Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Muvattupuzha Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T08:36:52Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Adding New Details Nd Citations

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Muvattupuzha
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 86
| map_image = File:Eranakulam district wise kerala assambly election 2016 constituency map.svg
| map_caption = Muvattupuzha within Ernakulam district
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency|Idukki]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,86,254 (2026)<ref name="Electorate"/>
| mla = [[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
}}
'''Muvattupuzha Assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]], India. It is one of the seven assembly segments that constitute the [[Idukki Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly|title= State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala}}</ref> Since 2021, it has been represented by [[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Muvattupuzha Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Muvattupuzha]]
|Municipality
|rowspan=10|[[Muvattupuzha Taluk|Muvattupuzha]]
|-
|2
|[[Arakuzha]]
|rowspan=11|Grama panchayat
|-
|3
|[[Avoly]]
|-
|4
|[[Ayavana]]
|-
|5
|[[Kalloorkkad]]
|-
|6
|[[Manjalloor]]
|-
|7
|[[Marady]]
|-
|8
|[[Paipra]]
|-
|9
|[[Palakkuzha]]
|-
|10
|[[Valakam, Ernakulam district|Valakam]]
|-
|11
|[[Paingottoor]]
|rowspan=2|[[Kothamangalam]]
|-
|12
|[[Pothanikkad]]
|}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all the members of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the Muvattupuzha Assembly constituency during various legislative assemblies.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Niyama Sabha
! Name
! colspan="2"|Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|1st
| rowspan="2" |[[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|1957–1960
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|2nd
|1960–1965
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|3rd
|[[P. V. Abraham]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1967–1970
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|4th
|[[Pennamma Jacob]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1970–1977
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|5th
|[[P. C. Joseph]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (B)}}
|1977–1980
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|6th
|rowspan="2" |V. V. Joseph
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Joseph)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|1980–1982
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|7th
|1982–1987
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|8th
|A. V. Isaac
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1987–1991
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|9th
|rowspan="3" |[[Johnny Nellore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=y|rowspan=1}}
|1991–1996
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|10th
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|1996–2001
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
|2001–2006
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|12th
|[[Babu Paul]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|2006–2011
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|13th
|[[Joseph Vazhackan|Joseph Vazhakkan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|2011–2016
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|14th
|[[Eldo Abraham]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|2016–2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
| rowspan="2"|[[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan="2"| Incumbent
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|16th
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===
There were 1,86,254 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 2026 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="Electorate">{{Cite web |title=Electorate Published as on 23 March 2026 |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ceokerala/pdf/govt_orders/legislative-assembly-2026/electorate-published-as-on-23-march-2026.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260507064812/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ceokerala/pdf/govt_orders/legislative-assembly-2026/electorate-published-as-on-23-march-2026.pdf |date=23 March 2026 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Kerala}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]]
|votes = 89,914
|percentage = 60.69
|change = {{gain}}16.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = N. Arun
|votes = 47,085
|percentage = 31.79
|change = {{loss}}8.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Twenty20 Party
|candidate = Sunny Kadoothazhe
|votes = 9,840
|percentage = 6.64
|change = {{loss}}2.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 683
|percentage = 0.46
|change = {{gain}}0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Babu Mathew
|votes = 609
|percentage = 0.41
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 42,829
|percentage = 28.90
|change = {{gain}}24.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,48,131
|percentage = 79.53
|change = {{gain}}3.70
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{gain}}16.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,91,222 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |title=Legislative Assembly 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121075941/https://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/statistical_report.pdf |website=ceo.kerala.gov.in |archive-date=21 January 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]]
|votes = 74,425
|percentage = 44.63
|change = {{gain}}1.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Eldo Abraham]]
|votes = 68,264
|percentage = 40.36
|change = {{loss}}8.91
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Twenty20 Party]]
|candidate = Adv. C. N. Prakash
|votes = 13,535
|percentage = 9.38
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jiji Joseph
|votes = 7,527
|percentage = 5.21
|change = {{loss}}1.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 427
|percentage = 0.30
|change = {{loss}}0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = C. K. Thampi
|votes = 176
|percentage = 0.12
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 6,961
|percentage = 4.27
|change = {{loss}}2.30
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,45,005
|percentage = 75.83
|change = {{loss}}4.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{gain}}1.93
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,77,939 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Eldo Abraham]]|votes=70,269|percentage=49.27|change={{increase}}3.81|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Joseph Vazhackan]]|votes=60,894|percentage=42.70|change={{decrease}}7.20|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. J. Thomas|votes=9,759|percentage=6.84|change={{increase}}3.08|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=635|percentage=0.45|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=P. K. Aboobacker Thangal|votes=512|percentage=0.36|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. P. Moideenkunju|votes=426|percentage=0.30|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Justin T. D.|votes=121|percentage=0.08|change=–}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=9,375|percentage=6.57|change={{gain}}2.13}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,42,616|percentage=80.15|change={{gain}}4.87}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{gain}}3.81}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,54,440 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 2011 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Joseph Vazhackan]]|votes=58,012|percentage=49.90|change=– |}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Babu Paul]]|votes=52,849|percentage=45.46|change={{loss}}5.07|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jiji Joseph|votes=4,367|percentage=3.76|change={{gain}}1.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Biju Sreedharan|votes=546|percentage=0.47|change=–}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Boby Kaloor|votes=487|percentage=0.42|change=–}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=5,163|percentage=4.44|change={{loss}}9.38}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,261|percentage=75.28|change={{gain}}8.61}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
There were 1,43,555 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 2006 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 2006 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2006_ST_REP.pdf
|url-status=live|archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20260109051444/http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2006_ST_REP.pdf
|archive-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Babu Paul]]
|votes = 48,338
|percentage = 50.53
|change = {{gain}}7.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran)
|candidate = [[Johnny Nellore|Adv. Johnny Nellore]]
|votes = 35,113
|percentage = 36.70
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = P. C. Cyriac
|votes = 5,407
|percentage = 5.65
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Johny
|votes = 3,062
|percentage = 2.20
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P. R. Vijayakumar
|votes = 2,625
|percentage = 2.74
|change = {{loss}}0.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Thomas Kallan
|votes = 384
|percentage = 0.40
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Tom Jose
|votes = 306
|percentage = 0.32
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Yokacharya Neelan Kallara
|votes = 215
|percentage = 0.23
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Shiju Kuriakose
|votes = 220
|percentage = 0.22
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 13,225
|percentage = 13.82
|change = {{gain}}5.36
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 95,706
|percentage = 66.67
|change = {{loss}}3.82
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|swing = {{gain}}7.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,49,151 registered voters in Muvattupuzha constituency for the 2001 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 2001 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2001_ST_REP.pdf
|url-status=live|archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20260109060755/http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_2001_ST_REP.pdf
|archive-date=9 January 2026}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|candidate = [[Johnny Nellore]]
|votes = 54,031
|percentage = 51.41
|change = {{gain}}1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = George Kunnappilly
|votes = 45,138
|percentage = 42.95
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P. C. Muraleedharan
|votes = 3,395
|percentage = 3.23
|change = {{gain}}0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Adv. Tom Jose
|votes = 2,542
|percentage = 2.42
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 8,893
|percentage = 8.46
|change = {{loss}}1.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,05,131
|percentage = 70.49
|change = {{loss}}1.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|swing = {{gain}}1.82
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,42,720 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1996 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1996 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1996_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|candidate = [[Johnny Nellore]]
|votes = 47,841
|percentage = 49.59
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = P. M. Thomas
|votes = 38,145
|percentage = 38.54
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Alias Eradikunnel
|votes = 4,602
|percentage = 4.77
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. N. Gangadharan
|votes = 3,014
|percentage = 3.12
|change = {{loss}}0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = C. M. Musthafa
|votes = 761
|percentage = 0.79
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Cherian Varughese
|votes = 618
|percentage = 0.64
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = John Abraham
|votes = 262
|percentage = 0.27
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = A. M. Thomas
|votes = 239
|percentage = 0.25
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Paulosekutty Vargese
|votes = 195
|percentage = 0.20
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Thomas Ulahannan
|votes = 184
|percentage = 0.19
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Joy Kurian
|votes = 172
|percentage = 0.18
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Jayan Kunjunellan
|votes = 152
|percentage = 0.16
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kuruvilla Joseph
|votes = 150
|percentage = 0.16
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = John Joseph
|votes = 138
|percentage = 0.14
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 9,696
|percentage = 10.10
|change = {{gain}}6.48
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,02,044
|percentage = 71.50
|change = {{loss}}5.27
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (Jacob)
|loser = Kerala Congress (M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 1,37,723 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1991 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1991 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1991_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = [[Johnny Nellore]]
|votes = 51,783
|percentage = 49.59
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = A. V. Issac
|votes = 48,004
|percentage = 45.97
|change = {{loss}}1.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = T. S. Ravindranath
|votes = 3,278
|percentage = 3.14
|change = {{loss}}1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Chhittoor Soman
|votes = 377
|percentage = 0.36
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = C. V. Issac
|votes = 364
|percentage = 0.35
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = United Communist Party of India
|candidate = P. V. Ayyappan Nair Issac
|votes = 262
|percentage = 0.25
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Issac
|votes = 242
|percentage = 0.23
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = George Varkey
|votes = 59
|percentage = 0.06
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ramankutty Thanikkunnel
|votes = 54
|percentage = 0.05
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 3,779
|percentage = 3.62
|change = {{loss}}0.10
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,05,728
|percentage = 76.77
|change = {{loss}}6.15
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (M)
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===
There were 1,12,650 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1987 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1987 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1987_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = A. V. Issac
|votes = 43,970
|percentage = 47.29
|change = {{gain}}0.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = V. V. Joseph
|votes = 40,514
|percentage = 43.57
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ajith
|votes = 3,395
|percentage = 4.19
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = James Manuel Kuruvithadam
|votes = 2,468
|percentage = 2.65
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = C. P. Mathai
|votes = 912
|percentage = 0.98
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Ravi N. Kombanal
|votes = 440
|percentage = 0.47
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = V. V. Joseph
|votes = 255
|percentage = 0.27
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = P. S. Ayyappan Nair
|votes = 121
|percentage = 0.13
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = M. K. Damodaran
|votes = 79
|percentage = 0.08
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Scariah Varkey
|votes = 68
|percentage = 0.07
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bhakaran Itty
|votes = 66
|percentage = 0.07
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = M. S. Sangameswaran
|votes = 53
|percentage = 0.06
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = M. P. Issac
|votes = 49
|percentage = 0.05
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Abraham George
|votes = 41
|percentage = 0.04
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = K. S. Akhileswaran
|votes = 29
|percentage = 0.03
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = K. A. Varkey
|votes = 23
|percentage = 0.02
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 3,456
|percentage = 3.72
|change = {{loss}}0.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 93,413
|percentage = 82.92
|change = {{gain}}6.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Kerala Congress (Joseph)
|swing = {{gain}}0.62
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 ===
There were 94,613 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1982 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1982 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1982_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|'''KCJ''' was an abbreviation used for [[Kerala Congress (Joseph)]], standing for '''Kerala Congress (I)'''. In election result tables, the standardised abbreviation '''KC(J)''' is used, as defined in Wikipedia’s political party data modules.|group= n}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Joseph)
|candidate = Joseph Varkey
|votes = 36,389
|percentage = 50.95
|change = {{loss}}0.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Issac Varkey
|votes = 33,332
|percentage = 46.67
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Govindan Kala
|votes = 1,359
|percentage = 1.90
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Kunjan Kannan
|votes = 349
|percentage = 0.47
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 3,057
|percentage = 4.28
|change = {{loss}}0.63
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 71,921
|percentage = 76.02
|change = {{loss}}0.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (Joseph)
|loser = Kerala Congress
|swing = {{loss}}0.68
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1980 ===
There were 93,794 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1980 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1980 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1980_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (Joseph)
|candidate = V. Joseph
|votes = 37,044
|percentage = 51.63
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = [[Johnny Nellore|Johny Nelloor Varkey (Johny Nelloor)]]
|votes = 33,523
|percentage = 46.72
|change = {{loss}}2.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Chacko Kuriakose
|votes = 532
|percentage = 0.74
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Bhakseran Itty
|votes = 481
|percentage = 0.67
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = George Ulahamnan
|votes = 94
|percentage = 0.13
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = C. P. Mathai
|votes = 75
|percentage = 0.10
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 3,521
|percentage = 4.91
|change = {{loss}}2.02
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 72,010
|percentage = 76.77
|change = {{loss}}6.96
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress (Joseph)
|loser = Kerala Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 ===
There were 81,742 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1977 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1977 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1977_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|'''KCP''' was an earlier abbreviation used for [[Kerala Congress (B)]], standing for '''Kerala Congress (Pillai Group)'''. In election result tables, the standardised abbreviation '''KC(B)''' is used, as defined in Wikipedia’s political party data modules.|group= n}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = [[P. C. Joseph]]
|votes = 32,994
|percentage = 49.25
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (B)
|candidate = Sunny Mannathukaran
|votes = 28,349
|percentage = 42.32
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Pennamma Jacob]]
|votes = 2,249
|percentage = 3.36
|change = {{loss}}33.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = E. I. Narayanan
|votes = 1,950
|percentage = 2.91
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = M. P. Abraham
|votes = 1,450
|percentage = 2.16
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 4,645
|percentage = 6.93
|change = {{gain}}3.09
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 68,435
|percentage = 83.73
|change = {{gain}}8.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1970 ===
There were 73,786 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1970 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1970 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1970_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = [[Pennamma Jacob]]
|votes = 20,651
|percentage = 37.35
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[P. V. Abraham]]
|votes = 18,527
|percentage = 33.51
|change = {{loss}}9.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress (Organisation)
|candidate = K. C. Paily
|votes = 14,717
|percentage = 26.62
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = C. P. Mathai
|votes = 715
|percentage = 1.29
|change = {{gain}}0.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = P. K. Sreedharan
|votes = 680
|percentage = 1.23
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 2,124
|percentage = 3.84
|change = {{loss}}8.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 55,716
|percentage = 75.51
|change = {{loss}}4.75
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
There were 63,954 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1967 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1967 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1967_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[P. V. Abraham]]
|votes = 21,333
|percentage = 42.88
|change = {{gain}}20.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = K. C. Paily
|votes = 15,400
|percentage = 30.95
|change = {{gain}}1.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = A. T. Pathrose
|votes = 12,507
|percentage = 25.14
|change = {{loss}}12.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = C. P. Mathai
|votes = 516
|percentage = 1.04
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 5,933
|percentage = 11.92
|change = {{gain}}3.45
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 51,328
|percentage = 80.26
|change = {{gain}}1.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Communist Party of India
|loser = Kerala Congress
|swing = {{gain}}20.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1965 ===
There were 64,478 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1965 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1965 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1965_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref> {{#tag:ref|Since no single party could form a ministry commanding a majority in the legislature, the election is regarded as abortive.|group= n}}

{{Election box begin | title=[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress
|candidate = A. T. Pathrose
|votes = 18,929
|percentage = 37.55
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = E. P. Poulose
|votes = 14,659
|percentage = 29.08
|change = {{loss}}32.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = N. Parameswaran Nair
|votes = 11,281
|percentage = 22.38
|change = –
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|candidate = K. V. Paul
|votes = 5,546
|percentage = 11.00
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 4,270
|percentage = 8.47
|change = {{loss}}14.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 51,100
|percentage = 79.25
|change = {{gain}}8.22
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Kerala Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1960 ===
There were 60,612 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1960 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1960 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1960_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]]
|votes = 33,520
|percentage = 61.59
|change = {{gain}}11.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = K. C. Abraham
|votes = 20,907
|percentage = 38.41
|change = –
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 12,613
|percentage = 23.17
|change = {{gain}}17.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 55,017
|percentage = 90.77
|change = {{gain}}25.33
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{gain}}11.87
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
There were 51,699 registered voters in the Muvattupuzha constituency for the 1957 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala 1957 - Kerala - Election Commission of India |url=
http://webapp.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/KLA/KL_1957_ST_REP.pdf}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Muvattupuzha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. M. George (politician)|K. M. George]]
|votes = 16,820
|percentage = 49.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Kuruvilla Mattai (Mathew)
|votes = 14,993
|percentage = 44.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samyukta Socialist Party
|candidate = Bhakaran Nair G.
|votes = 2,019
|percentage = 5.97
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 1,827
|percentage = 5.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 33,832
|percentage = 65.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Muvattupuzha]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Muvattupuzha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Pottel

2026-05-07T03:42:34Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Data

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Sahit Mothkuri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pottel film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sahit Mothkuri
| producer = Nishank Reddy Kuruthi Suresh Kumar Sadige
| writer = Sahit Mothkuri
| studio = {{plain list|
*Prangnya Sannidhi Creations
*NISA Entertainments
}}
| starring = Yuva Chandraa [[Ananya Nagalla]] [[Noel Sean]]
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| cinematography = Monish Bhupathi Raju
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|2024|10|25|df=y}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}

'''''Pottel''''' ({{Translation|Sheep}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by Sahit Mothkuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Pottel teaser to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/15/pottel-teaser-to-be-out-on-this-date |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pottel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/pottel/movieshow/109538896.cms |access-date=2024-08-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title=Pottel : రెండు రోజులు ముందుగానే 'పొట్టేల్‌' పెయిడ్ ప్రీమియర్స్.. |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/pottel-pottel-paid-premieres-two-days-in-advance-695851.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN}}</ref> It stars Yuva Chandraa, [[Ananya Nagalla]], [[Noel Sean]] and [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] in primarily roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Ananya Nagalla: ఈ ఏడాది మూడో సినిమా - అన‌న్య నాగ‌ళ్ల పొట్టేల్ రిలీజ్ డేట్ ఫిక్స్‌ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/photos/ananya-nagalla-pottel-movie-release-date-fixed-121728279288860.html |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=మా పొట్టేల్ తప్పిపోయింది.. రోడ్డెక్కిన నటి అనన్య నాగళ్ల |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/actress-ananya-nagalla-with-pottel-missing-placards-at-imax-in-movie-promotion/articleshow/112549600.cms |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref> The film showcases the traditions and culture of rural [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chittimalla |first=Anjibabu |date=2024-08-15 |title=ఇండిపెండెన్స్ డే స్పెషల్- 'మల్లేశం' బ్యూటీ 'పొట్టేల్‌' రిలీజ్‌ డేట్ ఫిక్స్‌! |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ananya-nagalla-pottel-movie-getting-ready-for-dussehra-release-175759 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=telugu.abplive.com |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-10-07 |title='Pottel' setsa slot for theatrical release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pottel-setsa-slot-for-theatrical-release-912704 |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It also won the state Gaddar Award for Second Best Feature Film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/gaddar-telangana-film-awards-adivi-sesh-thanks-telangana-government-for-honouring-major-expresses-gratitude-to-mahesh-babu-article-151755732|title=Gaddar Telangana Film Awards: Adivi Sesh Thanks Telangana Government For Honouring Major, Expresses Gratitude To Mahesh Babu|date=May 30, 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref>
[[File:Sahith Mothkuri with Gaddar Award 2024 for Second best film.jpg|thumb|right|Sahit Mothkuri With Gaddar Award for Second Best Feature Film 2024]]

== Plot ==
The film is set in the remote village of Gurramgattu in Telangana during the 1970s, where a powerful and oppressive social hierarchy dominates rural life. Pedda Gangadhar (Yuva Chandraa), a local shepherd, has a singular mission: to educate his daughter Saraswati and challenge the village's deeply entrenched social norms. He is assigned the sacred responsibility of caring for a special sheep (Pottel) that is to be sacrificed during a traditional ritual held every 12 years.

The village is controlled by Patel (Ajay), a tyrannical leader who actively prevents lower-caste villagers from accessing education and perpetuates systemic oppression. Patel believes that education empowers people to question authority and therefore works to suppress the villagers' aspirations.

Gangadhar, supported by his wife Bujjamma (Ananya Nagalla), persistently fights against Patel's dominance and attempts to secure a better future for his daughter. When Gangadhar loses the sacred Pottel sheep intended for the ritual, Patel threatens to sacrifice Gangadhar's daughter if the sheep is not recovered.

The narrative explores themes of education, social empowerment, caste dynamics, and individual resilience against systemic oppression. Gangadhar's journey becomes a powerful statement about challenging traditional power structures and fighting for a child's right to education.

== Cast ==
* Yuva Chandraa as Gangadhari
* [[Ananya Nagalla]] as Bujjamma
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Patel
* [[Noel Sean]]
* Priyanka Sharma
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Teacher Duryodhana
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar|Chatrapati Sekhar]]
* Baby Thanasvi as Saraswathi

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pottel
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| released = 2024
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Shekar Chandra
| prev_title = [[Bhale Unnade]]
| prev_year = 2024
}}

The film's soundtrack album and background were composed by [[Shekar Chandra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Vavvare song promo from Yuva Chandra Krishna's Pottel out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Feb/15/vavvare-song-promo-from-yuva-chandra-krishnas-pottel-out-52099.html |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-10-16 |title=Pottel composer Shekar Chandra: My songs have lyrical scope |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/16/pottel-composer-shekar-chandra-my-songs-have-lyrical-scope |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| all_music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| title1 = Nagiro
| length1 = 4:19
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Lalasa R
| title2 = Vavvare
| length2 = 3:11
| extra2 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]]
| title3 = Shankara
| length3 = 4:19
| extra3 = Sandilya Pisapati
| title4 = Bujji Meka
| length4 = 3:43
| extra4 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title5 = Vavvare DJ remix
| length5 = 2:45
| extra5 = Rahul Sipligunj
}}

== Release ==
The film released on 25 October 2024, and was distributed by [[Mythri Movie Makers]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Velugu |first=V6 |date=2024-10-08 |title=దీపావళి సెలవులకు..పొట్టేల్ మూవీ రిలీజ్ |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/pottel-movie-release-on-october-25 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=V6 Velugu |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-10-10 |title=Mythri Movie Distributors acquires Nizam theatrical rights for Pottel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/10/mythri-movie-distributors-acquires-nizam-theatrical-rights-for-pottel |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ఫ్లైట్‌లోనూ వదల్లేదు.. ఇలా కూడా ‍చేస్తారా! {{!}} Ananya Nagalla And Yuva Chandra Pottel Movie Promotions On Flight Video Goes Viral On Social Media {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/tollywood-movie-pottel-promotions-flight-video-goes-viral-2221212 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "Yuva Chandra, Ananya and Ajay are pitch-perfect in their characters and hold the film together", further opining that "If ''Pottel'' had relied less on amplifying Patel’s brutality and resorted to smarter storytelling, it would have made for a compelling, less explored story from the hinterlands".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-10-25 |title='Pottel' movie review: This right to education story deserved a less melodramatic film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pottel-movie-review-this-right-to-education-story-deserved-a-less-melodramatic-film/article68795575.ece |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Writing to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Aditya Devulapally felt that the story was powerful but was effected by complicated narration. He further appreciated the performances of lead cast, score, cinematography and production design.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-10-26 |title='Pottel' movie review: Powerful ideas, disorienting narration |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Oct/26/pottel-movie-review-powerful-ideas-disorienting-narration |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' stated, "''Pottel'' is a well-meaning film that combines social commentary with strong performances, offering a touching narrative about defiance and hope".<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-10-25 |title='Pottel' movie review: A heartfelt tale of tradition, education |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/pottel-movie-review-a-heartfelt-tale-of-tradition-education-80456 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31948043}}

[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about education]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Kurian Peter

2026-05-05T12:57:56Z

NADEEM BALLOCH:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Reverend]]
| name = Kurian Peter
| title = Bishop of [[Diocese of Cochin of the Church of South India|Cochin Diocese]]
| image = Cochin Bishop.jpg
| alt = Bishop
| caption =
| church = [[Church of South India]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of Cochin of the Church of South India|Cochin]]
| see =
| term = Since 2025
| predecessor = [[Baker Ninan Fenn]]

| ordination = 9 May 1999 (diaconate) 25 March 2000 (priesthood)
| ordained_by = [[John Gladstone (bishop)|J. W. Gladstone]] (diaconate) George Isaac (bishop) George Isaac (priesthood)
| consecration = 15 August 2025
| consecrated_by = [[K. Reuben Mark]]
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|12|5}}
| birth_place =
| spouse = Smitha Mary Mathew
| children = 2
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post =
}}
'''Kurian Peter''' (born 5 December 1971) is an Indian bishop of the [[Church of South India]]. Since 2025 he has been bishop of the [[Diocese of Cochin of the Church of South India|Diocese of Cochin]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|title=New Bishop for CSI|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kurian-peter-consecrated-as-bishop-of-csis-cochin-diocese/article69938132.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date =15 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="NIE">{{cite news |title=Rev Kurian Peter consecrated bishop of CSI Cochin diocese |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2025/Aug/16/rev-kurian-peter-consecrated-bishopof-csi-cochin-diocese |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 August 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kurian Peter was born on 5 December 1971 to K.J.Peter and Aleyamma Peter of a [[Saint Thomas Anglicans]] family of Kochuparambil.<ref name="NIE" /> He earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in Economics from [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] between 1990 and 1993.<ref name="NIE" /> He then studied for a [[Bachelor of Divinity]] at Leonard Theological College, Jabalpur. From 2019 to 2022, he pursued a [[Master of Theology]] in Pastoral Care at [[Trinity College (University of Melbourne)|Trinity College]], [[University of Divinity]], [[Melbourne]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bishop-Designate Rev. Kurian Peter |url=https://csimadhyakeraladiocese.org/news-detail/78224226-836b-427c-bf53-b8785aa98d4f |work=CSI Madhya Kerala Diocese |date=14 August 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

==Ordained ministry==
Peter was ordained a deacon on 9 May 1999 and a presbyter on 25 March 2000.<ref name="NIE" /> Over the following years he served parishes in Kerala and Melbourne, including [[St. Francis Church, Kochi]].<ref name="NIE" /> He also held roles as Administrative Finance Secretary of the diocese, Director of Christian Education, Director of Counseling Centers, and Director of Child Development Centers.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="jdcsi">{{cite web |title=Bishop Pathmathayalan Congratulates the New Bishop of CSI Cochin Diocese |url=https://jdcsi.in/bishop-pathmathayalan-congratulates-the-new-bishop-of-csi-cochin-diocese/ |work=Jaffna Diocese CSI |date=16 August 2025 |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

== Episcopate ==
Peter was consecrated as the Bishop of Cochin Diocese on 15 August 2025 at Immanuel CSI Cathedral, Kochi. The service was led by Most Rev. [[K. Reuben Mark]], Moderator of the CSI.<ref name="NIE" /><ref name="Hindu" /><ref name="Manorama">{{Cite news |date=14 August 2025 |title=സിഎസ്ഐ കൊച്ചി മഹാ ഇടവകയ്ക്ക് പുതിയ ബിഷപ്പ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2025/08/14/csi-church-kochi-diocese-elects-new-bishop-rev-kurian-peter.html}}</ref><ref name="jdcsi" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{India topics}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Peter, Kurian}}

[[Category:Anglican bishops of Cochin]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Leonard Theological College alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Anglican bishops in India]]

Coimbatore East Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T18:55:50Z

NADEEM BALLOCH:

{{Short description|Former legislative assembly constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1967
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| loksabha_cons = | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
| mla = [[Pongalur N. Palanisamy]]
| name = Coimbatore (East)
| electors= 1,57,364
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Coimbatore East''' was a [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It covered parts of [[Coimbatore]]. Coimbatore East Assembly constituency was a part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]]. After the 2008 delimitation, this constituency became defunct.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 1952
| [[C. Subramaniam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|rowspan="2"|1957
|Marudachalam
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Palaniswami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 1962
| K. P. Palanisamy
|-
| 1967
| M. Bhupathy
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]

| K. Ranganathan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]

|rowspan=4|[[K. Ramani]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan=4|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
|rowspan=3| [[V. K. Lakshmanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]

| [[N. Pongalur Palanisamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pongalur Palanisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,827 |percentage=47.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopalakrishnan. V. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,491 |percentage=41.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mary. G. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,886 |percentage=7.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shanmugam. K. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,651 |percentage=2.43% |change=-43.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramamoorthy. P. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=424 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anbuselvam. S. B. |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=415 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. P. |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=205 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivarajasekaran. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=204 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,336 |percentage=5.81% |change=1.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,103 |percentage=69.33% |change= 17.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,364 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -2.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanan V. K. |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=41,419 |percentage=50.08% |change=-18.73% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanjappan N. R. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=38,208 |percentage=46.19% |change=42.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balan. K. B. |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,783 |percentage=2.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravi P |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam N |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Padmanapan . K. |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,211 |percentage=3.88% |change=-49.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,711 |percentage=52.00% |change= -8.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,59,063 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -18.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Lakshmanan |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=61,860 |percentage=68.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Velan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,174 |percentage=15.77% |change=-39.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Karunakaran |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,523 |percentage=9.48% |change=-25.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Soundaraj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,500 |percentage=3.89% |change=-2.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Balan |party=Independent politician |votes=332 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venugopal |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes=282 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Guruswamy |party=Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=248 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sounderrajan |party=Independent politician |votes=179 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. N. Ravishankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=126 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Krishnamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,686 |percentage=53.04% |change=32.12% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,906 |percentage=60.16% |change= 7.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,644 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Lakshmanan V. K. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,544 |percentage=55.56% |change=24.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karunakaran K. C. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=29,019 |percentage=34.64% |change=-4.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhupathy G. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,275 |percentage=6.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Geetha K. S. |party=Janata Party |votes=1,151 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate|candidate=Gandhi A. |party=Tamilar Desiya Iyakkam |votes=185 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajasekaran C. |party=Independent politician |votes=149 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Kareem H. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=130 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balan K. B. |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajendran G. |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nanjappan C. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anthonyaraj R. |party=Independent politician |votes=98 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,525 |percentage=20.92% |change=12.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,780 |percentage=52.38% |change= -14.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,322 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 16.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramani. K. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=37,397 |percentage=39.31% |change=-8.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramakrishnan. E. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,272 |percentage=30.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Malaravan. T. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,727 |percentage=15.48% |change=-31.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manimaran. V.R. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,799 |percentage=9.25% |change=-37.65% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopal. P.N. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,751 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balan. K.B. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,065 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalimuthu. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=761 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Komahan |party=Independent politician |votes=313 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kalidass. M.P. |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manitharachalam. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuswamy. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,125 |percentage=8.54% |change=7.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,142 |percentage=66.90% |change= 2.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,236 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -8.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramani K. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=40,891 |percentage=48.14% |change=2.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kovai Thambi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,832 |percentage=46.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jagadeesan P. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,485 |percentage=1.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mariaselvam Anthonisamy. P. |party=Independent politician |votes=543 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajan C. |party=Independent politician |votes=409 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundareswaran N. |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanaswamy. G. P |party=Independent politician |votes=292 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=217 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayachandran A. |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbian. R. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=154 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,059 |percentage=1.25% |change=1.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,941 |percentage=64.11% |change= 10.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,37,305 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 2.75% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramani. K. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=33,666 |percentage=45.39% |change=14.85% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganga Nair |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,533 |percentage=45.21% |change=24.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalam. K. R. |party=Janata Party |votes=5,406 |percentage=7.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramani Kumar. G. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=870 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Marudachala. V. |party=Independent politician |votes=358 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nadai Mannan Parthasarathy. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arunan. K. |party=Independent politician |votes=157 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=133 |percentage=0.18% |change=-2.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,172 |percentage=53.30% |change= -3.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,417 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 14.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramani |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,803 |percentage=30.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Aranganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,784 |percentage=27.58% |change=-19.14% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.R. Venkatachalam |party=Janata Party |votes=14,049 |percentage=20.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,877 |percentage=20.37% |change=-21.05% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palaniswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=407 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.K. Vadivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=194 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,019 |percentage=2.96% |change=-2.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,114 |percentage=56.52% |change= -7.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,664 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ranganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,003 |percentage=46.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Devaraj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,491 |percentage=41.42% |change=-0.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Bupathy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,873 |percentage=11.86% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,512 |percentage=5.29% |change=-3.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,367 |percentage=64.47% |change= -8.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,398 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -4.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore (East)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. Bhupathy |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=33,122 |percentage=50.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. R. Damodaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,477 |percentage=42.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rangaswamy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,595 |percentage=7.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,645 |percentage=8.66% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,194 |percentage=72.73% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,200 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore II<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Palanisamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,313 |percentage=37.38% |change=15.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Marudachalam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=23,948 |percentage=27.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Nagaraj |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=16,362 |percentage=18.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Petchimuthu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,628 |percentage=13.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Arumugam |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,914 |percentage=2.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. T. Subbiah |party=Independent politician |votes=280 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,365 |percentage=9.68% |change=8.93% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,445 |percentage=81.20% |change= -10.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,764 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 14.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore II<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Marudachalam (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=38,929 |percentage=22.98% |change= }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswami (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,662 |percentage=22.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kuppuswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,549 |percentage=21.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Veluswami |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=33,188 |percentage=19.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rajamanickkam |party=Independent politician |votes=12,636 |percentage=7.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadayappan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,435 |percentage=6.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,267 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,69,399 |percentage=92.17% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,83,799 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Coimbatore<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=C. Subramaniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,406 |percentage=43.46% |change=43.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. P. Kandaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=16,354 |percentage=33.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Venkataswami Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=8,323 |percentage=16.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanakasabhapathy |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=1,466 |percentage=2.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. Natesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,169 |percentage=2.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Narasimha Iyer |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,052 |percentage=10.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=49,251 |percentage=65.06% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,701 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}
<references />

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|11.020|77.030|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coimbatore East (state Assembly Constituency)}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]

National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections

2026-05-04T17:05:23Z

NADEEM BALLOCH:

{{short description|Medical Research Institute in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox research institute
| name = National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections
| image = National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections Logo.svg
| image_upright = .6
| nickname = NIRBI
| motto =
| former_name = National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED)
| established = {{circa|{{start date and age|df=yes|1962}}}}
| type = [[Medical research]]
| research_field = * [[Diarrheal diseases]]
* [[Intestinal infectious diseases]]
* [[HIV/AIDS research]]
* [[Antimicrobial resistance]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| campus = P-33, CIT Road, Subhas Sarobar Park, [[Phoolbagan]], [[Beliaghata]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22|33|53.51|N|88|23|49.18|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| director = [[Santasabuj Das]]
| affiliations = [[AcSIR]]
| operating_agency = [[Indian Council of Medical Research]]
| website = {{Official URL}}
|}}
'''National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections''' or '''NIRBI''' (also known as '''ICMR-NIRBI''') previously known as ''National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases''<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=Renaming of ICMR Institutes in pursuance of interim recommendations made by the Performance Evaluation Committee |url=https://www.niced.org.in/noticeboard/documents/2024/Renaming-ICMR-Institutes-28May2024.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601235655/https://www.niced.org.in/noticeboard/documents/2024/Renaming-ICMR-Institutes-28May2024.pdf |archive-date=1 Jun 2024 |access-date=1 Jun 2024 |website=[[Indian Council of Medical Research]] 16//18/2024-Admn./e-184719 28 May 2024}}</ref> is an Indian medical institute that conducts research and develops prevention and treatment and control strategies related to [[enteric disease]]s and HIV/AIDS. The headquarter of NIRBI is located at [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. NIRBI is affiliated to [[Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 Aug 2023 |title=AcSIR 2024 Brochure |url=https://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/001-AcSIR-2024-brochure-compressed.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241013231413/https://acsir.res.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/001-AcSIR-2024-brochure-compressed.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2024 |access-date=1 Aug 2023 |website=AcSIR }}</ref> and financed by [[Indian Council of Medical Research]].<ref name="Cleanliness: Success in Water Borne Diseases">{{cite journal |last1=Debnath |first1=Falguni |last2=Deb |first2=Alok Kumar |last3=Sinha |first3=Abhik |last4=Chatterjee |first4=Pranab |last5=Dutta |first5=Shanta |title=Cleanliness: Success in Water Borne Diseases |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Research |date=1 January 2019 |volume=149 |issue=7 |pages=105 |doi=10.4103/0971-5916.251666 |url=http://www.ijmr.org.in/text.asp?2019/149/7/105/251666 |access-date=1 July 2020 |language=en |issn=0971-5916|doi-access=free |pmc=6515739 }}</ref><ref name="NICED profile">{{cite web |title=NICED : Profile |url=http://www.niced.org.in/niced/NICED-Profile.htm |website=www.niced.org.in |access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Eastern India]] and the [[Gangetic Plain]] have had a long history of cholera and related epidemics.<ref name="Journal of Postgraduate Medicine">{{cite journal |title=National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases. |journal=Journal of Postgraduate Medicine |date=1 July 2000 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=231 |url=http://www.jpgmonline.com/text.asp?2000/46/3/231/269 |access-date=1 July 2020 |language=en |issn=0022-3859}}</ref> Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) set up a [[cholera]] research centre at Kyd Street, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Clinically perfect">{{cite news |title=Clinically perfect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/education/clinically-perfect/cid/607273 |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=telegraphindia.com}}</ref> The aim of establishing this centre was to conduct research related to cholera and other enteric diseases. In 1979, the cholera research centre was renamed to National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED). In 1980 the institute received the [[World Health Organization]]'s recognition as "WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training on Diarrhoeal Diseases".<ref name="Unlikely heroes The New Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Microbiologists in Bengal emerge unlikely heroes in COVID-19 time |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kolkata/2020/apr/03/microbiologists-in-bengal-emerge-unlikely-heroes-in-covid-19-time-2125407.html |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

The state-of-the-art viral diagnostic and research laboratory (VRDL) at ICMR-NIRBI is established under the [[Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories|VRDL]] network by the Department of Health Research, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health & Family Welfare]], Government of India. It was set up as part of the scheme "Establishment of a Network of Laboratories for Managing Epidemics and Natural Calamities" to enhance the infrastructure for viral diagnostics across the country. The laboratory became operational in July 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengkhom |first=Sumati |date=28 Feb 2015 |title=City to get high-end virus lab |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/city-to-get-high-end-virus-lab/articleshow/46409215.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625051028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/city-to-get-high-end-virus-lab/articleshowprint/46409215.cms |archive-date=25 June 2025 |access-date=28 Feb 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] Feb 28, 2015, 02.42 PM IST}}</ref>

In 2019, ICMR-NICED established the first National [[Antimicrobial resistance|Antimicrobial Resistance]] Hub in India, funded by ICMR, reflecting its expanded role in addressing contemporary health challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Shanta |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Debjit |date=24 Nov 2022 |title=Antimicrobial resistance: Here is how National AMR hub helps contain the silent pandemic |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/health/antimicrobial-resistance-here-is-how-national-amr-hub-helps-contain-the-silent-pandemic-86180 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] 24 Nov 2022, 1:59 pm}}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]] (2020), NICED and their microbiologists and researchers played an important role. According to a news article published in ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' in April 2020, the scientists were working round the clock in shifts.<ref name="Unlikely heroes The New Indian Express" />

In 2022 the institute planned open to a [[rural health]] research unit in [[North Bengal Medical College and Hospital]]. Around ₹ 4 crore will be spent on the infrastructure. For the unit, an MoU has been signed between NBMCH and ICMR, detection of [[Acute Encephalitis|acute encephalitis]] syndrome, [[Alcoholic liver disease|alcoholic liver diseases]], [[skin diseases]] found in tea gardens, diaorrhea and other [[Localized disease|localised diseases]] can be done faster. It will help in early intervention and treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paul |first=Binita |date=Dec 12, 2022 |title=Calcutta-based NICED to open research unit at NBMCH |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] Dec 12, 2022 05:33 AM IST |location=[[Siliguri]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta-based-niced-to-open-research-unit-at-nbmch/cid/1903360 |url-status=live |access-date=Dec 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219015847/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta-based-niced-to-open-research-unit-at-nbmch/cid/1903360 |archive-date=Dec 19, 2022}}</ref>

In early 2026, a mobile [[BSL-3]] laboratory was established at ICMR-NIRBI in Beliaghata, Kolkata. Deployed by [[National Institute of Virology|NIV Pune]] following [[Nipah virus infection|Nipah]] cases in Barasat, this facility enables onsite RT-PCR confirmation, significantly accelerating diagnostic timelines and strengthening regional viral surveillance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengkhom |first=Sumati |date=17 Jan 2026 |title=Nipah testing facility comes to Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nipah-testing-facility-comes-to-kolkata/articleshow/126586949.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116184008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/nipah-testing-facility-comes-to-kolkata/articleshow/126586949.cms |archive-date=16 Jan 2026 |access-date=16 Jan 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] {{!}} Jan 17, 2026, 01:06 IST |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

== Organisation and administration ==
Divisions:
{{div col}}
* [[Bacteriology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Bioinformatics]]
* [[Clinical Medicine]]
* [[Data Management]]
* [[Electron Microscopy]]
* [[Epidemiology]]
* [[Immunology]]
* [[Parasitology]]
* [[Pathophysiology]]
* Training & Extension
* [[Virology]]
* ICMR-NICED Virus Laboratory

{{div col end}}

== Academic collaborations ==
In January 2024, [[Okayama University]] renewed its MoU with (NICED), now known as ICMR-National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections (ICMR-NIRBI) for collaborative research in infectious diseases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Jan 2024 |title=Renewal of Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) for Collaborative Research with the National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (India) |url=https://www.okayama-u.ac.jp/eng/news/index_id12801.html |access-date=24 Jan 2024 |website=okayama-u.ac.jp}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 1968 the institute was given the status of "International Reference Centre for Vibrio Phage Typing" by the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO).<ref name="Journal of Postgraduate Medicine" /> In 1980 the institute received the recognition as "WHO Collaborative Centre for Research and Training on Diarrhoeal Diseases".<ref name="Unlikely heroes The New Indian Express" />

NICED (now ICMR-NIRBI) has developed a Shigella vaccine,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Koley |first=Hemanta |date=28 June 2023 |title=A story of Shigella vaccine development in ICMR-NICED involving multidimensional approaches |url=https://ijpas.org/index.php/ijpas/article/view/162 |journal=Indian Journal of Physiology and Allied Sciences |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=58–75 |issn=0367-8350 |via=[[Phycological Society of India]]}}</ref> licensed in 2019, but human trials are pending, with potential availability by 2026 if successful.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sarkar |first=Deepanjana |date=25 April 2019 |title=Landmark: ICMR, NICED Develop Shigella Vaccine For Treatment Bloody Diarrhea And Dysentry |url=https://speciality.medicaldialogues.in/landmark-icmr-niced-develop-shigella-vaccine-for-treatment-bloody-diarrhea-and-dysentry |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927055256/https://speciality.medicaldialogues.in/landmark-icmr-niced-develop-shigella-vaccine-for-treatment-bloody-diarrhea-and-dysentry |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=25 April 2019 |work=Medical Dialogues}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.niced.org.in}}

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1962]]
[[Category:Research institutes in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian Council of Medical Research]]
[[Category:BSL3 laboratories in India]]

Cookku with Kirikku

2026-05-04T05:59:05Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Created

{{Short description|Indian Kannada-language comedy cooking reality programme}}
{{Multiple issues|{{cleanup|date=July 2021|reason=Grammatical issues}}{{More citations needed|date=October 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| judges = [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] [[Venkatesh Bhat]] Chef Adarsh.
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2021|08|15}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|04|10}}
| company = [[Media Masons]]
| network = [[Star Suvarna]]
| runtime = approx.60-62 minutes
| image = Cookku With Kirikku.jpg
| num_episodes = 32
| num_seasons = 1
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| theme_music_composer = Karthik Sharma
| editor =
| presenter = {{plainlist|
* [[Akul Balaji]]
}}
| director = [[Media Masons]]
| based_on = ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''
| caption =
| genre = Cookery Comedy
}}

'''''Cookku with Kirikku''''' is a Kannada-language comedy-based cooking competition show which premiered on 10 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cookery show Cookku with Kirikku to premiere on April 10 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/cookery-show-cookku-with-kirikku-to-premiere-on-april-10/articleshow/81883164.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Airing on [[Star Suvarna]] and streaming on [[Disney+ Hotstar]], the contestants are paired each week with {{lang|kn|Kirikkus}} (comedians) who are amateur cooks. The contestants along with their {{lang|kn|Kirikkus}} are challenged every week and judged by [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]], Chef [[Venkatesh Bhat]] and Chef Adarsh.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cookku with Kirikku to air fresh episodes from June 19 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/cookku-with-kirikku-to-air-fresh-episodes-from-june-19/articleshow/83566208.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Cookku with Kirikku: All you need to know about the fun, Kannada cookery show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/cookku-with-kirikku-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-fun-kannada-cookery-show/articleshow/81983675.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The show is a remake of Tamil reality show ''[[Cooku with Comali]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Cooku With Comali' now goes to Kannada!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/cooku-with-comali-now-goes-to-kannada-news-tamil-vdpgMcbhaeaij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315164839/https://www.sify.com/movies/cooku-with-comali-now-goes-to-kannada-news-tamil-vdpgMcbhaeaij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2021|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Game format ===
Each week, the show starts with celebrity chefs getting paired with their ''{{lang|kn|Kirikkus}}.'' The teams then compete in two Advantage Tasks, followed by the Main Task, and finally the Immunity/Elimination Task.

The Advantage Task involves the teams completing a small task, with the winner being given an advantage during the Main Task, such as the team being able to choose a time frame within which to work without any obstacles.

During the Main Task, every team is given a challenge or an obstacle that will make cooking more difficult. The teams are given a specific time limit in which to cook within.

Most of the cooking tasks are to be done by ''{{lang|kn|Kirikkus}}.'' The cook that gets Immunity is safe from next week's elimination and so does not participate. Some weeks are celebration rounds with no elimination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Kajal|title=Cookku with Kirikku 10th April 2021 Episode Grand Premiere Contestants List And Judges|url=https://getindianews.com/cookku-with-kirikku-10th-april-2021-episode-grand-premiere-contestants-list-and-judges/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=getindianews.com|date=10 April 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Series overview ==
{{Series overview
| auxA = Host
| auxB = Judges
| auxD = Winner
| auxE = Runner up

| color1 = magenta
| episodes1 = 32
| start1 = {{start date|2021|04|10|df=y}}
| end1 = {{end date|2021|08|15|df=y}}
| network1 = [[Star Suvarna]]
| auxA1 = [[Akul Balaji]]
| auxB1 = {{ubl|[[Sihi Kahi Chandru]]| Chef Venkatesh Bhat| Chef Adarash}}
| auxD1 = [[Chandan Kumar]]
| auxE1 = Ishitha Varsha
}}

== Season 1 ==
=== Contestants ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
!Contestants
!Status
!Notes
|-
|[[Chandan Kumar]]
| style="background:#73FB76" |'''Winner'''
|
|-
|Ishitha Varsha
| style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up '''
|Wild Card
|-
|Kirik Keerthi
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |'''2nd Runner-Up '''
|
|-
|[[Kavitha Gowda]]
|{{Eliminated}}
|
|-
|[[LASYA NAGARAJ|Lasya Nagraj]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|
|-
|Remo
| {{Eliminated}}
|
|-
|[[Vanitha Vasu]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|
|-
|Arun Hraiharan
| {{Eliminated}}
|Wild Card
|-
|Sunethra Pandit
| {{Eliminated}}
|Wild Card
|-
|Apoorva
| style="background:#ffffdd;" |Walked
|
|-
|Sundar
| style="background:#ffffdd;" |Walked
|
|}

=== Kirikku's ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
|Pratham<ref>{{Cite news|title=I play Komali in Cookku With Kirikku, the cookery show, says Pratham - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/i-play-komali-in-cookku-with-kirikku-the-cookery-show-says-pratham/articleshow/81513805.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Arun Sagar]]
|-
|Chaitra Vasudevan
|-
|[[Karunya Ram]]
|-
|Nayana
|-
|Abhighna Bhat
|-
|Jagappa
|-
|Vishwa
|}

=== Pairings ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"
! scope="col" width="23%" |Cooks (based on Rank in the Show)
!Week 1
!Week 2
!Week 3
!Week 4
!Week 5
!Week 6
!Week 7
!Week 8
!Week 9
!Week 10
!Week 11
!Week 12 (Ticket to Finale)
!Week 13
! colspan="2" | Week 14
|-
|''Chandan Kumar''
|Abhijana Bhat
|Lokesh
|Abhijana Bhat
|Jagappa
|''Immunity''
|Vishwa
|Abhijana Bhat
|Arun Sagar
|Abhijana Bhat
|Jagappa
|Vishwa
|Pratham
|''Direct Finalist''
|Vishwa
|Abhijna Bhat & Chaitra Vasudevan
|-
|''Ishitha Varsha''
|
|
|
|Karunya Ram
|Nayana
|Arun Sagar
|''Immunity''
|Karunya Ram
|''Immunity''
|Vishwa
|Nayana
|Arun Sagar
|Vishwa
|Jagappa
|Nayana & Pratham
|-
|''Kirik Keerthi''
|Arun Sagar
|Abhijana Bhat
|Arun Sagar
|Chaitra Vasudevan
|Karunya Ram
|Nayana
|Pratham
|Nayana
|Jagappa
|Arun Sagar
|Abhijana Bhat
|Nayana
|Pratham
|Abhijna Bhat
|Jagappa & Arun Sagar
|-
|Kavitha Gowda
|Vishwa
|Jagappa
|Nayana
|Vishwa
|Abhijana Bhat
|Chaitra Vasudevan
|Arun Sagar
|Jagappa
|Karunya Ram
|Karunya Ram
|Arun Sagar
|Abhijna Bhat
|Arun Sagar
|Nayana
|Vishwa & Lokesh
|-
|''Lasya Nagraj''
|Pratham
|Arun Sagar
|Vishwa
|Nayana
|Vishwa
|Abhijana Bhat
|Jagappa
|Pratham
|Vishwa
|Pratham
|Pratham
|Jagappa
|Jagappa
| colspan="2" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Episode 30)
|-
|''Remo''
|Karunya Ram
|Pratham
|
|
|
|
|Nayana
|Abhijana Bhat
|Nayana
|Abhijana Bhat
|Jagappa
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Episode 24)
|-
|''Vanitha Vasu''
|Lokesh
|Karunya Ram
|
|
|
|
|Vishwa
|Vishwa
|Pratham
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Episode 20)
|-
|''Arun Hariharan''
|
|
|
|Pratham
|Pratham
|Pratham
|Lokesh
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Episode 16)
|-
|''Sunethra Pandit''
|
|
|
|Abhijana Bhat
|Chaitra Vasudevan
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Episode 14)
|-
|''Apoorva''
|Nayana
|Vishwa
|Karunya Ram
|Arun Sagar
|Arun Sagar
|Karunya Ram
| colspan="9" style="background:#ccc;" |''Walked'' (Episode 14)
|-
|''Sundar''
|Chaitra Vasudevan
|Nayana
|Bala
| colspan="12" style="background:#ccc;" |''Walked'' (Episode 4)
|}

=== Weekly activities ===
; Advantage Tasks
{| class="wikitable"
!Week
!Task
!Winner
|- style="height:1em;"
|1
|Cone Dosa Making
|
* Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
* Vanitha Vasu - Lokesh
|- style="height:1em;"
|2
|Half Boil Making
|
* Chandan Kumar - Lokesh
* Vanitha Vasu - Karunya Ram
* Kirik Keerthi - Abhijhna Bhat
|- style="height:1em;"
|3
|Cola Making
|Lasya Nagraj - Vishwa
|- style="height:1em;"
|4
|Find the Ingredients
|Chandan Kumar - Jagappa
|- style="height:1em;"
|5
|Samosa Making
|Sunethra Pandit - Chaitra Vasudevan
|- style="height:1em;"
|6
|Onion Slicing
|Apoorva - Karunya Ram
|- style="height:1em;"
|7
|Panipuri Eating
|Kavitha Gowda - Arun Sagar
|- style="height:1em;"
|8
|Taking Coconut Slices
|Kavitha Gowda - Jagappa
|- style="height:1em;"
|9
|Murukku Making
|Kirik Keerthi - Jagappa
|- style="height:1em;"
|10
|Making Star Chapatis
|Chandan Kumar - Jagappa
|- style="height:1em;"
|11
|Moosambi Juice Making
|Lasya Nagraj - Pratham
|- style="height:1em;"
|12
|Cooking Mini Dosas and Omelettes
|Chandan Kumar - Pratham
|-
|13
|Icing the cake
|Ishita Varsha - Vishwa
|-
| rowspan="2" |Finale
|Chapathi Making using Iron Box
|
* Kirik Keerthi - Abhijna Bhat
* Ishita Varsha - Jagappa
|-
|Peeling the Pumpkin using Knife
|Ishita Varsha - Jagappa
|}

; Main Tasks
{| class="wikitable"
!Week
!Task
!Ingredient Selection
!High Scored Contestant
!Immunity Task Participants
!Immunity Task Winner
!Elimination Task Participants
!Evicted Person
|- style="height:1em;"
|1
|Contestants are handcuffed
|Any Ingredient
|
* Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
* Vanitha Vasu - Lokesh
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|2
|Contestants are blindfolded
|Banana
|Sundar - Nayana
|
* Sundar - Nyana
* Vanitha Vasu - Karunya Ram
* Lasya Nagraj - Arun Sagar
* Kirik Keerthi - Abhijna Bhat
|Vanitha Vasu - Karunya Ram
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|3
|Contestants and Kirikkus are provided with high sound headphones
|Ingredient selected by respective Comalis
|Keerthi - Arun Sagar
|
* Kirik Keerthi - Arun Sagar
* Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
* Apoorva - Karunya Ram
|Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
|''Not Conducted''
*
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|4
|Contestant and Kirikkus stand back-to-back and alternate cooking in 10 minutes
|Milk Products
|Chandan Kumar - Jagappa
|
* Chandan Kumar - Jagappa
* Apoorva - Arun Sagar
* Kavitha Gowda - Vishwa
* Sunethra Pandit - Abhijna Bhat
|Chandan Kumar - Jagappa
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|5
|Contestants should wear boxing gloves and Kirikkus should cook
|States Special
|Lasya Nagraj - Vishwa
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|
* Sunethra Pandit - Chaitra Vasudevan
* Arun Hariharan - Pratham
|Sunethra Pandit
|- style="height:1em;"
|6
|Contestants should balance the egg plate and Kirikkus should cook
|Colour of Dish and the ball must be same
|Arun - Pratham
|
* Keerthi - Nayana
* Chandan - Vishwa
* Arun Sagar - Ishitha Varsha
* Arun - Pratham
|Ishitha Varsha - Arun Sagar
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|7
|Contestants are locked and blindfolded, Kirikkus cook the dish
|Sea Food
|Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|
* Vanitha Vasu - Vishwa
* Remo - Nayana
* Arun Hariharan - Lokesh
|Arun Hariharan
|- style="height:1em;"
|8
|Traditional Cooking
|Traditional Vegetables
|Chandan Kumar - Arun Sagar
|
* Vanitha Vasu - Vishwa
* Chandan Kumar - Arun Sagar
* Keerthi - Nayana
* Ishitha Varsha - Karunya Ram
|Ishitha Varsha - Karunya Ram
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|9
|30 Minutes Back-to Back Postures
|Ingredients given by Judges
|Remo - Nayana
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|
* Vanitha Vasu - Pratham
* Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
* Kavitha Gowda - Karunya Ram
|Vanitha Vasu
|- style="height:1em;"
|10
|Face-off Challenge
|Indian, Continental and Chinese Food
|Ishitha Varsha - Vishwa
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|
* Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat
* Kirik Keerthi - Arun Sagar
|''None''
|- style="height:1em;"
|11
|45 Minutes Alternate Cooking by Cook and Kirikku
|4 Main Courses
|Kavitha Gowda - Arun Sagar
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|
* Remo - Jagappa
* Kirik Keerthi - Abhijna Bhat
|Remo
|- style="height:1em;"
|12
|45 Minutes, Cooks and Kirikkus should cycle alternately and cook
|Biriyani and Curd
|Lasya Nagraj - Jagappa
|(''Ticket to Finale'')
* Lasya Nagraj - Jagappa
* Chandan Kumar - Pratham
* Kirik Keerthi - Nayana
|Chandan Kumar - Pratham
|''Not Conducted''
|''None''
|-
|13
|Semi-Finals (45 Minutes, Cooks and Kirikkus should balance shot glasses on scale)
|Wrong Combination Vegetables
|''Not Applicable''
|''Not Applicable''
|Ishita Varsha - Vishwa
|
*Ishita Varsha - Vishwa
* Kirik Keerthi - Pratham
* Kavitha Gowda - Arun Sagar
* Lasya Nagraj - Jagappa
|Lasya Nagraj
|-
|14
|Grand Finale (15 Minutes: Earphone challenge. 15 Minutes: Egg Balancing. 15 Minutes: standing back to back.
|4 Dish Platter
|Chandan Kumar - Abhijna Bhat - Chaitra Vasudevan
|''Not Applicable''
|''Not Applicable''
|''Not Applicable''
|''Not Applicable''
|}

=== Guests ===
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Sudeep]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kichcha Sudeep to feature in the cookery show Cookku with Kirikku - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kichcha-sudeep-to-feature-in-the-cookery-show-cookku-with-kirikku/articleshow/81761731.cms|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|Inagratuation Episode
|}

== Reception ==
The series gained popularity among viewers mainly on the [[Disney+ Hotstar|Hotstar]] app.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cookku With Kirkku (CWK) 2nd May 2021 Latest Today's Episode: Check Tonight's Fun-Filled Task Updates|url=https://socialtelecast.com/cookku-with-kirkku-cwk-2nd-may-2021-latest-todays-episode-check-tonights-fun-filled-task-updates/|access-date=2021-07-29|website=socialtelecast.com|date=2 May 2021 }}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:black"
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:22%;"| Premiere date
! style="background:Violet; width:12%;"| Network
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Last Aired
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Notes
! style="background:Violet; width:15%;"| Ref
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Cooku with Comali]]'' கோமாலியுடன் குகு
| 16 November 2019
| [[Star Vijay]]
| Ongoing
| Original
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-genius-of-cook-with-comali/article34316466.ece|title=The genius of 'Cook with Comali'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Cookku with Kirikku'' ಕಿರಿಕ್ಕು ಜೊತೆ ಕುಕ್ಕು
| 10 April 2021
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| 15 August 2021
| rowspan="7" |Remake
| <ref>{{Cite web|title='Cooku With Comali' now goes to Kannada!|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/cooku-with-comali-now-goes-to-kannada-news-tamil-vdpgMcbhaeaij.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315164839/https://www.sify.com/movies/cooku-with-comali-now-goes-to-kannada-news-tamil-vdpgMcbhaeaij.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2021|access-date=2021-07-29|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Gole Male Gol'' গোলে পুরুষ গোল
| 25 September 2021
| [[Star Jalsha]]
| 14 November 2021
| <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/comedy-show-golemale-gol-to-premiere-on-september-25/articleshow/86222928.cms|title=Comedy show 'Golemale Gol' to premiere on September 25|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Cook with Comedy'' കുക്ക് വിത്ത് കോമഡി
| 6 May 2023
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| 8 July 2023
| <ref>{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2023/cooku-with-comali-to-have-malayalam-version-from-judges-to-contestants-here-s-everything-to-know-352234.html|title=Cooku With Comali To Have Malayalam Version|website=Filmibeat|date=9 May 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]'' लाफ्टर शेफ्स – अनलिमिटेड एंटरटेनमेंट
| 1 June 2024
| [[Colors TV]]
| Ongoing
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/colors-announces-new-season-of-laughter-chefs-unlimited-entertainment-140189.html | title=Colors announces new season of Laughter Chefs Unlimited Entertainment | publisher=Exchange4media | date=17 January 2025 | access-date=21 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-05 |title=LEADERBRIEF {{!}} Alok Jain on Laughter Chefs: Unlimited Entertainment – the biggest Comedy Reality show on TV, from COLORS |url=https://mediabrief.com/exclusive-alok-jain-on-laughter-chefs-unlimited-entertainment/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=MediaBrief}}</ref>
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''Shitti Vajali Re'' शिट्टी वाजली रे
| 26 April 2025
| [[Star Pravah]]
| 3 August 2025
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2025/shitti-vajali-re-winner-name-leaked-before-finale-who-will-win-shitti-vajali-re-star-pravah-471565.html|title=Shitti Vajali Re Winner Name Leaked Before Finale? Who Will Win Show On Star Pravah?|website=Filmibeat|date=3 August 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Cooku with Jathirathnalu'' జాతిరత్నాలు తో కుకు
| 28 June 2025
| [[Star Maa]]
| rowspan="2"| Ongoing
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Star Maa upcoming reality show Cook with Jaathirathnalu, set to launch on June 28, is expected to add further momentum to its programming line-up. |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/jiostar-entertainment-ignites-regional-momentum-with-hyderabad-roadshow-1881719 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Comedy Cooks]]'' കോമഡി കുക്ക്സ്
| 18 April 2026
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-02 |title=Bhavana to Judge ‘Comedy Cooks’; TV and Social Media Stars Join as Contestants|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bhavana-to-judge-comedy-cooks-tv-and-social-media-stars-join-as-contestants/articleshow/129976109.cms|access-date=2026-04-02 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14468166/episodes Cooku With Kirikku] on [[IMDb]]

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Suvarna original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on non-Indian television series]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Taljai Hills

2026-04-29T15:18:40Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made new article

{{Short description|Hill in Pune, Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Taljai
| photo = Taljai.JPG
| photo_caption = View of Pune taken from the top of the hill of Taljai
| location = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| elevation_ft = 2000
| range = [[Western Ghats]]
| coordinates ={{coord|18.4754554|73.8279674|display=inline,title}}
| easiest_route = Through the Shivaji Maratha College campus
| map = India Maharashtra
}}

'''Taljai''' is a hill located in the heart of [[Pune]], India that has been designated as a wildlife reserve. The road to this hill passes through the Shivaji Maratha College campus with a picturesque mountain path, with sharp turns. Near the entrance of the forest is a temple to the hill's namesake Taljai mata; a Hindu goddess.

The reserve attracts migratory birds and is home to [[peacock]]s. The location is therefore popular with amateur bird watchers and ornithologists.<ref>Kakodkar, N.H., 2013. Bio-Diversity of the Pavati-Pachgaon Hills: A 'Habitat Island' in Pune Metropolis. Mammalia, 15, p.24.[https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/41208801/54bdf6440cf218d4a16a47a5.pdf20160115-19908-1b2yleo.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1529358606&Signature=iOBFilnY7rTJv1qjYAOeQHrfMq4%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DBIO-DIVERSITY_OF_THE_PARVATI-PACHGAON_HI.pdf]{{dead link|date=March 2019}}</ref><ref>Bhaskar, P., 2012. "Urbanization and changing green spaces in Indian cities (Case study–City of Pune)". ''International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences'', 2, pp. 148–156.</ref>
A recent study concluded that the lake at Taljai is dying due to dumping of [[plastic pollution|plastic waste]],<ref>Raut, R., Desai, S., Bapat, R. and Kharat, S., 2000. Aquatic Insects and Molluscs of Pune City. Journal of Ecological Society, pp.13-14.[http://www.ecological-society.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Volume-13-14-2000-01.pdf#page=35]</ref> facing issues to maintain its original form due to urbanization. Several organisations are running campaigns to raise the issue.
The park is open for visitors from 5:00 to10:00 in the mornings and from 4:30 to 7:00 in the evenings. Vehicles are prohibited in the area.

==References==
<references />

{{Pune topics}}{{Pune-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune]]
[[Category:Hills of Pune]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]

Nilakottai Assembly constituency

2026-04-25T20:09:30Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Stub

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nilakottai
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 130
| map_image = Constitution-Nilakottai.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency|Dindigul]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[S. Thenmozhi]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}

| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}

| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 221,094
}}
'''Nilakottai''' or '''Nilakkottai''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Dindigul district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 23 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 130. It comes under [[Dindigul Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. Elections and winners from this constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Ayyanar and Muthu Thevar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| W. P. A. R. Chandrasekaran and [[A. S. Ponnammal]]
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Abdul Aziz
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. Muniyandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[A. Muniyandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[A. Baluchamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[A. S. Ponnammal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| A. Baluchamy
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan=3|A. S. Ponnammal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[G. Anbazhagan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. Thenmozhi]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. Ramasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[R. Thangathurai]]<ref>Disqualification by Assembly Speaker in 2017</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]
| rowspan=2|S. Thenmozhi
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.78}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Puthiya Tamilagam}}|52.45}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|54.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|65.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|30.10}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|62.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|61.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.12}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.71}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|31.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|28.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|26.28}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thenmozhi]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Nagajothi |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kayilai Rajan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= R. Ayyanar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219077|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web|title=Nilakottai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a130|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thenmozhi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,461 |percentage=49.49% |change=+0.5 }}
{{Election box candidate |candidate=K. Murugavelrajan |party=[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MVK]]<ref>Makkal Viduthalai Katchi (contested under DMK Rising Sun Symbol)</ref> | color=#016400 |votes=63,843 |percentage=34.55% |change=-5.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Vasanthadevi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=17,509 |percentage=9.47% |change=+8.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramasamy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=3,704 |percentage=2.00% |change=-2.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ananth |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=3,181 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,260 |percentage=0.68% |change=-0.36 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,618 |percentage=14.94% |change=6.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=184,805 |percentage=75.73% |change= -4.13% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=398|percentage=0.22% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244,044 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{Cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election), 2019 By-Election |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC061.pdf |access-date=22 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216062128/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC061.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2022 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[S. Thenmozhi]]
|votes = 90,982
|percentage = 49.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = C. Soundarapandian
|votes = 70,307
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[R. Thangathurai]]
|votes = 9,401
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = A. Sanigilipandian
|votes = 4,934
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = C. Chinnadurai
|votes = 3,139
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,339
|percentage =
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 20,675
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,82,750
|percentage = 80.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,29,209 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Thangathurai]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,507 |percentage=48.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Anbazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,731 |percentage=40.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ramasamy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,666 |percentage=4.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Alagumani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,565 |percentage=1.47% |change=-1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ramoorthy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,201 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,819 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sangilipandian |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,204 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,776 |percentage=8.47% |change=-8.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=174,541 |percentage=79.85% |change= 0.98% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 218,582 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Puthiya Tamilagam |swing= -3.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Ramasamy]] |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=75,124 |percentage=52.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajangam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,410 |percentage=35.19% |change=-3.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. John Pandian]] |party=Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,882 |percentage=4.80% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinnappan @ V. Rajendran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,952 |percentage=2.76% |change=+1.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Selvaraj |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,440 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,869 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sivabalan |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,669 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pitchaiammal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=897 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,714 |percentage=17.25% |change=12.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=181,623 |percentage=78.87% |change= 9.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,243 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Puthiya Tamilagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Thenmozhi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,275 |percentage=43.37% |change=-13.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Senthilvel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,991 |percentage=38.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Ravichandran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=16,795 |percentage=13.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pitchaiammal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,422 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sethuraman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,311 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Prakalathan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,197 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,284 |percentage=5.12% |change=-24.51% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,838 |percentage=69.60% |change= 9.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,484 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Anbazhagan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,972 |percentage=57.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ayyar |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=29,478 |percentage=27.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=7,533 |percentage=7.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Periyasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,589 |percentage=2.44% |change=-7.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Jeeva |party=Independent politician |votes=2,139 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dhanabalan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,409 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,351 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gandhi |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,494 |percentage=29.63% |change=0.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,303 |percentage=60.55% |change= -7.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,612 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 2.88% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=59,541 |percentage=54.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,538 |percentage=25.20% |change=-40.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arivazhaghan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,128 |percentage=10.18% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Isaac Raja |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=7,378 |percentage=6.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadi. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,424 |percentage=1.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=I. Murlimanokar |party=Janata Party |votes=762 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,003 |percentage=29.28% |change=-9.95% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,289 |percentage=68.20% |change= 6.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,442 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -11.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=62,110 |percentage=65.75% |change=+35.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arivazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,050 |percentage=26.52% |change=-2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vadivel Ravanan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,384 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subbulakshmi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,280 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kanakaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,094 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ponnaian |party=Independent politician |votes=914 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,060 |percentage=39.23% |change=38.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,463 |percentage=61.63% |change= -8.54% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 161,399 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 35.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,654 |percentage=30.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Paranthaman |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,962 |percentage=29.39% |change=+0.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Anbazhagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,861 |percentage=27.26% |change=-35.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chitravelu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,550 |percentage=10.71% |change=-52.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kanagaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=1,112 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Nagammal |party=Independent politician |votes=762 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=692 |percentage=0.70% |change=-33.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=98,530 |percentage=70.17% |change= -0.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 143,421 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -32.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Baluchamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,162 |percentage=62.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arivazhagan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=25,313 |percentage=28.86% |change=-9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Periasamy |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=5,400 |percentage=6.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Janakiraman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,846 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,849 |percentage=34.03% |change=10.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,721 |percentage=70.46% |change= 5.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,589 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 1.28% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=48,892 |percentage=61.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Manivasagam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,480 |percentage=38.40% |change=+22.48 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,412 |percentage=23.20% |change= -10.27% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,372 |percentage=65.28% |change= 15.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,442 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Baluchamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,296 |percentage=51.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthuperiasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,799 |percentage=17.73% |change=-21.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Muniyandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,802 |percentage=15.92% |change=-45.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. K. P. Palusamy |party=Janata Party |votes=8,378 |percentage=15.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,497 |percentage=33.46% |change= 11.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,275 |percentage=49.36% |change= -19.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,541 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.93% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Muniyandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,583 |percentage=61.12% |change=+3.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,540 |percentage=38.88% |change=+0.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,043 |percentage=22.25% |change= 3.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,123 |percentage=68.84% |change= -7.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,276 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Muniyandi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,601 |percentage=57.71% |change=+27.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,115 |percentage=38.55% |change=+6.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Paulsamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,297 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Muthuperriyasami |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=0.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. S. Madari |party=Independent politician |votes=562 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,486 |percentage=19.16% |change= 17.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,151 |percentage=75.99% |change= 2.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,095 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 25.97% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Abdul Aziz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,187 |percentage=31.75% |change=+3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ambuchezhian |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,246 |percentage=30.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeraraghavier |party=Independent politician |votes=15,586 |percentage=24.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Guruviah Naidu |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=6,976 |percentage=10.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Edamalai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,204 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=388 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=941 |percentage=1.48% |change= -7.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,587 |percentage=73.09% |change= -28.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,229 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=W. P. A. R. Chandrasekaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,120 |percentage=28.01% |change=+1.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. S. Ponnammal]] (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,623 |percentage=19.24% |change=-7.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. G. Krishnamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=29,593 |percentage=19.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Vadivel (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=14,965 |percentage=9.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kanniyppan (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=10,805 |percentage=7.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Pichai |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=10,704 |percentage=6.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Avadaiyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,473 |percentage=6.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vellailannu (Sc) |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=5,673 |percentage=3.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,497 |percentage=8.77% |change= 0.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=153,956 |percentage=101.20% |change= 16.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,137 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.73% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Nilakottai<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyanar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,350 |percentage=26.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuthevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,120 |percentage=17.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponniah Konar |party=Independent politician |votes=21,347 |percentage=16.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Govindan |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=16,152 |percentage=12.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerabadran |party=Republican Party of India |votes=12,969 |percentage=9.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Angamuthu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=9,866 |percentage=7.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vellaikannu |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=6,158 |percentage=4.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sonai Muthu |party=Independent politician |votes=4,271 |percentage=3.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,495 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,230 |percentage=8.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=130,728 |percentage=84.89% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,989 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|10.17|N|77.87|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Dindigul district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Melanophidium khairei

2026-04-24T09:40:05Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Adding First Details Initial Version.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Italic title}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Khaire's black shieldtail
| image = Khaire's Black Shieldtail Melanophidium khairei by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1145 (28).jpg
| image_caption =
| genus = Melanophidium
| species = khairei
| authority = Gower, Giri, Captain & [[Mark Wilkinson (herpetologist)|Wilkinson]], 2016
| range_map =
}}

'''''Melanophidium khairei''''' or '''Khaire's black shield-tail snake''' is a species of burrowing [[snake]] of the family [[Uropeltidae]], endemic to India.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Species of Shieldtail Snake Discovered in India|url=http://www.sci-news.com/biology/new-species-snake-india-khaires-black-shieldtail-melanophidium-khairei-03696.html|work=Sci-News|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New snake species discovered in Western Ghats|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/eco-news/new-snake-species-discovered-in-western-ghats_1862588.html|work=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian, British scientists discover new species of snake in Western Ghats|url=http://m.mid-day.com/articles/indian-british-scientists-discover-new-species-of-snake-in-western-ghats/17014150|work=Mid-day.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

The species was named after the herpetologist Neelimkumar Khaire.<ref>{{cite news|title=New snake species named after eminent herpetologist Khaire|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-new-snake-species-named-after-eminent-herpetologist-khaire-2185662|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=New Species Of Burrowing Snake Discovered In Western Ghats|url=http://allindiaroundup.com/news/new-species-of-burrowing-snake-discovered-in-western-ghats/|work=All India Roundup|accessdate=16 October 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q25519587}}

[[Category:Uropeltidae]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2016]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Mark Wilkinson (herpetologist)]]

{{Alethinophidia-stub}}

Oka Laila Kosam

2026-04-21T09:33:22Z

NADEEM BALLOCH:

{{Short description|2014 Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Oka Laila Kosam
| image = Oka Laila Kosam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Vijay Kumar Konda
| starring = [[Naga Chaitanya]] [[Pooja Hegde]]
| director = Vijay Kumar Konda
| cinematography = I. Andrew
| producer = [[Nagarjuna Akkineni| Nagarjuna]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Annapurna Studios]]
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|10|17}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|20|c}}<ref name="budget">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-naga-chaitanyas-oka-laila-kosam-starts-bang-611634 |title=Box Office Collection: Naga Chaitanya's 'Oka Laila Kosam' Starts With a Bang |publisher=International Business Times India |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|40|c}}<ref name="week 1" />
}}

'''''Oka Laila Kosam''''' ({{translation|For one girl}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by Vijay Kumar Konda. Produced by [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] on his home banner [[Annapurna Studios]], the film features [[Naga Chaitanya]] and [[Pooja Hegde]]. [[Anoop Rubens]] composed the music for this film while I. Andrew and Praveen Pudi handled the cinematography and editing departments respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News-Interviews/Oka-Laila-Kosams-talkie-part-wrapped-up/articleshow/35387613.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam's talkie part wrapped up |work=The Times of India |date=20 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> This film marked the Telugu debut of Pooja Hegde.

''Oka Laila Kosam'' was released worldwide on 17 October 2014 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/116410.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011457/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/116410.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2014 |title=My father doesn't like to do it: Naga Chaitanya [Interview] |website=IndiaGlitz |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> Despite the collections being affected due to [[Cyclone Hudhud]], the film was a commercial success at the box office.<ref name="success">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/catch-these-5-films-by-vijay-kumar-konda-if-you-enjoyed-his-kannada-debut-rider/440962214a477|title=Catch these 5 films by Vijay Kumar Konda if you enjoyed his Kannada debut Rider|website=OTTPlay}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Karthik is a rich post graduate from [[Indian School of Business|ISB]] who completes his studies. He rejects his job offer and requests his father for a one-year break. He returns to India after a world tour. One day, he spots Nandana and falls head over heels for her. However Nandana develops hatred for Karthik. When Karthik proposes to her, she rejects him point blank. Karthik's marriage was arranged with Nandana but unfortunately, he does not know this. The bride accidentally turns out to be Nandana. Karthik's maternal uncle Pandu returns from Dubai and because of his hatred towards Karthik, he plans to take revenge by jeopardizing his match when he finds out that Karthik actually loves Nandana, but Karthik finds out the truth and accepts to marry her. She is not interested in this marriage but she does not want to oppose her father due to her love for him. When she tries to reject the marriage, both their parents complete the procedures and they are pronounced engaged.

Karthik has been writing a book titled ''Oka Laila Kosam'' which is a collection of his experiences with Nandana. Meanwhile, Karthik meets his friend at a pub and learns that she is being blackmailed by a goon regarding their private moments. Karthik fights the goons with his friends and solves the issues. Nandana is unable to get convinced that Karthik's love is sincere and believes that he is a flirt. The book ''Oka Laila Kosam'' gets published and Karthik is paid an amount of {{INR}}25,000. As a part of his attempts to impress her, Karthik gets a star named as Nandana by acquiring a star certificate from [[International Star Registry]] with the money he earned. Though initially happy, she still is unable to believe him and tears the certificate into pieces. But she is unable to reject Karthik as she can't let her father disappointed by doing so. That night Karthik was drunken and was brutally attacked by a goon.

On the day of marriage, at the venue, the police arrest Karthik for murdering the goon. Thus the marriage is halted much to the delight of Nandana. Before leaving, Karthik asks her whether she is happy now and leaves with a smile. This puzzles Nandana and it is known later that the case and arrest were fake and were planned by Karthik himself with the help of a rich businessman whose daughter's successful love affair had Karthik as the peace maker. Nandana meanwhile receives the book ''Oka Laila Kosam'' from Shahrukh who credits its writer as the owner of the pigeons she has. She reads the book which is her story and learns Karthik's sincerity from the words in the book. She meets Karthik and proposes to him before their respective families and they both unite.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Naga Chaitanya]] as Karthik, Nandhu’s love interest
*[[Pooja Hegde]] as Nandana "Nandhu", Karthik's love interest (voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Chandrakanth, Karthik's father
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Karthik's mother
*[[Raghu Babu]] as Dr. Bharadwaj, Kakarla Ram Prasad’s henchman
*[[Sayaji Shinde]] as Nandana's father
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Panduranga Rao “Pandu”, Karthik's maternal uncle
*[[Madhunandan]] as Praveen
*[[Rao Ramesh]] As Krishna Rao, Nandhu’s uncle
*[[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as Karthik's brother-in-law
*[[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Inspector
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Sub-Inspector
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Book Publisher
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Kiran
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Ravi, Karthik's friend
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Jojo
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===

Vijay Kumar Konda was inspired by an incident that happened in [[Warangal]] a few years ago which was an acid attack on a girl named Swapnika by a cruel boy and developed a story where a boy persuades a girl to love him in a good way. He met [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] on the sets of ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]'' and narrated it to him and [[Naga Chaitanya]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141022/entertainment-tollywood/article/what-inspired-oka-laila-kosam |title=What inspired Oka Laila Kosam? |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> The project was announced officially in late July 2013 stating that the film would be produced by Nagarjuna himself on his home banner [[Annapoorna Studios]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/july-2013/gunde-jaari-gallanthayyinde-maker-teams-up-with-naga-chaitanya-for-his-next-260713.html |title=Gunde Jaari Gallanthayyinde maker teams up with Naga Chaitanya for his next |publisher=Cinegoer.net |date=26 July 2013 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> In early December 2013, the film was said to be titled as ''Oka Laila Kosam'', which was the title of a song from Naga Chaitanya's grandfather [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]'s ''Ramudu Kaadu Krishnudu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Naga-Chaitanyas-new-film-is-Oka-Laila-Kosam/articleshow/26951363.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210082038/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-06/news-interviews/44862918_1_naga-chaitanya-film-chamber-new-film |url-status=live |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=Naga Chaitanya's new film is Oka Laila Kosam |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 December 2013 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> The film was formally launched at Annapurna Studios in Hyderabad on 12 December 2013. The film's cast and crew were declared at the event. The music was composed by [[Anoop Rubens]]. Cinematography was handled by I Andrews while editing was done by Praveen Pudi. Art director was P. S. Varma, fights were composed by [[FEFSI Vijayan|Vijay]] and costumes were designed by [[Neeraja Kona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/101015.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216135533/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/101015.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2013 |title=Naga Chaitanya's Film With Vijay Kumar Konda Takes Off |website=IndiaGlitz |date=12 December 2013 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> In a statement to the [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]], Vijay Kumar said that the film would have a healthy humor suitable for family viewing as he felt that not everybody were comfortable with the homosexual jokes in his debut film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Oka-Laila-Kosam-has-clean-humor-Vijay/articleshow/41507795.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam has clean humor: Vijay |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In early October 2013, 2010 [[Miss Universe]] runner up [[Pooja Hegde]] was selected to play the heroine in the film marking her Telugu debut.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/pooja-hegde-romance-naga-chaitanya-next-film-121859.html |title=Pooja Hegde To Romance Naga Chaitanya in Next Film |publisher=[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]] |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> Former anchor turned actor Shyamala was selected to play Naga Chaitanya's sister in the film which was supposed to be her debut as an actress though ''[[Loukyam]]'' released earlier.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/TV/Shyamala-to-play-Naga-Chaitanyas-sister-in-Oka-Laila-Kosam/articleshow/44802362.cms |title=Shyamala to play Naga Chaitanya's sister in Oka Laila Kosam |work=The Times of India |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> About his character in the film, Naga Chaitanya said that he is called Karthik, a 24-25-year-old guy who is not interested in marriage. Elaborating further, he said "He is a fun loving, light-hearted character, very giving and is willing to do anything for the people he loves – friends or family. He believes in love at first sight and is always on a journey to discover new things."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/naga-chaitanya-oka-laila-kosam-is-a-romcom-south/20141015.htm |title=Naga Chaitanya: Oka Laila Kosam is a romcom |work=Rediff.com |date=15 October 2014 |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref> [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] was selected to play the character of Naga Chaitanya's uncle in the film which was said to be a hilarious role.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/alis-hilarious-role-in-oka-laila-kosam.html |title=Ali's hilarious role in Oka Laila Kosam |publisher=123telugu.com |date=16 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The principal photography commenced on 12 December 2013 in Hyderabad and the first schedule was wrapped up nearly on 26 December 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Naga-Chaitanyas-Oka-Laila-Kosam-schedule-wrap-up/articleshow/27955136.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230224119/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-26/news-interviews/45591648_1_naga-chaitanya-first-schedule-second-schedule-shoot |url-status=live |archive-date=30 December 2013 |title=Naga Chaitanya's Oka Laila Kosam schedule wrap up |date=26 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> The second schedule began in January 2014 and some crucial scenes were shot in that schedule at Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com//newssingle_telugu/Naga-Chaitanya%E2%80%99s-Oka-Laila-Kosam-undershoot-4-449140.html |title=Naga Chaitanya's Oka Laila Kosam undershoot |publisher=way2movies.com |date=6 January 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> The second schedule was wrapped up on 11 January 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Oka-Laila-Kosam-second-schedule-wrap--4-452103.html |title=Oka Laila Kosam second schedule wrap |publisher=way2movies.com |date=11 January 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> After a gap due to Akkineni Nageswara Rao's death, Naga Chaitanya joined the film's shoot in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Naga-Chaitanya-to-resume-shooting/articleshow/29716842.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140215123051/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-01/news-interviews/46897015_1_naga-chaitanya-manam-annapurna-studios-banner |url-status=live |archive-date=15 February 2014 |title=Naga Chaitanya to resume shooting |date=1 February 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> In mid-February 2014, it was reported that the film is in its third and last major schedule and majority of the talkie part was said to be wrapped up with patchwork and songs remained to be shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/naga-chaitanyas-oka-laila-kosam-makes-brisk-progress.html |title=Naga Chaitanya's Oka Laila Kosam makes brisk progress |publisher=123telugu.com |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=15 February 2014}}</ref> The shooting continued at Annapurna Studios where some crucial scenes on the lead were shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosam-shoot-progressing-in-annapurna-studios.html |title='Oka Laila Kosam' shoot progressing in Annapurna Studios |publisher=123telugu.com |date=18 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> At the same time, it was announced that the talkie part of the film would be wrapped up by April 2014 and after shooting the songs in abroad, the film's shoot will be wrapped up thus making it a summer release.<ref name="Feb release">{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosam-to-be-wrapped-up-soon.html |title=Oka Laila Kosam to be wrapped up soon |publisher=123telugu.com |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

On 18 March, Vijay declared that 60% of the film's shoot has been wrapped.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/Naga-Chaitanyas-Oka-Laila-Kosam-completes-60-telugu-news-104871 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924045128/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Naga-Chaitanyas-Oka-Laila-Kosam-completes-60-telugu-news-104871 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2015 |title=Naga Chaitanya's 'Oka Laila Kosam' completes 60% |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> In the end of March, a fight sequence was shot on Naga Chaitanya which was choreographed by Ram-Lakshman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/naga-chaitanya-gets-into-action-mode.html |title=Naga Chaitanya gets into action mode |publisher=123telugu.com |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=26 March 2014}}</ref> The shoot then continued in locales of Hyderabad in mid-April 2014 where scenes on principal cast were shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosam-shoot-progressing-in-hyderabad.html |title=Oka Laila Kosam shoot progressing in Hyderabad |publisher=123telugu.com |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> It was expected then that the principal photography would end in span of a month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugu.way2movies.com//newssingle_telugu/Oka-Laila-Kosam-being-shot-in-Hyd!-4-513338.html |title=Oka Laila Kosam being shot in Hyd! |publisher=way2movies.com |date=19 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref> On 20 May 2014 Pooja Hegde informed via [[Twitter]] that the film's talkie part has been wrapped up and only the songs are left to be shot.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/oka-laila-kosam-%E2%80%8Bs-talkie-part-%E2%80%8Bwrapped-up.html |title=Oka Laila Kosam's talkie part wrapped up |publisher=123telugu.com |date=20 May 2014 |access-date=20 May 2014}}</ref> In the first week of June, it was reported that 3 songs will be shot at [[Switzerland]] from 12 to 25 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-Laila-Kosam-team-flying-to-Switzerland-on-12th-telugu-news-108601 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' team flying to Switzerland on 12th |website=IndiaGlitz |date=6 June 2014 |access-date=7 June 2014}}</ref> Because of the songs shoot, Chaitanya could not attend the promotional activities of ''[[Autonagar Surya]]'' prior to the film's release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140620/entertainment-tollywood/article/nagarjuna-take-care-chaitanya%E2%80%99s-publicity |title=Nagarjuna to take care of Chaitanya's publicity |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 June 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> The filming continued in the second week of July 2014 at [[Interlaken]] at [[Switzerland]] where a song was shot on the lead pair. Part of the song's shoot included the lead pair [[paragliding]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Naga-Chaitanya-and-Pooja-Hegde-go-paragliding/articleshow/38081853.cms |title=Naga Chaitanya and Pooja Hegde go paragliding |work=The Times of India |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=10 July 2014}}</ref> On 2 August, it was announced that the film's shoot is in the final stages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-laila-kosam-first-look-today-telugu-news-111316 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' first look today |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> A week later, the film entered post production phase.<ref name="post prod">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140808/entertainment-tollywood/article/anr%E2%80%99s-song-naga-chaitanya |title=ANR's song for Naga Chaitanya |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Oka Laila Kosam (soundtrack)}}
[[Anoop Rubens]] composed the film's soundtrack and the background score marking his second collaboration with Vijay Kumar Konda. In the second week of August 2014, Vijay revealed that the soundtrack would feature a remixed version of the song ''Oka Laila Kosam'' from the film ''Ramudu Kaadu Krishnudu'' after which this film is titled.<ref name="post prod"/> It was reported in mid-August 2014 that the film's soundtrack is scheduled for a release on 15 August 2014 with one of the songs being launched at Hyderabad and two songs being launched at PVP Square Mall in Vijayawada.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Oka-Laila-Kosam-audio-on-Aug-15/articleshow/39816375.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam audio on Aug 15 |work=The Times of India |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=9 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-laila-kosam-songs-to-be-launched-at-pvp-mall-telugu-news-111897 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' songs to be launched at PVP mall |website=IndiaGlitz |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> The film's soundtrack was purchased and marketed by [[Aditya Music]]. The platinum disc function was held on 20 September 2014, at the [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]], which coincides with the 100th day celebrations of ''[[Manam (film)|Manam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/remembering-anr-on-his-birth-anniversary-telugu-news-114599 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923014943/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Remembering-Anr-On-His-Birth-Anniversary-telugu-news-114599 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2014 |title=Remembering ANR on his birth anniversary |website=IndiaGlitz |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Manam-100-days-celebrations-a-grand-affair/articleshow/43162496.cms |title=Manam 100 days celebrations, a grand affair |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 September 2014 |access-date=8 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208054008/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Manam-100-days-celebrations-a-grand-affair/articleshow/43162496.cms |archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

== Release ==
In mid-February 2014, the makers planned for a summer 2014 release.<ref name="Feb release"/> On 2 August 2014 the makers said that they are planning to release the film on 5 September 2014.<ref name="Sept release">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-laila-kosam-release-date-fixed-telugu-news-111343 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' release date fixed |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> The film's overseas theatrical screening & distribution rights were acquired by Blue Sky Cinemas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Blue-Sky-bags-Oka-Laila-Kosam-overseas-rights/articleshow/40112728.cms |title=Blue Sky bags Oka Laila Kosam overseas rights |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> The release date was moved to 29 August 2014 because the post production earlier than expected.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140820/entertainment-tollywood/article/naga-chaitanya%E2%80%99s-film-oka-laila-kosam-release-early |title=Naga Chaitanya's film Oka Laila Kosam to release early |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=20 August 2014 |access-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> Nagarjuna later postponed the film indefinitely because of other major releases happening at that time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140828/entertainment-tollywood/article/bhai-was-big-slap-my-face-nagarjuna |title=Bhai was like a big slap on my face: Nagarjuna |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=28 August 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

The film's release date was postponed to October end or early November 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Oka-Laila-Kosam-to-releases-in-Oct/articleshow/42991456.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam to releases in Oct? |work=The Times of India |date=20 September 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> The release date was finalized as 17 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Oka-Laila-Kosam-to-release-on-Oct-17/articleshow/44092315.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam to release on Oct 17? |work=The Times of India |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> There were no changes in the plan in view of the Uttarandhra districts being affected by [[Cyclone Hudhud]]. Naga Chaitanya said "I feel sad on seeing the pictures and hearing the news. Once normalcy is restored, we plan to re-release the film in those districts. For now only a few theaters in the affected regions will screen the film."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141014/entertainment-tollywood/article/people-me-lover-boy-naga-chaitanya |title=People like me as a lover boy: Naga Chaitanya |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
On 2 August 2014 the first look poster was launched which featured the lead pair.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/-nbsp-nbsp-read-full-story-raquo--tamil-news-111331 |title=Naga Chaitanya's 'Oka Laila Kosam' first look poster |website=IndiaGlitz |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/First-look-Oka-Laila-Kosam/articleshow/39488835.cms |title=First look: Oka Laila Kosam |work=The Times of India |date=2 August 2014 |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> The film's trailer was released on 12 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Oka-Laila-Kosam-trailer-to-be-out-today/articleshow/40105879.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam trailer to be out today |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-laila-kosam-trailer-to-be-out-today-telugu-news-111856 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' trailer to be out today |website=IndiaGlitz |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014}}</ref> The trailer registered positive response from the viewers and received 0.1 million views in [[YouTube]] in one day of its release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2014/naga-chaitanya-oka-laila-kosam-trailer-gets-superb-response-156765.html |title=Naga Chaitanya's Oka Laila Kosam Trailer Gets Superb Response |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde, Vijay Kumar Konda and Anoop Rubens did a flash mob and entertained the huge crowd who attended the launch of two songs of the soundtrack at PVP Mall in Vijayawada on 17 August 2014 as a part of the film's promotion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Oka-laila-kosam-songs-released-in-vijayawada-amid-huge-crowd-telugu-news-112185 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' songs released in Vijayawada amid huge crowd |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 August 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref> However, the event ended on an ugly note as people were seen pushing each other while hooting and cheering for Chaitanya who tried to get closer to him and the situation soon got out of hand as a mini stampede ensued in the mall. The incident forced the police to resort to lathi charge to bring the crowd under control.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Movies/News/Stampede-at-Oka-Laila-Kosam-song-launch/articleshow/40365137.cms |title=Stampede at Oka Laila Kosam song launch |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2014 |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

Naga Chaitanya and Pooja Hegde promoted the film on the inaugural episode of the talk show ''Ali Talkies'' hosted by comedian [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] on 11 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ali-talkies-naga-chaitanya-pooja-hegde-promote-oka-laila-kosam-inaugural-episode-611205 |title='Ali Talkies': Naga Chaitanya, Pooja Hegde Promote 'Oka Laila Kosam' on Inaugural Episode |publisher=International Business Times India |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref> As part of the promotional campaign, an event named ''Vandha Lailala Kosam Naga Chaitanya'' (Naga Chaitanya for 100 Lailas) was held at Annapurna 7 acres Studios on 13 October 2014. 100 girls and 100 boys all over the state have attended this event for whom special trailers of the film were screened. Anoop Rubens gave a live performance. Pooja Hegde's birthday celebrations were also held on the same stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/naga-chaitnaya-for-100-lailas-event-held-telugu-news-116320 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029022909/http://www.indiaglitz.com/naga-chaitnaya-for-100-lailas-event-held-telugu-news-116320 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2014 |title=Naga Chaitnaya for 100 Lailas Event Held |website=IndiaGlitz |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=15 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film had its television premiere on 23 November 2014 on [[MAA TV]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Oka-Laila-Kosam-to-be-aired-on-TV/articleshow/45165216.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam to be aired on TV? |work=The Times of India |date=16 November 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> The film received a TRP rating of 13.16, one of the largest recorded for a film broadcast.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Oka-Laila-Kosam-is-a-hit-on-TV/articleshow/45372697.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam is a hit on TV |work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2014 |access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Upon release the film got what the IB Times called "decent" reviews with the critics mostly praising the lead actors performances and the gripping screenplay.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/oka-laila-kosam-olk-review-roundup-decent-entertainer-611642 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' (OLK) Review Roundup: Decent Entertainer |publisher=International Business Times India |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Ranjani Rajendra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it a "regular feel good fare" and wrote "Though there's nothing phenomenal in terms of storyline, Oka Laila Kosam makes for a good one-time watch with its fair share of laughs and entertainment."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/oka-laila-kosam-review-feelgood-fare/article6511238.ece |title=Feel-good fare |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Hemanth Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "Oka Laila Kosam is a simple love story which doesn't quite leave you with a big smile on your face, but it has enough mojo, if you are a big sucker for romance. After all, there's nothing more comforting than a happy ending in a romantic film" and rated it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Oka-Laila-Kosam/movie-review/44859603.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam movie review |work=The Times of India |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=18 October 2014}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "The director has concentrated more on the lead actor and has left the female lead in confusion and there is no clarity about her character. But overall it's a feel good film and you can watch it once for Chaitanya and Pooja Hegde" and rated it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141017/entertainment-tollywood/article/movie-review-oka-laila-kosam-feel-good-film |title=Movie review 'Oka Laila Kosam': A feel good film |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> Veena of ''[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]'' wrote "Vijay Kumar Konda's story and screenplay should really be appreciated for portraying the casual story magically, onscreen. Oka Laila Kosam is a good romantic entertainer. The movie includes all commercial elements and will be a hit movie in Naga Chaitanya's career again" and rated it 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/oka-laila-kosam-movie-review-161875.html |title=Oka Laila Kosam Movie Review |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

''IndiaGlitz'' wrote "Barring a few well-crafted scenes and nice visuals, the film lacks a strong story to keep the story going. Once watchable for the taking" and rated it 2.75 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-laila-kosam-review-telugu-movie-review-18635 |title=Oka Laila Kosam Review – Movie Review |website=IndiaGlitz |date=17 October 2014 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote "At a running time of 150 minutes, you really wish you had the power to stop the film whenever you want. Alas, that option is out of the question .Oka Laila Kosam, which is partly refreshing, is messed up mostly as it suffers from clichéd storytelling."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Oka-Laila-Kosam-a-Messy-Romance/2014/10/18/article2483872.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018120516/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Oka-Laila-Kosam-a-Messy-Romance/2014/10/18/article2483872.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2014 |title='Oka Laila Kosam', a Messy Romance |author=IANS |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> Rajitha S. of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "The film starts on a boring note, but it gets racy until the end of first half. The second half has too many elements which makes it clear that director Vijay Kumar Konda wanted to attribute too many characteristics to Naga Chaitanya. Chaitanya though has done justice to the role, as a character Karthik is slightly overdone".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Just-Another-Romantic/2014/10/18/article2483198.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018120337/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Just-Another-Romantic/2014/10/18/article2483198.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2014 |title=Just Another Romantic |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Oka Laila Kosam'' opened to low occupancy in both single screens and multiplexes.<ref name="budget"/> The film collected {{INRConvert|5|m}} on its first day at the global box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Oka-Laila-Kosam-collects-5-cr/articleshow/44868903.cms |title=Oka Laila Kosam collects 5 cr |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/oka-laila-kosam-first-day-collections-telugu-news-116748 |title='Oka Laila Kosam' first day collections |website=IndiaGlitz |date=18 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|6|m}} in AP/Nizam region and {{INRConvert|2|m}} nett in the rest of the world by the end of three days taking its global first weekend total to {{INRConvert|85|m}} thus recovering 5% of the film's budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-oka-laila-kosam-makes-decent-business-first-weekend-611860 |title=Box Office Collection: 'Oka Laila Kosam' Makes Decent Business in First Weekend |publisher=International Business Times India |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=21 October 2014}}</ref> The film netted approximately {{INRConvert|10|m}} in its first week globally.<ref name="week 1">{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Taking-the-Akkineni-mantle-ahead/articleshow/44927092.cms |title=Taking the Akkineni mantle ahead |publisher=Bangalore Mirror |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> Despite the collections being affected due to [[Cyclone Hudhud]], the film was a commercial success at the box office.<ref name="success"/>

==Accolades==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|2015]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Telugu|Best Female Debut – Telugu]]
| [[Pooja Hegde]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/siima-2015-telugu-nominations-telugu-news-135448|title=SIIMA 2015 nominations list|website=IndiaGlitz|date=16 June 2015|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress – Telugu]]
| [[Pooja Hegde]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |title=62nd Filmfare Awards South 2015 Nominations |work=Daily India |date=4 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626123232/http://www.dailyindia.org/62nd-filmfare-awards-south-2015-nominations-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada/ |archive-date=26 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[Santosham Film Awards]]
| Best Debut Heroine
| [[Pooja Hegde]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/santosham-13th-anniversary-awards-2015-photos-telugu-events-2458150-61541|title=Events - Santosham 13th Anniversary Awards 2015 Movie Launch and Press Meet photos, images, gallery, clips and actors actress stills|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| [[CineMAA Awards]]
| Best Female Debut
| [[Pooja Hegde]]
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards.html|title=Telugu cinema Article - Cine Maa Awards by Rhythm Events|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3399462}}
* {{facebook|OkaLailaKosam}}
* {{Official website|okalailakosam.com}}

{{Nagarjuna (actor)}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Telangana]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anoop Rubens]]
[[Category:Annapurna Studios films]]

Polavaram Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:35Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Polavaram
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (67-Polavaram highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Polavaram Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Chirri Balaraju]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| reservation = ST
| loksabha_cons = [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency|Eluru]]
| constituency_no = 67
| electors = 245,483
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
}}

'''Polavaram Assembly constituency''' is a [[Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribe]] reserved constituency in [[Eluru district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name="electors">{{cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Electors Summary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Eluru Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=20, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Chirri Balaraju]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Jana Sena Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Polavaram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/polavaram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916929.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> {{update after|2024|7}} The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==
The 7 mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Polavaram, Eluru district|Polavaram]]
|-
| [[Buttayagudem]]
|-
| [[Jeelugumilli]]
|-
| [[Koyyalagudem]]
|-
| [[T.Narasapuram mandal|T.Narasapuram]]
|-
| [[Kukkunoor]]
|-
| [[Velerupadu]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Pusuluri Kodanad Ramayya
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Karatam Baburao
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. R. Reddi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Kanithi Ramulu
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Nagabhushanam Rasaputra
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=2 |Modiyam Lakshmana Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| 1987
| rowspan=2 |Badisa Durga Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| Punem Singanna Dora
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Vanka Srinivasa Rao
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Tellam Balaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2012 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election|2012]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Modiyam Srinivasa Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Tellam Balaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Chirri Balaraju]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jana Sena Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Chirri Balaraju]]
|votes = 1,01,453
|percentage = 46.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Tellam Rajya Lakshmi
|votes = 93,518
|percentage = 42.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Srujana Duvvela
|votes = 3,568
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 5,611
|percentage = 2.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,935
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,18,999
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janasena Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Tellam Balaraju]]
|votes = 1,10,523
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Boragam Srinivasarao
|votes = 68,453
|percentage = 32.09
|change = -18.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janasena Party
|candidate = [[Chirri Balaraju]]
|votes = 13,378
|percentage = 6.27
|change = +6.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Boragam Venkata Lakshmi
|votes = 1,119
|percentage = 0.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 6,004
|percentage = 2.81
|change =N/A
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,070
|percentage = 19.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 212,466
|percentage = 86.55
|change = +0.56
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Modiyam Srinivasa Rao]]
|votes = 83,767
|percentage = 51.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Tellam Balaraju]]
|votes = 68,047
|percentage = 41.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,720
|percentage = 9.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 164,079
|percentage = 85.99
|change = -1.01
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tellam Balaraju]]
|votes = 50,298
|percentage = 34.76
|change = -18.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Punem Singanna Dora
|votes = 44,634
|percentage = 30.85
|change = -7.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Praja Rajyam Party
|candidate = Boragam Srinivasulu
|votes = 36,483
|percentage = 25.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,664
|percentage = 3.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 144,662
|percentage = 87.00
|change = +12.18
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Polavaram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tellam Balaraju]]
|votes = 66,614
|percentage = 53.62
|change = +9.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Sunnam Bujji
|votes = 47,772
|percentage = 38.45
|change = -6.04
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,842
|percentage = 15.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 124,229
|percentage = 74.82
|change = +3.71
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Coord|17.25|81.64|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Eluru district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Patepur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:55Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Stub

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Patepur
|type= SLA
| map_image = 130-Patepur constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan]] 
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|-]]
|established = 1951
| electors = 300,968
|abolished = 
}}
'''Patepur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Vaishali district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
[[File:Patepur village main route.jpg|thumb|Patepur village main route]]
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 130 Patepur Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Patepur [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]]; Mansinghpur Bijhrauli, [[Kumar Bajitpur]], Raghopur Narsanda, Adalpur, Naree Khurd and Laxmipur Barbatta [[gram panchayat]]s of Jandaha community development block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 10 January 2011 }}</ref>

Patepur Assembly constituency (SC) is part of No. 22 [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |title=Patepur Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/patepur.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Nathuni Lal Mahato
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
|1952^
|B. Dubey
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Manzur Ahsan Ajazi
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kamlesh Rai
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Paltan Ram
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Righan Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Paltan Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Shiv Nandan Pawan
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Baleshwar Paswan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Ram Sundar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|1991^
|L. Mahto
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Mahendra Baitha]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Prema Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Mahendra Baitha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Prema Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Mahendra Baitha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Prema Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan|Lakhendra Raushan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Patepur<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Patepur">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Patepur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04130.htm |access-date=22 November 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122145523/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04130.htm |archive-date=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108356}}
|percentage = 51.71
|change = -0.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Prema Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:85976}}
|percentage = 41.03
|change = +4.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Dasai Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:4181}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3423}}
|percentage = 1.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2598}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22380}}
|percentage = 10.68
|change = -4.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:209540}}
|percentage = 69.62
|change = +12.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===

In 2015; Prema Chaudhary of Rashtriya Janata Dal defeated Mahendra Baitha of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] by 12,461 votes.<ref name="election2020-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/patepur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|title=Patepur Vidhan Sabha Result|website=Electioninindia|access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> In 2020 assembly elections the contest to Patepur assembly seats was bilateral. In a tough fight, [[Lakhendra Kumar Raushan]] (aka Lakhendra Paswan) of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] defeated [[Shivchandra Ram]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref name="election2020-2">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/patepur|title=Election result 2020 |work=NDTV|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Patepur<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Lakhendra Kumar Raushan
|votes = {{formatnum:86509}}
|percentage = 52.15
|change = +14.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shiv Chandra Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:60670}}
|percentage = 36.57
|change = -9.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:3237}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2858}}
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Rajak
|votes = {{formatnum:2337}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Devlal Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:1908}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change = -0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Shashi Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1761}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2533}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change = +0.81
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25839}}
|percentage = 15.58
|change = +7.08
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165880}}
|percentage = 57.07
|change = +0.84
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Patepur<ref name="Patepur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Patepur Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/patepur |access-date=22 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251122145525/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/patepur |archive-date=22 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Prema Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:67548}}
|percentage = 46.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Mahendra Baitha
|votes = {{formatnum:55087}}
|percentage = 37.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ratan Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:4379}}
|percentage = 2.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Prem Shankar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2768}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ram Jeenish Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2374}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Kripal Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2011}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aap Aur Hum Party
|candidate = Shashank Kumar Anand
|votes = {{formatnum:1486}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1056}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12461}}
|percentage = 8.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:146608}}
|percentage = 56.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
In the [[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election|2010 state assembly elections]], Mahendra Baitha of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] won the Patepur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival [[Prema Chaudhary]] of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]].<ref name="election2010">{{cite web| url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04130.htm |title = Bihar - |work =Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 7 February 2011 }}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners up are being mentioned. Prema Chaudhary of RJD defeated Mahendra Baitha of [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005]]. Mahendra Baitha of LJP defeated Prema Chaudhary of RJD in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]]. Prema Chaudhary of RJD defeated Mahendra Baitha of [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] in 2000. Mahendra Baitha of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Prema Chaudhary of [[Samajwadi Party|SAP]] in 1995. Ram Sundar Das of JD defeated Baleshwar Singh Paswan of Congress in 1990. Baleshwar Singh Paswan of Congress defeated Paltan Ram of [[Lok Dal|LD]] in 1985. Shiv Nandan Paswan of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) defeated Baleshwar Singh Paswan of Congress in 1980. Paltan Ram of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Rijahan Ram of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] in 1977.<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp49.htm |title = 49 - Patepur (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 7 February 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Vaishali district topics }}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|25|47|49|N|85|12|24|E|region:IN-BR|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Vaishali district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh) metro station

2026-04-03T17:35:57Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Starting

{{Short description|Metro station in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Delhi Metro logo.svg|50px]] Raja Nahar Singh‌‌ (Ballabhgarh)
| type = {{Delhi Metro Infobox station line|line=Violet}}
| style = Delhi Metro
| image = Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabgarh) metro station.jpg
| address = Ballabhgarh, Faridabad, Haryana 121004
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| other = {{ric|Indian Railways}} {{stnlnk|Ballabhgarh}}
| structure = [[Elevated]], [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| platform = {{ubl|[[side platform]]|Platform-1 → [[Terminal train station|Terminus]]|Platform-2 → {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}}}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|11|19}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} through [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = {{#property:P296}}
| status = Staffed, Operational
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC)
| owned = [[Delhi Metro]]
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former = Ballabhgarh metro station
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Delhi Metro|line=Violet|left=Sant Surdas (Sihi)}}
| route_map = {{Delhi Metro Violet Line Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Delhi Metro|Violet}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
The '''Raja Nahar Singh metro station''' (formerly known as '''Ballabhgarh metro station''') is terminating station on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] of the [[Delhi Metro]]. Finance Minister of Haryana urged to name Ballabhgarh Metro station after martyr [[Raja Nahar Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Raja Nahar Singh|url=http://www.uniindia.com/cm-urged-to-name-ballabhgarh-metro-station-after-martyr-raja-nahar-singh/states/news/1281492.html|website=uniindia|access-date=7 October 2019}}</ref>

==History==
As part of [[Delhi Metro#Phase III|Phase III]] of the extension of Delhi Metro, Raja Nahar Singh is the extension of [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]]. It was opened on 19 November 2018 for public use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-violet-line-to-run-till-ballabgarh-from-5pm-on-monday-after-being-flagged-off-by-pm-modi/story-48H82MmUb8XDVXXLDOXrIL.html|title=Delhi Metro's Violet Line to run till Ballabhgarh from 5pm today after being flagged off by PM Modi|date=19 November 2018 }}</ref>

== Station layout ==
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=50 rowspan=4 valign=top|'''L2'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" colspan=2|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100|'''Platform 1''' '''Southbound'''
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500|Towards → Train Terminates Here
|-
|'''Platform 2''' '''Northbound'''
|Towards ← {{ltl|Delhi Metro|Violet|L}} '''Next Station:''' {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sant Surdas (Sihi)}}
|-
|style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" colspan=2 align=center|[[Side platform]] | Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
|valign=top|'''L1'''
|valign=top|Concourse
|valign=top|Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px grey;border-top:solid 1px grey;" width=50 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=100 valign=top|Street Level
|style="border-top:solid 1px grey;border-bottom:solid 1px grey;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/Exit==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="65%"
|-
! align="center" colspan="5" style="background:#{{rcr|Delhi Metro|Violet}};"| Raja Nahar Singh metro station Entry/exits
|-
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-1
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-2
! style="width:15%;"|Gate No-3
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||
|-
| || ||

|}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Faridabad]]
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Nahar Singh]]
*[[Ballabhgarh]]
*[[National Highway 44 (India)]]
*[[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Delhi]]
*[[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
*[[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
*[[Delhi Monorail]]
*[[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
*[[Faridabad district]]
*[[New Delhi]]
*[[National Capital Region (India)]]
*[[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]
*[[List of rapid transit systems]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Delhi Metro}}
{{Wikivoyage|Delhi}}
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/ Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.] (Official site)
* [http://www.delhimetrorail.com/annual_report.aspx/ Delhi Metro Annual Reports]
* {{cite web|title=Station Information |work=Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC) |url=http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619035828/http://delhimetrorail.com/commuters/station_information.html |archive-date=2010-06-19 |df= dmy-all}}
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – Descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.
*{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/search/Ballabhgarh+Metro+Station/@28.3394733,77.3160523,1270m/data=!3m1!1e3|title= Raja Nahar Singh metro station}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|violet line=yes}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Faridabad district]]
[[Category:2018 establishments in Haryana]]

{{Delhi-metro-stub}}
{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}

List of shopping malls in India

2026-03-29T04:18:58Z

NADEEM BALLOCH:

{{Short description|none}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}
This is a '''list of shopping malls in [[India]]''', sortable by name, location, year opened and gross leasable area.
{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=yes|no_parenthesis=yes}}

== Largest malls ==
{{sticky header}}
{| class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"
|+
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! data-sort-type=number| Size (Total area)
! Source
|-
| [[Sarath City Capital Mall]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|2700000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Sarathcitycapitalmall.com">{{cite web|url=https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/ |title=About us – Sarath city capital mall |publisher=Sarathcitycapitalmall.com |access-date=25 February 2023 |quote=It rises 8 floors into the sky and each floor is a humongous 27,00,000 square feet in expanse. That makes the mall retail space 19,31,000 square feet. The largest in the nation of India! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314144010/https://sarathcitycapitalmall.com/about-us/ |archive-date=14 March 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram|Lulu Mall Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|2200003|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thiruvananthapuram.lulumall.in/about-us/ |title=About Us |website=thiruvananthapuram.lulumall.in |access-date=2025-03-09}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu Mall, Lucknow|Lulu Mall Lucknow]]
| [[Lucknow]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|2000000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Group Launches Lucknow's Biggest LuLu Mall |url=https://www.lulugroupinternational.com/news/lulu-group-launches-lucknow-s-biggest-lulu-mall/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=/ |quote=Spanning across 2.2 million sq. ft., Lulu Lucknow is home to some of the biggest national and international brands in India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall Kochi]]
| [[Kochi]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|2000000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kochi.lulumall.in/about-us-2/ |title=About Us |website=kochi.lulumall.in |access-date=2025-05-21}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mall of India|DLF Mall of India]]
| [[Noida]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|2000000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.dlfmallofindia.com/about-us/|access-date=25 December 2021|website=DLF - Mall of India|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ambience Mall Gurgaon]]
| [[Gurgaon]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|1800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Largest Malls">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/07/19/ampm-a-fashion-label-competing-with-mass-brands/|title=Ambience Mall Gurgaon|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Ambience Mall Gurgaon Information">{{cite news|title=Ambience Mall Gurgaon Information|url=https://www.indiamallsinfo.com/ambience-mall-ambi-mall-gurgaon.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[DB City Mall|DB City Mall, Bhopal]]
| [[Bhopal]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|1300000|sqft}}
| <ref name="clickbhopal1">{{cite web|url=http://dbcity.in/|title=DB City Mall Bhopal}}</ref>
|-
| [[World Trade Park, Jaipur]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|1300000|sqft}}
| <ref name="World Trade Park Jaipur">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/economy-business/rise-and-growth-indian-malls-676834.html|title=The rise and growth of Indian malls|date=24 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hilite Mall Calicut|Hilite Mall, Kozhikode]]
| [[Kozhikode]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|1260000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Hilite Mall Calicut">{{cite web|url=https://hilitemall.com/|title=Explore About HiLITE - Shopping Mall & Entertainment Center, Calicut|website=hilitemall.com}}</ref>
|-
| Sky City Mall
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|1207000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Sky City Mall">{{cite news|first=Mehul R |last=Thakkar|title=Mumbai Apple India deal: 5 key facts about the brand's upcoming 12,616 sq ft store in Borivali|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/mumbai-apple-india-deal-5-key-facts-about-the-brand-s-upcoming-12-616-sq-ft-store-in-borivali-101749235542527.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 June 2025|access-date=28 July 2025|quote=Spanning a gross leasable area (GLA) of approximately 12.07 lakh sq. ft.}}</ref>
|-
| Amanora Mall, Hadapsar
| [[Pune]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Amanora Mall Pune">{{cite web|title=About-Us{{!}}Largest Shopping Mall in Pune|url=https://www.amanoramall.com/about-us/}}</ref>
|-
| Ambience Mall, Vasant Kunj
| [[Delhi]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Ambience Mall Vasant Kunj">{{cite web|url=https://ambiencegroup.in/ambience-mall-vasant-kunj/|title=AMBIENCE MALL, VASANT KUNJ |}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix Mall of Asia
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls"/>
|-
| [[R City Mall]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="The city has it all">{{cite web |url=http://www.rcity.co.in/about_rcity.html |title=The city has it all |publisher=R City |access-date=22 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712103300/http://www.rcity.co.in/about_rcity.html |archive-date=12 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/r-city-mall-ghatkopar-west|title=R City Mall Ghatkopar West|website=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianretailer.com/article/whats-hot/property/Best-shopping-malls-2015-R-City-Mall-Mumbai.a3394/|title=Best shopping malls 2015: R City Mall, Mumbai|website=Indian Retailer}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Pune)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Pune]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1190000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" />
|-
| [[Elante Mall|Nexus Elante Mall]]
| [[Chandigarh]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1150000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Elante Mall">{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chandigarh-gets-its-largest-mall-elante/1097564/|title=Chandigarh gets its largest mall Elante - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="Elante Mall Details">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/on-chandigarh-elante-mall-bomb-threat-police-say-no-explosive-found-yet/story-tzbmc5eGP1dXYKInU44cgK.html|title=Elante Mall Details|date=12 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1140000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls">{{cite web|url=https://www.thephoenixmills.com/businesses/retail|title=Iconic large format retail led mixed-use assets|access-date=24 August 2025}}</ref><ref name="Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/11/03/retail/phoenix-marketcity-mumbai-to-open-its-doors-on-nov-17-2011-2/|title=Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai|date=3 November 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Texvalley]]
| [[Erode]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|1130000|sqft}}
| <ref name="TexValley Erode">{{Cite web|url=http://tea-india.org/news1/763-fibre2fashion-intends-to-digitalise-texvalley-15-06-2016|title=Fibre2Fashion intends to digitalise Texvalley|date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031625/http://tea-india.org/news1/763-fibre2fashion-intends-to-digitalise-texvalley-15-06-2016 |archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix Mall of the Millennium
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|1100000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" />
|-
| [[Phoenix Palladium]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 1996
| {{cvt|1100000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" />
|-
| [[Forum Mall Kochi]]
| [[Kochi]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|10,60,000|sqft}}
| <ref name="newi">URL|https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2023/Aug/19/forum-mall-mass-entry-today-in-kochi-2606581.html</ref>
|-
| [[Magneto The Mall]]
| [[Raipur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|1035000|sqft}}
| <ref name="magnetothemall.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.magnetothemall.com/the-mall/|title=The Mall – Magneto the Mall }}</ref>
|-
| Forum South Bengaluru
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Prestige Falcon City Near Forum Mall |url=https://www.prestigesparkridge.info/forum-mall-at-prestige-falcon-city.html |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.prestigesparkridge.info}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mantri Square]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mantri Square">{{cite web|url=https://www.mantrisquare.com/about-us.php|title=Mantri Square|website=www.mantrisquare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phoenix Citadel Mall]]
| [[Indore]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Citadel, Indore">{{cite web|url=https://www.thephoenixmills.com/InvestorFiles/14cc4dc4-c8b6-41b0-b832-08a113dddebe.pdf|title=Press Release - 'PHOENIX MILLS ANNOUNCES OPENING OF PHOENIX CITADEL, INDORE!' |website= thephoenixmills.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bangalore)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" />
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" /><ref name="Phoenix Marketcity Chennai">{{cite web|title=Phoenix Marketcity Chennai|url=https://www.phoenixmarketcity.com/chennai/about-us}}</ref><ref name="Phoenix Marketcity Chennai Inauguration">{{cite news|title=Phoenix Marketcity Chennai Inauguration|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 25 January 2013|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/the-phoenix-rises/article4344437.ece}}</ref>
|-
| [[South City Mall]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="South City">{{cite web|url=http://southcitymall.in/overview.php#|title=South City Mall}}</ref><ref name="South City Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/South-City-Mall-inaugurated-in-Kolkata|title=South City Mall inaugurated in Kolkata|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Great India Place]]
| [[Noida]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls" />
|-
| [[Lake Shore Mall (Thane)|Lake Shore Thane]]
| [[Thane]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Viviana Mall">{{cite web|url=https://vivianamalls.com/|title=Viviana Mall, Thane - Largest Shopping Mall in India|website=Viviana Mall}}</ref><ref name="Viviana Mall Inauguration">{{Cite news|publisher=IIFL Securities Ltd.|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/sheth-developers-inaugurates-its-flagship-mall-viviana-113110810475_1.html|title=Sheth Developers inaugurates its flagship mall - Viviana|access-date=13 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/singapore-s-gic-buys-rs-1-000-cr-stake-in-mall-116031801348_1.html |title=Singapore's GIC buys Rs 1,000-cr stake in mall |first=Raghavendra |last=Kamath |date=18 March 2016 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| [[VR Ambarsar]] (formerly Trilium Mall)
| [[Amritsar]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=VR Ambarsar Mall Amritsar|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/vr-ambarsar-mall-amritsar|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Punjab|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[VR Chennai]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Chennai Details">{{cite web|url=http://www.virtuousretail.com/pdfs/chennai-brochure.pdf|title=VR Chennai Details}}</ref><ref name="VR Chennai">{{cite web|title=VR Chennai|date=20 September 2017|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2017/09/20/shopping-centre/virtuous-retail-open-vr-chennai-2018/}}</ref>
|-
| VR Punjab (formerly North Country Mall)
| [[Mohali]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Punjab">{{cite web|url=http://vrpunjab.com/home/AboutUs|title=VR Punjab | Shopping Mall in Mohali Punjab|website=vrpunjab.com}}</ref><ref name="VR Punjab Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/|title=Online Press Release Distribution site | Business Wire India|website=www.businesswireindia.com}}</ref><ref name="North Country Mall Inauguration">{{cite web|title=North Country Mall Inauguration|date=20 December 2011|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/12/21/retail/zara-to-open-store-in-gumberg-indias-mall-in-mohali/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Seawoods]]
| [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|971742|sqft}}
| <ref name="Seawoods Grand Central">{{cite web|url=https://www.magicbricks.com/blog/seawoods-grand-central/129840.html|title=Seawoods Grand Central - Navi Mumbai's most Happening Mall|first=Akash|last=Sur|date=20 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Esplanade]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|950000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Esplanade One">{{cite web|title=Esplanade One|url=https://www.gloopla.com/IN/Bhubaneswar/484494438425563/Esplanade-One}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Grand Venice Mall]]
| [[Greater Noida]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|947000|sqft}}
| <ref name="The Grand Venice Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.adsversify.com/success-story/the-grand-venice-mall|title=The Grand Venice|website=www.adsversify.com}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, Nashik
| [[Nashik]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="City Centre Nashik">{{cite web|url=http://www.nashikcitycentre.com/about_mall.php|title=City Centre Nashik|publisher=Nashikcitycentre.com |access-date=18 November 2010|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420230247/http://www.nashikcitycentre.com/about_mall.php|archive-date=20 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="City Centre Nashik Information">{{cite web|url=http://www.nashikcitycentre.com/aboutus.html|title=About The City Centre Mall in Nashik|website=www.nashikcitycentre.com}}</ref><ref name="City Centre Nashik Details">{{cite web|title=City Centre Nashik Details|url=https://www.webindia123.com/city/maharashtra/nasik/destinations/shopping/citycentremall.htm}}</ref>
|-
| [[Express Avenue]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Express Avenue">{{cite web|title=Express Avenue|url=http://chennairealty.biz/blogs/Express_Newspaper_group_enters_hotels.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808004744/http://chennairealty.biz/blogs/Express_Newspaper_group_enters_hotels.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix Palassio
| [[Lucknow]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" /><ref name="Phoenix Malls1">{{cite web|url=https://trendlyne.com/posts/2163963/phoenix-mills-builds-up-portfolio-aiming-to-double-retail-presence|title=Phoenix Mills builds up portfolio, aiming to double retail presence|website=Trendlyne.com}}</ref><ref name="Phoenix Palassio">{{cite web|title=Phoenix Palassio|date = 15 March 2020|url=https://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=264324}}</ref>
|-
| [[Z Square Mall, Kanpur|Z Square Mall]]
| [[Kanpur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="zsquaremall">{{cite web|url=http://www.zsquaremall.com/|title=ZSQUAREWebsite | ZSQUARE-Website|publisher=zsquaremall.com|access-date=1 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://traveljee.com/top-10/top-10-largest-shopping-malls-in-india-857412/|title=Top 10 Largest Shopping Malls in India to enjoy shopping|publisher=traveljee.com|access-date=1 June 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610114813/http://traveljee.com/top-10/top-10-largest-shopping-malls-in-india-857412/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Nexus Ahmedabad One Mall (formerly Alpha One Mall)
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|885000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Ahmedabad One" />
|-
| Gaur City Mall, Greater Noida
| [[Greater Noida]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|861000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Gaur City Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.gaurcitymall.com/overview.php|title=Gaur City Mall|website=www.gaurcitymall.com}}</ref><ref name="Gaur City Mall Inauguration">{{cite web|url=https://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-ECN-INFR-ECNM-gaur-city-mall-of-greater-noida-west-is-ready-to-open-6043432-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406173740/https://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-ECN-INFR-ECNM-gaur-city-mall-of-greater-noida-west-is-ready-to-open-6043432-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 April 2019|title=Gaur City Mall Inauguration}}</ref>
|-
| [[Infiniti Mall|Infiniti Mall, Malad]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|850000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Infiniti Mall Malad Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianretailer.com/article/whats-hot/property/Best-shopping-malls-2015-Infiniti-Mall-MALAD.a3401/|title=Best shopping malls 2015: Infiniti Mall, MALAD|website=Indian Retailer}}</ref><ref name="Infiniti Mall Malad">{{cite web|url=http://www.infinitimall.com/Attractions/Malad|title=Infiniti Mall Malad}}</ref>
|-
| [[Orion Mall]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|850000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Brigade Group opens Orion Mall">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/marketing/brigade-group-opens-orion-mall/article3251475.ece |title=Brigade Group opens Orion Mall |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| Nexus Hyderabad Mall
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|820000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Sujana">{{cite web|url=https://www.nexusmalls.com/nexus-hyderabad |title=Nexus Hyderabad Mall |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925033334/https://www.nexusmalls.com/nexus-hyderabad |archive-date=25 September 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Nexus Sujana Details">{{cite web|url=https://andhra.mallsmarket.com/malls/forum-sujana-mall-hyderabad|title=The Nexus Sujana Mall Hyderabad|website=Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>
|-
| Acropolis Mall
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Acropolis Mall">{{cite web|url=https://acropolismall.in/|title=Best Shopping Mall in Kolkata | Acropolis Mall|website=Acropolis Mall -}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata.mallsmarket.com/malls/acropolis-mall-east-kolkata/events/launch-acropolis-mall-kolkata-25-september-2015|title=Launch of Acropolis Mall Kolkata on 25 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Cyberabad]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Inorbit Mall Cyberabad">{{cite web|url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/more-malls-to-come-up/2186.html|title=More malls to come up|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS}}</ref><ref name="Inorbit Mall Cyberabad Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Hyderabad/Inorbit-Mall-Part-Apiic-Software-Layout-Mind-Space-Opposite-Durgam-Cheruvu-Survey-No-64-Madhapur/040PXX40-XX40-101221144820-E5Q6_BZDET|title=Inorbit Mall Cyberabad Details}}</ref><ref name="Inorbit Mall Cyberabad Information">{{cite web|url=http://www.cityhyd.info/2012/05/06/inorbit-mall/|title=INORBIT MALL | CITY HYDERABAD}}</ref>
|-
| MGF Metropolis Mall
| [[Gurgaon]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="MGF Metropolis Mall">{{cite web|url=https://mgfgroup.in/the-metropolis-gurgaon-haryana.html|title=Welcome to MGF|website=mgfgroup.in}}</ref><ref name="MGF Metropolis Mall Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/MGF-Metropolis-Mall-Sector-28-Gurgaon/531|title=MGF Metropolis Mall, Sector 28, MG Road, Gurgaon – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| Elpro City Square
| [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="elpro1">{{cite web|url=https://elprocitysquare.com/|title=Elpro City Square}}</ref>
|-
| Jio World Drive
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|762300|sqft}} 
| <ref name="Jio World Drive">{{cite web |title=Reliance opens its first mall 'Jio World Drive' in Mumbai; check images |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/photos/business/companies/reliance-opens-its-first-mall-jio-world-drive-in-mumbai-check-images-11083142.htm |last=Ranipeta |first=Shilpa |date=12 October 2021 |website=CNBC TV18}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Plaza, Greater Noida]]
| [[Greater Noida]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Ansal Plaza Greater Noida">{{cite web|title=Ansal Plaza Greater Noida|url=https://ofcspc.com/ansal-plaza-pari-chowk-greater-noida/|access-date=9 April 2020|archive-date=21 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921125844/https://ofcspc.com/ansal-plaza-pari-chowk-greater-noida/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Growel's 101
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Growel's 101 Inauguration">{{cite web|title=Growel's 101 Inauguration|date = 21 July 2010|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2010/07/22/retail/growels-101-mumbai-spreads-its-wings/#aoh=15873669512418&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s}}</ref><ref name="Mall Mania">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mall-mania-spreading-across-the-country-104100401086_1.html|title=Mall mania spreading across the country|first=Richa|last=Singh|date=4 October 2004|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Growel's 101">{{cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/stories/Business/Shopping-Centre-News/Growels-101-Rejuvenates-Retail-Mixintroduces-Acknowledged-Brands-To-Change-Perception|title=Growel's 101 Rejuvenates Retail Mix, introduces Acknowledged Brands To Change Perception|website=www.magzter.com}}</ref>
|-
| Jio World Plaza
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Jio World Plaza">{{cite web |title=Mukesh Ambani's Jio World Plaza: All you need to know about India's largest luxury mall |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/mukesh-ambanis-jio-world-plaza-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-largest-luxury-mall/articleshow/104888622.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Palladium Ahmedabad]]
| [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Palladium Ahmedabad The Hindu">{{cite web |title=Phoenix Mills and B Safal Group open ₹850 cr-worth Palladium mall in Ahmedabad |website=thehindubusinessline.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 February 2023 |access-date=26 February 2023 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/phoenix-mills-and-b-safal-group-open-850-cr-worth-palladium-mall-in-ahmedabad/article66555645.ece}}</ref><ref name="Palladium Ahmedabad Indian Express">{{cite web |title=After a decade, Ahmedabad to get new large mall today |website=indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |quote=After nearly a decade, Ahmedabad will open to the public its new large format mall with 7.5 lakh square feet of retail space Sunday. |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/after-a-decade-ahmedabad-to-get-new-large-mall-today-8466777/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mani Square]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|700000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mani Square">{{cite web|url=http://www.kolkatamalls.com/existingmalls_next.php?id=7 |title=Mani Square Mall, Mani Square Shopping Mall Kolkata West Bengal India |publisher=Kolkatamalls.com |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Quest Mall]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|700000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Quest Mall">{{cite web|title=Quest Mall|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/quest-mall/ps34200498.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fiza by Nexus]]
| [[Mangalore]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|660000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Fiza Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.forummalls.in/leasing-fiza/|title=Nexus Fiza Mall}}</ref><ref name="Nexus Fiza Mall Inauguration">{{cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/mangalore-forum-fiza-mall-opens-public|title=Mangalore: Nexus Fiza Mall opens to the public|website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Vijaya Mall]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
| <ref name="The Nexus Vijaya">{{cite web|url=https://www.forummalls.in/lease/leasing-vijaya/|title=Leasing Vijaya - Nexus Malls|website=www.forummalls.in}}</ref><ref name="Nexus's New Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Prestige-unveils-Forum-Vijaya-Mall-in-Chennai|title=Prestige unveils Nexus Vijaya Mall in Chennai|website=www.projectstoday.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mall of Travancore]]
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
|-
| Vegas Mall
| [[Delhi]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Vegas Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/07/19/ampm-a-fashion-label-competing-with-mass-brands/|title=Vegas Mall}}</ref><ref name="Vegas Mall Inauguration">{{cite web|url=https://www.whatshot.in/delhi-ncr/good-news-dwarka-folks-as-the-new-vegas-mall-opens-near-you-today-c-18702|title=The New Vegas Mall Opens In Dwarka Today! Here's What To Expect|website=Whats Hot}}</ref>
|-
| [[Centre Square Mall, Kochi]]
| [[Kochi]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|630000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Govt of India - Ministry of Environment and Forests|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Monitoring/SI6GYV7C_2.pdf|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| VR Surat
| [[Surat]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|615000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Surat">{{cite web|title=VR Surat|url=http://www.vrsurat.com/Home/About}}</ref><ref name="VR Surat Opens">{{cite web|url=https://www.corecommunique.com/virtuous-retails-inaugural-flagship-centre-vr-surat-opens-with-paresh-maity-presenting-jal-tapi-dumas-art-project/|title=Virtuous Retail's Inaugural Flagship Centre - VR Surat Opens with Paresh Maity presenting 'Jal Tapi' & 'Dumas Art Project' - Core Sector Communique}}</ref>
|-
| Parsvnath Mall, Azadpur
| [[Delhi]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Parsvnath Mall Azadpur">{{cite web|url=https://www.parsvnath.com/projects/retail/delhi/project-with-dmrc/delhimalls-azadpur/|title=Parsvnath Mall Azadpur | Commercial Property Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Parsvnath Mall Azadpur Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/Parsvnath-Metro-Mall-Azadpur-Azadpur-New-Delhi/705|title=Parsvnath Metro Mall Azadpur, Azadpur, GT Road, New Delhi – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Select Citywalk]]
| [[Delhi]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Select Citywalk">{{cite web|url=https://www.selectcitywalk.com/shopping/|title=Shopping in Delhi, Top Destination Luxury Brands and Perfume Shops in Delhi - Select CITYWALK India|website=www.selectcitywalk.com|access-date=18 April 2020|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304150325/https://www.selectcitywalk.com/shopping/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Select Citywalk Details">{{cite web|url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Select-citywalk-brings-in-new-round-of-international-brands,867445.html|title=Select Citywalk brings in new round of international brands|website=FashionNetwork.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prozone Mall Aurangabad]]
| [[Aurangabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Prozone Malls">{{cite news|title=Prozone Malls|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=5 April 2018 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/prozone-enters-race-to-buy-malls-in-mumbai-delhi-pune-other-big-cities-118040500038_1.html|last1=Kamath |first1=Raghavendra }}</ref>
|-
| Royal Meenakshi Mall
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Royal Meenakshi Mall">{{cite web|title=Royal Meenakshi Mall|date=28 March 2014|url=https://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/royal-meenakshi-mall-bannerghatta-road/}}</ref>
|-
| Pacific Mall, Tagore Garden
| [[Delhi]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.pacificmalls.in/tagore-garden/soh-about-us.php|title=Space on Hire, Shop Leasing in Delhi, Mall Branding, BTL, Flea Market | Pacific Mall|website=www.pacificmalls.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhawani Mall]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Bhawani Mall">{{cite news|title=BMC to lease out spaces in markets|url=http://www.bhubaneswarbuzz.com/updates/bhawani-mall-bhubaneswar-grocery-stores-along-inox|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Avani Riverside Mall
| [[Howrah]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Avani Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/avani-riverside-mall-launched-in-kolkata|title=Avani Riverside Mall}}</ref>
|-
| World Square Mall
| [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="World Square Mall">{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/world-square-mall-ghaziabad|title=World Square Mall Ghaziabad|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| [[VR Bengaluru]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Bengaluru">{{cite news|title=VR Bengaluru|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/hm-zeroes-in-on-bengaluru-mall-for-its-third-outlet-in-india/articleshow/49163705.cms|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="VR Bengaluru Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.popup72.com/PopUpInfo/51/VR-Bengaluru|title=VR Bengaluru, Mall|website=Pop-Up72.com}}</ref>
|-
| Logix City Centre
| [[Noida]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Logix City Centre">{{cite web|url=http://www.logixgroup.in/|title=Logix cyber park | Logix blossom | Logix city centre|website=logixgroup}}</ref>
|-
| [[P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall]]
| [[Jamshedpur]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-p-and-m-and-hitech-city-centre-mall-15314020.html|title=मई तक चालू हो जाएगा पीएंडएम मॉल|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref name="P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Inauguration">{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur/story-prakash-jha-worshiped-in-p-m-city-center-1238700.html|title=प्रकाश झा ने की पी एंड एम सिटी सेंटर में पूजा|website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref name="P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Details">{{cite web|url=https://citycentretatanagar.in/about.html|title=P & M Hi-Tech Mall|website=citycentretatanagar.in}}</ref>
|-
| Nexus Shantiniketan
| [[Bengaluru]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Shantiniketan">{{cite web|url=https://www.forummalls.in/leasing-shantiniketan/|title=Nexus Shantiniketan}}</ref><ref name="Nexus Shantiniketan Opens">{{cite web|url=https://www.forummalls.in/forum-shantiniketan/event/the-most-inspirational-mall-is-now-open-to-all/|title=Nexus Shantiniketan Opens}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow)|Fun Republic Mall]]
| [[Lucknow]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|580000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls" /><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-05/lucknow/28320912_1_internet-friend-fourth-floor-private-institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104000808/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-05/lucknow/28320912_1_internet-friend-fourth-floor-private-institute |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Mystery shrouds girl's fall at city mall |date=5 May 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 November 2010}}</ref>
|-
| Omaxe Connaught Place
| [[Greater Noida]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|572000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Omaxe Connaught Place">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianretailer.com/article/whats-hot/property/Best-shopping-malls-2015-Omaxe-Connaught-Place.a3411/|title=Best shopping malls 2015:Omaxe Connaught Place|website=Indian Retailer}}</ref>
|-
| [[Metro Junction Mall]]
| [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Metro Junction Mall">{{cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/metro-junction-mall-kalyan|title=Metro Junction Mall Kalyan}}</ref>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Mall, Vashi]]
| [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Inorbit Mall Vashi">{{cite web|url=http://inorbit.in/malls.aspx?mallid=3|title=Inorbit Mall Vashi|publisher=Inorbit Malls|access-date=26 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030053805/http://inorbit.in/malls.aspx?mallid=3|archive-date=30 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Inorbit Mall Vashi Details">{{cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/inorbit-mall-vashi|title=Inorbit Mall Vashi|website=Mumbai}}</ref>
|-
| TDI Mall, Sonipat
| [[Sonipat]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
| <ref name="TDI Mall Sonipat">{{cite web|title=TDI Mall Sonipat|url=http://www.tdigroup.net/retail/tdi-mall-kundli-highlights.html}}</ref><ref name="TDI Mall Sonipat Details">{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/tdi-mall-sonipat|title=TDI Mall - Kundli, Sonipat - Shop Project|website=PropertyWala.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai Marina Mall]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|550,000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Marina Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/feb/18/there-is-a-new-marina-in-town-1940467.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220161807/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/feb/18/there-is-a-new-marina-in-town-1940467.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2019|title=There is a new marina in town|date=18 February 2019|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="The Marina Mall">{{cite web|url=http://www.marinamallchennai.com/the-marina-mall.html|title=The Marina Mall}}</ref>
|-
| [[City Centre, Mangalore]]
| [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|540000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mangalore, 25 April, DHNS">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/65911/city-centre-opens-mangalore.html|title=City centre opens in Mangalore|work=Deccan Herald|date=26 April 2010|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Amritsar]] (formerly Mall of Amritsar and Alpha One Mall, Amritsar)
| [[Amritsar]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|535241|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mall of Amritsar">{{cite web|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/mall-of-amritsar|title=Mall of Amritsar}}</ref><ref name="AlphaOne Mall Amritsar">{{cite web|title=AlphaOne Mall Amritsar|date=24 February 2010 |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2010/02/25/retail/alphaone-amritsar-set-to-launch-on-march-5/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Spencer Plaza]]
| [[Chennai]]
| 1863
| {{cvt|530000|sqft}}
| <ref name="India's most stunning malls">{{cite web |title=India's most stunning malls |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-most-amazing-malls/20120409.htm#11 |work=[[Rediff.com]] | access-date=21 October 2013 |date=9 April 2012}}</ref>
|-
| DLF Avenue (formerly DLF Place)
| [[Delhi]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|519596|sqft}}
| <ref name="DLF Avenue">{{cite web|url=https://www.dlfavenue.com//|title=About Us | Best Mall in Delhi | DLF Avenue, Saket|website=www.dlfavenue.com}}</ref><ref name="DLF Avenue Information">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/07/19/ampm-a-fashion-label-competing-with-mass-brands/|title=DLF Avenue Information}}</ref><ref name="DLF To Rebuild Saket Mall">{{cite web|title=DLF To Rebuild Saket Mall|date=24 January 2019 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/dlf-to-rebuild-saket-mall-jack-up-rentals/story/313392.html}}</ref>
|-
| MGF Metropolitan Mall, Gurgaon
| [[Gurgaon]]
| 1998
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="MGF Metropolitan Mall Gurgaon">{{cite web|url=https://mgfgroup.in/the-metropolitan-gurgaon-haryana.html|title=Welcome to MGF|website=mgfgroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Mall, Malad]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Inorbit Mall Malad">{{cite web|url=https://www.hoponindia.com/poi/53/Inorbit-Mall/|title=HopOn India|website=www.hoponindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Inorbit Mall Malad Details">{{cite news|title=Inorbit Mall Malad Details|url=https://nearfox.com/mumbai/inorbit-mall/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604100004/https://nearfox.com/mumbai/inorbit-mall/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Pacific Mall, Ghaziabad
| [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Pacific Mall Ghaziabad">{{cite web|url=https://www.pacificmalls.in/ghaziabad/|title=Shopping Mall, Food Court and Restaurant in Ghaziabad | Pacific Mall|website=www.pacificmalls.in}}</ref>
|-
| Crown Interiorz Mall
| [[Faridabad]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Faridabad Malls">{{cite web|url=https://threebestrated.in/shopping-malls-in-faridabad-hr|title=3 Best Shopping Malls in Faridabad, HR - Expert Recommendations|website=ThreeBestRated.in}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] (City Centre 2)
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="City Centre, New Town">{{cite web|url=http://newtown.citycentremalls.in/the-mall.aspx|title=City Centre New Town :: The Mall|website=newtown.citycentremalls.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=City Centre 2 Mall opens|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/City-Centre-II-Mall-with-a-difference/articleshow/5182085.cms}}</ref>
|-
| Axis Mall, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Axis Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Kolkata/Axis-Mall-Near-New-Town-Bus-Stand-New-Town/033PXX33-XX33-100416123330-C4F6_BZDET|title=Axis Mall}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, Siliguri
| [[Siliguri]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="City Centre, Siliguri">{{cite web|url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/business_vertical/city-centre-siliguri/|title=City Centre Siliguri|website=Ambuja Neotia}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Siliguri City Centre is about to open|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 August 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/City-Centre-to-open-doors-in-Siliguri/articleshow/6290007.cms}}</ref>
|-
| MSX Mall
| [[Greater Noida]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="MSX Mall">{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/msx-mall-greater-noida|title=MSX Mall Greater Noida}}</ref>
|-
| Unity One, Janakpuri
| [[Delhi]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Unity One Janakpuri">{{cite web|url=https://www.unitygroup.in/unity-one-janakpuri.html|title=Unity One, Janakpuri | Delhi Commercial Project by Unity Group|website=www.unitygroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| Lodha Xperia Mall
| [[Dombivali]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="New Malls">{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/753117/those-who-wrote-off-indian-malls-didnt-the-foreign-brands-and-24x7-shopping-coming-in/|title=Those who wrote off Indian malls didn't see the foreign brands and 24X7 shopping coming in|first=Suneera|last=Tandon|website=Quartz|date=11 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Prozone Mall (Coimbatore)|Prozone Mall]]
| [[Coimbatore]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Prozone Malls" /><ref name="Prozone Coimbatore">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/prozone-enters-coimbatore/article9779025.ece|title=Prozone Mall ready in Coimbatore|date=19 July 2017|work=Business Line|access-date=30 September 2017}}</ref>
|}

== Andhra Pradesh ==
[[File:Exterior View of Mall.jpg|thumb|right|PVP Square Mall, [[Vijayawada]]]]
[[File:Phoenix_mall_guntur.jpg|thumb|right|Phoenix Boorugu Mall, [[Guntur]]]]
[[File:CMR Central mall Vizag.jpg|thumb|right|[[CMR Central, Visakhapatnam|CMR Central]], [[Visakhapatnam]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
|[[Inorbit Mall]], [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]]
|[[Kailasapuram, Visakhapatnam|Kailasapuram]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|2026
|{{cvt|600000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Phoenix Mall Guntur
| [[Guntur|GT road, Guntur]]
| 2023
|
{{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=FashionNetwork com |title=Shoppers Stop expands Andhra Pradesh footprint with first store in Guntur |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Shoppers-stop-expands-andhra-pradesh-footprint-with-first-store-in-guntur,1544243.html |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Indiaretailing |date=2023-08-11 |title=Shoppers Stop opens its first store in Guntur |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2023/08/11/shoppers-stop-opens-its-first-store-in-guntur/ |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| MGB Felicity Mall
| [[Nellore]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|320000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2018/07/26/shopping-centre/felicity-mall-a-one-stop-shopping-destination-for-nellore/|title=Felicity Mall: A one-stop shopping destination for Nellore|date=26 July 2018|website=Indiaretailing.com|access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[CMR Central, Visakhapatnam|CMR Central]]
| [[Maddilapalem]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Floor Directory |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2014/06/13/shopping-centre/a-centre-with-attention/ |access-date=14 January 2019 |website=Cmr Central|date=13 June 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| Trendset Mall
| [[Benz Circle]], [[Vijayawada]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|450000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news |title=More malls to give a metro touch |newspaper=The Hindu |date=August 2015 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/more-malls-to-give-a-metro-touch/article7491619.ece |access-date=14 January 2019 |publisher=Trendset Builders}}</ref>
|-
| PVP Square Mall
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Vijayawada|MG Road]], [[Vijayawada]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|427000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Tendulkar inaugurates PVP mall in Vijayawada |date=August 2014 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Tendulkar-inaugurates-PVP-mall-in-Vijayawada/article20833888.ece |access-date=14 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| BNR SV Mall
| STV Nagar, [[Tirupati]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Garuda Mall, Tirupati
| [[Akkarampalle]], [[Tirupati]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| LEPL Centro
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Vijayawada|MG Road]], [[Vijayawada]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Ripples Mall
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Road, Vijayawada|MG Road]], Labbipet, [[Vijayawada]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|}

== Assam ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Unity Mall (Ekta Mall)]]
| Assam Trade Promotion Organisation (ATPO) Complex, Betkuchi, [[Guwahati]]
| 2026
| {{cvt|416703|sqft}}
| <ref>https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/ekta-mall-in-guwahati-to-be-inaugurated-by-pm-modi-today-11209459</ref>
|-
| [[Guwahati City Centre Mall]]
| G.S. Road, Christian Basti, [[Guwahati]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=City Center Guwahati {{!}} Northeast India's Largest Shopping Mall |url=https://citycenterghy.com/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=City Center |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sandeep |date=2018-12-11 |title=City Centre: Guwahati's first complete mall set for pre-launch in December |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2018/12/11/city-centre-guwahatis-first-complete-mall-set-for-pre-launch-in-december/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| Roodraksh Mall
| [[Bhangagarh]], [[Guwahati]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Dona Planet Multiplex and Mall
| G.S. Road, [[Guwahati]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| The Hub Mall
| [[Bhangagarh]], [[Guwahati]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Matrix Mall Beltola
| [[Beltola]], [[Guwahati]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|240000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Aurus Mall
| [[Dispur|Dispur Flyover]], [[Sarumotoria]], [[Guwahati]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Guwahati Central Mall
| G.S. Road, Sree Nagar, [[Guwahati]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goswami |first=Anusikh |date=11 May 2024 |title=Guwahati's Ghost Malls: Place Of Past Or Projection Of Future? |url=https://guwahatiplus.com/exclusive-news/guwahatis-ghost-malls-place-of-past-or-projection-of-future |work=Guwahati Plus}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File: CIty Center Mall Guwahati.jpg|[[Guwahati City Centre Mall]] inside view
</gallery>

== Bihar ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| City Centre Patna
| [[Buddha Colony|Buddha Marg]], [[Patna]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|325000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citycentremalls.in/patna.aspx |title=City Centre Patna |publisher=City Centre |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607010417/http://www.citycentremalls.in/patna.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Icon Plaza Mall
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Front Page |url=https://iconprojects.net/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Icon Projects |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[P&M Mall]]
| [[Patliputra Housing Colony|Patliputra Colony]], [[Patna]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|225000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pandminfra.com/|title=Welcome to the P&M World of Retail & Entertainment|website=P&M Infrastructures Limited|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pandminfra.com/patna_specifications.html|title=P & M Mall, Patna|website=P&M Infrastructures Limited|access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| Grand Mall
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[The Mall, Patna|The Mall]]
| [[Frazer Road]], [[Patna]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|170000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://darpthemall.com/ |title=The Mall – Fraser Road, Patna, Bihar |publisher=Darpthemall.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517031937/http://darpthemall.com/ |archive-date=17 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Patna One Mall
| [[Patna|Dak Bungalow, Patna]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|90000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Gravity Mall
| [[Patna|Kankarbagh, Patna]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Vasundhara Metro Mall
| [[Patna|Boring Road, Patna]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|140000|sqft}}
|
|-
| J.D. Mall
| [[Exhibition Road, Patna]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| DRB Palace Mall
| [[Muzaffarpur]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|}
<gallery>
File:A mall in patna.jpg|[[P&M Mall]], [[Patna]]
File:The Mall Patna.JPG|Central Mall, [[Patna]]
File:Patna One Mall 03.jpg|Patna One Mall, [[Patna]]
File:Patna One Mall.jpg|another view of Patna One Mall
</gallery>

== Chandigarh ==
[[File:Elante Mall, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|upright| [[Elante Mall]] is the largest mall of [[Chandigarh]]]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Nexus Elante Mall]]
| Phase-1, Industrial Area
| 2013
| {{cvt|1150000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Elante Mall"/><ref name="Elante Mall Details"/>
|-
| DLF City Centre, Chandigarh (DT Mall)
| Rajiv Gandhi IT Park, [[Sector 13]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dlfcitycentrechandigarh.com/about-us.asp|title=DLF City Centre Chandigarh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shoutlo.com/articles/brands-at-dlf-city-centre-chandigarh|title=DLF City Centre Chandigarh Is Unlocking A New World|website=www.shoutlo.com}}</ref>
|-
| Centra Mall
| Phase-1, Industrial Area
| 2008
| {{cvt|146000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.morphogenesis.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Commercial-List-of-Projects.pdf|title=Area of Malls}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Malls in Chandigarh|date=12 October 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-towering-glory-and-the-declining-business/}}</ref>
|-
| TDI Jagat Mall
| Sector-17
| 2016
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=TDI Jagat Mall|url=http://chandigarhinfo.in/best-malls-in-chandigarh/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/chandigarh/jagat-cinema-a-tale-of-falling-and-malling-763316|title=Jagat Cinema, a tale of falling and malling|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
|}
{{clear}}

== Chhattisgarh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Zora The Mall
| Opposite Agriculture College, NH-6, Jora, [[Raipur]]
| 2025
| {{convert|1,100,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-01 |title=Chhattisgarh's Biggest Mall – Zora The Mall |url=https://www.zorathemall.com/ |access-date=2025-05-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| City Center, Raipur
| Devendra Nagar, Pandri, [[Raipur]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|1100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citycenterraipur.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412030855/http://www.citycenterraipur.com/ |archive-date=12 April 2009 |title=:: City Center - the Mega Mall :: }}</ref>
|-
| [[Magneto The Mall|Magneto The Mall, Raipur]]
| Labhandi, NH 53, [[Raipur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|1035000|sqft}}
| <ref name="magnetothemall.com"/>
|-
| Ambuja City Center
| Vidhan Sabha Road, Mowa, [[Raipur]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|277082|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scai.in/portfolio/ambuja-neotia-malls-4/|title=City Centre Raipur – Shopping Centres Association of india }}</ref>
|-
| City Mall 36, Raipur
| G.E. Road, [[Raipur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Surya Treasure Island
| Smriti Nagar, [[Bhilai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|5,46,402|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/10/10/bhilais-first-mall-to-become-operational-on-dec-16-2011-2/ |title=Bhilai's first mall to become operational on Dec 16, 2011 |website=indiaretailing.com |date=10 October 2011}}</ref>
|-
| Rama Magneto Mall
| Srikant Verma Marg, Link Road, [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| 2013
|{{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2011/11/24/retail/rama-magneto-bilaspurs-first-mall-to-open-on-dec-2-2/|title=Rama Magneto, Bilaspur's first mall, to open on Dec 2 |date=24 November 2011 }}</ref>
|-
| The Palm Mall
| Transport Nagar Road, [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
| 2017
|{{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/234349633/Palm-Mall-Korba|title=Palm Mall Korba | PDF | Elevator | Kitchen }}</ref>
|-
| City Mall 36, Bilaspur
| Mangla Chowk, Mungeli Naka, [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]]
| 2016
|{{cvt|450000|sqft}}
|{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| Colors Mall
| Pachpedi Naka, NH 43, [[Raipur]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Avinash Times Square
| Sector-19, [[Nava Raipur|Naya Raipur]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|87187|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/hzecp/times-square-mall-project-pages.html|title=Times Square Mall }}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:Avinash Times Square mall, Naya Raipur.png|Avinash Times Square, [[Naya Raipur]]
File:Shopping mall in Korba, Chhattisgarh.jpg|The Palm Mall, [[Korba, Chhattisgarh|Korba]]
</gallery>

== Delhi ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Ambience Mall, Vasant Kunj
| Nelson Mandela Road, [[Vasant Kunj]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Ambience Mall Vasant Kunj"/>
|-
| Vegas Mall
| Sector-14, [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Vegas Mall"/><ref name="Vegas Mall Inauguration"/>
|-
| Parsvnath Mall, Azadpur
| [[Azadpur metro station]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Parsvnath Mall Azadpur"/><ref name="Parsvnath Mall Azadpur Details"/>
|-
| [[Nexus Select Citywalk]]
| Sector-6, Pushp Vihar, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket Nagar]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Select Citywalk"/><ref name="Select Citywalk Details"/>
|-
| Pacific Mall, Tagore Garden
| [[Tagore Garden metro station|Tagore Garden]], Subhash Nagar
| 2011
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="auto2"/>
|-
| DLF Avenue (formerly DLF Place)
| Sector-6, Pushp Vihar, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket Nagar]]
| 2009 (revamped in 2019)
| {{cvt|519596|sqft}}
| <ref name="DLF Avenue"/><ref name="DLF Avenue Information"/><ref name="DLF To Rebuild Saket Mall"/>
|-
| Unity One, Janakpuri
| [[Janakpuri]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Unity One Janakpuri"/>
|-
| [[Unity One Elegante Mall]]
| [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Pitam Pura|Pitampura]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2025 |title=Unity Group Launches 'Unity One Elegante' Mall at NSP, Brings Premium Retail Experience in Delhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/unity-group-launches-unity-one-elegante-mall-at-nsp-brings-premium-retail-experience-in-delhi-125101600849_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
| DLF Promenade
| Nelson Mandela Road, [[Vasant Kunj]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|460000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dlfpromenade.com/about|title=Best Shopping Malls In Delhi | DLF Promenade|website=dlfpromenade.com}}</ref><ref name="DLF in Delhi">{{cite web|title=DLF Malls|date=4 September 2014 |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2014/09/04/shopping-centre/success-of-the-mall-depends-upon-the-kind-of-relationship-that-exists-between-the-developer-and-the-retailer/}}</ref>
|-
| MGF City Square
| [[Shivaji Place]], [[Rajouri Garden]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgfgroup.in/city-square-mall-new-delhi.html|title=Welcome to MGF|website=mgfgroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| Unity One, Rohini
| Sector-10, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/unity-one-completed-commercial-projects-14791864597.html|title=Unity One Completed Commercial Projects|website=IndiaMART}}</ref>
|-
| Ambience Mall, Rohini
| Sector-10, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|360000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://properties.cityinfoservices.com/ambience-tower-rohini-rohini-delhi/xgvjcej/pjd|title=Project for Ambience Tower - Rohini - Rohini, Delhi | Cityinfo Services|website=properties.cityinfoservices.com}}</ref>
|-
| D Mall, Pitampura
| [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Pitampura]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|325000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://d-mall.in/dmallpitampura.html|title=D Mall Pitampura|website=d-mall.in}}</ref>
|-
| DLF Emporio
| Nelson Mandela Road, [[Vasant Kunj]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|304000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/dlf-emporio-mall-vasant-kunj|title=DLF Emporio Mall Vasant Kunj|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref><ref name="DLF in Delhi"/>
|-
| D Mall, Rohini
| Sector-10, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://d-mall.in/dmallrohini.html|title=D Mall Rohini|website=d-mall.in}}</ref>
|-
| V3S East Centre Mall
| [[Nirman Vihar metro station|Nirman Vihar]], [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR">{{cite web|url=http://www.asipac.com/uploaded/pdfFiles/1305803824Demand___Supply_of_Mall_Space_in_Delhi.pdf|title=Malls in NCR}}</ref>
|-
| [[WorldMark|WorldMark Aerocity]]
| [[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhartirealty.com/Project/detail/15worldmark_delhi.jpg|title=Real Estate Companies India | Commercial property for rent, lease in Gurugram, Delhi | Bharti Realty|website=www.bhartirealty.com}}</ref>
|-
| Pacific D21 Mall
| [[Dwarka Sector 21 metro station]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pacificmalls.in/dwarka/about-us.php|title=Best Shopping Mall in Dwarka, Food Court and Restaurant in Dwarka, PVR | Pacific D21 Mall|website=www.pacificmalls.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pacific D21 Mall Inauguration|date=14 November 2019|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/pacific-mall-to-open-in-dwarka-in-delhi-on-november-15-563723}}</ref>
|-
| Parsvnath Mall, Akshardham
| [[Akshardham metro station]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|298160|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parsvnath.com/project/parsvnath-mall-akshardham/|title=The Parsvnath Mall, Akshardham | Shopping Malls in Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/Parsvnath-Metro-Mall-Akshardham-Akshardham-New-Delhi/701|title=Parsvnath Metro Mall Akshardham, Akshardham, Noida Link Road, New Delhi – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| DT City Centre, Delhi
| [[Shalimar Bagh metro station|Shalimar Bagh]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|260000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/><ref>{{cite news|title=City Centre Shalimar Bagh|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/consumer-life/dlf-city-centre-mall-centre-of-attraction/articleshow/4977096.cms|last1=Sharma|first1=Amit}}</ref>
|-
| Cross River Mall
| [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suncityprojects.com/cross-river-mall.php|title=Suncity Projects|website=www.suncityprojects.com}}</ref>
|-
| Vasant Square Mall
| Sector-B, [[Vasant Kunj]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|225000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://property.jll.co.in/office-lease/delhi/vasant-kunj/vasant-square-mall-ind-p-001baq|title=Vasant Square Mall | Sector B Pocket 5, | Delhi Office properties|website=JLL Property India | Commercial Office Space for Lease and Sale}}</ref>
|-
| [[Metro Walk (Delhi)|Metro Walk]]
| Sector-10, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|221000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhievents.com/2007/06/metro-walk-mall.html |title="Metro Walk Mall & Adventure Island" in Rohini, Near Rithala Metro Station |publisher=Delhi Events |access-date=22 July 2010}}</ref>
|-
| Parsvnath Mall, Netaji Subhash Place
| [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|208809|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parsvnath.com/projects/retail/delhi/project-with-dmrc/delhimalls-netaji-subhash-palace/|title=Parsvnath Mall Netaji Subhash Place}}</ref>
|-
| MGF Metropolitan Mall, Delhi
| Sector-6, Pushp Vihar, [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgfgroup.in/mgf-metropolitan-saket-new-delhi.html|title=Welcome to MGF|website=mgfgroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| Aggarwal City Mall, Pitampura
| [[Sant Nagar, Rani Bagh]], [[Pitampura]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unitygroup.in/aggarwal-city-mall-pitampura.html|title=Aggarwal City Mall, Pitampura | Commercial Office Space – Unity Group|website=www.unitygroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, Rohini
| Sector-10, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/>
|-
| North Gate Orbit Plaza
| Gujranwala Town, [[Model Town (Delhi)|Model Town]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Northgate Orbit Plaza|url=http://todayhomes.co.in/north-gate-orbit-plaza.html}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, Dwarka
| Sector-12, [[Dwarka, Delhi|Dwarka]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unitygroup.in/city-centre-dwarka.html|title=City Centre, Dwarka Sector 12 | Commercial Project by Unity Group|website=www.unitygroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| The Chanakya Mall
| [[Chanakyapuri]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|189000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thechanakya.com/our-story/|title=OUR STORY}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Chanakya Inauguration|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 September 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/chanakya-back-as-mall-multiplex/articleshow/60786913.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Plaza, Delhi]]
| Khel Gaon Marg, Andrews Ganj
| 1999
| {{cvt|178000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Ansal Plaza Delhi| date=11 November 2016 |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/11/11/shopping-centre/ansal-relaunches-flagship-shopping-mall-ansal-plaza-in-south-delhi/#aoh=15876580131192&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s}}</ref>
|-
| JMD Kohinoor Mall
| [[Greater Kailash]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|175000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/JMD-Kohinoor-Mall-Greater-Kailash-II-New-Delhi/825|title=JMD Kohinoor Mall, Greater Kailash II, New Delhi – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| Kings Mall
| Sector-10, [[Rohini, Delhi|Rohini]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|162000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/>
|-
| Westend Mall, Delhi
| [[Janakpuri]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/westend-mall-new-delhi|title=Westend Mall - Janakpuri, New Delhi - Office Space Project|website=PropertyWala.com|date=18 November 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| Parsvnath Mall, Inderlok
| [[Inderlok metro station]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|142091|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parsvnath.com/projects/retail/delhi/project-with-dmrc/delhimalls-inderlok/|title=Parsvnath Mall, Inderlok | Shopping Malls in Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/Reviews/Parsvnath-Metro-Mall-Inderlok/714|title=Parsvnath Metro Mall Inderlok Reviews & Rating – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| North Square Mall
| [[Netaji Subhash Place metro station|Netaji Subhash Place]], [[Pitampura]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|130000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=North Square Mall|url=https://ebuild.in/north-square-mall-gpm-architects-and-planners}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.suncityprojects.com/|title=Suncity Projects- Official Website|website=www.suncityprojects.com}}</ref>
|-
| Unity One Mall, CBD, Shahdara (formerly Aggarwal Funcity Mall)
| [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|125000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unitygroup.in/aggarwal-funcity-mall-shahdara.html|title=Unity One Mall, CBD, Shahdara | Commercial Project in Delhi|website=www.unitygroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| D Mall, Paschim Vihar
| Sunder Vihar, [[Paschim Vihar]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|106000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://d-mall.in/dmallpaschimvihar.html|title=D Mall Paschim Vihar|website=d-mall.in}}</ref>
|-
| Aditya Mega Mall
| [[Vishwas Nagar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Vishwas Nagar]], [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/aditya-mega-mall-shahdara|title=Aditya Mega Mall Shahdara|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| TDI Paragon Mall
| [[Shivaji Place]], [[Rajouri Garden]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tdiinfratech.com/images/pressReleases/New%20Delhi,%202007.pdf|title=TDI Paragon Mall}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:SelectCityWalkMall.jpg|[[Select Citywalk]], [[Saket (Delhi)|Saket]]
File:mgfcitysquare.jpg|MGF City Square, [[Shivaji Place]], [[Rajouri Garden]]
File:TdiParagon.jpg|TDI Paragon Mall, [[Shivaji Place]], [[Rajouri Garden]]
</gallery>

== Goa ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Mall De Goa]]
| [[Porvorim]], [[Goa]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|180000|sqft}}
|{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| 1930 Vasco Mall
| [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]], [[Goa]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| The Atrium Mall
| [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Goa]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Caculo Mall
| [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|82000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/caculo-mall-all-set-to-unveil-on-monday/45559|title=Caculo Mall all set to unveil on Monday|website=oHeraldo|date=12 March 2011 }}</ref>
|}

== Gujarat ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Nexus Ahmedabad One Mall (formerly Alpha One Mall)
| [[Vastrapur]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|885000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Ahmedabad One">{{cite web|title=Ahmedabad One|website=nexusmalls.com|url=https://www.nexusmalls.com/nexus-ahmedabad-one/services|quote=With a GLA area of 8.85 lacs square feet, the mall takes pride in being the largest mall in the state.|access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Palladium Ahmedabad]]
| [[Thaltej]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Palladium Ahmedabad The Hindu" /><ref name="Palladium Ahmedabad Indian Express" />
|-
| [[VR Surat]]
| Dumas Road, [[Surat]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|615000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Surat" /><ref name="VR Surat Opens" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/top-story/malling-shift/story/258723.html|title=Can malls fight competition from online retailers?|website=businesstoday.in|date=24 August 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Mall, Vadodara]]
| [[Gorwa]], [[Vadodara]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|474000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://gujarat.mallsmarket.com/malls/inorbit-mall-vadodara|title=Inorbit Mall Vadodara}}</ref>
|-
| RahulRaj Mall
| Dumas Road, [[Surat]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=RahulRaj Mall|url=http://www.rahulraj.in/brochure/RahulRajMall-brochure.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Reliance Mall Surat
| [[Udhna|Udhana]], [[Surat]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Himalaya Mall
| Drive-in Road, [[Memnagar]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|270000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Himalaya Construction|website=www.himalayaconstructions.com|url=http://himalayaconstructions.com/himalaya-mall-ahemdabad.html|access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| Titanium City Centre Mall
| 100 Feet Rd, [[Jodhpur, Gujarat|Jodhpur Village]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| 7Seas Mall
| Near IPCL Circle, Fatehgunj, [[Vadodara]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 July 2018 |title=Seven Seas Mall in Vadodara waive parking charges |url=https://connectgujarat.com/seven-seas-mall-in-vadodara-waive-parking-charges/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=Connect Gujarat}}</ref>
|-
| Vadodara Central Mall
| Genda Circle, [[Vadodara]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Imperial Square Mall
| Adajan, [[Surat]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Now INOX Raj Imperial Surat - Premium Multiplex Experience |url=https://www.hisurat.com/explore-places/inox-raj-imperial |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=hisurat}}</ref>
|-
| Reliance Mega Mall
| Old Padra Rd, [[Tandalja]], [[Vadodara]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|230000|sqft}}
|
|-
| South West Central Mall
| Sun Pharma Road, [[Tandalja]], [[Vadodara]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|210000|sqft}}
|
|-
| 10-Acres Mall
| Dayanand Road, [[Kankaria]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|210000|sqft}}
|
|-
| TRP Mall
| [[Bopal|Bopal Road]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajyash Group {{!}} Real Estate Builder {{!}} Construction Company {{!}} Ahmedabad |url=https://rajyashgroup.com/?landmark=the-retail-park |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Rajyash Group |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Ahmedabad Central Mall
| Panchwati Road, [[Ambawadi|Ambawadi Circle]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 October 2022 |title=After 'malltiple' failures, Gujarat looks to score big |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/after-malltiple-failures-gujarat-looks-to-score-big/articleshow/95196060.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| The Palladium Shopping Complex, Surat
| Yogi Chowk, [[Varachha]], [[Surat]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Taksh Galaxy Mall
| Madhavpura, [[Vadodara]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2019 |title=INOX Opens its Fourth Multiplex in Vadodara at Taksh Galaxy Mall |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/in/news-releases/inox-opens-its-fourth-multiplex-in-vadodara-at-taksh-galaxy-mall-882012704.html |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=PR Newswire}}</ref>
|-
| Iscon Prozone Mall Rajkot
| 150 Ft Ring Road, Karan Park, [[Rajkot]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
|CG Square Mall
|Chimanlal Girdharlal Rd, Gulbai Tekra, [[Ahmedabad]]
|2015
|{{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Ved Arcade Mall
| [[Vastral]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Pavilion Mall
| New India Colony, Nikol, [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=CMS |first=Pro |title=Our Projects - Commercial - Hindva Pavilion - Hindva Developers - Construction & Real Estate {{!}} Textiles {{!}} Education {{!}} Hospitality {{!}} IT {{!}} CSR {{!}} Ahmedabad {{!}} Surat {{!}} Gujarat {{!}} India |url=https://www.hindvabuilders.com/projects/ahmedabad/commercial/hindva-pavilion/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.hindvabuilders.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| [[Crystal Mall Rajkot]]
| Kalawad Road, [[Rajkot]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findglocal.com/IN/Rajkot/121593994564358/Crystal-Mall-Rajkot|title=Crystal Mall Rajkot, Crystal Mall, Kalawad Road, Rajkot - 360005, Gujarat 360005, Rajkot (2022)|website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref>
|-
| Shree Balaji Agora Mall
| S.P. Ring Road, [[Chandkheda]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover the Best Shopping Mall in Ahmedabad - Agora Mall |url=https://sbam.in/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 4D Square Mall, Motera
| [[Motera]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
|{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| Centre Square Mall
| Genda Circle, [[Vadodara]]
| 2008
| {[convert |{{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre Square Mall- Vadodara Shopping Mall |url=https://centresquare.in/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.centresquare.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Reliance Mall Rajkot
| 150 Ft Ring Road, [[Rajkot]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| The Acropolis Mall
| [[Thaltej]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Projects |url=https://saumyaconstruction.com/previous-projects/#commercial |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Saumya Construction Pvt. Ltd. |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 April 2010 |title=PVR makes its debut in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2010/04/30/pvr-makes-its-debut-in-ahmedabad/ |access-date=1 April 2025 |work=India Retailing}}</ref>
|-
| Eva The Mall
| [[Manjalpur]], [[Vadodara]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva The Mall |url=https://evathemall.com/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=evathemall.com}}</ref>
|-
| Vandana Heritage Mall
| Gondal Road, [[Rajkot]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|}
<gallery>
File:RRM Front view.jpg|RahulRaj Mall road view
File:Crystal Mall Rajkot Road View.jpg|[[Crystal Mall Rajkot]] road view
File:Crystal Mall Inside.jpg|[[Crystal Mall Rajkot]] inside view
</gallery>

== Haryana ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Ambience Mall Gurgaon]]
| NH-8, Ambience Island, Sector-24, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|1800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Ambience Mall Gurgaon Information"/>
|-
| MGF Metropolis Mall
| Sector-28, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="MGF Metropolis Mall"/><ref name="MGF Metropolis Mall Details"/>
|-
| TDI Mall, Sonipat
| Sector-58, [[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]], [[Sonipat]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
| <ref name="TDI Mall Sonipat"/><ref name="TDI Mall Sonipat Details"/>
|-
| MGF Metropolitan Mall, Gurgaon
| Sector-25, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 1998
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="MGF Metropolitan Mall Gurgaon"/>
|-
| Crown Plaza
| Sector 15A, [[Faridabad]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Crown Interiorz Mall
| Sarai Khwaja, Sector-35, Mathura Road, [[Faridabad]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Faridabad Malls"/>
|-
| Parker Mall
| Sector-62, [[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]], [[Sonipat]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|425000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/Parker-Mall-Sector-39-Sonipat/3010|title=Parker Mall, Sector 39, Kundli, Sonipat – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| MGF Megacity Mall
| Sector-28, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mgfgroup.in/megacity-mall-gurgaon-haryana.html|title=Welcome to MGF|website=mgfgroup.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Crown Plaza]]
| Ajronda, Sector-15A, Mathura Road, [[Faridabad]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/>
|-
| DT Mega Mall
| Bristol Chowk, Sector-28, Golf Course Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|290000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/>
|-
| World Street by Omaxe
| Sector-79, [[Faridabad]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|290000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Pebble Downtown Mall
| [[Bata Chowk metro station]], Sector-12, [[Faridabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Raheja Mall
| Sohna Road, Malibu Town, Sector-47, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|290000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/raheja-mall-gurgaon|title=Raheja Mall - Sohna Road, Gurgaon - Shopping Mall Space Project|website=PropertyWala.com|date=4 March 2022 }}</ref><ref name="Malls in NCR"/>
|-
| DLF South Point Mall
| Genpact Chowk, Sector-53, Golf Course Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|278853|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/dlf-south-point-gurgaon|title=DLF South Point Gurgaon|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| Omaxe Gurgaon Mall
| Sector-49, Sohna Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|265000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omaxe.com/commercial-property-in-gurugram/omaxe-gurgaon-mall|title=Buy Commercial Property in Gurgaon - Omaxe Gurgaon Mall|website=www.omaxe.com}}</ref>
|-
| DLF City Centre, Gurgaon
| Sector-28, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|260000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/dlf-city-centre-gurgaon|title=DLF City Centre Gurgaon|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Plaza, Gurgaon]]
| Rezang La Chowk, Palam Vihar, Sector-23, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|260000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/>
|-
| Airia Mall
| Sohna Road, [[Badshahpur]], Sector-68, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|253505|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Airia Mall|url=http://www.ddg-usa.com/projects/airia-mall/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Highway Plaza]]
| Sector-62, [[Kundli, Haryana|Kundli]], [[Sonipat]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/ansal-highway-plaza-sonipat-sonipat|title=Ansal Highway Plaza, Sonipat - Kundli, Sonipat - Residential Plot / Land Project|website=PropertyWala.com|date=9 September 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| Ardee Mall
| Ardee City, Sector-52, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.signnews.in/ardee-group-plans-diwali-launch-of-its-mall-in-gurgaon/|title=Ardee Group plans Diwali launch of its mall in Gurgaon|date=14 March 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Piyush Mahendra Mall
| Aravalli Golf Course, [[Faridabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Sahara Mall
| Sector-28, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2001
| {{cvt|230000|sqft}}
| <ref name="NCR Malls">{{cite news|title=Sahara Mall|date = August 2013| publisher=Lulu.com |isbn = 9781438767789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aD6zDwAAQBAJ&q=central+plaza+mall+gurgaon+2003&pg=PA185}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fabhotels.com/blog/shopping-malls-in-gurgaon/|title=Top 11 Malls in Gurgaon (2022) Shopping Malls in Gurugram (Photos)|date=2 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Star Mall, Gurgaon
| NH-8, Jal Vayu Vihar, Sector-30, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|219000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/dlf-star-mall-gurgaon|title=DLF Star Mall Gurgaon|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| DLF Grand Mall
| Sector-28, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|210507|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/dlf-grand-mall-gurgaon|title=DLF GRAND MALL Gurgaon|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| The Esplanade Mall
| Sector-37C, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| The Mall of Faridabad
| KL Mehta Road, [[Faridabad]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Biggest Shopping Mall in Faridabad - The Mall of Faridabad |url=https://www.pacificmalls.in/the-mall-of-faridabad |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.pacificmalls.in}}</ref>
|-
| Gold Souk Mall, [[Gurgaon]]
| Vyaper Kendra Road, [[Kanhai]], Sector-43, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|180000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20060313-gurgaon-gets-gold-souk-a-one-stop-solution-for-hallmarked-jewellery-global-brands-783632-2006-03-13|title=Gurgaon gets Gold Souk, a one-stop solution for hallmarked jewellery, global brands|website=India Today|date=13 March 2006 }}</ref>
|-
| Mittal's Mega Mall
| Huda Sector-25, [[Panipat]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|160000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20071001-moolah-rouge-734141-2007-09-24|title=Moolah rouge|website=India Today|date=24 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/Mittals-Mega-Mall-HUDA-Sector-25-Part-II-Panipat/1481|title=Mittals Mega Mall, HUDA Sector 25 Part II, GT Road, Panipat – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| Omaxe Celebration Mall
| Subhash Chowk, Sector-48, Sohna Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|155000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.omaxe.com/commercial-property-in-gurugram/omaxe-celebrations-mall|title=Commercial Property in Gurgaon - Omaxe Celebration Mall|website=www.omaxe.com}}</ref>
|-
| Eldeco Station 1 Mall
| Sector-12, Mathura Road, [[Faridabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/eldeco-station-1-faridabad|title=Eldeco Station 1 - Sector 12, Faridabad - Shopping Mall Space Project|website=PropertyWala.com|date=14 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| SRS Mall, Faridabad
| Sector-12, [[Faridabad]]
| 2002
| {{cvt|137970|sqft}}
| <ref name="Faridabad Malls"/>
|-
| Eros EF3 Mall
| Sector-20A, [[Faridabad]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|130000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zricks.com/Eros-EF3-Mall-Sector-20A-Faridabad/1674|title=Eros EF3 Mall, Sector 20A, Mathura Road NH 2, Faridabad – Zricks.com|website=www.zricks.com}}</ref>
|-
| Gurgaon Central
| Sector-25, MG Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|125000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls"/>
|-
| Central Plaza, Gurgaon
| Sector-53, Golf Course Road, [[Gurgaon]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref name="NCR Malls"/>
|-
| Kessel Mall, Kurukshetra
| Sector-17, [[Thanesar]], [[Kurukshetra]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kurukshetraonline.in/city-guide/kessel-mall-in-kurukshetra|title=Kessel Mall in Kurukshetra, Facilities in Kessel Shopping Mall|website=www.kurukshetraonline.in}}</ref>
|-
| Pristine Mall, Faridabad
| Inder Colony, Sector-31, [[Faridabad]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|}
<gallery>
File:Mango atrium at Ambience Mall, Gurgaon.jpg|Inside view, [[Ambience Mall Gurgaon|Ambience Mall, Gurgaon]]
</gallery>

== Jharkhand ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall]]
| [[Bistupur]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall" /><ref name="P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Inauguration" /><ref name="P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall Details" />
|-
| Mall De-Cor
| [[Lalpur, Ranchi|Lalpur]], [[Ranchi]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Eastern Mall
| Dangratoli Chowk, [[Ranchi]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|280000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Prabhatam Complex Mall
| [[Dhanbad]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Ranchi Centro
| Hindpiri, [[Ranchi]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| The Bokaro Mall
| Sector 3, [[Bokaro Steel City]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|230000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bokaromall.com/space-branding/ | title=SPACE BRANDING – Bokaro Mall }}</ref>
|-
| Ozone Galleria Mall
| [[Dhanbad]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Mall of Ranchi
| Kumhartoli, [[Ranchi]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mall of Ranchi: Your Ultimate Shopping Destination |url=https://www.mallofranchi.com/#about |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.mallofranchi.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Shri Ram Plaza, Dhanbad
| Bank More, [[Dhanbad]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Nucleus Mall, Ranchi]]
| [[Lalpur, Ranchi|Lalpur]], [[Ranchi]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=First SHG Bakery opens in city at Nucleus Mall|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/first-shg-bakery-opens-in-city-at-nucleus-mall.html|access-date=12 November 2020|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Spring City Mall
| Hinoo, [[Ranchi]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Harsh Vardhan Plaza
| [[City Centre, Bokaro|City Centre]], [[Sector 4 (Bokaro)|Sector 4]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Center Point Mall
| [[Katras]] Road, Bank More, [[Dhanbad]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[City Center Dhanbad|City Centre, Dhanbad]]
| [[Dhanbad]]
| 1999
|{{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|}
<gallery>
File:Big Bazzar , Dhanbad, Jharkhan 828127 - panoramio.jpg|Ozone Galleria Mall, [[Dhanbad]]
File:The Bokaro Mall at Sector 3C.jpg|The Bokaro Mall, [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]
File:Dhanbad 0873.jpg|[[City Center Dhanbad|City Centre, Dhanbad]]
File:Hindpiri, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India - panoramio (7).jpg|JD Hi Street Mall, [[Ranchi]]
File:PERFUMES STORE IN JAMSHEDPUR-JHARKHAND.jpg|Inside view, [[P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall|P&M Hi-Tech City Centre Mall, Jamshedpur]]
File:Harsh Vardhan Plaza, Bokaro.jpg|Harsh Vardhan Plaza, [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]]
</gallery>

== Karnataka ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! data-sort-type=number| Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Phoenix Mall of Asia
| Byatarayapura, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2023
| {{convert|1200000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phoenix Mall of Asia {{!}} Bangalore |url=https://phoenixmallofasia.com/}}</ref>
|-
| Forum South Bengaluru
| [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bengaluru|J.P. Nagar]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=The4 |title=Shop & Dine at Forum South Bengaluru {{!}} Your One-stop Destination |url=https://www.forummalls.in/pages/forum-south-bengaluru |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Forummalls |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mantri Square]]
| [[Malleswaram|Malleswara]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mantri Square"/>
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Bangalore)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls"/><ref name="Bengaluru Malls">{{cite web|url=https://www.tripoto.com/bangalore/trips/biggest-shopping-malls-in-bangalore|title=Shopping Malls in Bangalore|first=Kanika|last=Mehta|website=Tripoto}}</ref>
|-
| Lotus Mall
| [[Nanthoor]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|
|-
| M5 ECity Mall
| [[Electronic City]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=M5 ecity Mall |url=https://m5ecitymall.com/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Orion Mall]]
| [[Malleswaram|Malleswara]]-[[Rajajinagar]]a, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|850000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Brigade Group opens Orion Mall" />
|-
| Bhartiya Mall of Bengaluru
| [[Thanisandra]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhartiya Mall – Mall Of Bengaluru |url=https://bhartiyamallofbengaluru.com/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Forum Fiza Mall|Fiza by Nexus]]
| [[Pandeshwar]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|660000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Fiza Mall" /><ref name="Nexus Fiza Mall Inauguration" />
|-
| Royal Meenakshi Mall
| [[Hulimavu]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Royal Meenakshi Mall" />
|-
| [[VR Bengaluru]]
| [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Bengaluru" /><ref name="VR Bengaluru Details" />
|-
| Nexus Shantiniketan
| [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Shantiniketan" /><ref name="Nexus Shantiniketan Opens" />
|-
| Gopalan Signature Mall
| Old Madras Rd, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalan Signature Mall {{!}} Situated in Old Madras Road |url=https://www.gopalanmall.com/gopalan-signature-mall.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.gopalanmall.com}}</ref>
|-
| The Galleria Mall
| [[Yelahanka]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[City Centre, Mangalore]]
| [[K S Rao Road]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|540000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mangalore, 25 April, DHNS" />
|-
| 1 MG Lido Mall
| [[Ulsoor|Halasuru]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Park Square Mall]]
| [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| {{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
|-
| [[Urban Oasis Mall]]
| Gokul Road, [[Hubli|Hubballi]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|375000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharti-retail.in/Detail.aspx?id=495|title=easyday Market Store Opens in Hubli|publisher=Bharti Retail Limited|date=11 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115231127/http://bharti-retail.in/Detail.aspx?id=495 |archive-date=15 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icra.in/Files/Reports/Rationale/SAMHRUTHA%20HABITAT%20INFR-r-04012012.pdf|title=Samhrutha Habitat Infrastructure Private Limited|date=11 March 2012|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222151100/http://www.icra.in/Files/Reports/Rationale/SAMHRUTHA%20HABITAT%20INFR-r-04012012.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Mall (Koramangala)|Nexus Koramangala]]
| [[Koramangala]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|365000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theforumexperience.com/mallinfo.htm|title=Nexus Mall: Overview |publisher=Prestige Estates Projects Pvt. Ltd|access-date=28 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301024443/http://www.theforumexperience.com/mallinfo.htm |archive-date=1 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nexus Koramangala |url=https://www.forummalls.in/forum-koramangala/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Centre City Mall]]
| Nazarbad, [[Mysore|Mysuru]]
| 2018
| {{convert|347000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forummalls.in/2018/01/17/forum-centre-city-unveiled-in-mysuru/|title=Nexus Centre City unveiled in Mysuru! - Nexus Malls|website=www.forummalls.in}}</ref>
|-
| Nexus Whitefield
| [[Whitefield, Bengaluru|Whitefield]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/value-shopping/article641020.ece |title=Nexus Whitefield Mall Launched |work=[[The Hindu]] | location=Chennai, India |date=25 June 2009}}</ref>
|-
| Nexus Vega City Mall
| [[BTM Layout]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Nexus Select |title=Nexus Select Trust |url=https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/vega-city |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.nexusselecttrust.com |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| Brookefield Mall
| [[Brookefield]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Global Mall
| Mysore Rd, Nayandahalli, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|290000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Garuda Mall]]
| Magrath Road, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|280000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Corporator-withdraws-membership-of-Garuda-Mall-owner/articleshow/7407724.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104222325/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-02/bangalore/28370137_1_bbmp-council-bbmp-commissioner-siddaiah-isi-certification |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=Corporator withdraws membership of Garuda Mall owner |work=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 February 2011 |access-date=25 February 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mall of Mysore]]
| M.G.Road, [[Mysore|Mysuru]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|262000|sqft}}
| <ref name="mysore">{{cite news |last=R. |first=Krishna Kumar |title=Mysore's changing profile |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/article2801968.ece |access-date=16 March 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=15 January 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
|-
| Elements Mall
| Thanisandra Main Road, Nagavara, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|260000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite report|title=Demand & Supply of Mall Space in Bangalore|publisher=Asipac Projects|date=November 2011|url=http://www.asipac.com/uploaded/pdfFiles/1326356416Asipac_Study-Mall_Demand_Supply_in_Bangalore_Nov_2011.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| ETA Mall
| [[Binnypete]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETA – ETA Mall |url=https://etamall.in/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Gopalan Promenade Mall
| [[Banashankari]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalan Promenade Mall {{!}} Shopping Malls in Bangalore |url=https://www.gopalanmall.com/gopalan-promenade-mall.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.gopalanmall.com}}</ref>
|-
| Gopalan Grand Mall
| [[CV Raman Nagar]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalan Grand Mall {{!}} Shopping Malls in Bangalore |url=https://www.gopalanmall.com/gopalan-grand-mall.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.gopalanmall.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[BM Habitat Mall]]
| Jayalakshmipura, [[Mysore|Mysuru]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|240000|sqft}}
| <ref name="mysore" />
|-
| S Mall
| TUDA Layout, [[Tumkur|Tumakuru]]
| 2021
|{{cvt|230565|sqft}}
|
|-
| GT World Mall
| Chlourpalya, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|210000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - GT Mall |url=https://www.gtworld.in/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Mall |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Bharat Mall, Mangalore
| [[Bejai]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Gopalan Legacy Mall
| Sirsi Circle, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalan Mall Sirsi Circle {{!}} Top 10 Malls in Bangalore {{!}} Shopping Mall |url=https://www.gopalanmall.com/gopalan-mall-sirsi-circle.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.gopalanmall.com}}</ref>
|-
| Esteem Mall
| [[Hebbal, Bengaluru|Hebbal]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Garuda Swagath Mall
| [[Jayanagar, Bengaluru|Jayanagar]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|130000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://garudamall.in/garuda-swagath-mall/|title=Garuda Swagath Mall | Shopping Malls in Bangalore | Garuda Mall}}</ref>
|-
| Lulu Mall, Bengaluru
| [[Binnypete]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|130000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Mall Bengaluru {{!}} The Ultimate Shopping Destination |url=https://www.bengaluru.lulumall.in/ |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=LuLu Mall |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Gopalan Innovation Mall
| [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|J.P. Nagar]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalan Innovation {{!}} Top 10 Malls in Bangalore {{!}} Shopping Mall |url=https://www.gopalanmall.com/gopalan-innovation-mall.html |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.gopalanmall.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[UB City|UB City Mall]]
| Vittal Mallya Road, [[Bengaluru]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=UB City Mall|date=30 January 2014|url=https://www.karnataka.com/bangalore/ub-city-mall-vittal-mallya-road/}}</ref>
|-
| Soul Space Spirit Centro Mall
| [[Bellandur]], [[Bengaluru]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[City Centre Mall, Shimoga]]
| KSTRC Bus Station, [[Shimoga|Shivamogga]]
| 2014
| {{convert|85000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Shimoga gets its first shopping mall; UAE and India based EKK Group expands in Central Karnataka |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/shimoga-gets-its-first-shopping-mall-uae-and-india-based-ekk-group-expands-in-central-karnataka/ |work=This Week Bangalore |access-date=14 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| Mak Mall
| [[Kankanady]], [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]]
| 2013
| {{convert|70000|sqft|abbr=on}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/sponsors_view.asp?s_id=963 |title=D A I J I W O R L D |website=daijiworld.com |access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
[[File:Mantrisquarefront.jpg|[[Mantri Square]], [[Bengaluru]] is one of the largest malls in India]]
[[File:Forum DSW.jpg|[[The Forum (shopping mall)|Nexus Koramangala]], [[Bengaluru]]]]
[[File:K Raheja Comerzone (Inorbit Mall + Star Hotel + Office Tower) 2-25-2012 5-24-07 PM.JPG|[[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Mall, Bengaluru]]]]
[[File:City Center Premises Mangalore.jpg|[[City Centre, Mangalore]] night view]]
[[Image:A view of Mak Mall at night, Kankanady.jpg|Mak Mall at night, [[Mangaluru]]]]
[[File:UB City at night .jpg|[[UB City]], [[Bangalore]]]]
</gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Mantri Square top floor.JPG|[[Mantri Square]] top floor
Image:Mantri Square food court seating.JPG|[[Mantri Square]] Food court seating
Image:Mantri Square food court stalls.JPG|[[Mantri Square]] food court stalls
File:Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-1.jpg|[[Phoenix Market City (Bangalore)]]
File:Phoenix-marketcity-BLR-2.jpg|[[Phoenix Market City (Bangalore)]] inside view
File:Orion mall Bangalore 2013-11-08 07-58.JPG|[[Orion Mall]] is the second largest mall in [[Bangaluru]]
File:Orion-mall-BLR-3.jpg|Inside view of [[Orion Mall]]
File:Orion-mall-BLR-4.jpg|Internal view of [[Orion Mall]]
File:Orion-mall-BLR-5.jpg|Interior view of [[Orion Mall]]
File:Inside-UOM-Hubli.jpg|Inside view, [[Urban Oasis Mall]], [[Hubballi|Hubli]]
File:Mall of Mysore.5.jpg|[[Mall of Mysore]] Front view
File:BM Habitat Mall Outer.jpg|Exterior view, [[BM Habitat Mall]], [[Mysore|Mysuru]]
File:Fizanexus.jpg|[[Fiza by Nexus]] Front view
Image:Forum-Fiza-Mall-3.jpg|Interior view of [[Fiza by Nexus]], [[Mangaluru]]
Image:Forum-Fiza-Mall-2.jpg|Inside view of [[Fiza by Nexus]], [[Mangaluru]]
Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-3.png|Aerial view of [[Nexus Mall (Koramangala)|Nexus Koramangala]], [[Bengaluru]]
Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-4.png|Inside [[Nexus Mall (Koramangala)|Nexus Koramangala]], [[Bengaluru]]
Image:The-Forum-Mall-BLR-5.png|Outside view of [[Nexus Mall (Koramangala)|Nexus Koramangala]], [[Bengaluru]]
File:Forum-Mall-Whitefield-Bangalore.jpg|Nexus Whitefield Mall, [[Bengaluru]]
File:Bangalore garuda mall.jpg|[[Garuda Mall]] Entrance, [[Bengaluru]]
</gallery>

== Kerala ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram|Lulu Mall, Thiruvananthapuram]]
| [[Aakkulam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|2200003|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=About us - LuLu Mall | url=https://www.thiruvananthapuram.lulumall.in/about-us/ | access-date=2025-09-24 | website=www.thiruvananthapuram.lulumall.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall, Kochi]]
| [[Edapally]], [[Kochi]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|2000000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=About Us - Lulu Malls | url=https://www.kochi.lulumall.in/about-us-2/ | access-date=2025-09-24 | website=www.kochi.lulumall.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hilite Mall Calicut|Hilite Mall, Kozhikode]]
| Poovangal, [[Kozhikode]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|1260000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Hilite Mall Calicut"/>
|-
| [[Forum Thomsun Mall|Forum Mall Kochi]]
| [[Maradu]], [[Kochi]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|1060000|sqft}}
| <ref name="newi" />
|-
| [[Mall of Travancore]]
| Enchakkal, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mall of Travancore">{{cite web|url=http://www.malloftravancore.com/|title=Mall of Travancore|publisher=Mall of Travancore|access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://localnews.manoramaonline.com/thiruvananthapuram/features/2018/01/08/trivandrum-shopping-mall.html|title=തിരുവനന്തപുരത്തിന്റെ ഷോപ്പിങ് മോഹങ്ങൾക്കു പകിട്ടേകാൻ വരുന്നൂ... മാളുകൾ}}</ref>
|-
| [[Centre Square Mall, Kochi]]
| [[Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kochi)|MG Road]], [[Kochi]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|630000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Monitoring/SI6GYV7C_2.pdf|title=Govt of India - Ministry of Environment and Forests|publisher=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]|access-date=6 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Oberon Mall]]
| [[Edapally]], [[Kochi]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://oberonmall.com/abuts/|title=Oberon Mall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Oberon Mall Details|date=27 May 2011 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Oberon-Mall-bags-shopping-centre-award/article20248447.ece}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sobha City Mall]]
| [[Puzhakkal]], [[Thrissur]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|450000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww1.sobhacitymall.com/|title=sobhacitymall.com - sobhacitymall Resources and Information.|website=ww1.sobhacitymall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepropertytimes.in/sobha-limited-forays-into-commercial-space-by-launching-sobha-city-mall-at-sobha-city-thrissur-keralas-largest-integrated-township/|title=Sobha Limited forays into Commercial Space by launching 'Sobha City Mall' at Sobha City Thrissur – Kerala's largest integrated townshipl|date=17 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| Dreams Mall, Kollam
| [[Kottiyam]], [[Kollam]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=Janmabhumi |date=2022-11-23 |title=കൊട്ടിയത്തെ മാള്‍ നിര്‍മാണം; അടിമുടി ദുരൂഹത, നിലവിലുള്ള കെട്ടിടം കൈമാറാന്‍ നീക്കം, നാല് സഹകരണ ബാങ്കുകളില്‍ നിന്നും എടുത്തത് കോടിക്കണക്കിന് രൂപ |url=https://janmabhumi.in/2022/11/23/3064227/local-news/kollam/construction-of-kotiam-mall-the-sheer-mystery/ |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Janmabhumi |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Selex Mall, Thrissur
| [[East Fort]], [[Thrissur]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|215000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/thrissur/selex-mall-a7260356545|title=Visit Selex Mall on your trip to Thrissur or India • Inspirock|website=www.inspirock.com}}</ref><ref name="Thrissur Selex Mall">{{cite web|url=https://www.mouthshut.com/product-reviews/Selex-Mall-East-Fort-Thrissur-reviews-925836416|title=Selex Mall - East Fort - Thrissur Reviews and Ratings - MouthShut.com|website=www.mouthshut.com}}</ref>
|-
| Y Mall, Thriprayar
| [[Triprayar]], [[Thrissur]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|205000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Lulu Group opens Y Mall at Thrissur |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2019/01/01/shopping-centre/lulu-group-opens-y-mall-at-thrissur/ |website=Indiaretailing.com |date=1 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Mall of Joy, Kottayam
| Baker Junction, [[Kottayam]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mallofjoy.com/kottayam/index.html|title=Mall of Joy Kottayam}}</ref><ref name="Mall of Joy Details">{{cite web |title=Mall of Joy Details |url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=67016}}</ref>
|-
| [[Abad Nucleus Mall]]
| [[Maradu]], [[Kochi]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|125000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article278572.ece|title=Green mall opens at Maradu|access-date=19 August 2016}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/article884070.ece|title = For that plush shopping experience|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 14 November 2010|last1 = Pradeep|first1 = K.}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kozhikode|Lulu Mall, Kozhikode]]
| Mankave, [[Kozhikode]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 September 2024 |title=LuLu Mall opened in Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/lulu-mall-opened-in-kozhikode/article68618829.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Palakkad|Lulu Mall, Palakkad]]
| [[Kannadi]], [[Palakkad]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lulu Group opens Lulu Mall in Kerala's Palakkad |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Lulu-group-opens-lulu-mall-in-kerala-s-palakkad,1587595.html |work=FashionNetwork.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[H&J Mall]]
| [[Karunagapally]], [[Kollam]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hnjmall.com/|title=H&J Shopping Mall|website=www.hnjmall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malls2shop.com/HAndJMallKollam///|title=H&J Mall Inauguration|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615133858/https://www.malls2shop.com/HAndJMallKollam///|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Reliance Centro Mall(Artech World Mall)]]
| [[Vanchiyoor]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[RP Mall|RP Mall, Kozhikode]]
| [[Mavoor Road]], [[Kozhikode]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kerala.mallsmarket.com/malls/rp-mall-calicut|title=RP Mall Calicut}}</ref>
|-
| [[RP Mall, Kollam]]
| [[Chinnakada]], [[Kollam]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kerala.mallsmarket.com/malls/r-p-mall-kollam|title=R P Mall Kollam}}</ref>
|-
| Hala Mall, [[Puthanathani]]
| [[Puthanathani]], [[Malappuram]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|80000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://halamall.co |title=Hala Mall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://yappe.in/kerala/puthanathani/hala-mall/756142 |title=Hala MALL - Shopping mall - Puthanathani - Kerala | Yappe.in }}</ref>
|-
|Hilite Mall, Thrissur
|[[Kuttanellur|Kutanellur]], [[Thrissur]]
|2024
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratna |first=Anagha R. |date=2024-12-10 |title=HiLITE Mall to open in Thrissur this month |url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2024/12/10/hilite-mall-to-open-in-thrissur-this-month/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=India Retailing |language=English}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:LuLu Mall Kochi.jpg|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall, Kochi]] is one of the largest shopping malls in [[India]]
File:Lulu Mall view from Edapally Metro station.jpg|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall]] view from [[Edapally metro station|Edapally Metro station]] at [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] at night
File:Lulu Trivandrum.jpg|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Thiruvananthapuram|Lulu Mall, Thiruvananthapuram]] outside view
File:Lulu mall.jpg|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Kochi|Lulu Mall, Kochi]] inside view
File:Mall of Travancore main entrance.jpg|[[Mall of Travancore]] in Chacka, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
File:RP Mall, Kollam.jpg|[[RP Mall, Kollam|RP Mall]] in [[Downtown Kollam|Downtown]], [[Kollam]]
File:Abad Nucleus Mall Front.jpg|[[Abad Nucleus Mall]] in [[Maradu]], [[Kochi]]
File:HiLITE City - Mixed Use Development Project in Calicut.jpg|[[Hilite Mall Calicut|Hilite Mall, Kozhikode]] is the largest mall in northern [[Kerala]]
File:Shoba_City_Mall,_Thrissur,_Kerala.jpeg|[[Sobha City Mall]] in [[Puzhakkal]], [[Thrissur]]
</gallery>

== Madhya Pradesh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[DB City Mall|DB City Mall, Bhopal]]
| Maharana Pratap Nagar, [[Bhopal]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="clickbhopal1" />
|-
| [[Phoenix Citadel Mall]]
| MR-10 Junction, [[Indore]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Central India's Largest Mall in Indore {{!}} Phoenix Citadel |url=https://www.phoenixcitadel.in/ |website=Phoenix Citadel}}</ref>
|-
| [[C21 Malhar Mall, Indore]]
| Scheme No. 54, A.B. Road, [[Indore]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|525000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=C21 Mall |url=https://c21malls.in/ |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=C21 Mall |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Capital Mall
| Narmadapuram Road, [[Bhopal]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Bansal Plaza
| [[Rani Kamlapati Railway Station|Rani Kamlapati Station Road]], [[Bhopal]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us - Bansal Plaza |url=https://bansalplaza.in/about/ |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| DB City Mall Gwalior
| Racecourse Road, [[Gwalior]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Cosmos Mall
| Nana Kheda, [[Ujjain]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cosmos Mall Ujjain |url=https://cosmosujjain.in/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=cosmosujjain.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Indore Central Mall]]
| RNT Marg, [[Indore]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-indore-central#overview | title=Nexus Select Trust }}</ref>
|-
| Kalyan Mart (Kalyan Cinemas)
| Dutt Nagar, [[Indore]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Mangal City Mall, Indore
| Scheme No. 54, A.B. Road, [[Indore]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Mangal City: value for money {{!}} Latest News India - Hindustan Times | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mangal-city-value-for-money/story-eAozc9zKNPG9LXsRoK5PiN.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130070236/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mangal-city-value-for-money/story-eAozc9zKNPG9LXsRoK5PiN.html | access-date=2025-09-24 | archive-date=2024-11-30}}</ref>
|-
| Keshar Towers
| Railway Colony, Racecourse Road, [[Gwalior]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keshar Towers |url=https://www.kesharinfra.com/KesharTowers/index.php |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=www.kesharinfra.com}}
</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Treasure Island Mall, Indore]]
| MG Road, [[Indore]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Aura Mall
| Trilanga, E-8, [[Arera Colony]], [[Bhopal]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|160000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Samdariya Mall, Jabalpur
| Civic Centre, Malaviya Chowk, [[Jabalpur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|130000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Aashima Anupama Mall
| Narmadapuram Road, [[Bhopal]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| People's Mall
| Ayodhya Bypass, [[Bhopal]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Dindayal City Mall, [[Gwalior]]
| Phool Bagh, Lashkar, [[Gwalior]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dindayal City Mall |url=https://www.dindayalcitymall.in/ |website=DD MALL}}</ref>
|-
| South Avenue Mall
| Narmada Road, [[Jabalpur]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Avenue Mall {{!}} Jabalpur |url=https://southavenuemall.com/ |website=South Avenue Mall}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:DB Mall Bhopal Front.jpg|[[DB City Mall]] front entrance
File:Malls in Indore.JPG|[[C21 Malhar Mall, Indore]]
File:Treasure islandindore.jpg|[[Nexus Treasure Island Mall, Indore]]
</gallery>

== Maharashtra ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Sky City Mall
| [[Borivali]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|1207000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Sky City Mall" />
|-
| Amanora Mall
| [[Hadapsar]], [[Pune]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Amanora Mall Pune" />
|-
| [[R City Mall]]
| [[Ghatkopar]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="The city has it all" />
|-
| Phoenix Mall of Millennium
| [[Wakad]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|1200000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" />
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Pune)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Vimannagar]], [[Pune]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1190000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls"/>
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Kurla]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1140000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls"/><ref name="Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai"/>
|-
| [[Phoenix Palladium]]
| [[Lower Parel]], [[Mumbai]]
| 1996
| {{cvt|1100000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" />
|-
| The Hub Mall
| [[Western Express Highway|Western Expressway]], [[Goregaon|Goregaon East]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|1100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Neptune Magnet Mall
| [[Bhandup]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|1056000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/neptune-magnet-mall-bhandup-west|title=Neptune Magnet Mall Bhandup West|website=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Neptune Magnet Mall Failure|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 April 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-mega-mall-fails-turned-into-offices/articleshow/58057231.cms}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lake Shore Mall (Thane)|Lake Shore Thane]]
| [[Thane]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Viviana Mall"/><ref name="Viviana Mall Inauguration"/><ref name="auto"/>
|-
| [[Nexus Seawoods]]
| [[Nerul]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|971742|sqft}}
| <ref name="Seawoods Grand Central" />
|-
| City Centre, Nashik
| Untwadi, [[Nashik]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="City Centre Nashik"/><ref name="City Centre Nashik Information"/><ref name="City Centre Nashik Details"/>
|-
| The Pavilion Mall
| [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]], [[Pune]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Empress City Mall
| [[Cotton Market metro station|Cotton Market]], [[Nagpur]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Dynamix Mall
| [[Juhu]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Infiniti Mall#Infiniti Mall, Malad|Infiniti Mall, Malad]]
| [[Malad]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|850000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Infiniti Mall Malad Details"/><ref name="Infiniti Mall Malad"/>
|-
| Elpro City Square
| [[Chinchwad]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="elpro1"/>
|-
| Orion Mall, Panvel
| Forest Colony, [[Panvel]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orion Mall Panvel |url=https://orionmallpanvel.com/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=orionmallpanvel.com}}</ref>
|-
| Jio World Drive
| [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Bandra|Bandra East]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|762300|sqft}} 
| <ref name="Jio World Drive"/>
|-
| Jio World Plaza
| [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Bandra|Bandra East]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Jio World Plaza">{{cite web |title=Mukesh Ambani's Jio World Plaza: All you need to know about India's largest luxury mall |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 November 2023 |access-date=16 January 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/mukesh-ambanis-jio-world-plaza-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-largest-luxury-mall/articleshow/104888622.cms}}</ref>
|-
| Growel's 101
| [[Kandivali]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Growel's 101 Inauguration"/><ref name="Mall Mania"/><ref name="Growel's 101"/>
|-
| [[Prozone Mall Aurangabad]]
| Chikalthana, [[Aurangabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Prozone Aurangabad|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=5 April 2018 |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/specials/prozone-enters-race-to-buy-malls-in-mumbai-delhi-pune-other-big-cities-118040500038_1.html|last1=Kamath |first1=Raghavendra }}</ref>
|-
| High Street Mall
| [[Thane]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|580000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Lake City Mall
| [[Thane]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Metro Junction Mall]]
| [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Metro Junction Mall"/>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall#Inorbit Vashi|Inorbit Mall, Vashi]]
| [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Inorbit Mall Vashi"/><ref name="Inorbit Mall Vashi Details"/>
|-
| Nexus Westend Mall
| [[Aundh, Pune|Aundh]], [[Pune]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|550000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Nexus Select |title=Nexus Select Trust |url=https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-westend |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.nexusselecttrust.com |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall#Inorbit Pune|Inorbit Mall, Pune]] (permanently closed)
| [[Wadgaon Sheri]], [[Pune]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|547000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Inorbit mall empties out, Amazon likely to move in|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Inorbit-mall-empties-out-Amazon-likely-to-move-in/articleshow/55253922.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inorbit.in/malls.aspx?mallid=6|title=Inorbit Mall Pune|publisher=Inorbit Mall|access-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115164159/http://inorbit.in/malls.aspx?mallid=6|archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall#Inorbit Malad|Inorbit Mall, Malad]]
| [[Malad]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Inorbit Mall Malad"/><ref name="Inorbit Mall Malad Details"/>
|-
| Oberoi Mall
| [[Goregaon]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Lodha Xperia Mall
| [[Dombivali]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="New Malls"/>
|-
| CR2 Shopping Mall
| [[Nariman Point]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Korum Mall]]
| [[Thane]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|450000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Korum Mall|url=http://www.korum.in/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Koregaon Park Plaza|Koregaon Park Plaza (Nitesh Hub Mall)]] - closed in November 2018
| [[Koregaon Park]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|446000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koregaonparkplaza.com/about-us.asp |title=Koregaon Park Plaza |publisher=koregaonparkplaza.com |access-date=31 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105072837/http://www.koregaonparkplaza.com/about-us.asp |archive-date=5 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nitesh Mall Koregaon|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 October 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-nitesh-hub-mall-empties-out-abil-to-come-in/articleshow/66343538.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pune: Nitesh Hub Mall empties out; ABIL to come in|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 October 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-nitesh-hub-mall-empties-out-abil-to-come-in/articleshow/66343538.cms}}</ref>
|-
| Khandesh Central Mall, [[Jalgaon]]
| [[Jalgaon]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|445000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=About Us {{!}} Khandesh Central, Jalgaon, Maharastra |url=https://khandeshcentral.com/about/ |access-date=18 April 2022 |website=Khandesh Central {{!}} Jalgaon |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Raghuleela Mall, Kandivali|Raghuleela Mega Mall]]
| [[Kandivali]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/raghuleela-mega-mall-kandivali-west|title=Raghuleela Mega Mall Kandivali West|website=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/raghuleela-mega-mall-mumbai|title=Raghuleela Mega Mall - Kandivali West, Mumbai - Shop Project|website=PropertyWala.com|date=23 July 2019 }}</ref>
|-
| [[VR Nagpur]]
| Medical College Square, Untkhana, [[Nagpur]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|380000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=VR Nagpur {{!}} Shopping Centre in Nagpur |url=https://vrnagpur.com/ |access-date=2025-02-03 |website=vrnagpur.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Raghuleela Mall, Vashi]]
| [[Vashi]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|375000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raghuleela.co.in/html/about-us-future-plans.htm |title=RaghuleelaVashi |publisher=Raghuleela Properties Pvt. Ltd |access-date=26 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203060637/http://www.raghuleela.co.in/html/about-us-future-plans.htm |archive-date=3 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| Royale Heritage Mall
| [[National Institute of Bank Management|NIBM Road]], [[Pune]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Pinnacle Mall
| [[Nashik]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Pinnacle Open Mall C.B.S, Nashik |date=1 October 2011|website=mallsregister.blogspot.in|url=http://mallsregister.blogspot.com/2011/10/pinnacle-open-mall-cbs-nashik.html|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Abhiruchi Mall & Multiplex
| Veer Bajai Pasalkar Chowk, [[Vadgaon Budruk]], [[Pune]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://abhiruchimall.com/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=Abhiruchi Mall |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| K Star Mall
| [[Chembur]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Atria The Millennium Mall
| [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Star Mall
| [[Dadar|Dadar West]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Oberoi Sky City Mall
| [[Borivali]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Grand High Street Mall
| [[Hinjewadi]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grand High Street – Neighbourhood Mall in Hinjewadi |url=https://grandhighstreet.com/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Citi Mall
| [[Andheri|Andheri West]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| The Capital Mall
| [[Nallasopara]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Maxus Mall
| 90 Feet Rd, [[Saki Naka]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Mariplex Metro Square
| [[Kalyani Nagar]], [[Pune]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial Project in Kalyani Nagar Pune at Vascon Mariplex |url=https://www.vascon.com/commercial/mariplex |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=www.vascon.com}}</ref>
|-
| SPOT18
| [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Vision One Mall
| [[Wakad]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Elpro City Square Mall
| MG Road, [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-03 |title=Home - ELPRO |url=https://elprocitysquare.com/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[R-Mall]]
| [[Mulund]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmall.in/index1.html |title=R Mall |publisher=Runwal Group |access-date=26 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415124344/http://www.rmall.in/index1.html |archive-date=15 April 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Infiniti Mall#Infiniti Mall, Andheri|Infiniti Mall, Andheri]]
| [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbai.mallsmarket.com/malls/infiniti-mall-andheri-west|title=Infiniti Mall Andheri West}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infinitimall.com/andheri/|title=Infiniti Mall - Top 3 Malls in Mumbai - Andheri | Mumbai, India}}</ref>
|-
| Globus Mall
| [[Bandra|Bandra West]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Link Square Mall
| [[Bandra|Bandra West]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| R Mall
| [[Thane]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Wonder Mall
| [[Thane]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|210000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Aurum Square Mall
| [[Ghansoli]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurum Real Estate {{!}}{{!}} Portfolio |url=https://aurumrealestate.in/portfolio#UpcomingProjects |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=aurumrealestate.in}}</ref>
|-
| Kumar Pacific Mall
| Shankar Sheth Road, [[Swargate]], [[Pune]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Tapadia City Centre Mall
| Badnera Road, [[Amravati]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tapadia City Centre Mall - World of Shopping and Entertainment |url=https://tapadiacitycentre.com/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=tapadiacitycentre.com}}</ref>
|-
| Premier Plaza Mall
| [[Chinchwad]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Little World Mall
| [[Kharghar]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Little World Mall |url=https://littleworld.co.in/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Reliance Centro
| VIP Road, Ramdaspeth, [[Nagpur]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Proshun |date=5 September 2018 |title=NMC attaches Central Mall over Rs9.89 cr property tax dues |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nmc-attaches-central-mall-over-rs9-89-cr-property-tax-dues/articleshow/65676901.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| Eternity Mall
| Variety Chowk, [[Sitabuldi]], [[Nagpur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Fortune Mall
| Rani Jhansi Square Bardi, [[Sitabuldi]], [[Nagpur]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| R Odeon Mall
| [[Ghatkopar|Ghatkopar East]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2023 |title=Mumbai features a key source market for SOTC Travel Inaugurates newest store in Ghatkopar |url=https://hospibuz.com/mumbai-features-a-key-source-market-for-sotc-travel-inaugurates-newest-store-in-ghatkopar/ |work=Hospibuz}}</ref>
|-
| Fun Republic Mall
| [[Andheri|Andheri West]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Cubic Mall
| [[Chembur]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cubic Mall in Chembur, Mumbai {{!}} Cafes, Restaurants, Movie Theatres |url=https://www.cubicmall.in/ |access-date=2025-04-03 |website=cubicmall |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Eternity Mall
| [[Thane]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|189000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Xion Mall
| [[Hinjewadi]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Nakshatra Mall
| [[Dadar]], [[Mumbai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|-
| City One Mall (formerly Pimpri Central)
| [[Chinchwad]], [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Crossroads Mall (Mumbai)|Crossroads Mall]] (permanently closed)
| [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]]
| 1999
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://mumbai.dialindia.com/crossroads-mall-14765.html |title=Crossroads Mall |website=dialindia.com |access-date=6 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218091408/http://mumbai.dialindia.com/crossroads-mall-14765.html |archive-date=18 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:R City Mall Ghatkopar.jpg|[[R City Mall]], [[Mumbai]]
File:Phoenix Marketcity Kurla.jpg|[[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)]], one of the largest malls in India
File:Khandesh Central.jpg|Khandesh Central Mall, Jalgaon
File:Prozone Aurangabad 1.jpg|[[Prozone Mall Aurangabad]]
File:Prozone Aurangabad 2.jpg|[[Prozone Mall Aurangabad]]
File:Palladium Mall.jpg|Palladium Mall, [[Mumbai]]
File:Phoenix Marketcity Mumbai.jpg|[[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)]] night view
File:Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) - First Level.jpg|[[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)]]
File:Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai) - Seating Areas.jpg|[[Phoenix Marketcity (Mumbai)]]
File:Metromall.jpg|[[Metro Junction Mall]], [[Kalyan, India|Kalyan]] East, as seen from across the street
File:Infiniti Mall - Andheri.jpg|Infiniti Mall, Andheri, [[Mumbai]]
File:Infiniti Mall - Malad.jpg|Infiniti Mall, Malad, [[Mumbai]]
File:Inorbit Mall.jpg|Inorbit Mall, Malad, [[Mumbai]]
File:Inorbit Mall Pics.jpg|Inorbit Mall, Malad, [[Mumbai]] night view
File:Inorbit Malad-9.jpg|Inorbit Mall, Malad, [[Mumbai]] inside view
File:Raghuleela Va pop 07 Small.jpg|[[Raghuleela Mall Vashi|Raghuleela Mall]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
File:KorumMallThane.jpg|[[Korum Mall]], outside view
File:Korum Mall, Thane.jpg|[[Korum Mall]], inside view
</gallery>

== Odisha ==
[[File:Bmc Bhawani Mall.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bhawani Mall]], [[Bhubaneswar]] is one of the largest malls in Bhubaneswar]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Nexus Esplanade]]
| Rasulgarh, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|950000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Esplanade One"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://vymaps.com/IN/Esplanade-One-484494461758894/|title=Esplanade One, Odisha (+917381072222)|website=vymaps.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crisil.com/content/dam/crisil/our-businesses/crest/bhubneswar/esplanade/pdf/esplanade-report.pdf|title=Esplanade One Details}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nuaodisha.com/ContentDetails.aspx?cid=24919&todo=news|title=Odisha News - Bhubaneswar gets Biggest-ever Shopping Mall Esplanade One-2018|website=www.nuaodisha.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhawani Mall]]
| [[Saheed Nagar]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Bhawani Mall"/>
|-
| [[Bhubaneswar 1]]
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unitechgroup.com/retail-projects/bhubaneswar/bbsr1.asp#/?a=overview |title=Overview – Bhubaneswar 1 (Unitech) |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| DN Regalia
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://dnhomes.net/projects/commercial/dn-regalia-patrapada-bhubaneswar |title=Overview – DN Regalia (Unitech) |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Forum Galleria Mall
| [[Rourkela]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forumprojects.in/forum-galleria-mall/ | title=Site is undergoing maintenance }}</ref>
|-
| Plutone Mall
| [[Rourkela]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|349173|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Plutone | url=https://www.plutone.in/about.html/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419081103/http://plutone.in/about.html | access-date=2025-09-24 | archive-date=2022-04-19}}</ref>
|-
| Utkal Kanika Galleria
| Gautam Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-08 |title=About Us - Utkal Galleria |url=https://utkalgalleria.com/about-us/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| SGBL Mega Mart
| CDA Area, [[Cuttack]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|217800|sqft}}
| <ref name="SGBL Group">{{Cite web | title=SGBL | url=http://www.sgbl.in/ | access-date=2025-09-24 | website=www.sgbl.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Forum Mart]]
| [[Janpath, Bhubaneswar]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.retailmantra.com/forum-mart-bhubaneswar-a-review/ |title=Forum Mart – Bhubaneswar – A Review |date=5 September 2012 |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pal Heights]]
| Jayadev Vihar, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://bmc.gov.in/Download/Keyprojects_17122015124324PM.pdf |title=BMC Project Information Memorandum |access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Netaji Subash Chandra Bose Arcade
| Dargah Bazaar, [[Cuttack]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|170000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=NSCB ARCADE - Harsh Priya Construction | url=https://www.harshpriyaconstructions.com/malls/nscb-arcade/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526050210/https://www.harshpriyaconstructions.com/malls/nscb-arcade/ | access-date=2025-09-24 | archive-date=2022-05-26}}</ref>
|-
| Royal Arcade
| [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|158000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ashianahomes.com/completed_projects/royal-arcade/|title=Royal Arcade - Ashiana Homes |access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| Utkal Centre Point
| Chorda Bypass Square, [[Byasanagar|Byasanagar (Jajpur Road)]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://utkalbuilders.com/projects/utkal-centre-point/ |title=UTKAL CENTRE POINT |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[City Centre Mall, Sambalpur]]
| [[Sambalpur]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://citycentresambalpur.com/about-city-centre |title=About City Centre |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004155/http://citycentresambalpur.com/about-city-centre |archive-date=24 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| SGBL Square Mall
| Rajabagicha, [[Cuttack]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref name="SGBL Group" />
|-
| Fe2 Arcade Mall
| [[Rourkela]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|70781.19|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Fe2 Arcade Mall - Rourkela | url= https://fe2arcade.co.in/| access-date=22 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| BMC Keshari Mall
| Ashok Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|70000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Private help to sell govt property | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/private-help-to-sell-govt-property/cid/1403196| date=28 July 2017 | work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Symphony Mall]]
| Rudrapur, [[Bhubaneswar]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|48000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web | title=Symphony Mall: Shops For Rent {{!}} New Shopping Complex in Bhubaneswar | url=http://www.symphonymall.com/ | access-date=24 September 2025 | website=www.symphonymall.com}}</ref>
|}
{{clear}}

== Punjab ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| VR Punjab (formerly North Country Mall)
| Sector-118, [[Mohali]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Punjab"/><ref name="VR Punjab Details"/><ref name="North Country Mall Inauguration"/>
|-
| [[VR Ambarsar]] (formerly Trilium Mall)
| Circular Road, [[Amritsar]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Trilium Mall Amritsar">{{cite news|title=Trilium Mall Amritsar|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/personal-finance-news/tata-realty-launches-mall-in-amritsar/articleshow/23531662.cms}}</ref><ref name="Trilium Mall Amritsar Details">{{cite web|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/trilium-amritsar|title=Trilium Amritsar}}</ref><ref name="VR Amritsar">{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@cityamritsar1/trilium-now-vr-ambarsar-292aef9bba90|title=VR Amritsar}}</ref>
|-
| CP67 Mall
| Sector-67, [[Mohali]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Cp67 – CP67 |url=https://www.cp67.co.in/about-us/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Pavilion Mall Ludhiana
| Civil Lines, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavilion Mall, Ludhiana {{!}} Brookfield India REIT |url=https://www.brookfieldindiareit.in/pavilion-mall |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.brookfieldindiareit.in}}</ref>
|-
| MBD Neopolis Mall, Jalandhar
| Sehdev Market, [[Jalandhar]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|850000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Nexus Amritsar]] (formerly Mall of Amritsar and Alpha One Mall, Amritsar)
| Grand Trunk Road, [[Amritsar]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|535241|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mall of Amritsar"/><ref name="AlphaOne Mall Amritsar"/>
|-
| Cosmo Plaza Mall
| [[Zirakpur]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|420000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.indiamart.com/proddetail/cosmo-plaza-6452155488.html|title=Cosmo Plaza|website=IndiaMART}}</ref>
|-
| [[Paras Downtown Square]]
| [[Zirakpur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Paras Downtown Square|url=http://chandigarhinfo.in/best-malls-in-chandigarh/}}</ref>
|-
| Bestech Square
| Sector-66, [[Mohali]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.retail4growth.com/news/bestech-square-mall-opens-in-mohali-3624|title=Bestech Square Mall opens in Mohali|website=retail4growth.com}}</ref>
|-
| Reliance Mall
| Choti Baradari, [[Jalandhar]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Flamez High Street
| Urban Estate, [[Jalandhar]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Nexus MBD Neopolis Mall, Ludhiana
| Ferozpur Road, BRS Nagar, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|330000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETRetail.com |title=Nexus Select Trust buys MBD complex in Ludhiana for ₹531 crore - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/nexus-select-trust-buys-mbd-complex-in-ludhiana-for-531-crore/121027760 |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Avon City Mall
| Sat Paul Mitthal Rd, Gurdev Nagar, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|320000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Celebration Mall Amritsar
| Batala Road, [[Amritsar]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|319000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commercial Property and Projects in Amritsar {{!}} Celebration Mall AIPL|url=https://aipl.com/the-celebration-mall-amritsar|access-date=7 January 2021|website=AIPL|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Celebration Mall Gobindgarh
| [[Mandi Gobindgarh|Gobindgarh Khanna]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=The Celebration Bazaar Gobindgarh Khanna|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/celebration-bazaar-gobindgarh-khanna|access-date=7 January 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Grand Walk Mall
| Ferozpur Road, BRS Nagar, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|280000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Silver Arc Mall
| Ferozpur Road, Gurdev Nagar, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.silverarcmall.com/about-the-silver-arc-mall|title=Silver Arc Mall | Ludhiana|website=www.silverarcmall.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silver Arc Mall Inauguration|date=29 June 2012|url=https://oyeludhiana.com/677/silver-arc-mall-ferozepur-road-ludhiana/}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Plaza, Ludhiana]]
| Ferozpur Road, Gurdev Nagar, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ludhianaonline.com:443/pages/ansal-plaza/|title=LudhianaOnline.com|website=ludhianaonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051224/saturday/main1.htm|title=The Tribune - Magazine section - Saturday Extra|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| HBN Peninsula Mall
| Adarsh Nagar, [[Bathinda|Bhatinda]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=HBN Peninsula Lake Mall|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/hbn-peninsula-lake-mall|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Punjab|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Wave Mall, Ludhiana
| Ferozpur Road, BRS Nagar, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Omaxe Mall
| Mall Road, [[Patiala]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|230000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Shops in Patiala - Omaxe Mall Patiala Shops for Sale|url=https://www.omaxe.com/commercial-property-in-patiala/omaxe-mall|access-date=9 January 2021|website=omaxe.com}}</ref>
|-
| Soul Space Spirit Mall
| Grand Trunk Road, [[Amritsar]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Wagah Plaza Amritsar|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/wagah-plaza-amritsar|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Punjab|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Soul Space Wagah Plaza|url=http://www.soulspace.co.in/spirit-amritsar/|access-date=7 January 2021|website=SoulSpace|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Omaxe Plaza
| Civil Lines, [[Ludhiana]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|170000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Omaxe Novelty Mall
| Lawrence Road, [[Amritsar]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|123000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Omaxe Novelty Mall Amritsar|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/omaxe-novelty-mall-amritsar|access-date=7 January 2021|website=Punjab|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre Mall
| Civil Lines, [[Bathinda|Bhatinda]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=City Centre Mall Bathinda|url=https://punjab.mallsmarket.com/malls/city-centre-mall-bathinda|access-date=9 January 2021|website=Punjab|language=en}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:Aerial View of Mall of Amritsar.jpg|Aerial View of [[Mall of Amritsar]]
File:PVR at Silver Arc Mall.jpg|Silver Arc Mall, [[Ludhiana]]
File:Paras Downtown Square - Zirakpur - Mohali 2016-08-08 9151 Cropped.JPG|[[Paras Downtown Square]] at [[Mohali]]
</gallery>

== Rajasthan ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Urban Square Mall, Udaipur
| RIICO Industrial Area, Sukher, [[Udaipur]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|1800000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Square Mall Udaipur |url=https://urbansquaremall.com/about-us/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=urbansquaremall.com/ |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[World Trade Park, Jaipur]]
| Jawahar Lal Nehru Marg, [[Malviya Nagar (Jaipur)|Malviya Nagar]], [[Jaipur]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|1300000|sqft}}
| <ref name="World Trade Park Jaipur"/>
|-
| Indiabulls Mega Mall, Jodhpur
| Jodhpur-Pali Highway, Meera Nagar, [[Jodhpur]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiabulls Mega Mall Jodhpur |url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/CorpAttachment/2017/11/57965354-1332-43ea-a1eb-4c8f2e76945c.pdf |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=indiabulls.com/ |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Lake City Mall
| University Road, Ashok Nagar, [[Udaipur]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakecity Mall Udaipur |url=https://lakecitymall.in |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=lakecitymall.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nexus Celebration Mall]]
| [[Bhawana]], [[Udaipur]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trust |first=Nexus Select |title=Nexus Select Trust |url=https://www.nexusselecttrust.com/nexus-celebration |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.nexusselecttrust.com |language=English}}</ref>
|-
| Triton Mega Mall
| [[Jhotwara|Jhotwara Road]], Chomu Pulia Cir, [[Jaipur]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
|
|-
| RKay Mall
| Panchwati, [[Udaipur]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| City Mall, Kota
| Indraprastha Ind. Area, [[Jhalawar|Jhalawar Road]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Apex Mall, Lal Kothi
| Lal Kothi, [[Jaipur]]
| 1997
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| City Square Mall
| Tonk Road, Kirti Nagar, [[Jaipur]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Mahima Trinity Mall
| Govindpuri, [[Jaipur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| MGF Metropolitan Mall
| Sahakar Bhawan Cir, Ashok Nagar, [[Jaipur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|190000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=MGF Metropolitan – Jaipur {{!}} |url=https://www.mgf.co/business-areas/mgf-mall-management/mgf-metropolitan-jaipur/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Pink Square Mall
| Govind Marg, Adarsh Nagar, [[Jaipur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza#Ansal Royal Plaza, Jodhpur|Ansal Royal Plaza]]
| Nai Sarak Chauraha, High Court Road, [[Jodhpur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|136000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cpkukreja.com/ansal-royal-plaza.html|title=Ansal Royal Plaza - CP Kukreja Architects|website=www.cpkukreja.com}}</ref>
|-
| Sunny Trade Center
| Shanti Nagar, [[Jaipur]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Elements Mall
| Ajmer Road, [[Jaipur]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Mall of Jaipur
| Gandhi Path West, [[Vaishali Nagar (Jaipur)|Vaishali Nagar]], [[Jaipur]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mall Of Jaipur |url=https://www.fsrealty.co.in/mall-of-jaipur.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=www.fsrealty.co.in}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:World Trade Park Mall.gif|[[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park Mall]]
File:World Trade Park.jpg|[[World Trade Park, Jaipur|World Trade Park Mall]] Aerial View
File:Nexus Celebration Mall.jpg|[[Nexus Celebration Mall]]
</gallery>

== Tamil Nadu ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
| [[Velachery]], [[Chennai]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls"/><ref name="Phoenix Marketcity Chennai"/><ref name="Phoenix Marketcity Chennai Inauguration"/>
|-
| [[VR Chennai]]
| [[Anna Nagar West]], [[Chennai]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="VR Chennai Details"/><ref name="VR Chennai"/>
|-
| [[Express Avenue]]
| [[Whites Road, Chennai|Whites Road]], [[Royapettah]], [[Chennai]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Express Avenue"/>
|-
| [[Nexus Vijaya Mall|Nexus Vijaya]]
| [[Arcot Road]], [[Vadapalani]], [[Chennai]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|650000|sqft}}
| <ref name="The Nexus Vijaya"/><ref name="Nexus's New Mall"/>
|-
| [[Gold Souk Grande Mall Chennai|Gold Souk Grandé Mall Chennai]]
| GST Road, [[Vandalur]], [[Chennai]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Gold Souk Grande Mall Chennai">{{cite web|url=https://www.malls2shop.com/GoldSoukGrandeMallChennai//|title=Malls2shop | India's No. 1 malls}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Marina Mall Chennai|Marina Mall]]
| [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]], [[Egattur (Kanchipuram District)|Egattur]], [[Chennai]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|540,000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Marina Mall"/><ref name="The Marina Mall"/>
|-
| [[Spencer Plaza]]
| [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]]
| 1895
| {{cvt|530000|sqft}}
| <ref name="India's most stunning malls" />
|-
| [[Prozone Mall (Coimbatore)|Prozone Mall]]
| Sivanandapuram, [[Coimbatore]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Prozone Malls"/><ref name="Prozone Coimbatore"/>
|-
| [[Brookefields Mall]]
| Brooke Bond Road, [[Coimbatore]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|450000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Brookefields - The Mall was constructed by Brookefields Estates Pvt. Ltd. Check out the opening, closing time, show timings and address of Brookefields, Coimbatore.|url=https://brookefields.com/|access-date=26 June 2022|website=brookefields.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fun Republic Mall (Coimbatore)|Fun Republic Mall]]
| Avinashi Road, [[Peelamedu]], [[Coimbatore]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|325000|sqft}}
| <ref>[http://www.ecityventures.com/ "Fun Republic Mall"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021020609/http://www.ecityventures.com/ |date=21 October 2014 }} E City Ventures.</ref><ref>[http://www.epms.in/coimbatore.aspx "Fun Republic Mall"]. EPMS.in. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815044005/http://www.epms.in/coimbatore.aspx |date=15 August 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ampa Skywalk]]
| [[Poonamallee High Road]], [[Aminjikarai]], [[Chennai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|315000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ampaskywalk.com/|title=Ampa Skywalk | Shopping Mall}}</ref><ref name="HospitalityBiz_MallOpen">{{cite web|title=Boutique hotel to be set up at Ampa Skywalk mall in Chennai|url=http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=6313&sid=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416061748/http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=6313&sid=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Vivira Mall
| [[Navalur]], [[Old Mahabalipuram Road|OMR]], [[Chennai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coromandelplaza.com/index.html |title=Coromandel Plaza |publisher=Coromandel Plaza |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coromandelplaza.com/advantageomr_new.html |title=Location – Map with Driving Distance |publisher=Coromandel Plaza |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824044115/http://www.coromandelplaza.com/advantageomr_new.html |archive-date=24 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://inbuzz.info/2011/05/the-ags-cinemas-at-omr-navalur-chennai/ |title=The AGS Cinemas at OMR Navalur Chennai |work=India Buzz Info |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=14 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921125927/http://inbuzz.info/2011/05/the-ags-cinemas-at-omr-navalur-chennai/ |archive-date=21 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Ramee Mall]]
| [[Anna Salai]], [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|225000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rameemall.com/ |title=Welcome to Ramee Mall|publisher=Ramee Mall|access-date=22 July 2010|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517042221/http://www.rameemall.com/|archive-date=17 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Palladium Mall, Chennai
| [[Velachery]], [[Chennai]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|220000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://palladiumchennai.com/about-us/|title=ABOUT US|website=Palladium Chennai}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vishaal de Mal]]
| Chinna Chockikulam, [[Madurai]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|220000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Madurai Malls">{{cite web|url=https://threebestrated.in/shopping-malls-in-madurai-tn|title=3 Best Shopping Malls in Madurai, TN - Expert Recommendations|website=ThreeBestRated.in}}</ref>
|-
| [[Spectrum Mall (Chennai)|Spectrum Mall]] (formerly Grand Venus Mall)
| Paper Mills Road, [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|160000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Spectrum Mall Chennai|url=http://www.walk2mall.com/city/chennai/listing/spectrum-mall-chennai/|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=4 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604100021/http://www.walk2mall.com/city/chennai/listing/spectrum-mall-chennai/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chennai Citi Centre]]
| Dr. Radhakrishnan Salai, [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]
| 2006
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennai.mallsmarket.com/malls/chennai-citi-centre-mylapore|title=Chennai Citi Centre Mylapore|website=Chennai}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chandra Mall]]
| [[Arcot Road]], [[Virugambakkam]], [[Chennai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|143130|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chandrabuilders.in/ |title=Chandra Mall |publisher=Chandrabuilders.in |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| BSR Mall
| Thoraipakkam, [[Chennai]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|140000|sqft}}
|
|
|-
| [[Milan'em Mall]]
| K.K. Nagar, [[Madurai]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|90000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Madurai Malls" />
|-
| [[Bergamo (shopping mall)|Bergamo]]
| Khader Nawaz Khan Road, [[Nungambakkam]], [[Chennai]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|30000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bergamo.in/|title=Bergamo - Luxury Mall|website=www.bergamo.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chennai.mallsmarket.com/malls/bergamo-luxury-mall|title=Bergamo Luxury Mall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nivalink.com/landmark/bergamo-mall-chennai|title=Bergamo Mall, Chennai: Find the List of Hotels and Nearby Landmarks with Distance|website=www.nivalink.com}}</ref>
|
|}
<gallery>
File:Express avenue chennai.jpg|[[Express Avenue]] is the second largest mall [[Chennai]]
File:FVM front facade.png|[[The Forum Vijaya|Nexus Vijaya]] Mall, [[Chennai]]
File:Shopping Malls India.jpg|Inside Nexus Vijaya shopping mall, Vadapalani, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:Phoenix Market City (21812542780).jpg|[[Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity]] dusk view
File:Phoenix market.JPG|Inside view of [[Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
File:Phoenix Market City Chennai (8494782733).jpg|Interior view of [[Phoenix Marketcity (Chennai)|Phoenix Marketcity]]
File:Forum Vijaya Mall Chennai - Interior.jpg|[[The Forum Vijaya|Nexus Vijaya]] Mall central atrium
File:Forum Vijaya Mall in Chennai (India).jpg|[[The Forum Vijaya|Nexus Vijaya]] Mall inside view
File:Spencer Plaza from Anna Salai.jpg|[[Spencer Plaza]], [[Chennai]]
File:The FORUM VIJAYA Chennai Tamil Nadu India.jpg|Inside the Nexus Vijaya, Chennai
</gallery>

== Telangana ==
[[File:In Orbit Mall.jpg|thumb|right|Inside view, Inorbit Mall, [[Hyderabad]]]]
[[File:GVK Mall Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|right|[[GVK One|GVK One Mall]] outside view]]
[[File:LuLu Mall in Hyderabad.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Hyderabad|Lulu Mall,
Hyderabad]] view from flyover]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Sarath City Capital Mall]]
| [[Kondapur]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|2700000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Sarathcitycapitalmall.com"/>
|-
| Nexus Hyderabad Mall
| [[Kukatpally]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|820000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Nexus Sujana"/><ref name="Nexus Sujana Details"/>
|-
| [[Inorbit Mall|Inorbit Mall, Cyberabad]]
| Raheja Mindspace, [[Madhapur]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Inorbit Mall Cyberabad"/><ref name="Inorbit Mall Cyberabad Details"/><ref name="Inorbit Mall Cyberabad Information"/>
|-
| Aparna Neo Mall
| [[Nallagandla]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2024
| {{cvt|631000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aparna NEO Mall: Best Shopping Mall in Hyderabad, Now in Nallagandla |url=https://aparnaneomall.com/ |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Aparna NEO Mall |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Hyderabad|Lulu Mall, Hyderabad]]
| [[Kukatpally]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|450000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=LuLu Mall Hyderabad {{!}} The Top Shopping Mall Experiences |url=https://www.hyderabad.lulumall.in/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=LuLu Mall |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2025 |title=Hyderabad's Lulu Mall takes over Manjeera Mall via NCLT route |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabads-lulu-mall-takes-over-manjeera-mall-via-nclt-route |access-date=14 April 2025 |work=Telangana Today}}</ref>
|-
| [[GVK One]]
| [[Banjara Hills]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|320000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scai.in/portfolio/gvk-one-mall-hyderabad/#:~:text=Ft)%3A%207%2C50%2C000%20sq,Ft)%3A%203%2C20%2C000%20sq. |title=GVK One Mall – HYDERABAD — Shopping Centres Association of India |website=Shopping Centres Association of India |access-date=25 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[GSM Mall]]
| [[Madeenaguda]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2017{{Citation needed|reason=Did not find any reasonable data on year built|date=October 2024}}
| {{cvt|320000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ppz.co.in/team-member/gsm-mall-hyderabad/#:~:text=Developed%20By%20%3A%20GSM%20MegaInfrastructures%20Pvt,Build%20Up%20Area%20%3A%20446271%20sqft. |title=GVK One Mall – HYDERABAD — Shopping Centres Association of India |website=PPZ Mall Managements |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Podium Mall
| [[Tolichowki]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| NSL Centrum Mall
| [[Kukatpally|KPHB Colony]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|257000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-24 |title=NSL Infratech {{!}} Creating a Better Tomorrow |url=https://nslinfratech.com/ |access-date=2025-02-22 |website=NSL Infratech |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre Mall
| [[Banjara Hills|Banjara Hills, Hyderabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| PVR Next Galleria Mall
| [[Punjagutta|Panjagutta]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hyderabad-next-galleria-mall-in-hitec-city-operational/article24171708.ece|title=Hyderabad Next Galleria mall in Hitec City operational|website=@businessline|date=15 June 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Next Galleria Mall Moosarambagh
| [[Moosarambagh]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Next Galleria Mall Musarambagh {{!}} All Deals in One Place |url=https://nextgalleriamalls.com/nextmusarambagh/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Next Musarambagh |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| E-Galleria Mall
| [[HITEC City|Hitech City]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2018
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=eGalleria {{!}} Best Shopping Mall in Hyderabad |url=https://nextgalleriamalls.com/egalleria/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Next Galleria |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Hyderabad Central]]
| [[Punjagutta|Panjagutta]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.local.yahoo.com/hyderabad/malls/s/lc-5005:fltr-y/ |title=Shopping Malls}}</ref>
|-
| Prasads Mall
| [[Khairatabad]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Prasads Mall|date=2 August 2002|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/prasad-media-to-set-up-rs-61-crore-imax-theatre-in-hyderabad/53800/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prasadz.com/|title=Prasads - Entertainment . Complete|website=www.prasadz.com}}</ref>
|-
| Atrium Mall
| [[Gachibowli]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atrium Mall Hyderabad: Your Premier Shopping Destination! |url=https://atriummall.in/about-us |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=atriummall.in}}</ref>
|-
| Venu Mall
| Pragathi Nagar, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Gachibowli Central
| [[Gachibowli]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Raichandani Mall
| [[Kompally]], [[Hyderabad]]
| 2023
| {{cvt|42382|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin2022 |title=New Commercial Projects in Kompally Hyderabad {{!}} Raichandani Mall |url=https://raichandanigroup.com/project/raichandani-mall/ |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Raichandani |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}
{{clear}}

== Uttar Pradesh ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Lucknow|Lulu Mall, Lucknow]]
| Sushant Golf City, Sector B Ansal API, [[Lucknow]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|2000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="auto1">{{cite web |title=About |url=https://lulumall.in/lucknow/ |access-date=15 January 2022 |website=LuLu Mall}}</ref>
|-
| [[DLF Mall of India]]
| Sector-18, [[Noida]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|2000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="DLF Mall About Us">{{cite web|title=DLF Mall About Us|url=http://www.dlfmallofindia.com/about-us.asp|access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="dlf opens mall of india">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/real-estate/dlf-opens-mall-of-india-in-noida/article64333643.ece|title=DLF opens Mall of India in Noida|date=27 April 2016|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix Palassio
| Sector-7, Shaheed Path, [[Gomti Nagar|Gomti Nagar Extension]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2020
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls"/><ref name="Phoenix Malls1"/><ref name="Phoenix Palassio"/>
|-
| [[The Great India Place]]
| Sector-38, [[Noida]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls"/>
|-
| Saya Status Mall
| Sector-129, [[Noida]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
|
|-
| [[Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow)|Fun Republic Mall]]
| Vipin Khand, Lohia Path, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|947000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls"/><ref name="The Times of India" />
|-
| [[The Grand Venice Mall]]
| Kasna Gol Chakkar, Surajpur-Kasna Road, [[Greater Noida]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|947000|sqft}}
| <ref name="The Grand Venice Mall"/>
|-
| [[Z Square Mall, Kanpur|Z Square Mall]]
| Bada Chauraha, [[Kanpur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|900000|sqft}}
| <ref name="zsquaremall"/>
|-
| Gaur City Mall, Greater Noida
| Gaur Chowk, Sector-4, [[Greater Noida]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|861000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Gaur City Mall"/><ref name="Gaur City Mall Inauguration"/>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Plaza, Greater Noida]]
| [[Pari Chowk metro station|Pari Chowk]], Amit Nagar, [[Greater Noida]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|750000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Ansal Plaza Greater Noida"/>
|-
| Logix City Centre
| [[Noida City Centre metro station|Wave City Centre]], Sector-32, [[Noida]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Logix City Centre"/>
|-
| Pacific Mall, Ghaziabad
| [[Sahibabad]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Pacific Mall Ghaziabad"/>
|-
| MSX Mall
| Swarn Nagari, [[Greater Noida]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="MSX Mall"/>
|-
| World Square Mall
| [[Mohan Nagar metro station|Mohan Nagar]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="World Square Mall"/>
|-
| Omaxe Connaught Place
| Jangra Chowk, Beta II, [[Greater Noida]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|572000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Omaxe Connaught Place"/>
|-
| Mahagun Metro Mall
| Sector-3, [[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|455000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mahagunindia.com/projects/completed-projects/mahagun-metro-mall/|title=Mahagun Metro Mall}}</ref>
|-
| Shopprix Mall, Meerut
| Surya Place Colony, [[Meerut]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|450000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.supertechlimited.com/commercial/shopprix-mall-meerut/index.php#/?a=overview|title=Supertech Shopprix Mall | Top Shopping Malls in Meerut|website=www.supertechlimited.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inextlive.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/shopprix-mall-open-in-meerut-201310180092|title=मेरठीयंस को मिल गया एक और शॉपिंग का अड़डा|website=inextlive}}</ref>
|-
| Sahara Ganj Mall
| Prem Nagar, Shahnajaf Road, [[Hazratganj]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|440000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls"/>
|-
| One Awadh Center
| Vibhuti Khand, Shaheed Path, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.halwasiyagroup.com/lucknow_central.php|title=One Awadh Center | Premium Shopping Mall in Lucknow | Best Place to Shop|website=www.halwasiyagroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theyellowstage.com/work.php?id=1|title=One Awadh Center Inauguration}}</ref>
|-
| East Delhi Mall
| [[Kaushambi, Ghaziabad]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|392000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=East Delhi Mall|date=3 November 2018|url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architecture/commercial/east-delhi-mall-at-kaushambi-by-cp-kukreja-architects/}}</ref>
|-
| Gardens Galleria, Noida
| Sector-38, [[Noida]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|385000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Malls in NCR"/><ref name="New Malls"/>
|-
| Shipra Mall
| Vaibhav Khand, Indirapuram, [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|360000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shipraworld.com/aboutus-shipra-mall.asp|title=..:: SHIPRA ::..|website=www.shipraworld.com}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix United, Lucknow
| Sector-B, LDA Colony, Kanpur Road, [[Lucknow]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|330000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls Uttar Pradesh">{{cite web|url=http://www.thephoenixmills-ar2017.com/retail_portflio_luckn_barely.html|title=Phoenix United, Lucknow & Bareilly|website=www.thephoenixmills-ar2017.com}}</ref>
|-
| Wave Mall, Lucknow (formerly West End Mall, Lucknow)
| Vibhuti Khand, Lohia Path, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|314500|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://malls.thewavegroup.com/wave-mall-lucknow.php|title=Shopping Mall in Lucknow | Best Shopping Malls in Lucknow|website=malls.thewavegroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wave Mall Lucknow Inauguration|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=7 June 2006|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/lucknow-to-have-more-multiplexes-106060701139_1.html|last1=Bisaria|first1=Pallavi}}</ref>
|-
| Phoenix United, Bareilly
| Pilibhit Bypass Road, Mahanagar Colony, [[Bareilly]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|310000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Phoenix Malls Uttar Pradesh"/>
|-
| City Mall, Lucknow
| Vipul Khand, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2021
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
|
|-
| VVIP Style Mall
| [[Raj Nagar Extension]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|270000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Eros Marketplace
| Niti Khand, Indirapuram, [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|265000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/nfvn/eros-marketplace-project-pages.html|title=Eros Marketplace|website=worldarchitecture.org}}</ref>
|-
| Wave Mall, Noida (formerly Centre Stage Mall, Noida)
| Sector-18, [[Noida]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|256000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://malls.thewavegroup.com/wave-mall-noida.php|title=Best Shopping Malls in Noida | Centrestage Mall | Multiplex in Noida, India|website=malls.thewavegroup.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/wave-mall-noida|title=Wave Mall Noida|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| Singapore Mall
| Viraj Khand, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Riverside Mall
| Vipul Khand, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Ashok Cosmos Mall
| [[Sanjay Place]], [[Agra]]
| 2000
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Agra Malls" />
|-
| [[Rave@Moti Mall, Kanpur|Rave@Moti Mall]]
| [[Rawatpur]], [[Kanpur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ravemoti.com/mainpage.html|title=Rave @ Moti Cinema hall provides the best environment for the young and trendy crowd to spend a good time in watching movie and shopping at one multiplex mall|website=www.ravemoti.com}}</ref>
|-
| Aditya City Centre
| Vaibhav Khand, Indirapuram, [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|240000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/aditya-city-centre-mall-indirapuram-ghaziabad|title=Aditya City Centre Mall Indirapuram Ghaziabad|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commercialproperty.review/index.php/2017/08/28/review-investment-aditya-mall-indirapuram-loss-profit/|title=Review : Investment in Aditya Mall, Indirapuram, Loss or Profit|date=28 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| IP Sigra Mall
| [[Sigra]], [[Varanasi]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Vinayak Plaza Varanasi
| Maldahiya, [[Varanasi]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Venus Mall
| Golghar, [[Gorakhpur]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Orion Mall Gorakhpur
| Mohaddipur, [[Gorakhpur]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Mall in Gorakhpur |url=https://orionmallgorakhpur.com/about/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ansal Plaza|Ansal Plaza, Ghaziabad]]
| Dabur Chowk, [[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/ansal-plaza-vaishali|title=Ansal Plaza Vaishali|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ansals.com/commercial/ansal-plaza-ghaziabad/index.asp?links=hlp1|title=Commercial Property/Project For Rent/Sale in Ghaziabad | Ansal Housing|website=www.ansals.com}}</ref>
|-
| Vinayak City Centre, Prayagraj
| [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]], [[Prayagraj]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| City Square Mall
| Roorkee Road, [[Meerut]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Omaxe SRK Mall (Sarv Multiplex)
| Khandari, [[Agra]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|199000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Agra Malls">{{cite web|url=https://threebestrated.in/shopping-malls-in-agra-up|title=3 Best Shopping Malls in Agra, UP - Expert Recommendations|website=ThreeBestRated.in}}</ref>
|-
| Great Mall of Aligarh (formerly Great Value Mall)
| Ramghat Road, Sukhravali, [[Aligarh]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|180000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://greatmallofaligarh.com/about-us/|title=About Us}}</ref>
|-
| South X Mall
| [[Kidwai Nagar]], [[Kanpur]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|163475|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Smart Bharat Mall|date=22 October 2014|url=https://www.malls.com/in/malls/south-x-mall.html}}</ref>
|-
| [[Modi Mall]]
| Sector-25A, [[Noida]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi Mall {{!}} Home |url=https://www.modimall.in/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.modimall.in}}</ref>
|-
| Singapore Mall
| Viraj Khand, [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.singaporemall.co.in/about-us.html#menu_nav|title=SingaporeMall|website=www.singaporemall.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.makaan.com/iq/city/top-5-malls-that-opened-in-2016|title=Top 5 Shopping Malls That Opened In 2016|website=www.makaan.com}}</ref>
|-
| Gardens Galleria, Lucknow
| South City, Raebareli Road, [[Lucknow]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Famous Malls">{{cite web|url=http://www.unitechgroup.com/pdfs/gardens-galleria-presentation.pdf|title=Gardens Galleria, Lucknow}}</ref>
|-
| The Opulent Mall
| [[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]], Nehru Nagar, [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|145000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theopulentmall.com/AboutUs.html|title=Best Shopping Mall In delhi NCR Ghaziabad|website=www.theopulentmall.com}}</ref>
|-
| PVS Mall
| Shastri Nagar, [[Meerut]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|140000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Habitech Crystal Mall
| Gujarpur, Knowledge Park III, [[Greater Noida]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|130000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Habitech Crystal Mall|url=http://www.habitechinfrastructure.co.in/crystal-mall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertywala.com/habitech-quabe-crystal-mall-greater-noida|title=Habitech Quabe Crystal Mall - Knowledge Park 1, Greater Noida - Office Space Project|website=PropertyWala.com|date=26 July 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| Shopprix Mall, Ghaziabad
| Sector-5, [[Vaishali metro station|Vaishali]], [[Ghaziabad]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|125000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://delhi-ncr.mallsmarket.com/malls/shopprix-mall-vaishali-ghaziabad|title=Shopprix Mall Vaishali Ghaziabad|website=Delhi NCR}}</ref>
|-
| TDI Mall, Agra
| Fatehabad Road, [[Agra]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Agra Malls"/>
|-
| Umaro Mall, Lucknow
| [[Badshahnagar metro station]], Mahanagar, Faizabad Road, [[Lucknow]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|113222|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://umraomall.com/|title=Umrao Mall | Shops | Showrooms| Fine-dine | Multiplex & Game Zone}}</ref>
|-
| Shalimar Gateway Mall
| Kanpur Road, Near [[Alambagh metro station]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-21 |title=Best Mall in Lucknow {{!}} Malls in Lucknow- Shalimar Gateway Mall |url=https://shalimargatewaymall.in/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| City Mall, [[Gorakhpur]]
| Mohaddipur, [[Gorakhpur]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| BKD Square Mall, [[Gorakhpur]]
| Civil Lines, [[Gorakhpur]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| IP Vijaya Mall
| [[Bhelupur, Varanasi|Bhelupur]], [[Varanasi]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Crown Mall
| Faizabad Road, [[Chinahat]], [[Lucknow]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Crown Mall |url=https://crownmall.co.in/about-us/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| Rave 3 Mall
| Parwati Bagla Road, Permat, [[Kanpur]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| AD Mall Gorakhpur
| Near Vijay Chowk, Miyan Bazar, [[Gorakhpur]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|-
| JHV Mall
| Mall Road, [[Varanasi]]
| 2007
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
|-
| PDR Mall
| Sindhgiribagh, [[Varanasi]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
|
|}
<gallery>
File:The Great India Place.jpg|[[The Great India Place]] is one of the largest malls in [[Noida]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]]
File:DLF Mall of India.jpg|Aerial view, [[Mall of India|DLF Mall of India, Noida]]
File:DLF Promenade Interiors.JPG|Inside view, [[Mall of India|DLF Mall of India, Noida]]
File:Lulu Mall - Lucknow 20220717 172748.jpg|[[Lulu International Shopping Mall, Lucknow|Lulu Mall, Lucknow]] inside view
File:Fun Republic Mall, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow.jpeg|[[Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow)|Fun Republic Mall]], [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]] Image 1
File:Fun Republic Mall Lucknow.jpg|[[Fun Republic Mall (Lucknow)|Fun Republic Mall]], [[Gomti Nagar]], [[Lucknow]] Image 2
File:Saharaganj Mall, Lucknow.jpg|Saharaganj Mall, [[Lucknow]]
File:Z Square Mall - Kanpur 20220505 203247.jpg|[[Z Square Mall, Kanpur|Z Square Mall]] inside view
</gallery>

== Uttarakhand ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| Pacific Mall
| Jakhan, [[Dehradun]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pacificmalls.in/dehradun/|title = Shopping Mall in Dehradun, Food Court and Restaurants, PVR | Pacific Mall}}</ref>
|-
| Crossroads Mall
| Old Survey Road, Karanpur, [[Dehradun]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Mall of Dehradun
| Mohkampur Khurd, [[Dehradun]]
| 2022
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mall of Dehradun - Biggest Mall in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.pacificmalls.in/mall-of-dehradun |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.pacificmalls.in}}</ref>
|}

== West Bengal ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Location
! Year
! Size ([[Floor area (building)|gross leasable area]])
! Source
|-
| [[South City Mall]]
| [[Prince Anwar Shah Road]], [[Jodhpur Park]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|1000000|sqft}}
| <ref name="South City"/><ref name="South City Details"/>
|-
| Acropolis Mall, Kolkata
| [[Kasba, Kolkata]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|800000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Acropolis Mall"/>
|-
| [[Mani Square]]
| [[Kankurgachi]], [[EM Bypass]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|700000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Mani Square"/>
|-
| [[Quest Mall]]
| Beckbagan, [[Park Circus]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2013
| {{cvt|700000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Quest Mall"/>
|-
| [[Avani Riverside Mall]]
| [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|600000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Avani Mall"/>
|-
| City Centre, New Town (City Centre 2)
| Action Area-2, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="City Centre, New Town"/>
|-
| Axis Mall
| Action Area-1, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="Axis Mall"/>
|-
| City Centre, Siliguri
| [[Uttorayon Township]], [[Siliguri]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|500000|sqft}}
| <ref name="City Centre, Siliguri"/>
|-
| Junction Mall, Durgapur
| City Center, [[Durgapur]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|420000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://junctionmall.in/|title=Junction Mall|website=Shopping centre in durgapur}}</ref>
|-
| 22 Camac Street Mall
| [[Camac Street]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://meharia.com/22-camac-street/|title=22 Camac Street | Meharia Consortium}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, Salt Lake
| Sector-1, [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|400000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ambujaneotia.com/business_vertical/city-centre-salt-lake/|title=City Centre Salt Lake|website=Ambuja Neotia}}</ref>
|-
| Cosmos Mall, Siliguri
| Sevoke Road, [[Siliguri]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata.mallsmarket.com/malls/cosmos-mall-siliguri|title=Cosmos Mall Siliguri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cosmossiliguri.com/|title=Cosmos Mall Siliguri|website=www.cosmossiliguri.com}}</ref>
|-
| Diamond Plaza, Kolkata
| Amarpalli, [[Jessore Road]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.diamondplaza.in/|title=Diamond Plaza|website=www.diamondplaza.in}}</ref>
|-
| Rangoli Mall
| [[Belur, West Bengal|Belur]], [[Howrah]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-new-mall-to-go-to-if-there-is-avani-riverside-for-south-howrah-there-will-be-forum-rangoli-for-north-howrah-says-dalia-mukherjee/cid/280201|title=A new mall to go to - If there is Avani Riverside for south Howrah, there will be Forum Rangoli for north Howrah, says Dalia Mukherjee|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Vega Circle Mall
| Sevoke Road, [[Siliguri]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|350000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://1001things.org/vega-circle-mall-siliguri/amp/|title=Siliguri Vega Circle Mall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brickworkratings.com/Admin/PressRelease/Tirupati-Plaza-BL-8May2018%20(1).pdf|title=Vega Circle Mall Information}}</ref>
|-
| Downtown Retail, Uniworld
| Action Area-3, Uniworld City, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2016
| {{cvt|300000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitechgroup.com/retail-projects/kolkata/downtown-retail.asp|title=Downtown Retail - Retail Projects in Kolkata - Unitech Group|website=www.unitechgroup.com}}</ref>
|-
| Galaxy Mall, Asansol
| [[Burnpur]], [[Asansol]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|260000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/07/19/ampm-a-fashion-label-competing-with-mass-brands/|title=Asansol Galaxy Mall|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://espreson.com/|title=Espreson a Digital Magazine | Lifestyle, Gadget, Tech, Social|website=espreson.com}}</ref>
|-
| City Centre, Haldia
| Balughata Road, [[Haldia]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|260000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2016/07/19/ampm-a-fashion-label-competing-with-mass-brands/|title=Haldia City Centre|date=19 July 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| Lake Mall
| [[Rashbehari Avenue]], [[Kalighat]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Lake Mall|url=https://www.dhootgroup.net/index.php/delivered/165-lake-mall}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/lake-market-mall-by-2009-revived-structure-will-have-multiplex-retail-chains/cid/1258357|title=Lake Market mall by 2009 - Revived structure will have multiplex & retail chains|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Avani Riverside Mall
| [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Sentrum Mall, Asansol
| Sristi Nagar, [[Asansol]]
| 2012
| {{cvt|250000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shristicorp.com/property/sentrum-asansol/|title=SENTRUM – ASANSOL – shrishti}}</ref>
|-
| Star Mall, Kolkata
| [[Madhyamgram|Madhyamgram, Kolkata]]
| 2008
| {{cvt|237000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mall-sprawl-in-deep-north/cid/1279243|title=Mall sprawl in deep north|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unimarkgroup.com/project/star-mall.php|title=Real Estate Development Kolkata|website=Unimark Group, Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
| AMP Baishakhi (Vaishaakkhi) Mall
| Sector-2, [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2014
| {{cvt|202150|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://innateindia.com/project-inner.php?pro_id=14|title=Salt Lake (AMP Mall) Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/finance/amp-vaisaakkhi-mall-to-be-unveiled-in-kolkata/details|title=AMP Vaisaakkhi Mall to be unveiled in Kolkata | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management|website=Indiablooms.com|date=10 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| PRM Centre Point Mall
| [[Jadupur]], [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
| 2025
| {{cvt|200000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Metropolis Mall, Kolkata
| [[Hiland Park, Kolkata|Hiland Park]], [[EM Bypass]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2004
| {{cvt|175000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata.mallsmarket.com/malls/metropolis-mall-hiland-park|title=Metropolis Mall Hiland Park|website=Kolkata / Calcutta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mall-with-class-for-the-mass-convenience-and-price-usp-of-retail-food-entertainment-centre/cid/1084438|title=Mall with class for the mass - Convenience and price USP of retail-food-entertainment centre|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Sentrum Mall, Krishnanagar
| [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|150000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shristicorp.com/property/sentrum-krishnagar/|title=SENTRUM – KRISHNAGAR – shrishti}}</ref>
|-
| [[Forum (Kolkata)|Forum Mall (Forum Courtyard)]]
| Elgin Road, [[Bhawanipore]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2003
| {{cvt|125000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shopkhoj.com/malls-in-kolkata/forum-mall/|title=Forum Mall|website=Shopkhoj}}</ref>
|-
| Downtown Mall, Salt Lake
| Sector-3, [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake City]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2009
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Salt Lake Downtown Mall|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 March 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Salt-Lake-to-get-two-new-malls/articleshow/4210031.cms}}</ref>
|-
| Wood Square Mall
| [[Narendrapur|Narendrapur, Kolkata]]
| 2015
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unimarkgroup.com/project/wood-square-mall.php|title=Real Estate Development Kolkata|website=Unimark Group, Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
| Aurobindo Mall
| [[Salkia]], [[Howrah]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|120000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/malls-change-the-way-howrah-shops/cid/1390122|title=Malls change the way Howrah shops|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/old-bazaar-to-turn-into-swank-mall/cid/1503922|title=Old bazaar to turn into swank mall|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Simpark Mall New Market
| Lindsay St, [[Taltala]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2010
| {{cvt|110000|sqft}}
|
|-
| Gariahat Mall
| [[Gariahat Road|Gariahat]], [[Ballygunge]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|103000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/new-mall-defines-shopping-fun-all-inclusive-gariahat-address-aims-at-mixed-milieu/cid/1278171|title=New mall defines shopping fun - All-inclusive Gariahat address aims at mixed milieu|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Dreamplex Mall
| City Center, [[Durgapur]]
| 2005
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata.mallsmarket.com/malls/dreamplex-mall-city-center-durgapur|title=Dreamplex Mall City Center Durgapur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengalshristi.com/durgapur-retail/|title=Durgapur - Retail}}</ref>
|-
| RD Mall
| [[Liluah]], [[Howrah]]
| 2011
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=RD Mall|date=19 April 2018|url=http://www.bhawaniconstructions.com/rd-mall-liluah/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-e-zone/cid/358888|title=The e-zone|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| Central Mall, New Town
| Action Area-1, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2017
| {{cvt|100000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Central Mall in New Town|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/future-group-to-set-up-its-central-store-in-kolkatas-metro-cinema-property/articleshow/59300131.cms|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Writankar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lbb.in/kolkata/central-mall-rajarhat-for-shopping/|title=Central Mall In Rajarhat Is Going To Be Your New Fave Shopping Destination | LBB|website=LBB, Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
| E Mall, Kolkata
| [[Chandni Chowk metro station, Kolkata|Chandni Chowk]], [[Dharmatala]], [[Kolkata]]
|
| {{cvt|80000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.justdial.com/Kolkata/E-Mall-Near-Hindusthan-Building-Chandni-Chowk/033PXX33-XX33-120407130501-D1K6_BZDET|title=E Mall, Kolkata}}</ref>
|-
| Silver Arcade
| [[Dhapa, India|Mathpukur]], [[EM Bypass]], [[Kolkata]]
|
| {{cvt|80000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kolkata.mallsmarket.com/malls/silver-arcade-em-bypass|title=Silver Arcade EM Bypass}}</ref>
|-
| Homeland Mall
| Ashutosh Mukherjee Road, [[Kolkata]]
|
| {{cvt|8000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.merlinhomeland.com/|title=Merlin Homeland Mall : Home|website=www.merlinhomeland.com}}</ref>
|-
| Metro Central Mall
| [[New Market, Kolkata|New Market]], [[Dharmatala]], [[Kolkata]]
| 2019
| {{cvt|50000|sqft}}
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Metro Central Mall|date=16 February 2019|url=https://www.indiaretailing.com/2019/02/16/fashion/newly-launched-metro-central-amalgamates-fashion-and-culture-with-subtle-displays-of-cinema/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/metro-first-day-first-show-in-mall-avatar/cid/1684675|title=Metro first day, first show in mall avatar|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|}
<gallery>
File:South City Mall 2.jpg|[[South City Mall]] is the largest shopping mall in [[East India]]
File:Quest Mall - 33 Syed Amir Ali Avenue - Kolkata 20170927172429.jpg|[[Quest Mall]] is one of the largest malls of [[Kolkata]]
File:Mani Square - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6059.JPG|[[Mani Square]] is situated on [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]], [[Kolkata]]
File:Avani Riverside Mall Howrah1.jpg|Avani Riverside Mall is the largest mall in [[Howrah]]
File:Forum Mall, Elgin Road.JPG|[[Forum (Kolkata)|Forum Mall]] was the first conventional mall-cum-multiplex to have been built in [[Kolkata]]
</gallery>
<gallery>
File:SC Mall night view.jpg|[[South City Mall]] at night
File:SC Mall atrium view.jpg|[[South City Mall]] atrium view
File:SC Mall interiors (1).JPG|[[South City Mall]] interior view
File:South City Mall (6).jpg|[[South City Mall]] inside view
File:South City Mall Panorama.jpg|[[South City Mall]] Panorama
File:Quest - Mall - 33 Syad Amir Ali Avenue - Kolkata 2014-01-23 7159.JPG|[[Quest Mall]] outside view
File:Ground Floor - Quest Mall - Kolkata 2017-09-27 4597.JPG|[[Quest Mall]] inside view
File:First Floor - Quest Mall - Kolkata 2017-09-27 4612.JPG|[[Quest Mall]] internal view
File:Quest Mall 4.jpg|[[Quest Mall]] interior view
File:Mani Square - Aerial View.png|[[Mani Square]] aerial view
File:Mani Square Mall Interior - Ground Floor - Kolkata 20180223153047.jpg|[[Mani Square]] inside view
File:Mani Square Mall Interior - Ground Floor - Kolkata 20180223155702.jpg|Mani Square interior view
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2012-01-08 00948.jpg|Avani Mall inside view
File:Avani Riverside Mall - Howrah 2011-12-10 00890.jpg|Avani Mall interior view
File:City Centre - Rajarhat 7481.JPG|City Centre, [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] (City Centre 2)
File:Axis Mall, New Town.JPG|Axis Mall
File:Siliguri city centre.jpg|City Centre, [[Siliguri]]
File:22 Camac St (3).jpg|22 Camac Street Mall, Kolkata is an upscale mall in the [[Marwari people|Marwari]]-dominated neighborhood of the same name in [[Kolkata]].
File:City Centre Mall - Salt Lake City - Kolkata 2012-11-14 1907.JPG|City Centre, [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]]
File:Diamond plaza.jpg|Diamond Plaza, [[Kolkata]]
File:Lake Mall Under Construction - Kolkata 2012-05-19 3100.JPG|Lake Mall in [[Rashbehari Avenue]] is a compact mall in [[Kolkata|South Kolkata]], built on the premises of the century-old Lake Market.
File:New Mall.jpg|AMP Baishakhi Mall
File:Big Bazaar Hiland Park - Kolkata 7553.JPG|Metropolis Mall, [[Kolkata]]
File:Forum & Forum Courtyard Mall.jpg|Forum & Forum Courtyard Mall
File:Forum & Forum Courtyard (2).jpg|Forum & Forum Courtyard night view
File:Forum Mall inside view (1).JPG|[[Forum Mall (Kolkata)|Forum Mall]] inside view
File:Wood square mall.jpg|Wood Square Mall
File:Silver Arcade - Kolkata 2011-01-17 0235.JPG|Silver Arcade
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Shopping malls in India}}

[[Category:Lists of shopping malls|India]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in India|Shopping malls]]
[[Category:Shopping malls in India|*Lists]]
[[Category:Economy of India lists|Shopping malls]]

Tolkāppiyam

2026-03-27T10:23:56Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: updated details

{{Short description|Ancient work on Tamil grammar}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{Sangam literature}}
{{Tamil transliteration}}
'''''Tolkāppiyam''''', also romanised as '''''Tholkaappiyam''''' ({{langx|ta|தொல்காப்பியம்}} {{audio|LL-Q5885 (tam)-Sriveenkat-தொல்காப்பியம்.wav|listen}} , ''lit.'' "ancient poem"{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=131}}), is the oldest extant Tamil [[grammar]] text and the oldest extant long work of [[Tamil literature]].{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–133}}{{sfn|David Shulman|2016|p=28}}
The surviving manuscripts of the ''Tolkappiyam'' consists of three books ({{Langx|ta|அதிகாரம்|Atikāram|Chapter or Authority}}), each with nine chapters ({{Langx|ta|இயல்|Iyal}}), with a cumulative total of 1,610 (483+463+664) ''[[sutras]]'' in the {{Langx|ta|நூற்பா|nūṛpā|verse}} meter.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnotes}}{{refn|group=note|The palm-leaf manuscripts and commentaries on the text vary slightly in the total number of verse-sutras; they are all about 1,610.{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|pp=178–179 with footnote 2}}}} It is a comprehensive text on grammar, and includes ''sutras'' on orthography, phonology, etymology, morphology, semantics, prosody, sentence structure and the significance of context in language.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnotes}} [[Vishnu|Mayyon]] as ([[Vishnu]]), [[Murugan|Seyyon]] as ([[Murugan]]), [[Indra|Vendhan]] as ([[Indra]]), [[Varuna]] as ([[Varuna]]) and [[Korravai|Kotṟavai]] as (Devi or Bagavathi) are the gods mentioned.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjoRAAAAYAAJ&q=tolkappiyam+varuna |title=Journal of Tamil Studies, Volume 1 |date=1969 |publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies |page=131 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113060321/https://books.google.no/books?id=ZjoRAAAAYAAJ&q=tolkappiyam+varuna&dq=tolkappiyam+varuna&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiloMXV6bnXAhXiDZoKHXyuDMAQ6AEILTAB |archive-date=13 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The ''Tolkappiyam'' is difficult to date. Some in the Tamil tradition place the text in the historical Pandya kingdom Second tamil sangam, variously in 1st millennium BCE or earlier.{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16–17}} Scholars place the text much later and believe the text evolved and expanded over a period of time. One perspective by Tamizh scholar Na Mahalingam says it could be around 7 BCE. He uses the concept that the first month of tamizh year keeps changing every 1000 years. Tolkappiyam mentions the starting month as Aavani. We now as chittirai as starting month. Ihis cycle has 9000 years. Since now we are in 2000 subtracting that, he says it is 7000 years oldAccording to Nadarajah Devapoopathy the earliest layer of the ''Tolkappiyam'' was likely composed between the 2nd and 1st century BCE,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadarajah|first=Devapoopathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ7b6msS3kgC&q=info:Q1h0NSIwwIEJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PR9|title=Love in Sanskrit and Tamil Literature: A Study of Characters and Nature, 200 B.C.-A.D. 500|date=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1215-4|language=en}}</ref> and the extant manuscript versions fixed by about the 5th century CE.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes, Quote: "this fact would give us approximately the 5th cent. AD as the earliest date of Porulatikaram, and as the date of the final redaction of the Tolkappiyam."}} The ''Tolkappiyam Ur-text'' likely relied on some unknown even older literature.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–139 with footnotes}}

[[Iravatham Mahadevan]] dates the Tolkappiyam to no earlier than the 2nd century CE, as it mentions the {{Langx|ta|புள்ளி|Puḷḷi|Point resp. [[Virama]]}} being an integral part of Tamil script. The ''puḷḷi'' (a diacritical mark to distinguish pure consonants from consonants with inherent vowels) only became prevalent in Tamil epigraphs after the 2nd century CE.<ref name="Mahadevan2">{{cite book |last=Mahadevan |first = I. |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy - From the Earliest Times to the Sixth century C.E., 2nd Edition |date=2014|pages=271 }}</ref>
According to linguist S. Agesthialingam, Tolkappiyam contains many later interpolations, and the language shows many deviations consistent with late old Tamil (similar to [[Cilappatikaram]]), rather than the early Tamil poems of [[Eṭṭuttokai]] and [[Pattuppāṭṭu]].<ref>S. Agesthialingam, A grammar of Old Tamil (with special reference to Patirruppattu), Annamalai University, (1979), pXIV</ref>

The ''Tolkappiyam'' contains aphoristic verses arranged into three books – the {{Langx|ta|எழுத்ததிகாரம்|Eḻuttatikāram|Letter resp. Phoneme Chapter|label=none}}, the {{Langx|ta|சொல்லதிகாரம்|Collatikāram|Sound resp. Word Chapter|label=none}} and the {{Langx|ta|பொருளதிகாரம்|Poruḷatikāram|Subject Matter (i.e. prosody, rhetoric, poetics) Chapter|label=none}}.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–134 with footnotes, 150}} The ''Tolkappiyam'' includes examples to explain its rules, and these examples provide indirect information about the ancient Tamil culture, sociology, and linguistic geography. It is first mentioned by name in Iraiyanar's ''Akapporul'' – a 7th- or 8th-century text – as an authoritative reference, and the ''Tolkappiyam'' remains the authoritative text on Tamil grammar.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–134 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|pp=179–180}}{{refn|group=note|According to Thomas Lehmann, the ''Tolkappiyam'' rules are followed and exemplified in Old Tamil (pre-700 CE) literature. The Middle Tamil (700-1600 CE) and Modern Tamil (post-1600 CE) have additional distinct grammatical characteristics.<ref name="Steever2015p75">{{cite book|author=Thomas Lehmann|editor = Sanford B. Steever|title=The Dravidian Languages|year=2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ |publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91164-4|pages=75–76}}</ref> Causative stems of verb bases are "lexical in Old Tamil, morphological in Middle Tamil, and syntactic in Modern Tamil", for example, states Lehmann. Nevertheless, many features of Middle and Modern Tamil are anchored in the Old Tamil of ''Tolkappiyam''.<ref name="Steever2015p75"/>}}

== Etymology ==
The word ''Tolkāppiyam'' is a attribute-based composite word, with ''tol'' meaning "ancient, old", and ''kappiyam'' meaning "book, text, poem, kavya"; together, the title has been translated as "ancient book",{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnote 1}} "ancient poem",<ref name="Ziegenbalg2010p1">{{cite book|author=Bartholomaeus Ziegenbalg|title=Tamil Language for Europeans: Ziegenbalg's Grammatica Damulica |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G1HKzGXIUIUC&pg=PA1 |year=2010|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-06236-7|pages=1–2}}</ref> or "old poem".<ref name="ReijenWeststeijn1999p321">{{cite book|author1=Willem van Reijen|author2=Willem G. Weststeijn|title=Subjectivity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8F6_FJmaC20C&pg=PA321|year=1999|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=90-420-0728-1|pages=321–322}}</ref> The word 'kappiyam' is from the [[Sanskrit]] ''Kavya''.<ref>Sir Ralph Lilley Turner - A comparative dictionary to the Indo-Aryan languages, Entry 3110 kāˊvya https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=kāvikā&searchhws=yes</ref>

According to [[Kamil Zvelebil]] – a Tamil literature and history scholar, Tamil purists tend to reject this Sanskrit-style etymology and offer "curious" alternatives. One of these breaks it into three "tol-kappu-iyanratu", meaning "ancient protection [of language]".{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnote 1}} An alternate etymology that has been proposed by a few purists is that the name of the work derives from the author's name Tolkāppiyan, but this is a disputed assumption because neither the author(s) nor centuries in which this piece of work was composed are known.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnote 1}}

== Date ==
The dating of the Tolkappiyam is difficult, much debated, and it remains contested and uncertain.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}<ref name="bgls2" /> Proposals range between 5,320 BCE and the 8th century CE.<ref name="bgls2">The Date of the Tolkappiyam: A Retrospect." Annals of Oriental Research (Madras), Silver Jubilee Volume: 292–317</ref>{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16–17, Quote=The date of Tol[kappiyam] has been variously proposed as lying between 5320 B.C. and the 8th Cent. A.D.}}

The tradition and some Indian scholars favor an early date for its composition, before the common era, and state that it is the work of one person associated with sage Agastya. Other Indian scholars, and non-Indian scholars such as Kamil Zvelebil, prefer to date it not as a single entity but in parts or layers.<ref name='strata'/> The Tolkappiyam manuscript versions that have survived into the modern age were fixed by about the 5th century CE, according to Zvelebil.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}<ref name='strata'>{{cite journal|title=Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs|journal=Social Scientist|year=1993 |first=Vijaya|last= Ramaswamy| volume=21|issue=9/11|pages=113–129|doi= 10.2307/3520429|jstor=3520429}}</ref>{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16–19}} Scholars reject traditional datings based on three sangams and the myth of great floods because there is no verifiable evidence in its favor, and the available evidence based on linguistics, epigraphy, [[Sangam literature]] and other Indian texts suggest a much later date.<ref name="takahashi" /> The disagreements now center around divergent dates between the 3rd century [[Before Common Era|BCE]] and 8th century CE.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}<ref name="takahashi" /><ref name="tiekenbook" />

The datings proposed by contemporary scholars is based on a combination of evidence such as:
*comparison of grammar taught in ''Tolkappiyam'' versus the grammar found in the oldest known [[Tamil-Brahmi]] and old-Tamil inscriptions{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16–17}}{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}
*comparison of grammar taught in ''Tolkappiyam'' versus the grammar found in the oldest known Tamil texts (Sangam era);{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16–18}} this evidence covers items such as phonemic shapes, palatals, and the evolution in the use of compounds{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=142–146 with footnotes}}
*comparison of grammar taught in ''Tolkappiyam'' versus the grammar taught and found in the oldest known Sanskrit texts;{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16, 18–19}} this includes tracing verses and phrases found in the ''Tolkappiyam'' that borrow, translate or closely paraphrase verses and phrases found in the works of ancient and influential Sanskrit scholars such as Panini, Patanjali, Manu, Kautilya, Bharata and Vatsyayana.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}
*comparison of poetry and prose rules taught in ''Tolkappiyam'' versus the actual early Tamil poetry and prose{{sfn|Takanobu Takahashi|1995|pp=16, 20–22}}
*Prakrit and Sanskrit loan words (''vadacol''),{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1991}} and inconsistencies between the sutras of the ''Tolkappiyam''{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}

=== Dates proposed ===
*In his book published in 1925, T. R. Sesha Iyengar – a scholar of Dravidian literature and history, states that the ''Tolkappiyam'' while explaining grammar, uses terms for various forms of marriage in the ''Kalaviyal'' chapter. Elsewhere it mentions terms related to caste. Such ideas about different weddings and caste, states Iyengar, must be the influence of Sanskrit and Indo-Aryan ideologies. He disagrees with those European scholars who refuse to "concede high antiquity to the Dravidian civilization", and as a compromise suggests the Tolkappiyam was composed "before the Christian era".<ref>Sesha Iyengar, T.R. (1925), ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489055 Dravidian India]'', Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, reprinted 1995, pp 155–157</ref>
* In post-Independence India, the Tamil scholar Gift Siromoney states that the Tolkappiyam should be dated based on the chronology of TALBI-P system based inscriptions, which is difficult to date. He suggests that this could be around the time of Ashoka, or centuries later.<ref>Gift Siromoney (1983), ''[https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Epigraphy/epig_origin.htm Origin of the Tamil-Brahmi script]'', Seminar on "Origin evolution and reform of the Tamil script", pp. 21–29, The Institute of Traditional Cultures, University Buildings, Madras-600005</ref>
* [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] dates the Tolkappiyam to no earlier than the 2nd century CE, as it mentions the ''puḷḷi'' being an integral part of Tamil script. The ''puḷḷi'' a diacritical mark to distinguish pure consonants from consonants with inherent vowels only became prevalent in Tamil epigraphs after the 2nd century CE.<ref name="Mahadevan2"/>
* V. S. Rajam, a linguist specialised in Old Tamil, in her book ''A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry'' dates it to pre-fifth century CE.<ref>Rajam, V. S. 1992. ''A Reference Grammar of Classical Tamil Poetry: 150 B.C.–pre-Fifth/Sixth Century A.D.'' Memoirs of the American philosophical society, vol. 199. Philadelphia, Pa: American Philosophical Society, p. 7</ref>
* [[Vaiyapuri Pillai]], the author of the Tamil lexicon, dated Tolkappiyam to not earlier than the 5th or 6th century CE.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–146 with footnotes}}<ref name="HTLL">Vaiyapuri Pillai, S. 1956. History of Tamil language and literature; beginning to 1000 A.D.. Madras: New Century Book House.</ref>
* [[Kamil V. Zvelebil]] dates the earliest layer, the core ''Ur-text'' of the Tolkappiyam to 150 BCE or later.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=137 and 147, Quote (p. 137): "As we will see later, Tolkkapiyam, the core of which may be assigned to pre-Christian era, consists perhaps of many layers, some of which may be much earlier than others"; (p. 147): "Thus, the nuclear portions of Tolkappiyam were probably born sometimes in the 2nd or 1st century BC, but hardly before 150 BC."}} In his 1974 review, Zvelebil places Book 1 and 2 of the ''Tolkappiyam'' in the 100 BCE to 250 CE period.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|pp=9–10}} Rest of the sections and sutras of the text to centuries between 3rd and 5th century CE. The extant manuscripts of Tolkappiyam are based on the "final redaction" of the 5th century, states Zvelebil.<ref name="kamil">{{harvnb|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=138–147 with footnotes}}</ref>
* [[Takanobu Takahashi]], a Japanese Indologist, states that the Tolkappiyam has several layers with the oldest dating to 1st or 2nd century CE, and the newest and the final redaction dating to the 5th or 6th century CE.<ref name=takahashi>{{cite book|last=Takahashi|first=Takanobu|title=Tamil Love Poetry & Poetics|year=1995|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden; New York; Cologne|isbn=90-04-10042-3|pages=18|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC&pg=PA18|chapter=2. Erudite works|quote=These agreements may probably advance the lower limit of the date for Tol[kappiyam], but do not mean more recently than the 5th Cent. A.D., as suggested by some critics such as S. Vaiyapuri Pillai [...]}}</ref>
* [[Arthur Coke Burnell|A C Burnell]], a 19th-century [[Indology|Indologist]] who contributed to the study of Dravidian languages was of the view that the ''Tolkappiyam'' could not be dated to "much later than the eighth century."<ref name="burnell">"It is thus impossible to put the original text much later than the eighth century, for by the tenth century the whole Pāṇḍiya kingdom had fallen under the orthodox Coḷas." {{Cite journal | last=Burnell | first=A. C. | author-link=Arthur Coke Burnell | title=On the Aindra School of Sanskrit Grammarians: Their place in the Sanskrit and Subordinate Literatures | publisher=Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository | place=Mangalore | year=1975 | pages=8–9 }}</ref>
* Herman Tieken, a Dutch scholar, states that the Tolkappiyam dates from the 9th century CE at the earliest. He arrives at this conclusion by treating the Tolkappiyam and the anthologies of [[Sangam literature]] as part of a 9th-century [[Pandyan]] project to raise the prestige of Tamil as a [[classical language]] equal to Sanskrit, and assigning new dates to the traditionally accepted dates for a vast section of divergent literature ([[Sangam literature]], post-Sangam literature and Bhakti literature like [[Tevaram]]).<ref name="tiekenbook">Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.</ref> Hermen Tieken's work has, however, been criticised on fundamental, methodological, and other grounds by [[Gabriella Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|G.E. Ferro-Luzzi]], George Hart and [[Anne E. Monius|Anne Monius]].<ref>George Hart III. "Review of Tieken's ''Kavya in South India.''" ''Journal of the American Oriental Institute'' ''124'':1. pp. 180–184. 2004.</ref><ref>G.E. Ferro-Luzzi. "Tieken, Herman, ''Kavya in South India'' (Book review). ''Asian Folklore Studies''. June 2001. pp. 373–374</ref><ref>[[Anne E. Monius]], Book review, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 1404–1406</ref>

== Author ==
There is no firm evidence to assign the authorship of this treatise to any one author. ''Tholkapiyam'', some traditionally believe, was written by a single author named Tolkappiyar, a disciple of Vedic sage [[Agastya]] mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]'' (1500–1200 BCE). According to the traditional legend, the original grammar was called Agathiam written down by sage Agastya, but it went missing after a great deluge. His student Tolkappiyar was asked to compile Tamil grammar, which is ''Tolkappiyam''.<ref>book titled "Tholkappiyar Kaalam", Madhivanan</ref><ref>Zvelebil, Kamil. 1973. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill.</ref> In Tamil historical sources such as the 14th-century influential commentary on ''Tolkappiyam'' by [[Nachinarkiniyar|Naccinarkkiniyar]], the author is stated to be Tiranatumakkini (alternate name for Tolkappiyan), the son of a Brahmin ''[[rishi]]'' named Camatakkini.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=136}} The earliest mention of Agastya-related Akattiyam legends are found in texts approximately dated to the 8th or 9th century.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=136–137}} According to Hartmut Scharfe, the author of this text was likely a Jain.{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.202747/page/n107/mode/2up 179]}}

According to Kamil Zvelebil, the earliest ''sutras'' of the ''Tolkappiyam'' were composed by author(s) who lived before the "majority of extant" [[Sangam literature]], who clearly knew [[Pāṇini]] and followed [[Patanjali]] works on Sanskrit grammar because some verses of Tolkappiyam – such as ''T-Col 419'' and''T-Elutt 83'' – seem to be borrowed and exact translation of verses of Patanjali's [[Mahabhashya|''Mahābhāṣya'']] and ideas credited to more ancient Panini. Further, the author(s) lived after Patanjali, because various sections of ''Tolkappiyam'' show the same ideas for grammatically structuring a language and it uses borrowed Indo-European words found in Panini and Patanjali works to explain its ideas.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=142–146 with footnotes}} According to Hartmut Scharfe and other scholars, the phonetic and phonemic sections of the ''Tolkappiyam'' shows considerable influence of Vedic ''[[Pratishakhyas]]'', while its rules for nominal compounds follow those in Patanjali's ''Mahābhāṣya'', though there is also evidence of innovations. The author(s) had access and expertise of the ancient Sanskrit works on grammar and language.{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|pp=180–182}}<ref name="Allan2013p253"/>

According to Zvelebil, another Tamil tradition believes that the earliest layer by its author(s) – Tolkappiyan – may have been a Jaina scholar, who knew ''aintiram'' (pre-Paninian grammatical system) and lived in south Kerala, but "we do not know of any definite data concerning the original author or authors". This traditional belief, according to [[S. Vaiyapuri Pillai|Vaiyapuri Pillai]], is supported by a few Jaina Prakrit words such as ''patimaiyon'' found in the ''Tolkappiyam''.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=137}}

==Content==
The ''Tolkappiyam'' deals with {{Langx|ta|இலக்கணம்|Ilakkaṇam|grammar|label=none}} in three books (''Atikāram''), each with nine chapters (''Iyal'') of different sizes. The text has a cumulative total of 1,610 (Eḻuttatikāram 483 + Collatikāram 463 + Poruḷatikāram 664) ''[[sutras]]'' in the ''Nūṛpā'' meter, though some versions of its surviving manuscripts have a few less.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|pp=178–179 with footnote 2}} The ''sutra'' format provides a distilled summary of the rules, one that is not easy to read or understand; commentaries are necessary for the proper interpretation and understanding of ''Tolkappiyam''.<ref name="Steever2015p76"/>

;Book 1: ''{{Langx|ta|எழுத்ததிகாரம்|Eḻuttatikāram|label=none}}''

{{Langx|ta|எழுத்து|Eḻuttu|label=none}} means "sound, letter, phoneme", and this book of the ''Tolkappiyam'' covers the sounds of the [[Tamil language]], how they are produced (phonology).{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=132}} It includes {{Langx|ta|புணர்ச்சி|Puṇarcci|joining, copulation|label=none}} which is combination of sounds, orthography, graphemic and phonetics with sounds as they are produced and listened to.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=132}} The phonemic inventory it includes consists of 5 long vowels, 5 short vowels, and 17 consonants. The articulatory descriptions in ''Tolkappiyam'' are incomplete, indicative of a proto-language. It does not, for example, distinguish between retroflex and non-retroflex consonants, states Thomas Lehmann.<ref name="Steever2015p76">{{cite book|author=Thomas Lehmann|editor = Sanford B. Steever|title=The Dravidian Languages|year=2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DxBwAAQBAJ |publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91164-4|pages=76–78}}</ref> The phonetic and phonemic sections of the first book show the influence of Vedic Pratisakhyas, states Hartmut Scharfe, but with some differences. For example, unlike the Pratisakhyas and the later Tamil, the first book of ''Tolkappiyam'' does not treat /ṭ/ and /ṇ/ as retroflex.{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|pp=180–181}}

;Book 2: ''{{Langx|ta|சொல்லதிகாரம்|Collatikāram|label=none}}''

{{Langx|ta|சொல்|Col|label=none}} meaning "word", and the second book deals with "etymology, morphology, semantics and syntax", states Zvelebil.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=132}} The ''sutras'' cover compounds, some semantic and lexical issues. It also mentions the twelve dialectical regions of Tamil speaking people, which suggests the author(s) had a keen sense of observation and inclusiveness for Old Tamil's linguistic geography.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=132}} According to Peter Scharf, the ''sutras'' here are inspired by the work on Sanskrit grammar by Panini, but it uses Tamil terminology and adds technical innovations.<ref name="Allan2013p253"/> Verb forms and the classification of nominal compounds in the second book show the influence of Patanjali's ''Mahabhasya''.{{sfn|Hartmut Scharfe|1977|pp=180–181}}

;Book 3: ''{{Langx|ta|பொருளதிகாரம்|Poruḷatikāram|label=none}}''

{{Langx|ta|பொருள்|Poruḷ|label=none}} "Porul" meaning "subject matter", and this book deals with the {{Langx|ta|யாப்பு|Yāppu|Prosody|label=none}} and {{Langx|ta|அணி|Aṇi|Rhetoric|label=none}} of Old Tamil.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=133}} It is here, that the book covers the two genres found in classical Tamil literature: {{Langx|ta|அகம்|Akam|love, erotics, interior world|label=none}} and {{Langx|ta|புறம்|Puṟam|war, society, exterior world|label=none}}. The ''akam'' is subdivided into {{Langx|ta|களவு|Kaḻavu|Premarital Love|label=none}} and {{Langx|ta|கற்பு|Kaṟpu|Marital Love or Chastity|label=none}}.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=133}} It also deals with dramaturgy, simile, prosody and tradition. According to Zvelebil, this arrangement suggests that the entire ''Tolkappiyam'' was likely a guide for bardic poets, where the first two books led to this third on how to compose their songs.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1974|p=133}} The third book's linking of literature (''ilakkiyam'') to the grammatical rules of the first and the second book (''ilakkanam'') created a symbiotic relationship between the two.<ref name="Steever2015p76"/> The literary theory of ''Tolkappiyam'', according to Peter Scharf, borrows from Sanskrit literary theory texts.<ref name="Allan2013p253"/>

Epigraphical studies, such as those by Mahadevan, show that ancient [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions found in South India and dated to between 3rd century BCE and 4th century CE had three different grammatical form. Only one of them is assumed in the ''Tolkappiyam''.<ref name="Steever2015p76"/> The language of the [[Sangam literature]] is same as the one described in ''Tolkappiyam'', except in some minor respects.<ref name="Allan2013p253"/>

=== Commentaries ===
The ''Tolkappiyam'' is a collection of aphoristic verses in the {{Langx|ta|நூற்பா|nūṛpā|label=none}} meter.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=131–132 with footnotes}} It is ambiguous without a commentary.<ref name="Steever2015p76"/> Tamil scholars have written commentaries on it, over the centuries:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Commentaries on ''Tolkappiyam''
|-
! Author<ref name="Allan2013p253">{{cite book|author=Peter Scharf|editor=Keith Allan|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OE5oAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-164343-9|pages=253–254}}</ref>
! Date<ref name="Allan2013p253"/>
! Notes
|-
| Ilampuranar
| 10th to 12th century
| Full: all verses{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
|-
| Cenavaraiyar
| 13th or 14th century
| Partial: 2nd book{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
|-
| Peraciriyar
| 13th century
| Partial: 1st and 2nd book{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
|-
| Naccinarkkiniyar
| 14th century
| Partial: 1st, 2nd and part 3rd book{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
|-
| Tayvaccilaiyar
| 16th century
| Partial: 2nd book{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
|-
| Kallatanar
| 15th to 17th century<ref name="Allan2013p253"/>{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
| Partial: 2nd book{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}
|}

The commentary by Ilampuranar dated to the 11th or 12th century CE is the most comprehensive and probably the best, states Zvelebil.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|p=134}} The commentary by Senavaraiyar deals only with the second book ''Sollathikaram''.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}} The commentary by Perasiriyar, which is heavily indebted to the ''[[Nannūl]]'', frequently quotes from the ''Dandiyalankaram'' and ''Yapparunkalam'', the former being a standard medieval rhetorica and the latter being a detailed treatise on Tamil prosody. Naccinarkiniyar's commentary, being a scholar of both Tamil and Sanskrit, quotes from Parimelalakar's works.{{sfn|Kamil Zvelebil|1973|pp=134–136}}

== Reception ==

[[Alexander Dubyanskiy]], veteran Tamil scholar from [[Moscow State University]] stated, "I am sure that Tolkappiyam is a work which demanded not only vast knowledge and a lot of thinking but a considerable creative skill from its composer." Dubyanskiy also said that the authority of the text was undeniable: "It is a literary and cultural monument of great importance."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tolkappiyam-is-not-dependent-on-sanskrit-sources-tamil-scholar/article489121.ece|title=Tolkappiyam is not dependent on Sanskrit sources: Tamil scholar|author=Karthik Madhavan|work=The Hindu|date=27 June 2010 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Tamil grammar]]
* [[P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri]] – who was the first to translate Tolkāppiyam into English.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Albert. 1985. Tolkāppiyam phonology and morphology : an English translation. Madras : International Institute of Tamil Studies.
* Burnell, Arthur Coke (1875). On the Aindra school of Sanskrit Grammarians: their place in the Sanskrit and subordinate literatures. Mangalore: Basel Mission Book and Tract Depository, 8-20.
* Hart, George L. 1975. The poems of ancient Tamil, their milieu and their Sanskrit counterparts. Berkeley: University of California Press.
*{{cite book|author1=V Murugan|author2=G. John Samuel|title=Tolkāppiyam in English: translation, with the Tamil text, transliteration in the roman script, introduction, glossary, and illustrations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HohkAAAAMAAJ |year=2001|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies |isbn=978-81-87892-05-2 | oclc= 48857533}}
* {{cite book|title=The archaeology of seafaring in ancient South Asia|last=Ray|first=Himanshu Prabha |year=2003|publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge|location=Cambridge|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=iHHzP4uVpn4C |isbn=9780521011099}}
*{{cite book|author1=Tolkāppiyar|author2=P. S. Subrahmanya Sastri|title=Tolkāppiyam: Poruḷatikāram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lodkAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute|isbn=978-81-85170-27-5}}
*{{cite book|author=Hartmut Scharfe|title=Grammatical Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC |year=1977|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-01706-0}}
* Selby, Martha Ann (2011) Tamil Love Poetry: The Five Hundred Short Poems of the Aiṅkuṟunūṟu, an Early Third-Century Anthology. Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|9780231150651}}
* {{cite book|author=David Shulman|title=Tamil: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8NDQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97465-4}}
*{{citation|author=Takanobu Takahashi|title=Tamil Love Poetry and Poetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgCHuVGyZoEC|year=1995|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-10042-3}}
*{{cite book| author=Eva Maria Wilden|title=Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KuPmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75|year=2014|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-035276-4}}
* {{citation|author=Kamil Zvelebil|title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=degUAAAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-03591-5}}
* {{citation | title=A History of Indian literature Vol.10 (Tamil Literature)| author=Kamil Zvelebil |author-link=Kamil Zvelebil| year=1974| publisher=Otto Harrasowitz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OQ33i496MsIC |isbn = 3-447-01582-9}}
* {{cite journal|author= Kamil Zvelebil| title = Comments on the Tolkappiyam Theory of Literature| journal= Archiv Orientální | volume= 59| year=1991| pages= 345–359}}
* {{cite book|title=Companion studies to the history of Tamil literature|author=Kamil Zvelebil | author-link=Kamil Zvelebil|year=1992|pages=73|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC&pg=PA73|isbn=90-04-09365-6}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{URL|https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZU3kZly.TVA_BOK_0006660|Tolkāppiyam in English}} at [[archive.org]]
{{Wikisource|Translation:Tolkappiyam}}

{{Tamil language}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolkappiyam}}
[[Category:History of linguistics]]
[[Category:Sangam literature]]
[[Category:Grammar books]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian grammar works]]

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005

2026-03-26T11:29:16Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Stub

{{Short description|Indian Act of Parliament}}
{{About|Indian law|other related topics|Outline of domestic violence}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
| imagesize = 150
| imagealt = Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
| long_title = An Act to provide for more effective protection of the rights of women guaranteed under the Constitution who are victims of violence of any kind occurring within the family and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130301005246/http://wcd.nic.in/wdvact.pdf Act No. 43 of 2005]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_assented = 13 September 2005
| date_commenced = 26 October 2006
| status = in force
}}

{{Violence against women}}

The '''Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005'''{{efn|{{langx|hi|घरेलू हिंसा से महिला संरक्षण अधिनियम 2005}}}} is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] enacted to protect women from [[domestic violence]]. The law came into force on 26 October 2006. For the first time in Indian law, the Act defines "domestic violence", with the definition being broad and including not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional, verbal, sexual and psychological abuse.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Bipan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC|title=India Since Independence|last2=Mukherjee|first2=Aditya|last3=Mukherjee|first3=Mridula|date=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310409-4|page=374|language=en}}</ref> It is a civil law meant primarily for [[protection orders]], rather than criminal enforcement.

== Definitions ==
The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 is different from the provisions of the [[Indian Penal Code]] in that it provides a broader definition of domestic violence in what it covers and who it protects.<ref name="Damayanti22">{{cite web|last1=Datta|first1=Damayanti|date=4 December 2006|title=The new laws of marriage|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20061204-reason-for-the-breakdown-of-the-marriage-and-relationship-and-marriage-laws-in-india-781975-2006-12-03|access-date=29 March 2013|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Pursuant to the Act, the aggrieved person is defined as "any woman who is, or has been, in a domestic relationship with the respondent and who alleges to have been subjected to domestic violence by the respondent."<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=The Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act, 2005|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2005-43.pdf|access-date=18 February 2021|website=Government of India Legislative Department}}</ref> This law protects not only women from violence within their husband-wife relationships, but women living in the same home with people with whom they are in a domestic relationship with. This protects women from violence within their relationships by marriage (ex: husband-wife, daughter-in-law with father-in-law/mother-in-law/etc), relationships by blood (ex: father-daughter, sister-brother), relationships by adoption (ex: adopted daughter-father), and even relationships in the nature of marriage (ex: live-in relationships, legally invalid marriages).<ref>{{cite web|last=says|first=V. Lakshmi|date=27 January 2017|title=Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|url=https://inbreakthrough.org/protection-women-domestic-violence-act-2005/|access-date=28 February 2021|website=Breakthrough}}</ref> This Act was considered to be the first piece of legislation to provide legal recognition and protection to relationships outside of marriage.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last=AGRAWAL|first=ANUJA|date=2012|title=Law and 'Live-in' Relationships in India|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=47|issue=39|pages=50–56|jstor=41720191|issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

Domestic violence is defined by Section 3 of the Act as<ref name="wcd.nic.in2">{{cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://wcd.nic.in/wdvact.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301005246/http://wcd.nic.in/wdvact.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2013|access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> "any act, omission or commission or conduct of the respondent shall constitute domestic violence in case it:

# harms or injures or endangers the health, safety, life, limb or well-being, whether mental or physical, of the aggrieved person or tends to do so and includes causing physical abuse, sexual abuse, verbal and emotional abuse and economic abuse; or
# harasses, harms, injures or endangers the aggrieved person to coerce her or any other person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any dowry or other property or valuable security; or
# has the effect of threatening the aggrieved person or any person related to her by any conduct mentioned in clause (a) or clause (b); or
# otherwise injures or causes harm, whether physical or mental, to the aggrieved person."<ref name="wcd.nic.in2"/>

The Act includes and defines not only physical violence, but also other forms of violence such as emotional/verbal, sexual, and economic abuse through the section ''Chapter 1 - Preliminary''.<ref name=":02"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=India Code: Section Details|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_13_14_00008_200543_1517807325788&sectionId=12899&sectionno=3&orderno=3|access-date=18 February 2021|website=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref>

== Scope ==

Primarily meant to provide protection to the [[wife]] or female live-in partner from [[domestic violence]] at the hands of the [[husband]] or male live-in partner or his relatives, the law also extends its protection to women living in a household such as sisters, widows or mothers.<ref name="evaw">{{Cite web|title=Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act|url=https://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/es/countries/asia/india/2006/protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act|access-date=19 February 2021|website=evaw-global-database.unwomen.org}}</ref> Domestic violence under the act includes actual abuse, whether physical, sexual, verbal, emotional or economic, or the threat of abuse.<ref name="Damayanti22"/> This definition also includes harassment by way of unlawful [[dowry]] demands to the woman or her relatives.<ref name="evaw"/> Recently a District court in Mumbai has observed that Domestic Violence is not limited to mere physical injuries or abuse, but includes sexual, verbal, emotional and economical abuse [https://www.letslaw.in/2022/12/domestic-violence-is-not-limited-to.html?m=1 Read more]

== Options of aggrieved person ==

=== Rights ===
Pursuant to Chapter III of the Act, the aggrieved person has the right to:<ref name="law">{{Cite web|title=THE PROTECTION OF WOMEN FROM DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ACT, 2005|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2005-43.pdf|access-date=18 February 2021|website=Government of India Legislative Department}}</ref>

# "Apply for a protection order, an order for monetary relief, a custody order, a residence order, and/or a compensation order;
# "Free legal services under the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987;
# "File a complaint under section 498A of the Indian Penal Code."
The aggrieved person also has the right to reside in the shared home regardless of whether or not she has any title or ownership over the home.

=== Shelter homes ===
The Act recognizes the aggrieved person's right to reside in the shared household; however, the Act also establishes the aggrieved person's right to reside in a shelter home as a form of relief. A Protection Officer or a service provider may also request this shelter on behalf of the aggrieved person.<ref name="wcd.nic.in2"/> The [[Ministry of Women and Child Development]] in each State or Union Territory is required to recognize and notify of shelter homes available to aggrieved persons.

=== Medical facilities ===
Medical facilities are bound to provide free medical aid, even if the aggrieved woman requests aid without any prior recommendation either from the Protection Officer or the service provider. The obligations of the medical facility are independent of, and shall be fulfilled regardless of the fulfillment of, those of the Protection Officer and service provider.<ref name=":02"/>

== Implementation ==
According to [[Shalu Nigam]], there are several gaps in the implementation of laws intended to protect women from domestic violence, including the 2005 Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act.<ref name="Nigam 2020">{{cite book |last1=Nigam |first1=Shalu |title=Women and Domestic Violence Law in India: A Quest for Justice |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-138-36614-5 |pages=1–3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/49357692 |access-date=30 July 2021}}</ref> Lack of awareness of the law, and therefore the accessibility and awareness of services, types of relief, and legal rights, prevents proper implementation of the law.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=October 2016|title=Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005: Lessons from a decade of implementation|url=https://www.oxfamindia.org/sites/default/files/Protection-of-women-from-domestic-violence-act-2005.pdf|website=Oxfam India}}</ref> Some of these implementation issues revolve around some districts, such as [[Odisha]], giving these new regulation responsibilities to existing officers rather than employing new Protection Officers. This implementation gap results in duties pertaining to the Act being unfulfilled as PO responsibilities fall secondary to the officers' prior duties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jhamb|first=Bhumika|date=13 August 2011|title=The Missing Link in the Domestic Violence Act|url=https://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/The-Missing-Link-in-the-Domestic-Violence-Act.pdf|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=xlvI}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Another barrier to the implementation of the law is the lack of meaningful immediate relief for survivors of domestic violence, such as "practical remedies in terms of medical aid, short-stay homes, creche facilities, psychological support, shelter homes or economic or material assistance", according to Shalu Nigam.<ref name="Nigam 2020"/> In most districts, shelter homes are the only available form of immediate relief; survivors of domestic violence often also need "medical treatment, trauma counseling, clothes and ready cash, which are not provided in the shelter homes."<ref name=":1" />

Beyond enforcement, implementation is also dependent on the slow-moving social acceptability of reporting these cases.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Abeyratne|first=Rehan|title=Domestic Violence Legislation in India: The Pitfalls of a Human Rights Approach to Gender Equality|url=https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1596&context=jgspl&httpsredir=1&referer=|journal=Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law|volume=21}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
India's Committee on Reforms of Criminal Justice System wrote a report on offenses against women, in which the committee sought to expand the definition of "wife" to include women who lived with a man as his wife for a long period of time "during the subsistence of the first marriage".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=AGRAWAL|first=ANUJA|date=2012|title=Law and 'Live-in' Relationships in India|journal=Economic and Political. Follow NnofapWeekly|volume=47|issue=39|pages=50–56|jstor=41720191|issn=0012-9976}}</ref> This specification implicated this expanded definition of "wife" refers to relationships between a woman and an already married man, rather than non-marital relationships. When [[Maharashtra]] attempted to follow the recommendations in the committee's report, the legal status of non-marital, live-in relationships was brought into public discussion.<ref name=":23"/>

The protection of women in non-marital live-in relationships in the same law applied to marital relationships was construed as an effort to legalize secondary marriages or non-marital live-in relationships.<ref name=":23" /> The committee's recommendations were in fact cited in a legal case, ''Chanmuniya vs Virendra Kumar Singh Kushwaha and Another'' (2010), to support an interpretation of the definition of "wife" to include relationships where a marriage is "presumed" due to a long period of cohabitation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Solution|first=Indian Legal|date=18 March 2020|title=Chanmuniya v. Virendra Kumar Singh Khushwaha & Another: Case Comment|url=https://indianlegalsolution.com/chanmuniya-v-virendra-kumar-singh-khushwaha-another-case-comment/|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Indian Legal Solution}}</ref>

One criticism revolves around the law's lack of effective force in responding to the criminal act of domestic violence. As the law serves chiefly as a civil law, a further offense (such as violating a Protection Order issued under this law) is required before triggering criminal law sanctions against the respondent, such as arrest and imprisonment. However, groups involved in drafting the law believed this would provide more rapid and flexible relief for the victim.<ref>Pandey, Geeta, et al., BBC News, [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-29708612 "100 Women 2014: Violence at home is India's 'failing'"], 29 October 2014, BBC News</ref><ref name="solution_paper_tiger_2007_v4_i2_LUC_IntlLawRvw">Hornbeck, Amy; Bethany Johnson; Michelle LaGrotta; & Kellie Sellman; [http://www.luc.edu/media/lucedu/law/students/publications/ilr/pdfs/hornbeck_johnson_lagrotta_sellman.pdf "The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act: Solution or Mere Paper Tiger?"], ''Loyola University Chicago International Law Review,'' Volume 4, Issue 2, Spring/Summer, 2007, pp.273-307, Loyola University, Chicago (also online at: [http://lawecommons.luc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=lucilr])</ref>

[[Men's rights movement in India|Men's organizations]] such as the [[Save Indian Family Foundation]] have opposed the law, arguing that it might be misused by women during disputes.<ref name="Damayanti22"/><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061027/asp/frontpage/story_6923154.asp |title= Malevolence for women's law – Men go to PM against female 'terrorist activity' |last1= Gupta |first1= Monobina |date= 27 October 2006 |work= The Telegraph, Calcutta |access-date= 28 March 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121016131533/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061027/asp/frontpage/story_6923154.asp |archive-date= 16 October 2012 }}</ref>

[[Renuka Chowdhury]], the Indian Minister for Women and Child Development, agreed in a ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' article that "an equal gender law would be ideal. But there is simply too much physical evidence to prove that it is mainly the woman who suffers at the hands of man".<ref>{{cite news|last=Sandhu |first=Veenu |title=Men running scared now |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM19/Men-running-scared-now/Article1-169172.aspx |access-date=4 October 2013 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010141911/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/NM19/Men-running-scared-now/Article1-169172.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2013 }}</ref>

Former Attorney General of India [[Soli Sorabjee]] has also criticized the broad definition of verbal abuse in the act.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sorabjee|first=Soli|title=SUNDAY DEBATE: Is verbal abuse domestic violence? No|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/all-that-matters/SUNDAY-DEBATE-Is-verbal-abuse-domestic-violence-No/articleshow/322617.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019040949/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-05/all-that-matters/27802072_1_domestic-violence-insults-definition|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2012|access-date=4 October 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 November 2006}}</ref> Global health expert & Director of Edward & Cynthia Institute of Public Health, Dr Edmond Fernandes has talked about how educated women use this as a tool of legal exploitation to harass men.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Dr Edmond |title=How laws meant to protect women are being abused daily in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/global-health-focus/how-laws-meant-to-protect-women-are-being-abused-daily-in-india/ |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

According to the then President of India, [[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]], "Another disquieting trend has been that women themselves have not been innocent of abusing women. Some surveys have concluded that 90 percent of dowry complaints are false and were registered primarily to settle scores. It is unfortunate if laws meant to protect women get abused as instruments of oppression. The bottom-line therefore, is the fair invocation of legal provisions and their objective and honest implementation."<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech of the Hon'ble President of India, at the National Conference of Lady Lawyers and Lady Teachers, at Yavatmal|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=46199|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=4 October 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017]]
* [[Domestic violence in India]]
* [[Honor killing#India|Honor killing in India]]
* [[Dowry system in India]]
* [[Dowry death in India]]
* [[Bride burning]]
* [[Dowry system in India]]
* [[Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013]]
* [[Violence against women]]
* [[Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110710143528/http://www.domesticviolences.com/domestic-violence-act-2005/ Domestic Violence Act 2005]

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2005]]
[[Category:Indian family law]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights legislation]]
[[Category:Violence against women in India]]
[[Category:2005 in women's history]]

Biharilal Sarkar

2026-03-23T03:08:44Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: done

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{infobox author
| honorific_prefix = [[Rai Sahib]]
| image = বিহারিলাল সরকার.jpg
| caption = Biharilal Sarkar in the photograph of his book ''Titumir'' (1897)
| birth_date = 18 October 1855
| death_date = 1921 (9 [[Phalgun]], 1328 [[Bangabda]])
| death_place = [[Varanasi]]
| occupation = {{cslist|Editor|Historian|Writer}}
| notable_works = {{blist|
''Bange Borgi''|
''Bharatpur Judhdho''
|''Bidyasagar'' <ref name=Bidyasagar>{{Cite book |author=Bihari Lal Sarkar|title=Bidyasagar |publisher=Bani Nath Nandi |location=[[Kolkata]] |language=bn |trans-title=বিদ্যাসাগর |year=1895|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.5464}}</ref>
|''Maharani Swarnamayee''
|''Shakuntala Rahasya''<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.6380|title=Shakuntala Rahasaya|language=bn|trans-title=শকুন্তলা রহস্য|date=1896|author=Bihari Lal Sarkar|location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>
|
''Titumir''<ref name=Titumir>{{Cite book |author=Bihari Lal Sarkar|title=Titumir |language=bn |trans-title=তিতুমীর |year=1897}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Biharilal Sarkar''' (18 October 1855 - 1921) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Bengalis|Bengali]] editor, historian and writer. He is known for his book ''Titumir''.

==Life==
Biharilal was born in [[Howrah District|Howrah District's]] [[Andul]] in 1855. His father's name was Umacharan Sarkar. He read up to F.A. in [[Calcutta]] General Assemblies Institution (now [[Scottish Church College]]) and worked as Press-Inspector in Calcutta Press. He also worked for 30 years in the editorial department of "Bangabasi" newspaper. He is known as the biographer of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar|Vidyasagar]].<ref name=Bidyasagar/> He also practised musical instruments. For ''Bangabasi'' magazine, he got [[Rai Sahib]] on 3 June 1915.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biharilal Sarkar- Wikisource, a free library |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%95:%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |website=bn.wikisource.org |language=bn}}</ref> He died in 1921 in [[Varanasi]] (9 [[Phalgun]], 1328 [[Bangabda]]).<ref name=Titumir/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Historians from British India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]

Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir

2026-03-17T20:17:44Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: page updated

{{short description|Religious belief in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}

The [[Sikhs|Sikh]] population in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] consists of native residents and communities originating from [[Punjab]] who later migrated to the region, especially during the period of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. There are also descendants of [[Kashmiri Pandits]] and Brahmins in the erstwhile [[Poonch Jagir]] (Poonchi Saraswat Brahmins) who were initiated to [[Sikhism]].

== Origins ==
The Sikhs of Kashmir, or Kashmiri Sikhs are believed to be residing in Kashmir since the first visit of [[Guru Nanak|Guru Nanak Dev]] in 1518. Later during the propagation of Sikh religion under subsequent Gurus, and their visits to Kashmir, a considerable population of Sikhs flourished there. During the Sikh rule, Maharaja Ranjit Singh also settled a huge number of Sikhs in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bali |first=Bupinder Singh Bali |title=Those Who Stayed; The Sikhs of Kashmir |date=2024-04-13 |publisher=Amaryllis Publications |isbn=978-93-5543-629-0 |edition=1st |location=India |publication-date=2024-04-13 |pages=156–167 |language=en}}</ref> These Sikhs predominantly speak [[Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari]] Punjabi, which exhibits a distinct regional dialect, setting it apart from the Punjabi dialect spoken in Punjab itself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-12-19 |title=POTHOHAR - The Sikh Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/other-historical-places/punjab/pothohar/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>
== History ==
Sikhs have a historical presence in Jammu and Kashmir, with their roots dating back several centuries.<ref name="kashmirtimes.com">{{Cite web |title=The unseen community: A brief history of Sikhs in Jammu and Kashmir - Kashmir Times |url=http://www.kashmirtimes.com/newsdet.aspx?q=93876 |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.kashmirtimes.com}}</ref> The forebearers of the Sikh community in the valley were natives to the areas of [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]], [[Pothohar]], [[Rawalpindi]], [[Muzaffarabad]], and Kashmir. These early Sikh settlers represented a diverse range of castes, primarily [[Saraswat Brahmin]] clans, including Dutt, Sasan, Sudan, [[Raina]]/Reen, Ishar/Issar, [[Bali]], and others.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=2023-08-04 |title=Contribution of Sikh Community |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/contribution-sikh-community |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=The enduring legacy of Sikhs in Jammu and Kashmir {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/O/91607/the-enduring-legacy-of-sikhs-in-jammu-and-kashmir.html |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Indiablooms.com |language=en}}</ref> During the reign of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in the early 19th century, there was a migration of Sikhs from Punjab to Jammu and Kashmir. These Sikh migrants included [[Labana|Lubanas]], [[Jat Sikh|Jatts]] (primarily Chahals, Deols, and Sandhus), [[Khatri]]s (predominantly Chawlas).{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

In 1984, 1986 and 1989 there were riots by Hindus against Sikhs in Jammu and surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Aishwarya S. |date=2019-02-12 |title=Forgotten and Buried: The Anti-Sikh Jammu Riots of 1989 |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/anti-sikh-jammu-riots-of-1989-revisited |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu |last2=Kothari |first2=Smitu |date=1989 |title=Violence on Gurpurab in Jammu and Its Aftermath |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4394666 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=769–777 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> Since the 1990s, there had been persecution of Sikhs by Islamic militia as well, though most Kashmiri Sikhs have not migrated out of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-12 |title=On the Other Side of Exodus: The Case of the Kashmiri Sikhs |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/iit/khushdeepkaurmalhotra |access-date=2024-11-02 |website=Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) |language=en}}</ref>

== Demography ==
[[File:Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir (2011).jpg|thumb|Sikhism percent in Jammu and Kashmir by district, 2011 census]]
In the 1951 census, the Punjabi-speaking community in Kashmir, which included both Sikhs and Hindus, numbered 1,827,971 individuals, accounting for approximately 40 percent or two out of every five people in the total recorded population of 4.6 million for the entire Kashmir region. However, there has been a consistent decrease in the Punjabi-speaking population, especially among the Sikh community, in Jammu and Kashmir since that time. According to the 2021 estimates, the Sikh population stands at 234,848 individuals, while the Hindu population is recorded at 3,566,674.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=The Sikhs in Jammu and Kashmir by Jasbir Singh Sarna |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhs-jammu-and-kashmir-jasbir-singh-sarna |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=SikhNet |language=en}}</ref>

The Sikh population in Jammu and Kashmir is estimated to be between 100,000 (as reported by The Hindu on February 13, 1998) and 180,000 (as reported by The Tribune on October 4, 1998). This Sikh population constitutes approximately 1.3 percent of the overall population, which stands at 13 million (as per Kashmir.net, no specific date provided). According to The Tribune, a newspaper based in Chandigarh, the Sikh community in Jammu and Kashmir faces divisions due to the proliferation of community organizations, with a recent example being the split between the J&K Akali Dal and the Gurdwara Prabandhak Board (reported on October 4, 1998).<ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=India: The current situation of Sikhs in Jammu and Kashmir, particularly in Srinigar |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6acd364.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
*[[Banda Singh Bahadur]], a Sikh leader who led significant military campaigns against the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century.
*[[Akali Kaur Singh Nihang]] - Kaur Singh (formerly recognized as Puran Singh) stood as a distinguished figure among the prominent Sikh individuals of Jammu and Kashmir, renowned for his contributions as a religious preacher and scholar. He authored notable works such as Guru Shabad Ratan Prakash and various other literary endeavors.

== Religious institutions ==
Jammu and Kashmir is home to several historic and significant Sikh [[gurdwara]]s (places of worship), including the Chatti Patshahi Gurdwara in Srinagar and the Gurdwara Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji in Jammu. These gurdwaras are not only places of worship but also centers of community and cultural activities for the Sikh population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurudwaras In Jammu & Kashmir - World Gurudwaras |url=https://www.worldgurudwaras.com/location/jammu-kashmir/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=www.worldgurudwaras.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite web |last=User |title=Guru Nanak Mission Hospital, Jammu, is co-managed by Khalsa Aid. This hospital has OPD, Dental, Physiotherapy, ENT, EYE , Diagnostic centres among oth… – We Support Humanity |url=https://wesupporthumanity.org/guru-nanak-mission-hospital-jammu-is-co-managed-by-khalsa-aid-this-hospital-has-opd-dental-physiotherapy-ent-eye-diagnostic-centres-among-oth-2/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |language=en-US}}

{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Religion in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Sikhism in India]]
[[Category:Sikhism in Pakistan]]

Rajiv Gandhi

2026-03-17T06:53:48Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: updated page

{{short description|Prime Minister of India from 1984 to 1989}}
{{About|the politician}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajiv Gandhi
| native_name =
| image = Rajiv Gandhi (1987).jpg 
| image_size =
| office = [[Prime Minister of India]]
| term_start = 31 October 1984
| term_end = 2 December 1989
| president = {{ubl|[[Zail Singh]]|[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]}}
| predecessor = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| successor = [[V. P. Singh|Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
| office1 = [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 18 December 1989
| term_end1 = 23 December 1990
| primeminister1 = Vishwanath Pratap Singh
| predecessor1 = [[Jagjivan Ram]]
| successor1 = [[L. K. Advani]]
| office2 = [[President of the Indian National Congress]]
| term_start2 = 28 December 1985
| term_end2 = 21 May 1991
| predecessor2 = Indira Gandhi
| successor2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 17 August 1981
| term_end3 = 21 May 1991
| constituency3 = [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi, Uttar Pradesh]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sanjay Gandhi]]
| successor3 = [[Satish Sharma]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1944|08|20|df=yes}}
| birth_name = Rajiv Ratna Gandhi<ref>{{cite web|last= Kidwai|first= Rasheed|date= 20 August 2025|title= Opinion - Planes, Films With Bachchans, Lucknow: Growing Up As Rajiv Gandhi|url= https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/birjees-rajivratna-the-nameless-one-the-many-names-rajiv-gandhi-was-given-by-nehru-9122095|website= https://www.ndtv.com.|location= New Delhi|publisher= NDTV|access-date= 26 February 2025}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1991|05|21|1944|08|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Sriperumbudur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|Assassination]]
| blank1 = Monuments
| data1 = [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Vir Bhumi]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sonia Gandhi|Sonia Maino]]|1968}}
| relatives =  [[Nehru–Gandhi family]]
| children = {{hlist|[[Rahul Gandhi|Rahul]]|[[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka]]}}
| mother = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| father = [[Feroze Gandhi]]
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Trinity College, Cambridge]] (dropped out)|[[Imperial College London]] (dropped out)}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Politician]]|[[aircraft pilot]]}}
| awards = [[Bharat Ratna]] (1991)
| signature = Signature of Rajiv Gandhi.svg
| vicepresident = {{ubl
|Ramaswamy Venkataraman
|[[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]}}
| order = 
| order2 = 
| order1 = 
| caption = Gandhi in 1987 
}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi series}}

'''Rajiv Ratna Gandhi'''<ref>{{cite web|last= Kidwai|first= Rasheed|date= 20 August 2025|title= Opinion - Planes, Films With Bachchans, Lucknow: Growing Up As Rajiv Gandhi|url= https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/birjees-rajivratna-the-nameless-one-the-many-names-rajiv-gandhi-was-given-by-nehru-9122095|website= https://www.ndtv.com.|location= New Delhi|publisher= NDTV|access-date= 26 February 2025}}</ref>{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|iː|v|_|ˈ|ɡ|ɑː|n|d|iː|audio=Hi-RajivGandhi.ogg}}; {{IPA|hi|ɾaːd͡ʒiːʋ gaːn̪d̪ʱiː}}}} (20 August 1944 – 21 May 1991)<ref name="brit"/> was an Indian politician and pilot who served as the  [[prime minister of India]] from 1984 to 1989 for two terms. He took office after the [[Assassination of Indira Gandhi|assassination]] of his mother, then–prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]], to become the youngest Indian prime minister at the age of 40. He served until his defeat at the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 election]], and then became [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]], resigning in December 1990, six months before [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|his own assassination]].

Gandhi was not related to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Instead, he was from the politically powerful [[Nehru–Gandhi family]], which had been associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] party. For much of his childhood, his maternal grandfather [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was prime minister. Gandhi attended [[The Doon School]], an elite boarding institution, and then the [[University of Cambridge]] in the United Kingdom. He returned to India in 1966 and became a professional pilot for the state-owned [[Indian Airlines]]. In 1968, he married [[Sonia Maino]]; the couple settled in Delhi for a domestic life with their children [[Rahul Gandhi|Rahul]] and [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka]]. For much of the 1970s, his mother was prime minister and his younger brother [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay]] an [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]]; despite this, Gandhi remained apolitical.

After Sanjay died in a plane crash in 1980, Gandhi reluctantly entered politics at the behest of his mother. The following year he won his brother's Parliamentary seat of [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] and became a member of the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of [[Parliament of India|India's Parliament]]. As part of his political grooming, Rajiv was made general secretary of the Congress party and given significant responsibility in organising the [[1982 Asian Games]].

On the morning of 31 October 1984, his mother (the then prime minister) was assassinated by her two [[Sikh]] bodyguards<ref name="Ensaaf">{{cite book |last1=Kaur |first1=Jaskaran |last2=Crossette |first2=Barbara |title=Twenty years of impunity: the November 1984 pogroms of Sikhs in India |page=27 |url=http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf |edition=2nd |year=2006 |publisher=Ensaaf |location=Portland, OR |isbn=978-0-9787073-0-9 |access-date=23 May 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119015130/http://ensaaf-org.jklaw.net/publications/reports/20years/20years-2nd.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=bbconthisday>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |title=1984: Assassination and revenge |access-date=23 May 2022 |publisher=BBC News |date=31 October 1984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215211511/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/witness/october/31/newsid_3961000/3961851.stm |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDlFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 |page=129 |author1=Shaw, Jeffrey M. |author2=Demy, Timothy J. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1610695176|date=2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Riots and Pogroms |page=203 |author=Brass, Paul R. |publisher=NYU Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeU8DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA203|isbn=978-0814712825 |date=October 1996}}</ref> [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]] in the aftermath of [[Operation Blue Star]], an Indian military action to remove [[Dharam Yudh Morcha|Sikh separatist activists]] from the [[Golden Temple]]. Later that day, Gandhi was appointed prime minister. His leadership was tested over the next few days as organised mobs [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|rioted against the Sikh community]], resulting in anti-Sikh massacres in Delhi. That December, the Congress party won the largest Lok Sabha majority to date, [[1984 Indian general election|414 seats out of 541]]. Gandhi's period in office was mired in controversies such as [[Bhopal disaster]], [[Bofors scandal]] and ''[[Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum]]''. In 1988, he reversed the [[1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt|coup in Maldives]], antagonising militant Tamil groups such as [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam|PLOTE]], intervening and then sending [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|peacekeeping]] troops to Sri Lanka in 1987, leading to open conflict with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE). His party was defeated in the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 election]].

Gandhi remained [[Congress president]] until the [[1991 Indian general election|elections in 1991]]. While campaigning for the elections, [[Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|he was assassinated]] by a suicide bomber from the LTTE. In 1991, the Indian government posthumously awarded Gandhi the [[Bharat Ratna]], the country's highest civilian award. At the India Leadership Conclave in 2009, the Revolutionary Leader of Modern India award was conferred posthumously on Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Special award bestowed on Rajiv Gandhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Special-award-bestowed-on-Rajiv-Gandhi/article16522723.ece |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=27 September 2009 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922071631/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Special-award-bestowed-on-Rajiv-Gandhi/article16522723.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
[[File:Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi and Sanjay Gandhi.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhi with his mother [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]], maternal grandfather [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and brother [[Sanjay Gandhi|Sanjay]] in 1949]]
[[File:Rajiv,_Indira_and_Sanjay_Gandhi.jpg|thumb|left|Gandhi with his mother [[Indira Gandhi]] and brother [[Sanjay Gandhi]] in 1971]]
Rajiv Gandhi was born in [[Bombay]] (Mumbai) on 20 August 1944 in [[British Raj|British-ruled India]] to anti-colonial Indian activists [[Indira Gandhi|Indira]] and [[Feroze Gandhi]]. In 1951, Rajiv and his younger brother Sanjay were admitted to Shiv Niketan school, where the teachers said Gandhi was shy and introverted, and "greatly enjoyed painting and drawing".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/photos/remembering-rajiv-gandhi-rare-pictures-of-former-prime-minister-of-india/3442|title=Rajiv Gandhi|website=www.mid-day.com|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806213947/https://www.mid-day.com/photos/remembering-rajiv-gandhi-rare-pictures-of-former-prime-minister-of-india/3442|url-status=live}}</ref> He then studied at the [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhat |first1=Anil |title=As Delhi's St. Columba's turns 75, its alumni have much to celebrate |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/160218/as-delhis-st-columbas-turns-75-its-alumni-have-much-to-celebrate.html |work=www.asianage.com |date=16 February 2018 |language=en |access-date=25 July 2024 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005120756/https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/160218/as-delhis-st-columbas-turns-75-its-alumni-have-much-to-celebrate.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Thereafter, he was admitted to the preparatory [[Welham Boys' School]] and then moved to [[The Doon School]], Dehradun in 1954, where Sanjay joined him two years later.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 17</ref> At Doon, Gandhi's senior was [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]], who later became a prominent member in his inner circle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/uvNzu6pJHFn0Ft90d5nzSN/The-problem-with-Mani-Shankar-Aiyar.html|title=The problem with Mani Shankar Aiyar|first=Nikita|last=Doval|date=9 December 2017|website=mint|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185111/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/uvNzu6pJHFn0Ft90d5nzSN/The-problem-with-Mani-Shankar-Aiyar.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi was also educated at the [[Ecole d'Humanité]], an international boarding school in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Rani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F_g67qLkXfgC&q=ecole+circle+ecole+d'humanit%C3%A9&pg=PT26|title=Sonia Gandhi: An Extraordinary Life, An Indian Destiny|date=13 September 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-230-34053-4}}</ref> He left the Doon School in 1961 with a second-class certificate, having performed well in his final subjects apart from a pass mark in chemistry.<ref name="young_rajiv">{{cite news |last=D'Rozario |first=Aryan |date=18 February 2023 |title=Young Rajiv: A Diplomat's Diary |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/-young-rajiv-a-diplomat-s-diary-weekender_story-263096 |work=Outlook Weekender |location= |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228190736/https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/-young-rajiv-a-diplomat-s-diary-weekender_story-263096 |url-status=live }}</ref>

During Gandhi's final year at Doon, his mother and Albert D'Rozario, the scientific [[attaché]] at the [[India House, London|Indian High Commission in London]], arranged his application to [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]].<ref name="young_rajiv"/> D'Rozario, who had been a college classmate of Gandhi's father Feroze, recommended that Gandhi should read engineering, and met with [[M.G.M. Pryor|Mark Pryor]], the Senior Tutor at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]].<ref name="young_rajiv"/> Pryor arranged for Gandhi's conditional admission to Trinity, contingent on his passing the Mechanical Sciences Qualifying (MSQ) Examination with acceptable marks.<ref name="young_rajiv"/> After studying for his [[A-Level]]s at the [[sixth form college]] of [[Abbey DLD Colleges Group|Davies, Laing & Dick]] in London, Gandhi sat the MSQ Examination in March 1962 but was unsuccessful. He passed on his second attempt in June, and was admitted to Trinity on 4 September 1962, joining the college in October.<ref name="young_rajiv"/> While at Trinity, he joined the [[Cambridge University Boat Club]].<ref name="young_rajiv"/>

During Gandhi's time at Cambridge, his mother and D'Rozario remained concerned about his well-being. D'Rozario, who along with his wife Sophy often hosted Gandhi at their [[Finchley]] home, took Gandhi to task for his inattention towards his studies.<ref name="young_rajiv"/> Despite his support, Gandhi failed end-of-year exams and left Trinity in 1965 without a degree,<ref name="degree">{{cite news|title=Rahul first in three generations with a world university degree|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140218/main6.htm|newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|date=18 February 2014|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220725/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2014/20140218/main6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> though he kept in touch with his former mentor in his retirement.<ref name="young_rajiv"/> In 1966 he began a course in mechanical engineering at [[Imperial College London]], but also failed to complete it. Gandhi really was not studious enough, as he went on to admit later.<ref>[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U172595 "GANDHI, Rajiv"], ''Who Was Who''. A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing. 1920–2016. Oxford University Press, 2014</ref>

Gandhi returned to India in 1966, the year his mother became [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. He went to Delhi and became a member of the [[Flying Club]], where he trained as a pilot. In 1970, he was employed as a pilot by [[Indian Airlines]]; unlike Sanjay, he did not exhibit any interest in joining politics.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 47</ref> In 1968, after three years of courtship, he married [[Sonia Gandhi|Sonia Màino]]. Their first child, a son, [[Rahul Gandhi|Rahul]] was born in 1970. In 1972, the couple had a daughter, [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka]], who married [[Robert Vadra]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Great Personalities of the World|author=Khan, Tanvir|publisher=V&S Publishers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2qCNAwAAQBAJ&q=rajiv+gandhi+anti+sikh+riots|isbn=9789350572450|location=|page=76|date=2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gandhi was a friend of [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and was familiar with Bachchan even before he launched his acting career. Rajiv, Sanjay and Bachchan spent time together when Bachchan was student in [[Delhi University]] and a resident of [[New Delhi]]. In the 1980s, Bachchan entered politics to support Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |date=11 October 2018 |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Rajiv Gandhi and a tale of two families |url=https://news.abplive.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-rajiv-gandhi-and-a-tale-of-two-families-766548 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=news.abplive.com |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081231/https://news.abplive.com/blog/amitabh-bachchan-rajiv-gandhi-and-a-tale-of-two-families-766548 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Entry into politics==
On 23 June 1980, Rajiv's younger brother [[Sanjay Gandhi]] died unexpectedly in an [[aeroplane]] crash. At that time, Rajiv Gandhi was in London as part of his foreign tour. Hearing the news, he returned to Delhi and cremated Sanjay's body.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 20</ref> As per Agarwal, in the week following Sanjay's death, Shankaracharya Swami Shri Swaroopanand, a saint from [[Badrinath]], visited the family's house to offer his condolences.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 21</ref> He advised Rajiv not to fly aeroplanes and instead "dedicate himself to the service of the nation".<ref name="Meenatt">[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 22</ref> Seventy members of the Congress party signed a proposal and went to Indira, urging Rajiv to enter politics. Indira told them it was Rajiv's decision whether to enter politics. When he was questioned about it, he replied, "If my mother gets help from it, then I will enter politics".<ref name="Meenatt"/> Rajiv entered politics on 16 February 1981, when he addressed a national farmers' rally in Delhi.<ref name="TH">[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], pp. 23–24</ref> During this time, he was still an employee of Air India.<ref name="Anant">{{cite book|author1=Anant, Kirusna |title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131725672|page=257|year=2010}}</ref>

===Participation in active politics===
On 4 May 1981, Indira Gandhi presided over a meeting of the [[All India Congress Committee]]. [[Vasantdada Patil]] proposed Rajiv as a candidate for Sanjay's old constituency, [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]], which was accepted by all members at the meeting. A week later, the party officially announced his candidacy for the constituency. He then paid the party membership fees of the party and flew to [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] to file his nomination papers and completed other formalities.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 24</ref> He won the seat, defeating [[Lok Dal]] candidate [[Sharad Yadav]] by a margin of 237,000 votes.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Sharma, Satinder |author2=Sharma, Indra |title=Rajiv Gandhi: An Annotated Bibliography, 1944–1982|year=1983|publisher=University of Michigan|page=65}}</ref> He took his oath on 17 August as [[Member of Parliament]].<ref name="Anant"/>

Rajiv Gandhi's first political tour was to England, where he attended the wedding ceremony of [[Prince Charles]] and [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Lady Diana Spencer]] on 29 July 1981.<ref name="TF">[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 25</ref> In December the same year, he was put in charge of the [[Indian Youth Congress]].<ref name="TF"/> He first showed his organisational ability by "working round the clock" on the [[1982 Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Rajiv Gandhi |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80/ |website=[[Prime Minister's Office (India)]] |access-date=5 June 2024 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901194747/https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was one of 33 members of the Indian parliament who were part of the Games' organising committee; sports historian [[Boria Majumdar]] writes that being "son of the prime minister he had a moral and unofficial authority" over the others.<ref name="Boria">{{cite book|author1= Majumdar, Boria|author-link1=Boria Majumdar|title=Olympics – The India Story|publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]]|isbn=9789350295090|page=74|date=18 June 2012}}</ref> The report submitted by the Asian Games committee mentions Gandhi's "drive, zeal and initiative" for the "outstanding success" of the games.<ref name="Boria"/>
[[File:With the late PM Shri Rajiv Gandhi during the medal ceremony, 1991.jpg|thumb|Rajiv Gandhi during a medal ceremony]]

===1984 anti-Sikh riots post Indira Gandhi's death===
{{Main|1984 anti-Sikh riots}}
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi meeting Russian Hare Krishna devotees in New Delhi 1989.jpg|thumb|Meeting Russian [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] devotees in 1989.]]

On 31 October 1984, the prime minister, Rajiv Gandhi's mother, Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards, which led to violent riots against Sikhs.<ref name="AS"/> Sources estimate the number of Sikh deaths to be between 8,000 and 17,000.<ref>Joseph, Paul (11 October 2016). ''The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives''. SAGE. p. 433. {{ISBN|978-1483359885}}. "around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed"</ref> At a Boat Club rally 19 days after the assassination, Gandhi said, "Some riots took place in the country following the murder of Indiraji. We know the people were very angry and for a few days it seemed that India had been shaken. But, when a mighty tree falls, it is only natural that the earth around it does shake a little".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Singh, Indu Prakash |title=The aborted revolution|publisher=University of Michigan|page=235}}</ref> According to Verinder Grover, the statement made by Gandhi was a "virtual justification" of the riots.<ref name="AS">{{cite book|author1=Grover, Verinder |title=Indian Political System: Trends and Challenges|publisher=Deep and Deep Publications|isbn=9788171008834|page=366|year=1997}}</ref> Congress leader [[Mani Shankar Aiyar]] wrote, "Did it constitute an incitement to mass murder?" He also criticised Gandhi for his reluctance to bring the army from [[Meerut]] to handle the mob.<ref>[[#Aiyar|Aiyar]], p. 194</ref>

==Prime Minister of India (1984–1989)==
Rajiv Gandhi was in West Bengal on 31 October 1984 when his mother, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], to avenge the military attack on the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] during [[Operation Blue Star]]. Sardar Buta Singh and President [[Zail Singh]] pressed Rajiv to succeed his mother as prime minister within hours of her murder. Commenting on the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi, Rajiv Gandhi said, "When a giant tree falls, the earth below shakes";<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1504/15040190.htm |title=Back to the dynasty |work=Frontline |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=6 March 1998 |access-date=7 March 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110022524/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1504/15040190.htm |archive-date=10 January 2009 }}</ref> a statement for which he was widely criticised. Many Congress politicians were accused of orchestrating the violence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4130962.stm |title=World | South Asia | Leaders 'incited' anti-Sikh riots |work=BBC News |date=8 August 2005 |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=14 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714200555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4130962.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{quote box|align=right|width=20em|quote=Indian politics got the youngest ever Prime minister in Rajiv Gandhi. This phenomenon attracted attention the world over. . . his winsome smile, charm and decency were his valuable personal assets. . . A senior opposition member, while talking to me, conceded that . . . he could not conceal his feeling that Rajiv Gandhi would be invincible for the opposition.|source= — ''[[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]]''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5bTCgLM1lYC&q=satyendra+narayan+rajiv+gandhi+invincible&pg=PT197 |title=Memorable Quotes from Rajiv Gandhi and on Rajiv Gandhi |date=2009 |last=Palanithurai |first=G |publisher= Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-8069-587-2 |access-date= 11 January 2015 }}</ref>}}

Soon after assuming office, Gandhi asked President Singh to dissolve Parliament and hold fresh elections, as the Lok Sabha had completed its five-year term. Gandhi officially became the president of the Congress party, which won a landslide victory with the largest majority in history of the Indian Parliament, giving Gandhi absolute control of government. He benefited from his youth and a general perception of being free of a background in corrupt politics.<ref>{{cite news | work=BBC News | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_3314000/3314987.stm | title=1984: Rajiv Gandhi wins landslide election victory | date=29 December 1984 | access-date=1 September 2013 | archive-date=23 October 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023215109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/29/newsid_3314000/3314987.stm | url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi took his oath on 31 December 1984; at 40, he was the youngest prime minister of India.<ref name="oath"/> Historian Meena Agarwal writes that even after taking the Prime Ministerial oath, he was a relatively unknown figure, "novice in politics" as he assumed the post after being an MP for three years.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 28</ref>

===Prime Minister roles===

===Cabinet ministers===
{{Main|First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry}}
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi at The Doon School Founder's Day.jpg|thumb|Gandhi's inner circle was labelled 'Doon Cabinet' or 'Dosco Mafia', given the induction of many of his [[Doon School]] acquaintances (''Gandhi pictured in the Doon School blazer during a Founder's Day visit'')]]
After his swearing-in as prime minister, Gandhi appointed his fourteen-member cabinet. He said he would monitor their performance and would "fire ministers who do not come to the mark".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hazarika |first=Sanjoy |date=1 January 1985 |title=Gandhi, Sworn In, Pledges 'efficiency Oriented' Rule |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/01/world/gandhi-sworn-in-pledges-efficiency-oriented-rule.html |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=27 May 2024 |archive-date=27 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527095254/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/01/world/gandhi-sworn-in-pledges-efficiency-oriented-rule.html |url-status=live }}</ref> From the [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry]], he removed two powerful figures; Finance Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] and Railway Minister [[A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury]]. [[Mohsina Kidwai]] became the Minister of Railways; she was the only female figure in the cabinet. Former Home Minister [[PV Narasimha Rao]] was put in charge of [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence]].<ref name="oath">{{cite news|title=Rajiv Gandhi takes oath as India's prime minister|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19841231&id=sTdTAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454,6835384&hl=en|access-date=25 May 2015|newspaper=The Deseret News|date=31 December 1984|page=1|archive-date=8 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408185742/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19841231&id=sTdTAAAAIBAJ&pg=3454%2C6835384&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> [[V. P. Singh]], who was initially appointed as the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister]], was given the Defence Ministry in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shri Vishwanath Pratap Singh : Biography|url=http://www.vpsingh.in/biography.html|publisher=VP Singh|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=6 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106075316/http://www.vpsingh.in/biography.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his tenure as prime minister, Gandhi frequently shuffled his cabinet ministers, drawing criticism from the magazine ''[[India Today]]'', which called it a "wheel of confusion". The [[West Bengal]] chief minister [[Jyoti Basu]] said, "The Cabinet change reflects the instability of the Congress (I) Government at the Centre".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Wheel of confusion|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880315-whenever-in-doubt-rajiv-gandhi-plays-the-cabinet-reshuffle-card-797058-1988-03-14|magazine=India Today|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> He also administered and created the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]].

====Dosco Mafia or Doon Cabinet====
Gandhi, an alumnus of [[The Doon School]], drew criticism from the media for appointing many old boys to his administration.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0724/eindia.html|title=Bootstrap steps for Gandhi|date=24 July 1987|journal=Christian Science Monitor|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=27 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227224559/https://www.csmonitor.com/1987/0724/eindia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His inner circle was labelled a "Doon Cabinet"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/put-him-down-for-doon/|title=Put him down for Doon|first=Will|last=Brown|date=16 March 2017|website=The Spectator|access-date=23 August 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928185110/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/put-him-down-for-doon/|url-status=live}}</ref> or "Dosco Mafia",<ref>''Indian Tales of the Raj'' by Zareer Masani, p.152</ref> and ''Washington Post'' reported, "The catch phrase around Delhi these days is that the 'Doon School runs India,' but that is too simple an analysis for a complex, chaotic country with so many competing spheres of influence."<ref name="bumiller1985">{{cite news|last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1985/11/24/where-indias-elite-were-boys-together/0579f3d9-1835-4441-b1b1-a55e3111bdc3/ |title=Where India's Elite Were Boys Together |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 November 1985 |access-date=6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Steven R. Weisman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/magazine/the-rajiv-generation.html |title=THE RAJIV GENERATION - The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=20 April 1986 |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407191321/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/20/magazine/the-rajiv-generation.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi's reliance on Doon alumni for political advice later led Prime Minister [[Morarji Desai]] to remark, "If I had anything to do with this place, I'd close it down".<ref name="bumiller1985"/>

===Anti-defection law===
Gandhi's first action as prime minister was passing the [[Parliamentary system|anti-defection law]] in January 1985. According to this law, an elected Member of Parliament or legislative assembly could not join an opposition party until the next election. Historian Manish Telikicherla Chary calls it a measure of curbing corruption and bribery of ministers by switching parties so they could gain majority.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: Nation on the Move: An Overview of India's People, Culture, History, Economy, IT Industry, & More|author=Chary, Manish Telikicherla |publisher=iUniverse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WE8SwINOKMC&q=rajiv+gandhi+anti+sikh+riots|year=2009|isbn=9781440116353|location=|page=129}}</ref> Many such defections occurred during the 1980s as elected leaders of the Congress party joined opposition parties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Provisions of Anti-Defection Law in India|url=http://www.elections.in/political-corner/provisions-of-anti-defection-law-in-india/|publisher=Elections|access-date=26 May 2015|date=27 January 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526130545/http://www.elections.in/political-corner/provisions-of-anti-defection-law-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1985 Congress Sandesh Yatra===
Rajiv Gandhi had announced 'Sandesh Yatra' at the plenary session of AICC in Mumbai in 1985. The All India Congress Seva Dal ran it across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/with-start-of-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-here-is-a-look-at-some-key-yatras-undertaken-by-politicians-in-india-news-221953|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Here Is A Look At Some Other Key 'Yatras' By Indian Politicians|date=12 September 2022|access-date=1 November 2022|archive-date=1 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101181743/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/with-start-of-congress-bharat-jodo-yatra-here-is-a-look-at-some-key-yatras-undertaken-by-politicians-in-india-news-221953|url-status=live}}</ref> Pradesh Congress Committees (PCCs) and party leaders made four simultaneous trips from Mumbai, Kashmir, Kanyakumari and the Northeast. The [[Yatra|yatra]], which lasted for more than three months, concluded at Delhi's Ramlila Maidan.

===Mass connect programmes though Bharat Yatra===
In 1990, Rajiv Gandhi undertook Bharat Yatra through different modes – padyatra, the second class carriage of an ordinary passenger train.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19900715-lacking-strategy-rajiv-gandhi-bharat-yatra-turns-out-to-be-more-symbolism-than-substance-812772-1990-07-14|title=Rajiv Gandhi's 'Bharat Yatra' turns out to be more symbolism than substance|work=India Today|date=15 July 1990|access-date=18 March 2023}}</ref> He chose [[Champaran]] as the starting point for his 'Bharat Yatra'. Rajiv Gandhi started the [[Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award|Sadbhavna Yatra]] from [[Charminar]] in Hyderabad on 19 October 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajiv-se-rahul-tak-parallel-as-bharat-jodo-reaches-charminar-papa-started-sadbhavana-yatra-32-years-ago-101667357245639.html|title='Rajiv se Rahul tak' parallel as Bharat Jodo reaches Charminar: 'Papa started Sadbhavana Yatra 32 years ago'|date=2 November 2022|work=The Hindustan Times|first=Poulomi|last=Ghosh|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123124634/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajiv-se-rahul-tak-parallel-as-bharat-jodo-reaches-charminar-papa-started-sadbhavana-yatra-32-years-ago-101667357245639.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-unfurls-national-flag-at-charminar-in-hyderabad-amid-bharat-jodo-yatra-3480496|title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul unfurls national flag in front of Charminar|work=NDTV|date=1 November 2022|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=8 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208045557/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-unfurls-national-flag-at-charminar-in-hyderabad-amid-bharat-jodo-yatra-3480496|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19901031-rajiv-gandhi-tries-to-live-down-his-elitist-image-woos-the-common-man-813202-1990-10-30|title=Rajiv Gandhi tries to live down his elitist image, woos the common man|work=India Today|first=Bhaskar|last=Roy|date=31 October 1990|access-date=18 March 2023|archive-date=11 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111175131/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19901031-rajiv-gandhi-tries-to-live-down-his-elitist-image-woos-the-common-man-813202-1990-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Shah Bano case===
{{Main|Shah Bano case}}

In 1985, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled in favour of Muslim divorcee [[Shah Bano]], declaring that her husband should give her [[alimony]]. Some Indian Muslims treated it as an encroachment upon [[Muslim Personal Law]] and protested against it. Gandhi agreed to their demands.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://homepages.uc.edu/thro/shahbano/sb-rajiv.htm |title=Shah Bano – Rajiv Gandhi |publisher=Homepages.uc.edu |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=9 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009222601/http://homepages.uc.edu/thro/shahbano/sb-rajiv.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1986, the Parliament of India passed [[The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986]], which nullified the Supreme Court's judgement in the Shah Bano case. The Act diluted the Supreme Court judgement and allowed maintenance payments to divorced women only during the period of [[Iddah]], or until 90 days after the divorce, according to the provisions of Islamic law. This was in contrast to Section 125 of the Code.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Utkarsh |title=From Shah Bano to Salma – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-shah-bano-to-salma/520890/0 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=Indian Express |date=26 March 2010 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145129/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/from-shah-bano-to-salma/520890/0 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Shah Bano legacy|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/10/stories/2003081000221500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111023109/http://hindu.com/2003/08/10/stories/2003081000221500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 August 2003|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> Indian magazine ''Business and Economics'' called it a minority appeasement by Gandhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=The ghost of Shah Bano|url=http://www.businessandeconomy.org/14052009/storyd.asp?sid=4364&pageno=1|publisher=Business and Economy|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=3 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503184828/http://www.businessandeconomy.org/14052009/storyd.asp?sid=4364&pageno=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lawyer and former Law Minister of India, [[Ram Jethmalani]], called the Act "retrogressive obscurantism for short-term minority populism".<ref name="medio">{{cite news|title=Cementing of dynastic democracy|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/cementing-of-dynastic-democracy|newspaper=Sunday Guardian|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526151114/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/cementing-of-dynastic-democracy|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gandhi's colleague [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], who was then a Member of Parliament, resigned in protest.<ref name=indiaafterind>{{cite book|title=India Since Independence|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=India|isbn=978-0143104094|page=362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dE9qEg-NgHMC&q=arif+mohammad+khan+muslim+shah+bano+resigned&pg=PA362|author=Chandra, Bipan |author-link1=Bipan Chandra|author2=Mukherjee, Aditya |author3=Mukherjee, Mridula |editor=Penguin Books India}}</ref>

===Economic policy===
[[File:Pandit Ram Kishore Shukla with Rajiv Gandhi at 7, Race course road in 1988.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi with [[Ram Kishore Shukla]] in 1988.]]

In his election manifesto for the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], he did not mention any economic reforms, but after assuming office he tried to liberalise the country's economy.<ref name="EP">{{cite book|title=State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformation in the Third World|author=Kohli, Atul |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5uqtkTkYas4C&q=rajiv+gandhi+economic+policy|author-link=Atul Kohli|isbn=9780521467346|location=|pages=102–103|date=1994}}</ref> He sought to liberalise India's trade policies but faced stiff opposition to the proposed reforms.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dean |first=Adam |title=India's Middle Path: Preventive Arrests and General Strikes |date=2022 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/opening-up-by-cracking-down/indias-middle-path-preventive-arrests-and-general-strikes/4CBA2877327208602BE6573BEA63D1A3 |work=Opening Up by Cracking Down: Labor Repression and Trade Liberalization in Democratic Developing Countries |pages=86–112 |series=Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108777964.006 |isbn=978-1-108-47851-9 |access-date=29 October 2022 |archive-date=9 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240209130717/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/opening-up-by-cracking-down/indias-middle-path-preventive-arrests-and-general-strikes/4CBA2877327208602BE6573BEA63D1A3 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="EP" /> He did so by providing incentives to make private production profitable. Subsidies were given to corporate companies to increase industrial production, especially of [[durable goods]].{{Contradictory inline|article=Rajiv Gandhi|section=Economic policy|reason=Subsidies to firms is not a liberal market reform|date=October 2022}} It was hoped this would increase economic growth and improve the quality of investment.<ref name="EP"/> Rural and tribal people protested because they saw them as "pro-rich" and "pro-city" reforms.<ref name="EP"/>

Gandhi increased government support for science, technology and associated industries, and reduced import quotas, taxes and tariffs on technology-based industries, especially computers, airlines, defence and telecommunications. In 1986, he announced a [[National Policy on Education]] to modernise and expand higher education programs across India. In 1986, he founded the [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]] System, which is a Central government-based education institution that provides rural populations with free residential education from grades six to twelve.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.basearticles.com/Art/65874/216/Rajiv-Gandhi-aimed-at-value-based-education-in-rural-India-through-JNVs.html | title=Rajiv Gandhi aimed at value based education in rural India through JNVs | access-date=19 February 2011 | publisher=Pressbrief | archive-date=11 May 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511193152/http://www.basearticles.com/Art/65874/216/Rajiv-Gandhi-aimed-at-value-based-education-in-rural-India-through-JNVs.html | url-status=usurped }}</ref> His efforts created [[MTNL]] in 1986, and his public call offices—better known as PCOs—helped develop the telephone network in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://meachq.in/html/rahul_memo.pdf | title=MTNL Letter | access-date=19 February 2011 | date=16 September 2009 | archive-date=25 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225145026/http://meachq.in/html/rahul_memo.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> He introduced measures to significantly reduce the ''[[Licence Raj]]'' after 1990, allowing businesses and individuals to purchase capital, consumer goods and import without bureaucratic restrictions.<ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite journal |url=http://www.princeton.edu/~reddings/pubpapers/ABRZ_AER_Sept2008.pdf |title=Unequal effects of Liberalisation – Dismantling the license raj in India |journal=American Economic Review |year=2008 |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1397–1412 |author1=Aghion, Philippe |author2=Burgess, Robin |author3=Redding, Stephen J. |author4=Zilibotti, Fabrizio |doi=10.1257/aer.98.4.1397 |access-date=12 March 2011 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301135358/http://www.princeton.edu/~reddings/pubpapers/ABRZ_AER_Sept2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
{{See also|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Rajiv Gandhi}}
[[File:President Ronald Reagan, Nancy Reagan, Rajiv Gandhi, and Sonia Gandhi.jpg|thumb|right|President Ronald Reagan, Sonia Gandhi, First Lady Nancy Reagan and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, during a state dinner for Prime Minister Gandhi. June 1985.]]

According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of [[Indian foreign policy]] and an ideologue of [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]], Rajiv Gandhi's vision for a new world order was premised on India's place in its front rank.<ref name="diplomatist.com">{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=46|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Laskar]], the "whole gamut" of Rajiv Gandhi's [[foreign policy]] was "geared towards" making India "strong, independent, self-reliant and in the front rank of the nations of the world."<ref name="diplomatist.com"/> According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Laskar]], Rajiv Gandhi's diplomacy was "properly calibrated" so as to be "conciliatory and accommodating when required" and "assertive when the occasion demanded."<ref name="diplomatist.com"/>

In 1986, by request of the president of Seychelles [[France-Albert René]], Gandhi sent India's navy to [[Seychelles]] to oppose an attempted coup against René. The intervention of India averted the coup. This mission was codenamed as [[Operation Flowers are Blooming]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Modi to the land where India staged 'Operation Wild Flowers are Blooming'|url=http://www.aniin.com/top-story-details.php?va=MzEwMjA=|publisher=Asian News International|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923125211/http://www.aniin.com/top-story-details.php?va=MzEwMjA=|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1987, India re-occupied the Quaid Post in the disputed [[Siachen]] region of the [[Indo-Pakistani border]] after winning what was termed [[Operation Rajiv]].<ref>{{cite news|title=1987 Siachen hero passes away|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1987-Siachen-hero-passes-away/articleshow/16802705.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322070801/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/1987-Siachen-hero-passes-away/articleshow/16802705.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[1988 Maldives coup d'état]], the Maldives president [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] asked for help from Gandhi. He dispatched 1500 soldiers and the coup was suppressed.<ref>[[#Agarwal|Agarwal]], p. 141</ref>

On Thursday, 9 June 1988, at the fifteenth special session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]], held at Headquarters, New York, Gandhi made vocal his views on a world free of nuclear weapons, to be realised through an, 'Action Plan for Ushering in a Nuclear-Weapon Free and Non-Violent World Order.'<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rajiv-gandhi-plan-a-valuable-solution/article559548.ece| title = Rajiv Gandhi Plan: a valuable solution| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 8 August 2010| access-date = 6 July 2016| archive-date = 18 May 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140518173221/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/rajiv-gandhi-plan-a-valuable-solution/article559548.ece| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>PM Rajeev Gandhi at the Fifteenth special session of [[United Nations General Assembly]][http://fissilematerials.org/library/gan98.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131231951/http://fissilematerials.org/library/gan98.pdf|date=31 January 2017}}</ref>

He said:

<blockquote>Alas, nuclear weapons are not the only weapons of mass destruction. New knowledge is being generated in the life sciences. Military applications of these developments could rapidly undermine the existing convention against the military use of biological weapons. The ambit of our concern must extend to all means of mass [[annihilation]].</blockquote>

This was based on his prior historic speech before the Japanese [[National Diet]] on 29 November 1985, in which he said:

<blockquote>Let us remove the mental partitions which obstruct the ennobling vision of the human family linked together in peace and prosperity. The Buddha's message of compassion is the very condition of human survival in our age.<ref>Japanese [[National Diet]] on 29 November 1985 [http://www.sgiquarterly.org/global2009Oct-1.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608091514/http://www.sgiquarterly.org/global2009Oct-1.html|date=8 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/indices/JPSA/index-ENG.html| title = Documents related to Japan – South Asia Relations}}</ref><ref>Speech by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi of India at the Joint Session of the Japanese Upper and Lower Houses [http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPSA/19851129.S1J.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919224432/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPSA/19851129.S1J.html|date=19 September 2016}}</ref></blockquote>

The foiled bid of India recently to enter the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], echoed his policy of non-proliferation to be linked to universal disarmament, which the [[World Nuclear Association]] refuses to recognise; non-proliferation being seen by India as essentially a weapon of the arms control regime, of the big nuclear powers as United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, and China.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newslaundry.com/shorts/indias-nsg-bid-foiled-china-stands-tall-switzerland-backstabs/ |title=India's NSG bid foiled – China stands tall, Switzerland 'backstabs' |date=24 June 2016 |work=News Laundry |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519054521/https://www.newslaundry.com/shorts/indias-nsg-bid-foiled-china-stands-tall-switzerland-backstabs/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/china-foils-indias-bid-to-join-nsg/| title = China foils India's bid to join NSG| date = 24 June 2016| work = Daily Pakistan| access-date = 9 March 2022| archive-date = 16 November 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116050804/https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/pakistan/china-foils-indias-bid-to-join-nsg/| url-status = dead}}</ref>

In December 1988, Gandhi visited the People’s Republic of China, becoming the first Indian prime minister to do so since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1954. During the visit, he met with [[Paramount leader|Chinese paramount leader]] [[Deng Xiaoping]], and the two sides agreed to establish a [[India–China Joint Working Group on the Boundary Question|Joint Working Group]] to seek a solution to the long-standing border [[Sino-Indian border dispute|dispute]] and to expand cooperation in cultural, educational and scientific fields. In a joint communiqué, both governments agreed to maintain “peace and tranquility” along the border areas, while Gandhi acknowledged that [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]] was an internal affair of China.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarworks.iu.edu/dspace/items/4f1aed5c-da7f-4b55-93a3-8651a93ce6c4|title=The Sino-Indian Border Talks, 1981-1989: A View from New Delhi|first=Sumit|last=Ganguly|publisher=Asian Survey|website=IUScholarWorks|date=1989|access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

====Pakistan====
In February 1987, the Pakistani president [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|Zia-ul-Haq]] visited Delhi, where he met Gandhi to discuss "routine military exercises of the Indian army" on the borders of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Gandhi reciprocated, in December 1988, by visiting [[Islamabad]] and meeting the new prime minister of Pakistan, [[Benazir Bhutto]], to reaffirm the [[1972 Shimla agreement]].<ref name="Sharma, p. 16">[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 16</ref>

====Sri Lanka====
{{See also|Sri Lankan civil war|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War}}
The [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]] broke out with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), which was demanding an independent [[Tamil people|Tamil]] state in Sri Lanka. Gandhi discussed the matter with the Sri Lankan Prime Minister [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] at the [[SAARC]] meeting in 1986. In that year, the Sri Lankan army blockaded the Tamil majority district of [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]]; Gandhi ordered relief supplies to be dropped into the area by parachute because the Sri Lankan navy did not allow the [[Indian Navy]] to enter.<ref>[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 14</ref>

Gandhi signed the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] in July 1987. The accord "envisaged a devolution of power to the Tamil-majority areas", dissolved the LTTE, and designated [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as an official language of Sri Lanka.<ref name="SL"/> Gandhi said:

<blockquote>The Government of India believe that, despite some problems and delays, many of which were foreseen but unavoidable in the resolution of an issue of this magnitude and complexity, this Agreement represents the only way of safeguarding legitimate Tamil interests and ensuring a durable peace in Sri Lanka. Some have chosen to criticise the Agreement. None has shown a better way of meeting the legitimate aspirations of the Tamils in Sri Lanka, restoring peace in that country and of meeting our own security concern in the region. We have accepted a role which is difficult, but which is in our national interests to discharge. We shall not shrink our obligations and commitments. This is a national endeavour.<ref name="SL">[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 15</ref></blockquote>

Chanderasekar withdrew the IPKF in 1989.<ref name="Sharma, p. 16"/>

====Assault by Sri Lankan guard====
{{See also|List of assassination attempts on prime ministers of India}}
On 30 July 1987, a day after Gandhi went to Sri Lanka and signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord, an honour guard named [[Vijitha Rohana]] hit him on his shoulder with his rifle; Gandhi's quick reflexes saved him from injury. The guard was then dragged off by his security personnel.<ref name="NIE">{{cite news|title=No regrets for attack on Rajiv, says Lankan guard|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/No-regrets-for-attack-on-Rajiv-says-Lankan-guard/2013/07/30/article1708707.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801194401/http://newindianexpress.com/world/No-regrets-for-attack-on-Rajiv-says-Lankan-guard/2013/07/30/article1708707.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 August 2013|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="injure"/> The guard said his intention was to kill Gandhi because of "the damage he had caused" to Sri Lanka. Wijemuni was imprisoned for {{frac|2|1|2}} years for the assault.<ref name="NIE"/> Gandhi later said about the incident:

<blockquote>When I was inspecting the guard of honour and as I walked past one person, I saw through the corner of my eye some movement. I ducked down a little bit in a reflex action. By my ducking, he missed my head and the brunt of the blow came on my shoulder below the left ear.<ref name="injure">{{cite news|title=Sri Lankan in Honour Guard Attacks Gandhi|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-30-mn-453-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820125742/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-30-mn-453-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

===Regional issues===
[[File:Bajaj-Polar-3.jpg|thumb|right|Rajiv Gandhi (left) congratulates Indian Army explorers for reaching the South Pole.]]

====Punjab====
Soon after assuming office, Gandhi released the leaders of the [[Akali Dal]] who had been imprisoned since 1984's Operation Blue Star during Indira Gandhi's prime ministership. He lifted the ban on [[All India Sikh Students Federation]] and filed an inquiry into the [[1984 Anti-Sikh Riots]]. He also held a closed-door meeting with senior Akali Dal leaders to find a solution to the Punjab problem. Despite Akali opposition, in January 1985, Gandhi signed the [[Rajiv-Longowal Accord]] with Akali leader HS Longowal. Punjab's state assembly election was scheduled in September 1985, but Longowal died and was replaced by [[Surjit Singh Barnala]], who formed the government. After two years, in 1987, Barnala resigned his office because of a breakdown of law and order, leading to the implementation of [[President's rule]] in the state.<ref>[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 10</ref>

In May 1988, Gandhi launched the [[Operation Black Thunder]] to clear the Golden Temple in [[Amritsar]] of arms and gunmen. Two groups called National Security Guard and Special Action Group were created; they surrounded the temple in a 10-day siege during which the extremists' weapons were confiscated. Congress leader [[Anand Sharma]] said, "Operation Black Thunder effectively demonstrated the will of Rajiv Gandhi's government to take firm action to bring peace to Punjab".<ref>[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 11</ref>

====Northeast India====
Gandhi's prime-ministership marked an increase of [[Insurgency in Northeast India|insurgency in northeast India]]. [[Mizo National Front]] demanded independence for [[Mizoram]]. In 1987, Gandhi addressed this problem; Mizoram and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] were given the status of states that were earlier union territories.<ref>[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 12</ref> Gandhi also ended the [[Assam Movement]], which was launched by Assamese people to protest against the alleged illegal migration of Bangladeshi Muslims and immigration of other Bengalis to their state, which had reduced the Assamese to a minority there. He signed the [[Assam Accord]] on 15 August 1985. According to the accord, foreigners who came to the state between 1951 and 1961 were given full citizenship but those who arrived there between 1961 and 1971 did not get right to vote for the next ten years.<ref>[[#Sharma|Sharma]], p. 13</ref>

===Technology===
Gandhi employed former [[Rockwell International]] executive [[Sam Pitroda]] as his adviser on public information infrastructure and innovation. During Gandhi's time in office, public sector telecom companies [[MTNL]] and [[VSNL]] were developed.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Franda, Marcus F. |title=China and India Online: Information Technology Politics and Diplomacy in the|url=https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaonline0000fran|url-access=registration|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742519466|page=[https://archive.org/details/chinaindiaonline0000fran/page/137 137]|year=2002}}</ref> According to Pitroda, Gandhi's ability to resist pressure from multi-national companies to abandon his plan to spread telecommunication services has been an important factor in India's development. According to news website [[Oneindia]], "About 20 years ago telephones were considered to be a thing for the use of the rich, but credit goes to Rajiv Gandhi for taking them to the rural masses".<ref name="RG">{{cite web|title=Telecom revolution driving development; credit to Rajiv|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/01/18/telecom-revolution-driving-development-credit-to-rajiv-pitroda-1169113386.html|publisher=One India|access-date=26 May 2015|date=18 January 2007|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526133008/http://www.oneindia.com/2007/01/18/telecom-revolution-driving-development-credit-to-rajiv-pitroda-1169113386.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pitroda also said their plan to expand India's telephone network succeeded because of Gandhi's political support. According to Pitroda, by 2007 they were "adding six million phones every month".<ref name="RG"/> Gandhi's government also allowed the import of fully assembled motherboards, which led to the price of computers being reduced.<ref name="tel"/> According to some commentators, the seed for the information technology (IT) revolution was also planted during Rajiv Gandhi's time.<ref name="tel">{{cite magazine|title=Economic Milestone: Ushering in Telecom Reforms (1985)|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-ushering-in-telecom-reforms-(1985)/38441/1?utm=slidebox|magazine=Forbes India|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526132852/http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-ushering-in-telecom-reforms-(1985)/38441/1?utm=slidebox|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Bofors scandal, HDW scandal===
{{Main|Bofors scandal}}

Rajiv Gandhi's finance minister, [[V. P. Singh]], uncovered compromising details about government and political corruption, to the consternation of Congress leaders. Transferred to the Defence Ministry, Singh uncovered what became known as the Bofors scandal, which involved millions of US dollars and concerned alleged payoffs by the Swedish arms company [[Bofors]] through Italian businessman and Gandhi family associate [[Ottavio Quattrocchi]], in return for Indian contracts. Upon discovering the scandal, Singh was dismissed from office and later resigned his Congress membership. Gandhi was later personally implicated in the scandal when the investigation was continued by [[Narasimhan Ram]] and Chitra Subramaniam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper, damaging his image as an honest politician. In 2004, he was posthumously cleared of this allegation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3458319.stm |title=Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery |work=BBC News |date=4 February 2004 |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=6 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040206102131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/3458319.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In an interview in July 2005, V. P. Singh explained that his fall out with Rajiv Gandhi was not due to the Bofors deal, but rather due to the [[Shishumar-class submarine|HDW deal]]. Courtesy a contract signed with the German
company [[HDW]] in 1981, the Indian government had agreed to purchase two ready submarines built in Germany by HDW and two submarines in CKD form to be assembled in Mazagaon docks. V. P. Singh had received a telegram from the Indian ambassador in Germany, stating that an Indian agent had received commissions in the [[Shishumar-class submarine|HDW submarine]] deal. He told Rajiv Gandhi about this and instituted an enquiry. This led to differences and V. P. Singh resigned from the cabinet.<ref name="vp">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shekhar |title=Walk the talk – an interview with V. P. Singh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-vp-singh-aired-july-2005-303898 |access-date=25 October 2018 |publisher=NDTV |date=1 July 2005 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025150119/https://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/walk-the-talk/walk-the-talk-with-vp-singh-aired-july-2005-303898 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In his book, ''Unknown Facets of Rajiv Gandhi, Jyoti Basu and Indrajit Gupta'', released in November 2013, former [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] director Dr. A P Mukherjee wrote that Gandhi wanted commission paid by defence suppliers to be used exclusively for meeting running expenses of the Congress party.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajiv-gandhi-told-me-to-use-arms-deal-payoffs-for-party-funds-excbi-chief/1194313/ Rajiv Gandhi told me to use arms deal payoffs for party funds: Ex-CBI chief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114134414/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rajiv-gandhi-told-me-to-use-arms-deal-payoffs-for-party-funds-excbi-chief/1194313/ |date=14 November 2013 }}. Indian Express (13 November 2013). Retrieved on 21 May 2014.</ref> Mukherjee said Gandhi explained his position in a meeting between the two at the prime minister's residence on 19 June 1989.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajiv Gandhi wanted Bofors money to run Congress: Ex-CBI chief|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajiv-Gandhi-wanted-Bofors-money-to-run-Congress-Ex-CBI-chief/articleshow/25720914.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 November 2013}}FTP ACCESS</ref> In May 2015, Indian president Pranab Mukherjee said the scandal was a "media trial" as "no Indian court has as yet established it as a scandal".<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Bofors scandal more of a media trial: Pranab Mukherjee|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/bofors-scandal-more-of-a-media-trial-pranab-mukherjee-254744-2015-05-26|magazine=India Today|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526132626/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bofors-scandal-more-of-a-media-trial-pranab-mukherjee/1/440281.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Post-Premiership ==
Opposition parties Lok Dal, [[Indian National Congress (Socialist)]] and [[Jan Morcha]] united under Singh to form the [[Janata Dal]].<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Janata Parivar: Can 'socialist' Mulayam and co stop the Modi wave?|url=http://m.firstpost.com/politics/janata-parivar-can-socialist-mulayam-and-co-stop-the-modi-wave-1835149.html|magazine=First Post|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526151155/http://m.firstpost.com/politics/janata-parivar-can-socialist-mulayam-and-co-stop-the-modi-wave-1835149.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh led the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] coalition to victory in [[1989 Indian general election|1989 elections]] and he was sworn in as prime minister. Though the coalition won 143 seats compared to Congress's 197, it gained majority in the lower house of the parliament through outside support from the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] under the leadership of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Lal Krishna Advani]] and the left parties such as the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and the [[Communist Party of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Lok Sabha elections|url=http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/general-elections-2009/miscellaneous/2009/Mar/23/history-of-lok-sabha-elections5584.html|publisher=SME Times|access-date=26 May 2015|archive-date=28 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828062922/http://www.smetimes.in/smetimes/general-elections-2009/miscellaneous/2009/Mar/23/history-of-lok-sabha-elections5584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eminent lawyer and politician, former [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Law Minister of India]] [[Ram Jethmalani]] said that as prime minister, Gandhi was "lacklustre and mediocre".<ref name="medio"/>

==Assassination==
{{Main|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}

Rajiv Gandhi's last public meeting was on 21 May 1991,<ref name="brit">{{cite web |title=Rajiv Gandhi {{!}} prime minister of India |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721075521/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rajiv-Gandhi |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=21 November 2021 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Patel |first=Dhirubhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s92AQAACAAJ |title=Rajiv Gandhi: Youngest Indian Prime Minister |date=17 February 2017 |publisher=Independently published |isbn=978-1-5206-2973-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Rajiv Gandhi |url=https://archivepmo.nic.in/shrirajivgandhi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519033136/https://archivepmo.nic.in/shrirajivgandhi.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=14 January 2024 |publisher=Prime Ministers of India}}</ref> at [[Sriperumbudur]], a village approximately {{Convert|40|km|miles|abbr=on}} from [[Madras]] (present-day Chennai), where he was assassinated while campaigning for the Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha Congress candidate. At 10:10 pm, a woman later identified as 22-year old [[Kalaivani Rajaratnam]] – a member of the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] – approached Gandhi in public and greeted him. She then bent down to touch his feet and detonated a belt laden with {{Convert|700|g|lbs|abbr=on}} of [[RDX]] explosives tucked under her dress.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/01021999/rdx.html |author=Ramesh Vinayak |title=The Nation: Terrorism: The RDX Files |publisher=India-today.com |date=1 February 1999 |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009004813/http://india-today.com/itoday/01021999/rdx.html |archive-date=9 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Rajiv Gandhi Memorial-Delhi.jpg|thumb|''[[Raj Ghat|Veer Bhumi]]'' at Delhi, where Rajiv Gandhi was cremated]]The explosion killed Gandhi, Rajaratnam, and at least 14 other people.<ref>{{cite news
|title=1991: Bomb kills India's former leader Rajiv Gandhi
|date=21 May 1991
|work=[[BBC News]]
|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm
|access-date=16 June 2020
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080727032334/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/21/newsid_2504000/2504739.stm| archive-date= 27 July 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref> The assassination was captured by a 21-year-old local photographer, whose camera and film were found at the site. The cameraman, named Haribabu, died in the blast but the camera remained intact.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/assassination-of-rajiv-gandhi/|title=Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|website=Iconic Photos|access-date=27 March 2016|date=21 May 2012|archive-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918190346/https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2012/05/21/assassination-of-rajiv-gandhi/|url-status=live}}</ref> Gandhi's mutilated body was airlifted to the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] in New Delhi for post-mortem, reconstruction, and embalming.<ref name="rajivgandhifuneral">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SAZVQqntxY0C&q=rajiv+gandhi+body+reconstructed&pg=PA70 |title=Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi – Shashi Ahluwalia, Meenakshi Ahluwalia |access-date=19 January 2013|isbn=9788170993155 |date=1 January 1991 |last1=Ahluwalia |first1=Meenakshi |publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref>

A state funeral was held for Gandhi on 24 May 1991; it was telecast live and was attended by dignitaries from over 60 countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/assassination-of-rajiv-gandhi-and-its-aftermath-essay.html |title=Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi and its aftermath |publisher=Knowledge Hub |date=21 May 1991 |access-date=19 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430204658/http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/assassination-of-rajiv-gandhi-and-its-aftermath-essay.html |archive-date=30 April 2013 }}</ref> He was cremated at [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Vir Bhumi]], on the banks of the river [[Yamuna river|Yamuna]] near the [[Samadhi (shrine)|shrine]]s of his mother Indira Gandhi, brother Sanjay Gandhi, and grandfather Jawaharlal Nehru.<ref name=brit/>

===Aftermath===
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi Memorial lawn.jpg|thumb|right|The ''[[Rajiv Gandhi Memorial]]'', at [[Sriperumbudur]]]]

The Supreme Court judgement, by Justice [[K. T. Thomas (Justice)|K. T. Thomas]], confirmed that Gandhi was killed because of personal animosity by the LTTE chief [[Velupillai Prabhakaran|Prabhakaran]] arising from his sending the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) to Sri Lanka and the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force#Controversies|IPKF atrocities]] against Sri Lankan Tamils.<ref>''State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors.'', Death Ref. Case No. 1 of 1998 (@ D.No.1151 of 1998) per [http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf K.T. Thomas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102222525/http://cbi.nic.in/dop/judgements/thomas.pdf |date=2 November 2011 }}, para. 163</ref> The Gandhi administration had already antagonised other Tamil militant organisations like [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam|PLOTE]] for reversing [[1988 Maldives coup d'état attempt|the 1988 military coup in Maldives]]. The judgement further cites the death of [[Thileepan]] in a hunger strike and the suicide by 12 LTTE cadres in a vessel in Oct 1987.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Sushant |title=Operation Cactus: The Indian military was asked to intervene in the Maldives 30 years ago as well|date=7 February 2018 |url=https://scroll.in/article/867736/operation-cactus-the-indian-military-was-asked-to-intervene-in-the-maldives-20-years-ago-as-well |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

In the [[Jain Commission]] report, various people and agencies are named as suspects in the murder of Rajiv Gandhi. Among them, the cleric [[Chandraswami]] was suspected of involvement, including financing the assassination.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980711/19250694.html |title=Probe Chandraswami's role in Rajiv case{{mdash}}Jain report |work=The Indian Express |date=11 July 1998 |author=Sarin, Rtiu |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103144945/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980711/19250694.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=11 December 2004 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec112004/i2.asp |title=CBI sees godman's role in Rajiv's killing |work=Decan Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228043145/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec112004/i2.asp |archive-date=28 December 2004 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> Nalini Sriharan, the only surviving member of the five-member squad behind the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, is serving life imprisonment. Arrested on 14 June 1991, she and 25 others were sentenced to death by a special court on 28 January 1998. The court confirmed the death sentences of four of the convicts, including Nalini, on 11 May 1999.<ref>''State of Tamil Nadu through Superintendent of Police, CBI/SIT vs. Nalini & 25 Ors.'', Death Ref. Case No. 1 of 1998 (@ D.No.1151 of 1998) per [http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=16829 D.P. Wadhwa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010037/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=16829 |date=27 April 2014 }} and [http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=16823 S.S.M. Quadri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010116/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=16823 |date=27 April 2014 }}</ref> Nalini was a close friend of an LTTE operative known as Sriharan alias Murugan, another convict in the case who has been sentenced to death. Nalini later gave birth to a girl, Harithra, in prison. Nalini's death sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in April 2000.<ref>G.O.Ms.No.406, Home Department, dated 24 April 2000</ref> Rajiv's widow, Sonia Gandhi, intervened and asked for clemency for Nalini on the grounds of the latter being a mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/526728.stm|title=BBC News – SOUTH ASIA – Gandhi pleads for husband's killer|work=bbc.co.uk|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001202802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/526728.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, it was reported that Gandhi's daughter, Priyanka, had met Nalini at Vellore Central Prison in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080416/main3.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|work=tribuneindia.com|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410205926/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080416/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Nalini regrets the killing of Gandhi and said the real conspirators have not been caught yet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/I-regret-Rajiv-Gandhis-assassination-Nalini/articleshow/3320790.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430180742/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-03/india/27901060_1_rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-nalini-sriharan-suicide-bomber |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=I regret Rajiv Gandhi's assassination: Nalini |date=3 August 2008 |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_my-sins-washed-away-says-nalini-sriharan_1159967|title=My sins washed away, says Nalini Sriharan|date=16 April 2008|work=dna|access-date=9 February 2013|archive-date=4 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404182419/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_my-sins-washed-away-says-nalini-sriharan_1159967|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2011, the president of India rejected the clemency pleas of Murugan and two others on death row—Suthendraraja, alias Santhan, and Perarivalan, alias Arivu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nalini-meets-hubby-on-death-row-/articleshow/9939678.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430171036/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-11/india/30141652_1_vellore-prison-nalini-sriharan-puzhal-prison |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |title=Nalini meets hubby on death row |date=11 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> The execution of the three convicts was scheduled for 9 September 2011. However, the [[Madras High Court]] intervened and stayed their executions for eight weeks based on their petitions. In 2010, Nalini had petitioned the Madras High Court seeking release because she had served more than 20 years in prison. She argued that even life convicts were released after 14 years. The state government rejected her request.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/rajiv-gandhi-assassin-nalini-sriharan-not-to-be-freed-70411-2010-03-28 |title=Rajiv Gandhi assassin Nalini Sriharan not to be freed : Latest Headlines, News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=29 March 2010 |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006004448/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Rajiv+Gandhi+assassin+Nalini+Sriharan+not+to+be+freed/1/90329.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajiv-Gandhis-assassin-Nalini-gets-back-A-class-jail-facilities/articleshow/12283636.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227060118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-16/india/31200948_1_special-prison-puzhal-m-radhakrishnan |url-status=live |archive-date=27 February 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Rajiv Gandhi's assassin Nalini gets back 'A' class jail facilities |date=16 March 2012 |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rajiv-gandhi-s-killer-nalini-breaks-down-132130 |title=Rajiv Gandhi's killer Nalini breaks down |publisher=NDTV.com |date=7 September 2011 |access-date=27 February 2013 |archive-date=30 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430195136/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/rajiv-gandhi-s-killer-nalini-breaks-down-132130 |url-status=live }}</ref> Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan have said they are political prisoners rather than ordinary criminals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_rajiv-gandhi-assassination-convict-nalini-shifted-to-vellore-prison_1584208 |title=Nalini Sriharan back in Vellore – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |access-date=27 February 2013|date=7 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Nalini-shifted-from-Vellore-jail-to-Puzhal/articleshow/6103653.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154648/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-06-29/chennai/28311629_1_premature-release-prison-manual-rules-nalini-sriharan |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Nalini shifted from Vellore jail to Puzhal |date=29 June 2010 |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Subramani, A |date=21 January 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/After-19-yrs-in-jail-for-Rajiv-murder-Nalini-may-be-freed/articleshow/5482411.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164451/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-21/india/28126770_1_premature-release-vellore-prison-nalini |url-status=live |archive-date=30 April 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=After 19 yrs in jail for Rajiv murder, Nalini may be freed |access-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> On 18 February 2014, the Supreme Court of India commuted the death sentences of Murugan, Santhan and Perarivalan to life imprisonment, holding that the 11-year-long delay in deciding their mercy petition had a dehumanising effect on them.<ref>[http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41228 ''V. Sriharan @ Murugan vs. Union of India & Ors.'', T.C. (Crl.) Nos. 1–3 of 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010319/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41228 |date=27 April 2014 }} citing [http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41163 ''Shatrughan Chauhan & Anr. vs. Union of India & Ors.'', W.P. (Crl.) No. 55 of 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234512/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41163 |date=26 April 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Supreme Court commuted Death Sentence of Rajiv Gandhi's Killers to Life Imprisonment|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/supreme-court-death-sentence-of-rajiv-gandhis-killers-to-life-imprisonment/|work=IANS|date=18 February 2014|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> On 19 February 2014 Tamil Nadu government decided to release all seven convicts in Rajiv Gandhi's assassination case, including A. G. Perarivalan and Nalini.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chennaivision.com/news/2014/72578.php |title=TN to release all Rajiv convicts |date=19 February 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304231802/http://chennaivision.com/news/2014/72578.php |archive-date=4 March 2014 }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] challenged this decision before the Supreme Court, which referred the case to a Constitution Bench.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41465| title = ''Union of India vs. V. Sriharan @ Murugan & Ors.'', W.P. (Crl.) 48 of 2014| access-date = 26 April 2014| archive-date = 27 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010028/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41465| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The report of the Jain Commission created controversy when it accused the [[Tamil Nadu]] chief minister [[Karunanidhi]] of a role in the assassination, leading to Congress withdrawing its support for the [[I. K. Gujral]] government and fresh elections in 1998. LTTE spokesman [[Anton Balasingham]] told the Indian television channel [[NDTV]] the killing was a "great tragedy, a monumental historical tragedy which we deeply regret".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70062 |title=We deeply regret Rajiv's death: LTTE |work=The Indian Express |date=27 June 2006 |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513024836/http://www.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=70062 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm |title=Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2006 |access-date=7 March 2010 |archive-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621195429/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> A memorial called [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Vir Bhumi]] was constructed at the place of Gandhi's cremation in Delhi. In 1992, the [[Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavana Award]] was instituted by the Indian National Congress Party.

Since his death, 21 May has been declared Anti-Terrorism Day in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-observes-anti-terrorism-day-on-rajiv-gandhis-death-anniversary/articleshow/47371181.cms |title=Assam observes Anti-Terrorism Day on Rajiv Gandhi's death anniversary |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=21 May 2005 |access-date=14 March 2018 |archive-date=17 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317170514/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/assam-observes-anti-terrorism-day-on-rajiv-gandhis-death-anniversary/articleshow/47371181.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Wide image| Rajib Gandhi Memorial.jpg|690px|A Panoramic view of Rajiv Gandhi Memorial }}

== Awards and honours ==
*{{flag|India}}:
**[[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Bharat Ratna]] (1991, posthumous)

==Institutions named after Gandhi==
{{Main|List of things named after Rajiv Gandhi}}

==In popular culture==
{{See also|:Category:Cultural depictions of Rajiv Gandhi|:Category:Works about the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}
A number of films have been made in India focusing on Rajiv Gandhi's life especially on his assassination. ''India's Rajiv'' is a 1991 Indian documentary television series by [[Simi Garewal]], released closely after Gandhi's assassination it covers his life up to that event.<ref>{{Citation|last=Simi Garewal|title=India's Rajiv – Part – 1 The Person|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1__XkqdH3I| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414215000/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1__XkqdH3I| archive-date=2017-04-14 | url-status=dead|access-date=2021-06-10}}</ref> Indian films specifically focusing on the assassination plot include [[The Terrorist (1997 film)|''The Terrorist'']] (1997) by [[Santosh Sivan]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Ebert|first=Roger|date=17 July 2005|title=The Terrorist Movie Review & Film Summary (2000)|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-terrorist-2000|access-date=25 June 2020|publisher=Rogerebert.com|archive-date=15 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715225201/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-the-terrorist-2000|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Cyanide (2006 film)|''Cyanide'']] (2006) by [[A. M. R. Ramesh]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cyanide|url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/cyanide/0-0-cyanide|website=[[zee5]]|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307010618/https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/cyanide/0-0-cyanide|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Kuttrapathirikai]]'' (2007) by [[R. K. Selvamani]] with [[Anupam Kher]] in the role of Gandhi,<ref>{{cite web|title=Yadavalaya Films, Represented By ... vs The Film Certification Appellate ... on 20 March, 2006|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1042072/|access-date=27 June 2012|publisher=Indiankanoon.org|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192249/http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1042072/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Mission 90 Days]]'' (2007) by [[Major Ravi]],<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/film-throws-new-light-on-rajiv-assassins/story-eYOoO0BZoW11VzgX4ArbfP.html Film Throws New Light on Rajiv Assassins] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611121837/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/film-throws-new-light-on-rajiv-assassins/story-eYOoO0BZoW11VzgX4ArbfP.html |date=11 June 2021 }}. [[Hindustan Times]].</ref> and ''[[Madras Cafe]]'' (2013) by [[Shoojit Sircar]] starring Sanjay Gurbaxani as the former prime minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madras Café|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/70293703|access-date=11 June 2021|website=[[Netflix]]|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611121838/https://www.netflix.com/title/70293703|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Pradhanmantri]]'' ({{Literal translation|Prime Minister}}), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on [[ABP News]] and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, includes the tenureship of Rajiv Gandhi in the episodes "Rajiv Gandhi becomes PM and Shah Bano case", "Ayodhya dispute", "Rajiv Gandhi and Bofors scandal", and "Rise of LTTE and Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi" with [[Mohit Chauhan (actor)|Mohit Chauhan]] portraying the role of Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2013|title=Pradhanmantri – Episode 19: The {{sic|assas|ination|nolink=y}} of Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5DUONLHGUU&list=PL4gSUwMBf0L0p8mciCow7pSMs0ZViBe1R&index=19|publisher=ABP News}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Cited sources ==
*{{cite book|ref=Agarwal|title=Rajiv Gandhi|author=Agarwal, Meena |year=2004|isbn=9788128809002|location=|pages=|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC4dLXMz-wEC&q=rajiv+gandhi+biography}}
*{{cite book|ref=Aiyar|title=Confessions of a Secular Fundamentalist|author=Aiyar, Mani Shankar |publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2006|isbn=9780143062059|author-link=Mani Shankar Aiyar}}
*{{cite book|ref=Sharma|title=Journey of a Nation|author=Sharma, Anand |publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2011|isbn=9788171888405|author-link=Anand Sharma}}

==Further reading==
* Bhagwati, Jaimini. ''The Promise of India: How Prime Ministers Nehru to Modi Shaped the Nation (1947-2019)'' (Penguin Random House India, 2019), chapter 5.
* Blakeslee, David S. "Politics and public goods in developing countries: Evidence from the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi." ''Journal of Public Economics'' 163 (2018): 1–19. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004727271730213X online]
* Guha, Ramachandra. ''India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy'' (2007) pp 565–594. [https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi0000guha online]
* Haskins, James. ''India under Indira and Rajiv Gandhi'' (1989) [https://archive.org/details/indiaunderindira00hask online]
* Kaarthikenyan, D. R., and Radhavinod Raju. ''Rajiv Gandhi Assassination'' (Sterling Publishers, 2008).
* Kapur, Harish. "India's foreign policy under Rajiv Gandhi." ''The Round Table'' 76.304 (1987): 469–480. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00358538708453838 India's foreign policy under Rajiv Gandhi]
* Kapur, Harish. ''Foreign policies of India's prime ministers'' (Lancer Publishers LLC, 2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=NRTZAQAAQBAJ&dq=%22harish+Kapur%22&pg=PT368 online].
* Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. ''The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)'' [https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/ excerpt] pp 117–130.
* Manor, James. "Rajiv Gandhi and post-election India: opportunities and risks." ''The World Today'' 41.3 (1985): 51–54. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395715 online]
* Mehta, Ved. ''Rajiv Gandhi and Rama's kingdom'' (Yale UP, 1995) [https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhiramas0000meht_f5z3 online] scholarly history of politics.
* Nugent, Nicholas. ''Rajiv Gandhi: son of a dynasty'' (BBC Books, 1990) [https://archive.org/details/rajivgandhisonof0000nuge online]
* Ramanujam, V., Dabhade, M.S. ''Rajiv Gandhi's Summit Diplomacy: A Study of the Beijing Summit, 1988'' ''China Report'' (2019). No. 55(4). pp. 310–327
* Roberts, Michael. "Killing Rajiv Gandhi: Dhanu's sacrificial metamorphosis in death." ''South Asian History and Culture'' 1.1 (2009): 25–41. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19472490903387191 online]
*Shourie, Arun. ''These lethal, inexorable laws: Rajiv, his men and his regime'' (Delhi: South Asia Books, 1992).
* Weiner, Myron. "Rajiv Gandhi: A mid-term assessment." in ''India Briefing, 1987'' (Routledge, 2019) pp. 1–23.
* Zaitcev A. — The activity of the Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty in Modern Indian English-language Historiography (from 1991 to the present) ''Genesis: Historical research'' (2022). – No. 7. – pp. 1–13. DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2022.7.38347 EDN: EPEXHR URL: [https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=38347 The activity of the Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty in Modern Indian English-language Historiography (from 1991 to the present)]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rajiv Gandhi}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/श्री-राजीव-गांधी/ Profile] at PMO website
*{{OL author}}
*{{C-SPAN}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0304162}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sanjay Gandhi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of Parliament for [[Amethi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Amethi]] |years=1981–1991}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Satish Sharma]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Indira Gandhi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of India]]|years=31 October 1984 – 2 December 1989}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[V. P. Singh]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chair of the [[Planning Commission (India)|Planning Commission]]|years=31 October 1984 – 2 December 1989}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Indira Gandhi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]|years=31 October 1984 – 24 September 1985}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of Civil Aviation]]|years=31 October 1984 – 24 September 1985}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Bansi Lal]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Defence (India)|Union Minister of Defence]]|years=25 September 1985 – 24 January 1987}}
{{s-aft|after=[[V. P. Singh]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[V. P. Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]|years=24 January 1987 – 25 July 1987}}
{{s-aft|after=[[N. D. Tiwari]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-bef|before=[[N. D. Tiwari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of External Affairs]]|years=25 July 1987 – 25 June 1988}}
{{s-aft|after=[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-dip}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ataur Rahman Khan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]]|years=16 November 1986 – 1 November 1987 }}
{{s-aft|after=[[Marich Man Singh Shrestha]]}}
{{s-end}}
}}
{{Prime Ministers of India}}
{{Defence Ministers of India}}
{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
{{Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}
{{Indian National Congress Presidents}}
{{Bharat Ratna}}
{{Sri Lankan Civil War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Rajiv}}
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi| ]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]
[[Category:Kashmiri politicians]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:1984 anti-Sikh riots]]
[[Category:1991 murders in Asia]]
[[Category:Assassinated prime ministers]]
[[Category:Children of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian amateur radio people]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (India)]]
[[Category:Nehru–Gandhi family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 1991]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People killed during the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Deaths by suicide bomber]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for external affairs of India]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of India]]
[[Category:Ministers for corporate affairs]]
[[Category:Ministers of defence of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Failed assassination attempts in Asia]] 
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Ecole d'Humanité alumni]]
[[Category:Asian politicians assassinated in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Indian politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1991]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
[[Category:Deaths by explosive device]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Politicians killed in wars]]
[[Category:Parsi people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Science ministers of India]]

Chamarajendra Wadiyar X

2026-03-16T07:50:17Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: fixed issues

{{Short description|Maharaja of Mysore from 1868 to 1894}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chamarajendra Wadiyar X
| image = Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg
| caption = Photograph of Chamarajendra Wadiyar X
| succession = 23rd [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| reign = 23 September 1868 – 28 December 1894
| title = Chamarajendra Maharaja X
| coronation = 23 September 1868
| predecessor = [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]
| successor = [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]
| spouse = [[Kempananjammanni Devi]]
| issue = [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]], Jayalakshmi Ammanni, Krishnaraja Ammanni, Chaluvaja Ammanni, Krishnajammanni
| full name = Chamarajendra Wadiyar Bahadur X
| royal house = [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
| father = Sardar Chikka Krishnaraj Urs 
[[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (grandfather)
| mother = Rajkumari Sri Putta Ammanni
| birth_date = 22 February 1863
| birth_place = [[Chamundi Hills]], [[Mysore]], [[Mysore Kingdom]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1894|12|28|1863|2|22}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Chamarajendra Wadiyar X''' (22 February 1863 – 28 December 1894) was the twenty-third [[Maharaja of Mysore]] between 1868 and 1894.

==Early life==
Chamarajendra Wadiyar X was born in the old palace in [[Mysore]] on 22 February 1863, as the third son of Sardar Chikka Krishnaraj Urs of the [[Wadiyar dynasty#Bettada Kote (Hill Fort) Urs branch|Bettada-Kote Urs branch]] of the Wadiyar dynasty. His father died about a week before his birth. His mother, Rajkumari Putammani Devi, was the eldest daughter of [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]], then [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. As the king did not have a male heir, he adopted Chamarajendra as his official heir on 18 June 1865, which was later recognised by the [[British Raj]] on 16 April 1867.

==Reign==
[[File:Chamarajednra Wadiyar X of Mysore1877.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Chamarajendra Wadiyar X in 1877]]

Krishnaraja Wadiyar III died on 27 March 1868, and Chamarajendra Wadiyar X ascended the throne at the [[Mysore Palace]] on 23 September 1868. However, since 1831, the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] had been under the direct administration of the British Raj via [[Mysore Commission]], which had earlier deposed Krishnaraja Wodeyar III on allegations of misrule. Later, the Privy Council of the United Kingdom ordered the reversal of the [[Company rule in India|Company]]'s decision, and the princely state of Mysore was reconstituted and restored to the Wadiyar dynasty by an instrument of rendition in 1881. Chamarajendra Wadiyar X, who was groomed to take charge of the administration, and was officially handed the reins in the same year.<ref name="DH">{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/608087/a-legacy-art-architecture.html|title=A legacy of art & architecture|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=17 April 2017|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

During his brief reign, he was aided by dewans [[C. V. Rungacharlu]] (1881–1883) and [[K. Seshadri Iyer]] (1883–1901). He instituted the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Representative Assembly]] in 1881, one of the earliest legislative institutions in princely India.<ref>{{cite book |last=Assembly |first=Karnataka (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cV9NMwEACAAJ |title=The History of Karnataka Legislature: The Mysore Representative Assembly |date=1989 |publisher=Government Suburban Press }}</ref> He sponsored the journey of [[Swami Vivekananda]] to [[Chicago]] in 1893. He founded the [[Kannada]] Bashojjivini School and instituted several industrial schools. The annual Dasara Industrial Exhibition was established, and he facilitated the founding of agricultural banks to help finance farmers, and [[life insurance]] for government employees.<ref name="DH"/>

== Death and succession ==
Chamarajndra Wadiyar died of [[diphtheria]], in [[Calcutta]], on 28 December 1894, aged 31.<ref name="DH"/> He was succeeded by his ten-year-old son, [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]. His wife, [[Kempananjammanni Devi]], served as regent of Mysore till their son came of age.

== Family ==
[[File:HH Sri Chamarajendra Wadiyar X.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Chamarajendra Wadiyar X by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], 1885]]
In May 1878, Chamarajendra Wadiyar married Kempananjammani Devi, the daughter of an ''arasu'' (royalty) of [[Kalale]], a prominent nobleman of Mysore state. They had four sons and three daughters, of whom the following survived to adulthood:
#[[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]], succeeded his father as Maharaja of Mysore.
# Prince [[Kanteerava Narasimharaja Wadiyar]], father of Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]].
# Princess Jayalakshammani, (1881–1924), married her youngest maternal uncle, [[M. Kantaraj Urs]], who was the [[List of Diwans of Mysore|Diwan of Mysore]] between 1919 and 1922, in 1897.
# Princess Krishnajammani, (1883–1904), married Desaraja Urs, Commander of the Mysore Armed Forces, from the Bagle family of Mogur in Mysore State, in 1896. They had a son and three daughters. She and her three daughters died of [[tuberculosis]], and the Krishnajammanni Sanitorium was built in her memory.
# Princess Cheluvajammani (1886–1936),<ref>{{cite news|title=Mysore Princess Dead|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19360503-1.2.112|access-date=9 May 2017|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=3 May 1936|page=15}}</ref> married M. Lakshmikanta Raj Urs, a nobleman of Mysore State, in 1900. A maternity hospital and park are named after her.

==Patronage==
Chamarajendra Wadiyar X was a great patron of arts and music; his court boasted of artists like Veene Subbanna, [[Veene Sheshanna]], [[Mysore Vasudevachar]], Veena Padmanabhaiah, Mysore Karigiri Rao, and [[Bidaram Krishnappa]], among others. The maharaja was a violin virtuoso himself and used to daily provide accompaniment to Veena Subbanna's vocal and Veena Sheshanna's veena performances. His favourite ''[[kriti (music)|kriti]]'s'' included ''Sujana Jeevana'' and ''Lavanya Rama.'' He was also a connaisseur of ''Javali's'' ''Kritis'' (''Javalis'' are a genre of [[Carnatic music]]).

== Places in honour ==
[[File:Maharaja Cham Rajendra Vadiyar Marg - Vadodara - Gujarat - DSC0001.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Cham Rajendra Wadiyar Marg in [[Vadodara]]]]

Several landmarks in Mysore and [[Bangalore]] were built during his reign including the [[Bangalore Palace]] and [[Lalbagh Glass House]] in Bangalore. He established the [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]] (1889), [[Oriental Research Institute Mysore]] (1891), [[Dufferin Clock Tower]], and [[Mysore Zoo]], in Mysore, and the [[The Fernhills Palace, Ooty|Fernhills Palace]] in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/A-bit-of-Baroda-in-Mysore-Road-in-Sayajiraos-name-main-market/articleshow/5389215.cms|title=A bit of Baroda in Mysore: Road in Sayajirao's name main market|date=28 December 2009|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Maharaja's royal gift to Mysore | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysore/Maharajas-royal-gift-to-Mysore-/articleshow/6216007.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131203062519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-25/mysore/28281284_1_mysore-crawford-hall-maharaja-s-college | url-status = live | archive-date = 3 December 2013 | date = 25 Jul 2010| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 11 July 2013 }}</ref> Places and roads named after him include the [[Chamaraja Road, Vadodara]], [[Chamaraja (Vidhana Sabha constituency)]], [[Chamaraja Road, Mysore]], [[Chamarajpet]] in Bangalore, and [[Chamarajapuram]] in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2017|title=Rajmahal Road to be renamed Chamaraja Road|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/rajmahal-road-to-be-renamed-chamaraja-road/articleshow/58269464.cms |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2009 |first=Prashant|last=Rupera|title=A bit of Baroda in Mysore: Road in Sayajirao's name main market|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/a-bit-of-baroda-in-mysore-road-in-sayajiraos-name-main-market/articleshow/5389215.cms |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2015 |first=Sachin|last=Sharma|title=Memory of Sayajis friend erased from {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|citys}} face|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/memory-of-sayajis-friend-erased-from-citys-face/articleshow/47259736.cms |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefSketchOfTheLifeOfRajaDharmaPravinaT.R.A.ThumbooChetty|title=A Brief Sketch of the Life of T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty, Formerly Chief Judge and Officiating Dewan of Mysore.|last=Royaloo Chetty|first=T.|publisher=Hoe & Co.Madras|year=1909}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Mysore topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadiyar, Chamarajendra X}}
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1894 deaths]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty|Chamarajendra X]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Infectious disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Respiratory disease deaths in India]]
[[Category:Deaths from diphtheria]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]

Ole Bie

2026-03-15T03:05:48Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Done

{{Infobox person
| name = Ole Bie
| image = Fiebig Danish gate Serampore.jpg
| caption = Danish Gate in [[Serampore]], 1851
| birth_name = Ole Bie
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1733|2|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1805|5|18|1733|2|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Serampore]], [[India]]
| occupation = Colonial administrator
| known_for = Establishing and leading the colony of [[Fredriksnagore]]; supporting humanitarian and cultural development in [[Serampore]]
| notable_works = [[St. Olav's Church, Serampore]]
}}

'''Ole Bie''' (February 7, 1733 – May 18, 1805) was the head of the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[colony]] [[Serampore]] (under the jurisdiction of [[Tranquebar]]) in [[Bengal]], [[India]], for 30 years. [[Lutheranism|The Lutheran Church]] in Serampore was built under Ole Bie's leadership, marking the beginning of a cultural renaissance in Serampore.

== Biography ==
Bie left Trondheim at the age of 17. He was 23 when he arrived in [[India]]. Here, he formed valuable connections within the network of traders and eventually established the colony of Fredriksnagore, named after [[Frederick V of Denmark and Norway|King Frederick V]] in [[Copenhagen]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://arkiv.nrk.no/programoversikt/avansert/index01eb.html|title=Kong Bie av Fredriksnagore|website=arkiv.nrk.no|accessdate=Feb 16, 2025}}</ref> The colony was located a few miles north of [[Kolkata]] along a tributary of the [[Ganges]]. He oversaw the construction of a church with a tower nearly 40 meters tall. For Bie, who hailed from Trondheim, the church had to be dedicated to [[Olav the Holy|Saint Olaf]] but was strikingly similar to [[St. Martin-in-the-Fields]] at [[Trafalgar Square]]. In 1800, a group of British missionaries led by [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]] moved to [[Danish India]] due to the [[East India Company]]'s hostility to missionary activity. Bie took them in and allowed them to stay under his protection in Fredriksnagore. From Olav's Church, they worked to improve farming methods for poor farmers, built gardens and canals, conducted biological and botanical studies, and established schools, [[newspapers]], and [[Periodical|journals]]. They also translated the [[Bible]], [[Ramayana]], and [[Mahabharata]] into local languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.innherred.no/nyheter/2017/04/19/Her-er-Olavs-kirken-i-India-14605284.ece |title=Olav's Church in India |access-date=2021-03-29 |archive-date=2018-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101075125/http://www.innherred.no/nyheter/2017/04/19/Her-er-Olavs-kirken-i-India-14605284.ece}}</ref>

As trade routes opened eastward to Europe, the colony had in-demand goods to offer, including [[spices]], [[cotton]], [[silk]], and [[saltpeter]]. For 30 years, Bie made significant profits before the enterprise ended in a severe [[bankruptcy]]. He was accused of [[corruption]] and dismissed for a period when it was discovered that his ships had been charged lower [[customs duties]] than the official rates allowed. In Nordic [[archives]], Ole Bie is portrayed as a corrupt [[official]]. However, in India, he was a living [[legend]] for his support of extensive humanitarian work.<ref name="auto"/>

Ole Bie was the brother of the exiled author [[Jacob Christian Bie]].

== References ==
<references />

{{Portal|Denmark|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bie, Ole}}
[[Category:1733 births]]
[[Category:1805 deaths]]

[[Category:Danish civil servants]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]

Mrinmayee Godbole

2026-03-13T16:46:25Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Adding First Stub Nd Citations

{{short description|Indian film actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mrinmayee Godbole
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 6 February<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Mrinmayee Godbole: Throwback To The Times This Actress Totally Blew Our Minds |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/happy-birthday-mrinmayee-godbole-throwback-to-the-times-this-actress-totally-blew-our-minds/5e3bb89e8ee95c626732c7ee |access-date=15 June 2023 |website=}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 2011–present
| occupation = Actress
| father = [[Shrirang Godbole]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Nikhil Mahajan|2017}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikhil and Mrunmayee to have a registered marriage - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nikhil-mahajan-mrunmayee-godbole-agnihotra-pune-52-baji-shreyas-talpade-suhrud-godbole/articleshow/30678228.cms |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Mrinmayee Godbole''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movies. She is most appreciated for her role in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] ''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]'' directed by [[Paresh Mokashi]]. She was received Prestigious [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for film ''GodaKaath'' at [[58th Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/chi-va-chi-sau-ka/movie-review/58752850.cms|title=Chi Va Chi Sau Ka Movie Review {4/5}: Critic Review of Chi Va Chi Sau Ka by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Career ==
Godbole started her career with the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] movie ''[[Rajwade and Sons]]''. She later played roles in other movies like ''[[Chintoo (film)|Chintoo]]'' and ''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]''. She played the lead actress in the latter film, of a [[Veganism|vegan]] [[Veterinary physician|veterinarian]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-review-chi-va-chi-sau-ka/articleshow/58739765.cms |title=FILM REVIEW: CHI VA CHI SAU KA - Pune Mirror - |work=Pune Mirror |access-date=22 May 2017}}</ref> for which she learned [[kung fu]] she also Nominated for [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mrinmayee-learnt-kung-fu/articleshow/58599158.cms |title=Mrinmayee Godbole learnt Kung Fu - Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/chi-va-chi-sau-ka/articleshow/57922212.cms |title=Lalit Prabhakar to play lead role in Chi Va Chi Sau Ka - Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/chi-va-chi-sau-ka-fame-actress-mrinmayee-godbole-learnt-kung-fu-lalit-prabhakar-marathi-actor-actress-1470156/ |title=‘चि.सौ.कां.’ मृण्मयीने गिरवले ‘कुंग फू’चे धडे |date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2011
|''[[Teecha Baap Tyacha Baap]]''
|Monica Deshmukh
| rowspan="6" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|
|
|-
|2012
|[[Chintoo (film)|''Chintoo'']]
|Chimanee
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Pradosh''
|Latika
|Short film
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Rajwade and Sons]]''
|Ananya Vaibhav Joshi
|
|
|-
|[[Baji (2015 film)|''Baji'']]
|Herself
|In the song "Aala Re Aala Baji"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|[[Vees Mhanje Vees (Marathi movie)|''Vees Mhanje Vees'']]
|Shailaja Vaidya
|
|
|-
|''[[CRD (film)|CRD]]''
|Persis
|[[Hindi]] & [[English language|English]]
| rowspan="2" |Lead role
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]]''
|Savitri/Savi
|Marathi
|''<ref>[http://www.khojmaster.com/movie/moviedetail/286/Chi-Va-Chi-Sau-Ka-Show-Time-in-Amravati Chi Va Chi Sau Ka]</ref>''
|-
|2018
|[[Pad Man (film)|''Pad Man'']]
|Sonali Chauhan
|Hindi
|Supporting role
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Ye Re Ye Re Paisa 2]]''
|Sara Desai
| rowspan="6" |Marathi
|Parallel lead
|
|-
|''Kanyadaan''
|Jyoti Athavle
|
|
|-
|''[[Smile Please (2019 film)|Smile Please]]''
|Herself
|In the song "Chal Pudhe"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Awwanchit''
|Aashima
|
|
|-
|''[[Jhimma]]''
|Rama Lele-Shah
|
|
|-
|[[June (2021 film)|''June'']]
|Herself
|Special appearance
|''<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Hemant Dhome's multi starrer 'Jhimma' to release on April 23rd |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/hemant-dhomes-multi-starrer-jhimma-to-release-on-april-23rd/articleshow/81343242.cms |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|[[Aye Zindagi (2022 film)|''Aye Zindagi'']]
|Manjula Nair
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Vishu (film)|Vishu]]''
|Arvi
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Dear Molly''
|Anita
|Hindi
|
|''<ref>{{Cite web |title=The trailer of Gashmeer Mahajani and Mrinmayee Godbole starrer Vishu is out |url=https://www.filmfare.com//news/bollywood/the-trailer-of-gashmeer-mahajani-and-mrinmayee-godbole-starrer-vishu-is-out-52796.html |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>''
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''GodaKaath''
|Preeti
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|Won [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|''<ref>{{Cite web |title=GodaKaath |url=https://filmfreeway.com/GodaKaath |access-date=30 May 2023 |website=FilmFreeway |language=en}}</ref>''
|-
|''Toh, Ti Ani Fuji''
|Ti
|
|''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Toh Ti Ani Fuji |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/toh-ti-ani-fuji/movieshow/93132151.cms |access-date=30 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>''
|-
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|Dr. Amrita
|Hindi
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|2026
|''[[Tighee]]''
| Young Hemlata Ranade
| Marathi
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Platform
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2008-2010
|''[[Agnihotra (TV series)|Agnihotra]]''
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Vaidehi Chintamani Agnihotri
|Marathi TV Debut
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Platform
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''Once A Year''
|[[MX Player]]
|Raavi
|
|-
|2020
|[[High (TV series)|''High'']]
|[[MX Player]]
|Ashima Chauhan
|
|-
|2021
|''Kaali Peeli Tales''
| rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|Karuna
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Farzi]]''
|Adv. Stuti Das
|
|-
|''Shantit Kranti''
|[[SonyLIV]]
|Nishi
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=4668497|name=Mrinmayee Godbole}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godbole, Mrinmayee}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Srinu Pandranki

2026-03-13T11:13:30Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made info

{{Short description|Indian author, film maker and screenwriter (born 1987)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Srinu Pandranki
| image = Srinu Pandranki.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vizianagaram]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = Writer and filmmaker
| years_active = 2007 - Present
}}
'''Srinu Pandranki''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: శ్రీను పాండ్రంకి) (born 5 October 1987) also known by his pen name Mr. Zero Infinity, is an Indian author, film maker and screenwriter. He is noted for directing more than 30 Short films, Music videos, Documentaries and writing Novels, screenplays and short stories.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/50160
|title= Indian writer Srinu Pandranki releases two books
|newspaper=The Rising Nepal |date=2024-10-08 |accessdate=2022-03-06}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5048594/ |title=Srinu Pandranki: Short Movies |publisher=IMDB |date= |accessdate=2015-05-04}} {{unreliable source?|date=November 2016}}</ref>

== Film career==

Made thirty short films. Directional debut with the award-winning short film ''Flat No. 101''. Next short film ''Art of Living'' is a 5-minute film depicting the life of an individual with and without a smile. This was followed by the short films ''Break the Silence'' and ''Pink Slip''. The latter brought him recognition and nominations in various film festivals across the country. His short film ''Hour Glass'' is a [[silent film]] portraying a girl waiting for her parents to come home on her birthday. It is structured as a visual [[palindrome]], the first of its kind. It is considered the world’s first publicly released film with a fully palindromic narrative structure. His short films are mostly known for their screenplays and unusual structure.

His two music videos were telecast on MAA music, a leading music channel in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="thehansindia1">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2013-09-12/Visualising-the-art-of-writing-71575 |title=Visualising The Art of Writing |publisher=Thehansindia.com |date=2013-09-12 |accessdate=2015-05-04}}</ref>

His next short film ''Peek-a-boo'' is selected as an official entry in the Cannes Short Film Corner on 26 March 2014. It features [[Chaitanya Krishna]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/peekaboo-at-cannes/article5836736.ece |title='Peek-a-boo' at Cannes |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2014-03-27 |accessdate=2015-05-04}}</ref>

In 2017, he made a short film ''The Decision'' with noted Telugu film actress [[Lakshmi Manchu]] for which all top technicians including [[Anup Rubens]] [[Jayanan Vincent]] and [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]] have worked.<ref name="IMDB">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6089832/ |title=The Decisiom |publisher=IMDb |date=2013-09-12 |accessdate=2015-05-04}} {{unreliable source?|date=November 2016}}</ref> It has been officially selected to 9th Jaipur International Film Festival 2017 and 5th Delhi Shorts International Film festival 2016.<ref name="Miniboxoffice">{{cite web|url=https://miniboxoffice.com/delhishortsinternationalfilmfestival// |title=The Decision official selection |publisher=Miniboxoffice |date=2013-09-12 |accessdate=2015-05-04}}</ref><ref name="JIFF">{{cite web|url=https://miniboxoffice.com/delhishortsinternationalfilmfestival// |title=The Decision to Jaipur International Film Festival |publisher=JIFF |date=2016-11-08 |accessdate=2016-11-08}}</ref>

His short film ''Estella'' (2017) featuring Ravi Varma has been screened in Cannes Film Festival 2017.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url= http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/srinu-pandrankis-telugu-short-film-estella-to-be-screened-at-short-film-corner-cannes/article17807818.ece
|title='Estella' at Cannes |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2017-04-04 |accessdate=2017-04-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telugu-short-filmmaker-srinu-pandranki-thrilled-to-return-to-cannes/articleshow/58734379.cms
|title= Srinu Pandranki thrilled to return to Cannes |newspaper=The Times Of India |date=2017-05-19 |accessdate=2017-05-19}}</ref>

His next short film was ''Unusual'', an experimental English film shot entirely in Germany.

He went onto make 2 Telugu music videos later on, one in India and another in Nepal.
<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/detour/nepal-is-film-shooting-destination-srinu-pandranki
|title= Nepal is film shooting destination |newspaper=The Rising Nepal |date=2022-02-18 |accessdate=2022-03-06}}</ref>

== Writing ==

His debut novel {{math|''X''2}}, a [[crime thriller]] based in [[California]] in the United States, was released on 12 April 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/X%C2%B2-X-Trilogy-Volume-1/dp/1497482267/ |title=X² (X Trilogy) (Volume 1): Mr. Srinu Pandranki: 9781497482265: Amazon.com: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2015-05-04}}</ref> It was launched by [[Ram Gopal Varma]], a popular Indian director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/ramgopalvarma-launches-srinupandranki-xsquare.html |title=Ram Gopal Varma launches Srinu Pandranki's English thriller novel X Square - Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2014-04-13 |accessdate=2015-05-04}}</ref>

His Telugu novel "Nijanga Nenena", [[coming of age]] drama based in [[Hyderabad]] was released on 5 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amazon.in/dp/B09HPM2PKK/ref=cm_sw_r_apan_glt_fabc_V8KGNW3HMNFWVX6VKY88|title=Nijanga Nenena: Mr. Srinu Pandranki: 9781497482265: Amazon.com: Books |publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=2021-10-05}}</ref> Popular director [[V. N. Aditya]] was the chief guest and prominent directors and writers of Telugu film industry graced the event.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/nijanganenena-novel-launch.html
|title=The Launch of Telugu novel Nijanga Nenena - Telugu cinema news |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2021-10-05 |accessdate=2021-10-05}}</ref>

Later, he published the Indian edition of his novel {{math|''X''2}} , followed by the time-traveling story "Second Chance in Time"

He has launched 2 story collections in October 2024 at Kathmandu, Nepal. "9 crazy stories" for adults and "Cute little Stories" for kids.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://theannapurnaexpress.com/story/50808/|title=Pandranki unveils two new books |publisher=The Annapurna Express |date= |accessdate=2024-10-08}}</ref>

His recent one is a non-fiction educational book "World of Sex" which has been launched in Pattaya, Thailand.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://a.co/d/36Cqpj3|title=World of Sex |publisher=Amazon |date= |accessdate=2025-10-02}}</ref>

== Lyrics ==

Srinu Pandranki made his debut as a lyricist with the 2025 Telugu-language film "Oka Brundavanam". The song, titled "Eshwara...", was composed by the debut music director duo Sunny & Saketh and performed by playback singer Dasari Aishwarya. The lyrics portray a woman in distress invoking Lord Eshwara for help.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=L9D06C3pdXi7l6uT&v=oFIZnWc9zWM&feature=youtu.be|title=Oka brundavanam audio juke box|publisher=Aditya Music|date= |accessdate=2025-05-21}}</ref>

== Short films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Production !! Language
|-
| 2007 || ''Life Is Beautiful'' || Srinu Pandranki || Telugu
|-
| 2007 || ''Flat no. 101'' || Srinu Pandranki|| Telugu
|-
| 2008 || ''Art of Living'' || Muneendra || Silent
|-
| 2009 || ''Break the Silence'' || Muneendra || Telugu
|-
| 2010 || ''Pink Slip'' || Anjan & Ram Kiran || Telugu
|-
| 2013 || ''Hour Glass'' || Srinu Pandranki || Silent
|-
| 2014 || ''Love Forever'' || Bhogapurapu Madhu & Parvati || Telugu
|-
| 2014 || ''Adieu Ordkut'' || Bhanu Kurella || English
|-
| 2015 || ''Upma Tinesindi'' || Praneeth Paleti || Telugu
|-
| 2015|| ''Unspoken'' || Praneeth Paleti || Silent
|-
| 2015 || ''Psuedocide''|| Praneeth Paleti || Telugu
|-
| 2015 || ''M.M.S''|| Praneeth Paleti|| Telugu
|-
| 2016 || ''Happy Accidents''||Venkat Bommineni || Telugu
|-
| 2016 || ''Boochi''|| Praneeth Paleti & SVK Chaitanya|| Telugu
|-
| 2017 || ''Mega Fan''|| People Media Factory || Telugu
|-
| 2017 || ''Estella''|| Ram Productions || Telugu
|-
| 2017 || ''The Decision''|| People Media Factory|| English
|-
| 2018 || Gudilo Puvvu||Jeedigunta Ramalakshmi || Telugu
|-
|2018
|Dream Reader
|Nirmala Devi
|Telugu
|-
| 2018 || ''Mother Land''|| J. D. Cherukuri ||Telugu
|-
| 2019 || ''Unusual''||People Media Factory|| English & Telugu
|-
| 2020 || ''Sweccha''|| Zero Budget ||Telugu
|-
| 2022 || ''Friday Night''|| Dr. [[Murali Chand Ginjupalli]] ||English
|-
| 2022 || ''Srushti''||Timmarasu Sastry malladi & Kanaka Durga malladi ||Telugu
|-
| 2024 || ''Time Traveler''||Phani Kumar Vulli ||Telugu
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
| 2017 || ''We are Mothers''|| Venkat Bommineni || Telugu
|}

== Music Videos ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
| 2010 || ''Don't Say Good Bye'' || Murali Nadakuditi || English
|-
| 2011 || ''Orchids'' || [[Murali Chand Ginjupalli]] || Telugu
|-
| 2022 || ''Kallu Kallu Kalisina Kshaname''|| [[Murali Chand Ginjupalli]] ||Telugu
|-
| 2023 || ''Burqa''||Timmarasu Sastry malladi & Kanaka Durga malladi ||Telugu
|-
| 2025 || ''Lost Child''||Haresh Nanda ||Tagalog
|-
| 2025 || ''Xmas Joy''||Venu Kusu ||English
|-
| 2026 || ''Pinay Paraiso''|| [[Murali Chand Ginjupalli]] ||Tagalog
|}

==Novels==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Publishing House !! Language
|-
| 2014 || {{math|''X''2}} || Create Space by Amazon|| English
|-
| 2021 || ''Nijanga Nenena'' || PIP – Pandranki Innovative Publications|| Telugu
|-
| 2022 || {{math|''X''2}} Indian Edition || PIP – Pandranki Innovative Publications|| English
|-
| 2023 || ''Second Chance in Time''|| PIP – Pandranki Innovative Publications || English
|}

==Short Story Collections==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Publishing House !! Language

|-
| 2024 || ''9 Crazy Stories''|| PIP – Pandranki Innovative Publications || English
|-
| 2024 || ''Cute Little Stories''|| PIP – Pandranki Innovative Publications || English
|}

==Non-Fiction==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Publishing House !! Language

|-
| 2025 || ''World of Sex''|| PIP – Pandranki Innovative Publications || English
|}

==See also==
[[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|filmmaking}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandranki, Srinu}}
[[Category:Writers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]

Vijayakumari (film)

2026-03-04T05:06:50Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vijayakumari film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. S. A. Sami]]
| producer = M. Somasundaram
| writer = A. S. A. Sami
| starring = [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] [[T. R. Rajakumari]]
| music = [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| cinematography = Masthan W. R. Subba Rao
| editing = D. Durairaj
| studio = [[Jupiter Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1950|3|18|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Vijayakumari''''' is a 1950 Indian [[Tamil language]] film directed by [[A. S. A. Sami]]. The film stars [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and [[T. R. Rajakumari]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> It was released on 18 March 1950.<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1950 – விஜயகுமாரி – ஜுபிடர் |trans-title=1950 – Vijayakumari – Jupiter |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1950-cinedetails11.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328014123/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1950-cinedetails11.asp |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2024}}
This is the story of a young man who works to bring changes in the society by destroying corruption and superstitious beliefs. The story is set in a kingdom that had a wily minister. The princess falls in love with the young man, but the minister wishes to marry her to his son. The young man and his sister are tormented by the minister.

== Cast ==
List adapted from [[The Hindu]] article.<ref name="hindu" />
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
*[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] as Vijayan
*[[Serukalathur Sama]] as Prime Minister
*[[T. S. Balaiah]] as Son of Prime Minister
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as the brother of a fisherwoman
*[[R. Balasubramaniam]]
*[[K. R. Ramsingh]] as an amputated Wizard
*Pulimoottai Ramasami
*K. Sayeeram{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
*[[T. R. Rajakumari]] as the Princess
*[[Kumari Kamala]] as Sister of Vijayan
*P. K. Saraswathi as Maya, Queen of an island
*K. S. Angamuthu
*M. S. S. Bhagyam as a fisherwoman
'''Dance'''
*[[Vyjayanthimala]]
*[[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]-[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]

{{col-end}}

== Production ==
This is a historical film, but almost like a folklore film, produced by M. Somasundaram under the banner [[Jupiter Pictures]]. After the success of ''[[Velaikkaari]]'', the producer encouraged [[A. S. A. Sami]] to bring out another film with a similar theme. Sami created the character of a young man with revolutionary ideas and the same hero [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] was featured in the role.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=5 November 2009 |title=Blast from the past: Vijayakumari (1950) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Vijayakumari-1950/article16890418.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328022057/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-from-the-past-Vijayakumari-1950/article16890418.ece |archive-date=28 March 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[C. R. Subburaman]] and [[C. S. Jayaraman]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> The film had 14 songs, some of them of Western style.<ref name="hindu" /> The dance song "Laalu Laalu" became popular.<ref name="hindu" /> As a boy, [[A. L. Raghavan]] was introduced by Jayaraman and sang in a girl's voice for Kumari Kamala in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivpprasadh |first=S. |date=20 June 2013 |title=The perfect pair |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/the-perfect-pair/article4833510.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130726054808/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/the-perfect-pair/article4833510.ece |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=6 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer/s !! MD !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Laalu Laalu" || [[A. P. Komala]]|| || rowspan=2|[[K. D. Santhanam]]|| 02:39
|-
| "Vaa Vavvaa Kittey Vaa Vavvaa" || A. P. Komala, Pulimoottai Ramasamy || || 03:14
|-
| "Geethaanandham Perinbam" || [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[P. Leela]]|| rowspan="2" | C. S. Jayaraman || rowspan=5|[[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]]|| 04:59
|-
| "Katchi Yaavaiyum" || [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[T. R. Rajakumari]] and [[A. L. Raghavan]]||
|-
| "Pandrimalai Panimamalai" || A. P. Komala, K. V. Janaki || || 02:34
|-
| "Kondaadum Subathiname" || [[T. V. Rathnam]], P. Leela || || 03:03
|-
| "Pozhuthu Vidinthaal" || T. R. Rajakumari || || 03:00
|}

== Reception ==
Film historian [[Randor Guy]] wrote in 2009 that the film did not do well commercially because of its complicated story.<ref name="hindu" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1950 films]]
[[Category:1950s historical films]]
[[Category:1950 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films about superstition]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. S. A. Sami]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:Jupiter Pictures films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Shatranj (1969 film)

2026-03-04T03:52:59Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made a post

{{short description|1969 film by S. S. Vasan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shatranj
| image = Shatranj 1969.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]] N. N. Sippy
| starring = [[Rajendra Kumar]] [[Waheeda Rehman]]
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1969||}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}
'''''Shatranj''''' ({{translation|[[Shatranj|Chess]]}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[spy thriller]] film co-produced and directed by [[S. S. Vasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shatranj Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shatranj/cast/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221227054248/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shatranj/cast/ |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> His final directorial venture, it stars [[Rajendra Kumar]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]], with [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Shashikala]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Achala Sachdev]], [[Manmohan Krishna]] and [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] in pivotal roles.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=December 2022}}
Sharda has been married to Thakur for several years, and both have a daughter: Meena. Sharda and Meena suddenly decide to leave India and settle down in a [[Communism|communist]] country, without letting Thakur know. Concerned about them, Thakur hires Jai, a spy, to locate them, and bring them back if possible. Jai agrees and soon arrives in that country, which is ruled by a military general who has not shown his face to anyone. Jai assumes the identity of Shinraaz, goes around trying to locate the two women, and finds Meena, who works as a dancer in a hotel. Jai eventually learns what brought Meena and her mother to this country, and why they both are not willing to return to India.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajendra Kumar]] as Jay / Vijay / Shinraz
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Meena
* [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]] as Ameer
* [[Madan Puri]] as Comrade Chang
* [[Shashikala]] as Suzy
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Salma
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Sharda
* [[Manmohan Krishna]] as Thakur
* [[Agha (actor)|Agha]] as Comrade Lee Jung

== Production ==
''Shatranj'' was the final film directed by [[S. S. Vasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=26 August 2015 |title=SS Vasan |url=http://upperstall.com/profile/luminary/ss-vasan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161102082555/http://upperstall.com/profile/luminary/ss-vasan/ |archive-date=2 November 2016 |access-date=26 July 2017 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref> He co-produced the film with N. N. Sippy under [[Gemini Studios]].<ref name="Helen">{{Cite book |last=Pinto |first=Jerry |title=Helen: The Life and Times of an H-Bomb |title-link=Helen: The Life and Times of an H-Bomb |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-14-303124-6 |location=India |pages=242 |author-link=Jerry Pinto}}</ref><ref name="Mehmood">{{Cite book |last=Zaveri |first=Hanif |title=Mehmood, a Man of Many Moods |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |year=2005 |isbn=81-7991-213-2 |pages=183}}</ref> [[Madan Puri]]'s character was modelled after the fictional character [[Fu Manchu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kini |first=Nandan |date=2 May 2015 |title=Gabbar is back but here is a must watch guide to the best of Bollywood's worst villains |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gabbar-is-back-but-here-is-a-must-watch-guide-to-the-best-of-bollywoods-worst-villains-2221032.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170725100542/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gabbar-is-back-but-here-is-a-must-watch-guide-to-the-best-of-bollywoods-worst-villains-2221032.html |archive-date=25 July 2017 |access-date=25 July 2017 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> The film was colourised using [[Eastmancolor]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 1969 |title=Shatranj |pages=5 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |location=[[Chennai|Madras]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19691017&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 October 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by the duo [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]. [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[S. H. Bihari]], [[Indeevar]] and Kiran Kalyani were the lyricists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shatranj (1969) |url=https://mio.to/album/Shatranj+(1969) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221227054545/https://mio.to/album/Shatranj+(1969) |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Na Socha Na Samjha Na Seekha
| extra1 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| title2 = Aao Tumhen Pyar Karna Seekha Doon
| extra2 = [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| title3 = Badli Mein Chhupe Chand Ne
| extra3 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Hemant Kumar]]
| title4 = Shatranj Ki Chaal Hai Hamari
| extra4 = Mohammed Rafi
| title5 = Jungle Mein Mor Nacha Kisne Dekha
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| title6 = Samjho Zara Kahti Hai Kya
| extra6 = Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
| title7 = Batkamma Batkamma ekkaDa pOtAv raa
| extra7 = Mohammed Rafi, [[Sharda Rajan Iyengar]]
| title8 = Ajnabee Hoon Main Is Jahan Mein
| extra8 = Lata Mangeshkar
| title9 = Tumhen Agar Main Apna Saathi
| extra9 = Mohammed Rafi, Asha Bhosle
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Shatranj'' was an "[[Anti-Chinese sentiment#India|anti-China]] movie", and theatres screening the film in [[West Bengal]] were burnt down by [[Communist revolution]]aries.<ref name="Naxalite" /> It was later forcibly removed from exhibition by the [[Government of West Bengal|Government of that state]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Hameeduddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hH43AAAAIAAJ&q=shatranj+gemini |title=The kaleidoscope of Indian cinema |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |year=1974 |page=152}}</ref> In [[Bathinda]], [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency|Naxalites]] tried to blow up the theatre where the film was being screened, but the police successfully removed the bomb before it could do any damage.<ref name="Naxalite">{{Cite book |last=Judge |first=Paramjit S. |title=Insurrection to Agitation: The Naxalite Movement in Punjab |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1992 |isbn=81-7154-527-0 |pages=111}}</ref> In a review dated 29 March 1969, the magazine ''Thought'' wrote, "Watching a game of [[shatranj]], one needs some intelligence and common sense to follow the opponents' moves and countermoves. Watching ''Shatranj'', the film, one has to suspend both intellect and [judgement]."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 March 1969 |title=Banner on Ground Level |magazine=Thought |page=19}}</ref> The film was commercially successful but, according to Vasan's son [[S. S. Balan|Balan]], "not to the extent expected by the maker".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Avijit |date=18 March 2012 |title=Gun-ho in Bollywood |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Gun-ho-in-Bollywood/articleshow/12312314.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=25 July 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170725091058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Gun-ho-in-Bollywood/articleshow/12312314.cms |archive-date=25 July 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0378751}}
{{Gemini Studios}}
{{S. S. Vasan}}

[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Vasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Gemini Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Thudikkum Karangal (1983 film)

2026-03-03T05:17:02Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made a pg

{{Short description|1983 film by C. V. Sridhar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thudikkum Karangal 1983 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. V. Sridhar]]
| writer = C. V. Sridhar
| producer = [[K. R. Gangadharan]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
| cinematography = Tiwari
| editing = K. R. Ramalingam
| music = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| studio = K. R. G. Film Circuit
| released = {{Film date|1983|3|4|ref1=}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thudikkum Karangal''''' ({{translation|Shivering hands}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[C. V. Sridhar]], and produced by [[K. R. Gangadharan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=நரசிம்மன் |first=டி.ஏ. |date=21 December 2018 |title=சி(ரி)த்ராலயா 46: கமலின் விருதும் ரஜினியின் அன்பும் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149804-46.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101111008/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/149804-46.html |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], while [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] and [[Y. G. Mahendran]] play other supporting roles. The soundtrack was composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], who made his debut as composer with this film in Tamil. It was average at box-office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=20 March 1983 |title=Rajni hits rock bottom |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/sshivu/status/1282266252807790592 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511090713/https://mobile.twitter.com/sshivu/status/1282266252807790592 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |pages=25 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=June 2022}}
Gopi is an auto mechanic and brother of Balu, who works in Ramesh's estate as a clerk. The film portrays the events dealing with the clash between Gopi and Ramesh. Radha is the love interest of Gopi and Babu provides comic relief.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajinikanth]] as Gopi
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Radha
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Ramesh
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Balu's wife
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Balu
*[[Y. G. Mahendran]] as Babu, Ramesh Assistant
*[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Stella
*[[Prathapachandran]] as Church father
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Seetha
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Doctor
*[[Master Haja Sheriff]] as Workshop boy
}}

== Production ==
The film was launched at [[AVM Studios]] and the recording of the song "Adada Idhuthan" happened on the same day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 1982 |title=துடிக்கும் கரங்கள் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_35/4.jp2/full/1000,1321/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/igxob |archive-date=8 June 2025 |access-date=8 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The film was predominantly shot in [[Ooty]], where filming lasted a month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பாரதி |first=திரை |date=18 April 2022 |title=ஆறிலிருந்து எழுபது வரை: ரஜினி சரிதம் - 58 |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/flashback/rajini-saritham-58 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520181551/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/flashback/rajini-saritham-58 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 1982 |title=ரஜினி - ராதா காதல் மயக்கம் |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_65/4.jp2/full/1000,1321/270/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250610010048/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_7_65/4.jp2/full/1000,1321/270/default.jpg |archive-date=10 June 2025 |access-date=10 June 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudikkum Karangal |url=https://mio.to/album/Thudikkum+Karangal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630061315/https://mio.to/album/Thudikkum+Karangal |archive-date=30 June 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thudikkum Karangal ( Music : S. P. Balasubrahmanyam ) |url=https://avdigital.in/products/thudikkum-karangal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617063542/https://avdigital.in/products/thudikkum-karangal |archive-date=17 June 2022 |access-date=30 June 2022 |website=AVDigital}}</ref> This was his first film in Tamil as composer.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சலன் |date=6 March 1983 |title=இசையமைக்கிறார் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1983-03-06/page/n61/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230417155747/https://archive.org/details/kalki1983-03-06/page/n61/mode/2up |archive-date=17 April 2023 |access-date=17 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=62 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2025 |title=பிளாஷ்பேக்: எஸ்.பி.பாலசுப்பிரமணியத்தை இசை அமைப்பாளராக்கிய ஸ்ரீதர் |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/128447 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250328132115/https://www.dinamalar.com/cinemanews/128447 |archive-date=28 March 2025 |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Lyrics
!Duration
!Pictured On
|-
|"Adada Ithuthan"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], S. Janaki
|rowspan=3|[[Pulamaipithan]]
|4:16
|[[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
|"Megam Mundhanai"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Vani Jairam]]
|4:46
|[[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
|"Santhanam Poosum"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[S. Janaki]]
|3:51
|[[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
|"Thottu Kitta"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
|rowspan=3|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|4:27
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|-
|"Ullaththil"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, B. S. Sasirekha
|3:39
|[[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], [[Silk Smitha]]
|-
|"Valibam Vaadatha"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Durga
|4:39
|[[Rajinikanth|Rajnikanth]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|}

== Critical reception ==
Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that Sridhar proved that he could direct a film with vigor and show it from the commercial point of view of the producers.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=27 March 1983 |title=துடிக்கும் கரங்கள் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1983/mar/27-03-1983/p49.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220808092503/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1983/mar/27-03-1983/p49.jpg |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{C. V. Sridhar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1980s action drama films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:1983 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. R. Gangadharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)

2026-03-02T05:18:19Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: expanded content

{{short description|2011 romantic action film by Siddique Ismail}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bodyguard
| image = Bodyguard poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[Atul Agnihotri]]
*[[Alvira Khan Agnihotri]]
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
*Siddique
*J.P. Chowksey
*Kiran Kotrial
}}
| story = Siddique
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]'' (2010)|Siddique}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Salman Khan]]|[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Himesh Reshammiya]] '''Guest Composer:''' [[Pritam]] '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Sejal Shah]]
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| studio = {{ubl|[[Atul Agnihotri|Reel Life Productions]]|[[Reliance Entertainment]]}}
| distributor = Reliance Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2011|08|31|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 131 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}60 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Bodyguard collects Rs 22 crore on first day |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110183223&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=130626 |work=NDTV |date=1 September 2011 |access-date=1 September 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925091755/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110183223&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=130626 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}252.99 crore<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bodyguard/box-office/ |title=BODYGUARD BOX OFFICE|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 April 2023}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bodyguard''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. A [[remake]] of the 2010 Malayalam [[Body Guard (2010 film)|film of the same name]]—also directed by Siddique himself, the film stars [[Salman Khan]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]], alongside [[Raj Babbar]], [[Mahesh Manjrekar]], [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Hazel Keech]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bodyguard' remake not called 'My Love Story' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bodyguard-remake-not-called-My-Love-Story/articleshow/7332276.cms |author=Indo-Asian News Service |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 January 2011 |access-date=25 January 2011|author-link=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Salman's 'My Love Story' eyes Eid |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/award/filmfare-award/2010-2/ |author=Adarsh, Taran |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref>

''Bodyguard'' broke many records upon its release. Within the first day of its release, it went on to become the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films#Biggest opening day|highest opening day grosser]] for a Hindi film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salman Khan's Bodyguard pockets Rs 52000000 cr on Day 1 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_salman-khan-s-bodyguard-pockets-rs20-cr-on-day-1_1582239 |author=Guha, Aniruddha |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> The film set another box office record, netting {{INRConvert|103|c|lk=on|year=2011|mode=historical}} in its first week, thus becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Hindi films#Opening week net gross (first 7 days of release) in India|highest opening week grossing]] Hindi film until then. The film became a commercial success with a worldwide gross of {{INRConvert|252|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}.

== Plot ==
Lovely Balwant Singh is assigned as Divya Rana's [[bodyguard]] to protect her against militant political adversaries led by Ranjan Mahatre targeting her father Sartaj Rana, who saved Lovely's mother in a car accident years prior. Divya becomes irritated with Lovely's constant protection, and [[catfishing|creates]] Chhaya, a fellow university student claiming to be in love with Lovely. Although initially hesitant, Lovely gradually grows close to the mysterious Chhaya; Divya's success in gaining greater freedom from his protection allows her to go to a nightclub, where she is attacked and held hostage by Mahatre's men, only to be saved by Lovely.

Divya soon falls in love with Lovely; afraid to reveal her identity, she calls Lovely as Chhaya, and asks him to run away with her. Sartaj is informed by a maid Savita that Lovely and Divya will elope, and sends his men to kill Lovely. Unable to convince Sartaj that Lovely is in love with someone else, Divya tells her friend, Maya, to meet Lovely at a railway station in her place, and tell him the truth. Maya tries to tell Lovely the truth, but upon seeing Sartaj's men at the station, she continues to pretend that she's Chhaya and because she also developed feelings for Lovely, she throws her phone away upon receiving a call from Divya and the pair depart. Years later, Lovely, now a successful businessman living in [[Canada]], returns to visit a retired Sartaj with his son, Sartaj Singh.

Lovely finds Divya still living with her parents, with Sartaj stating his dangerous political career restricted Divya's chances at finding personal love. On the last day of their visit, Sartaj Singh asks Divya to accompany him home as his mother; Sartaj Singh learns of his mother Maya's past from a diary she wrote to him as Maya was dying from cancer, writing her early death was a punishment for her actions. Sartaj Singh apologizes to Divya on his mother's behalf. Lovely tells Sartaj Singh to apologize to Divya, but Sartaj asks Lovely to marry Divya. At the same railway station his parents left, Sartaj Singh disposes of the diary in the trash, but is seen by Lovely, who recovers it, and finds out the truth. He then calls Divya and addresses her as Chhaya; Divya is overwhelmed with joy and the couple finally unite, where they leave for Canada.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Salman Khan]] as Lovely B. Singh
* [[Kareena Kapoor]] as Divya S. Rana / Chhaya (a few lines from [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]])
** [[Karisma Kapoor]] as the voice of Chhaya
* [[Hazel Keech]] as Maya Kapoor
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Sartaj Rana, Divya's father
* [[Rajat Rawail]] as Surinder Narender Milkha 'Tsunami' Singh
* Mohammad Faizal as Sartaj Singh, Lovely's son
* Reema Debnath as Maid Savita
* [[Asrani]] as Shekhar
* [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] as Ranjan Mhatre
* [[Vidya Sinha]] as Sartaj's sister
* [[Aditya Pancholi]] as Vikrant Mhatre
* [[Chetan Hansraj]] as Mhatre's brother
* [[Salim Baig]] as Mhatre's brother
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as an item dancer in the song ''"Bodyguard"''

{{colend}}

== Production ==
The film's production company, Reel Life Production Pvt. Ltd, was bought by [[Reliance Entertainment]] for {{INR}}45 crore. This earned Reliance the co-producer status and an equal share in the IPR for perpetuity.<ref name="eco" />

The film director [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] first offered the female lead to [[Nayanthara]] but she refused because she was not interested in playing the same role she had played in the original. The role then went to [[Kareena Kapoor]].

Neerupa Menon, a mutual friend of director Siddique and Alvira Khan, introduced him to [[Alvira Khan Agnihotri]] and [[Atul Agnihotri]], the to-be co-producers of the film, suggesting that he should venture into [[Bollywood]]. Siddique sent his original Malayalam film to Alvira and Atul as a result of the suggestion and they convinced [[Salman Khan]] to watch the film. After watching the film, Khan was very impressed with it and agreed to do the Hindi remake.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/31-siddique-intreview-081112.asp |title=Interview: Siddique |access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>

Shooting for the film began on 16 January 2011 at the [[Symbiosis International University]] campus situated in [[Lavale, Pune|Pune]]. The classrooms and academic block of Symbiosis Institute of Business Management were used in the Lavale campus. The shooting later continued in the city of [[Patiala]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman's ready but Arbaaz is not! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-07/news-interviews/28364890_1_abhinav-kashyap-dabangg-sequel |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-07/news-interviews/28364890_1_abhinav-kashyap-dabangg-sequel |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 October 2013 |author=Iyer, Meena |date=11 January 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=7 January 2011}}</ref> Two songs from the film were scheduled to be shot in Europe but were later shifted to [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]] in [[Mumbai]] to cut costs as the film had already exceeded its initial budget.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/No-European-shoot-for-Salmans-Bodyguard/articleshow/9185055.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-11/news-interviews/29760893_1_film-city-malayalam-film-hindi |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2013 |title=No European shoot for Salman's Bodyguard |author=Dabholkar, Reshma K |date=11 July 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref>

==Marketing==

The film's first look and trailer was unveiled on 21 July 2011.

''Bodyguard The Movie Game'', a promotional [[mobile video game]] developed by Jump Games was also released in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Kunal |last=Anand |date=2011-09-06 |title=Bodyguard Movie Made into Videogame |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/gossip/5678-bodyguard-movie-made-into-videogame.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=[[MensXP]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> Another mobile video game, ''Bodyguard Action Game'', was released by [[Zapak]] in 2012.

==Release==

''Bodyguard'' opened across 2,250 screens in 70 Indian cities and with 482 prints across the overseas territory, released in [[Dolby Surround 7.1]].<ref name="eco">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/salman-khans-bodyguard-comes-with-rs-22-crore-marketing-budget/articleshow/9739063.cms |title=Salman Khan's 'Bodyguard' comes with 22-crore marketing budget |author=Raghavendra, Nandini |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 August 2011 |access-date=28 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dcinematoday.com/dc/PR.aspx?newsID=2469 Highly Anticipated Film Bodyguard Released in Dolby Surround 7.1]. Dcinematoday.com. Retrieved 19 September 2011.</ref> Reliance Entertainment set aside a marketing and print budget of around {{INRConvert|22|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} for the film, one of the highest ever in [[Bollywood]].<ref name="eco" /> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR (India)|STAR]] network for {{INRConvert|27|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} for seven years.<ref name="eco" />

==Reception==

=== Critical response ===
The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave a score of 4/5 and said "BODYGUARD works for varied reasons – it has a simple, captivating story with a dramatic twist in the tale, the chemistry between the lead actors is poor but the music is well juxtaposed in the narrative. But its biggest USP is, without doubt, Salman Khan. He carries the film on his broad and brawny shoulders and that alone is the imperative reason for watching this film."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14340/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018094839/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14340/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 October 2010 |title=Bodyguard (August 31, 2011) |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Taran Adarsh}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]'' gave the film 4 stars and praised the directorial skills of Siddique: "Kudos to filmmaker Siddique to have presented Salman Khan in a way never seen before! And the action sequences are breathtaking."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/articles/story95329.htm |title=Review: Salman scores hat-trick with 'Bodyguard' |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> ''Samay Live'' gave it 4 stars and wrote; "There are stunning events of twist in the film which will keep you stay with your seats till the end.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676492693/bodyguard-movie-review-salman-khan-rocks-as-a-bodyguard.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927002222/http://english.samaylive.com/entertainment-news/676492693/bodyguard-movie-review-salman-khan-rocks-as-a-bodyguard.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 September 2012 |title=Bodyguard movie review: Salman Khan rocks as a bodyguard |publisher=Samay Live by [[Sahara India Pariwar]] |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> Shivesh Kumar of ''[[IndiaWeekly]]'' awarded the movie 4 out of 5 stars.<ref name=iw>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaweekly.com/MovieRatings |title=IndiaWeekly's Movie Ratings |publisher=[[IndiaWeekly]] |access-date=13 September 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830082836/http://www.indiaweekly.com/MovieRatings/ |archive-date=30 August 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Kaveree Bamzai of ''[[India Today]]'' awarded the movie 3 stars and stated: "Anyone who has watched Khan's recent movies will recognise the signs – a killer dialogue which will be remembered till the next blockbuster is manufactured, a signature ring tone, and a pre-fight ritual-in this case, it is taking off his watch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/bodyguard-movie-review-salman-khan-kareena-kapoor-140106-2011-08-30 |title=Power, but no punch |newspaper=[[India Today]] |access-date=31 August 2011 |author=Kaveree Bamzai}}</ref> In his review for ''[[The Times of India]]'', Gaurav Malani wrote: "Salman Khan is cool and convincing in the title role. His subdued act and charming innocence wins your heart. Kareena Kapoor is likeable ... Bodyguard doesn't catch you off guard. But it's a decent entertainer nonetheless."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Bodyguard-Movie-Review/articleshow/9795895.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921144413/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-31/news-interviews/29949045_1_salman-khan-love-story-climax |url-status=live |archive-date=21 September 2011 |title=Bodyguard: Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Gaurav Malani}}</ref> Phelim O'Neill of ''[[The Guardian]]'' praised the technical aspects of the film and awarded three of five stars: "Bollywood movies have improved dramatically in technical terms over the last few years. Here the fight and stunt sequences are afforded as much care and attention as the song and dance scenes; it's all top-notch stuff."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2011/aug/31/bodyguard-bollywood-film-review |title=Bodyguard – review |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Phelim O'Neill |location=London}}</ref> ''[[Dainik Bhaskar|Daily Bhaskar]]'' awarded the movie three out of five stars and wrote: "Salman, Kareena and Siddique serve a good Eid biryani for the audience by blending romance, action and comedy."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-bodyguard-2393335.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916054556/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-movie-review-bodyguard-2393335.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 September 2012 |title=Movie Review: Bodyguard |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> Shubha Shetty-Saha of ''[[MiD DAY]]'' gave it two and a half stars saying, "The film is obviously not expected to be intellectually stimulating. But to give it due credit, it provides loads of entertainment, the kind you may have come to expect of a Salman Khan film."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/310811-Bodyguard-review-mid-day-mumbai.htm |title=Predictable, but Salman's fans won't complain |publisher=[[MiD DAY]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Shubha Shetty-Saha}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff]] gave it 2.5 of 5 stars and stated: "A standard entertainer with generic ingredients like action, emotion, romance, comedy, song and dance, the Hindi remake of Malayalam super-hit Bodyguard is like a mediocre Pizza Margherita that's gone stingy on the mozzarella, bland on the sauce with nothing except a half-crunchy base and uneven scattering of basil leaves."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-bodyguard/20110831.htm |title=Reviews: Bodyguard is not Salman-y enough! |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Sukanya Verma}}</ref>

The film also received a few negative reviews. Andy Webster of ''[[The New York Times]]'' said "If only the film's archly slick director, Siddique, had adopted the same winking attitude toward the romantic arc. A twist near the end sends this contrived movie into a maudlin stratosphere from which it doesn't recover. But at least, in Ms. Keech's supporting presence, understated yet palpable, we sense a performer of emerging, and remarkable, star power."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=650 |author=Andy Webster |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=15 September 2011 |title=Review: New York Times reviews Salman's Bodyguard|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924102543/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=650 |archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of ''The Times of India'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The film, a remake of a South Indian hit, may end up as another blockbuster, like most Salman films have been doing in the recent past. Yet, sadly, this one's mostly bluster."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Bodyguard/movie-review/9797287.cms |title=Bodyguard: Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Nikhat Kazmi}}</ref> Sonia Chopra from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars and said "Bodyguard is endurable (and I say this without any condescension) for those who can forgive the haphazard story and be happy enjoying the songs and watching Salman and Kareena onscreen."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bodyguard-review-rides-only-on-salman-kareena-review-bollywood-14978024.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210053001/http://www.sify.com/movies/bodyguard-review-rides-only-on-salman-kareena-review-bollywood-14978024.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 December 2013 |title=Bodyguard review: Rides only on Salman-Kareena |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=3 September 2011 |author=Sonia Chopra}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee from ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars and concluded that "If you value the mop on your scalp and the grey cells in your head and want guard yourself against this potentially mind-numbing body blow, give it a miss. Better be safe than sorry!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=648&albumname=Review:%20Bodyguard |title=Review: Bodyguard |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Saibal Chatterjee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012014957/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_review.aspx?id=648&albumname=Review:%20Bodyguard|archive-date=12 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Aniruddha Guha of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave it 2 stars and wrote: "Salman is charming as ever, and the fact that he’s playing a slightly different character would have actually worked to the film’s advantage if it was backed by a better script."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review_review-even-salman-khan-can-t-save-this-bodyguard_1582115 |title=Review: Even Salman Khan can't save this Bodyguard |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Aniruddha Guha}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' gave it 2 out of 5 stars and called it a lazy remake.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-bodyguard-is-a-lazy-remake/180806-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128175633/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-bodyguard-is-a-lazy-remake/180806-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |title=Masand: 'Bodyguard' is a lazy remake |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=25 October 2011}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' panned the film giving it one and a half stars. He argued that the film "for more parts, is a sappy romantic pap".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-review-Bodyguard/Article1-740223.aspx |title=Mayank Shekhar's review: Bodyguard |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=1 August 2011 |author=Mayank Shekhar|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901030514/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mayank-shekhar-s-review-bodyguard/article1-740223.aspx |archive-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> Shubra Gupta from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also gave it one and a half stars and said "'Bodyguard' can also safely be called in which Salman Continues to Give Us Those Ones."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bodyguard/840765/ |title=Bodyguard |date=2 September 2011 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> [[The Hindu]] in its review said "It's the Salman version of a Karan Johar film of the Nineties that is bound to be compared with the sappiness of Kuch Kuch Hota Hai, given the drama at the end."<ref>{{cite news |title=Another body showcase for Salman|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/another-body-showcase-for-salman/article2420977.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2011|access-date=17 August 2021|last1=Kamath |first1=Sudhish }}</ref>

== Box office ==

=== India ===
Upon release, the film opened to a phenomenal response at the domestic box office and packed cinema halls, "witnessing 100% occupancy across shows", according to ''[[The Economic Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Meenakshi Verma Ambwani |title=Salman Khan's Bodyguard sets record for first-day box office collections |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/salman-khans-bodyguard-sets-record-for-first-day-box-office-collections-of-rs-20-crore/articleshow/9815431.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=1 September 2011 |date=1 September 2011}}</ref> [[Box Office India]] reported that "''Bodyguard'' has smashed all records"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3373&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Early First Day Estimate – 21 Crore Nett |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> and the film went on to become the highest opener of all time across India, grossing {{INRConvert|21.3|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}, thus breaking the record of ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3375&nCat= |title=Bodyguard RECORD First Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=1 September 2011}}</ref> The film grossed an additional {{INRConvert|17.3|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3380&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Second Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|13.3|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} on its second and third day respectively, bringing the total nett collections to {{INRConvert|52|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3387&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Third Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref> On its fourth day of release, it netted around {{INRConvert|14.8|c|year=2011|mode=historical}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3391&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Fourth Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|18.8|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} on its fifth day, taking the total nett collection over the extended five-day weekend to {{INRConvert|85.5|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3396&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Fifth Day Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=5 September 2011}}</ref> The film continued its successful run at the box office netting {{INRConvert|8.58|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} on Monday,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3402&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Monday Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=6 September 2011}}</ref> {{INRConvert|6.5|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} on Tuesday,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3409&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Tuesday Territorial Breakdown |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref> and {{INRConvert|5.5|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} on Wednesday.<ref name="wed">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3415&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Wednesday Territorial Breakdown |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=8 September 2011}}</ref> The total nett collections of the extended nine-day first week were {{INRConvert|109.5|c|year=2011|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3429&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Week One Territorial Breakdown |access-date=12 September 2011 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> During its second weekend, the film raked in another {{INRConvert|14|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} nett.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3431&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Has 14 Crore Nett Second Weekend |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref> ''Bodyguard'' netted a total of {{INRConvert|160.95|c|year=2011|mode=historical}} in India at the end of its run.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3554&nCat= |title=Bodyguard v Dabangg Territory Figures |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref>

=== Overseas ===
Meanwhile, the film grossed a record-breaking 11 lakh (1.1 million) [[Dirhams]] on Tuesday, its opening day in [[Dubai]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Avijit |last=Ghosh |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/box-office/30105625_1_paisa-vasool-dabangg-bodyguard-salman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106140002/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-02/box-office/30105625_1_paisa-vasool-dabangg-bodyguard-salman |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2012 |title=Paisa vasool: 'Bodyguard' Salman wows box office home & abroad |access-date=2 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 September 2011}}</ref> making it the highest opening day ever.<ref name="uk" />

The film collected $1.25 million in four days, and $1.7 million in six days in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name="ov">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/npages.php?page=shownews&articleid=3385&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Overseas Numbers: Very Good Opening |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=3 September 2011}}</ref>

In the [[United Kingdom]], the film ranked at number 9 in the UK Top 10,<ref name="exp" /> and collected an impressive £64,000 on Tuesday, its first day of release, though it was a limited release with screens at only 32 cinemas. On Wednesday, a full release in 51 cinemas raked in £195,000, making it the highest opening day ever for any Indian film,<ref name="uk">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110183306&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=130886&cp |title=Bodyguard gets good opening in UK |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=3 September 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130129145730/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110183306&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=130886&cp |archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> and breaking the box office record for week-day collection set by ''[[My Name is Khan]]''.<ref name="exp">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bodyguard-to-be-recordbreaker-in-foreign-markets-report/841431 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915163911/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bodyguard-to-be-recordbreaker-in-foreign-markets-report/841431 |title='Bodyguard' to be record-breaker in foreign markets: report |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=15 September 2018 |date=4 September 2011 |access-date=4 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film grossed £840,000 in six days.

In the North America, the film collected $295,000 on its first day of release,<ref name="ov" /> and $3.8 million in four days.<ref name="exp" />

In [[Australia]], the film collected $100,000 in three days, and $250,000 in five days.<ref name="ov" />

In Pakistan, the film collected Rs. 5 million on its first day of release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/09/04/eid-films-revival-or-survival-of-cinema.html |title=Eid films: revival or survival of cinema? |date=4 September 2011 |publisher=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> In the overall overseas market, ''Bodyguard'' grossed $3.8 million in four days,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110183432&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=131187 |title=Salman "clueless" as Bodyguard shatters records |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=4 September 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925090849/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?ID=ENTEN20110183432&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=131187 |archive-date=25 September 2012}}</ref> while the total collections amounted to $5.25 million over the extended weekend.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3406&nCat= |title=Bodyguard Has Huge Extended Weekend of $5.25 Million in Overseas |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

As of 4 January 2012, the film has grossed $8.3 million ($14 million in 2020) from all overseas markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3886&nCat |title=Top Overseas Grossers 2011: DON 2 Tops Followed By RA.ONE |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=10 January 2012}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Bodyguard}}

==Music==
{{Main|Bodyguard (soundtrack)}}

The film's songs are composed by Himesh Reshammiya along with one song by [[Pritam Chakraborty]] while the lyrics are penned by [[Neelesh Misra]] and [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Himesh back with Salman after 6 years with Bodyguard |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/06/06/7562/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609175721/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/06/06/7562/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2011 |author=Tuteja, Joginder |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=6 June 2011}}</ref> The music rights were sold to [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for ₹6 crore.<ref name="eco" />

The [[film score]] is composed by [[Sandeep Shirodkar]].

The melody of the song ''Teri Meri'' is inspired from the very old carols representing spiritual singing of Orthodox Romanian Church tradition, usually sung on Christmas celebrations by many Orthodox Christians (which can be Romanian celebrities, such as Cleopatra Stratan in 2009<ref>{{cite AV media |date=5 June 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUlD_uwu_P0 |title=Cleopatra Stratan - La Betleem Colo-n Jos.wmv |publisher=FERHAT ARIKAN |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817213503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PUlD_uwu_P0 |archive-date=17 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> or Paula Seling in 2009<ref>{{cite AV media |date=26 December 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irCQSTPbf9w |title=Paula Seling - La Viflaim, colo-n jos |publisher=Daniel Gheorghe |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326000400/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irCQSTPbf9w |archive-date=26 March 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref>/ priests in 2008<ref>{{cite AV media |date=7 December 2008 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1E8MGCZmY8w |title=Corul Mira - La Vitleem Colo-n jos |publisher=CaballusKnight |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118144557/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1E8MGCZmY8w |archive-date=18 January 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>/ or sung by normal people) to express their joy for Christ's birth. Carols preserves some of the oldest Romanian poetic achievements being inspired from Holy Scripture and Holy Tradition, occupying an important place in the creation of Romanian people.<ref>[[Colindă]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=July 2019}}

The translation of the original Romanian spiritual song "La Vifleem Colo-n Jos" lyrics should be emphasized and compared with the Indian version, since for Christians Orthodox may represent a blasphemy the fact the copyrights of the melody were taken and changed the lyrics of something which it is not owned.

Lyrics from original Romanian carol: "Down there at Bethlehem The sky burns brightly
The most pure one gives birth today to Christ
She gives birth in the stall of the oxen To everyone’s Emperor
The most pure one, sits and cries slowly
She neither has swaddling clothes to wrap Nor clothes-to-wear for the baby of Emperor
Do not cry, my mother! Do not cry, my mother!
Swaddling clothes we will give you, Virgin, to wrap the holy baby
At Bethlehem down there."

== See also ==
* [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|bodyguard}}

{{Siddique (director)}}
{{Bodyguard and its remakes}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bodyguard}}
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddique]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Films about bodyguards]]
[[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films adapted for other media]]

List of people from Pathanamthitta district

2026-02-27T18:37:09Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: updated page

{{short description|None}}

{{more citations needed|date=December 2016}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
This is a list of notable people from [[Pathanamthitta District]].
{{Dynamic list}}
==Politicians and political activists==

* [[K. Kumar]] (1893 - 1973) – President of the Travancore Congress Committee/KPCC, AICC working Committee Member<ref>The Epic of Travancore - Maha Dev Desai - Original Michigan University Edition - 1937</ref><ref>Census of India 2011-Kerala - District Handbook- Page 11</ref><ref>No Elephants for the Maharaja: Social and Political Change in the Princely State of Travancore (1921 – 47): Author: Louise Ouwerkerk, Editor: Dick Kooiman, Manohar Publishers 1994 – Original: University of Michigan</ref> Also known as 'Elanthur Gandhi' and 'Travancore Kumar'.
* [[Pandalam Kerala Varma]] – poet
* [[Pandalam Sudhakaran]] – former Minister
* [[Kulappurakkal Karunakaran Nair|K. K. Nair]] – founder of [[Pathanamthitta]] district and MLA representing the district 34 years
* [[Adoor Prakash]] – Attingal Member of Parliament and Ex Revenue Minister
* [[Mathew T. Thomas]] – former Transport Minister
* [[Veena George]] – Kerala state Health Minister ([[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|15th legislative assembly, Kerala]])

==Judiciary==
* Justice (retired) [[M. Fathima Beevi]] – first woman on the [[Supreme Court of India]]

==Spiritual leaders==
*[[Poykayil Yohannan]]
* [[Abraham Thoma|Abraham Mar Thoma, MarthomaXVII and Marthoma Metropolitan]],
*[[Juhanon Thoma|Juhanonon Mar Thoma, MarthomaXVIII and Marthoma Metropolitan]]
*[[Alexander Mar Thoma|Alexanderer Mar Thoma, MarthomaXIX and Marthoma Metropolitan]],
*[[Philipose Mar Chrysostom|Philipose Mar Chrysostom, MarthomaXX and Marthoma Valiya Metropolitan]]
*[[Joseph Mar Thoma|Joseph Mar Thoma, MarthomaXX1 and Marthoma Metropolitan]]
*[[Baselios Thoma Didymos I]], [[Catholicos of the East and Malankara Metropolitan]]
* [[V. C. Samuel]], [[World Council of Churches]]
* [[Thomas Mar Athanasius Metropolitan|Thomas Mar Athanasius]]
* [[Kuriakose Mar Clemis]]
* [[Nitya Chaitanya Yati]]
* [[Yuhanon Mor Militos]]
* [[Sadhu Kochu Kunju Upadesi]]
* [[Baselios Cleemis]]
* [[Sabu Koshy Cherian]]

==Writers==
*[[Sugathakumari]] - Indian poet and activist
* [[Mahakavi Pandalam Kerala Varma]] – poet, Daivame kaithozham kaakkumarakenam – is written by Keralavarma
* [[Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan]]
* [[K. V. Simon]] - poet
* [[Benyamin (writer)]] – [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] award winner
* [[Muloor S. Padmanabha Panicker]]
* [[Vennikulam Gopalakurup]] (1902–1980) – poet
* [[P. K. Gopi]] – poet

==Artists , painters and cartoonists==
* [[V. S. Valiathan]] – Classical Painter and Winner of Raja Ravi Varma Puraskaram.
* [[P. K. Manthri]] – Political Cartoonist and Creator of Cartoon characters Pachuvum Gopalanum
* [[C. K. Ra]] –Painter
* [[S. Jithesh|Dr. Jitheshji]] - World's Fastest Cartoonist<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/all-in-a-line-a-pictorial-speech/article4851342.ece|title=All in a line… a pictorial speech|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|date=2013-06-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-13|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and Initiator of the art genre [[Varayarangu]]

==Film and stage==

* [[Mohanlal]] – actor
* [[Thilakan]] – actor
* [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] – film director
* [[K. G. George]] – film director
* [[B. Unnikrishnan]] – film director
* [[Blessy]] – film director
* [[Captain Raju]] – actor, director, producer
* [[Aju Varghese]] – actor
* [[Kailash (actor)]] – actor
* Dr. [[Rajiv Pillai]] – actor
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] – actor, director
* [[Kaviyoor Sivaprasad]] – director, screenwriter
*[[G. Suresh Kumar]] - producer, actor
* [[Adoor Bhasi]] – actor
* [[M.G. Soman]] – actor
* [[Prathapachandran]] – actor
* [[Nayanthara]] – actress
* [[Meera Jasmine]] – actress
* [[Parvathy Jayaram]] – actress
* [[Samyuktha Varma]] – actress
* [[Mythili]] – actress
* [[Urmila Unni]] – actress
* [[Utthara Unni]] – actress
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]] – actress
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] – actress
* [[Aranmula Ponnamma]] – actress
* [[Adoor Bhavani]] – actress
* [[Adoor Pankajam]] – actress
* [[Alexander Prasanth]] - actor
* [[Ayiroor Sadasivan]] - Playback singer
* [[Abhirami Ajai]] - playback singer
* [[Siju Sunny]] - actor, writer

===Kathakali, Padayani and other performing artists===
* [[Kadammanitta Vasudevan Pillai]] – [[Padayani]] Exponent
* [[C. J. Kuttappan]] – former Chairman of Folklore Academy
* [[Vishnu Govind]] - sound effect

==Journalists==
* [[T. J. S. George]] – senior [[journalist]] and [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award Winner
* [[George Varghese]] – director of [[Prasar Bharati]]
* [[K. Kumar|Elanthoor Kumarji (1893 - 1973)]] – veteran freedom activist

==Others==
* [[M. George Muthoot]]
* [[George Alexander Muthoot]]
* [https://indiabookofrecords.in/maximum-portraits-of-the-heads-of-indian-states-and-union-territories-drawn-using-stencil-art/ Renil Mammen Biju] - India Book of Records & Asia Book of Records Holder

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathanamthitta District, List of people from}}
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district| ]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Kerala]]

Ahmedabad high-speed railway station

2026-02-25T09:23:21Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: new - done

{{Short description|High-speed railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Ahmedabad
| address = [[Kalupur]], [[Ahmedabad]] GJ
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0250|72.6027|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| elevation = {{convert|68|m|ft}}
| line = [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]
| connections = {{rint|metro}} {{stl|Ahmedabad Metro|Kalupur Railway Station}}
| structure = Elevated
| platform =
| tracks =
| parking =
| code =
| opened =
| opening = 2029<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-11-19 |title=India’s first bullet train inaugural run in 2027 to cover 100 km between Surat and Vapi, says Vaishnaw |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Nov/19/indias-first-bullet-train-inaugural-run-in-2027-to-cover-100-km-between-surat-and-vapi-says-vaishnaw |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| owned = [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]] (NHSRC)
| operator =
| status = Under construction<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Kaushik|first=Himanshu|title=Bullet train station work in Ahmedabad from August|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bullet-train-station-work-in-ahmedabad-from-august/articleshow/84086369.cms|work=The Times of India|date=3 July 2021|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref>
| map_type = India Gujarat#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_size = 300
| services =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map
| route_map = {{Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor}}
| mapframe-custom =
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Ahmedabad high-speed railway station''' is an under construction [[High-speed railway|high-speed railway station]] on the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]. This station is located near [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]] in [[Kalupur]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. It is the eleventh station of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, after [[Anand-Nadiad high-speed railway station|Anand-Nadiad station]] and before [[Sabarmati high-speed railway station|Sabarmati station]].<ref name="TMRG">{{cite web|title=Mumbai – Ahmedabad High Speed Rail – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/nhsrcl-mumbai-ahmedabad-high-speed-rail-information-route-map-fares-timings-tenders-status-updates/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/>

== Construction ==
The [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited|National High-Speed Rail Corporation Limited]] (NHSRCL) had invited tenders for Package "C7" of the [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] (MAHSR) in October 2020, with a deadline of 4.5 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=NHSRCL Invites Bids for Mumbai – Ahmedabad HSR's Package C7|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/08/nhsrcl-invites-bids-for-mumbai-ahmedabad-hsrs-package-c7/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=8 October 2020|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref> In October 2021, [[Ircon International]]–[[Dineshchandra R. Agrawal Infracon]] ([[Joint venture|JV]]) won the tender.<ref name="IRCON-DRA JV">{{cite news|last=Khanna|first=Rajat|title=IRCON-DRA JV bags the Contract Worth Rs. 3400 Crores in MAHSR Package C7 project|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/ircon-international-won-the-contract-of-mahsr-package-c7-project/|work=Metro Rail News|date=5 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> The NSHRCL signed a contract with the JV for the design and construction of the high-speed railway viaduct through [[Ahmedabad]], Ahmedabad and [[Sabarmati high-speed railway station|Sabarmati]] stations in December 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pant|first=Manish|title=NHSRCL inks pact for 18-km Viaduct, 2 stations for Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train Project|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/nhsrcl-inks-pact-for-18-km-viaduct-2-stations-for-mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-project-314281-2021-12-02|work=Business Today|date=2 December 2021|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, the JV began construction on the station, after acquiring around 3 hectares of land by taking area of platforms no. 11 and 12 of [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]], with a deadline of 4.5 years. The station is slated to be completed by August 2026, the time also slated for opening of the [[Gujarat]] section of the high-speed rail corridor.<ref name="TET">{{cite news|title=Bullet train by August 2026, hyperloop 7-8 years away: Railways Minister Ashiwini Vaishnaw|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/bullet-train-by-august-2026-hyperloop-5-8-years-away-railways-minister-ashwini-vaishnaw/articleshow/98628483.cms|work=The Economic Times|date=14 March 2023|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/>

== Lines ==
The station will be served by the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]], and will be the eleventh station of the Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Joint Feasibility Study for Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Railway Corridor Final Report Volume 6|url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/social_environmental/id/asia/south/india/c8h0vm00009v1ylc-att/c8h0vm0000bzv95y.pdf|work=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA)|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TMRG"/>

== Structure ==
The station will have two platforms and two tracks for regular services. It will have three levels–the platform, concourse and service floor as the entrance level. Below the concourse level will be the platforms no. 11 and 12 of [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]. The service or the entrance level will be located facing east of platform no. 12 of the railway station. The design of the station will be inspired by the [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]], one of the most famous [[mosques]] of [[Ahmedabad]]. The station area will have 2 platforms of 425 m (1,394 ft) length for 16-coach [[E5 and H5 Series Shinkansen|E5 Series Shinkansen]] trains.<ref name="FPJ">{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Kamal|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train station facades to be built representing city's character; details inside|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-station-facades-to-be-built-representing-citys-character-details-inside|work=Free Press Journal|date=18 July 2022|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/>

== Features ==
The station will have all modern and advanced facilities and amenities for customers and passengers, distinct from [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway]] stations and similar to [[airport]]s. Its design has been made to accommodate sufficient space for passenger movement and amenities at the concourse and platform areas. There will be ticketing and waiting areas, a business-class lounge, a nursery, restrooms, smoking rooms, information booths, retail centres and a public information and announcement system. Moreover, skylight provisions will be present on the roof and exterior sides for natural lighting and reduced energy usage. The station will be developed as a [[transport hub]] through integration with all basic modes of transportation for better, faster and hassle-free connectivity to and from the station, such as [[Auto-rickshaw|auto]]s, metro, buses and taxis. The concourse level of the station will be directly connected with the nearby [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations#Metro stations|metro station]] through skywalks and underground walkways. Such features will be available in all 12 stations of the [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]].<ref name="IRCON-DRA JV"/><ref name="TOI"/>

== Connectivity ==
===Road===
The station is being built just next to [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]], towards east. Because of this location, it will be accessible easily from the entire city through the railway station, as it will be integrated with the station from platforms no. 11 and 12 through skywalks and multiple entry/exit points in different platforms of the railway station. It will be also accessible through the existing station road on the station's east side that connects with the city's major roads. Most of the stations being built in the [[Gujarat]] section of the [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]] are located near or next to state or national highways, in order to provide better and direct connectivity to the stations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rupera|first=Prashant|title=Bullet train terminals planned close to highways|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/bullet-train-terminals-planned-close-to-highways/articleshow/64182012.cms|work=The Times of India|date=16 May 2018|access-date=15 October 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="IRCON-DRA JV"/>

===Rail===
[[File:Ahmedabad Junction railway station - Main Entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]]]
The nearest railway station after the station's completion will be Ahmedabad Junction railway station, on which the station will be located over platforms no. 11 and 12.

===Metro===
[[File:Kalupur metro station.jpg|thumb|[[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations#Metro stations|Kalupur Railway metro station]] of [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line (Line 2)]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]]]]
The station is being built just next to [[List of Ahmedabad Metro stations#Metro stations|Kalupur Railway metro station]] of [[Red Line (Ahmedabad Metro)|Red Line (Line 2)]] of [[Ahmedabad Metro]], towards west, located just a few hundred metres away from the entrance level of the station. The concourse level of the station will be integrated with skywalks and underground walkways to connect with the metro station.<ref name="TOI"/>

===Air===
[[File:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad, India 3.jpg|thumb|[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]]]]
The nearest airport after the station's completion will be [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport]], located around {{cvt|10|km}} north-east from the station.

== See also ==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Ahmedabad Metro]]
* [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station]]
* [[Sidi Saiyyed Mosque]]
* [[Mumbai-Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]
* [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai–Ahmedabad HSR corridor stations}}
[[Category:Transport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Railway stations under construction]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Gujarat]]

Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)

2026-02-21T03:25:03Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: cleaned up formatting for accuracy for accuracy

{{use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Al Islah
| native_name =
| logo =
| colorcode = #009900
| leader =
| chairman =
| spokesperson =
| foundation = 1974
| ideology = {{Nowrap|[[Sunni]] [[Islamism]] [[Islamic fundamentalism]] [[Sufism#Neo-Sufism|Neo-Sufism]] [[Republicanism]]}}
| headquarters =
| position =
| international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]
| country = the United Arab Emirates
| dissolved = 2011 (banned at federal level) 2014 (designated [[terrorist organization]])
| website =
}}
'''Al Islah''' was an [[Islamism|Islamist]] [[Parliamentary group|political group]] based in the [[United Arab Emirates]] that was affiliated and considered part of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kasolowsky|first=Raissa|title=UAE Islamists had military wing, planned Islamic state - papers|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/oukwd-uk-uae-islamists-idAFBRE88J0PN20120920|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=20 September 2012}}</ref> The political group was banned and was designated as a terrorist group after an alleged attempt to form a military wing for a [[coup d'état]] against the government.

==History==
Al Islah has origins in the UAE dating back to the 1960s, when Egyptian Brotherhood members fleeing [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]]'s regime traveled to the [[Persian Gulf]] region.<ref name="Boghardt">{{cite web|last=Boghardt|first=Lori Plotkin|title=The Muslim Brotherhood on Trial in the UAE|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-muslim-brotherhood-on-trial-in-the-uae|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref> It was officially formed in 1974 when, with the approval of [[Dubai]]'s ruler, [[Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed al-Maktoum]],<ref name="Boghardt"/> [[Egypt]]ian teachers who were members of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] came to work in the UAE and began to recruit young [[Emiratis]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rashid al-Noaimi|first=Ali|title=Setting the Record Straight On Al-Islah in the UAE|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/uae-setting-the-record-straight.html|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=AL-MONITOR|date=15 October 2012}}</ref> Ali Salem Humaid, chairman of Dubai-based think-tank, the Al Mezmaah Centre for Studies and Research, has stated that the recruited young students, "operated secretly through front organizations like mafia-style gangs, money-laundering and espionage rings."<ref>{{cite news|last=Salama|first=Samir|title=Rise and fall of Muslim Brotherhood in UAE|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/region/egypt/rise-and-fall-of-muslim-brotherhood-in-uae-1.1170002|access-date=26 April 2013|newspaper=Gulf News|date=13 April 2013}}</ref> The work and activities of Al Islah have been directly linked to the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in [[Egypt]].<ref name="news.yahoo">{{cite news|title=Gulf states must tackle Muslim Brotherhood threat: UAE|url=https://news.yahoo.com/gulf-states-must-tackle-muslim-brotherhood-threat-uae-164546200.html|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=Yahoo News|date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

The group was supported in [[Ras al-Khaimah]] by its emirs as a way to counter [[Pan-Arab]] and [[Socialist]] popular movements and had become popular in the northern emirates of Ras al-Khaimah, [[Dubai]], and [[Fujairah]].<ref name="Carnegie" /> The group was immensely popular among those that felt alienated by [[Abu Dhabi]]'s attempt to centralize the UAE around themselves, arguing that Abu Dhabi was unequally allocating development funds at the other emirates expense.<ref name="Carnegie" /> [[Sheikh Said Abdullah Salman]], a member of Al Islah, became the Minister of Housing, while other Al Islah members later held the ministries of education, justice and religious affairs, and labor and social affairs.<ref name="Boghardt"/><ref name="Carnegie" />

Starting in the 1990s the ruling aristocrats of the UAE began to become wary of Al Islah influence and popular appeal and began steps to curtail its growth.<ref name="Carnegie" /> Al Islah's Dubai branch was legally dissolved in 1994 after a UAE government investigation alleged it was supporting militant groups in Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-02 |title=Development of Al Islah society |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/development-of-al-islah-society-1.1204574 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref><ref name="Carnegie" /> However, [[Sheikh Saqr bin Muhammad al-Qassemi]] supported the group claiming that Islah “played a role in preserving the youth” and did not represent a direct threat to local balances, and allowed them to continue operating in Ras al-Khaimah.<ref name="Carnegie" /> The group remained a powerful force in Ras al-Khaimah, however, it's support would wane, as the emirate's resistance to centralization eroded.<ref name="Carnegie" />

The implication of two Emirati nationals for involvement in the [[9/11]] attacks saw increased efforts by the UAE to ban the group.<ref name="Carnegie" /> But the death-blow would be when Al Islah supported the pro-Democracy protests in the UAE during the [[Arab Spring]], with the UAE's government banning the group at the federal level in 2011.<ref name="Carnegie" /> Another wave of arrests were made against Al Islah members and supporters in 2013, including [[Sheikh Sultan bin Kayed al-Qassemi]], a member of the royal family of [[Sharjah]] for allegedly supporting [[2011 Dhabyani coup attempt|a foiled palace coup in Abu Dhabi]] in 2011, and attempting to arm themselves for their own coup against the federal government.<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE’s Regional Wars |url=https://meirss.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Ramy-UAE-Paper-1.pdf |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Donaghy |first1=Rori |title=In the United Arab Emirates, a palace coup foiled |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/united-arab-emirates-palace-coup-foiled |website=[[Middle East Eye]] |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

In 2014, the UAE designated Al Islah as a terrorist organization.<ref name="Carnegie" />

==Ideology==
Al Islah has stated that it shares ideology with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in Egypt.<ref name="news.yahoo" /> Al Islah has attacked the UAE for the country's [[religious tolerance]] and sanctioning of community [[church (building)|churches]] that have been part of the UAE since prior to the formation of the state.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gargash|first=Anwar|title=Amid challenges, UAE policies engage gradual reforms|url=http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/amid-challenges-uae-policies-engage-gradual-reforms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130114165939/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/amid-challenges-uae-policies-engage-gradual-reforms|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 January 2013|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=The National|date=26 August 2012}}</ref> Since its formation, its members have promoted several measures limiting the [[rights of women]], and sought to impose strict controls on social issues.<ref>{{cite news|last=Salem|first=Ola|title=Islah 'does not represent UAE interests'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/islah-does-not-represent-uae-interests-1.409447/|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=The National|date=5 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Forstenlechner|first=Ingo|title=The UAE, The "Arab Spring" and Different Types of Dissent|journal=Middle East Policy|date=Winter 2012|volume=19|issue=XIX|pages=54–64|doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00559.x}}</ref> Muslim Brotherhood member Tharwat Kherbawi said the Muslim Brotherhood finds the present UAE government to be an impediment, and the country itself to be a treasure and a crucial strategic and economic prize.<ref name="IBISH">{{cite news|last=Ibish|first=Hussein|title=Is the Muslim Brotherhood targeting the UAE?|url=https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentaryanalysis/is_the_muslim_brotherhood_targeting_the_uae|access-date=24 January 2013|newspaper=NOW|date=8 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116153821/https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/commentaryanalysis/is_the_muslim_brotherhood_targeting_the_uae|archive-date=2013-01-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>

However, by the time of the Arab Spring, Al Islah also supported turning the UAE into an Arab Republic, abolishing the Emirates and doing away with the aristocratic power structures of the state. The group supported universal suffrage for resident Arabs, and an empowered elected legislature. The group was one of the leading voices during the [[Arab Spring]] for political reform in the UAE.<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web |last1=Ardemagni |first1=Eleonora |title="Martyrs" for a Centralized UAE |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2019/06/martyrs-for-a-centralized-uae?lang=en |website=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |access-date=26 April 2025}}</ref>

==Structure==
Al Islah was a UAE-based organization that is affiliated with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in other countries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Brotherhood 'sought Islamist state in UAE'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/brotherhood-sought-islamist-state-in-uae-1.576627/|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=The National}}</ref> It had reportedly received $3.67 million in funding from a Muslim Brotherhood organization outside the UAE and coordinated activities with three Muslim Brotherhood organizations in other Arab countries.<ref name="gulftoday.ae">{{cite news |date=20 September 2012 |title=Brotherhood detainees in UAE make confessions |url=http://gulftoday.ae/portal/5c1dc765-8ce6-4e7b-b062-3554a11d42fe.aspx |access-date=20 November 2012 |newspaper=Gulf Today}}</ref><ref name="reuters">{{cite news|title=Gulf states must tackle Muslim Brotherhood threat: UAE|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-brotherhood-idUSBRE8970X220121008|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> Former Al Islah member, Ali Rashid Al Noaimi, the Vice Chancellor of United Arab Emirates University, said Al Islah, "get their orders from outside," and "they are not loyal to their country."<ref name="IBISH"/>

==Alleged plans for armament==
Al Islah has been reported to have been "secretly conducting military recruitment" that has "sought to recruit retired [[military officers]] and young [[Emiratis]]" for an alleged "coup attempt" and the "establishment of an [[Islamist]] state in the UAE".<ref name="reuters" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Brotherhood 'sought Islamist state in UAE'|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/brotherhood-sought-islamist-state-in-uae-1.576627/|access-date=20 November 2012|date=21 September 2012}}</ref> Members of Al Islah have denied reports that it has set up an "armed wing". The UAE's state prosecutor has charged members of Al Islah with "violating [[National security|state security]]", having "links to foreign organizations" and "insulting the political leadership".<ref>{{cite news|title=UAE Islamist group denies reports it has an armed wing|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-emirates-islamists-idUKBRE88M05X20120923|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033138/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-emirates-islamists-idUKBRE88M05X20120923|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 March 2016|access-date=20 November 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=23 September 2012}}</ref>

In January 2013, it was alleged that Al Islah and the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt were undertaking efforts to infiltrate and destabilize the United Arab Emirates. In a joint police operation by Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, 11 Egyptian expatriates in the UAE were arrested on charges of "subversion, stealing state secrets" and "operating under the influence of—and sending large amounts of money to—the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood". The men are accused of belonging to a "cell seeking to overthrow the UAE government," with the intention of "exporting the influence of Egypt's new Islamist-dominated political order".<ref name="IBISH"/>

In March 2013, a trial began in [[Abu Dhabi]] for 94 individuals linked to Al Islah for an "attempted coup".<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE coup plot trial begins in Abu Dhabi|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/03/20133472546866175.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> The opening day of the trial consisted of a procedural hearing, informing defendants of their rights and the charges filed against them.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE tries 94 Islamists over plotting to seize power|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/130304/uae-tries-94-islamists-over-plotting-seize-power-0|publisher=Agence France Presse|access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> The hearing was attended by Emirati civil society groups and representatives of the local press.<ref>{{cite web|last=Alpert|first=Emily|title=United Arab Emirates trial opens for 94 accused of trying to seize power|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/world/worldnow/la-fg-wn-uae-trial-activists-20130304,0,3852861.story|work=Los Angeles Times|date=4 March 2013 |access-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> Some human rights organizations have spoken out against the secrecy of the trials. An Emirati, whose father is among the defendants, was arrested for tweeting about the trial. On 8 April 2013, he was sentenced to 10 months in jail.<ref>{{cite news|title=Man faces 10 months jail for tweets about trial in UAE|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/11/world/meast/uae-twitter-jail/|access-date=18 April 2013|newspaper=CNN|date=11 April 2013|author=Ben Brumfield|author2=Caroline Faraj|author3=Saad Abedine}}</ref>

On 2 July 2013, a verdict was issued in the trial of the 94 individuals. Of the 94, 56 suspects received prison sentences ranging between three and ten years. Eight suspects were sentenced in absentia to 15 years in jail and 26 were acquitted.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bayoumy|first=Yara|title=UAE court jails scores of Emiratis in coup plot trial: TV|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-emirates-trial-idUSBRE96105M20130702|access-date=4 July 2013|newspaper=Reuters|date=2 July 2013}}</ref> Al Islah was subsequently dissolved.

On 7 March 2014, the Muslim Brotherhood was branded a terrorist group by the UAE government.<ref name="Alaa Shahine and Glen Carey, Bloomberg News">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-09/u-a-e-supports-saudi-arabia-against-qatar-backed-brotherhood.html|author=Alaa Shahine and Glen Carey, Bloomberg News|publisher=Bloomberg News|title=U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood|access-date=9 March 2014|date=9 March 2014}}</ref>

== Alleged resurrection attempt ==
On 2 August 2024, [[Emirates News Agency]] reported that investigations led by the Public Prosecution of United Arab Emirates had uncovered a secret organization operating outside the UAE which was actively trying to resurrect Al Islah. The new organization was formed by 2 members of Al Islah who were previously sentenced in absentia in 2013 and remain fugitive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WAM |title=UAE investigation reveals 'secret organisation' formed by Muslim Brotherhood members |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/legal/uae-investigation-reveals-new-secret-organisation-formed-by-muslim-brotherhood-members |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=UAE Public Prosecution uncovers secret organisation formed by banned Muslim Brotherhood |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/crime/uae-public-prosecution-uncovers-secret-organisation-formed-by-banned-muslim-brotherhood-1.103703134 |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=gulfnews.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Hassan al Diqqi]], the group's co-founder

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1974 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Islamism in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Asia designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Political organisations based in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Political parties affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1974]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamic political parties]]
[[Category:Sunni Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Banned Islamic political parties]]

Pandava

2026-02-18T03:41:57Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Group of five brothers in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{about|legendary figures of India|the spider genus|Pandava (spider)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
[[File:Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|A print by [[Raja Ravi Varma|Ravi Varma Press]] depicting the Pandava brothers—[[Yudhishthira]] (centre), [[Bheema]] (bottom left), [[Arjuna]] (bottom right), [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]] (both standing beside the throne)—with their common consort, [[Draupadi]]]]

The '''Pandavas''' ([[Sanskrit]]: पाण्डव, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Pāṇḍava) is a [[patronymic]] referring to the five legendary brothers, [[Yudhishtira]], [[Bhima]], [[Arjuna]], [[Nakula]], and [[Sahadeva]], who are central figures of the ancient Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. They are acknowledged as the sons of [[Pandu]], the King of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], but were fathered by different ''[[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]'' (gods) due to Pandu's cursed inability to naturally sire children. In the epic, the Pandavas married [[Draupadi]], the princess of [[Panchala]], and founded the city of [[Indraprastha]] after the Kuru Kingdom was split to avoid succession disputes. After the split, the other part of the kingdom was ruled by their cousins, the Kauravas. However, the Pandavas lost their kingdom to [[Duryodhana]] (eldest and king of the Kauravas) when Yudhishthira gambled it away during a game of dice. The bet Yudhishtira agreed to was that the Pandavas would hand the kingdom over to the Kauravas and go into exile for 12 followed by an year in hiding. After this time the Kauravas refused to return the kingdom. As a result, the Pandavas waged a civil war against their extended family, and this conflict is known as the [[Kurukshetra War]]. With the help of the god [[Krishna]], the Pandavas eventually won the war with the death of the Kauravas, albeit at great cost.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f4mr98Rl20wC|title=F4mr98Rl20wC}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''Pandava'' ({{langx|sa|पाण्डवा}}, {{IAST3|Pāṇḍavā}}) is derived from ''Pandu'' ({{langx|sa|पाण्डु}}, {{IAST3|Pāṇḍu}}) and means "descendants of Pandu". Other epithets given to the Pandavas are:<ref>Bonnefoy, Yves. ''Asian Mythologies''. translated under the direction of Wendy Doniger. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. 1993. pp. 180–183. {{ISBN|0-226-06456-5}}</ref>

* Pāṇḍuputra (Sanskrit: पाण्डुपुत्र) – sons of [[Pandu]]
* Pāṇḍavakumāra (Sanskrit: पाण्डवकुमार) – young Pandavas
* [[Kaunteya]] (Sanskrit: कौन्तेय) – sons of Kunti ([[Yudhishthira]], [[Bheema]], [[Arjuna]]).
* [[Madreya|Mādreya]] (Sanskrit: माद्रेय) – sons of Madri ([[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]])

==Description of the Pandavas==
The Pandava brothers had a polygamous marriage to [[Draupadi]]. In Section 268 of ''[[Vana Parva]]'' of the epic, Draupadi describes the Pandavas to [[Jayadratha]] after he abducted her and the Pandavas are in pursuit.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |title=Section CCLXVIII – The Mahabharata – Book 3, Vana Parva – Draupadi-harana Parva |url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03268.htm|website=sacred-texts.com|access-date=3 Jan 2023}}</ref>

* Yudhishthira was slender, and had a prominent nose, large eyes and a complexion like that of "pure gold". He is also described as a just man, who had correct knowledge of the morality of his own acts and was merciful to surrendering foes.<ref name="auto"/>
* Bheema is described being fair-golden complexioned (''Gaura''),<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BvsDwAAQBAJ&q=Gaura+black |title=The Ritual of Battle: Krsna in the Mahabharata |date=2017-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-4034-8 |language=en}}</ref> plump, long-armed and tall as a full-grown Sala tree. He is also extolled to be strong, well-trained, endued with great might and his superhuman feats had earned him great renown. In a display of ferocity, he bit his lips, and contracted his forehead to bring the two eyebrows together. Bheema is also described to be frightful, who never forgot a foe and was not pacified even after he wreaked his vengeance.<ref name="auto"/>
* Arjuna is described as being dark complexioned (Syama),<ref name=":0" /> extremely handsome and praised as the greatest of archers, intelligent, second to none "with senses under complete control." Neither lust nor fear nor anger could make him forsake virtue. Though capable of withstanding any foe, he would never commit an act of cruelty.<ref name="auto"/>
* Nakula was considered by Draupadi as "the most handsome person in the whole world." An accomplished master swordsman, he was also "versed in every question of morality and profit" and "endued with high wisdom." He was unflinchingly devoted to his brothers, who in turn regarded him as more valuable than their own lives.<ref name="auto"/>
* Sahadeva was heroic, intelligent, wise and no other man was equal unto him in intelligence or in eloquence amid assemblies of the wise. He was the one dearest to Kunti, and intent on doing what is agreeable to Yudhishthira. He is also praised to be always mindful of the duties of [[Kshatriyas]] (warrior -class), and would sacrifice his own life than say anything that is opposed to morals.<ref name="auto"/>

==Legend==
===Birth and parentage===
[[File: Pandu Shoots the Ascetic Kindama.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pandu shoots Kindama, who is disguised as a deer.]]
According to the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' of the epic, [[Pandu]] was crowned as the king of the [[Kuru kingdom]] despite being younger than his elder brother [[Dhritrashtra]], who was denied the throne for being blind. He married [[Kunti]], a princess of the [[Yadu]] clan, and [[Madri]], the princess of [[Madra]] Kingdom. Once he was hunting in a forest when he shot a copulating pair of deer. However, they turn out to be a sage named [[Kindama]] and his wife, who had used their divine powers to take the form of the animals. Enraged, Kindama berated the king for having killed him before he had finished the act of mating and before dying, he cursed Pandu that he would die the moment he touched his wife intending to make love. After the event Pandu voluntarily renounced royal life as penance, leaving the Kingdom under Dhritarashtra. Kunti<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Archana |title=The Story of Kunti: Secrets, Sacrifices, and Dharma |url=https://www.vedicstory.com/mahabharata/story-of-kunti-secrets-sacrifices-and-dharma/#google_vignette |access-date=August 22, 2023 |website=vedicstory.com}}</ref> and Madri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-02 |title=Who Was Madri? A Legendary Character and second wife of Pandu. |url=https://asianmythology.com/who-was-madri-a-legendary-character-and-second-wife-of-pandu/ |website=asianmythology.com}}</ref> accompanied Pandu and together they lived in a forest.<ref name="VM" >{{Cite encyclopedia|year=1975|title=Pandava|encyclopedia=Puranic Encyclopedia: a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi|location=Delhi, India|url=https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/562/mode/1up?view=theater|pages=562}}</ref>

Before her marriage, Kunti was blessed with a boon by the sage [[Durvasa]], that she could have a son by any god whom she respects without having any marital affair. After Pandu learned of this, he asked her to perform ''[[Niyoga]]'' and bear him sons using the boon. The first three of the Pandavas were the sons of Kunti, while the younger two were born to Madri after Kunti shared her mantra with her at Pandu's request.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mahabharat |last=Vyas |first=Ved |id={{circa|4000–826 BCE }} }}</ref> The divine fathers of the Pandavas were:<ref name="VM" />
* [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharmadeva]], the god of ''[[dharma]]'', who fathered Yudhishthira
* [[Vayu]], the god of wind, who fathered Bheema
* [[Indra]], the god of rain and the king of gods, who fathered Arjuna
* The [[Ashvins]], the twin gods of health and medicine, who fathered the twins [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The five Pandavas and the story of their birth|url=http://aumamen.com/topic/the-five-pandavas-and-the-story-of-their-birth|access-date=31 August 2020|website=aumamen.com}}</ref>

===Upbringing and rivalry with the Kauravas===
A few years later after the birth of the Pandavas, Pandu died after trying to have a union with Madri and the latter immolated herself out of remorse. Kunti brought the Pandavas back to [[Hastinapura]], the capital of Kuru, and they were raised together with their cousins, the [[Kauravas]], who were the hundred sons of Dhritrashtra. The Pandavas were guided and taught by [[Bheeshma]], [[Vidura]] and [[Kripa]].<ref name="VM" />

[[Duryodhana]], the eldest of the Kauravas, refused to accept the Pandavas as his cousins. This usually led to much tension between the cousins. Insecure and jealous, Duryodhana harbored an intense hatred for the five brothers throughout his childhood and youth and following the advice of his maternal uncle [[Shakuni]], often plotted to get rid of them to clear his path to the lordship of the [[Kuru Dynasty]].<ref name="VM" />

[[File: Pandavs Journeying With Their Mother.jpg|thumb|250px|Pandavas journeying with their mother]]
This plotting took a grave turn when Dhritarashtra had to relent to the will of the masses and rightfully appointed his nephew Yudhishthira as crown prince. This went against the personal ambitions of both father and son (Dhritarashtra and Duryodhana) and drove Duryodhana into such a rage that he enthusiastically agreed to an evil ploy by Shakuni to murder Yudhishthira. Shakuni commissioned the construction of a palace in Varnavart, secretly built by incorporating flammable materials like oil, ghee etc. into the structure, most notably the lacquer known as [[shellac|lac]]. This palace was known as [[Lakshagraha]]. Duryodhana then successfully lobbied Dhritarashtra to send Yudhishthira to represent the royal household in Varnavarta during the celebrations of Shiva Mahotsava. The plan was to set the palace on fire during the night while Yudhishthira would likely be asleep. Yudhishthira left for Varnavrata, accompanied by his four brothers and their mother Kunti. The plan was discovered by their paternal uncle [[Vidura]], who was very loyal to them and an extraordinarily wise man. In addition, Yudhishthira had been forewarned about this plot by a hermit who came to him and spoke of an imminent disaster. Vidura arranged for a tunnel to be secretly built for the Pandavas to safely escape the palace as it was set afire.<ref name="VM" />

===Marriages and children===
The Pandavas had [[Polyandry|polyandrous marriage]] with [[Draupadi]], the princess of [[Panchala]] Kingdom who was prophesied to bring the end of the Kauravas. The ''Adi Parva'' narrates that after their flight from the palace, the five brothers lived in the forests for some time disguised as Brahmins. They heard from a group of travelling sages about a contest ([[Swayamvara|Svayamvara]]) being held in the Kingdom of Panchala that offered Draupadi's hand in marriage to the winner. The Svayamvara turned out to rely on the skills of [[archery]], and Arjuna, who was a peerless archer, entered the competition and won. When the brothers took Draupadi to introduce her to their mother, they jokingly announced to Kunti that they had arrived with excellent alms. Kunti was busy with some work and replied without turning to look at Draupadi (who the alms referred to) ordering the brothers to share the alms equally amongst the five of them. Even when uttered erroneously, their mother's word was supreme for the Pandavas, and they agreed to share the princess, who was subsequently married to all five brothers. To prevent jealousy among the brothers and identify the paternity of Draupadi's children, the Pandavas followed a condition in which one brother was given a year with her and others were forbidden to enter her chamber. If the condition was violated, the brother, who entered the room, had to go on a pilgrimage for 1 year. Arjuna was the only one to violate this condition.

Each Pandava had a son with Draupadi and they were collectively referred to as [[Upapandavas|Draupadeyas]]; their names were Prativindhya (fathered by Yudhishthira), Sutasoma (fathered by Bhima), Shrutakarma (fathered by Arjuna), Shatanika (fathered by Nakula), and Shrutasena (fathered by Sahadeva).

Besides Draupadi, each Pandava had their own wife with whom they had a son:
* Yudhishthira was also married to Devika, the daughter of the king of the Sivi Kingdom, and had a son named Yaudheya.
* Bheema had two other wives—the [[Rakshasi]] (demoness) [[Hidimbi]] and Valandhara, a princess of the [[Kāsī (kingdom)|Kingdom of Kashi]]. Hidimbi was the mother of [[Ghatotkacha]], while [[Savarga]] was the son of Valandhara.
* Arjuna had three other wives—[[Uloopi]], a [[Nāga|Naga]] woman with whom he had [[Iravan]]; [[Chitrāngadā|Chitrangada]], the princess of [[Manipura (Mahabharata)|Manipur]], who became the mother of [[Babhruvahana]]; and [[Subhadra]], the sister of [[Krishna]] and the mother of [[Abhimanyu]].
* Nakula had a wife named Karenumati, daughter of king of [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedi]], and had a son named Niramitra.
* Sahadeva was married to Vijaya, princess of Madra, and had a son named Suhotra.

Later in the ''[[Ashramavasika Parva|Ashramvasika Parva]]'', the character [[Sanjaya]] mentions two other wives of the Pandavas{{mdash}}a sister of Chedi king [[Shishupala]] who is the wife of Bhima and as the daughter of king [[Jarasandha]] of [[Magadha]] who is the wife of Sahadeva.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxx4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 |title=After the War: The Last Books of the Mahabharata |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-755339-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Brodbeck |first=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8lXf1c3VMoC&q=introduces+two+wives+unmentioned+elsewhere&pg=PA3 |title=The Mahābhārata Patriline: Gender, Culture, and the Royal Hereditary |date=2009 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-6787-2 |language=en}}</ref> Simon Brodbeck theorizes that these marriages might have taken place after the [[Kurukshetra War]], as these unnamed wives not mentioned elsewhere.<ref name=":7" />

===Indraprastha===
When Dhritarashtra heard that the five brothers were alive, he invited them back to the kingdom. However, in their absence, Duryodhana had succeeded in being made the crown prince. Upon the return of the Pandavas, the issue of returning Yudhishthira's crown to him was raised. Dhritarashtra led the subsequent discussions into ambiguity and agreed to a partition of the kingdom "to do justice to both crown princes". He retained the developed Hastinapura for himself and Duryodhana and gave the barren, arid and hostile lands of [[Khandavaprastha]] to the Pandavas. The Pandavas successfully developed their land and built a great and lavish city, which was considered comparable to the heavens, and thus came to be known as [[Indraprastha]].
===The game of dice===
[[File: Draupadi s presented to a pachisi game.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Draupadi is presented in a [[pachisi]] game where [[Yudhishthira]] has gambled away all his material wealth.]]
Reeling under the loss of half the lands of his future kingdom, Duryodhana's jealousy and rage were further fuelled by the Pandavas' success and prosperity. Eventually [[Shakuni]] sired yet another plot and got Duryodhana to invite the Pandavas over to his court for a game of dice (gambling). Shakuni was a master at gambling and owned a pair of dice which magically did his bidding. Owing to this, bet after bet, Yudhishthira lost all of his wealth, and eventually his kingdom, in the game. He was then enticed by Duryodhana and Shakuni to place his brothers as bets. Yudhishthira fell for it and put his brothers at stake, losing them too. He then placed himself as a bet and lost again. Duryodhana now played another trick and told Yudhishthira that he still had his wife Draupadi to place as a bet and if Yudhishthira won, he would return everything to the Pandavas. Yudhishthira fell for the ruse and bet Draupadi, losing her too. At this point, Duryodhana ordered that Draupadi, who was now a slave to him, be brought to the court. None of the Pandavas fought for their wife's honour. Duryodhana's younger brother [[Dushasana]] dragged Draupadi to the royal court, pulling her by her hair, insulting her dignity and asserting that she, like the Pandava brothers, was now their servant. This caused immense anguish to all the great warriors seated in the court, but each of them, namely, [[Bheeshma]] (grandsire of the clan), [[Dronacharya]] (teacher/[[guru]] of Kauravas and Pandavas) and [[Kripacharya]] except [[Vidura]] remained silent. Duryodhana then ordered Dushasana to disrobe Draupadi before everyone, as a slave girl has no rights. The elders and warriors in the audience were shocked but did not intervene. As Dushasana began to disrobe her, she prayed to [[Krishna]] to protect her honour. Krishna, using his divine powers, protected her by providing her garments with an unending length. Dushasana, shocked and tired, gave up on disrobing Draupadi. Finally, as the blind king Dhritarashtra realized that this humiliation could prompt Draupadi to curse his sons, he intervened, apologizing to Draupadi for the behaviour of his sons, and turned the winnings of the dice game back over to the Pandava brothers, releasing them from the bondage of slavery.

[[File: Rock cut caves at Dhanadibbalu 01.jpg|thumb|[[Pandava Caves]]: According to the historical sources Pandavas stayed here during their exile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=These places in India have distinct Mahabharata, Ramayana connections|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/these-places-in-india-have-distinct-mahabharata-ramayana-connections-5100811.htm|access-date=1 July 2020|website=cnbctv18.com|date=22 January 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>]]
Incensed at the loss of all that he had won, Duryodhana threatened suicide and coerced his father into inviting the Pandavas for one last round of gambling, the terms of which were that the loser would be condemned to 12 years of exile into forests and a 13th year to be spent incognito, and if the cover is blown during the 13th year, another cycle of 13 years would ensue. Obeying their uncle's orders, the Pandavas played the round and again lost to Shakuni's cheating. However, this time, their patience had been nearly pushed to its edge.

===Exile and incognito period===
During the 12 years of exile in the forest, they prepared for war. Arjuna performed penance and won the entire gamut of celestial weapons (Divyastras) as boons from the Gods. They spent the 13th year in [[Agyaata Vaasa]] masquerading as peasants in the service of the royal family of [[Virata]], the king of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]]. Upon completion of the terms of the last bet, the Pandavas returned and demanded that their kingdom be rightfully returned to them. Duryodhana refused to yield Indraprastha. For the sake of peace and to avert a disastrous war, Krishna proposed that if Hastinapura agrees to give the Pandavas only five villages named Indraprastha ([[Delhi]]), Swarnprastha ([[Sonipat]]), Panprastha ([[Panipat]]), Vyaghrprastha ([[Baghpat]]) and Tilprastha ([[Tilpat]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/spiritual/vrat-tyohar-geeta-jayanti-2019-had-asked-these-five-villages-from-kauravas-know-about-these-4030796|title=Geeta Jayanti 2019 Pandavas had asked these five villages from Kauravas Know about these|date=5 December 2019|website=Nai Dunia|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCduAAAAMAAJ&q=five+villages+demanded+by+pandavas|title=The cities of Delhi|last=Jain|first=Ashok Kumar|date=1994|publisher=Management Pub. Co.|isbn=978-81-86034-00-2|language=en}}</ref> if these five villages given they would be satisfied and would make no more demands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmhDAAAAYAAJ&q=five+villages+demanded+by+pandavas|title=Journal of Indian History|date=1964|publisher=Department of Modern Indian History|language=en}}</ref> Duryodhana vehemently refused, commenting that he would not part even with land as much as the point of a needle. Thus the stage was set for the great war, for which the epic of Mahabharata is known most of all.
===Krishna's help to Pandavas===
[[File:Wayang Pandawa.jpg|thumb|right|Five Pandavas in [[Wayang]] form. From left to right: [[Bheema]], [[Arjuna]], [[Yudhishthira]], [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]. [[Indonesia Museum]], Jakarta.]]

Krishna, being a well-wisher of the Pandavas, helped them in various ways during the time of their ordeals. When the Kurukshetra war was going to be held, both Arjuna on behalf of the Pandavas, and Duryodhana on behalf of the Kauravas, went to Krishna to seek help.
Duryodhana reached first and Arjuna was just behind him. They entered Krishna's room and found him sleeping. Duryodhana sat on a raised chair near Krishna's head and Arjuna sat near Krishna's feet closing his hands.
When Krishna woke up, he saw Arjuna first and asked him about the purpose of his visit. Then he found Duryodhana sitting next to him, and asked him the same question. Krishna was then told that war was going to be held and Arjuna and Duryodhana had come to him seeking his military help. To this Krishna replied that he had seen Arjuna first and so he would give him priority, and asked what he needed. He gave Arjuna two options – either his army of 100,000 soldiers or Krishna himself who shall not fight in the war. To this Arjuna immediately opted for Krishna for his help and thus Duryodhana was given Krishna's army. Duryodhana was very satisfied to have received a huge army.

===The Kurukshetra War===
The war was intense and lasted 18 days, over the course of which both parties worked around, bent and even broke rules of warfare. In the end, all 100 [[Kauravas|Kaurava brothers]] and their entire army was slain, with only three surviving on their side. The Pandavas too lost several allies but the five brothers survived. After having won the war, Yudhishthira was crowned the king.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
At the end of the war, only 10 survived the war on both sides, namely Ashwatthama, Kripacharya and Kritverma on the Kaurava side and the five Pandavas, Krishna and Saatyakee on the Pandava side.

===Later life===
The Pandavas ruled Hastinapura for 36 years and established a righteous kingdom. Shortly after [[Krishna]] left the Earth, they all decided that the time had come for them to renounce the world, as the age of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' had started.

So the five Pandavas and Draupadi left to the path of liberation. For this purpose, they all climbed [[Mount Kailash]], which leads to the [[Swarga Loka]]. On their way, all except Yudhisthira slipped and died one by one. Yudhisthira was accompanied by a dog who was none other than God [[Yama]] himself.

The first to die was [[Draupadi]]; she was imperfect because she loved Arjuna more than her other husbands. Then it was [[Sahadeva]], imperfect because he was overconfident about his knowledge in science. He was followed by [[Nakula]], imperfect because he was over-enthusiastic about his good looks. Then fell [[Arjuna]], imperfect because he was proud of his skills—he challenged [[Hanuman]] and [[Shiva]]. Next was [[Bheema]], imperfect because he killed his enemies brutally—thus enjoyed their sufferings. Only the eldest Pandava, [[Yudhisthira]], reached the door of [[Svarga]] Loka (heaven), carried on Indra's chariot. On reaching Heaven, he did not find either his virtuous brothers or his wife Draupadi. Instead, he finds [[Karna]] sitting on a divine throne.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Ramesh |title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering, Vol 2 |date=July 2006 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-40187-1}}</ref>

He wanted an explanation from Yama, the lord of death. Yama explained that the Kauravas had been allowed into heaven because they died as warriors on the battlefield. This earned them so much merit and credit that it wiped out all their debts. Yudhisthira demanded to know where his brothers and his wife were. He was then taken to hell. Yama explained that they were experiencing the reactions of their actions but it was temporary. Once the debt had been repaid, they would join them in Swarga. Yudhisthira loyally met his brothers, but the sight and sound of gore and blood horrified him. Though initially he was tempted to flee, he mastered himself and remained after hearing the voices of his beloved brothers and Draupadi calling out to him, asking him to stay with them in their misery. Yudhisthira decided to remain, ordering the divine charioteer to return. He preferred to live in hell with good people than in the heaven of his enemies. Eventually, this turned out to be another illusion to test him. Yama explained to Yudhishtira that it was all illusion created by Yama himself. It was a punishment to Yudhishtira to feel sad and soak tears on seeing his beloved ones being punished. It was because Drona felt sad on hearing fake news that his son was dead. Yudhishtira told the message incompletely due to which Drona felt sad and cried in grief. Because of this, Yudhishtira had to feel sad in a similar manner. Hence Yama created this illusion. In reality, Pandavas and Draupadi reached heaven just after their deaths. Yama explained everything and Yudhishtira reached heaven with his mortal body. Pandavas were the incarnation of previous [[Indra]]'s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/who-were-the-pandavas/article32828697.ece|title= according to Mahabharata all five Pandavas were previous Indras|website= [[The Hindu]]|access-date=12 May 2019}}</ref> After the Duration, the lifespan of Indra, is completed [[Krishna]] assures Pandavas of offering them [[Moksha]] for their Devotion and purity.
{{Citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==In art==
[[Harivamsa Purana]] (8th century CE) narrates the Jain version of their story.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2016|p=26}} In the [[Garhwal division|Garhwal region]] of [[Uttarakhand]], there has been a long tradition of villagers performing the ''[[Pandav Lila]]'', a ritual re-enactment of episodes from the ''Mahabharata'' through singing, dancing and recitation. In the performance, the actors spontaneously break into a dance when, it is believed, they become "possessed" by the spirits of their characters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sax |first=William Sturman |date=2002 |title=Dancing the Self: Personhood and Performance in the Pāṇḍava Līlā of Garhwal
|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn= 9780195139150}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Upapandavas|Draupadeyas]]
* [[Kurukshetra War]]
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Krishna]]
* [[Kaurava]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Chakravarti V. Narasimhan; The Mahabharata. Columbia University Press, 1965.
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson Education]] |date=2016 |isbn=978-93-325-6996-6 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Pāṇḍavas}}
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm The Mahābhārata of Vyasa, translated from Sanskrit into English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and published online at sacred-texts.com]

{{Mahābhārata}}
{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Pandavas| ]]
[[Category:Kuru dynasty]]
[[Category:Mythological fratricides]]

Indira Nagar metro station (Bengaluru)

2026-02-17T00:52:26Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: stub...

{{Short description|Namma Metro's Purple Line metro station}}
{{About|the station in Bangalore|the station in Lucknow|Indira Nagar metro station (Lucknow)|the station in Chennai|Indira Nagar railway station}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Indiranagar
| type = {{Namma Metro Infobox station line|line=Purple}}
| other_name = Indiranagara / CMH Road
| style = Namma Metro
| image = Indiranagar Metro Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = The station platform
| address = CMH Road, [[Indiranagar, Bengaluru|Indiranagar]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9786|77.6388|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}}
| other =
| structure = [[Elevated]]
| platform = [[Side platform]] 
Platform-1 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Whitefield (Kadugodi)}} Platform-2 → {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}}
| depth =
| levels = 2
| tracks = 2
| parking = {{Parking symbol}} available
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = {{start date and age|2011|October|20|df=yes}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[third rail]]
| accessible = Yes {{access icon}}
| code = IDN
| status = Staffed
| owned = [[Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd]] (BMRCL)
| operator = [[Namma Metro]]
| architect = IVRCL – I8CR [[Joint venture|JV]]
| architectural_style =
| zone =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system=Namma Metro|line=Purple |left=Swami Vivekananda Road |to-left=Whitefield (Kadugodi)|right=Halasuru |to-right=Challaghatta}}
| route_map = {{BMR Purple Line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Indiranagar''' is an elevated metro station on the east–west corridor of the [[Purple Line (Namma Metro)|Purple Line]] of [[Namma Metro]]. It is located on the CMH Road in the [[Indiranagar, Bengaluru|Indiranagar]] locality in [[Bengaluru]], India. It was opened to the public on 20 October 2011.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangalore’s Diwali gift ready – 'Namma Metro'|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/karnataka/bangalore-s-diwali-gift-ready-namma-metro_737180.html|access-date=24 October 2011|newspaper=Zee News|date=18 October 2011}}</ref>

==Station layout==
{{stack|{{Routemap
| title = Indiranagar track layout
| title-bg = #{{rail color|Namma Metro|Purple}}
| legend = track
| collapsible = no
| map = vCONTfgaq!~MASKa\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\-STRq!~PLT-\vCONTfgeq!~MASKa~~ ~~ ~~'''P1''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Swami Vivekananda Road}}
vCONTgfaq!~MASKa\-STRq\-STRq\-STRq\vCONTgfeq!~MASKa
\PLT-\PLT-\PLT-\~~ ~~ ~~'''P2''' to {{stl|Namma Metro|Halasuru}}
| bottom = <div style="width:23.5em;text-align:center">Station with two tracks and two side platforms</div>
}}}}
{|table border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=3
|-
| rowspan="4" valign="top" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="30" |'''P'''
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Side Platform]] {{!}} Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="85" |'''Platform 1''' '''Eastbound'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Whitefield (Kadugodi) metro station|Whitefield (Kadugodi)]] '''Next Station:''' [[Swami Vivekananda Road metro station|Swami Vivekananda Road]]
|-
|'''Platform 2 Westbound'''
|Towards ← {{stl|Namma Metro|Challaghatta}} '''Next Station:''' [[Halasuru metro station|Halasuru]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |[[Side Platform]] {{!}} Doors will open on the left {{access icon}}
|-
| valign="top" |'''C'''
| valign="top" |Concourse
| valign="top" |Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover 
|-
|style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;border-top:solid 1px gray;" width=30 valign=top|'''G'''
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=85 valign=top|Street level
|style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width=500 valign=top|Exit/Entrance
|}

==Entry/exits==
There are three entry/exit points – A, B and C. Commuters can use either of the points for their travel.

*Entry/exit point A: towards Raghavendra Swamy Mutt
*Entry/exit point B: towards ESI Hospital
*Entry/exit point C: towards ESI Hospital
**Lift with wheelchair accessibility has been provided for both entry/exit points B and C

==See also==
*[[List of Namma Metro stations]]
*[[Transport in Karnataka]]
*[[List of metro systems]]
*[[Urban rail transit in India|List of rapid transit systems in India]]
*[[Bengaluru Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indiranagar metro station}}
{{Wikivoyage|Bangalore}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170629131050/http://www.bmrc.co.in/English/index.html Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site)]
* [http://www.urbanrail.net ''UrbanRail.Net''] – descriptions of all metro systems in the world, each with a schematic map showing all stations.

{{Portal bar|Bangalore|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}
{{Namma Metro|purple line=yes}}

[[Category:Namma Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bengaluru]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Non-difference (Abheda)

2026-02-14T23:55:56Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Stub

{{short description|Non-difference}}
{{Hinduism}}
Non-difference is the nearest English translation of the [[Sanskrit]] word ''abheda'', meaning non-existence of difference. In [[Vedanta philosophy]] this word plays a vital role in explaining the indicatory mark in respect of the unity of the individual self with the Infinite or [[Brahman]].<ref>[[Brahma sutra]] III.ii.26</ref>

==Doctrine of Non-difference==

Audolomi ([[Brahma Sutra]] I.iv.21) is believed to have held the view that the individual self differs from the supreme self while it possesses a body, but when a man obtains the clear knowledge by means of practice and meditation, dies, leaves the body and obtains complete liberation, the individual self becomes the supreme self, which means in liberation, there is no difference; in transmigration, there is difference; the absolutely different individual self becomes identical in the state of liberation. This is the non-identity non-difference theory of Audolomi.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy|author=Hajime Nakamura|year=1983|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=383|isbn=9788120806511|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asNLliQHDNQC}}</ref> However, Kasakrtsna ([[Brahma Sutra]] I.iv.22) believed that the very supreme self exists as the individual soul without undergoing any change which view-point is supported by [[Badarayana]] when he reiterates that the individual is only an apparent part of the partless Brahman; the difference is imaginary. This is the non-duality non-difference theory of Kasakrtsna. In his commentary on the [[Brahma Sutra]] II.i.14 [[Adi Sankara]] explains that the difference between the 'experiencer' and the 'things experienced' which is observed in common experience, in reality does not exist, there is non-difference of cause and effect for all things are merely modifications, and "a modification has speech as its origin and exists only in name" ([[Chandogya Upanishad]] VI.i.4), and "All this has That as its essence; That is the Reality; That is the Self; That thou art" (Chandogya Upanishad Vi.vii.7); "All this is but the Self" (Chandogya Upanishad VII.xxv.2). Difference commonly observed is the creation of ignorance whereas non-difference is natural; when the individual ignorance is destroyed through knowledge unity with Self is attained – "Anyone who knows that supreme Brahman becomes Brahman indeed" ([[Mundaka Upanishad]] III.ii.9), "Being but Brahman, he is absorbed in Brahman" ([[Brhadaranyaka Upanishad]] IV.iv.6).<ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya|author=Adi Shankara|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|place=Kolkata|pages=286,334,630|url= https://www.amazon.com/BRAHMA-SUTRAS-Advaita-Vedanta-Classic/lm/R2EBQFGQV9HGFJ}}</ref>

In [[Hindu philosophy]] according to the Doctrine of '''Non-difference''' (''abheda'') there is no difference (''bheda'') whatsoever between the individual self ([[Atman (Hinduism)|atman]]) and the supreme Self ([[Paramatman]]) or ([[Brahman]]). The opinion of the [[Sruti]] is that the knowledge of oneness of Brahman and atman is ''samyag-jnana'' ( [[Vivekachudamani]]. 204). The word ''ekatvam'' in this sloka that reads - ''brahmatmaikatvavijnanam samyajjnanam sruter matam'' means "non-difference", the experience of this non-difference between Brahman (supreme Self) and atman (individual self) is ''samyag-jnana''. It is the person tainted by ''bhrama'' ("delusion") and ''[[Pramada (Indian philosophy)|pramada]]'' ("carelessness") who cannot determine what is ''samyag-jnana'' or "true knowledge". Right knowledge removes all products of ''ajnana'' ("ignorance"); ''ajnana'' is of the nature of ''Mithya'', hinting differences between atman and Brahman.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Samkara's Vivekacudamani|author=Sri Chandrasekhara Bharati of Sringeri|year=1973|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|place=Mumbai|page=225|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ncQYAAAAIAAJ }}</ref> Then, all phenomenal expressions imagined on Brahman are denied and Brahman stands out as outside the negation [[Neti neti]].

==Nature of Non-difference==
According to the Theory of the Pre-existent Effect, there is no annihilation of the existence, nor is there any creation of the non-existent, which means, there cannot be anything new or the destruction of what exists; and that there is no relation between cause and effect. With regard to the non-difference of the cause and the effect the general views are that, a) the difference (negation of non-difference) of the cause and effect is the essence (''swarupa'') of the cause and the effect, and the non-difference of them is their relation of identity; b) that difference of cause and effect is their essential quality and that their non-difference is the negation of that difference, and c) that both difference and non-difference are essential qualities of the cause and effect and are equally positive in character and colour. These views lead to the reasoning that non-difference of the cause and effect cannot be taken as absolutely different from them, non-difference is not an attribute different from cause and effect and if difference is interpreted as constituting the essential nature of the cause and effect, with non-difference qualifying it as an attribute then a rational conception of the relation between cause and effect cannot be formed. It is held that the effect before its manifestation remains undifferentiated in the cause, because the causal substance is the substance of the effect as a substance therefore, the effect cannot be different from the cause, it evolves out of the cause, it exists inseparable from the cause and at the time of destruction it merges in the nature of the cause. Also, specific features that constitute the effect are not different from the cause. Thus, the entire world which prior to its manifestation is existent in an unmanifest state in the nature of [[Prakrti]], the Primal Energy, the modification of [[Prakrti]] resulting in the perceivable world does not make it lose its identity.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Philosophy of Indian Religion|author=Sadhu Santinath|date=August 2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing (P) Ltd.|page=204|isbn=9788177550740|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzQeI6UoM7YC&q=Non-difference&pg=PA204}}</ref>
Existence is a manifestation of the unmanifest Brahman, and the individual souls (atman) are the reflections of Brahman and non-different from Brahman, but even then non-difference cannot become the content of awareness without reference to difference. To the Advaitins, non-difference is real and it is not known through reasoning. Brahman is then held to be knowable because it is different from empirical things.<ref>{{cite book|title=Samkhya : A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy Vol.4|author=Gerald James Larson|year=1993|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|page=401|isbn=9788120808942|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak1Qla4xUgMC&q=Non-difference&pg=PA401}}</ref>

==Implication==
Non-difference is the essential (''svabhavika'') condition - ''He who knows the highest [[Brahman]] becomes Brahman Himself'' <ref>[[Mundaka Upanishad]] III.ii.9</ref> and ''Being Brahman he goes to Brahman'',<ref>[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] IV.iv.9</ref> while the distinction of souls from Brahman and each other is due to their limiting adjuncts (internal organs, sense-organs and the body), and the ''Upadhis'' that are produced, in accordance with the actions of the individual souls, as essentially non-different and different from Brahman.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vedanta Sutras|author=Ramanuja|date=October 2006|publisher=Echo Library|page=127|isbn=9781406809640|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nc0OcXbTqUsC&q=Non-difference&pg=PA127}}</ref>
Advaitins maintain the view that there is complete undividedness (''akhandata'') or identity (''tadatmya'') of the individual soul and Brahman; the former is the latter limited by artificial conditions (''upadhis''). According to [[Vijnanabhikshu]], difference (''bheda'') and non-difference (''abheda'') can also be understood to mean separation (''vibhaga'') and non-separation (''avibhaga'').e.g. pure water poured into pure water. The statements that reject difference have as their concern ''difference'' in the sense of non-separation.<ref>{{cite book|title=[[Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History]]|author=Andrew J. Nicholson|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=43}}</ref> As regards the difference in the sense of non-separation [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] explains that the essence of that which is gross, mortal, limited and defined is the eye for it is the essence of the defined which means, the mental mode associated with comparison that gives rise to duality and multiplicity i.e. separateness, is connected with the eye. The essence of that which is subtle, immortal, unlimited, unchanging and undefined is the unseeable being that is in the right-eye. Similarly the defined is the Sun but the undefined is that which moves within the Sun.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illumination of Knowledge|author=Ravinder Kumar Soni|year=2008|publisher=GBD Books|place=New Delhi|page=181|isbn=9788188951208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXZJXwAACAAJ}}</ref>

==Significance==
With regard the meaning of [[Brahma Sutra]] II.i.15 which reads ''bhave cha uplabhdheha'', [[Adi Shankara]] explains that it means - the effect is non-different from the cause for this further reason, that the effect is perceived when the cause is there, but not otherwise, it also means that not only is the non-difference of the cause and effect to be accepted on the authority of scriptures, their non-difference is also to be accepted on the strength of the existence of such a perception; for direct perception does occur about the non-difference of the cause and effect. And, with regard the interpretation of [[Brahma Sutra]] III.ii.22, [[Adi Shankara]] explains that neither the form of Brahman consisting of the phenomenal manifestations can be denied, nor Brahman, the possessor of form, for that would lead to [[nihilism]]. And that the unreal can only be denied on the basis of something real. Since the [[Sruti]] insists that [[Brahman]] is to be realized as existing <ref>[[Katha Upanishad]] II.iii.13</ref> failing to reach which, words turn back with the mind (<ref>[[Taittiriya Upanishad]] II.ix.1</ref> it is the phenomenal expression alone of Brahman is denied and not Brahman which appears to be different during activity, yet intrinsically there is non-difference, mark the Mahavakya, [[Tat tvam asi]]<ref>[[Chandogya Upanishad]] VI.viii-xvi</ref> and the Sruti vakya, ''There is no other witness but Him''. The individual self, which is non-different from the supreme Self i.e. Brahman, does not become liberated so long as it persists to be by nature an agent and experience when at the same time that its identity with Brahman, realizable through knowledge, does not exist “because when there is duality, as it were, then one sees something” “but when to the knower of Brahman everything has become the Self, then what should one see and through what?”<ref>[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] II.iv.14, IV.v.15</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Brahma Sutra Bhasya|author=Adi Shankara|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|place=Kolkata|pages=336,623–632,890|url=http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15494460-brahma-sutra-bhasya-of-sankaracarya}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian philosophy}}

[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Difference]]
[[Category:Self]]

Vimana

2026-02-10T20:20:26Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: quick update information for consistency further and corrected details

{{short description|Flying palaces or chariots described in Hindu texts and Sanskrit epics}}{{Distinguish|Vamana}}{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Pushpaka Vimana}}
[[File:The Celestial Chariot (6124515635).jpg|thumb|The Pushpaka vimana flying in the sky.]]

'''Vimāna''' are mythological flying palaces or chariots described in [[Hindu texts]] and [[Sanskrit epics]]. The "Pushpaka Vimana" of [[Ravana]] (who took it from [[Kubera]]; Rama returned it to Kubera) is the most quoted example of a vimana. Vimanas are also mentioned in [[Jain texts]].

== Etymology ==
{{Wiktionary}}
[[File:West Pediment, Phnom Rung 0434.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of the Pushpaka vimana, as a temple flying in the sky.]]

The [[Sanskrit]] word ''vimāna'' (विमान) literally means "measuring out, traversing" or "having been measured out". [[Monier Monier-Williams]] defines ''vimāna'' as "a car or a chariot of the gods, any self-moving aerial car sometimes serving as a seat or throne, sometimes self-moving and carrying its occupant through the air; other descriptions make the Vimana more like a house or palace, and one kind is said to be seven stories high", and quotes the [[Pushpaka Vimana]] of [[Ravana]] as an example. It may denote any car or vehicle, especially a bier or a ship as well as a palace of an emperor, especially with seven stories.<ref>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0980-vimalaya.jpg Monier-Williams, ''Sanskrit-English Dictionary'']</ref> Nowadays, ''vimāna, vimān'' or ''bimān'' means "aircraft" in [[Languages of South Asia|Indian languages]], for example, the [[Bangladesh Biman]] ([[national flag carrier]] of [[Bangladesh]]) and in the town names [[Vimanapura]] (a suburb of [[Bangalore]]) and Vimannagar (a town in Pune). In another context, [[Vimanam (tower)|Vimana]] is a feature in Hindu temple architecture.

== Hindu epics ==
[[File:Ravana seizes the chariot Puspaka from Kuvera.jpg|thumb|right|Ravana rides his Vimana, Pushpaka.]]

=== Ramayana ===
[[File:Rama welcomed.jpg|thumb|Pushpaka vimana depicted three times, twice flying in the sky and once landed on the ground.]]

In the [[Ramayana]], the ''pushpaka'' ("flowery") vimana of [[Ravana]] is described as follows:

<blockquote>The Pushpaka Vimana that resembles the Sun and belongs to my brother was brought by the powerful Ravana; that aerial and excellent Vimana going everywhere at will ... that chariot resembling a bright cloud in the sky ... and the King [Rama] got in, and the excellent chariot at the command of the Raghira, rose up into the higher atmosphere.<ref>Dutt, Manatha Nath (translator), ''Ramayana'', Elysium Press, Calcutta, 1892, and New York, 1910.</ref></blockquote>

It is the first flying vimana mentioned in existing [[Hindu]] texts (as distinct from the gods' flying horse-drawn chariots). Pushpaka was originally made by [[Vishvakarma]] for [[Brahma]], the Hindu god of creation; later Brahma gave it to [[Kubera]], the God of wealth; but it was later stolen, along with [[Lanka]], by his [[half-brother]], king Ravana.

[[Valmiki Ramayana]] describes it was being "yoked with mule-like horses" (3-31-34)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki Ramayana - Aranya Kanda - Sarga 31 |url=https://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/aranya/sarga31/aranyaitrans31.htm |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref> which are described as "ghost-faced mules"(3-42-7<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki Ramayana - Aranya Kanda - Sarga 42 |url=https://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/aranya/sarga42/aranya_42_frame.htm |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref> & 3-51-15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Valmiki Ramayana - Aranya Kanda - Sarga 51 |url=https://www.valmikiramayan.net/utf8/aranya/sarga51/aranya_51_frame.htm |access-date=2026-01-11 |website=www.valmikiramayan.net}}</ref>).

=== Mahabharata ===
A title of Uparichara was received by a king named Vasu after a Vimana (flying chariot) was granted to him by Indra, who was pleased with him. This chariot enabled him to wander (chara) above (upari) all mortals. The Vimana appeared as a crystalline entity in the sky.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhaṭṭācārya |first=Tārānātha TarkaVācaspati |url=https://archive.org/details/VfAW_vachaspatyam-vol-2-compiled-by-taranath-vachaaspati-bhattacharya-chowkhamba-seri |title=वाचस्पत्यम् (बृहत् संस्कृताभिधानम्) |publisher=Caukhambā |year=1873 |series=The Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Work No. 94 |volume=2 |location=Varanasi |page=331 |language=sa |trans-title=Vācaspatyam: A Comprehensive Sanskrit Lexicon. |chapter=उपरिचर |trans-chapter=Uparichara |quote=तुष्टेन शक्रेण तस्मै आकाशगं विमानं दत्तं तत्र चरणादुपरिचरनामेत्युक्तं |orig-year=1962 |chapter-url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/VCPScan/VCPScanpdf/pg1319.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dvaipāyana |first=(Vyāsa) Kṛṣṇa |author-link=Vyasa |title=महाभारतम्-01-आदिपर्व-064 |trans-title=Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064 |url=https://sa.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D-01-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-064&oldid=54241 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=विकिस्रोतः |language=sa |quote=दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥ त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥ |trans-quote=The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you. You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.}}</ref>
{{Verse translation|दैवोपभोग्यं दिव्यं त्वामाकाशे स्फाटिकं महत्। आकाशगं त्वां मद्दत्तं विमानमुपपत्स्यते॥१३॥
त्वमेकः सर्वमर्त्येषु विमानवरमास्थितः। चरिष्यस्युपरिस्थो हि देवो विग्रहवानिव॥१४॥|The celestial chariot, enjoyable to the deities and beautifully crystalline in the sky, that I have graciously bestowed upon you will come to you.(13)
You alone, on the splendid chariot, residing above all mortals, will wander above, like the embodiment of the divine.(14)|head1=महाभारतम् आदिपर्व ६४|head2=Mahabharata - Volume 1 - Adi Parva - 064|lang1=sa|attr1=Mahabharata|lang2=en|italicsoff2=y}}

== Jain literature ==
Vimāna-vāsin ('dweller in vimāna') is a class of deities who served the {{IAST|tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8si5ZrsP90UC&q=Jaina+vimana+vehicle&pg=PA169|author=Hermann Jacobi|title=Jaina Sūtras|page=169|isbn=9781605067278|year=2008|publisher=Forgotten Books }}</ref> These Vaimānika deities dwell in the [[Jain cosmology#Urdhva Loka, the upper world|Ūrdhva Loka heavens]]. According to the ''Kalpa Sūtra'' of Bhadra-bāhu, the 24th {{IAST|tīrthaṃkara Mahā-vīra}} himself emerged from the great {{IAST|vimāna Puṣpa-uttara}};<ref>[http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm (2)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208115935/http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm |date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref> whereas the 22nd {{IAST|tīrthaṃkara Ariṣṭa-nemi}} emerged from the great vimāna Aparijita.<ref>[http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm (171)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208115935/http://jainsamaj.org/literature/bhadrabahu-040806.htm |date=December 8, 2008 }}</ref> The {{IAST|tīrthaṃkara-s Abhinandana}} (4th) and Sumati-nātha (5th) both<ref>Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : ''The Indian Sect of the Jainas''. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 67</ref> traveled through the sky in the "Jayanta-vimāna", namely the great vimāna Sarva-artha-siddhi, which was owned by<ref>Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : ''The Indian Sect of the Jainas''. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 74</ref> the Jayanta deities; whereas the {{IAST|tīrthaṃkara Dharma-nātha}} (15th) traveled through the sky in the "Vijaya-vimāna".<ref>Johann Georg Buhler (ed. by James Burgess) : ''The Indian Sect of the Jainas''. London : Luzac, 1903. p. 69</ref> A vimāna may be seen in a dream, such as the nalinī-gulma.<ref>Saryu Doshi (transl. by Thomas Dix) : ''Dharma Vihara, Ranakpur''. Axel Menges, 1995. p. 11a.</ref><ref>[http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=RANAKPUR,%20FOUNDING%20OF ''Mewar Encyclopedia'', s.v. "Ranakpur, founding of"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155726/http://www.eternalmewar.in/User/Research/WikiDescription.aspx?Id=RANAKPUR,%20FOUNDING%20OF |date=July 21, 2011 }}</ref>

== Ashoka Edict IV ==
Ashoka mentions a model vimana ("aerial chariot") as part of the festivities or procession which were organised during his reign.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eugen Hultzsch|url=http://archive.org/details/InscriptionsOfAsoka.NewEditionByE.Hultzsch|title=Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch|date=1925|pages=30–31|language=sa}}</ref>

{{Quotation|text=In times past, for many hundreds of years, there had ever been promoted the killing of animals and the hurting of living beings, discourtesy to relatives, (and) discourtesy to Sramanas and Brahmanas.

But now, in consequence of the practice of morality on the part of king Devanampriya Priyadarsin, the sound of drums has become the sound of morality, showing the people representations of aerial chariots, elephants, masses of fire, and other divine figures.|author=Ashoka|title=|source=Major rock Edict no IV}}

== ''Samarangana Sutradhara'' ==
Chapter 31 of ''[[Samarangana Sutradhara]]'', an 11th-century treatise on architecture, discusses machinery and automata, discussing their operation in terms of the [[Pancha Bhuta|four elements and aether]], but suggesting that [[Mercury (element)|mercury]] may be an element in its own right.<ref name="Cardiff">{{cite journal |last1=Salvini |first1=Mattia |title=The Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=January 2012 |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/S135618631100085X |url=https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/1344377/The-Samaranganasutradhara-by-Mattia-Salvina,-Mahidol-University.pdf |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> The author says he has personally seen most of the devices he describes in use, but does not specify which ones. The list includes two wooden aircraft, referred to as "vimanas": a "light" one shaped like a huge bird and a "heavy" one shaped like a temple.<ref name="Baroda">{{cite book |last1=King Bhojadeva of Dhar (attrib.) |editor1-last=Sastri |editor1-first=T. Ganapati|title=Samarangana Sutradhara |date=1927 |publisher=Baroda Central Library |location=Baroda |page=introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.345259/page/n5/mode/2up |access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref> Both types contain a fire chamber which heats a container of mercury, somehow causing the aircraft to rise from the ground. However, the description is purposely left incomplete for ethical reasons:

{{Poem quote|The construction of the machines has not been explained
For the sake of secrecy, and not due to lack of knowledge.
In that respect, that should be known as the reason—
They are not fruitful when disclosed<ref name="Cardiff" />}}

== ''Vaimānika Shāstra'' ==
{{Main|Vaimānika Shāstra}}
[[File:Vaimanika Shastra Shakuna illustration.jpg|thumb|right|upright| An illustration of the ''Shakuna Vimana'' that is supposed to fly like a bird with hinged wings and tail.<ref name="Mukunda 1974">*{{cite journal |last=Mukunda |first=H.S. |author2=Deshpande, S.M. |author3=Nagendra, H.R. |author4=Prabhu, A. |author5=Govindraju, S.P.|year=1974|title=A critical study of the work "Vyamanika Shastra" |journal=Scientific Opinion | pages=5–12| url = http://cgpl.iisc.ernet.in/site/Portals/0/Publications/ReferedJournal/ACriticalStudyOfTheWorkVaimanikaShastra.pdf |access-date= 2007-09-03}}</ref>]]

The ''[[Vaimānika Shāstra]]'' is an early 20th-century [[Sanskrit]] text on aeronautics, obtained allegedly by mental [[Mediumship|channeling]], about the construction of ''vimāna''s, the "chariots of the Gods". The existence of the text was revealed in 1952 by G. R. Josyer, according to whom it was written by one Pandit Subbaraya Shastry, who dictated it in 1918–1923. A Hindi translation was published in 1959, the Sanskrit text with an English translation in 1973. It has 3000 [[shloka]]s in eight chapters. Subbaraya Shastry allegedly stated that the content was dictated to him by [[Maharishi]] [[Bharadvaja]].<ref>Childress (1991), p. 109</ref> A study by aeronautical and mechanical engineering at [[Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore]] in 1974 concluded that the aircraft described in the text were "poor concoctions" and that the author showed a complete lack of understanding of aeronautics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hvk.org/articles/0601/100.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331170834/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0601/100.html|archive-date=2012-03-31|title=Flights of fancy? (Part X of XII)|date=2001-06-24|publisher=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|access-date=2009-06-29}}</ref>

== Ayyavazhi ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}

Pushpak Vimana, meaning "an aeroplane with flowers", is a mythical aeroplane found in [[Ayyavazhi]] mythology. [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]], the religious book of Ayyavazhi, says that the Pushpak Vimana was sent to carry [[Ayya Vaikundar]] to Vaikundam.

A similar reference is found in regards of [[Saint Tukaram]], [[Maharashtra]], India. Lord Vishnu was so impressed by the devotion and singing of Saint Tukaram that when his time came, a Pushpak Viman (a heavenly aircraft shaped as an eagle) came to take him to heaven. Though it is believed that every other human being can go to Heaven without body, Saint Tukaram went to heaven with body (Sadeha Swarga Prapti).

== In popular culture ==
Vimanas have appeared in books, films, games, on the Internet, etc., including:

* [[Biman]] is the name of national airline of [[Bangladesh]], its name derived from Sanskrit ''Vimāna''.
* ''[[Vimana (arcade game)|Vimana]]'' is an [[arcade game]] from [[Toaplan]] wherein the player's ship earns the name.

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Early flying machines]]
* [[Extraterrestrials in Meitei culture]]
* [[Gulliver's Travels#Part_III:_A_Voyage_to_Laputa,_Balnibarbi,_Luggnagg,_Glubbdubdrib_and_Japan|Laputa]]
* [[Merkabah mysticism]]
* [[Quimbaya artifacts]]
* [[Ratha]]
* [[Solar deity|Solar chariot]]
* [[Vaimanika Shastra]]
* [[Vimanavatthu]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.world-mysteries.com/sar_7.htm#Ancient%20Indian The Anti-Gravity Handbook (Lost Science)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614001754/http://world-mysteries.com/sar_7.htm#Ancient%20Indian |date=2011-06-14 }} by [[David Hatcher Childress]] at WorldMysteries.com
* [http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/vimanas/vimanas.htm#menu Vymanika Shastra]
* [http://www.stephen-knapp.com/ufos_and_vimanas.htm UFOs and Vimanas]
* [http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/esp_vimanas.htm#inicio ''Los Vimanas'']—A collection of various texts, partially in Spanish and partially in English
* [http://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/vimana-aircraft-of-india-more-sloppy-scholarship-from-david-childress "Vimana Aircraft of India: More Sloppy Scholarship from David Childress"] by [[Jason Colavito]]

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:Flying chariots]]
[[Category:Objects in Hindu mythology]]

Prem Prakash

2026-02-10T02:33:40Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Page

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Indian patronymic|Cherian or by his stage name Prem Prakash|Joseph}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Prakash
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|07|19|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://laljose.wordpress.com/tag/malayalam-film-producer-prem-prakash/ |title=Malayalam film Producer Prem Prakash – Laljose's Blog |date=13 August 2012 |publisher=laljose.wordpress.com |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113030557/http://laljose.wordpress.com/tag/malayalam-film-producer-prem-prakash/ |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| parents = {{ubl|K. J. Joseph|Eliyamma Joseph}}
| years_active = 1970{{endash}}present
| spouse = Daisy Luke
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Jose Prakash]] (brother) [[Bobby-Sanjay]] (sons) [[Dennis Joseph]] (nephew)
}}

'''Cherian Joseph''', popularly known as''' Prem Prakash''' is an Indian actor who predominantly works in [[Malayalam]] television serials and a producer in [[Malayalam movie]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kerala.com/malayalamcinema/star-details.php?member_id=274 |title=Malayalam movie photos, Malayalam cinema gallery, Malayalam cinema actress, Malayalam cinema photos, New Malayalam cinema |publisher=kerala.com |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113004234/http://www.kerala.com/malayalamcinema/star-details.php?member_id=274 |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> He is mainly known for supporting roles and character roles. He has produced 19 Malayalam films. He is known as Kariachan amongst his family, friends and cinema circles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8693535&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Malayalam News, Kerala News, Latest Malayalam News, Latest Kerala News, Breaking News, Online News, Malayalam Online News, Kerala Politics, Business News, Movie News, Malayalam Movie News, News Headlines, Malayala Manorama Newspaper, Breaking Malayalam News |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001146/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=8693535&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Prem Prakash was educated in [[St. Berchmans College|SB College Changanacherry]] and [[CMS College Kottayam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001470300.htm |title=Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Personality : Song of success |access-date=13 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113011137/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123001470300.htm |archive-date=13 November 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Premprakash made his acting debut in the movie [[Ara Nazhika Neram (film)|''Ara Nazhika Neram'']] in 1970. He produced his first film ''[[Peruvazhiyambalam]]'' in 1979. It was the directorial debut of writer-director [[P. Padmarajan]] and also the debut of actor [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]]. ''Peruvazhiyambalam'' was well received and Prakash went on to make 17 more films, of which films like ''[[Koodevide]], [[Akashadoothu]], [[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johnnie Walker]], [[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' and ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' firmly established him as a successful producer. He won the Best Character Actor Award at the 2015 Kerala State Film Awards for his role in ''[[Nirnayakam]]''. He is also credited with introducing popular actors [[Rashin Rahman]], [[Biju Menon]], [[N F Varghese]], [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Achankunju]], lyricist [[Gireesh Puthenchery]], music director A J Joseph and director Jude Attipetty.

== Awards ==
;[[National Film Awards]]
* 1979: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] – ''[[Peruvazhiyambalam]]''
* 1993: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam]] – ''[[Aakashadoothu]]''
;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* 1979: [[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Film]] – ''[[Peruvazhiyambalam]]''
* 1983: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] – ''[[Koodevide]]''
* 2003: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] – ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]''
* 2012: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film]] – ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''
* 2015: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor]] – ''[[Nirnayakam]]''

;Film Producer's Association Award
* 2015: Best Character Actor – ''[[Nirnayakam]]''

;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Film Critics Award]]
* 2015: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor#Second Best Actor (1979 – 2018)|Second Best Actor]] – ''[[Nirnayakam]]''

;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
* 2013: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]] – ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]''<ref>[[60th Filmfare Awards South]]</ref>
;Padmarajan Memorial Award
* 2013: Chalachitra Prathiba<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/padmarajan-award/article4367237.ece |title=Padmarajan Award |newspaper=The Hindu |date=February 2013 |access-date=23 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224101554/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/padmarajan-award/article4367237.ece |archive-date=24 December 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Aranazhika Neram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1973 || ''[[Panitheeraatha Veedu]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Udayam (film)|Udayam]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Thottavadi]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1974 || ''[[Suprabhatham (1974 film)|Suprabhatham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakkari]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shapamoksham]]'' || ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Seemantha Puthran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1977 || ''[[Aaraadhana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aval Oru Devaalayam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1978 || ''[[Rappadikalude Gatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Eeta]]'' || Abraham ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1981 || ''[[Kallan Pavithran]]'' || Kuruppu ||
|-
| ''[[Oridathoru Phayalvaan]]'' || ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Idavela]]'' || Ravi's brother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1983 || ''[[Koodevide]]'' || Captain George ||
|-
| ''[[Prathijnja]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1985 || ''[[Ente Kaanakkuyil]]'' || Driver ||
|-
| ''[[Onnanam Kunnil Oradi Kunnil]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1986 || ''[[Ee Kaikalil]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Kariyilakkattu Pole]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Season (film)|Season]]'' || man coming to buy the TV ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Orukkam]]'' || Kuttikrishnan ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johnnie Walker]]'' || Bobby's friend ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1993 || ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''[[Maya Mayooram]]'' || Issac ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Puthran'' || Avarachan ||
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Highway (1995 film)|Highway]]'' || Sivanandan ||
|-
| 1997 || ''Vamsam'' || ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Niram]]'' || Mathukutty ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Ente Veedu Appuvinteyum]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004 || ''[[C. I. Mahadevan 5 Adi 4 Inchu]]'' || Minister ||
|-
| ''Kusruthi'' || 'Kaduva' Narayanan ||
|-
| 2005 || ''The Campus'' || Neena's father ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2006 || ''[[Chinthamani Kolacase]]'' || Dr. Kim Sudarshan ||
|-
| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || Charles ||
|-
| ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]'' || CM Nandakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnamathoral]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' || Swaminathan ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' || CM Narayanan ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || Jacob ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Four Friends (2010 film)|Four Friends]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Traffic (2011 film)|Traffic]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''[[Ee Adutha Kaalathu]]'' || Santhosh Kumar||
|-
| ''[[Ustad Hotel]]'' || Bank Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' || Thomas Tharakan ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'' || Zachariya ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''[[London Bridge (film)|London Bridge]]'' || John Daniel ||
|-
| ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You]]'' || Simon sir ||
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Narendran ||
|-
| ''[[Angels (2014 film)|Angels]]'' || Channel Production Head ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Nirnayakam]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Siddarth Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Vettah]]'' || Philip a.k.a. Appachan ||
|-
| ''Moonam Naal Njayarazhcha'' || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' || Jayamohan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''Samaksham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Joseph (2018 film)|Joseph]]'' || Cardiologist ||
|-
| ''[[Ira (film)|Ira]]'' || IG Ajay Chacko IPS ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2019 || ''[[Maarconi Mathaai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Valiyaperunnal]]'' || Popcorn Basheer ||
|-
| ''[[Evidey]]'' || Kuttichan ||
|-
| ''[[Uyare]]'' || Balakrishnan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Michael ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Al Mallu]]'' || Sreenivas Sreedhar's father ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' || George ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/11/kaanekkaane-digital-release-sonyliv-teaser-launched.html | title=Kaanekkaane' gears up for OTT release, intriguing teaser launched| work= Manorama News Online | date=11 September 2021 | accessdate=12 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Enthada Saji]]'' || Puthenpurayil Augustine ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Kolla (2023 film)|Kolla]]'' || Bank Manager ||
|-
| ''[[Garudan (2023 film)|Garudan]]'' || Samuel John ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''Ithuvare'' || Zachariah||
|-
| ''[[Theeppori Benny]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || Dr. Prajulachandran ||
|-
|}

=== As a producer ===

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Peruvazhiyambalam]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Koodevide]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Parannu Parannu Parannu]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Ente Kaanakkuyil]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Kunjattakilikal]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Ee Kaikalil]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Orukkam]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Johnnie Walker (film)|Johnnie Walker]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Akashadoothu]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Puthran]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Highway (1995 film)|Highway]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Dilliwala Rajakumaran]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Nee Varuvolam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Meenathil Thalikettu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Ente Veedu Appoontem]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Sankaranum Mohananum]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ayalum Njanum Thammil]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Evidey]]'' (2019)
{{div col end}}

=== As playback singer ===
* Kaarthika Nakshathrathe as Kaarthika (1968)

== Television career ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year || Title || Role || Actor || Producer || Channel || Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''Avasthantharangal''|| || || {{Yes}} || [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
| 2003–2004 || ''Swapnam''|| Vishwanathan || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2004–2005 || ''Avicharitham''|| Aravind || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Ariyathe''|| || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||

|-2007-|| Manapporutham-|| Surya TV

| 2006 || ''Oru Mandarappoovu''|| Achan || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||

|-2006 |Ponnoonjal- Asianet

| 2006 || ''Manaporutham''|| Achan || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2007 || Manapporutham || Achan || || || Surya TV ||
|-
| 2006-2007 || Amma Manassu || Issa's father || Yes || || Asianet ||
|-
| 2008 || ''Mandaram''|| Hariharan || {{Yes}} || || [[Kairali TV]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''Alphonsamma''|| perappan || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Aagneyam]]'' || || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || [[DD Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2011–2013 || [[Akashadoothu (TV series)|''Akashadoothu'']] ||Joy || {{Yes}} || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2010–2012 || ''Indraneelam''|| Balachandran || {{Yes}} || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2012 || ''Sandhyaraagam''|| Saudamini's father || {{Yes}} || || [[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''red roses''|| || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Bahumanapetta Bharya''|| || {{Yes}} || || [[DD Malayalam]] ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Oru penninte kadha''|| || {{Yes}} || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Avalude Kadha''|| || {{Yes}} || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Iswaran Sakshiyayi''|| Mahendran || {{Yes}} || || [[Flowers (TV channel)]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Streetvam''|| || {{Yes}} || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Mizhi Randilum''|| Krishnamangalath Appu mash || {{Yes}} || || [[Surya TV]] ||
|-
| 2016 || ''Jagratha''|| Vishwanathan || {{Yes}} || || [[Amrita TV]] ||
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''Nokketha Doorathu''|| Achu's father || {{Yes}} || || [[Mazhavil Manorama]] ||
|-
| 2020|| [[Padatha Painkili (TV series)|''Padatha Painkili'']]|| Anandavarma || {{Yes}} || || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] ||Replaced by [[Dinesh Panicker]]
|-
|}

== Books ==

* Prakashavarshangal (Autobiography)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0695171}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Prem%20Prakash Prem Prakash] at MSI

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Prem}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]

Rai Singh of Bikaner

2026-02-01T21:04:12Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Starting

{{Short description|Raja of Bikaner from 1571 to 1612}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Raja Rai Singh
| image = Unknown artist - Portrait of Maharaja Rai Singh of Bikaner (reigned 1574–1612) - 2021.11 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
| caption = Portrait of Maharaja Rai Singh of Bikaner, [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] c.1610
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| reign = 1571 – 20 January 1612
| predecessor = Rao Kalyan Mal
| successor = Rao Dalpat Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1541|07|20|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1612|01|20|1541|07|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Burhanpur]], [[Khandesh Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|
| Sisodiniji Jaswant Deiji of [[Mewar]]
| Bhatiyaniji Ganga Deiji of [[Jaisalmer]]
| Tomarji Dhrupad Deiji of Lakhasar in [[Bikaner]]
| Sodhiji (Parmarji) Bhan Deiji of [[Amarkot]]
| Nirbanji (Chauhanji) Chatra Deiji of [[Khandela]]
| Bhatiyaniji Jasoda Deiji of [[Pugal]] in [[Bikaner]]
| Bhatiyaniji Amolak Deiji of [[Pugal]] in [[Bikaner]]
}}
| issue = {{Unbulleted list|
| Bhupat Singh
| Dalpat Singh
| Sur Singh
| Hanwant Singh
| Kishan Singh
| Sujas Deiji m.to [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Jahangir]]
| Yash Deiji (m.to Raja Virbhadra Ju Dev of [[Bandhavgarh]])
| Dev Deiji (m.to [[Raisinhji I of Halvad|Rana Rai Singh]] of [[Kingdom of Jhalavad|Halvad]])
}}
| house = [[Bikaner State|House of Bikaner]]
| father = Rao Kalyan Mal
| mother = Songariji (Chauhanji) Bhagwat Deiji d.of Rao Akhairaj of [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] in [[Jalore]]
| succession1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]]
| reign-type1 = Term
| cor-type1 = [[Mughal Emperor|Emperor]]
| coronation1 = [[Akbar I]]
| predecessor1 = [[Bhagwant Das]]
| suc-type1 =
| successor1 = [[Khawaja Shamsuddin Khawafi]]
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty]]
}}
'''Raja Rai Singh''' (20 July 1541 – 20 January 1612) was the Bikawat [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore Rajput]] ruler of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] between 1571 and 1612. He served [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Emperor]] [[Akbar]] first as the [[Subahdar]] of the province of [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore]].<ref name="Husain1970">{{cite journal |last1=Husain |first1=Afzal |date=1970 |title=Provincial Governors Under Akbar (1580-1605) |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=32 |pages=269–277 |jstor=44141074}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=M. Athar |date=1970 |title=PROVINCIAL GOVERNORS UNDER SHAH JAHAN—AN ANALYSIS |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=32 |pages=288–319 |jstor=44141077}}</ref> He participated in the imperial Mughal campaigns in [[Gujarat]] and [[Malwa]], and later served as the imperial governor in [[Burhanpur]] and [[Lahore]].He was also the father-in-law of [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal Emperor Jahangir]].

==Biography==
[[File:Nur Muhammad - Portrait of Maharaja Rai Singh of Bikaner (reigned 1571-1612) - 1987.1100 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|left|thumb|Portrait of Maharaja Rai Singh of Bikaner by Nur Muhammad c.1605]]
He was born in 1541. After the death of his father in 1571, Rai Singh assumed the rule of Bikaner. In 1576, when the emperor [[Akbar]] was visiting the shrine at [[Ajmer]], he went there with 6000 horse and paid homage to the emperor.{{sfn|Powlett|1874|p=22}}

Subsequently, Rai went on to join the force against the Gujarat Sultanate. In the [[Mughal conquest of Gujarat|Gujarat campaign]], Bikaneri forces suffered heavy losses. On the completion of the campaign, Rai Singh received the title of [[Raja]] as well as a grant of 52 [[Pargana|parganas]].{{sfn|Powlett|1874|p=22}}

In 1585, he was sent to [[Khandesh]] in the Deccan. Between 1587 and 1592, he was the general in command on the Deccan front. In 1593, when a large force was assembled against [[Burhan Nizam Shah II]], he served as the principal advisor to Prince [[Daniyal Mirza]]. He was made the governor of Burhanpur.{{sfn|Goetz|1950|p=41}}

By the 1590s, tension had grown between Rai and the minister [[Karam Chand Bachhawat]], who was at the helm of affairs in Bikaner while Rai served in imperial campaigns. In 1595, after a plot to assassinate Rai was discovered, Karam Chand had to flee Bikaner.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Shalin |date=2007 |title=The Centre and the 'Locality' in Mughal India: The Case of Mantri Karam Chand Bachhawat of Bikaner |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147844 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=68 |pages=332–339 |jstor=44147844 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

In 1604, the emperor Akbar died and Jahangir ascended the Mughal throne. The same year, Karam Chand also died. Rai was once again dispatched as governor to Burhanpur, where he proceeded with his son Sur Singh. In 1612, he died in Burhanpur. Three of his queens and three concubines performed [[Sati (practice)|sati]] on his pyre.{{sfn|Powlett|1874|p=28}}

==Legacy==
[[File:Bikaner-Junagarh-26-2018-gje.jpg|thumb|[[Junagarh Fort]] was constructed during his reign]]
Rai was among the highest ranked [[Hindus|Hindu]] nobles of the Mughal court. His reign is regarded as a turning point in the history of Bikaner. Revenues from the fiefs granted to the Rai, as well as war exploits made the state wealthy. The capital grew into an opulent town, and several important buildings were commissioned. These include the [[Junagarh Fort]]. Exploits from the campaigns, including idols from Gujarat and [[Sirohi]], as well as [[Indian Miniature Paintings|miniature paintings]] collected by Rai, were brought back to Bikaner. During his reign, a rudimentary school of painting developed which evolved into the [[Bikaner style of painting|Bikaner school]].{{sfn|Goetz|1950|p=43}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book |last=Sehgal |first=K. K. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146804/mode/2up |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Bikaner |publisher=Bharat Printers |year=1962 |location=Jaipur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Powlett |first=P. W. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.547015/mode/2up |title=Gazetteer of The Bikaner State |year=1874 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Herman |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14228/ |title=Art and Architecture of Bikaner State |year=1950 |publisher=Bruno Cassirer}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maharajas of Bikaner]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:Mughal Subahdars]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Lahore]]

[[Category:1541 births]]
[[Category:1612 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar

2026-01-23T13:42:17Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: adding

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda
| image = Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Jamnagar Logo.png
| motto = सर्वमूह्यमगाधार्थम् / Sarvamūhyamagādhārtham
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| mottoeng = "Profound and limitless knowledge, symbolizing the pursuit of deep wisdom and the exploration of profound truths."
| established = {{start date and age|1967}} (as University) {{start date and age|2020}} (as ITRA)
| chancellor =
| director = Dr. Tanuja Manoj Nesari
| city = [[Jamnagar]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| students =
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| mascot = Guru, Knowledge, Nature
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|https://itra.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda''' (ITRA) [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]] which was founded in 1967. It has a joint campus with, an [[Institute of National Importance]], established in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayurveda-day-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-ayurveda-research-and-teaching-institute-in-gujarat-2324816|title=PM Modi Inaugurates Ayurveda Research And Teaching Institute In Gujarat|publisher=NDTV|agency=Press Trust of India|date=13 November 2020|accessdate=21 April 2022}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1940, the erstwhile royal family of [[Nawanagar State]] established the Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurveda Society in Nawanagar (now [[Jamnagar]]). The Society had translated ''[[Charaka Samhita]]'' into English, [[Hindi]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] languages. The society built the [[Dhanvantari Temple|Dhanwantari Mandir]], a large palatial building, in 1944. The society founded Shri Gulabkunverba Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, the first [[Ayurveda]] college of India, in 1946. Following the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]] in 1947, the [[Government of India]] focused on revival and reorganisation of Ayurveda. On recommendation of the committees established by the government, the Central Institute for Research in [[Traditional medicine|Indigenous System of Medicine]] (CIRISM), the first Ayurveda research institute of India, was founded at Dhanwantari Mandir in 1952. The Centre for PG Studies and Research in Ayurveda (CPGS&RA), the first post-graduate Ayurveda college of India, was established in July 1956. In 1963, Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, CIRISM and CPGS&RA were integrated to create the Institute for Ayurvedic Studies and Research (IASR).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=Why Modi Government Prescribed Jamnagar for WHO Global Centre for Traditional Medicine |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/from-1st-ayurveda-college-to-varsity-why-modi-govt-prescribed-jamnagar-for-who-global-centre-for-traditional-medicine-5021053.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

The Gujarat Ayurved University was established in 1967 by an act.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web|title=History of University|url=http://www.ayurveduniversity.edu.in/unipast.php|publisher=Gujarat Ayurved University|access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref> The university superseded the IASR and the CPGS&RA was renamed as Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda (IPGT&RA). In 1999, the Indian Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences (IIAPS) were established which offers a Diploma in Ayurved Pharmacy. The [[Patanjali|Maharshi Patanjali]] Institute for Yoga Naturopathy Education and Research was founded in 2000.<ref name=":0" /> The other [[constituent college|constituent institutes]] include the International Center for Ayurvedic Studies and the University School of Continuing Education in Ayurved.<ref>{{cite web |title=About University |url=http://www.ayurveduniversity.edu.in/university.php |access-date=23 January 2018 |website=www.ayurveduniversity.edu.in}}</ref>

In 2020,<ref name=":1" /> Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda (ITRA), an autonomous institute,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-17 |title=Gujarat: ITRA becomes autonomous body on Ayurvedic learning |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/itra-becomes-autonomous-body-on-ayurvedic-learning/articleshow/84485858.cms |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> was established in the university campus which took over all the existing colleges on the campus.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=PM inaugurates Ayurveda research & teaching institute | newspaper=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-inaugurates-ayurveda-research-teaching-institute/articleshow/79206466.cms | agency=PTI | date=13 November 2020|accessdate=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayurveda-day-pm-narendra-modi-inaugurates-ayurveda-research-and-teaching-institute-in-gujarat-2324816|title=PM Modi Inaugurates Ayurveda Research And Teaching Institute In Gujarat|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> It was declared as an [[Institutes of National Importance|institute of national importance]] dedicated to Ayurvedic studies and research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliament passes ‘Institute of Teaching and Research in Ayurveda Bill, 2020’ |url=http://newsonair.com/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=399972 |website=newsonair.com}}</ref> The ITRA has 12 departments, three clinical laboratories and three research laboratories.<ref name=":2" /> About 50 acres were allocated for the college campuses while another 50 acres were allocated for a botanical garden.<ref name=":0" />

In 2021, the act governing the university was repealed and reenacted the Gujarat Ayurved University Act with changes by the Government of Gujarat following establishment of the ITRA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-02 |title=New Bill passed, Gujarat Ayurved University Act repealed: Govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/new-bill-passed-gujarat-ayurved-university-act-repealed-govt-7254983/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The university continues to govern the affiliated Ayurveda colleges in Gujarat.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== Institutes under ITRA ==
* Shree Gulabkunverba Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya
* Institute of Post Graduate Teaching and Research in Ayurveda
* Indian Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Sciences
* Maharshi Patanjali Institute For Yoga Naturopathy Education and Research (now the Department of Swasthavritta)
* International Center for Ayurvedic Studies
* University School of Continuing Education in Ayurved

== Publications ==
''Ayu'' is a quarterly journal published by the ITRA focusing on research, education and propagation of Ayurveda. It was started in 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AYU (An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda) : About us |url=https://www.ayujournal.org/aboutus.asp |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=www.ayujournal.org}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* Vd. [[Rajesh Kotecha]] – Secretary of Ministry of Ayush
* Dr. [[Vaibhav Dadu]] – Renowned faculty of Department of basic principles. Published many books includeling Padarth Vijnana, Ayurveda Itihas etc.
* Vd. [[ Dr. Tanuja Nesari ]] - Director of ITRA Jamnagar
* Vd. [[ D.B. Vaghela ]]
* Vd. [[Rajshree Unadkat]]
* Vd. [[ Achyuta Girdharbhai Atara ]] - Renowned name in Shalakya Tantra
* Vd. [[ Bhupesh Baghel ]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1967 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic colleges]]
[[Category:Education in Jamnagar]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1967]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Gujarat]]

Mundra Port

2026-01-07T12:22:57Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: reworked formatting for consistency per sources

{{Short description|Container port in Gujarat, India}}
{{Infobox Port
| name = Mundra Port મુન્દ્રા બંદર
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_geomask =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| image = Adani Mundra Port Kutch Gujarat.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_size = 300px
| country = {{IND}}
| location = [[Mundra]], [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.746|N|69.700|E|type:landmark_region:IN_dim:3000|display=title,inline}}
| opened = 1998
| operated = [[Adani Ports & SEZ Limited]] (APSEZ)
| owner = [[Adani Group]]
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size =
| berths = 24
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle = CEO
| leader = Karan Adani
| blankdetailstitle1 = Terminals
| blankdetails1 = 10
| blankdetailstitle2 =
| blankdetails2 =
| blankdetailstitle3 =
| blankdetails3 =
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage = 155 million tonnes (2022–23)<ref name = mu>{{cite web|title=APSEZL – Operational performance update|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7c86b79d-bee6-4966-9ce4-50409efb2a01.pdf|website=[[Adani Ports & SEZ|Adani Ports and Logistics]]|date=6 April 2021|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>
| containervolume = 5.65 million [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEU]] (2020-21)<ref name = mu/>
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| website =
{{URL|https://www.adaniports.com/Ports-and-Terminals/Mundra-Port|adaniports.com/mundra}}
}}

[[File:The port of Mundra in Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Cargo terminal of Mundra Port]]
'''Mundra Port''' is India's first private port, largest [[Containerization|container]] [[List of ports in India|port in India]] and largest commercial port, located on the northern shores of the [[Gulf of Kutch]] near [[Mundra]], [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]]. Formerly operated by Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone Limited (MPSEZ) owned by [[Adani Group]],<ref name="Economic_cargo">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/PDAET/articleshow/4839907.cms |title=Cargo volumes lift Mundra Port net 76% |newspaper=Economic Times |date=31 July 2009}}</ref> it was later expanded into [[Adani Ports & SEZ Limited]] (APSEZ) managing several ports. In FY 2020–21, Mundra Port handled 144.4 million tonnes of cargo.<ref>{{cite web|title=APSEZL - Operational performance update|url=https://www.bseindia.com/xml-data/corpfiling/AttachLive/7c86b79d-bee6-4966-9ce4-50409efb2a01.pdf|website=BSE|date=6 April 2021|access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> The port currently handles over 155 MT (highest in India), which constitutes nearly 11 per cent of India’s maritime cargo. The port also handles nearly 33 per cent of India’s container traffic.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mundra port cargo|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/adani-group-continues-to-pump-in-huge-money-at-mundra/article67477578.ece|website=Hindu Businessline|date=31 October 2023|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
The Port of Mundra is a private port and is also a special economic zone. Incorporated in 1998 as Gujarat Adani Port Limited (GAPL), the company began operating in 2001. The combined company was renamed Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone Limited.It was financed by [[IFCI Ltd|IFCI]].

=== Port history ===
In 1994, the [[Gujarat Maritime Board]] (GMB) approved setting up a captive jetty at the Port of Mundra. In 1998, a joint-sector company, the Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., was incorporated and multi-purpose berths 1 and 2 at Terminal I began operating. MT Alpha-2, a small tanker was the first ship anchored on 7 October 1998.<ref name="HighBeam Research 2014">{{cite web | title=Mundra Becomes First Indian Port to Cross 100 Mt Cargo Mark | website=Mint |via=HighBeam | date=1 April 2014 | url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3261380521.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313042410/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-3261380521.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 March 2016 | accessdate=5 January 2016}}</ref> In 1999, multi-purpose berths 3 and 4 opened at Terminal I.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In 2001, the Port of Mundra signed a concession agreement with GMB for development, operation, and maintenance of the port at Mundra. Also in 2001, the private Mundra-[[Adipur]] railway line was completed and in 2002, it was integrated with the [[Indian Railways]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In 2002, Guru Govind Singh Refineries Ltd. signed an agreement with the Port of Mundra to handle crude oil in the port. In 2002, additional agreements were signed with [[Indian Oil Corporation Limited]] to set up a single-point mooring facility and handle crude oil at Mundra. In 2003, a sub-concession agreement was signed to add a container terminal in the Port of Mundra, and the terminal began operating that year. In 2005, Adani Port Limited and Gujarat Adani Port Limited were merged. In late 2005, the single-point mooring became operational.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Mundra Special Economic Zone was incorporated in 2003. It became India's first multi-product port-based special economic zone.
Two new berths at Terminal II became operational to handle bulk cargo. A double-stack container train began to operate. The Mundra Special Economic Zone Ltd. and Adani Chemicals Limited were merged with Gujarat Adani Port Ltd., and the company name was changed to Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone Limited (MPSEZ) in 2006.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

In 2007, two more berths for bulk cargo were added at Terminal II, and the terminal trial run operations began. A service agreement was signed with [[Tata Power]] to produce power for handling coal cargo imports. Also in 2007, equity shares in MPSEZ were offered to the public and employees and were listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. A service agreement was signed in 2008 with [[Maruti Suzuki]] India Ltd. to handle exports of automobiles.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

MPSEZ expanded its port operations and changed its name to "''Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited''" (APSEZ) on January 6, 2012.<ref name="The Hindu Business Line">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/logistics/article2787837.ece |title=Mundra Port co is now Adani Ports and SEZ Ltd |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=9 January 2012 }}</ref>

The port is part of the Maritime [[Silk Road]] that runs from the Chinese coast to the Mediterranean, and via the Upper Adriatic region to Central Europe and the North Sea.<ref>[https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Transportation/Chinese-state-port-operator-s-India-and-Vietnam-acquisitions-stall Chinese state port operator's India and Vietnam acquisitions stall]</ref><ref>Jean-Marc F. Blanchard "China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative and South Asia" (2017), pp 81.</ref><ref>Richard T. Griffiths "China's Belt and Road at Sea" (2020).</ref>

== Port ==
The multi-purpose terminals contain nine berths of a total 1.8 thousand meters long with alongside depths ranging from 9 to 16.5 meters. Berth 1 is 275 meters long with alongside depth of 15.5 meters and can accommodate vessels to 75 thousand DWT. Berth 2 is 180 meters long with alongside depth of 13 meters and can accommodate vessels to 30 thousand DWT. Accommodating vessels to 60 thousand DWT, Berths 3 and 4 are each 225 meters long; Berth 3 has alongside depth of 14 meters, and Berth 4 has alongside depth of 12 meters. Berths 5 and 6 are each 250 meters long with alongside depth of 14 meters, and both can accommodate vessels to 150 thousand DWT. Berths 7 and 8 are each 175 meters long with alongside depth of 12 meters and can accommodate vessels to 40 thousand DWT. The Barge Berth is 80 meters long with alongside depth of 6 meters and capacity for vessels of 2500 DWT.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Mundra Port offers 21 closed dockside warehouses with capacity for 1.37 [[lakh]] (137 thousand) square meters to store wheat, sugar, rice, fertilizer, raw material for fertilizer and de-oiled cakes. The port offers 8.8 [[lakh]] (880 thousand) square meters of open storage for steel sheets, coils, plate, clinker, scrap, salt, coke, bentonite, and coal. An additional 26 thousand square meters of open storage is available alongside the railway. The port also offers a wheat-cleaning facility with capacity to handle 1200 metric tons per day and a rice-sorting and –grading facility that can handle 500 metric tons per day.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

The Port of Mundra is planning several additions and improvements. Two thermal power plants are under construction that will produce over 8,600 megawatts. A new terminal site is proposed to be located about ten nautical miles west of the current terminals at the Port of Mundra. The terminal will eventually contain three deep-water offshore berths and two sets of stackyards for coal, iron ore, and other dry bulk cargo.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

[[Kazakhstan]] is considering to build a terminal at the Mundra Port to provide Indian goods direct access to Central Asia via the [[Iran]]-[[Turkmenistan]]-[[Kazakhstan]] railway line.<ref name=mundhrakz>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan eyeing terminal at Mundhra to boost bilateral trade|url=http://us4.campaign-archive1.com/?u=d1e6f0d745e7feb80889ed4b2&id=f6a9a0fba2&e=9321ea927a#issue-7|publisher=Colibri Law Firm}}</ref>

In addition, the Port of Mundra's basin on the south side of Navinal Island will be developed in two phases to enhance the ''chorkarmas''. Scheduled to be completed in 2010, Phase IIA will include breakwaters, dredging, reclamation as well as construction of a basin container terminal, two roll-on/roll-off service berths, a craft berth, and support and back-up facilities. The railway line will be expanded, and a new dedicated berth will be added for [[liquefied natural gas]]. The Port of Mundra is also upgrading its road network, adding two lanes to the existing two-lane road.

Mundra Port is India's first multi-product port-based special economic zone (SEZ). The company currently has an annual cargo handling capacity 338 MMT as of February 2015.

The development of Adani Port & Special Economic Zone Limited was conceptualised by the entrepreneur [[Gautam Adani]]. Mundra Port was the first one to be developed in October 1998 with just one berth. In a short span of just 12 years Mundra Port achieved 10 crore (100 million) metric tonnes of commercial cargo in a year thereby becoming India's largest commercial port. Mundra Port has registered the fastest [[Compound annual growth rate|CAGR]] of over 35% in the port sector across India.<ref name="Economic_cargo" />

The Mundra Port is located in the Northern Gulf of Kutch, en route major maritime routes and connected through rail, road, air & pipelines. This makes it a preferred gateway for cargo bound westwards. The port has been designed to handle all types of cargo viz. containers, dry bulk, break bulk, liquid cargo and automobiles.

Mundra Port has a capacity to handle 338 MMT of cargo per annum – the largest amongst all operational ports in India. Mundra Port handled 14.44 crore (144.4 million) MT of cargo in the financial year 2020–21 and is the largest commercial port of India in term so volume of cargo handled.<ref name="Economic_cargo" />

Mundra Port has not only pioneered the concept of deep draft integrated port model, but also of port based SEZ. The multi-product SEZ consisting Mundra Port and its surrounding areas is planned to be spread over 135 square kilometres (13,500 hectares). Currently, notified Multi-product SEZ is spread over an area of 6,473 Hectare, with an additional 168 Hectares notified as a Free Trade Warehousing Zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sebi.gov.in/dp/mudradraft1.pdf| title=MUNDRA PORT AND SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE LIMITED|publisher=SEBI}}</ref>

== Milestones ==
[[File:Gujarat, Mundra Port Aerial View 1999 to 2011, India.jpg|thumb|Mundra Port Aerial View 1999 to 2011]]
* 1998 October – Mundra Port commences commercial operations with one berth<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constructionupdate.com/News.aspx?nId=kAjRb2ljDcx23LNmwSQgdg==| title=Mundra Port commences coal terminal operations|publisher=Construction Update|date=January 2011|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref>
* 2006 April – Notification issued for Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at Mundra
* 2007
** Offer Initial Public Offer (IPO) for 40,250,000 equity shares of ₹10 each of Mudra Port and Special Economic Zone Ltd. to public and employees with price band of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]400 – ₹440<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/ipo-issues-open/mundra-port-ipo-opensnov-1-price-band-at-rs-400-440_310391.html |title=Mundra Port IPO opens on Nov 1, price band at Rs 400–440 |publisher=Money Control|date=29 October 2007}}</ref>
* 2010
** Constructed a four lane 1.5 km long dedicated RoB at a cost of ₹50 crore. This is the first private four-lane RoB within port area in India capable of withstanding a load of 100 MT to smoothen and speed up cargo movement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianrlys.wordpress.com/tag/first-private-four-lane-rob/| title=India's first Rail-overbridge inaugurated |publisher=Indian Railway Turn Around News|date=30 June 2010}}</ref>
** World's largest fully mechanised coal import terminal with 6 crore (60 million) [[tonne]]s per year capacity was put into operation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiamart.com/mpsezl/aboutus.html|title=Mundra Port & Special Economic Zone Limited|publisher=India Mart|access-date=2015-07-08|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126073311/http://www.indiamart.com/mpsezl/aboutus.html|archive-date=2013-01-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2011
** Terminal Three commences operations
* 2012
** Name changed to Adani Ports and Special Economic Zone Limited
** Doubling of the rail connectivity between Mundra and Adipur completed. Mundra Port now has a private rail network of 117 km.
* 2014
** Adani's Mundra Port crosses 100 MMT mark of cargo handling in a year. Mundra Port Ltd., India's largest port developer and operator is part of the [[Adani Group]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/adani-s-mundra-port-handles-100-mmt-cargo-in-fy-14-114033100833_1.html |title=Adani's Mundra Port handles 100 MMT cargo in FY '14 | Business Standard News|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=31 March 2014}}</ref>

== Port layout and infrastructure ==
[[File:Mundra port.jpg|thumb|Port View from Tug berth side]]
The port has a deep draft that facilitates large vessels including fully laden capsize vessels to dock alongside its berth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crisil.com/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/mundra-port-special-ec-zone_01jun10.htm?cn=MPSEZL|title=CRISIL 'AA' for Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone's NCD Programme|publisher=Crisil|date=1 June 2010|access-date=8 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211216/http://www.crisil.com/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/mundra-port-special-ec-zone_01jun10.htm?cn=MPSEZL|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mundra Port has commodity-specific storage areas. The port has 2,25,000 sq. meters of closed godowns and 3,150,000 sq. meters of open storage yards for storage of import or export cargo within the port premises. The Liquid Terminal at ASPEZ consists of 97 tanks of different sizes and attributes with a total storage capacity of 4,25,000 kiloliters for storage of various liquid commodities.

Mundra Port has also developed adequate infrastructure for evacuation of cargo keeping in mind the concept of the inverted funnel. According to the concept, the capacity of a port's evacuation infrastructure should be more than its [[marine infrastructure]].{{clarify|date=January 2014}}

Mundra Port has developed commodity-specific infrastructure for handling, storage and evacuation of cargo. The Fertilizer Cargo Complex (FCC) is a fertilizer handling facility. The FCC has 2 operational lines with 44 bagging machines with a capacity to bag 660 nos. of 50-kg bags per minute and a capacity to load and evacuate 8–10 rakes per day i.e. 25,600 tonnes per day.<ref name="Business of Success">{{cite web |url=http://www.superbrandsindia.com/images/brand_pdf/business_3rd_edition_2011/ADANI.pdf |title=Business of Success |publisher=Super Brands India |access-date=2015-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501225757/http://www.superbrandsindia.com/images/brand_pdf/business_3rd_edition_2011/ADANI.pdf |archive-date=2018-05-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The steel yard is a steel storage area spread over 1,20,000 sq meters and consists of equipment for handling steel cargo. The steel yard is equipped with 8 Goliath cranes and 2 mobiles cranes with vacuum lift attachments, 6 forklifts with multiple attachments to handle steel coils, slabs and plates, 1 reach stacker and 60 trailers for internal transportation.

Besides the port area there is a large land area for development. A part of this area is now notified and functional SEZ which is now largest port based Multi product SEZ of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-07/news/31610801_1_sunrise-sectors-long-term-investment-long-term/3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095138/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-07/news/31610801_1_sunrise-sectors-long-term-investment-long-term/3 |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 2, 2014 |title=Sectors and stocks that could be considered for investment on long term basis |publisher=Economic Times |date=7 May 2012}}</ref> This SEZ is suited to service the hinterland of north and northwest India which account for two-thirds of India's GDP. The area is connected with National road, rail and pipeline network. Being spread over an area of 84 km2 it includes port, container terminals, rail, airport, container freight station and [[storage tanks]].

Mundra Port is being developed as a business location for sectors like light and heavy engineering, project cargo, auto and auto component, textiles and [[apparel]], [[pharmaceuticals]] dyes and specialty chemical, agriproduct processing, plastic processing, timber and furniture, global trading, metal and mineral etc.<ref name="Business of Success" />

It claims to have considerable distance advantage over other ports to most destinations in [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]].

== Terminals and berths ==
The marine infrastructure at Mundra Port consists of ten berths for handling [[dry bulk]] & [[break bulk cargo]], three berths for handling liquid cargo, six container berths including a Ro-Ro berth, three mechanised import cargo berths and 2 single point moorings for crude oil imports. The mechanised import cargo berths can handle vessels with maximum draft of 19 metres and other berths can handle vessels with maximum draft of 17 metres. The SPM facility offers a draft of 32 metres.

The port has its own fleet of tugs and pilots. Mundra Port also owns a fleet of dredgers to carry out the capital and maintenance dredging activities and thereby ensuring that Mundra Port has the deepest draft amongst all ports in India.<ref name="Mundra Port and SEZ Ltd">{{cite web |url=http://gmbports.org/showpage.aspx?contentid=1522 |title=Mundra Port and SEZ Ltd |publisher=Gujarat Maritime Port |accessdate=2012-10-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604230717/http://www.gmbports.org/showpage.aspx?contentid=1522 |archivedate=2013-06-04}}</ref>

Mundra Port Coal Terminal is the world's biggest [[coal]] importing terminal. It can handle 4 crore (40 million) tonnes of coal annually. It was built at a cost of {{INR convert|2000|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?newsid=1188706 |title=Adani has made some very 'power'ful moves |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=2008-09-09 |accessdate=2010-03-17}}</ref>

== Port connectivity ==

Mundra Port offers inland connectivity via rail track, road network, airport and cross country pipelines.

=== Rail ===
Mundra Port Ltd. is connected with the Indian Railway network by a developed and maintained 76-km rail line from Mundra to Adipur. The rail infrastructure is capable of handling 130 trains per day including double stack container trains and long-haul trains.

=== Road ===
Mundra Port is connected to the hinterland in northern and western parts of India through the [[National Highway 41 (India)|National Highway 8A]] Extn. & State Highways 6 & 48. The port has constructed a four-lane rail-over-bridge (ROB) in the proximity of the port to ensure that two modes of transportation i.e. road & rail, do not impede each other's movement.

=== Air ===
[[Mundra Airport]] is a licensed airport in 'private category' with [[air traffic control]] (ATC) which is operated by the [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI). The nearest commercial airports are at [[Bhuj]] (65 km) and [[Kandla]] (60 km). The company plans to extend the current runway at Mundra to 4,500 metres. It has also installed a [[precision approach path indicator]] (PAPI), and approach and runway lighting for safe night landings for aircraft. Mundra Port plans to upgrade an international air cargo hub with night landing facility.

=== Pipelines ===
Mundra Port is connected to the northern hinterland with three cross-country pipelines. One feeds the IOCL Panipat refinery, second crude oil pipeline feeds Bathinda refinery and third is a white oil line which feeds the national capital region.

== Commodities ==

Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone Limited handles commodities including:
* Fertilizers like [[urea]], DAP, MOP etc.
* Agri commodities like [[yellow peas]], DOC, wheat etc.
* Liquid cargo including [[crude oil]], POL, chemicals, edible oil etc.
* Steam coal, coking coal, containers, automobiles, steel cargo, project cargo and minerals

== Cargo handling ==

Mundra Port has a diverse cargo base including dry, bulk, break bulk, liquid, crude oil, project cargo, cars and containers. Mundra Port owns cargo handling equipment like mobile harbour cranes (16 nos.), grab ship unloaders (7 nos.), pay loaders, excavators and conveyor systems for handling of bulk and break-bulk cargo. Mundra Port also makes use of hired dumpers for transfer of cargo between berths and storage area.

Mundra Port has set up 9 docklines for transfer of liquid cargo from the jetty to the liquid tank farm. The container terminals at Mundra Port have a combined infrastructure consisting of 2.1 km of quay length, 18 rail mounted quay cranes, 48 rubber tyre gantry cranes and 17,400 ground slots and sands.

==Controversies==
=== Violation of environmental norms ===
A committee headed by [[Sunita Narain]] of [[Centre for Science and Environment]], was set up by the Union [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] to inspect [[Ship breaking|ship-breaking]] facility of M/s Adani Port and SEZ Limited near [[Mundra]] West Port in Gujarat's [[Kutch]] district. The committee which submitted its report on April 18, 2013 found incontrovertible evidence of destruction of mangroves, blocking of creeks and non-compliance of other clearance conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://cseindia.org/userfiles/adani_final_report.pdf|title = Report of the Committee for Inspection of M/s Adani Port & SEZ Ltd. Mundra, Gujarat|accessdate = 5 August 2013|website = Centre for Science and Environment|pages = 78–83|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130827164752/http://cseindia.org/userfiles/adani_final_report.pdf|archive-date = 27 August 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref> Subsequently, on July 29, 2013 a public hearing was held where people from four affected villages posed questions about the project and its impact on the environment.<ref>{{cite web |title=EIA and environmental management plan for Adani Ports and SEZ Limited's ship recycling facility new Mundra west port in Kutch district, Gujarat |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/379006/eia-and-environmental-management-plan-for-adani-ports-and-sez-limiteds-ship-recycling-facility-new-mundra-west-port-in-kutch-district-gujarat/ |website=indiaenvironmentportal.org.in |accessdate=13 September 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Container transport]]
* [[Nhava Sheva|Nhava Sheva Port]]
* [[Kandla Port]]
* [[Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Adani Group}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in India]]
[[Category:Adani Group]]
[[Category:Transport in Kutch district]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Gujarat]]

Taniksha Khatri

2026-01-05T22:16:28Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made a post

{{Short description|Indian fencer (born 2003)}}
{{Infobox fencer
| name = Taniksha Khatri
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| full_name = Taniksha Khatri
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2003|9|23|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]], India
| residence = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| height = 164 cm
| weight = 57 kg
| country = {{IND}}
| formercountry =
| training = [[France]]
| weapon = [[Épée]]
| hand = Right-handed
| natlteam =
| natlcoach =
| club =
| headcoach = {{ubl
| Mohit Ashwini
| [[Nathalie Moellhausen]]
}}
| assistcoach =
| formercoach =
| perscoach =
| retired =
| highest_rank = 57
| current_rank = 140 (October 2024)
| fieranking = [https://fie.org/athletes/46311 140]
| domesticranking =
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Épée|épée fencing]]}} [[File:Fencing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships#2022|2022 London]]|Individual}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships#2022|2022 London]]|Team}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Fencing Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Asian Fencing Championships|2022 Tashkent]]|Team}}
| fie_id = 46311
}}

'''Taniksha Khatri''' (23 September 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taniksha Khatri {{!}} Overview |url=https://fie.org/athletes/46311 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=FIE}}</ref> is an Indian [[Fencing|fencer]] specializing in the [[épée]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TOPS development fencer Taniksha Khatri aims to adopt lessons from ex-world champion Nathalie Moellhausen |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/tops-development-fencer-taniksha-khatri-aims-to-adopt-lessons-from-ex-world-champion-nathalie-moellhausen20230526185236/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=ANI News |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She's a silver medalist at the [[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Junior Championships]] and the [[Asian Fencing Championships|Asian Junior Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-15 |title=Taniksha Khatri, Jubraj Singh win silver in Junior Commonwealth Fencing Championships |url=https://thebridge.in/fencing/junior-commonwealth-taniksha-jubraj-silver-34554 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Bridge |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Khatri was born on 23 September 2003 in Karnal, [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title=Khelo India: With dream to play for Olympics, these swordswomen are second to none |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/khelo-india-with-dream-to-play-for-olympics-these-swordswomen-are-second-to-none/articleshow/100658450.cms |access-date=2024-07-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her father Sonu Khatri is a policeman and former athlete who had to retire from sports due to a back surgery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two-Odd {{!}} Taniksha khatris journey of fencing against all odds |url=https://two-odd.com/articlepage/taniksha-khatris-journey-of-fencing-against-all-odds/72?fbclid=PAZXh0bgNhZW0CMTEAAabBwrirlRtzJyEKYZN7uNhpyKbIw1FNc3A4p38tpHdAb8IqRds2rgpSlrE_aem_gYKW-0YKR4UuZm97Wvr2nQ |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=two-odd.com}}</ref> Khatri's foray into fencing first happened at a summer camp in 2015 organized by DAV Police Public School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fencer Taniksha Khatri turns focus to Los Angeles Olympics, after falling short of Paris |url=https://khelnow.com/more-sports/taniksha-khatri-exclusive-interview-202404 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 27, 2023 |title=Khelo India University Games: Duelling her path to podiums |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ace-fencer-taniksha-khatri-from-tops-development-athlete-to-khelo-india-university-games-targeting-2028-olympics-with-two-role-models-101685127136200.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Khatri started her career as a foil fencer, winning a gold medal in the U-14 division. Upon the recommendation of her coach, Mohit Ashwini, she switched to the épée category. She won a bronze medal in her first year competing in épée and became a three-time Junior National Champion.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hangzhou Asian Games: Indian fencer Taniksha Khatri goes down in QF, misses medal narrowly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-fencer-taniksha-khatri-goes-down-in-qf-misses-medal-narrowly/articleshow/103910806.cms |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Khatri reached the quarterfinals of the 2022 Asian Games, marking the best performance by an Indian fencer at the event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fencer Taniksha Khatri turns focus to Los Angeles Olympics, after falling short of Paris |url=https://khelnow.com/more-sports/taniksha-khatri-exclusive-interview-202404 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> At the Doha Grand Prix, she finished 31st out of 124 fencers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Teenage Indian fencer Taniksha Khatri claims major upset win at Doha Grand Prix |url=https://thebridge.in/fencing/taniksha-khatri-teenage-indian-fencer-upset-win-28783 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> Despite narrowly missing out on qualifying for the Paris 2024 Olympics, she continues to train and compete internationally, with her sights set on the Los Angeles 2028 Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fencer Taniksha Khatri turns focus to Los Angeles Olympics, after falling short of Paris |url=https://khelnow.com/more-sports/taniksha-khatri-exclusive-interview-202404 |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=Fencer Taniksha Khatri credits international training for gritty show in Olympic Qualifiers - |url=https://indianmotoring.com/fencer-taniksha-khatri-credits-international-training-for-gritty-show-in-olympic-qualifiers/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Achievements==
===[[Commonwealth Junior Fencing Championships|Commonwealth Junior Championships]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Category
! Opponent
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2022
| Épée individual
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Julia Caron]]
| {{World2}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day 6 - Junior Women's Epee Individual |url=https://engarde-service.com/competition/savin/cfc22/jwe |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=engarde-service.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| Épée team
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[British Fencing|England]]
| {{World2}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Day 8 - Junior Women's Epee Team |url=https://engarde-service.com/competition/savin/cfc22/jwe-t |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=engarde-service.com}}</ref>
|}

===[[Asian Fencing Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Category
! Opponent
! Result
! Ref
|-
| 2022
| Épée team
| {{UZB}}
| {{Asia2}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website |url=https://fie.org/competitions/2022/775 |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=INTERNATIONAL FENCING FEDERATION - The International Fencing Federation official website}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Fencing in India]]

== External links ==
* {{FIE|46311}}
* {{URL|https://www.fencingindia.org/players/taniksha-khatri/|Taniksha Khatri}} at the [[Fencing Association of India]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatri, Taniksha}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian female fencers]]
[[Category:Indian female épée fencers]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fencers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Microhyla laterite

2025-12-18T04:14:34Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Adding Some Stub Initial Version.

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Microhyla laterite adult male.png
| image_caption = ''Microhyla laterite'', an adult male
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = Suggested <ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016"/>
| taxon = Microhyla laterite
| authority = Seshadri ''et al.'', 2016<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016"/>
| synonyms =
| range_map = Microhyla laterite distribution.png
}}

'''''Microhyla laterite''''' or '''laterite narrow-mouthed frog''' is a species of [[frog]] discovered in [[Karnataka]], [[India]] in 2016.<ref name=discovery/><ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016"/> It is known from ephemeral ponds forming in laterite soil along the coastal fringe adjoining the Karnataka [[Western Ghats]].

==Description==
Males measure {{convert|15|-|17|mm|abbr=on}} and females, based on a single specimen only, {{convert|18|mm|abbr=on}} in snout–vent length. Skin is smooth. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is hidden by skin. The colouration is overall pale brown with prominent black markings on the [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]], hands, feet and flanks. There is a distinct black horizontal band, with a red leading edge, at level with the forelimbs. The vocal sac is deep purplish black when calling. The [[Iris (anatomy)|iris]] is golden yellow with brown mottling. The pupil is black. Ventral parts are creamy white except for the throat.<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016" />

== Etymology ==
This species is named after the [[laterite]] rock formations in the type locality.<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016" />

==Range and habitat==
''Microhyla laterite'' is only known from few localities in [[Udupi district]] and [[Konaje]], both in the Karnataka state, at elevations of {{convert|50|–|80|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]]. The species occurs in laterite habitats often around human settlements in rural and semi-urban areas. They inhabit ephemeral ponds and other marshy areas, and also occur in wet paddy fields where males have been observed to vocalize from the embankment.<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016"/>

[[File:Habitat of Microhyla laterite.png|thumb|275px|''Microhyla laterite'' habitat: a laterite pool|alt=|center]]

The range of ''Microhyla laterite'' is adjacent to the [[Western Ghats]], a recognized [[biodiversity hotspot]]. In contrast, the laterite areas are considered wastelands that receive no protection.

Because of ongoing threats to the habitat, and the very limited area of occurrence, Seshadri ''et al.'' suggest that the species should be considered "[[Endangered species|Endangered]]" following the criteria of the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) Red List.<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=discovery>{{cite web|url=http://news.discovery.com/animals/endangered-species/new-frog-found-surrounded-by-garbage-160310.htm |title=New Frog Found Surrounded by Garbage |work=news.discovery.com |date=10 March 2016 |author=Jennifer Viegas |access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Seshadri et al. 2016">{{cite journal|last1=Seshadri|first1=K. S.|last2=Singal|first2=Ramit|last3=Priti|first3=H.|last4=Ravikanth|first4=G.|last5=Vidisha|first5=M. K.|last6=Saurabh|first6=S.|last7=Pratik|first7=M.|last8=Gururaja|first8=Kotambylu Vasudeva |year=2016 |title=''Microhyla laterite'' sp. nov., a new species of ''Microhyla'' Tschudi, 1838 (Amphibia: Anura: Microhylidae) from a laterite rock formation in south west India |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=11|issue=3 |article-number=e0149727 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0149727 |pmid=26960208 |pmc=4784882|bibcode=2016PLoSO..1149727S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Microhyla laterite}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q24947657}}

[[Category:Microhyla|laterite]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2016]]

White-striped viper gecko

2025-12-16T04:01:46Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made a pg

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{speciesbox
| name = White-striped viper gecko
| image = White-striped viper gecko.jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |date=2013 |title=''Hemidactylus albofasciatus'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T194104A2299155 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T194104A2299155.en |access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Hemidactylus albofasciatus
| authority = Grandison and Soman, 1963<ref name="Grandison and Soman, 1963"/>
| synonyms = ''Teratolepis albofasciatus'' (Grandison and Soman, 1963)
| range_map =
| range_map_caption =
}}

The '''white-striped viper gecko''' ('''''Hemidactylus albofasciatus''''') is a species of [[gecko]] [[endemic]] to [[India]].<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /><ref name=RDB/> The species, mostly found under the loose rocks on rock [[outcrop]]s of the [[Konkan]] region is known to be threatened by the [[Land use, land-use change, and forestry|land-use changes]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-28 |title=Land-use changes put rocky addresses of animals under stress in Maharashtra's Sahyadri plateau |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/land-use-changes-put-rocky-addresses-of-animals-under-stress-in-maharashtras-sahyadri-plateau/article67130656.ece |access-date=2023-08-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jithin |first1=Vijayan |last2=Rane |first2=Manali |last3=Watve |first3=Aparna |last4=Giri |first4=Varad B. |last5=Naniwadekar |first5=Rohit |date=2023-10-01 |title=Between a rock and a hard place: Comparing rock-dwelling animal prevalence across abandoned paddy, orchards, and rock outcrops in a biodiversity hotspot |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |language=en |volume=46 |article-number=e02582 |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02582 |issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023GEcoC..4602582J }}</ref> This is an uncommon, slender gecko found only in the lateritic plateaus of Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grandison |first1=A. G. C. |last2=Soman |first2=P.W. |date=1963 |title=Description of a new geckonid lizard from Maharashtra, India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=322–325}}</ref> This patchily distributed ground-dwelling species hides generally under the rocks during the daytime<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gaikwad |first1=K.S. |last2=Kulkarni |first2=H. |last3=Bhambure |first3=R. |last4=Giri |first4=V.B. |date=2009 |title=Notes on the distribution, natural history and variation of Hemidactylus albofasciatus (Grandison and Soman, 1963)(Squamata: Gekkonidae) |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=106 |issue=3 |page=305}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mirza |first1=Z. |last2=Sanap |first2=R. |date=2012 |title=Notes on the natural history of Hemidactylus albofasciatus Grandison and Soman, 1963 (Reptilia: Gekkonidae) |journal=Hamadryad |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=56–58}}</ref>

==Distribution==
The species is currently known from few localities in the [[Maharashtra]] state. The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] is Dorle Village in Rajapur Taluka, [[Ratnagiri district]], Maharashtra.<ref name=RDB/> Its distribution is poorly known, and it could be more widely spread.<ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> The conversion of [[Laterite|lateritic plateaus]] to mango orchards, due to the increasing culinary popularity of the [[Alphonso mango|Alphononso mango]] varietal, has decreased populations of [[specialist species]] such as the white-striped viper gecko in their [[Endemism|endemic]] region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Amberkar |first=Prathamesh |last2=Mungikar |first2=Rahul |date=2024-10-07 |title=More the merrier? influence of mango orchards on the composition of the reptile communities of the lateritic plateaus, Maharashtra, India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/btp.13388 |journal=Biotropica |language=en |doi=10.1111/btp.13388 |issn=0006-3606|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Dorli House Gecko or White-striped Viper Gecko Hemidactylus albofasciatus IMG 0461.jpg|thumb|Close-up view of Hemidactylus albofasciatus from Maharashtra, India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Grandison and Soman, 1963">{{cite journal |last1=Grandison |first1=A. G. C. |last2=Soman |first2=P. W. |year=1963 |title=Description of a new geckonid lizard from Maharashtra, India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=60 |pages=322–325 }}</ref>

<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Hemidactylus |species=albofasciatus |accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3016703}}

[[Category:Hemidactylus|albofasciatus]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1963]]

{{Hemidactylus-stub}}

Utsav Plus

2025-10-24T03:19:05Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[StarPlus#Rebranding]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from company name}}
{{R from subtopic}}
{{R printworthy}}
{{R to section}}
{{R with history}}
{{R with possibilities}}
{{R with Wikidata item}}
}}

Mahabharat Murders

2025-10-21T16:58:42Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Adding The Pg First Draft.

{{short description|Bengali web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mahabharat_Murders.jpg
| caption =
| based_on = {{based on|''The Mahabharata Murders''| [[Arnab Ray]]}}
| director = Soumik Halder
| starring = [[Priyanka Sarkar]] [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Rajdeep Gupta]] Debasish Mondal Rishav Basu [[Koushik Sen]]
| screenplay = Anirban Bhattacharya Sougata Basu
| music = Amit-Ishan
| country = India
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 12
| language = Bengali
| cinematography = Ramyadip Saha
| editor = Sanglap Bhowmik
| runtime = 17-25 minutes
| company = [[SVF Entertainment]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2022|05|13}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=y|2022|06|03}}
}}
'''''Mahabharat Murders''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] series streaming on Hoichoi<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Mahabharat Murders - Trailer|url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-mahabharat-murders-bengali-web-series-trailer-online|website=hoichoi.tv|language=en}}</ref> from 13 May 2022, based on the book ''The Mahabharata Murders'' by [[Arnab Ray]].<ref name=":0" /> The series is directed by Soumik Halder and stars [[Priyanka Sarkar]], [[Arjun Chakrabarty]], [[Saswata Chatterjee]], [[Kaushik Sen]], [[Rajdeep Gupta]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Web series Mahabharat Murders to start streaming soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/web-series-mahabharat-murders-to-start-streaming-soon/articleshow/91340816.cms|website=indiatimes.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Mahabharata Murders: সমকালীন দৃষ্টিতে মহাভারতের গল্প নিয়ে আসছে 'মহাভারত মার্ডার্স'|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/new-web-series-named-mahabharata-murders-coming-soon-in-hoichoi-platform/cid/1305832|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Hoichoi's new content slate promises lots to explore|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/hoichoi-unveils-its-new-content-slate-called-notun-golpo-hoyejak/cid/1861558|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story happens in [[Kolkata]] and follows a serial killer who considers himself as modern-day [[Duryodhana]] and takes a dramatic spin over the [[Mahabharata]]’s narrative.<ref name=":0" />

== Cast ==
* [[Priyanka Sarkar]] as Ruksana Ahmed, [[Indian Police Service|I.P.S.]], an investigating officer at [[Kolkata Police]] detective department
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Siddhanth Singha, Ruksana's side-kick
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Pabitra Chatterjee, a politician
* [[Kaushik Sen]] as Abirlal, Pabitra's advisor
* [[Shankar Debnath]] as Laltu Mama
* [[Rajdeep Gupta]] as Prakash Sharma, CEO of Ycon Consultancy
* Rishav Basu as Vicky Patel
* Arna Mukhopadhyay as Dr. Bipul Bannerjee
* [[Debasish Mondal (actor)|Debasish Mondal]] as Javed, Ruksana's estranged partner
* Sudip Mukherjee as Surojit Mukherjee, [[Police Commissioner]] at [[Kolkata Police]] and Ruksana's senior
* Satyam Bhattacharya as Joy, a cyber specialist at [[Kolkata Police]] detective department and an [[Indian classical music]] enthusiast
* Arpita Ghosh as Devika Lahiri
* Riyaa Ganguly as Tania, Devika's flatmate
* Aparajita Ghosh as Kanika Basu, Director at YCon and Prakash's ex
* Jammy Bannerjee as Shamsuddin
* Bihaan Saha Dalal as Salim, Ruksana’s son

== Season 1 ==
This season will take the viewers on a mysterious and suspenseful trip based on Arnab Ray’s novel ‘Mahabharat Murders’,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-29|title=Shooting begins for Hoichoi series Mahabharat Murders|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/29/31918/shooting-begins-for-hoichoi-series-mahabharat-murders|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513085837/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/oct/29/31918/shooting-begins-for-hoichoi-series-mahabharat-murders|url-status=live|archive-date=13 May 2022|website= Cinestaan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-13|title=Mahabharat Murders|url=https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/mahabharat-murders-793949.html|website=Digit.in|language=en|access-date=30 September 2022|archive-date=29 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629174901/https://www.digit.in/digit-binge/shows/mahabharat-murders-793949.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-29|title=Arjun Chakraborty, Priyanka Sarkar play investigating officers in hoichoi web series Mahabharat Murders|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/15440/arjun-chakraborty-priyanka-sarkar-play-investigating-officers-in-hoichoi-web-series-mahabharat-murders.html|website= Indiablooms|language=en}}</ref> the series was released on 13 May 2022. hoichoi will release three episodes every week till June 3.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-13|title=Mahabharat Murders Part 1 Review: Priyanka Sarkar, Saswata Chatterjee Might Be in an Interesting Show!|url=https://www.leisurebyte.com/mahabharat-murders-part-1-review-priyanka-sarkar-saswata-chatterjee/|website= Leisurebyte|language=en}}</ref> This season was directed by Soumik Haldar.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt15516132}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2022 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Thriller web series]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]

Shivakotiacharya

2025-09-25T04:31:39Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Sivakotiacharya]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

M. Swaraj

2025-09-02T13:18:14Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Adv. M. Swaraj
| image = File:എം_സ്വരാജ്.jpg
| caption =
| constituency_AM = [[Thrippunithura]]
| assembly = Kerala Legislative
| term_start = 2 June 2016
| term_end = 2 May 2021
| predecessor = [[K. Babu]]
| successor = [[K. Babu]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1979|5|27}}
| birth_place = [[Nilambur]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]
| spouse = Saritha
| death_place =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''M Swaraj''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and a former representative of [[Thripunithura]] constituency in the [[Kerala State Assembly|Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He is also a former Kerala State Secretary of [[Students' Federation of India]] and [[Democratic Youth Federation of India]].<ref>[http://archives.peoplesdemocracy.in/2013/0616_pd/06162013_17.html "DYFI Holds Kerala State Conference"], "People's Democracy", 13 June 2013</ref>

==Early life==
Swaraj was born at Pathar in the Nilambur taluk of [[Malappuram district]] to P. N. Muraleedharan and Sumangi Amma. He attended Sree Vivekananda School, Edakkara. He then completed his [[B.A.]] degree in Economics from [[Mar Thoma College, Chungathara]]. He later pursued an [[LL.B.]] degree from [[Kerala Law Academy]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], and a master's degree from [[Annamalai University]].

==Political career==
Swaraj entered politics through student activism. He was the Chairman of the [[Calicut University]] Students' Union in 1999<ref>[http://www.reporterlive.com/2016/01/26/235172.html "അറിയുന്നത് സ്വരാജ് എം നായരെയെന്ന് ബല്‍റാം, ജനനത്തിലോ പേരിട്ടതിലോ തനിക്ക് പങ്കില്ലെന്ന് സ്വരാജ്"], ''REPORTER'', 26 Jan 2016</ref> and rose to be the Secretary of [[Students' Federation of India|SFI]] the Kerala State Committee in 2005.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/13/stories/2005111306170400.htm "SFI office-bearers elected at meet"]{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, "The Hindu", 13 Nov 2005</ref> Later he became active in [[Democratic Youth Federation of India|DYFI]], the youth wing of CPI(M), and was made President of its Kerala Unit in 2011.<ref>[http://www.dyfikerala.net/former-leaders/ DYFI-Kerala State Committee Former Leaders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202154131/http://www.dyfikerala.net/former-leaders/ |date=2 December 2017 }}, www.dyfikerala.net</ref> He was elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thripunithura]] assembly constituency in [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating Congress veteran [[K. Babu]] by a margin of 4,467 votes.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/swaraj-emerges-a-giant-killer/article8623451.ece "Swaraj Emerges a Giant Killer"], "The Hindu", 20 May 2016</ref> But in the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 elections]], Swaraj lost to K.Babu by a margin of 992 votes. Later, he contested in the by elections from Nilambur constituency (his hometown) in 2025, in which he lost to Aryadan Shoukath by a margin of 11,077 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Back-to-back defeats for M Swaraj as UDF wins Nilambur seat |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/back-to-back-defeats-for-m-swaraj-as-udf-wins-nilambur-seat-kwd6xor5 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Kerala Legislative Assembly Election
!Year
!Constituency
!Closest Rival
!Majority
(Votes)
!Won/Lost
|-
|2016
|Thripunithura
|K. Babu ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|4467
|Won<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thripunithura Election Result 2021 LIVE: Thripunithura MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/thripunithura-assembly-elections-kl-81/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Thripunithura
|K. Babu ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|992
|Lost<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1181.htm?ac=81}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Nilambur
|Aryadan Shoukath ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
|11077
|Lost
|}

== No Award Stance ==
Swaraj had won the Sibi Kumar Endowment Award (2024) by Kerala Sahitya Akademi in the essay category for his book ‘Pookkalude Pusthakam’. He declined the award stating his long standing personal stance, through a Facebook post, of not accepting an award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CPI(M)'s M Swaraj Declines Sahitya Akademi Award, Reaffirms No-Awards Stance |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/cpim-leader-swaraj-declines-sahitya-akademi-award-3604612 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swaraj, M.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

Sialsuk

2025-08-17T02:49:31Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made new details

{{short description|Village in Mizoram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sialsuk
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|23|52|N|92|45|00|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aizawl district]]<ref name=":1"></ref>
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 796190<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sialsuk Pin Code|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/mizoram/aizawl/sialsuk |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[India TV]]|language=en}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sialsuk''' is a village in the [[Aizawl district]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]].<ref name=":1"></ref>

==History==
On 1 April 2024, houses were destroyed in a storm along with neighboring villages.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Mizoram houses and churches damaged by heavy rain and hailstorm|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/108940361.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]| date=April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Transport==
The village is served by the [[World Bank]] road which stretches until to [[Aizawl]].

==Notable people==
*[[Zirsangzela Hnamte]], writer of [[Mizo literature]] songs

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Aizawl district]]

Samantha Edwards (singer)

2025-07-18T17:49:46Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: made details

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Samantha Noella
| image =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Mumbai
| origin = Indian
| genre = [[Jazz fusion|Jazz]], [[R&B (pop)|R&B]], [[Funk]], [[Blues rock|Blues]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument = Voice
| years_active = 1991 to present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = www.samanthanoella.com
}}
'''Samantha Noella''' is an Indian singer and [[vocal coach]] based in [[Mumbai]]. Her styles include [[Jazz fusion|Jazz]], [[R&B (pop)|R&B]], [[Funk]], [[Blues rock|Blues]] and Soul. Having worked as a Singer, Composer and lyricist since 1992, she began Voice Coaching since 2006. She is a well recognised Vocal Coach in Western Modern / Contemporary Music and has coached several students, amateurs, semi-professional and professional singers including well known industry professionals like [[Priyanka Chopra]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Priyanka Chopra taking singing tuition on Barfee sets|date=28 February 2012|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/gupshup/2012/priyanka-chopra-take-singing-tuition-barfee-sets-280212.html|publisher=filmibeat.com|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Hrithik Roshan, [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Nargis Fakhri]], [[Alia Bhatt]], [[Shrradha Pandit]], Vasuda Sharma, [[Shahana Goswami]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahana ready for singing debut|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shahana-ready-for-singing-debut/article1-768105.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113004956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shahana-ready-for-singing-debut/Article1-768105.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2011|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> Hazel Keech, [[Preeti Desai]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samantha Edwards|url=http://jazzinindia.com/samantha-edwards|publisher=jazzinindia.com|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
{{BLP unsourced section|date=November 2014}}
Noella was born and raised in [[Bandra]], Mumbai and began singing on stage from the age of 5. Samantha schooled at the Apostolic Carmel High School in Bandra, Mumbai and graduated with a bachelor's degree from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] and a master's degree through [[Bombay University]].

Although a Western singer, Noella trained in Indian classical music and thereafter studied the Kodály Method for three years. Since 1996, Samantha has studied voice with singers like Peter Eldridge (Grammy Winner), Roseanna Vitro (Grammy Nominee), Norman Simmons, [[Bob Stoloff]], Judy Niemack, Barry Harris, Janice Borla, Jay Clayton and others.

Noella holds 2 Licentiates in Music Performance – Vocal and Music Teaching from Rockschool, UK.

Modern Vocal Level 1 Certifications <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://modernvocaltraining.com/asia/|title = ASIA}}</ref>

==Career==
Samantha is a recording artist and has recorded several films and advertisement jingles over the last 25 years. She also performs with her band.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahana ready for singing debut|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shahana-ready-for-singing-debut/article1-768105.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113004956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shahana-ready-for-singing-debut/Article1-768105.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2011|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Recording artist===
Edwards was vice-president of the Cine Singers' Association for 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samantha began her musical journey on stage at the age of five|url=http://www.muzicworks.com/bio/4586249435|publisher=muzicworks.com|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>

=== Live performances===
In 1993, Samantha was part of a band called Mantra which released songs like Jantar Mantar which received airplay on [[MTV]] and [[Channel V]].

Since 1995, Samantha has performed with several bands across multiple genres like Country, Pop, Motown, Folk, R&B and Jazz. In 2001 Samantha formed her Jazz & Blues band ''Samantha Edwards With Take 4''. The band played at the International Jazz Yatra in Mumbai in 2002 and also performed at the Panjim Downtown Jazz festival in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Recreating versatile women's jazz from the 1950s and '60s|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/recreating-versatile-women-s-jazz-from-the-1950s-and-60s/article1-1076633.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621020848/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/mumbai/Recreating-versatile-women-s-jazz-from-the-1950s-and-60s/Article1-1076633.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2013|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Samantha has 2 children. Samantha also loves baking and cooking. In 1997 she started Sam’s Desserts & Pastries catering to clients with pastries, wedding cakes and starters.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|4841412}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Edwards, Samantha}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]

Pereji Solomon

2025-06-19T15:44:38Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: Details

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biography|date=April 2023}}
{{Primary sources|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| name = Pereji Solomon
| title = Bishop – in – [[Dornakal]] (1956-1979)
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = Christian
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Dornakal]]
| see = [[Church of South India]]
| term = 1956<ref name="Living">''The Living Church'', Volume 132, Morehouse-Gorham Company, 1956, p.20. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DmnkAAAAMAAJ&q=bishop+a.b.elliott]</ref>-1979<ref name="Edwin">M. Edwin Rao (Compiled), ''Prophet Azariah and the Blessed Dornakal: A centenary revisit 1912-2012'', Dornakal Diocese, Dornakal, 2012, pp.82-84</ref>
| predecessor = [[A. B. Elliott]]
| successor = [[G. S. Luke]]
| ordination = 1947, Medak
| ordained_by = [[Frank Whittaker]], Bishop-in-Medak
| consecration = 27 November<ref name="Edwin"/> 1956<ref name="George">K. M. George, ''Church of South India: life in union, 1947–1997'', Jointly published by Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and Christava Sahitya Samithi, Tiruvalla, 1999, pp.20-23. [https://books.google.com/books?um=1&q=]</ref>
| consecrated_by = [[H. Sumitra]], Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]] and [[J. E. L. Newbigin]], Deputy Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]]<ref name="George"/>
| rank =

| birth_date = 3 June 1910<ref name="Edwin"/>
| birth_place = Ganneruvaram,<ref name="Edwin"/> [[Karimnagar District]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|08|21|1910|06|03|df=yes}}<ref name="Edwin"/>
| death_place = [[Paloncha]]<ref name="Edwin"/>
|buried = Epiphany Cathedral Compound, Dornakal
| previous_post =[[Pastor]], [[Diocese of Dornakal]]{{small|(1940-1956)}} [[Missionary]], [[British Isles]]<ref name="Living"/>{{small|(1956)}}
}}{{Portal|Christianity}}

'''Bishop P. Solomon''' (3 June 1910 – 21 August 2002) was the third Bishop-in-[[Dornakal Diocese of the Church of South India]] who succeeded [[A. B. Elliott]]. Ever since Solomon chose the vocation of [[Priesthood]], he maintained [[celibacy]] and served the [[Church of South India|Church]] throughout his life.

Solomon had his spiritual formation at the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] where he studied from 1936 to 1940<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory of the United Theological College 1910-1997'', Bangalore, 1997. p.19</ref> for the graduate course leading to [[Bachelor of Divinity]] awarded by the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], India's first<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> {a university under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.</ref> with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]].

After Solomon's return from Bangalore, he was ordained in 1947<ref name="Decade">Rajaiah David Paul, ''The First Decade: An Account of the Church of South India'', Christian Literature Society, Madras, 1958, pp.264, 276. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mNEsAAAAIAAJ&q=bishop+pereji+solomon+dornakal]</ref> by [[Frank Whittaker]] in Medak. In 1956 Solomon was a missionary in [[Swindon]]<ref name="Edwin"/> and to the [[British Isles]].<ref name="Living"/>

Rajaiah David Paul writes that while Solomon out of the country, he was elected<ref name="Decade"/> bishop. Solomon was consecrated on 27 November 1956<ref name="Edwin"/> as the third Bishop-in-Dornakal by [[H. Sumitra]], Moderator and [[J. E. L. Newbigin]], Deputy Moderator of the [[Church of South India Synod]] at the CSI-Epiphany Cathedral in [[Dornakal]].<ref name="George"/> Solomon led the bishopric of Dornakal from 1956 to 1979. The Diocese of Dornakal was split in 1978, resulting in the creation of the Diocese of Karimnagar.
M. Edwin Rao, who compiled a centennial edition of the Diocese of Dornakal, writes that Solomon attended ecclesiastical conclaves the world over,<ref name="Edwin"/>
*1956, World Methodist Conference, [[United States of America]],
*1956, Audience with [[Eisenhower]] along with other delegates attending World Methodist Conference,
*1965, the [[Second Vatican Council]] convened by [[Pope Paul VI]] and also had an audience with the in Rome<ref name="Edwin"/> and again in [[Bombay]],
*1968,<ref name="Edwin"/> the tenth [[Lambeth Conference]]<ref>''Resolutions and reports of the ''Lambeth Conference (1968)'','' SPCK, 1968, p.151. [https://books.google.com/books?id=z61IAAAAMAAJ&q=pereji+solomon]</ref> presided by [[Michael Ramsey]], the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].
*1961, World Methodist Conference, [[Oslo]],
*1965, Guest of honour of Patriarch of [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Damascus]],
*1967, British Methodist Missionary Society consultation, [[Manchester]]
*1967, Congress on Evangelism by [[Billy Graham]],
*1967, East Asia Christian Council, [[Bangkok]],
*1968, the fourth assembly<ref>''The Uppsala report 1968: official report of the Fourth Assembly of the World Council of Churches, Uppsala July 4–20, 1968'', World Council of Churches, 1968, pp.107 and 437. [https://books.google.com/books?id=qclHAQAAIAAJ&q=pereji+solomon]</ref> of the [[World Council of Churches]] held at [[Uppsala]],
*1969, Consultation on Church Union in Kenya-East Africa,
*1969, Audience with the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] at [[Addis Ababa]],
*1969, Audience with the Patriarch of [[Coptic Church]] in [[Addis Ababa]],

{{S-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[A. B. Elliott]] 1945-1955| title=Bishop - in - [[Diocese of Dornakal]] [[Church of South India]]
|after=[[G. S. Luke]] 1980-1985
| years=1956-1979
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Augustine Gnanadasan Jebaraj]] 1962-1964| title=Deputy Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]]
|after=[[J. E. L. Newbigin]] 1966-1972
| years=1964-1966
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Arnold Legg]] 1962-1966| title=Moderator, [[Church of South India Synod]]
|after=[[I. R. H. Gnanadason]] 1972
| years=1966-1972
}}
{{S-hon}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[A. B. Elliott]] 1945-1956| title=Chairperson Andhra Union Theological College, [[Dornakal]]
|after=''Post disbanded''
| years=1956-1964
}}
{{Succession box
| before=''Position created''| title=Chairperson, Board of Governors [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Rajahmundry]]/[[Hyderabad]]
|after=K. C. George, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]] 1971-1973
| years=1964-1971
}}
{{Succession box
| before=''Position created''| title=Member, Board of Governors [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Rajahmundry]]/[[Hyderabad]]
|after=[[G. S. Luke]] 1980-1985
| years=1964-1979
}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=Anantha Sudhaker Bobbili
| title=The Road from Poodur in Biographical Passages: Essays in Victorian and Modernist Biography : Honouring Mary M. Lago, University of Missouri, North America
| year=2000
| volume=
| publisher=University of Missouri Press
| isbn=978-0-8262-1256-6| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=qfXSKIo4fDoC&dq=diocese+of+karimnagar&pg=PA133
}}
{{Moderators of the Church of South India}}
{{Dioceses in the Church of South India}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solomon, Pereji}}
[[Category:20th-century Anglican bishops in India]]
[[Category:Anglican bishops of Dornakal]]
[[Category:Indian Methodists]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Moderators of the Church of South India]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Defence Institute of High Altitude Research

2025-05-31T12:11:04Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian defence laboratory}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{infobox laboratory
|name = Defence Institute of High Altitude Research
|motto =
|logo =
|image =
|established = 1962
|city = [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]], India
|research_field =
|type =
|director = Dr Om Prakash Chaurasia
|staff =
|budget =
|operating_agency = [[DRDO]]
|affiliations =
|address =
|telephone =
|campus =
|website = https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/defence-institute-high-altitude-research-dihar
|footnotes =
|coordinates = {{coord|34.138215|77.572682|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Defence Institute of High Altitude Research'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/defence-institute-high-altitude-research-dihar |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref> ('''DIHAR''') is a defence laboratory of the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO)<ref>{{Cite news|title=DRDO establishes COVID-19 facility at Defence Institute of High Altitude Research|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-establishes-covid-19-facility-at-defence-institute-of-high-altitude-research/articleshow/77126574.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref> located in [[Leh]] city of [[Ladakh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where is Defence Institute of High-Altitude Research (D - GKToday|url=https://www.gktoday.in/question/where-is-defence-institute-of-high-altitude-resear|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref> It conducts research on cold arid agro-animal technologies.

== History ==

In 2014, the Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR) successfully [[Crossbreed|cross-bred]] and produced the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] Zanskar [[Pony|ponies]], which can carry an increased weight load for the Indian Army's requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Vanita |date=18 February 2014 |title=DRDO lab produces 'smarter' ponies for Indian Army |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/drdo-lab-produces-smarter-ponies-for-indian-army/story-mgUC0NvxW2SMt1eBcQzzBM.html |access-date=11 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2015, DIHAR established an Extreme Altitude Research Centre in [[Chang La]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], at a height of 17,600 ft above mean sea level, making world’s highest terrestrial research and development centre.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=4 October 2015 |title=DRDO inaugurates world’s highest R&D centre in Chang La |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/drdo-inaugurates-new-r-d-centre-in-chang-la-at-17-600-ft/story-JqRbTFWuLoXG4KvBAtfNZL.html |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 2020, with an intent to make the DRDO leaner and more effective, it was proposed to merge the [[Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research]] (DIBER), DIHAR, and [[Defence Research Laboratory]] (DRL). The collaboration with the [[Defence Food Research Laboratory]] and the [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]] of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) will be enhanced.<ref name="dr2">[https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2021/04/15/drdo-to-become-leaner-and-more-focused-on-futuristic-technology.html DRDO to become leaner and more focused on futuristic technology], The Week, 25 April 2021.</ref> Also in 2020, DIHAR developed a [[Microgreen|microgreens]] cultivation technology for India's patrol posts and [[Bunker|bunkers]] along the [[Siachen Glacier|Saichen Glacier]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srikanth |first=B. R. |date=2020-01-08 |title=Siachen troops will get fresh veggies with help of new tech |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/080120/siachen-troops-will-get-fresh-veggies-with-help-of-new-tech.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=The Asian Age |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2024, DIHAR has been developing a solar thermal warming technology, which is named as "Solar Thermal Energy Based Technology for Space Heating (Human Habitation) In High Altitude", for warming the shelters for soldiers during [[Ladakh]]'s winters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagla |first=Pallava |date=14 October 2024 |title=A Defence Lab Taps Solar Energy To Keep Indian Soldiers Warm In Ladakh |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/a-defence-lab-taps-solar-energy-to-keep-indian-soldiers-warm-in-ladakh-6789101 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Administration ==

DIHAR is headed by a director. The [[Chief executive officer|present director]] of DIHAR is Dr. Om Prakash Chaurasia.

==See also==

; Research
* [[List of academic and research institutes in Ladakh]]
* [[Siachen Base Camp (India)]]
* [[Research stations in Antarctica#List of research stations|List of Antarctic research stations]]
* [[Antarctic field camps|List of Antarctic field camps]]
* [[List of highest astronomical observatories]]

; Borders
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL), [[India–Pakistan border|India-Pakistan border]] across [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen region]]
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC), India-China border across Ladakh
* [[Line of Control]] (LoC), India-Pakistan border across Ladakh and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]

; Conflicts
* [[Sino-Indian War]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Siachen Glacier]]

; Tourism and infrastructure
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Siachen Base Camp (India)]]
* [[Tourism in Ladakh]]

; Geography
* [[Geology of the Himalaya]]
* [[Indus-Yarlung suture zone]]
* [[List of districts of Ladakh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.drdo.gov.in/labs-and-establishments/defence-institute-high-altitude-research-dihar Defence Institute High Altitude Research Dihar]

{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1962]]
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation laboratories]]
[[Category:Research and development in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1962]]
[[Category:Education in Ladakh]]

Raithu Bidda

2025-05-05T13:12:09Z

NADEEM BALLOCH: formatting fix

{{about||the Indian Telugu-language drama film|Raithu Bidda (1971 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raithu Bidda
| image = Raitu Bidda 1939.JPG
| caption =
| director = [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]]
| producer = Challapalli Maharaja
| writer = [[Tripuraneni Gopichand]], Malladi Viswanatha Kaviraju, [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]], [[Tapi Dharma Rao]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Bellary Raghava]] Gidugu Venkata Seethapathi Rao Bhimavarapu Narasimha Rao [[P. Suri Babu]] [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]] [[S. Varalakshmi]] [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] M. C. Raghavan [[Vangara Venkata Subbaiah|Vangara]]
| music = Bhimavarapu Narasimha Rao
| cinematography = Sailen Bose
| editing =
| studio = [[Sarathi Studios#Sarathi Films|Sarathi Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1939|08|27|df=yes|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|last1=Narasimham|first1=M. L.|title=Blast From The Past - Rythubidda (1939)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Blast-From-The-Past-Rythubidda-1939/article14685537.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=17 March 2018|date=16 April 2011}}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Raithu Bidda''''' ({{translation}} ''Farmer's Son'') is a 1939 [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] [[social problem film]] directed by [[Gudavalli Ramabrahmam]]. It is a social reformist film during the [[British Raj]] era, at the time of battle against the [[Zamindari system]]. The British Administration banned the film in the region.<ref>[https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ Celebrating 100 Years of Indian Cinema: www.indiancinema100.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054328/https://indiancinema100.in/swadeshi/ |date=21 September 2013 }}</ref> Ironically, it was produced by one of the Zamindars of the time, [[Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad|Challapalli Maharaja]]. The film had a public re-release in 1948.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120524060853/http://postnoon.com/2012/05/21/how-free-is-freedom-of-speech/49700 How free is freedom of speech? : Postnoon]</ref>

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Actor !! Character
|-
| [[Bellary Raghava]] || Narsi Reddy
|-
| Gidugu Venkata Seethapathi || The Zamindar
|-
| Bhimavarapu Narasimha Rao || Kaasaa Subbanna
|-
| [[P. Suri Babu]] || Ramajogi
|-
| [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]] || Seetha
|-
| Nellori Nagaraja Rao || Tahsildar
|-
| [[Kosaraju (poet)|Kosaraju Raghavayya]]|| Raami Reddy
|-
| [[S. Varalakshmi]] || Beggar Girl
|-
| M. C. Raghavan || The Money Lender
|-
| [[Vedantam Raghavayya]]|| Dancer in the Dasavatharam song
|}

==Soundtrack==
# "Nidra Melukora Tammuda Gaadha Nidra Melukora Tammuda" - (Snger: [[P. Suri Babu]])
# "Mangalamamma Maa Poojalu Gaikonumamma" - Group song
# "Raitu Paina Anuragamu Choopani" - (Singer: P. Suribabu)
# "Vayinchuma Murali Vayinchu Krishna"
# "Kanna Biddakai Kalavara Paduchunu Kanneeru Karchunu" - (Singer: P. Suribabu)
# "Ravoyi Vanamali Birabira Ravoyi" - (Singer: [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]])
# "Sai Sai Idena Bharathi Nee Pere" - (Burrakatha by P. Suri Babu group)
# "Sukshetramulu Dayasoonulai Peedinchu" (Poem by P. Suri Babu)
# "Raithuke Otivvavalenanna Nee Kashta Sukhamula" - (Singers: P. Suri Babu and others)
# "Dasavatraramulu" - (Veedhi Natakam)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0259533/ Raithu Bidda film at IMDb.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raithu Bidda (1939 Film)}}
[[Category:1939 films]]
[[Category:1930s Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1939 drama films]]