Ramachandrapuram, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh
}}

'''Artos''' is a regional [[soft drink]] and the first [[aerated]] soft drink in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="bs1">{{cite web|last1=Kanth|first1=K. Rajani|title=Artos simply fizzles despite all odds|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/artos-simply-fizzles-despite-all-odds-104032301027_1.html|publisher=Business Standard India|accessdate=5 November 2017|date=23 March 2004}}</ref> It was first named as "Ramachandra Raju soft drinks" and later renamed as "A.R Raju Tonics" and later converted into Artos. It was originated in Ramachandrapuram in East Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. At first, Ramachandra Raju bought a soda machine from British collectorate but he did not know how to use it. Later, he came to Visakhapatnam with the machine and meet a person in [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag Port]] and he helped the machine with new parts and also told how to use it and he returned to Ramachandrapuram and started marketing it as a soda drink in 1912. At first, local people scared to drink due to gaseous content or some myths but after observing British soldiers consuming it they started. In 1919, it was officially made as a drink and the required sugars, gas and flavours are imported from Europe. But during the 2nd World War, the imports had stopped and many industries in India halted. But Artos continued its production using the flavours taken from fruits. Many international companies offers franchises but Artos never stopped. In 2019, it has completed 100 years and Artos was growing furthermore in Andhra Pradesh.

==History==
Artos was established in 1919 by Adduri Ramachandra Raju and Adduri Jagannadha Raju in [[Ramachandrapuram, East Godavari]] with a soda machine procured from the British. In the beginning, people avoided the drink as it was seen as a devil's bottle and its consumption by the [[British soldiers]] made it popular during World War-II.<ref name="hind1"/>

==Flavours==
It is available in Grape, Lemon, Orange, Gingeera, Lemon Salt Soda, Zibb Gluco and soda flavours.<ref name="hind1">{{cite web|last1=Reddem|first1=Appaji|title=100-year-old Artos in expansion mode|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/100-year-old-artos-in-expansion-mode/article19788892.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=5 November 2017|language=en-IN|date=3 October 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of soft drinks by country]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
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[[Category:Drink brands]]
[[Category:Indian drink brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1919]]

{{soft-drink-stub}}
[[Category:Food and drink companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Soft drinks]]